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there is a need for an effective toilet bowl cleaner packaged and supplied in a convenient effervescent form . the effervescent tablet or granules must fully and rapidly dissolve in a rapid fashion to form a homogeneous cleaning solution that is highly active and stable for a useful length of time , as well as produce a sizeable amount of effervescent foam . it has been heretofore unknown in art how to produce a toilet bowl cleaner in tablet or granular form that can dissolve in less than five minutes , and produce significant effervescent foam in the toilet bowl . the present invention provides a non - liquid toilet bowl cleaner in a tablet or granular form and method of preparing the cleaner in both tablet and granular form . the toilet bowl cleaner may be packaged in a single application atmospheric - resistant pouch . the single application pouch provides a convenient , compact , and safe way to keep and store this toilet bowl cleaner . to activate the toilet bowl cleaner , the cleaner may be placed directly into the toilet bowl . generally , single application pouches contain a pre - measured amount of cleaner to clean a standard 1 . 5 - liter toilet bowl . in a preferred embodiment , the cleaner dissolves in the water in less than 5 minutes . cessation of effervescence is an indicator that the cleaner has dissolved . the effervescent foam level is approximately one inch above the water line in the toilet bowl in a preferred embodiment . the toilet bowl cleaner should be carefully prepared , stored , and packaged to prevent moisture from initiating premature decomposition of the cleaning components and thus rendering it less effective . the toilet bowl cleaner is preferably produced in a moisture - controlled atmosphere in order to inhibit the active ingredients from absorbing moisture from the air . thus , proper preparation and packaging of the toilet bowl cleaner may decrease the possibility of premature decomposition . the toilet bowl cleaner includes at least one surfactant and an effervescent system . additionally , at least one disinfectant , enzyme , binder , lubricant , bleaching agent , and fragrance can be included in the toilet bowl cleaner as optional ingredients . the disinfectant may be a hypochlorite generator which may include , but is not limited to , one or more of the following : chlorinated isocyanurates and alkaline earth metal hypochlorites . more particularly , the hypochlorite generator used is typically an anhydrous form of dichloroisocyanurate . the hypochlorite generator represents from approximately 0 . 1 % to approximately 20 % by weight of the total weight of the toilet bowl cleaner . the effervescent system is composed of one or more of an alkali metal carbonate and an acid . the alkali metal carbonates may be selected from , but not limited to , the following : sodium carbonate , sodium bicarbonate , and / or potassium carbonate . more particularly , sodium and potassium bicarbonate are used as the alkali metal carbonate . furthermore , one or more acids may be selected from , bit is not limited to , the following : citric ; maleic ; fumaric ; adipic ; potassium or sodium phosphate , monobasic ; oxalic ; lactic ; sulfamic ; tataric acid ; sodium bisulfite ; sodium bisulfate ; and / or sodium or potassium pyrophosphate . in a preferred embodiment , citric acid is used as the acid . the effervescent system , the summation of the alkali metal carbonate and the acid , may represent from approximately 20 % to approximately 90 % by weight of the total weight of the toilet bowl cleaner . it should be noted that scale and rust removal in a toilet bowl may be accomplished by the toilet bowl cleaner by using an effervescent system that includes sodium bisulfate and sulfamic acids as the acid components . the ph of the toilet bowl cleaner that incorporates these ingredients in the effervescent system may range from approximately 1 . 6 to approximately 2 . 2 . other acids may be used , but generally will not give the low ph desired to accomplish rust and scale removal . furthermore , the toilet bowl cleaner may include a lubricating agent , which limits clinging of the cleaner to the surface of the toilet bowl . the lubricant that may be used can be selected from , but is not limited to , the following : sodium benzoate , stearates , mineral oil , silicates , and / or algenic acid . in a preferred embodiment , sodium benzoate is used as the lubricating agent . the lubricant may represents up to approximately 10 % by weight of the total weight of the toilet bowl cleaner . in addition , the toilet bowl cleaner may include a binder . the binder that may be used can be selected from , but is not limited to , the following : polyethylene glycol , sorbitol , maltodextrin , and / or sugars ( e . g ., lactose , sucrose ). in a preferred embodiment , sorbitol and polyethylene glycol are used as binders . the binder may represents up to approximately 20 % by weight of the total weight of the toilet bowl cleaner . additionally , the toilet bowl cleaner may include a surfactant mixture . the surfactant mixture may include , but is not limited to , alkylated , sulfonated diphenyl oxide ; disodium salt ; sodium lauryl sulphate ; and / or alkyl benzene sulfonates . the surfactant mixture of the preferred embodiment includes a c 12 - 20 ethoxylated alcohol , preferably the surfactant rhodosurf ™ tb970 ; and a sodium c 14 - 16 olefin sulfonate , preferably bioterge ™ as90 . the surfactant may represent approximately 0 . 1 - 5 % by weight of the total weight of the toilet bowl cleaner . an optional enzyme or combination of enzymes may be included in the cleaner . one function the enzyme may serve is to improve cleaning performance by hydrolysis of some bio - films , which include polysaccharides produced by microorganisms . the enzymes that may be used in the toilet bowl cleaner , include but are not limited to , any one or combination of the following types : cellulase , protease , and lipase . the cellulase may be in the form of a cellulase complex containing several polysaccharide degrading enzymes . in a preferred embodiment , the cellulase complex may include significant levels of endo - cellulase , exo - cellulase , cellobiase , xylanase , pentosanase , polygalacturonase and beta - glucanase . one skilled in the art can envision equivalents of these enzymes that may be also be effectively used in the toilet bowl cleaner . in the preferred embodiment , enzymes comprise from approximately 0 . 1 % to approximately 1 . 0 % by weight of the toilet bowl cleaner composition . a bleaching agent may be added to the toilet bowl cleaner to aid in whitening and cleaning of the toilet , as well as sanitizing . a perborate such as sodium perborate may be added to the toilet bowl cleaner to provide oxygen bleaching or a hypochlorite generator such as chlorinated isocyanurates or alkaline earth metal hypochlorites may be added to provide chlorine bleaching . table 1 below lists the ingredients of the preferred embodiment of the invention , as well as the weight percent of each ingredient . it should be noted that the following table 1 merely represents one possible embodiment and composition of the cleaner and that the cleaner is in no way limited to this exact composition . table 2 below is an exemplar toilet bowl cleaner composition . as with table 1 , this is merely set forth as one embodiment of the toilet bowl cleaner . the cleaner is not limited to these ingredients , which may not be included in other embodiments , nor is the cleaner limited to the ranges of percentage compositions set forth in table 2 , but may instead include different ranges of percentage compositions . the present invention also relates to the method of producing the toilet bowl cleaner in tablet form . the method first involves adding all of the ingredients in table 1 , except for sodium benzoate , to a v -, or hobart , blender and blended preferably for at least approximately 20 minutes . sodium benzoate is then added , and the mixture is blended for approximately three to four minutes , pressed into tablets , optionally packaged in individual moisture - impervious pouches , and then optionally boxed for shipment . the present invention also includes a method of producing the toilet bowl cleaner in granular form . the method first involves adding all of the ingredients in table 1 , except for sodium benzoate , to a v -, or hobart , blender and blended for at least approximately 20 minutes . sodium benzoate is then added and the mixture is blended for approximately three to four minutes . the ingredients are then placed in a granulator unit that compacts and mills the ingredients into granules . the granules may then be optionally passed over a classifier , after which the granules of the desired size may optionally go into moisture - impervious pouches . many different types of granulator units may be used to produce the granules of the present invention . the granulator may be for example , but is not limited to , a roll compactor or an extruder - type of granulator . it should be emphasized that the above - described embodiments of the present invention , particularly , any “ preferred ” embodiments , are merely possible examples of implementations , and are merely set forth for a clear understanding of the principles of the invention . many variations and modifications may be made to the above - described embodiment ( s ) of the invention without departing substantially from the spirit and principles of the invention . all such modifications and variations are intended to be included herein within the scope of this disclosure and the present invention and protected by the following claims .	2
fig1 is a simplified block diagram of a known digital computer system that translates a user application 18 operable on a legacy machine to code operable on a target computer system 10 . in fig1 the target computer system 10 includes a hardware platform 16 , which can comprise any digital computer architecture such as a cisc , risc , vliw or epic processor architecture . the primary purpose of such a system is to support emulation , executing on a target platform , of a user application program 18 which was previously constructed to execute on a different hardware and / or operating system , which we call the legacy platform . the target platform will be defined as the target hardware 16 and target operating system 14 . it is useful in some cases for the target platform and the legacy platform to be the same platform . an operating system 14 interfaces with the hardware platform 16 and provides the usual operating system functions for managing and utilizing hardware resources such as the processor , memory , and peripheral devices . a translation system 12 is stored in memory in the system 10 for execution in cooperation with the operating system 14 in the usual fashion . the translation system 12 provides for translation of the user application program to produce software instructions operable on the target platform . the primary purpose of the translation system will be as an emulation system , though it could also be as a static translation system or a compilation system , each described further below . dashed line 13 represents operating system calls initiated by the translation system 12 , while dashed line 15 represents messages or signals initiated by the operating system , including notification of exceptions that arise during execution . dashed line 17 indicates hardware notification of exceptions to the operating system . fig2 is a simplified block diagram of the known translation system of fig1 in greater detail . the translation system 12 includes a translator 20 that converts a user application program 18 written to operate on a legacy system into target code 22 operable on the target platform . the primary purpose for a translator 20 , is as an emulator , although it could be any translating program such as a static translator or a compiler . an emulator translates the user application software dynamically into target code 22 to allow for execution of the user application on the target operating system 14 and hardware . a static translator translates the entire user application into target code 22 , which is a new executable application operable on the target platform . a compiler translates source code written in a high order software language , such as c or pascal , into target code 22 , which is an executable application operable on the target platform . fig3 is a flow diagram of a traditional software exception delivery mechanism . programming languages and environments , such as c on unix , provide a mechanism for an application program 24 to examine the machine state when any type of synchronous exception occurs . an example of a synchronous exception is the application program 24 executing an instruction , indicated by the line 23 , where the instruction references an invalid memory location . when the exception occurs , several steps occur . first , the hardware detects the exception . the hardware records certain information about the register state of the processor into shadow registers and passes control to the operating system 26 . next , the operating system 26 creates a “ context structure ” that records the machine state saved by the hardware when the exception occurs . lastly , the operating system 26 invokes a procedure , indicated by line 25 , in the application program 24 which was previously designated as the exception handling routine . the operating system 26 also passes a copy of the context structure to the application program 24 for use by the exception handling routine . fig4 is a simplified block diagram of a software translation system 30 according to the present invention . the translation system 30 includes a translator 34 that converts a user application program 32 written to operate on a legacy system into target code 38 operable on the target platform . the primary purpose for a translator 34 , is as an emulator , although it could be any translating program such as a static translator or a compiler . an emulator translates the user application software dynamically into target code 38 to allow for execution of the user application on the target operating system 44 and hardware . a static translator translates the entire user application into target code 38 , which is a new executable application operable on the target platform . a compiler translates source code written in a high order software language , such as c or pascal , into target code 38 , which is an executable application operable on the target platform . the new translator 34 , according to the present invention , generates both optimized target code 40 and recovery blocks 42 . the new exception delivery system described in fig5 allows the optimized target code 40 to be fully optimized . all optimizations possible in traditional optimization for branching are now legal for the trapping of exceptions . the recovery blocks 42 contains code instructions that when executed restore the target machine state to match the legacy machine state . the recovery blocks 42 can be generated at the same time as the optimized target code 40 for a non - dynamic translation , or can be generated on an “ as needed ” basis in a dynamic translation . in a non dynamic system , the translator produces many recovery blocks , up to one for every potential synchronous exception in the optimized target code 40 . when the optimized target code 40 executes on the target operating system 44 , a synchronous exception may result . if an exception occurs , the target operating system 44 invokes a runtime recovery procedure 46 , linked to the application as part of the runtime library . the runtime recovery procedure then restores the target machine state using the recovery blocks 42 . the interaction between the target operating system 44 , the runtime recovery procedure 46 and the application comprising the target code 38 is shown in fig5 . fig5 is a flow diagram of a software exception delivery mechanism according to the present invention . when the application executes an instruction , as indicated by the line 51 , it may cause a synchronous exception , such as referencing an invalid memory location . when this happens several steps occur . first , the hardware detects the exception . the hardware records certain information about the register state of the processor into shadow registers and passes control to the operating system 54 . next , the operating system 54 creates a “ context structure ” that records the machine state saved by the hardware when the exception occurs . in prior art , an operating system 54 invokes the exception handler of the application code when an exception is detected , the method of the current invention instead registers the runtime recovery procedure 52 as the exception handler . as a result , the operating system 54 invokes a runtime recovery procedure 52 , indicated by line 53 , that is responsible for calling the application program &# 39 ; s 50 exception handling routine with a machine state that is consistent with the legacy machine state . the runtime recovery procedure 52 does so by using the context structure passed by the operating system 54 to locate the recovery block created to restore the machine state so as to be consistent with the legacy machine state . the recovery block may already exist in memory or , for a dynamic translation system may be subsequently generated by a new translation . discussion of the generation of the recovery block is described above in the description of fig4 . the runtime recovery procedure 52 also modifies the context structure to have the execution of the software resume in the recovery block . accordingly , upon returning control to the operating system 54 , indicated by line 55 , the operating system invokes 56 the recovery block in the application program 50 . the recovery block code executes , making the machine state consistent with the legacy machine state . the recovery block transfers control to the runtime recovery procedure 52 , indicated by line 57 . the runtime recovery procedure 52 records the machine state in the context structure and passes the machine state to the application program &# 39 ; s exception handler , indicated by line 58 . fig6 is an example set of legacy and target code sections as well as an example recovery block generated from the code sections by the translation system according to the present invention . fig6 illustrates the purpose of the exception delivery mechanism , described in fig5 . an original source code segment 60 , includes two assignment instructions to local variables , followed by an instruction that comprises a pointer dereference . the pointer dereference is an example of an instruction that may cause a synchronous exception , or “ trap ”. an optimizing translator may find it preferable to re - order the sequence of instructions by placing the assignment statements after the pointer dereference . if an exception occurred during the pointer dereference then the states of local variables a and b are not accurate at the time of the exception . in other words , the present machine state does not accurately reflect the legacy machine state . this inaccuracy is a problem if graceful recovery from the exception needs accurate knowledge of a or b , or if the user wishes to examine the variables a or b to determine the cause of the exception . the present invention allows for a system where any potentially trapping instruction , such as a pointer dereference , is treated as a load with a potential branch . the translator can produce an optimized translation 62 , where in this example , the pointer dereference is to be executed before the assignment statements . using a technique known in traditional branch optimizations , the recovery code can be placed in a recovery block 64 . the recovery block 64 contains the assignment instructions needed to modify the state of the machine should the pointer dereference cause an exception . every instruction that can cause a synchronous is exception , which includes any load instruction , has a conditional branch . if a synchronous exception does not occur the remainder of the optimized translation code 62 can be executed . otherwise the recovery block 64 is executed to update the target machine state to its desired state . the recovery block instructions 64 is executed by the runtime recovery procedure described in fig5 . fig7 is a simplified block diagram of a compiler embodiment of the translation system according to the present invention . this is another embodiment of the translation system described in fig4 . a compiler can be thought of as a translator , translating a source program into compiled code . compilers can aggressively optimize to produce the most efficient code possible . but by doing so , they run into the same problems as an emulator of not being able to maintain an accurate state of the machine necessary at the time a synchronous exception . the compilation system 70 includes a compiler 74 that converts a source program 72 written in a high order language such a c , into compiled code 78 operable on the target platform comprising the target hardware and the target operating system 84 . the compiler 74 creates compiled code 78 , including the optimized compiled code 80 as well as recovery blocks 82 . the compiler produces a set of recovery blocks 82 , up to one for each potentially trapping instruction in the optimized compiled code 80 . when the optimized compiled code 80 executes on the target operating system 84 , a synchronous exception may result . if a synchronous exception occurs , the target operating system 84 invokes a runtime recovery procedure 86 , linked to the application as part of the runtime library . the runtime recovery procedure then restores the target machine state using the recovery blocks 82 . having described and illustrated the principles of the invention in a preferred embodiment thereof , it should be apparent that the invention can be modified in arrangement and detail without departing from such principles . i claim all modifications and variations coming within the spirit and scope of the following claims .	6
fig3 shows an inflight entertainment ( ife ) system with serial networking line replaceable unit ( sn - lru ) chains 311 - 313 and a head end line replaceable unit ( he - lru ) ring 310 in some embodiments of the invention . as illustrated , sn - lru chain 311 and he - lru ring 310 are positioned outside of the seats , while sn - lru chains 312 , 313 are positioned at the seats . in these embodiments , multiple he - lrus 309 are physically connected by ring via fiber optic links 308 . multiple chains of sn - lrus 301 - 305 are physically connected to he - lrus 309 at their edges ( ends ) via links 307 , for example fiber optics , such that the two edges of each chain are physically connected to a different one of he - lrus 309 . many types of sn - lrus can be employed , for example serial networking onboard network interface unit 301 , serial networking offboard network interface unit 302 , serial networking data loader 303 , serial networking cmt 304 ( generally positioned in the galley ), and serial networking vdus 305 . each sn - lru 301 - 305 discovers through topology messaging the nearest he - lru 309 . in the illustrated embodiment , starting on one sn - lru chain 311 edge , unit 301 is connected to one of he - lrus 309 via a link 307 in the upstream direction while connecting to unit 302 in the downstream direction via another link 306 . unit 301 receives from the he - lru 309 in the upstream direction a presence message including a hop count to the he - lru 309 , increments the hop count , and passes the updated presence message along in the downstream direction to unit 302 . as the presence message progresses in the downstream direction , each successive sn - lru in the chain ( e . g . 302 , 303 , 304 ) increments the hop count . continuing on this chain , unit 302 is connected in the downstream direction to data loader 303 over another link 306 . data loader 303 is connected in the downstream direction to cmt 304 over another link 306 . in the final link of this sn - lru chain 311 , cmt 304 at the edge of the chain is connected back to a different one of he - lrus 309 over yet another link 307 . in the other direction , cmt 304 receives from that he - lru 309 a presence message including a hop count , increments the hop count , and passes the updated presence message along in the upstream direction to data loader 303 . each successive sn - lru in the chain 311 increments the hop count accordingly . the ife system can include at least one additional sn - lru chain 312 and probably at least two additional sn - lru chains 312 , 313 . the additional sn - lru chain or chains 312 , 313 can consist of most any type of sn - lru , such as vdus 305 . on each edge of these additional sn - lru chains 312 , 313 , one of serial networking vdus 305 is connected to one of he - lrus 309 over a link and within each of these sn - lru chains serial networking vdus 305 are connected over links . these additional sn - lru chains 312 , 313 generally disseminate presence messages and hop count information in the same manner as the previously described sn - lru chain 311 . separately , each he - lru discovers through topology messaging whether the he - lru ring 310 is closed or open . each he - lru 309 receives a presence message from neighboring he - lrus 309 and relays the presence message on its non - ingress port until it is determined whether presence message loops - back to the originating he - lrus 309 , in which case it is revealed that the he - lru ring 310 is closed , or does not loop - back to the originating he - lrus 309 , in which case it is revealed that the he - lru ring 310 is open . server functionality ( e . g . application server , audio server , video server , game server , file server , passenger information system server ) is integrated into he - lrus 309 in a modular , scalable , robust fashion that minimizes the impact on the ife system in the event one or more of he - lrus 309 fails . network management processors within he - lrus 309 and sn - lrus restore network access of live sn - lrus 301 - 305 to he - lrus 309 under the following scenarios : ( a ) a connection break along an sn - lru chain 311 - 313 ; ( b ) failure of an sn - lru 301 - 305 in an sn - lru chain 311 - 313 ; ( c ) failure of an he - lru 309 at one end of an sn - lru chain 311 - 313 . moreover , network management processors within he - lrus 309 restore network access of sn - lrus 301 - 305 as described with respect to fig6 a - 7d to live he - lrus 309 under the following scenarios : ( a ) a connection break between any two he - lrus 309 ; ( b ) failure of an he - lru 309 . while the number of sn - lrus 301 - 305 in an sn - lru chain 311 - 313 will vary , relatively short sn - lru chains generally offer a higher level of redundancy and failover bandwidth to sn - lrus . in some embodiments , error indications are provided , e . g . error codes , to facilitate identification , diagnosis , and / or location of the error . in some embodiments the error indications are transmitted to offboard monitoring and / or maintenance systems . fig4 shows a representative he - lru 400 adapted for use in an ife system with sn - lru chains and an he - lru ring in some embodiments of the invention . in these embodiments , he - lru 400 has integrated servers of six different types , including one or more application servers 401 , video servers 402 , audio servers 403 , game servers 404 , file servers 405 and passenger flight information system servers 406 , all of which are connected to an integrated network management processor 407 over internal connections . by way of example , network management processor 407 may be a managed switch . application servers 401 are system controllers that provide the following types of services : content management ; channel packaging ; transaction processing ; billing system integration ; services management ; provisioning integration ; system administration and management ; encryption management ( key servers , authentication etc . ); software client management ; server integration for audio , video , gaming and file servers or the like . video servers 402 provide the following types of services : vod , near vod ; pay per view ; network personal video recorder ; broadcast video or the like . audio servers 403 provide the following types of services : audio on demand ; broadcast audio or the like . game servers 404 provide the following types of services : logic and programming for games ; dynamically delivered web pages for browser based games or the like . file servers 405 provide the following types of services : cached internet content ; cached user data and user profile data or the like . passenger flight information system servers 406 use inputs from the aircraft navigation system and compute various flight information including time to destination , speed , altitude , outside air temperature , time at destination , aircraft location for display to passenger either in text form or graphically such as a moving map display or the like . processor 407 has n ports reserved for physical connections to sn - lrus on the edges of chains and k ports reserved for physical connections to other he - lrus in a ring . the k ports reserved for he - lru ring connections are connected to k he - lru port transceivers 408 over internal connections . port transceivers 408 are in turn connected to a fiber optic panel connector 420 over k internal fiber optic connections . similarly , the n ports reserved for sn - lru chain connections are connected to n sn - lru port transceivers 410 over internal connections . port transceivers 410 are in turn connected to panel connector 420 over n internal fiber optic connections . in some embodiments , the internal fiber optic connections are simplex by the time they connect to panel connector 420 ( e . g . port transceivers 408 and 410 are bidirectional or a coupler is used to convert a unidirectional duplex transceiver output to bidirectional simplex format ). panel connector 420 blind mates with a connector 421 when he - lru 400 is installed in a rack at the head end . connector 421 has k external fiber optic cables reserved for he - lru ports that connect to the corresponding he - lru internal fiber optic connections when he - lru 400 is installed in the rack . similarly , connector 421 has n external fiber optic cables reserved for the sn - lru chain ports that connect to the corresponding sn - lru internal fiber optic connections when he - lru 400 is installed in the rack . k and n are each greater than one . moreover , he - lru 400 has t data ports , where k + n is less than or equal to t under control of processor 407 , he - lru 400 provides presence information to any sn - lru that is connected directly to he - lru 400 over one of the n external fiber optic cables reserved for sn - lru chain ports ( i . e . any edge sn - lru ). under control of processor 407 , he - lru 400 also provides its own presence information to any he - lru that is connected directly to he - lru 400 over one of the k external fiber optic cables reserved for he - lru ports and relays on its non - ingress port any presence information ( that he - lru did not originate ) received on these ports from neighboring he - lrus . fig5 shows a generic sn - lru 500 adapted for use in an ife system with sn - lru chains and an he - lru ring in some embodiments of the invention . in these embodiments , sn - lru 500 includes an lru core 501 having hardware and software elements , a first fiber optic transceiver 503 , a second fiber optic transceiver 504 and a network management processor 502 , which may be a managed switch . processor 502 is communicatively coupled with first transceiver 503 and second transceiver 504 via internal copper connections . processor 502 is communicatively coupled with lru core 501 via an internal connection , such as a copper connection . first transceiver 503 is physically connected via , for example , an external fiber optic link to an upstream he - lru or sn - lru . second transceiver 504 is similarly physically connected via an external fiber optic link to a downstream he - lru or sn - lru . processor 502 provides lru core 501 network access to an upstream he - lru through first transceiver 503 or to a downstream he - lru through second transceiver 504 . the upstream and downstream directions have been arbitrarily assigned to the network path on the left and the right of the lru respectively . the structure and function of lru core 501 varies by sn - lru type . an lru core for on board network interface unit 301 enables access to public address audio and data for passenger convenience features such as reading light control , flight attendant call and flight information for applications such as moving maps , etc . an lru core for off board network interface unit 302 enables communication with terrestrial networks generally through satellite - or ground - based radio frequency networks . this lru core may enable bidirectional or unidirectional communication depending on implementation . bidirectional versions enable connectivity with terrestrial networks ( broadband connectivity ). unidirectional versions enable access to off aircraft broadcast data sources such as television ( broadcast video ). an lru core for data loader 303 enables media content updates ( movies , audio , games , internet web pages , files , etc . ), key updates and transaction data transfers . this lru core enables data transfer using one of the following mechanisms : removable disk or tape inserted into data loader 303 , portable disk drive or tape drive carried on board and temporarily connected to the ife system , wireless lan , or other wireless link . an lru core for cmt 304 enables flight attendants to perform system management and administration functions such as : lru reboot , video channel preview , flight attendant override , attendant call status , reading light status , built in test , interrogation and system test . lru cores for vdus 305 each include a physical display device ( e . g . flat panel display ) that enables a passenger to view video content and navigate an ife menu . these lru cores may additionally provide pcu functionality , such as volume control , channel control , lighting control , attendant call button , menu buttons and / or menu selection buttons , via a display device touch screen or mechanically actuated buttons . lru cores for display interface units ( not shown ) include a physical interface to an external display device ( e . g . flat panel display ) that enables a passenger to view video content and navigate an ife menu . like the lru cores for vdus , these lru cores may additionally provide pcu functionality , such as volume control , channel control , lighting control , attendant call button , menu buttons and / or menu selection buttons , via a display device touch screen or mechanically actuated buttons . fig6 a through 6d illustrate serial networking data path maintenance in some embodiments of the invention . fig6 a shows physical wiring of an ife system having a ring of four he - lrus and a single chain of four sn - lrus physically wired to he - lru 1 and he - lru 2 . sn - lrus keep apprised of the nearest he - lru through topology messaging and regulate link participation in serial networking data paths to establish and maintain loop - free data paths that minimize the maximum number of network hops of any sn - lru to an he - lru . fig6 b shows the serial networking topology when there are no faults in the chain . the link between sn - lru 2 and sn - lru 3 has been removed from the data path , resulting in establishment of two loop - free data paths wherein the maximum number of hops to an he - lru is two . fig6 c shows the serial networking topology after reconfiguration upon detecting that the link between sn - lru 1 and sn - lru 2 has failed . this reconfiguration is made by adding the link between sn - lru 2 and sn - lru 3 to the data path to provide all sn - lrus a least hop data path to an he - lru wherein the maximum number of hops to an he - lru is three . fig6 d shows the serial networking topology after reconfiguration upon detecting that sn - lru 4 has failed . this reconfiguration is made by adding the link between sn - lru 2 and sn - lru 3 to the data path to provide all sn - lrus that remain active a least hop data path to an he - lru wherein the maximum number of hops to an he - lru is three . the additions and subtractions of links illustrated in fig6 b through 6d are made under control of the network management processor in sn - lru 1 , sn - lru 2 and / or sn - lru 3 using hop count and / or presence information gleaned from topology messaging . for example , each sn - lru may under control of its network management processor determine whether it is a middle sn - lru of a chain by comparing the hop counts received on both of its ports . if the hop counts for both ports is the same or differ by only one hop , the sn - lru self - identifies as a middle lru ; otherwise , the sn - lru does not self - identify as a middle lru . if the sn - lru self - identifies as a middle lru , the sn - lru breaks the chain to create a loop - free network topology . if the hop counts for both ports differ by one hop , the sn - lru under control of its network management processor blocks the port with the higher hop count ( i . e . the port that has a longer path to the nearest he - lru ) and unblocks the other port . if the hop count for both ports is identical , the sn - lru under control of its network management processor blocks a predetermined one of the ports and unblocks the other port . fig7 a through 7d illustrate head end data path maintenance in some embodiments of the invention . fig7 a shows physical wiring of an ife system having a ring of four he - lrus and a single chain of four sn - lrus physically wired to he - lru 1 and he - lru 2 . when he - lrus detect a closed he - lru ring as a result of topology messaging , a designated he - lru removes one of its links from the data path to create loop - free data path between he - lrus , which link may later be restored to the data path to maintain the data path if an he - lru or a link fails . fig7 b shows the head end network topology after he - lru loop detection . in that topology , the link between he - lru 1 and he - lru 4 has been removed from the data path to eliminate the loop . fig7 c shows the head end network topology after reconfiguration upon detecting that the link between he - lru 3 and he - lru 4 has failed . this link between he - lru 1 and he - lru 4 has been restored to the data path to maintain network access to all he - lrus . fig7 d shows the head end network topology after reconfiguration upon detecting that he - lru 2 has failed . this reconfiguration similarly results in restoration of the link between he - lru 1 and he - lru 4 to the data path to maintain network access to all live he - lrus . the additions and subtractions of links illustrated in fig7 b through 7d are made under control of the network management processor in he - lru 1 , he - lru - 3 , and / or he - lru 4 using loop information gleaned from topology messaging . in some embodiments , at least two of the he - lrus in an he - lru ring are of a single hardware design configuration . in some embodiments , links are added and removed from data paths by dynamically regulating the state of transceivers in he - lrus and sn - lrus between a data forwarding state and a data blocking state under control of the network management processors . naturally , transceivers and their associated ports and links will continue to carry presence messages and other management information even when they are not participating in a data path . in one embodiment , an important distinguishing feature of the present invention from conventional spanning tree protocols is that in the present invention networks in which the loop - free data path between he - lrus passes through an sn - lru are not formed . it is to be understood that the word “ serial ” as used herein describes the way the devices described are networked together and does not refer to the type of communications or way that communications are sent over the network links . it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the invention can be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential character hereof . the present description is therefore considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restrictive . the scope of the invention is indicated by the appended claims , and all changes that come with in the meaning and range of equivalents thereof are intended to be embraced therein .	7
the baby holder of the invention is shown at 10 in the drawings as including a cushioned support 12 of any appropriate material and an overlying cover 14 , preferably of cloth . a pair of handles 16 are joined to the support 12 by means of a fastening arrangement , shown as including screws 18 and receiving holes for them , 20 . the cover 14 includes a pair of slots 22 on opposite sides to receive the handles 16 in allowing the handles to protrude through to be grasped . slotted apertures 23 are provided on the cover 14 to allow a pair of straps 24 to extend through from the top surface of the cushioned support 12 . as shown in fig1 and 2 , the straps 24 are arranged to be lengthened or shortened , and terminate in a pair of flexible alligator - type clips 26 . further slotted apertures 28 , 30 are provided in the cover 14 to permit an adjustably lengthable strap 32 to extend upwardly through the cover 14 from the cushioned support 12 . such strap 32 terminates in a clasp 34 to receive the alligator - type clips 26 of the straps 24 . the cover 14 additionally includes a cut - out 46 overlaying a similarly shaped cut - out 38 in the support 12 , both being configured to receive the baby or infant to be placed thereupon , with its head adjacent the edge of the holder shown at 100 , and with its legs extending towards the edge 102 . as will be appreciated , joining the components provides the overall appearance of the baby holder of fig1 , as so far described . the baby holder of fig1 - 3 illustrate three additional features of the invention . first , a pair of additional straps 40 , 42 extend from the sides of the cushion support 12 and through further slots 44 in the cover 14 , with one strap terminating in an alligator - type clip 48 , with the other strap terminating in a clasp 50 , and with either or both straps being of adjustable length . such straps 40 and 42 , and the alligator clip - clasp combination 48 and 50 serve in securing the cushion support about the waist of a seated parent , as shown in fig7 and 8 . moreover , the strap 40 is illustrated as being of much greater linear dimension ( at 75 ) to comfortably fit about the hip and back area in providing a comfortable wearing position . tightening or loosening the straps 40 , 42 allows for a wearing adjustment in meeting the parent &# 39 ; s needs for comfort . in accordance with the teachings of the present invention , furthermore , both the cushion support 12 and the cover 14 are provided with pairs of curved channels or indents 60 , 62 , substantially oriented at right angles to one another for resting the support 12 and the baby holder 10 on the parent &# 39 ; s legs , adjacent the knee joint and extending back towards the torso or waist area . specifically , the curved channels 60 of fig1 and 7 will be appreciated in allowing the holder 10 to rest on the parent &# 39 ; s upper legs in the front , to allow the supported baby to face the parent . the curved channels 62 , on the other hand , allow the holder 10 to be rotated horizontally 90 ° either way , to allow the supported baby to face sideways ( fig1 and 8 ). in the arrangements of fig7 and 8 , the curved channels 60 , 62 rest on the upper leg of the parent . as will be appreciated , in use , the baby is placed on its back in the cut - outs 36 and 38 , and the clips 26 are secured with the clasp 34 to hold the baby in place . grasping the handles 16 allows for placement of the holder 10 and the baby on the seated parent &# 39 ; s upper legs in the configuration of either fig7 or 8 . the clip 48 and the clasp 50 are then secured for tying as a belt about the parent &# 39 ; s waist , orienting the segment 75 for comfort . this then allows for holding the baby in front ( fig7 ) or sideways ( fig8 ), and playing with it while the parent is sitting , relaxing on a chair , sitting in bed watching television , sitting at a personal computer , or when sitting on a couch . both the baby and belt are secured so that neither the holder nor the baby would sway from side - to - side or fall over . when it is time to return the baby to its cradle or bed , the various clips , clasps and straps are simply released , and the baby is then able to be lifted out of the holder . aperture 64 provided in the cushioned support 12 ( fig2 and 9 ) permits hanging the holder 10 from a screw or nail extending through the corresponding aperture 66 in the cover 14 ( fig2 ). while there have been described what are considered to be preferred embodiments of the present invention , it will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art that modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the teachings herein . for at least such reason , therefore , resort should be had to the claims appended hereto for a true understanding of the scope of the invention .	0
below , preferred embodiments of the present invention are explained with reference to the accompanying drawings . fig1 is a cross - sectional view illustrating a switching element and a diode element according to a first embodiment of the present invention . as shown in fig1 , the semiconductor device of the present embodiment mainly includes a switching element , for example , a ldmos ( laterally diffused metal oxide semiconductor ), and a diode element . next , the switching element of the present embodiment is explained with reference to fig2 a through fig2 c . fig2 a is a plan view of the switching element shown in fig1 , fig2 b is a cross - sectional view of the switching element at a position x - x as indicated in fig2 a , fig2 c is a cross - sectional view of the switching element at a position y - y as indicated in fig2 a . here , the structure shown in fig2 b ( and the structure shown in fig3 b , as described below ) correspond to the structure shown in fig1 . as shown in fig2 a through fig2 c , in the present embodiment , the switching element is formed of an n - channel ldmos . here , illustration of a field oxide film for element separation and an oxide film for electric field relaxation is omitted in fig2 a . for example , a field oxide film 3 may be formed in a p - type semiconductor substrate ( psub ) 1 , which has a specific resistance of about 20 ωcm , by means of locos ( local oxidation of silicon ). as shown in fig2 a through fig2 c , an n - type well diffusion layer 5 ( indicated as nw 1 in fig2 a through fig2 c and corresponding to a drain diffusion layer of the ldmos ) is formed in a portion of a semiconductor substrate 1 in the ldmos region , a p - type body diffusion layer 7 ( indicated as pb in fig2 a through fig2 c and corresponding to a channel diffusion layer of the ldmos ) is formed in the n - type well diffusion layer 5 , and an n - type source diffusion layer 9 ( indicated as n + in fig2 a through fig2 c ) and a p - type high concentration diffusion layer 11 ( indicated as p + in fig2 a through fig2 c ) are formed in the p - type body diffusion layer 7 . the p - type high concentration diffusion layer 11 extracts the potential of the p - type body diffusion layer 7 . the n - type source diffusion layer 9 is at an interval from the periphery of the p - type body diffusion layer 7 , and is formed to be a frame to enclose the p - type high concentration diffusion layer 11 . a lightly doped n - type well diffusion layer 13 ( indicated as lnw in fig2 a through fig2 c ), which has an n - type impurity concentration higher than that of the n - type well diffusion layer 5 , is formed in the n - type well diffusion layer 5 . the lightly doped n - type well diffusion layer ( lnw ) 13 is formed to be a frame to enclose the p - type body diffusion layer 7 . an n - type high concentration diffusion layer 15 ( indicated as n + in fig2 a through fig2 c ) is formed in the lightly doped n - type well diffusion layer ( lnw ) 13 at an interval from the p - type body diffusion layer 7 . the n - type well diffusion layer 5 , the lightly n - type well diffusion layer ( lnw ) 13 , and the n - type high concentration diffusion layer ( n +) 15 form the drain of the ldmos . as shown in fig2 b , a gate oxide film 17 is formed over the n - type well diffusion layer 5 between the n - type source diffusion layer 9 , the n - type high concentration diffusion layer ( n +) 15 , and the p - type body diffusion layer 7 ; a poly - silicon gate electrode 19 is formed on the gate oxide film 17 . the surface of the p - type body diffusion layer 7 , which is below the poly - silicon gate electrode 19 , constitutes a channel region of the ldmos . an electric field relaxation oxide film 21 is formed on the lightly n - type well diffusion layer ( lnw ) 13 . the gate electrode 19 is formed to expand on the gate oxide film 17 up to an electric field relaxation oxide film 21 . a side surface of the gate electrode 19 on the side of the electric field relaxation oxide film 21 is arranged on the electric field relaxation oxide film 21 at an interval from an end of the electric field relaxation oxide film 21 on the side of the n - type high concentration diffusion layer ( n +) 15 . the electric field relaxation oxide film 21 is separately formed relative to the field oxide film 3 , and is thicker than the gate oxide film 17 . the cross - sectional shape of the electric field relaxation oxide film 21 in a thickness direction is approximately a trapezoid . but the shape of the electric field relaxation oxide film 21 is not limited to a trapezoid . for example , the field oxide film 3 may be used as the electric field relaxation oxide film 21 . a p - type well diffusion layer 23 is formed in the semiconductor substrate 1 surrounding the n - type well diffusion layer 5 ; a p - type body diffusion layer 25 is formed in the p - type well diffusion layer 23 to enclose the region where the n - type well diffusion layer 5 is formed . the p - type well diffusion layer 23 and the p - type body diffusion layer 25 electrically isolate the ldmos from other elements . the field oxide film 3 covers the surfaces of the p - type well diffusion layer 23 and the p - type body diffusion layer 25 . next , the diode element of the present embodiment is explained with reference to fig3 a through fig3 c . fig3 a is a plan view of the diode element shown in fig1 , fig3 b is a cross - sectional view of the diode element at the position x - x as indicated in fig3 a , the same as that in fig2 a , fig3 c is a cross - sectional view of the switching element at the position y - y as indicated in fig3 a , the same as that in fig2 a . here , the structure shown in fig3 b ( and the structure shown in fig2 b , as described above ) correspond to the structure shown in fig1 . as shown in fig3 a through fig3 c , the diode element of the present embodiment has a vertical bipolar transistor structure , in which a pn diode is produced between a base and an emitter , and the base is connected to a collector to shield the pn diode from the p - type semiconductor substrate psub . it should be noted that illustration of a field oxide film is omitted in fig3 a . an n - type well diffusion layer 27 ( indicated as nw 1 in fig3 a through fig3 c and corresponding to a collector diffusion layer of the diode element ) is formed in a portion of the semiconductor substrate 1 in the diode element region enclosed by the field oxide film 3 . a p - type well diffusion layer 29 ( indicated as pw - di in fig3 a through fig3 c , and corresponding to a base diffusion layer of the diode element ) is formed in the n - type well diffusion layer 27 . an n - type body diffusion layer 31 ( indicated as nb in fig3 a through fig3 c and corresponding to an emitter diffusion layer of the diode element ) is formed in the p - type well diffusion layer 29 . an n - type high concentration diffusion layer 33 ( indicated as n + in fig3 a through fig3 c ), which has an n - type impurity concentration higher than that of the n - type body diffusion layer 31 , is formed in the n - type body diffusion layer 31 . in the present embodiment , the planar shapes of the n - type body diffusion layer 31 and the n - type high concentration diffusion layer ( n +) 33 are rectangles . as shown in fig3 a , in the p - type well diffusion layer 29 , there are two groups of the n - type body diffusion layer 31 and the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 33 ; the two groups of the n - type body diffusion layer 31 and the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 33 are arranged to be on the same straight line in the longitudinal direction of the p - type well diffusion layer 29 , but are separated from each other by an interval . the planar shape of the p - type well diffusion layer 29 is also a rectangle , and has the same longitudinal direction as those of the n - type body diffusion layer 31 and the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 33 ( indicated as n + in fig3 a through fig3 c ). in the n - type well diffusion layer 27 , an n - type well diffusion layer ( indicated as nw 2 in fig3 a through fig3 c ) 35 is formed along the longitudinal direction of the p - type well diffusion layer 29 at an interval from the p - type well diffusion layer 29 . the n - type well diffusion layer ( nw 2 ) 35 has an n - type impurity concentration higher than that of the n - type well diffusion layer 27 . an n - type high concentration diffusion layer ( indicated as n + in fig3 a through fig3 c and corresponding to a collector contact diffusion layer of the diode element ) is formed on the n - type well diffusion layer ( nw 2 ) 35 in the n - type well diffusion layer 27 . the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 37 has an n - type impurity concentration higher than that of the n - type well diffusion layer 35 . p - type high concentration diffusion layers 39 ( indicated as p + in fig3 a through fig3 c and corresponding to the base contact diffusion layers of the diode element ) are formed in the p - type well diffusion layer 29 in a direction intersecting the longitudinal direction of the p - type well diffusion layer 29 . the p - type high concentration diffusion layers 39 have a p - type impurity concentration higher than that of the p - type well diffusion layer 29 . the p - type high concentration diffusion layers 39 are arranged to correspond to the two ends of the longitudinal side of the n - type body diffusion layers 31 , and are at intervals from the two ends of the n - type body diffusion layers 31 . the surfaces of the n - type body diffusion layers 31 and the p - type well diffusion layer 29 between the n - type high concentration diffusion layers ( n +) 33 and the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 37 are covered with a field oxide film 3 a ( refer to fig3 b ). the surfaces of the n - type body diffusion layers 31 and the p - type well diffusion layer 29 between the n - type high concentration diffusion layers ( n +) 33 and the p - type high concentration diffusion layers 39 is covered with a field oxide film 3 b ( refer to fig3 c ). a p - type field dope layer 41 is formed below the field oxide film 3 a and the field oxide film 3 b in such a way that the field dope layer 41 does not overlap the n - type body diffusion layer 31 . similar to the ldmos region , the p - type well diffusion layer 23 and the p - type body diffusion layer 25 are formed in the semiconductor substrate 1 surrounding the n - type well diffusion layer 27 . the field oxide film 3 covers the surfaces of the p - type well diffusion layer 23 and the p - type body diffusion layer 25 . the p - type field dope layer 41 is formed below the field oxide film 3 in the p - type well diffusion layer 23 and the p - type body diffusion layer 25 surrounding the diode element . as shown in fig1 , the n - type high concentration diffusion layer ( n +) 15 of the ldmos ( drain ) is connected to a switching terminal 43 , and the p - type well diffusion layer 29 ( base ) and the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 37 ( collector ) of the diode element are also connected to the switching terminal 43 . the n - type high concentration diffusion layer ( n +) 33 ( emitter ) of the diode element is connected to the output terminal 45 . the n - type source diffusion layer 9 and the p - type high concentration diffusion layer 11 of the ldmos are connected to ground ( gnd ). a control signal is input to the gate electrode 19 of the ldmos . fig4 is a cross - sectional view illustrating a mos transistor and a resistor , which form a controller in the present embodiment . as shown in fig4 , an n - channel mos transistor ( below , referred to as “ nmos ”) is provided in a region different from the ldmos region and the diode element region . a p - type well diffusion layer 47 ( indicated as pw in fig4 ) is formed in a portion of the semiconductor substrate 1 in the nmos region . the nmos region is separated from other element regions by the field oxide film 3 and the field dope layer 41 . in the present embodiment , for example , the nmos has a ldd ( lightly doped drain ) structure , and includes a source - drain diffusion layer 49 , which has a ldd ( lightly doped drain ) structure , a gate oxide film 51 , a gate electrode 53 , and a sidewall 55 . it is certain that the nmos is not limited to the ldd structure . a p - channel mos transistor ( below , referred to as “ pmos ”) is provided in a region different from the ldmos region , the diode element region , and the nmos region . an n - type well diffusion layer 57 ( indicated as nw 2 in fig4 ) is formed in a portion of the semiconductor substrate 1 in the pmos region . the pmos region is separated from other element regions by the field oxide film 3 . in the present embodiment , for example , the pmos has a ldd ( lightly doped drain ) structure and includes a source - drain diffusion layer 59 that has a double diffusion structure , a gate oxide film 61 , a gate electrode 63 , and a sidewall 65 . it is certain that the pmos is not limited to the ldd structure . in addition , although it is described that there are provided one nmos transistor and one pmos transistor , which serve as the mos transistors of the controller of the present embodiment , the present embodiment is not limited to this . for example , plural types of nmos and pmos may be formed , which have different transistor properties . to implement the controller of the present embodiment , any kind of mos transistors generally used in semiconductor devices can be used . a resistor element 67 formed of poly - silicon is provided on the field oxide film 3 , and a sidewall 69 is formed on the side surface of the resistor element 67 . fig5 is a circuit diagram illustrating a step - up dc - dc converter including the semiconductor device of the present embodiment . in this example , it is assumed that the step - up dc - dc converter of the present embodiment is used to light four leds ( light emission diodes ). the semiconductor device used in the step - up dc - dc converter of the present embodiment is packed as an ic chip 71 . as shown in fig5 , the step - up dc - dc converter of the present embodiment includes the ic chip 71 , the switching terminal ( sw ) 43 , the output terminal ( vout ) 45 , a power supply terminal ( vin ) 73 , a ground terminal ( gnd ) 75 , and a feedback terminal ( fd ) 77 . a dc power supply 79 is connected between the power supply terminal ( vin ) 73 and the ground terminal ( gnd ) 75 , and a coil 81 is connected between the dc power supply 79 and the switching terminal ( sw ) 43 . a capacitor 83 and a cascade led circuit 85 are connected in parallel between the output terminal ( vout ) 45 and the ground terminal ( gnd ) 75 . in the ic chip 71 , there are formed a switching element 87 , a diode element 89 , and a control circuit 91 . the control circuit 91 includes a feedback circuit 93 , a pwm ( pulse width modulation ) circuit 95 , and a drive circuit 97 . the switching element 87 includes the n - channel ldmos as described with reference to fig1 and fig2 a through fig2 c . the diode element 89 includes the vertical bipolar diode structure as described with reference to fig1 and fig3 a through fig3 c . the control circuit 91 includes the mos transistor and resistor as described with reference to fig4 . it should be noted that the semiconductor device of the present embodiment is not limited to the above configuration , but can have any structure as long as the switching element , the diode element , the switching terminal , and the output terminal are provided . the drain of the switching element 87 and the anode of the diode element 89 are connected to the switching terminal 43 . the source of the switching element 87 is connected to the ground terminal ( gnd ) 75 . the cathode of the diode element 89 is connected to the output terminal ( vout ) 45 . the feedback terminal ( fd ) 77 is connected to the feedback circuit 93 of the control circuit 91 . fig6 is a timing chart illustrating operations of the step - up dc - dc converter as shown in fig5 . as shown in fig6 , the switching element 87 is repeatedly turned on and off by the control circuit 91 . for example , the control circuit 91 controls on and off of the switching element 87 based on a feedback signal from the feedback terminal ( fd ) 77 . when the switching element 87 is turned on , a current flows through the dc power supply 79 , the coil 81 , the switching terminal ( sw ) 43 , the switching element 87 , and the ground terminal ( gnd ) 75 in order . in this case , a reverse bias is applied on the diode element 89 , and the voltage induced on the capacitor 83 is output to the cascade led circuit 85 . when the switching element 87 is turned off , a back electromotive force occurs on the two ends of the coil 81 , and a voltage higher than an input voltage is induced at the switching terminal ( sw ) 43 . in this case , a forward bias is applied on the diode element 89 and a current flows through the dc power supply 79 , the coil 81 , the switching terminal ( sw ) 43 , the diode element 89 , the output terminal 45 , and the cascade led circuit 85 . by switching on and switching off the switching element 87 of the step - up dc - dc converter repeatedly , an output voltage higher than the input voltage can be extracted from the step - up dc - dc converter . according to the semiconductor device and the step - up dc - dc converter of the present embodiment , since the ldmos is used as the switching element , and a pn junction diode is used as the diode element , the leakage current can be reduced , and it is possible to improve the conversion efficiency of the step - up dc - dc converter . below , a method of producing the semiconductor device as shown in fig4 is described with reference to fig7 a through fig1 c . in the following descriptions , unevenness might be formed on a semiconductor substrate surface due to formation and removal of a thermal oxide film , but the unevenness is not expressly illustrated in fig7 a through fig1 c . in addition , descriptions of some steps , such as rca cleaning , are omitted . fig7 a through fig7 c are cross - sectional views illustrating part of a method of producing the semiconductor device of the present embodiment as shown in fig4 . in the step shown in fig7 a , a not - illustrated buffer oxide film is deposited on a semiconductor substrate 1 to a thickness of 25 nm ( 250 angstroms ), then a silicon nitride film 101 is deposited on the buffer oxide film to a thickness of 100 nm ( 1000 angstroms ). in the step shown in fig7 b , a photo resist 103 is formed , which has openings respectively corresponding to the ldmos region and the diode element region . the silicon nitride film 101 is removed by etching with the photo resist 103 as a mask . then , with the photo resist 103 as a mask , phosphorus ions ( indicated by triangles “ δ ” in fig7 b ), which serve as n - type impurities , are implanted into the semiconductor substrate 1 at an implantation energy of 160 kev and a dose of 3 . 4 × 10 12 cm − 2 . in the step shown in fig7 c , the photo resist 103 is removed . then , thermal processing is performed on the semiconductor substrate 1 at a temperature of 1180 ° c . for 14 . 5 hours to form the n - type well diffusion layer 5 in the ldmos region , and form the n - type well diffusion layer 27 in the diode element region . in this step , a silicon oxide film is formed on surfaces of the ldmos region and the diode element region . in this way , the n - type well diffusion layer 5 ( corresponding to the drain diffusion layer of the ldmos ) and the n - type well diffusion layer 27 ( corresponding to the collector diffusion layer of the diode element ) are formed at the same time ; hence , the n - type well diffusion layer 5 and the n - type well diffusion layer 27 have the same impurity concentration . fig8 a through fig8 c , continuing from fig7 c , are cross - sectional views illustrating part of the method of producing the semiconductor device of the present embodiment as shown in fig4 . in the step shown in fig8 a , a photo resist 105 is formed , which has an opening corresponding to the diode element region . with the photo resist 105 as a mask , a silicon oxide film , which is formed on the surface of the n - type well diffusion layer 27 in the diode element region , is removed . in the step shown in fig8 b , the photo resist 105 is removed . then , thermal oxidation processing is performed on the semiconductor substrate 1 to form a buffer oxide layer ( not illustrated ) on the surface of the n - type well diffusion layer 27 . a photo resist 107 is formed , which has an opening corresponding to the p - type well diffusion layer 29 in the diode element region ( refer to fig3 a through fig3 c ). with the photo resist 107 as a mask , boron ions ( indicated by crosses “ x ” in fig8 b ), which serve as p - type impurities , are implanted into the semiconductor substrate 1 at an implantation energy of 30 kev and a dose of 1 . 5 × 10 13 cm − 2 . in the step shown in fig8 c , the photo resist 107 is removed . then , thermal oxidation processing is performed on the semiconductor substrate 1 at a temperature of 1150 ° c . for 3 . 5 hours to form the p - type well diffusion layer 29 in the n - type well diffusion layer 27 . fig9 a through fig9 c , continuing from fig8 c , are cross - sectional views illustrating part of the method of producing the semiconductor device of the present embodiment as shown in fig4 . in the step shown in fig9 a , a photo resist 109 is formed , which has an opening corresponding to the pmos region and the n - type well diffusion layer 35 in the diode element region ( refer to fig3 a through fig3 c ). with the photo resist 109 as a mask , the silicon nitride film 101 is removed by etching . in this step , a part of a silicon oxide film exposed in the opening of the photo resist 109 in the diode element region is also removed . then , with the photo resist 109 as a mask , phosphorus ions ( indicated by triangles “ δ ” in fig9 a ) are implanted into the semiconductor substrate 1 at an implantation energy of 160 kev and a dose of 7 . 7 × 10 12 cm − 2 . in the step shown in fig9 b , thermal processing is performed on the semiconductor substrate 1 to form the n - type well diffusion layer 57 in the pmos region , and the n - type well diffusion layer 35 is formed in the n - type well diffusion layer 27 in the diode element region . in this step , a silicon oxide film having a thickness of 300 nm ( 3000 angstroms ) is formed on the surface of the n - type well diffusion layer 27 ; hence , the thickness of the silicon oxide film in other regions is increased . then , etching is performed on the silicon oxide film covering the whole surface of the semiconductor substrate 1 to reduce the thickness of the silicon oxide film by 30 nm ( 300 angstroms ). in the step shown in fig9 c , the silicon oxide film that is formed on surfaces of the ldmos region , the diode element region , and the pmos region as a mask , and the residual silicon nitride film 101 that is on the surface of the semiconductor substrate 1 in a p - well region including the nmos region are totally removed . then , thermal oxidation processing is performed on the semiconductor substrate 1 to form a buffer oxide layer ( not illustrated ). then , with the silicon oxide film on surfaces of the ldmos region , the diode element region , and the pmos region as a mask , boron ions ( indicated by crosses “ x ” in fig9 c ) are implanted into the semiconductor substrate 1 at an implantation energy of 25 kev and a dose of 2 . 1 × 10 13 cm − 2 . fig1 a through fig1 c , continuing from fig9 c , are cross - sectional views illustrating part of the method of producing the semiconductor device of the present embodiment as shown in fig4 . in the step shown in fig1 a , thermal oxidation processing is performed on the semiconductor substrate 1 at a temperature of 1150 ° c . for 44 minutes to form the p - type well diffusion layer 47 in the nmos region . in this step , the p - type well diffusion layer 23 is formed in the element separation region . in the step shown in fig1 b , the silicon oxide film on the semiconductor substrate 1 is totally removed , and a buffer oxide layer ( not illustrated ) is formed on the whole semiconductor substrate 1 . a photo resist 111 is formed , which has an opening corresponding to the lightly doped n - type well diffusion layer 13 in the ldmos region ( refer to fig2 a through fig2 c ). with the photo resist 111 as a mask , phosphorus ions ( indicated by triangles “ δ ” in fig1 b ) are implanted into the semiconductor substrate 1 at an implantation energy of 100 kev and a dose of 2 . 0 × 10 12 cm − 2 . in the step shown in fig1 c , the photo resist 111 is removed . then , thermal oxidation processing is performed on the semiconductor substrate 1 to form the lightly doped n - type well diffusion layer 13 in the n - type well diffusion layer 5 in the nmos region . in this step , the buffer oxide layer becomes thick , and the silicon oxide film 113 is formed to have a thickness of 300 nm ( 3000 angstroms ). fig1 a through fig1 c , continuing from fig1 , are cross - sectional views illustrating part of the method of producing the semiconductor device of the present embodiment as shown in fig4 . in the step shown in fig1 a , a photo resist 115 is formed , which corresponds to the electric field relaxation oxide film 21 ( refer to fig2 a through fig2 c ) in the ldmos region . in the step shown in fig1 b , with the photo resist 115 as a mask , thermal processing is performed on the silicon oxide film 113 to form the electric field relaxation oxide film 21 in the ldmos region . then the photo resist 115 is removed . in the step shown in fig1 c , thermal oxidation processing is performed on the semiconductor substrate 1 to form the gate oxide film 17 to a thickness of 25 nm ( 250 angstroms ). the poly - silicon film 117 is formed on the gate oxide film 17 . it should be noted that the electric field relaxation oxide film 21 becomes thick when forming the gate oxide film 17 , but the gate oxide film 17 and the electric field relaxation oxide film 21 are illustrated as separate films in fig1 , fig2 a through fig2 c , fig4 and fig1 c for convenience of illustration . fig1 a through fig1 c , continuing from fig1 c , are cross - sectional views illustrating part of the method of producing the semiconductor device of the present embodiment as shown in fig4 . in the step shown in fig1 a , a photo resist 119 is formed on the poly - silicon film 117 to define a region where the poly - silicon gate electrode 19 in the ldmos region is to be formed . the poly - silicon film 117 is patterned with the photo resist 119 as a mask to form the poly - silicon gate electrode 19 on the gate oxide film 17 and the electric field relaxation oxide film 21 in the ldmos region . in the step shown in fig1 b , the photo resist 119 is removed . in addition , the gate oxide film 17 is removed by using the poly - silicon gate electrode 19 as a mask with a portion of the gate oxide film 17 remaining below the poly - silicon gate electrode 19 . then , a buffer oxide ( not - illustrated ) is formed . a photo resist 121 is formed , which has openings respectively corresponding to the p - type body diffusion layer 7 in the ldmos region ( refer to fig2 a through fig2 c ) and the p - type body diffusion layer 25 enclosing the ldmos region and the diode element region ( refer to fig2 a through fig2 c , and fig3 a through fig3 c ). with the photo resist 121 and the gate electrode 19 as masks , boron ions ( indicated by crosses “ x ” in fig1 b ) are implanted into the semiconductor substrate 1 at an implantation energy of 25 kev and a dose of 2 . 1 × 10 13 cm − 2 . in the step shown in fig1 c , the photo resist 121 is removed . a photo resist 123 is formed , which has an opening corresponding to the n - type body diffusion layer 31 in the diode element region ( refer to fig3 a through fig3 c ). here , the photo resist 123 also has an opening corresponding to the side of the n - type well diffusion layer ( nw 2 ) 35 , which side is near the edge of the n - type well diffusion layer 27 ( refer to fig3 a through fig3 c ). with the photo resist 123 as a mask , phosphorus ions ( indicated by triangles “ δ ” in fig1 c ) are implanted into the semiconductor substrate 1 at an implantation energy of 100 kev and a dose in a range from 8 . 0 × 10 12 cm − 2 to 20 . 0 × 10 12 cm − 2 . fig1 a through fig1 c , continuing from fig1 c , are cross - sectional views illustrating part of the method of producing the semiconductor device of the present embodiment as shown in fig4 . in the step shown in fig1 a , the photo resist 123 is removed . then , thermal processing is performed on the semiconductor substrate 1 at a temperature of 1100 ° c . for 140 minutes to form the p - type body diffusion layer 7 in the n - type well diffusion layer 5 in the ldmos region , form the p - type body diffusion layer 25 in the p - type well diffusion layer 23 surrounding the ldmos region and the diode element region , and form the n - type body diffusion layer 31 in the p - type well diffusion layer 29 in the diode element region . in the diode element region , the portion of the n - type well diffusion layer 35 implanted with phosphorus ions has a high phosphorus concentration . for convenience , in fig1 a , this implanted portion and other portions of the n - type well diffusion layer 35 as a whole are illustrated as one element . in addition , a thermal oxide film is formed during thermal processing , but illustration of the thermal oxide film is omitted . in the step shown in fig1 b , a silicon nitride film 125 is deposited on the whole the thermal oxide film formed during thermal processing . the silicon nitride film 125 is patterned by using a photo resist for defining a region where the field oxide film 3 is formed . then , the photo resist is removed . in the step shown in fig1 c , a photo resist 127 is formed , which has an opening corresponding to a region where the field dope layer 41 ( refer to fig3 a through fig3 c , and fig4 ) is formed . the photo resist 127 covers the n - type body diffusion layer 31 and surroundings so that impurities used in field doping are not implanted into the n - type body diffusion layer 31 in the diode element region . with the photo resist 127 and the silicon nitride film 125 as masks , boron ions ( indicated by crosses “ x ” in fig1 c ) are implanted into the semiconductor substrate 1 at an implantation energy of 15 kev and a dose of 3 . 0 × 10 13 cm − 2 . fig1 a through fig1 c , continuing from fig1 c , are cross - sectional views illustrating part of the method of producing the semiconductor device of the present embodiment as shown in fig4 . in the step shown in fig1 a , the photo resist 127 is removed . thermal processing is performed on the semiconductor substrate 1 at a temperature of 1000 ° c . for 200 minutes to form the field oxide film 3 , the field oxide film 3 a , and the field oxide film 3 b ( refer to fig3 a through fig3 c ). in this step , the boron ions implanted in the step shown in fig1 a thermally diffuse , and the field dope layer 41 is formed . in the step shown in fig1 b , the oxide film all over the semiconductor substrate 1 is removed , and etching is performed to reduce the thickness of the field oxide film 3 , the field oxide film 3 a , and the field oxide film 3 b by 30 nm ( 300 angstroms ). in the step shown in fig1 c , thermal oxidation processing is performed on the semiconductor substrate 1 to form a pre - gate oxide layer ( not illustrated ) having a thickness of 11 nm ( 110 angstroms ). a photo resist 129 is formed , which has an opening corresponding to the nmos region . then , channel doping is performed with the photo resist 129 as a mask . fig1 a through fig1 c , continuing from fig1 c , are cross - sectional views illustrating part of the method of producing the semiconductor device of the present embodiment as shown in fig4 . in the step shown in fig1 a , the photo resist 129 is removed . a photo resist 131 is formed , which has an opening corresponding to the pmos region . then , channel doping is performed with the photo resist 131 as a mask . in the step shown in fig1 b , the photo resist 131 is removed . after rca cleaning , thermal processing is performed on the semiconductor substrate 1 at a temperature of 920 ° c . to form a silicon oxide film 133 to a thickness of 13 . 5 nm ( 135 angstroms ), which is used as a gate oxide film . then , a poly - silicon film 135 is formed on the silicon oxide film 133 to a thickness of 35 nm ( 350 angstroms ). then , phosphorus ions are implanted into the poly - silicon film 135 with implantation energy of 30 kev and a dose determined according to an object resistance of the resistor element . it should be noted that the field oxide film 3 , the field oxide film 3 a , the field oxide film 3 b , and the electric field relaxation oxide film 21 become thick when forming the silicon oxide film 133 , but the silicon oxide film 133 , the field oxide film 3 , the field oxide film 3 a , the field oxide film 3 b , and the electric field relaxation oxide film 21 are illustrated as separate films in fig1 b for convenience of illustration . in the step shown in fig1 c , a high temperature oxide film 137 is deposited on the poly - silicon film 135 to a thickness of 250 nm ( 2500 angstroms ). the high temperature oxide film 137 is patterned by photoengraving and etching , while leaving a portion of the high temperature oxide film 137 corresponding to a forming region of the poly - silicon film 135 in a region determining the resistance of the resistor element . with the high temperature oxide film 137 as a mask , phosphor silicate glass ( psg ) is deposited on the poly - silicon film 135 and the high temperature oxide film 137 . then thermal processing is performed on the semiconductor substrate 1 , and phosphorus ions diffuse into the poly - silicon film 135 . thus a poly - silicon film 139 is formed , which has a concentration of phosphorus higher than that of the poly - silicon film 135 . a portion of the poly - silicon film 135 , which determines the resistance of the resistor element , remains below the high temperature oxide film 137 . fig1 a through fig1 c , continuing from fig1 c , are cross - sectional views illustrating part of the method of producing the semiconductor device of the present embodiment as shown in fig4 . in the step shown in fig1 a , the high temperature oxide film 137 is removed . a photo resist 141 is formed , which defines a region for gate electrodes of the mos transistor ( except for the ldmos ) and the resistor element on the poly - silicon film 135 and the poly - silicon film 139 . the photo resist 141 covers the ldmos region . in step shown in fig1 b , the poly - silicon film 135 and the poly - silicon film 139 are patterned with the photo resist 141 as a mask to form gate electrodes 53 , 63 and the resistor element 67 . a portion of the silicon oxide film 133 below the gate electrode 53 constitutes a gate oxide film 51 , and a portion of the silicon oxide film 133 below the gate electrode 63 constitutes a gate oxide film 61 . a portion of the poly - silicon film 139 remains in the ldmos region . then , the photo resist 141 is removed . next , thermal processing is performed on the semiconductor substrate 1 to form a silicon oxide film ( not illustrated ) on the gate electrodes 53 , 63 , the resistor element 67 , and the poly - silicon film 139 to a thickness of 13 . 5 nm ( 135 angstroms ). in the step shown in fig1 c , a photo resist 143 is formed , which has openings respectively corresponding to the p - type high concentration diffusion layer 11 in the ldmos region , the pmos region , and the p - type high concentration diffusion layer 39 in the diode element region ( refer to fig3 a through fig3 c ). the reticle ( photo mask ) used for forming the photo resist 143 is also used in the step shown in fig1 c . with the photo resist 143 as a mask , boron ions ( indicated by crosses “ x ” in fig1 c ) are implanted into the semiconductor substrate 1 at an implantation energy of 15 kev and a dose of 2 . 0 × 10 13 cm − 2 . in the ldmos region , the boron ions are blocked by the poly - silicon film 139 and cannot arrive at the semiconductor substrate 1 . fig1 a through fig1 c , continuing from fig1 c , are cross - sectional views illustrating part of the method of producing the semiconductor device of the present embodiment as shown in fig4 . in the step shown in fig1 a , the photo resist 143 is removed . a photo resist 145 is formed , which has openings respectively corresponding to the ldmos region , the diode element region , and the nmos region . in the ldmos region , the photo resist 145 covers the p - type high concentration diffusion layer 11 ( refer to fig2 a through fig2 c ). the reticle ( photo mask ) used for forming the photo resist 145 is also used in the step shown in fig1 a . with the photo resist 145 as a mask , phosphorus ions ( indicated by triangles “ δ ” in fig1 a ) are implanted into the semiconductor substrate 1 at an implantation energy of 70 kev and a dose of 2 . 5 × 10 13 cm − 2 . in the ldmos region , the phosphorus ions are blocked by the poly - silicon film 139 and cannot arrive at the semiconductor substrate 1 . in the step shown in fig1 b , the photo resist 145 is removed . then , a high temperature oxide film , which is used as a sidewall , is deposited all over the semiconductor substrate 1 to a thickness of 150 nm ( 1500 angstroms ). the high temperature oxide film is etched back , and a sidewall 55 is formed on the side surface of the gate electrode 53 , a sidewall 65 is formed on the side surface of the gate electrode 63 , and a sidewall 69 is formed on the side surface of the resistor element 67 . further , a sidewall 147 is formed on the side surface of the poly - silicon film 139 . in the step shown in fig1 c , a photo resist 149 is formed , which has an opening corresponding to the ldmos region . with the photo resist 149 as a mask , the sidewall 147 , the poly - silicon film 139 , and the silicon oxide film 133 are removed . fig1 a through fig1 c , continuing from fig1 c , are cross - sectional views illustrating part of the method of producing the semiconductor device of the present embodiment as shown in fig4 . in step shown in fig1 a , the photo resist 149 is removed . the aforesaid reticle in the step shown in fig1 a is used to form the photo resist 145 . with the photo resist 145 as a mask , arsenic ions ( indicated by triangles “ δ ” in fig1 a ) are implanted into the ldmos region , the diode element region , and the nmos region at an implantation energy of 50 kev and a dose of 6 . 0 × 10 15 cm − 2 . in the step shown in fig1 b , the photo resist 145 is removed . thermal processing is performed on the semiconductor substrate 1 at a temperature of 900 ° c . for one hour in an nitrogen atmosphere to thermally diffuse the arsenic ions , thereby forming the n - type source diffusion layer 9 and the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 15 in the ldmos transistor region , the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 33 and the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 37 in the diode element region , and n - type source and drain diffusion layer 49 in the nmos region . in the step shown in fig1 c , the aforesaid reticle in the step shown in fig1 c is used to form the photo resist 143 . with the photo resist 143 as a mask , boron ions ( indicated by crosses “ x ” in fig1 c ) are implanted into the ldmos region , the diode element region , and the nmos region with implantation energy of 50 kev and a dose of 3 . 0 × 10 15 cm − 2 . afterward , the photo resist 143 is removed . thermal processing is performed on the semiconductor substrate 1 at a temperature of 850 ° c . for 27 minutes to thermally diffuse the boron ions , thereby forming the p - type high concentration diffusion layer 11 in ldmos transistor region , the p - type high concentration diffusion layer 39 ( refer to fig3 a through fig3 c ) in the diode element region , and p - type source and drain diffusion layer 59 in the pmos region ( refer to fig4 ). in the above , a method of producing the semiconductor device as shown in fig4 is exemplified with reference to fig7 a through fig1 c ; it is certain that the present embodiment is not limited to the above example . fig1 a through fig1 c illustrates a diode element according to a second embodiment of the present invention . specifically , fig1 a is a plan view of the diode element according to the second embodiment . fig1 b is a cross - sectional view of the diode element at a position x - x as indicated in fig1 a . fig1 c is a cross - sectional view of the diode element at a position y - y as indicated in fig1 a . in fig1 a through fig1 c , the same reference numbers are assigned to the same elements as those illustrated in fig3 a through fig3 c , and overlapping descriptions are omitted . the diode element shown in fig1 a through fig1 c differs from the diode element shown in fig3 a through fig3 c in that a p - type high concentration diffusion layer 39 a , which constitutes the base contact diffusion layer of the diode element , is formed like a frame , specifically , the p - type high concentration diffusion layer 39 a is formed like strips ( slit shape ) adjacent to the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 37 and in the longitudinal direction of the n - type body diffusion layer 31 and the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 33 . fig2 a and fig2 b are graphs respectively illustrating properties of the diode element shown in fig3 a through fig3 c , which does not have the aforesaid slits , and the diode element shown in fig1 a through fig1 c , which has the aforesaid slits . specifically , fig2 a presents dependence of a forward current on the temperature , and fig2 b presents dependence of a reverse bias leakage current on the temperature . in fig2 a , the abscissa indicates the temperature (° c . ), and the ordinate indicates the forward current in units of ma ( mili - ampere ); in fig2 b , the abscissa indicates the temperature (° c . ), and the ordinate indicates the reverse bias leakage current in units of pa ( pico - ampere ). in these examples , in the measurement of the reverse bias leakage current , a leakage current is measured under the conditions that a voltage of 20 v is applied between the base and the emitter while the base and the collector are shorted . as for the dependence of the forward current on the temperature , as shown in fig2 a , this dependence changes little when the aforesaid slit is present compared to when the aforesaid slit is absent . as for the dependence of the reverse bias leakage current on the temperature , since the p - type high concentration diffusion layer 39 a ( the base contact diffusion layer of the diode element ) is formed to enclose the n - type body diffusion layer 31 ( the emitter diffusion layer of the diode element ), that is , the aforesaid slit is present , the reverse bias leakage current is small compared to the reverse bias leakage current when the aforesaid slit is not present , as the diode element shown in fig3 a through fig3 c . fig2 a illustrates measurement results of the conversion efficiency of a dc - dc converter , which is equivalent to the dc - dc converter shown in fig5 with the diode element being replaced by the diode element shown in fig1 a through fig1 c . fig2 b illustrates measurement results of the conversion efficiency of a dc - dc converter for comparison , in which a built - in schottky diode is used as the diode element . in fig2 a and fig2 b , the abscissa indicates the led current in units of ma ( mili - ampere ), and the ordinate indicates the conversion efficiency (%). in addition , in the examples shown in fig2 a and fig2 b , a dc power supply outputs a dc voltage of 3 . 6 v , the inductance of the coil used in the above examples is 22 μh ( micro henry ), and the measurement is made at an environmental temperature of 25 ° c . the conversion efficiency is expressed as a ratio of the output consumption power of the dc - dc converter over the consumption power of the dc power supply , where the consumption power equals the product of relevant current and voltage . when the led current is 5 ma , in the example for comparison as shown in fig2 b , the conversion efficiency is slightly less than 70 %; in comparison , in the present embodiment as shown in fig2 a , the conversion efficiency is near 80 %. thus , according to the semiconductor device and the dc - dc converter of the present embodiment , since the ldmos is used as the switching element , and a pn junction diode is used as the diode element , the leakage current can be reduced , and it is possible to improve the conversion efficiency of the step - up dc - dc converter . fig2 a through fig2 c illustrates a diode element according to a third embodiment of the present invention . specifically , fig2 a is a plan view of the diode element according to the third embodiment . fig2 b is a cross - sectional view of the diode element at a position x - x as indicated in fig2 a , fig2 c is a cross - sectional view of the diode element at a position y - y as indicated in fig2 a . in fig2 a through fig2 c , the same reference numbers are assigned to the same elements as those illustrated in fig3 a through fig3 c , and fig1 a through fig1 c , and overlapping descriptions are omitted . the diode element shown in fig2 a through fig2 c differs from the diode element shown in fig1 a through fig1 c in that a portion of the p - type high concentration diffusion layer 39 a ( corresponding to the base contact diffusion layers of the diode element ) between the n - type body diffusion layer 31 ( corresponding to an emitter diffusion layer of the diode element ) and the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 37 ( corresponding to a collector contact diffusion layer of the diode element ) is separated from the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 37 by a distance . similar to the diode element shown in fig1 a through fig1 c , the diode element of the present embodiment also has a small reverse bias leakage current compared to the diode element shown in fig3 a through fig3 c , which does not have the slit . fig2 illustrates measurement results of the conversion efficiency of a dc - dc converter , which is equivalent to the dc - dc converter shown in fig5 with the diode element being replaced by the diode element shown in fig2 a through fig2 c . in fig2 , the abscissa indicates the led current in units of ma ( mili - ampere ), and the ordinate indicates the conversion efficiency (%). in this example , a dc power supply outputs a dc voltage of 3 . 6 v , the inductance of the coil used in the above examples is 22 μh ( micro henry ), and the measurement is made at an environmental temperature of 25 ° c . the conversion efficiency is expressed as a ratio of the output consumption power of the dc - dc converter over the consumption power of the dc power supply , and the consumption power equals the product of relevant current and voltage . as shown in fig2 , in the present embodiment , when the led current is 5 ma , the conversion efficiency is about 80 %. therefore , compared to the example in fig2 b , in which a built - in schottky diode is used as the diode element , the leakage current is reduced , and the conversion efficiency of the step - up dc - dc converter is improved . fig2 a through fig2 c illustrates a diode element according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention . specifically , fig2 a is a plan view of the diode element according to the fourth embodiment . fig2 b is a cross - sectional view of the diode element at a position x - x as indicated in fig2 a . fig2 c is a cross - sectional view of the diode element at a position y - y as indicated in fig2 a . in fig2 a through fig2 c , the same reference numbers are assigned to the same elements as those illustrated in fig3 a through fig3 c , and overlapping descriptions are omitted . the diode element shown in fig2 a through fig2 c differs from the diode element shown in fig3 a through fig3 c in that a p - type high concentration diffusion layer 93 ( corresponding to the second base diffusion layer in claims of the present application ) is provided in the p - type well diffusion layer 29 below the field oxide film 3 a and to be separated from the n - type body diffusion layer 31 ( corresponding to the emitter diffusion layer of the diode element ) and the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 37 ( corresponding to the collector contact diffusion layer of the diode element ) by a distance . the field oxide film 3 a is formed on a part of the surface of the p - type well diffusion layer 29 ( corresponding to a base diffusion layer of the diode element ) between the n - type body diffusion layer 31 ( the emitter diffusion layer of the diode element ) and the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 37 ( the collector contact diffusion layer of the diode element ). moreover , the p - type high concentration diffusion layer 93 has an impurity concentration higher than that of the p - type well diffusion layer 29 . according to the present embodiment , it is possible to reduce the reverse bias leakage current ( the leakage current between the collector and the emitter ) compared to the case when the p - type high concentration diffusion layer 93 is absent . the configuration of the present embodiment is particularly effective in a structure in which the p - type impurities of the p - type well diffusion layer 29 below the field oxide film 3 a are sucked out by the field oxide film 3 a . in the above , it is described that the p - type high concentration diffusion layer 93 ( the second base diffusion layer ) is provided to be separated from the n - type body diffusion layer 31 ( the emitter diffusion layer of the diode element ) and the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 37 ( the collector contact diffusion layer of the diode element ) by a distance . it should be noted that the present embodiment is not limited to this ; the p - type high concentration diffusion layer 93 may be formed to be adjacent to the n - type body diffusion layer 31 or the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 37 , or be adjacent to both of the n - type body diffusion layer 31 and the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 37 . the structure of the present embodiment can be fabricated in the same way as that shown in fig4 , and fig7 a through fig1 c , except that the following additional step is executed between the step shown in fig1 b and the step shown in fig1 c . fig2 is a cross - sectional view illustrating a step of the method of producing the semiconductor device of the present embodiment as shown in fig2 a through fig2 c , which is executed between the step in fig1 b and the step shown in fig1 c . as described in the first embodiment , the field oxide films 3 , 3 a , 3 b are formed in the step in fig1 a , and the silicon nitride film 125 is removed in the step in fig1 b . after that , in the step shown in fig2 , a photo resist 151 is formed , which has an opening corresponding to the position of the p - type well diffusion layer 29 below the field oxide film 3 a . with the photo resist 151 as a mask , boron ions ( indicated by crosses “ x ” in fig2 ) are implanted into the p - type well diffusion layer 29 via the field oxide film 3 a , for example , at an implantation energy of 160 kev and a dose of 1 . 0 × 10 12 cm − 2 to 1 . 0 × 10 13 cm − 2 . then , the photo resist 151 is removed . for purpose of illustration , the photo resist 151 is presented in fig2 . then , the steps shown in fig1 c through fig1 c are executed , thereby , the p - type high concentration diffusion layer 93 is formed in the p - type well diffusion layer 29 below the field oxide film 3 a . the boron ions , which are used to form the p - type high concentration diffusion layer 93 , can be activated through activation treatment specific to the boron ions , or through the activation treatment specific to the boron ions and activation treatment for other ions simultaneously . fig2 a through fig2 c illustrates a diode element according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention . specifically , fig2 a is a plan view of the diode element according to the fifth embodiment . fig2 b is a cross - sectional view of the diode element at a position x - x as indicated in fig2 a . fig2 c is a cross - sectional view of the diode element at a position y - y as indicated in fig2 a . in fig2 a through fig2 c , the same reference numbers are assigned to the same elements as those illustrated in fig3 a through fig3 c , and overlapping descriptions are omitted . the diode element shown in fig2 a through fig2 c differs from the diode element shown in fig3 a through fig3 c in that the field oxide film 3 a is provided on the surface of a portion of the p - type well diffusion layer 29 ( corresponding to the base diffusion layer of the diode element ) between the n - type body diffusion layer 31 ( corresponding to the emitter diffusion layer of the diode element ) and the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 37 ( corresponding to the collector contact diffusion layer of the diode element ), and is separated from the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 37 ( the collector contact diffusion layer of the diode element ) by a distance . moreover , the surface of the portion of the p - type well diffusion layer 29 ( the base diffusion layer of the diode element ) between the n - type body diffusion layer 31 ( the emitter diffusion layer of the diode element ) and the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 37 ( the collector contact diffusion layer of the diode element ) is not totally covered with the field oxide film 3 a . furthermore , the field dope layer 41 below the field oxide film 3 a is also formed to be separated from the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 37 ( the collector contact diffusion layer of the diode element ) by a distance . according to the present embodiment , it is possible to reduce the reverse bias leakage current ( the leakage current between the collector and the emitter ) compared to the structure shown in fig3 a through fig3 c , in which the surface of the portion of the p - type well diffusion layer 29 between the n - type body diffusion layer 31 and the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 37 is totally covered with the field oxide film 3 a . the configuration of the present embodiment is particularly effective in a structure in which the p - type impurities of the p - type well diffusion layer 29 below the field oxide film 3 a are sucked out by the field oxide film 3 a . the structure of the present embodiment can be fabricated in the same way as that shown in fig4 , and fig7 a through fig1 c , except that modification should be made to designs of the photo masks used in the steps shown in fig1 b , fig1 a , and fig1 a . fig2 is a cross - sectional view illustrating a step of the method of producing the semiconductor device of the present embodiment as shown in fig2 a through fig2 c , which replaces the step in fig1 b . as described in the first embodiment , after the step in fig1 a , in the same way as shown in the step in fig1 b , the silicon nitride film 125 is formed to define a region where the field oxide film 3 is formed . here , as shown by the dashed - line circles in fig2 , the silicon nitride film 125 is also formed on a part of the p - type well diffusion layer 29 . that is , the step in fig2 is basically the same as the step in fig1 b except that the pattern for forming the photo mask , which is used to define the region of the silicon nitride film 125 , is different . then , the steps shown in fig1 c and fig1 a are executed , thereby , as described with reference to fig2 a through fig2 c , the field oxide film 3 a is formed on the surface of the portion of the p - type well diffusion layer 29 between the n - type body diffusion layer 31 and the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 37 . fig2 is a cross - sectional view illustrating a step of the method of producing the semiconductor device of the present embodiment as shown in fig2 a through fig2 c , which replaces the step in fig1 a . after the step in fig1 c , in the same way as shown in the step in fig1 a , the photo resist 145 is formed , and with the photo resist 145 as a mask , phosphorus ions ( indicated by triangles “ δ ” in fig2 ) are implanted . here , as shown by the dashed - line circles in fig2 , the photo resist 145 is formed in such a way that the phosphorus ions are not implanted into the p - type well diffusion layer 29 . that is , the step in fig2 is basically the same as the step in fig1 a except that the pattern of the photo mask for forming the photo resist 145 is different . due to this , as described with reference to fig2 a through fig2 c , the phosphorus ions are not implanted into a portion of the p - type well diffusion layer 29 between the n - type body diffusion layer 31 and the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 37 , in which portion of the p - type well diffusion layer 29 , the field oxide film 3 a is not formed . fig2 is a cross - sectional view illustrating a step of the method of producing the semiconductor device of the present embodiment as shown in fig2 a through fig2 c , which replaces the step in fig1 a . after the step in fig1 c , in the same way as shown in the step in fig1 a , the photo resist 145 is formed , and with the photo resist 145 as a mask , phosphorus ions ( indicated by triangles “ δ ” in fig2 ) are implanted . here , as shown by the dashed - line circles in fig2 , the photo resist 145 is formed in such a way that the phosphorus ions are not implanted into the p - type well diffusion layer 29 . that is , the step in fig2 is basically the same as the step in fig1 a except that the pattern of the photo mask for forming the photo resist 145 is different . due to this , as described with reference to fig2 a through fig2 c , the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 37 is not formed in the portion of the p - type well diffusion layer 29 between the n - type body diffusion layer 31 and the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 37 , in which portion of the p - type well diffusion layer 29 , the field oxide film 3 a is not formed . then , the steps shown in fig1 b and fig1 c are executed , thereby , the structure as shown in fig2 a through fig2 c is obtained , in which the surface of the portion of the p - type well diffusion layer 29 between the n - type body diffusion layer 31 and the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 37 is not totally covered with the field oxide film 3 a . in the above method of producing the semiconductor device of the present embodiment , one only needs to modify designs of photo masks , and does not need to increase the number of steps for producing the semiconductor device of the present embodiment as shown in fig2 a through fig2 c compared to the method described in the first embodiment with reference to fig4 and fig7 a through fig1 c . in the present embodiment , it is described that the part of the surface of the portion of the p - type well diffusion layer 29 between the n - type body diffusion layer 31 and the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 37 , in which part of the surface of the portion of the p - type well diffusion layer 29 , the field oxide film 3 a is not formed , is adjacent to the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 37 and is separated from the n - type body diffusion layer 31 by a distance . certainly , the present embodiment is not limited to this . the part of the surface of the portion of the p - type well diffusion layer 29 , in which the field oxide film 3 a is not formed , may be arranged in other ways . fig3 a through fig3 c illustrates a modification to the diode element of the fifth embodiment of the present invention . specifically , fig3 a is a plan view of the diode element which is a modification to the fifth embodiment . fig3 b is a cross - sectional view of the diode element at a position x - x as indicated in fig3 a . fig3 c is a cross - sectional view of the diode element at a position y - y as indicated in fig3 a . in fig3 a through fig3 c , the same reference numbers are assigned to the same elements as those illustrated in fig2 a through fig2 c , and overlapping descriptions are omitted . as shown in fig3 a through fig3 c , the part of the surface of the portion of the p - type well diffusion layer 29 between the n - type body diffusion layer 31 and the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 37 , in which part of the surface of the portion of the p - type well diffusion layer 29 , the field oxide film 3 a is not formed , may be formed to be separated from both the n - type body diffusion layer 31 and the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 37 by a distance . alternatively , the part of the surface of the portion of the p - type well diffusion layer 29 , in which the field oxide film 3 a is not formed , may be formed to adjacent to the n - type body diffusion layer 31 and to be separated from the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 37 by a distance . in addition , a combination of two or three of a structure including the p - type high concentration diffusion layer 39 a or 39 b , a structure including the p - type high concentration diffusion layer 93 below the field oxide film 3 a , and a structure in which in a portion of the p - type well diffusion layer 29 , the field oxide film 3 a is not formed , can be arranged in the portion of the p - type well diffusion layer 29 between the n - type body diffusion layer 31 and the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 37 . because of the combination of these structures , it is possible to further reduce the reverse bias leakage current ( the leakage current between the collector and the emitter ). fig3 presents measurement results of dependence of the reverse bias leakage current on the temperature of the diode elements shown in fig3 a through fig3 c , fig1 a through fig1 c , fig2 a through fig2 c , and fig2 a through fig2 c , respectively . in fig3 , the abscissa indicates the temperature (° c . ), and the ordinate indicates the reverse bias leakage current in units of pa ( pico - ampere ). in the measurement of the reverse bias leakage current , a leakage current is measured under the conditions that a voltage of 20 v is applied between the base and the emitter while the base and the collector are shorted . in the measurements shown in fig3 , two different samples of the diode element shown in fig2 a through fig2 c are used for measurement , one sample of the diode element shown in fig2 a through fig2 c is formed with the implantation dose of the boron ions as 1 . 0 × 10 12 cm − 2 when forming the p - type high concentration diffusion layer 93 ( the second base diffusion layer ), and the other sample of the diode element is formed with the implantation dose of the boron ions as 1 . 0 × 10 13 cm − 2 when forming the p - type high concentration diffusion layer 93 . in fig3 , the result of the former sample is indicated by a description “ fig2 ( 1 . 0 × 10 12 cm − 2 )”, and the result of the latter one is indicated by a description “ fig2 ( 1 . 0 × 10 13 cm − 2 )”. fig3 reveals that little leakage current occurs in the diode element shown in fig1 a through fig1 c and the diode element of fig2 ( 1 . 0 × 10 13 cm − 2 ). comparing the result of the diode element of fig2 ( 1 . 0 × 10 12 cm − 2 ) to that of the diode element of fig2 ( 1 . 0 × 10 13 cm − 2 ), it is found that the magnitude of the leakage current and the temperature dependence properties the diode element change depending on the implantation dose of the boron ions when forming the second base diffusion layer . comparing the result of the diode element shown in fig2 a through fig2 c ( in which , the field oxide film 3 a does not cover the whole surface of the portion of the p - type well diffusion layer 29 between the n - type body diffusion layer 31 and the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 37 ) to the diode element shown in fig3 a through fig3 c ( in which , the field oxide film 3 a covers the whole surface of the portion of the p - type well diffusion layer 29 between the n - type body diffusion layer 31 and the n - type high concentration diffusion layer 37 ), it is found that the leakage current is reduced in the diode element shown in fig2 a through fig2 c . further , from the results shown in fig3 , it is found that in the diode elements , surface leakage is dominant . while the present invention is described with reference to specific embodiments chosen for purpose of illustration , it should be apparent that the invention is not limited to these embodiments , but numerous modifications could be made thereto by those skilled in the art without departing from the basic concept and scope of the invention . for example , the ldmos used as the switching element is not limited to the above examples . any ldmos transistor can be used as long as the ldmos transistor includes a source diffusion layer , a channel diffusion layer having a conductivity opposite to that of the source diffusion layer and enclosing the side surface and the bottom surface of the source diffusion layer , and a drain diffusion layer having conductivity the same as that of the source diffusion layer and adjacent to the outer side of the channel diffusion layer ; and the surface of a channel diffusion layer below a gate electrode acts as a channel region . in addition , the diode element of the present invention is not limited to the above examples . any diode element can be used as long as the diode element has a vertical bipolar transistor , which includes a collector diffusion layer , a base diffusion layer having a conductivity opposite to that of the collector diffusion layer and formed on the collector diffusion layer , and an emitter diffusion layer having a conductivity the same as that of the collector diffusion layer and formed on the base diffusion layer . in the above embodiments , a p - type semiconductor substrate is used ; certainly , an n - type semiconductor substrate may also be used . in the above embodiments , an n - channel ldmos is used as the switching element ; certainly , the switching element may also be a p - channel ldmos . in the above embodiments , the diode element has a structure of an npn vertical bipolar transistor ; certainly , the diode element may also have a pnp vertical bipolar transistor structure . in the semiconductor device of the present invention , one of the n - channel ldmos and the p - channel ldmos , which constitutes the switching element , and one of the npn vertical bipolar transistor and the pnp vertical bipolar transistor structure , which constitutes the diode element , can be combined in any manner as desired . note that sometime it is necessary to limit the diode element to the npn vertical bipolar transistor structure depending on the application of the dc - dc converter , for example , when the dc - dc converter is used for lighting leds . the dc - dc converter of the present invention is not limited to the structure shown in fig5 , any step - up dc - dc converter can be used as long as the step - up dc - dc converter includes a semiconductor device having a switching element formed of a ldmos transistor , a diode element having a vertical bipolar transistor structure , a switching terminal , an output terminal , a coil connected to the switching terminal , and a capacitor connected to the output terminal . this patent application is based on japanese priority patent applications no . 2006 - 165589 filed on jun . 15 , 2006 and no . 2007 - 090883 filed on mar . 30 , 2007 , the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference .	7
referring now to the drawings , and particularly to fig1 and 2 , 8 combination exit sign / emergency unit fixture is seen at 10 to be comprised of a housing 12 and two emergency lighting unit lamp assemblies 13 . the fixture 10 will generally be referred to herein as the combo fixture 10 or merely as the fixture 10 . the housing 12 is essentially formed from frame 14 and face plate 16 as well as back plate 18 . in certain embodiments of the invention , the back plate 18 can be essentially identical to the face plate 16 , such a combo fixture 10 within constituting a double - faced fixture having indicia 20 on both faces thereof such as can occur in top and end mounted installations . in a direct wall - mounted installation , the back plate 18 is necessary in order for the combo fixture 10 to be mounted directly to a wall as will be described hereinafter . the combo fixture 10 is typically provided with one or more directional indicators 22 which are often referred to as “ chevrons ”, the indicators 22 preferably comprising snap - fitting chevron structures which can be rapidly and positively mounted into openings 23 formed on the face plate 16 without the requirement for gaining access into the interior of the housing 12 . while various chevron structures can be utilized , a particularly suitable structure disclosed in u . s . patent application ser . no . 08 / 327 , 487 , filed oct . 21 , 1994 , by stephen t . smith with the title “ direction indicator covers for emergency lighting system ”, the patent application being assigned to the assignee of the present patent application , the disclosure of ser . no . 08 / 327 , 487 being incorporated hereinto by reference . depending upon the exigencies of a particular installation , at least one of the indicators 22 is mated into the corresponding opening 23 to prevent light generated interiorly of the housing 12 from passing through the opening 23 . in certain installations wherein the combo fixture 10 may be placed directly over a doorway or the like , it is possible that both of the indicators 22 will be placed in the corresponding openings 23 . certain other installations may require that neither of the directional indicators 22 be mounted in the corresponding openings 23 , such an installation signalling that a path of egress may exist to both sides of the combo fixture 10 . as will be described in more detail hereinafter , and with additional reference to fig9 , a pair of incandescent lamps 24 are disposed within the interior of the housing 12 and operate on ac line voltage to illuminate the combo fixture 10 during normal , non - emergency situations during which the location of emergency egress paths is to be recognized by those persons using the environmental spaces within which the fixture 10 is mounted . a pair of emergency lamps 26 such as are seen in fig9 are located internally of the housing 12 and powered only during loss of ac line voltage by means of a battery 30 ( ap seen in fig9 inter alia ), appropriate circuitry ( not shown in fig1 and 2 ) causing dc voltage from the battery 30 to operate the emergency lamps 26 during a power failure such as would occur during emergency situations . the non - emergency lamps 24 thus illuminate the indicia 20 in normal situations with the emergency lamps 26 illuminating the indicia 20 during emergency situations . while the combo fixture 10 intends the indicia 20 to take the form of the word “ exit ” formed in the face plate 16 , it is to be understood that other indicia could be formed in the face plate 16 such as is conventional in the art . the use of non - emergency lamps such as the lamps 24 and driven by alternating current from building mains as well as the use of emergency lamps such as the lamps 26 operated on dc battery current in the event of power loss and / or emergency conditions is known in the art and need not be described in greater detail herein . as will be described hereinafter relative to fig1 , it is to be seen that a light emitting diode array 28 can be utilized in non - emergency situations as replacement for the lamps 24 . continuing to refer to fig1 and 2 as well as to fig3 through 5 and 8 , a canopy 32 is employed to mount the combo fixture 10 to a j - box ( not shown ) so that the fixture 10 is positively mounted either to the ceiling or to a wall of an environmental space within which the fixture 10 operates . as is seen in fig1 b , c and d , openings 34 are provided in the frame 14 at least centrally of an upper edge of the housing 12 . openings 34 can similarly be provided on side edges of the housing 12 for end mounting of the fixture 10 such as can occur with the structure of fig6 and 7 , that is , when one of the ends of the fixture 10 is available for end mounting . it is preferred that the combo fixture 10 be mounted either from the top or from the back as will be described in detail hereinafter and as is particularly shown relative to a top mount in fig1 and 2 inter alia . while various canopy structures can be utilized including a number of canopies which are conventional in the art , it is preferred to use the canopy described in co - pending u . s . patent application ser . no . 08 / 343 , 775 , filed nov . 22 , 1994 , by gary s . andre , andrew e . masters and stephen p . smith and entitled “ emergency lighting connections ”, ser . no . 08 / 343 , 775 being assigned to the assignee of the present application . while the canopy 32 and corresponding structure such as the openings 34 in the frame 14 inter alia which are present in the combo fixture 10 can be identical to that corresponding structure disclosed in co - pending patent application ser . no . 08 / 1 , 327 , 487 , it is to be understood that the canopy of the co - pending application for patent is only one of a number of canopy structures usable to fasten the combo fixture 10 to a j - box ( not shown ). in essence , mounting of the canopy 32 or any other canopy to such a j - box ( not shown ) is conventional in the art and further discussion of same is not believed necessary to an understanding of the present disclosure . while the structural features of the combo fixture 10 which have been generally referred to hereinabove will be described in greater detail hereinafter , it is necessary at this point to describe certain general concepts which underlie the defined structure as seen in the drawings . prior art combination exit sign / emergency lighting unit fixtures have usually been formed at least partially of metal especially in situations where the weight of the entire fixture is supported essentially by a housing such as the housing 12 which contains within the interior thereof essentially all structure except for the unit lamp assemblies such as the assemblies 13 . in such prior situations , batteries of substantial size have been necessary in order to provide power for the exit sign function as well as for the emergency unit function . due to the substantial weight of the batteries and of the fixtures themselves , it has not been previously possible to support the weight of a combo fixture 10 when the fixture 10 has been effectively formed of “ plastics ” that is , polymeric materials , since a structurally all - plastic unit , until the present invention , would warp and bow over time even when formed of the strongest polymeric materials . if formed of plastic materials of lesser strength , a combination fixture usually deforms and is likely to break rather than merely deform . therefore , the present invention provides a dimensionally stable combo unit 10 which does not warp or bow over time even though effectively formed completely of “ plastic ”, the combo fixture 10 being the first and only combo fixture formed of plastic wherein all batteries and other structural features are effectively contained and / or supported by a single housing such as the housing 12 . while the combo fixture 10 could be formed of a material such as sheet metal , it is to be understood that a number of the advantages of the invention would be lost if the combo fixture 10 is so formed . in particular , the combo fixture 10 can be assembled from a relatively small number of individual parts especially since the frame 14 as will be more fully described hereinafter can be molded from a plastic material to produce a single part having a very large number of structural features integrally formed therewith . all structural features of the combo fixture 10 are formed of plastic and are molded . certain parts such as the lamps 24 and 26 and the battery 30 , for example , are not formed of plastic but are items which must be otherwise formed . however , these parts are not structural and have no function in support of the overall weight coupled with maintenance of the integrity of the combo fixture 10 per se . the function of the housing 12 as a single containing unit is further improved by the ability to snap - fit together virtually every combination of parts comprising the combo fixture 10 . formation of the combo fixture 10 substantially from plastic materials facilitates not only the essentially integral nature of the fixture 10 with fewer parts but also facilitates the snap - fitting together of the relatively few parts comprising the fixture 10 . the essentially all - plastic single housing 12 in constructed as will be described hereinafter such that fixture weight can be supported without resort to metal structural features such as would be occasioned by battery weight inter alia in a combination exit sign / emergency unit fixture . the structural strength of the present combo fixture 10 is provided even though the housing 12 is only slightly larger than the housings of most conventional exit signs . a further general feature of the combo fixture 10 is occasioned by the cooperative relationship between the emergency lighting unit lamp assemblies 13 and the frame 14 of the housing 12 . the assemblies 13 can be positioned on each end of the housing 12 as is seen in fig1 and 2 . however , the assemblies 13 can be otherwise mounted to the housing 12 such as is seen in fig5 and 7 by the simple provision of a pattern of slots ( not shown in these figures ) so that the assemblies 13 can be mounted to one side and to the top as seen in fig5 or with two assemblies on top as seen in fig7 . although not shown in the drawings , slots can be formed in lower surfaces of the housing 12 so that one or more of the assemblies 13 could be mounted along the lower edge of the housing 12 . as is seen in fig6 , a dual unit lamp assembly 36 is mounted along the top edge of the housing 12 utilizing the same clot pattern as would be used with the structure shown in fig7 . the structure preferred for mounting of the assemblies 13 and the assembly 36 will be described in detail hereinafter . appreciation of the structure of the assemblies 13 and of the assembly 36 is necessary in order to understand the importance of the fact that said assemblies 13 and 36 can be repositioned on the housing 12 or removed entirely to constitute slave and / or remote unite for producing lighting at locations distant from the combo fixture 10 . reference to fig3 , 4 and 8 in particular illustrates a further capability of the invention , double - sided dual unit lamp assemblies 38 being substituted for the assemblies 13 so that the unit emergency lighting function can be provided relative to both faces of the housing 12 . due to the low - profile space - saving nature of the structure of the assemblies 13 , it is a simple matter to form the double - sided dual unit lamp assembly 38 without substantial modification , this structure being best understood by subsequent description of the assemblies 13 inter alia . as is best seen in fig1 , 15 and 16 , either of the assemblies 13 and 38 can be removed from the housing 12 and attached to a mounting base 40 and driven as a remote slave unit from power provided by the battery 30 within the housing 12 . optionally , a battery ( not shown ) within the mounting base 40 ( or made a part of the assembly 13 or the assembly 38 ) could provide power for a totally separate fixture as shown in fig1 , 15 and 16 . the dual unit lamp assembly 36 of fig6 as previously described could also be removed from the housing 12 of fig6 and provided with a mounting base ( not shown ) of a greater lengthwise dimension than said base 40 and provided with a slot pattern capable of mounting said assembly 36 for use as a remote slave unit or as a remote , self - contained unit . fig1 illustrates the pattern of slots 42 useful for mounting of the assemblies 13 and 38 to the mounting base 40 in a manner such as will be described in detail hereinafter . due to the complexity of the structural details of the combo fixture 10 and further in view of the independent nature of at least certain of the sub - systems comprising the fixture 10 , the remaining disclosure is organized by subheadings which will allow for more ready access to information concerning the various structural features and sub - systems of said fixture 10 . as previously described , the housing 12 essentially comprises a container formed by the frame 14 , the face plate 16 and the back plate 18 . in those installations wherein both faces of the housing are visible and are intended to provide egress information , the back plate 18 is replaced by a plate which would be essentially identical to the face plate 16 . the back plate 18 is used to enclose the housing 12 in those situations wherein the visible indicia 20 is only required on the “ front ” of the housing 12 and is provided by the face plate 16 . the back plate 18 is particularly used in situations wherein the combo fixture 10 is installed directly against a j - box ( not shown ) mounted flushly in a vertical wall ( not shown ), the back plate 16 being then mounted directly to such a j - box ( not shown ) through use of conventional connections with the back plate 12 connecting to the frame 14 as will be described hereinafter . referring now to fig1 a through 17e , inter alia , the face plate 16 and the back plate 18 each connect to the frame 14 by means of four snap - fitting connections 44 which comprise two spaced slots 46 formed along top and bottom edges of each of the plates 16 , 16 , each plate 16 , 16 thus having a total of four slots 46 intended to facilitate connection of the plates 16 , 18 to the frame 14 . the frame 14 is provided with a total of eight mounting tabs 48 with two each of said tabs 48 being disposed along each side of both of the top and bottom edges of the frame 14 , the tabs 48 being positioned to be received one each within each of the slots 46 formed in the plate 16 , 18 so that the plate 16 , 18 can be readily and rapidly assembled to the frame 14 to enclose the housing 12 as is best seen in fig1 d and 17e . essentially all of the features of the combo fixture 10 , with the exception of the lamp assemblies 13 or similar structure , are contained within the housing 12 and are supported by the frame 14 . the lamp assemblies 13 are in essence also carried by the housing 12 but on exterior portions thereof . the weight of the combo fixture 10 due both to that structure located interiorly and exteriorly of said housing 12 is effectively supported in tension rather than by cantilever as is conventional in the prior art . the housing 12 and particularly the frame 14 is thus engineered in a manner particularly intended to support the weight of the fixture 10 in tension , thereby allowing the formation of the fixture 10 and particularly of the frame 14 essentially entirely of a “ plastic ” material such as polycarbonate / abs . this ability to form the fixture 10 and particularly the frame 14 from plastic material then further allows the frame 14 to be molded integrally to thereby reduce the number of parts which must be formed and then assembled to produce the combo fixture 10 . the construction and structure of the frame 14 as a single molded piece still further allows the carriage of heavy parts such as the battery 30 inter alia internally of the housing 12 and within the single housing 12 . formation of the combo fixture 10 and especially the integral frame 14 from a plastic material further facilitates the snap - together construction of the combo fixture 10 , virtually all parts of the fixture 10 being snap - fitted together thereby yielding a total structure which can be readily and rapidly assembled . the advantages thus enumerated which accrue from the structure of the frame 14 inter alia can be best appreciated by consideration of the frame 14 shown in fig1 a inter alia . fig1 a illustrates the one - piece frame 14 without mounting of other portions of the fixture 10 thereto . fig1 b through 17e illustrate the frame 14 with the plates 16 , 18 mounted thereto as illustration of the enclosed housing 12 . prior to a discussion or the interior structure of the frame 14 , those features best seen exteriorly of the fixture 10 will be described . the frame 14 is seen to be provided on each end with a pattern of four slots 50 which are of a size and which are spaced apart in a rectangular form in the manner of the slots 42 discussed above relative to the mounting of one of the lamp assemblies 13 to the mounting base 40 to form a remote fixture . the top of the frame 14 is provided with two of the patterns of four slots 50 . the slots 50 are formed in the frame 14 ; however , portions of the periphery of the plates 16 , 18 face the slots 50 on assembly of said plates 16 , 18 to the frame 14 and to render less conspicuous the slots 50 into which torsion snaps 52 are inserted to mount the lamp assemblies 13 ( as well as the lamp assembly 36 to the top of the housing 12 ) to the housing 12 . while not shown in fig1 e , a pattern of the slots 50 could be formed along the bottom of the housing 12 if mounting of one or more of the lamp assemblies 13 to the bottom of the housing 12 is desired . mounting of one or more of the lamp assemblies 13 to the bottom of the housing 12 would be advantageous in situations where flexibility of operation is desirable within the space within which the combo fixture 10 is utilized . the frame 14 is also seen in fig1 e to be with fixed louver vent openings 54 to facilitate ventilation of the housing 12 . a flapper switch 56 is provided in the bottom of frame 14 in association with test circuitry ( not shown in fig1 e ) to allow testing of the electrical systems of the combo fixture 10 as will be described in detail hereinafter . the canopy 13 referred to hereinabove can be used to mount the combo fixture 10 as will be described hereinafter and as is described in co - pending u . s . patent application ser . no . 08 / 343 , 775 , filed nov . 22 , 1994 as aforesaid , the disclosure of this application for patent being incorporated hereinto by reference . considering now the construction of the frame 14 , reference is particularly made to fig1 a wherein upper and lower walls 58 and 60 are integrally formed with side walls 62 and 64 , said walls defining the periphery of the frame 14 and thus of the housing 12 . an upper interior wall 66 extends parallel to the upper wall 58 and terminates at respective ends in corner plates 68 and 70 , the plates 68 and 70 each having side - mounted upper and lower angled elements 72 and 74 which have open - ended slots 76 which are capable of receiving wiring ( not shown in fig1 a ) for holding said wiring in place within the interior of the housing 12 . the plates 68 and 70 respectively define spaces 78 , 80 within which wiring , wire nuts , plugs and the like shown ) can be disposed . the plates 68 , 70 along with the angled elements 72 and 74 provide strengthening of the frame 14 even in the absence of the interior wall 66 . coupling of the interior wall 66 with the plates 68 , 70 and angled elements 72 , 74 , respectively , and further with interior side walls 82 and 84 provides a high degree of stiffness and rigidity to the frame 14 . the side walls 82 and 84 connect at respective ends to a lateral platform 86 comprised of horizontally disposed side tables 88 and 90 which connect to a central mounting angle 92 which is surmounted by central support webs 94 and 96 which further connect to side webs 96 and 9 respectively through upper vertical walls 100 and 102 . the side webs 96 and 98 respectively connect to end webs 104 and 106 through triangular normally related supports 108 and 110 , the end webs 104 and 106 respectively connecting to lowermost ends of the side walls 82 and 84 , thereby providing a continual interior structural web which is centrally bisected by a vertical ladder 112 formed of spaced vertical stiles 114 having horizontal rungs 116 regularly disposed along the stiles 114 . openings between the rungs can be utilized for management of wiring within the interior of the housing 12 and particularly relative to options available with the combo fixture 10 . at the lower end of the ladder 112 , the support webs 94 bend 90 ° to form ladder connection walls 118 which join to respective ends of the stiles 114 . a bottom ladder plate 120 completes connection of the stiles 114 , the plate 120 , the lower ends of the stiles 114 , the walls 11 , and the support webs 94 by connecting to and being integrally formed with top portions of the angle 92 . the top end of the ladder 112 joins integrally with the upper interior wall 66 and the upper wall 58 , thereby providing a tensioned support structure internally of the housing 12 which acts to support the weight of the combo fixture 10 substantially in tension rather than cantilevered as in prior exit signs and sign - like fixtures . the weight of the battery 30 located within battery compartment 122 is particularly seen to be mounted in tension by the ladder 112 inter alia due also in part to the placement of the battery 30 ( and any other battery ) centrally of the interior of the housing 12 and along the lower portion thereof . interior canopy mounting housing 124 are respectively disposed centrally between the upper wall 58 and the interior wall 66 and between the side walls 62 , 64 and the interior side walls 82 , 84 . wiring guide clips 126 are disposed on either side of the uppermost mounting housing 124 to facilitate a desired location of wiring ( not shown in fig1 a ) along upper portions of the housing 12 . substantially conventional mounting elements 128 each releasably hold lamp bases 130 and associated non - emergency ac bulbs 132 , the mounting elements 128 also being integrally formed with the frame 14 . mounting bases 134 capable of holding lamp søckets 136 and associated dc emergency bulbs 138 are integrally formed on respective portions of the support webs 94 , the location of the bulbs 138 acting to produce light at locations above the battery compartment 122 so that light can be directed about the upper portions of the battery 30 ( or other battery ) to reduce the shadowing effect of the battery 30 within the indicia 20 as will be described in greater detail hereinafter . an electronics compartment 140 is located below the side table 88 and laterally of the battery compartment 122 while an options compartment 142 is located below the side table 90 and to the other side of the battery compartment 122 . the respective compartments 140 and 142 are separated from the battery compartment 122 by means of respective vertical walls 144 and 146 . the various structures integrally formed with the frame 14 and contained within the compartments 122 , 140 and 142 will be described in detail hereinafter . clips 148 disposed on opposite sides of the interior of the housing 12 extend respectively from the corner plates 68 , 70 and are adapted to hold respective led arrays 28 ( see fig1 ) within the interior of the housing 12 . the structures described above and which can be seen in fig1 a are integrally formed with the frame 14 by molding of a plastic material . in essence , the entire structure seen in fig1 a is a single unitary structure comprising the frame 14 and molded with said frame 14 are openings provided as a means for reducing the amount of plastic necessary for molding thereof . as described above , the ladder 112 is provided as an integral portion of the frame 14 to provide support in tension for the entirety of the combo fixture 10 and particularly for the battery 30 held within the battery compartment 122 ( or for any other battery held within the battery compartment 122 ). the ladder 112 is advantageously located within the interior of the housing 12 to provide tension support for the weight of the fixture 10 as well as for battery weight . it should be understood , however , that the ladder 112 could take other forms , such as a solid vertical member whether or not connected permanently to the angle 92 at the lower end thereof or to the interior wall 66 and the wall 58 . the ladder 112 is formed of the stiles 114 and of the rungs 116 in order to provide openings 115 between the rungs through which wiring can be strung for management of the location of wiring within the interior of the housing 12 . the openings 115 are also provided for reduction of material and for facilitating light movement within the interior of the housing 12 . when the fixture 10 is back mounted , the openings 115 also serve to provide access for routing wiring ( not shown ) within the interior of the housing 12 as will be better appreciated hereinafter . the battery 30 is located centrally of the lower portion of the housing 12 so as to advantageously allow the ladder 112 to act in tension to support the weight of the battery 30 . while the battery 30 is intended to be a conventional rechargeable lead - acid battery , it is possible to utilize lead - acid batteries of greater capacity with weights up to approximately 4 pounds when a greater amount of power is necessary for providing for a greater period of time and for that additional power necessary to operate slave units remote from the fixture 10 such as has been described above . it is also possible to utilize nickel - cadmium batteries of smaller size , the smaller ni - cd battery ( not shown ) being mounted within the interior of the battery compartment 122 ; the details of mounting of the ni - cd battery within the compartment 122 not being described herein . as aforesaid , the ladder 112 is provided with horizontal elongated tab elements 154 and 156 , the elements 154 and 156 being preferably used for management of wiring ( not shown ) associated with the fire alarm interface 150 . the ladder 112 is further provided with peg elements 152 disposed one each on either side of the ladder 112 and extending from each of the stiles 114 near the uppermost end of the ladder 112 , the peg elements 152 acting to receive snap elements 158 and 160 located on the interior wall of the back plate 18 as will be described hereinafter , the snap elements 158 and 160 cooperating respectively with the peg elements 152 to facilitate mounting of the frame 14 to the back plate 18 when the back plate 18 is mounted directly to a j - box ( not shown ) mounted flushly in a wall surface . as aforesaid , the battery compartment 122 is configured to house the battery 30 as well as a larger battery 162 . it is to be understood , however , that only one of the batteries 30 and 162 would be utilized at any one given time . as can be seen in fig1 a inter alia , the battery compartment 122 is formed centrally of the lower portion of the combo fixture 10 and is provided with snap fingers 164 on inner surfaces of the walls 144 and 146 , the snap fingers 164 extending from said wall surfaces at a lesser height forwardly of the compartment 122 and terminating at a greater height interiorly of the compartment 122 such that the battery 30 can slide over the snap fingers 164 and into a position of essentially against a back wall 166 of the battery compartment 122 . it is to be seen that the battery compartment 122 is provided with a top wall 168 having tabs 170 extending downwardly therefrom at the outermost end of said top wall 168 so that the larger battery 162 can be slipped into place under the tabs 170 and into a position abutting the back wall 166 and held by the tabs 170 in order to hold the larger battery 162 in place . accordingly , the battery compartment 122 is provided with structure capable of holding batteries of at least two different sizes within said compartment 122 by snap - fitting arrangements . when placed within the battery compartment 122 as is necessary for operation , the batteries 30 and 162 are of a sufficient height as to extend into the lower part of the indicia formed in the face plate 16 . due to this extension of the battery 30 and the battery 162 into the legend , it is possible that a shadowing affect is caused such that lower portions of the indicia are darker than upper portions of the indicia . the location of the lamps 24 within the interior of the housing 12 during normal operation and the location of the lamps 26 within the interior of the housing 12 during emergency operation provides light within the interior of the housing 12 which is reflected within said housing interior . this light is controlled in part by means of a reflective cover 172 attached to the top of the battery 30 ( or the battery 162 ) with the lower edge of the reflective cover 172 extending downwardly to at least the level of the side tables 88 and 90 such that light is reflected outwardly of the lower portions of the indicia 20 on the face plate 16 to locally increase the amount of light passing through said indicia 20 at lower portions thereof . provision of the reflective cover 172 thus acts to reduce the effect of the otherwise dark form of the battery 30 or the battery 162 so that the shadowing effect does not detract from the appearance and function of the indicia 20 . optionally , at least the upper portion of the batteries 30 , 162 could be painted with a white paint or coated with a reflective material in order to provide a function similar to the function of the reflective cover 172 . the reflective cover 172 can also be utilized as a pull tab for removal of the battery 30 , 162 from the battery compartment 122 . the ability to allow the upper portion of the battery 30 , 162 to extend into the “ legend ” or indicia 20 , allows the height of the housing 12 to be reduced so that the combo fixture 10 is more compact and exhibits a relatively lower profile . it is to be seen that wiring extends from the electronics compartment 140 to the options compartment 142 as is seen in fig9 , this wiring 174 is caused to be slack in front of the battery compartment 122 so that insertion of one of the batteries 30 , 162 into the battery compartment 122 does not engage the wiring 174 and pull said wiring into the battery compartment 122 . referring now to fig2 a and 21b , es well as to fig1 a inter alia , one of the mounting bases 134 intended for mounting one of the dc bulbs 138 is now described , a description of one of the dc emergency lamps 26 sufficing for a description of both . the bulb 133 is snapped into the lamp socket 136 to be structurally held thereby and to electrically connect with the lamp socket 136 to power provided in an emergency situation by the battery 30 , 162 inter alia . the lamp socket 136 is formed of a rectangular collar 176 open at one end to receive the bulb 139 , electrical contacts ( not shown ) being located within the interior of the collar 176 . the collar 176 terminates at the end opposite the bulb 138 in a reduced lower base portion , the lamp socket 136 snap - fitting into one of the mounting bases 134 . the lamp base 134 is formed of two basic upper elements 180 each having walls 182 which are perpendicular to each other , rear walls 182 extending toward each other but not contacting at the rear of the base 134 . snap tabs 184 extend from the facing walls 162 toward each other at the upper end of the base 134 , the heights of the walls 182 being essentially equal to the height of the collar 176 . a pair of lateral snaps 186 extend from the rear of the base 134 below the walls 182 and receive the lower base portion 178 therebetween when the lamp socket 136 is snap - fitted into the mounting base 134 . the collar 176 of the lamp socket 136 is partially enclosed by the walls 182 with the snap tabs 184 abutting against upper edges of the collar 176 to prevent dislodgement of said socket 136 in an upward direction . the discontinuity provided by the lack of contact between the rear walls 182 thereby allows upper portions of the mounting base 134 to expand on insertion of the lamp socket 136 thereinto . snap mounting of the lamp socket 136 to the mounting base 134 therefore occurs . the lateral snaps 136 prevent dislodgement of the lamp socket 136 forwardly of the mounting base 134 , the snaps 186 fitting against the reduced lower bass portion 178 so that the lamp socket 136 is positively retained within the mounting base 134 . the mounting of the dc emergency lamps 26 can thus be accomplished both rapidly and easily and within a minimum of parts not integrally formed with the frame 14 . as seen particularly in fig2 , the options compartment 142 is further defined by back wall 188 which has a plurality of openings 190 formed therein to reduce the quantity of plastic material necessary for formation of the frame 14 and to facilitate ventilation of the housing 12 . a variable printed circuit board capturing assembly is seen to be disposed centrally of the compartment 142 at 192 to comprise spaced apart upper and lower plates 194 and 196 with each plate having an inwardly extending lip 198 formed along respective outer edges of the plates 194 , 196 . the plates 194 , 196 are attached along inner edges thereof to the back wall 106 and have the capability of springing together when separated from each other by pressure . a printed circuitboard bearing an option such as a fire alarm interface option can be mounted between the plates 194 , 196 and held by the spring function existing between said plates 194 , 196 . the lips 198 further act to hold the printed circuit option board between the plates 194 , 196 . the printed circuit board is thus mounted in a manner to prevent damage thereto . pairs of horizontal surfaces 200 and 202 mount respectively at lower portions of the compartment 142 and at upper portions thereof to form small interior spaces within the compartment 142 for placement of other options such as buzzers and the like . a pair of vertical stem walls 204 mounted in spaced relation to each other and under the lower plate 196 also act to form a space capable of storing an option board or a shrink - wrap option or the like . referring now to fig2 , inter alia , the electronics compartment 140 is seen to be provided with a space for snap - mounting of a capacitor 206 therewithin , upper and lower housing walls 208 and 210 extending interiorly of the compartment 140 to form a housing space for the capacitor 206 . a flexible snap element 212 mounted to back wall 214 and formed in a slot between side walls 216 and 218 which are also mounted to the back wall 214 . the snap element 212 is provided with fingers 220 which abut the capacitor 206 and in combination with fixed snap tabs 222 formed on interior wall surfaces of the frame 14 act to positively hold the capacitor 206 within the compartment 140 . a charger board 224 is snap - fitted within the compartment 140 by tabs 226 , the board 224 having an led indicator 228 extending therefrom through an aperture 230 formed in the frame 14 , the aperture 230 being beat seen in fig1 e . the flapper switch 56 seen in fig1 a is seen in fig2 to engage a test circuit seen as a block diagram in fig2 . the electronics compartment 140 is covered by means of a shaped cover 234 formed preferably of a fiberboard material known as fish paper . the cover 234 form fits over the opening in the compartment 140 to prevent accidental intrusion into the compartment 140 . referring now to fig2 , the face plate 16 is seen with diffusion panel 236 in an assembly view illustrating the manner by which the panel 236 is mounted to inner walls of the face plate 16 . as is seen in fig1 inter alia , portions of the diffusion panel 236 are seen through the indicia 20 formed in the face plate 16 . the diffusion panel 236 is formed as a filter or from colored material 80 that a desired color such as red or green is seen through the indicia 20 . the diffusion panel 236 is held to the face plate 16 by means of spaced pairs of snaps 238 located on opposite sides of the indicia 20 , the pairs of snaps 238 being spaced apart a distance equal to the width of the panel 236 at the locations of the snaps 238 . the panel 236 is formed with a tab 258 located on lower edge 244 , the tab 258 allowing the panel to only fit within rectangular recess 240 in one orientation such that the appropriate face of the panel 236 faces outwardly and is disposed immediately behind the indicia 20 . the panel 236 also has an upper edge 242 with angled side edges 246 and 248 which terminate in opposing flat edges 250 and 252 , the flat edges 250 and 252 respectively fitting between raised tabs 254 and 256 the tabs 254 and 256 prevent lateral motion of the panel . the tab 258 abuts the upper edge of the recess 240 to prevent mallocation of the panel . further , the tab 258 will not fit under one of the snaps 238 when the panel 236 is inappropriately inverted . the face plate 16 is also provided at its upper edge with a structural wall 260 which joins to corner elements 262 and 264 each having angled elements 266 and 268 respectively formed thereon , this structure cooperating with opposed structure on the frame 14 as described above to further strengthen the housing 12 . referring to fig1 a and 10b , the back panel 18 is seen to be formed with knock outs 270 , 272 and 274 as well as with a center channel knock out 276 . the knock out 276 is removed when the back panel 18 in to be used to directly mount the combo fixture 10 to a wall ( not shown ). a j - box ( not shown ) in a wall is fitted with a bracket ( not shown ) as is conventional and the appropriate knock out 270 , 272 or 274 corresponding to the size of the j - box is knocked out by removing the plastic flashing within ovals 278 associated with a particular ring of the knock outs . the back plate 18 is then mounted to the j - box and bracket ( not shown ). the frame 14 is then mounted to the back plate 18 with peg elements 152 being received within apertures 155 formed in the snap elements 158 and 160 extending from the inner face of the back plate 18 . housing 12 is thus snap - fitted to the back plate 18 to mount substantial portions of the weight of the combo fixture 10 in tension . angled ramps 161 and 163 provide lead - ins to engage the peg elements 152 in the apertures 155 . the back plate 18 is formed at upper corners thereof with structural corner plates 280 and 282 each having angled elements 284 and 286 respectively formed thereon , the structure cooperating with opposed structure of the frame 14 as described above to further strengthen the housing 12 . referring now to fig2 and 25 , one of the emergency lighting unit lamp assemblies 13 is seen to comprise a lamp holder 284 having an opening 286 formed in at least one major face thereof , an arcuate swivel plate 288 having the general shape of a spherical segment and being receivable within the opening 286 and snap - fitted thereinto for swiveling motion in said opening 286 , a lamp housing 290 which snap - fits onto the swivel plate 288 for movement relative to said plate 288 , a parabolic reflector 292 and a lens 294 . a bulb 296 preferably comprising a t 5 wedge base incandescent lamp manufactured by the general electric corporation is mounted to the lamp housing 290 and is activated on failure of ac line voltage and driven by dc power supplied by the battery 30 , the battery 162 or a ni - cd battery as aforesaid . the structure of one of the assemblies 13 sufficies for description of any other one of the assemblies 13 since the assemblies are essentially identical . the lamp holder 284 comprises a stationary platform mounted to the frame 14 by insertion of the four torsion snaps 52 into any one of the patterns of four of the slots 50 . the lamp holder 284 is thus quickly mountable to the frame 14 and readily removed from the frame . the lamp holder 284 preferably takes the form of front and rear angled surfaces which outwardly terminate at 298 . triangular lateral surfaces of the lamp holder 284 complete the shape of the lamp holder 284 . it is to be understood that the lamp holder 284 can be otherwise shaped as long as at least one major surface is available for formation of the opening 286 therein . it is also to be understood that an opening such as the opening 286 could be formed in the other major surface of the lamp holder 284 so that additional lamping could be carried by the lamp holder 284 as seen generally in fig3 and 4 inter alia . four of the torsion snaps 52 are formed on base edges of the lamp holder 284 and are positioned thereon to mate with the slots 50 as aforesaid . the swivel plate 238 is provided with pairs of lands 300 placed about the periphery of said plate 288 , three pairs of the lands 300 being adequate for support of the plate 288 within the opening 286 of the lamp holder 284 . the lands 300 prevent the plate 288 from falling into the interior of the holder 284 and facilitate swiveling motion of the plate 289 within the opening 286 . cut - outs 302 are formed between two pair of the lands 300 . each of the cut - outs 302 has a u - shaped snap 304 located within the cut - out 302 , the snaps 304 facilitating the snap - fitting of the plate 288 into the opening 286 of the lamp holder 2 b 4 , movement of the plate 288 within the opening 286 being also thus facilitated . the third pair of the lands 300 is spaced equidistantly from the two pair of lands 300 having the cut - outs 302 formed therein , a t - shaped cut - out 306 being formed between the lands 300 of this third pair of lands . a prong 30 b is formed immediately behind the cut - out 306 , the prong 308 acting to hold the plate 288 within the opening 286 and to provide a stop function in concert with detent 309 located interiorly of the lamp holder 384 . a guide track assembly 310 is formed centrally of the spherical swivel plate 288 and comprises a base 312 having spaced pairs of spaced track tangs 314 which surmount one each of a slat 316 in a pattern of the slots 316 , the slot pattern being rectangular in conformation . an oval slot 318 is formed in the plate 288 centrally thereof and within the assembly 310 , one each of a pair of apertures 320 being formed in the plate 288 on opposite sides of the oval slot 318 and between vertically related slots 316 of the pairs of slots 316 . at least certain of the openings thus formed in the swivel plate 288 facilitate passage of wiring ( not shown ) from a bulb socket 297 into the interior of the lamp holder 284 the lamp housing 290 is formed as a spherical segment which is concentric with the spherical shape of the swivel plate 298 the spherically shaped rear walls of the lamp housing 290 being received into the concentrically formed spherical concavity of the swivel plate 288 to cause the assembled unit to exhibit a low profile . flats 322 are formed parallel to each other at spaced edges of the lamp housing 290 with a perpendicularly disposed flat 324 being also formed at the edge of the lamp housing 290 . an arcuate slot 326 formed centrally of the lamp housing 290 and extending from the flat 324 to the edge of the lamp housing 290 opposite the flat 324 . an arcuate bridge 328 extends immediately below the slot 326 and is formed with a snap detent 330 therein immediately interiorly of the flat 324 , the detent 330 having a spring capability ouch that the detent 330 snaps back to its original position after being biased inwardly of the housing 290 on fitting of the swivel plate 288 to the lamp housing 29 d . the bridge 328 is further formed with a bulb base mount 332 near the end thereof opposite the detent 330 . the mount 332 is formed of spaced track elements 334 with a depressable tongue 336 being disposed between the track elements 334 . the bulb 296 is mounted by a socket base 338 having a plate 340 extending from the base 338 to fit under the track elements 334 and being held therebetween by the tongue 336 which is depressed downwardly on insertion of the plate 340 between the track elements 334 and which rebounds to bias against the plate 340 to maintain the base mount 332 and thus the bulb 296 in place . track following edges 342 of the lamp housing 290 which define the slot 326 are received under the tangs 314 of the guide track assembly 310 on the swivel plate 228 to allow the lamp housing 290 to move in an arc relative to the swivel plate 288 essentially along a detent of that circle - like geometric shape defined by the periphery of the swivel plate 288 . when the lamp housing 290 is fully received by the guide track assembly 310 , the detent 330 , which detent 330 is depressed as the lamp housing 290 is received by said guide track assembly 310 , is released and springs back to engage a wall 344 of the assembly 310 to prevent disengagement of the lamp housing 290 from the swivel plate 288 without first depressing the detent 330 . a reflector 292 is received within the lamp housing 290 , the reflector 292 comprising a plastic structure which is coated with a reflective layer 346 . the reflector 292 is formed as a parabola of rotation which fits within the lamp housing 290 and is received within the housing 290 . an opening 348 formed in the reflector 292 allows the bulb base mount 332 of the lamp housing 290 to extend therethrough to be exposed for its intended purpose . the periphery of the reflector 292 is shaped to fit the shape of the lamp housing with a flange 350 having a cut - out 352 being formed at the periphery of the reflector 292 adjacent the opening 348 , the cut - out 352 receiving an end of the bridge 328 of the lamp housing 290 . portions of the flange 350 are received under a peripheral segment 354 formed on the lamp housing 290 , the segment 354 being connected to that end of the bridge 328 received by the cut - out 352 . the lens 294 snap - fits onto the lamp housing 290 , the periphery of the lens being shaped to fit the shape of the lamp housing . a flange 356 having a cut - out 358 is formed on one edge of the lens 294 , the cut - out 358 receiving an end of the bridge 328 of the lamp housing 290 . portions of the flange 356 are received under the peripheral segment 354 of the lamp housing 290 to facilitate holding of the lens 294 to the lamp housing 290 . a snap 360 formed in the lens 294 opposite the flange 356 snaps the lens 294 onto the lamp holder 290 in cooperation with a cut - out 362 formed in the reflector 292 and snap fingers 364 formed on the lamp holder 290 and received into the cut - out 362 . the lens 294 can be “ frosted ” if desired to provide a more diffuse light . the lamp assembly 13 is seen to mount to the frame 14 of the housing 12 by means of the torsion snap 52 fitting into the slots 50 . each of the torsion snaps 52 are essentially plow - shaped with a rounded shank 366 extending directly from the lamp holder 284 , distal end 368 of the snap 52 tapering to a point and being outwardly angled medially of the shank 366 . the torsion snaps 52 on insertion into the slots 50 actually act to pull the lamp holder 284 to the housing 12 . when the snaps 52 are inserted into the slots 50 , the snaps 52 are bent straight in order to fit into said slots 50 . while the snaps 52 are formed of a plastic material , the snaps 52 are resistant to creeping . even if the snaps 52 creep , the degree of creep will not be sufficient to cause the snaps 52 to creep to clearance , that is , the snaps 52 will not deform over time to allow the snaps 52 to straighten sufficiently to fall from the slots 50 . the concentrically spherical arrangement of the swivel plate 288 and the lamp housing 290 allow an optimized degree of freedom while allowing a low profile of the assembly 13 . the assembly 13 is therefore compact volumetrically while being adjustable in position over a wide angular range . the degree of angular freedom is constrained by stop structure as described above which prevents wire breakage . referring now to fig1 and 28 , the circuitry employed in the incandescent embodiment of the invention is shown . the circuit is disclosed in co - pending u . s . patent application ser . no . 08 / 519 , 804 , filed aug . 28 , 1995 , by james c . johnson , and entitled emergency lighting battery charging circuit , the pending application for patent being assigned to the assignee of the present application for patent . the disclosure of ser . no . 08 / 519 , 804 is incorporated hereinto by reference . fig2 comprises a wiring diagram which particularly shows the use of a single pole battery connector 370 used with a lead - acid battery such as the battery 30 . when the ni - cd battery is used as seen in fig2 , a polarized battery connector 372 is utilized . fig1 illustrates mounting of the led arrays 28 on opposite sides of the housing 12 . the arrays 28 provide non - emergency lighting of the indicia 20 on ac mains power . when the arrays 2 b are used , the ac lamps 24 are eliminated . particular embodiments of the invention have been described above in relation to illustrations of a preferred combo fixture 10 as provided in the drawings . however , it is to be understood that the invention can be embodied other than as is described and shown herein . the invention can particularly be used in the construction of emergency lighting fixtures other than combination exit sign / emergency unit fixtures . accordingly , the scope of the invention is defined by the recitations of the appended claims .	6
there has long been a need for a lithography system with a high throughput and low cost that has the capability of patterning large substrates ( e . g . multichip modules , flat panels , etc .). the system of the present invention , as described below and shown in fig4 is a 1 × optical system that has a field of about 0 . 75 inches in width and whatever desired length ( e . g . 6 , 12 or 22 inches ) with a separation between focal planes of only about 7 . 0 inches , thus making it possible to mount the reticle mask and substrate on a common carriage resulting in a single scan in one direction which in turn yields the desired very high throughput of the system . as will be seen in the following text and accompanying figures , the present invention incorporates a plurality of small dual wynne dyson lens systems each employing two wynne dyson lenses in series . then the overall array of the present invention consists of an array of two , or more , wynne dyson lens systems to produce a field of the desired width . in fig1 a there is shown a side view of the basic dual wynne dyson lens system of the present invention . in this view it can be seen that the illumination that passes through reticle 10 strikes first fold mirror 12 and is reflected into the top half of first plano lens 14 , continues through the top half of first meniscus lens 16 and is spread over substantially the entire surface of first concave mirror 18 . first concave mirror 18 in turn reflects the light striking it to the lower half of first meniscus lens 16 , then through the lower half of first plano lens 14 , and onto second fold mirror 20 from which the light is reflected downward to the aperture in plate 22 . this defines the first wynne dyson lens which has a magnification of - 1 . the second wynne dyson lens shown here is the same as the first lens and performs in the same manner . in the second system the light that passes through the aperture in plate 22 is reflected from third fold mirror 24 , to the top half of second plano lens 26 , proceeds through the top half of second meniscus lens 28 and is then transmitted to substantially the full surface of second concave mirror 30 . from the full surface of second concave mirror 30 the light is reflected to the lower half of second meniscus lens 28 , progresses through second plano lens 26 to fourth fold mirror 32 from which the light is reflected to substrate 34 . both wynne dyson lenses are necessary in the system shown in fig1 a if the image on reticle 10 is the image that is to be projected to substrate 34 with the correct orientation for overlapping the image planes . fig1 b illustrates the useful field of the dual wynne dyson lens system of fig1 a . here the full field size of the lens system is illustrated as circular field 36 , which for purposes of illustration has a diameter of 64 . 0 mm . the useful field is illustrated as trapezoid field 38 with the minimum width thereof being the upper trapezoidal field boundary 40 shown here as being 43 . 2 mm long resulting in a height of the trapezoid of 16 . 2 mm . to properly orient the illustration of the view of fig1 b with that of fig1 a , the upper trapezoidal field boundary 40 of trapezoid field 38 is perpendicular to the page and is furthest from second plano lens 26 . additionally , the plane of fig1 b is the plane of substrate 34 . another way to describe the view of fig1 b is to say that trapezoid field 38 would be the field on substrate 34 projected back to reticle 10 if one were looking down on reticle 10 . thus it can be seen that in order to project an image from reticle 10 over an elongated field on substrate 34 in a single pass , multiple trapezoidal fields 38 , 38 &# 39 ;, 38 &# 34 ; . . . need to be oriented as illustrated in fig2 as viewed on the surface of substrate 34 . referring next to fig3 a and 3b there is shown a simplified view of an array of dual wynne dyson lens systems of the present invention that generates the field pattern on substrate 34 as shown in fig2 . to facilitate the recognition of the various dual wynne dyson lens systems of the present invention , the component reference numbers have been retained for each additional lens system with a superscript added to those numbers . additionally to facilitate discussion of the operation of the overall array of the present invention , the right side has been labelled &# 34 ; array a &# 34 ; and the left side has been labelled &# 34 ; array b &# 34 ;. in both fig3 a and 3b the direction of scan of both reticle 10 and substrate 34 is illustrated as from left to right . the scan direction could alternately be from right to left . thus , in fig3 a a side view of an array of the dual wynne dyson lens systems is illustrated with the second wynne dyson lens system shown as a portion of array b and from fig3 b it can further be seen that the second dual wynne dyson lens system is staggered with respect to the first such lens system , thus the visible side of the second lens system on the left in fig3 a is not in the same plane as the first lens system . from fig3 b it can also be seen that upper fold mirror prism 42 is a long rectangular prism that runs the full length of the complete array between first plano lenses 14 , 14 &# 39 ;, 14 &# 34 ;, 14 &# 39 ;&# 34 ; and 14 4 with first fold mirror 12 being shared by each of the lens systems that make up array a , and fold mirror 12 &# 39 ; being shared by each of the lens systems in array b . note , lower fold mirror prism 44 also runs the full width of the overall array and has the same characteristics as upper fold mirror prism . further , in fig3 b it can be seen that one edge of plano lens 14 &# 39 ; is substantially aligned with the centerline of plano lens 14 , one edge of each of plano lenses 14 and 14 &# 34 ; are substantially aligned with the centerline of plano lens 14 &# 39 ;, the second edge of plano lens 14 &# 39 ; and one edge of plano lens 14 &# 39 ;&# 34 ; are substantially aligned with the centerline of plano lens 14 &# 34 ;, and so on . it naturally follows then that these lens systems could be cascaded indefinitely following this pattern . fig4 illustrates a second stacked dual wynne dyson five lens element system of the present invention that has a higher numerical aperture than the lens system of fig1 a and provides more resolution than the first lens system of fig3 a and 3b . as with the first lens system , illumination is received at the top and passes through reticle 10 , strikes first fold mirror 12 and is reflected into the top half of first plano lens 14 , and continues through the top half of first meniscus lens 16 . at this point two additional lens have been added , a first biconvex lens 46 followed by a third meniscus lens 48 with the illumination continuing through the top half of each of those lenses and from third meniscus lens 48 the illumination is spread over substantially the entire surface of first concave mirror 18 . first concave mirror 18 in turn reflects the light striking it to the lower half of third meniscus lens 48 , to the lower half of first biconvex lens 46 , to the lower half of first meniscus lens 16 , then through the lower half of plano lens 14 , and onto second fold mirror 20 from which the light is reflected downward to the aperture in plate 22 . this defines the first wynne dyson lens of the system that utilizes the five element lens system . the second wynne dyson lens shown here is the same as the first such lens and performs in the same manner . in the second lens the light that passes through the aperture in plate 22 is reflected from third fold mirror 24 , to the top half of second plano lens 26 , proceeds through the top half of second meniscus lens 28 , to the top half of second biconvex lens 50 , to the top half of fourth meniscus lens 52 , and is then transmitted to substantially the full surface of second concave mirror 30 . from the full surface of second concave mirror 30 the light is reflected to the lower half of fourth meniscus lens 52 , to the lower half of second biconvex lens 50 , to the lower half of second meniscus lens 28 , progresses through second plano lens 26 to fourth fold mirror 32 from which the light is reflected to substrate 34 . additionally , the wynne dyson lens system of fig4 includes four glass plates 54 , 56 , 58 and 60 through which the image passes at various points as it is processed . small tilts on these plates can be used to adjust the alignment between the different images fields as shown in fig2 . fig5 shows a portion of an array of three dual wynne dyson lens systems each of which includes dual five lens wynne dyson relays of the type described in fig4 . plates 54 - 60 are also included . plates 54 - 60 can perform a variety of functions in this configuration , as well as in any other wynne dyson configuration . to insure the alignment of the image delivered to substrate 34 from each of the adjacent similar wynne dyson lens system , each of plates 54 - 60 could be tilted to adjust the individual image position over a small range . the intermediate focal plane provides a convenient place for a shaped aperture to insure that there is a proper overlap of the illuminated fields from each wynne dyson lens system . the individual plates 54 - 60 in any one of the dual wynne dyson lens system could also be selectively bent to adjust for a variation in magnification in one wynne dyson lens system as compared to each of the others . similarly , some distortion correction could also be achieved by selectively twisting one or more of plates 54 - 60 in any of the lens systems . thus , with this type of array the optical axes , a line connecting corresponding points in the reticle and substrate planes , can be aligned parallel between all lens system modules of the array . additionally , the focal planes can be made coplanar and the illumination at the extreme of one field can be truncated in such a way that the overlapping fields are not over or under exposed after scanning . further , the array permits the alignment of individual lens system modules both by employing reasonably tight tolerances when the optical components are manufactured , as well as by the use of the fine adjustments provided for each lens system module with plates 54 - 60 as discussed above . additional fine adjustment to make the focal planes of all of the lens system modules coplanar can be achieved by adjusting the axial position of mirrors 18 or 30 within each lens system module . in the scan direction , the magnification of the overall array can be adjusted by advancing or retarding the reticle position slightly in the scan direction as scanning occurs as has been done in the perkin elmer micralign 500 / 600 series systems . it is also possible to use the present invention to follow an irregular substrate surface ( e . g . thin film panel ) by individually and dynamically focusing each array module . focusing can be sensed with a separate air gauge sensor for each lens system module that senses the substrate position . alternatively , a pair of sensors could be used for each module , one for the reticle and one for the substrate . this configuration also permits the use of a wide variety of illumination systems , the most suitable of which will depend on the overall size of the array . if broad band operation is desirable , then separate ( 100 - 200 watt ) lamps could be used for each lens system module . similarly , a single large lamp with the illumination equally divided and distributed to each lens system module could be used . additionally , with a mercury lamp illuminated g - h system a light intensity of ≈ 0 . 5 watt / cm 2 is possible in a 0 . 1 na system . assuming a 250 mj / cm 2 resist sensitive and a 16 . 2 mm wide slit a 3 . 24 cm / sec . scan speed is required . such an illumination system would result in the exposure of an 8 . 5 × 11 inch panel in about 9 sec . advantages of the system of the present invention are that it is completely flexible and can be expanded to any desired length by merely adding additional lens system modules , staggered as shown in fig3 b . thus , very high throughput is possible since only one scan in only one direction is required . there are numerous applications for an array of this type . for example , for multichip modules , flat panels or wafer scanners that have an 8 &# 34 ;, 12 &# 34 ;, or even greater , capability . it could also be used as an electrostatic copier lens with a resolution of 1000 dots / inch that corresponds to a resolution of 25 μm and requires an na of only 0 . 014 assuming an average wavelength of 5000 a °. while the various aspects of the present invention have been described , it is contemplated that persons skilled in the art , upon reading the preceding descriptions and studying the drawings , will realize various alternative approaches to the implementation of the various aspects of the present invention . it is therefore intended that the following appended claims be interpreted as including all such alterations and modifications that fall within the spirit and scope to the present invention and the appended claims .	6
in describing the invention in detail , like reference numbers will be used to indicate like or similar parts from figure to figure of the drawing . the combined shipping and display beverageware package , hereafter , when the context indicates , the &# 34 ; package ,&# 34 ; of this invention is indicated generally at 10 in fig1 . it is illustrated in its assembled condition as it would appear to the eye of an observer , such as a consumer in a retail store , who looked in its direction in contemplation of buying beverageware , such as , in this instance , four tall glasses which are located inside the package . in its assembled condition the package includes four display modules , indicated generally at 11 , 12 , 13 and 14 which project upwardly from a bottom structure , indicated generally at 15 , and which terminate beneath a combined handle , display and stacking structure indicated generally at 16 , hereafter , when the context indicates , &# 34 ; stacking handle .&# 34 ; the right side wall is indicated generally at 17 , and left side wall is indicated generally at 18 . right side wall includes upper movable sections 19 and 20 , and lower stationary section 21 . &# 34 ; movable &# 34 ; is used in the sense that the sections move from an extended , open position , best seen in fig5 just prior to filling , to an assembled , closed position , best seen in fig1 . &# 34 ; stationary &# 34 ; is used in the sense that the position of section 21 is in the same relative position with respect to a support structure , such as a flat surface , in both the open , filling position of fig5 and the closed , filled position of fig1 . the two upper movable sections of left wall 18 are indicated at 22 and 23 , see fig6 and the lower stationary section at 24 , shown best in fig6 and 8 . the construction of left side wall 18 is identical to the construction of right side wall 17 . the bottom structure 15 consists of a pair of upwardly inclined planar surfaces 25 and 26 which meet at a center ridge indicated at 27 . a pair of beverageware holding depressions or receptacles are indicated at 28 and 28a in left upwardly inclined surface 25 , and another pair of receptacles are indicated at 29 and 29a in right upwardly inclined surface 26 . display modules 11 , 12 and 13 , 14 are generally semicylindrical in contour as best seen in fig1 - 3 . modules 11 and 12 form , in effect , two bulges in a left wall structure which includes left and right sections 30 and 31 and center section 32 , as viewed in fig1 - 3 . it should be noted that upwardly inclined planar surface 25 also forms , in effect , the lower portion of the left wall section which includes display modules 11 and 12 . from fig1 and 3 it will be noted that center section 32 terminates closer to the extreme left edge of the package than does the left and right sections 30 , 31 as best seen in fig1 and 3 . in the filling position of fig6 the inner facing surfaces of modules 11 and 12 form a ridge indicated generally at 33 , which preferably faces a similar ridge indicated generally at 34 between modules 13 and 14 when the package is assembled as shown in fig1 and 3 . the rear wall includes a left section 35 and a right section 36 , see fig6 which meet in a butting relationship with right section 31 and left section 30 , respectively , of the front wall when the package is assembled as shown in fig1 and 3 . the tops of display modules 11 and 12 , and 13 and 14 , are closed as best seen in fig1 . in this instance the top of each module is co - planar with all other modules , and also with the upper surface which is aligned with the center section 32 which forms ridge 33 of the front wall . such a construction provides maximum visual access to the contents of the modules since no angles are present to distract the eye from the displayed beverageware inside . it should be noted however that said upper surface associated with center section 32 could be at a different elevation than the adjacent upper surface of modules 11 and 12 . the front and back walls terminate , at their upper end portions , in flange sections 40 and 41 which are identical in outline as shown best in fig1 and 6 and which , taken together , form a stacking handle . in this instance , a pair of securing pin receptacles are indicated at 42 and 43 in the front wall , and a pair of securing pins are indicated at 44 , 45 in the back wall . as seen in fig1 - 6 , the securing pins 44 , 45 are snugly received in securing pin receptacles 42 , 43 , respectively when the package is moved from the open position of fig6 to the closed position of fig1 - 4 . referring now particularly to fig4 the secure stacking feature of the invention is there illustrated . specifically , it should be noted that the height by which the two butting flanges 40 and 41 project above the flat tops of the display modules 11 - 14 is so selected that when one package is stacked atop another , as seen in fig4 the upper edge formed by the two butting flanges will just make contact with the underside of the center ridge 27 . at the same time , the lower front and rear edges indicated generally at 46 , 47 of the front and rear extremities of an upper package will rest upon the tops of the display modules 11 - 14 . since the pin and receptacle connections 42 , 44 and 43 , 45 are located near the outer edges of the assembled package , they easily clear the beverageware as indicated in dotted outline in an exemplary fashion in fig4 . it will be noted that the package of this invention is of one piece construction as can be seen best in fig6 - 8 . as one specific embodiment , the package may be made from transparent pvc plastic , and formed in either a plastic injection mold or by thermoforming . in line with good forming practice , integral hinges 48 and 49 are formed at the junction between the bottom 15 and the front and rear sections . if formed in the position of fig7 and 8 , the front and rear sections will tend to return to the positions of fig7 and 8 when the package is opened by the consumer to remove the beverageware , thus presenting the beverageware for easy removal . it will be understood of course that the receptacles 28 - 29a will be so designed with respect to the lower portion of the beverageware to be shipped and displayed that there will be a snug friction fit between the receptacles and the beverageware . likewise , the dimensions of the securing pins and their receptacles 42 and 43 will be so designed as to make a snug friction fit which will have sufficient tightness to preclude unintended detachment during handling following shipping , even when an open biasing force is designed into the hinges at the front and rear edges 46 and 47 . and finally , the width dimension of the tops of the display modules as viewed in fig4 should be slightly greater than the distance between edges 46 and 47 so that the hinges at 48 and 49 will rest on the tops of the displays modules at all times after flange sections 40 , 41 are butted in place against the underside of center ridge 27 . preferably , each of the display modules 11 - 14 has a slight upwardly , outward taper . referring now to fig9 - 11 in particular , a variation of the invention , is there illustrated . in these figures a protective reinforcement and display insert is indicated generally at 50 . as can be best visualized from fig1 and 11 , the height of the insert is preferably the distance between the center ridge 27 and the tops of flange sections 40 and 41 , though , if desired , the upper edge 51 may extend above , or even , under some circumstances , somewhat below , the top edges of flange sections 40 , 41 . as best seen in fig1 , in the preferred variation , the portion of the insert which projects into the area defined by flange sections 40 , 41 has apertures 52 , 53 to accommodate the securing pins 44 , 45 when the receptive halves are swung upwardly into engagement . a supporting or hanging cut - out has been indicated at 54 . it will be understood that when an insert 50 with a cut - out 54 is used , similarly located and configured cut - outs will be formed in the flange sections 40 , 41 so that the entire package may be hung from a support instead of stacked . the width of the insert may vary as desired . from fig9 it will be noted that in this instance edges 55 , 56 are located a distance apart equal to the outside edges of the side by side display modules and do not extend all the way to the outside of the left and right sections 30 , 31 . preferably the bottom 57 of the insert rests on ridge 27 . from a primary function standpoint it is only essential that the insert be present in the areas where the beverageware or other displayed items could make contact with one another during shipping and handling . the insert may be made of transparent material similar to the balance of the package or , more preferably , can be opaque paper board or a similar material . if desired , that portion of the insert which is located between flange sections 40 , 41 may have text material printed thereon , which text will be visible through the transparent material of flange sections 40 , 41 . the portion of the insert beneath the flange sections may be opaque white . after forming , preferably in a single piece as shown in fig5 - 8 , beverageware to be shipped and displayed is loaded into the packages by engaging the lower portions of the beverageware with the receptacles 28 , 28a , 29 and 29a . thereafter the front and rear sections of the clam shell type structure illustrated in fig7 and 8 are swung upwardly toward one and other until the pins 44 , 45 project into the pin receptacles 42 , 43 with which they make a snug , frictional fit . thereafter , one package is stacked atop another , as illustrated in fig4 with the upper edge formed by flange sections 40 , 41 in supporting engagement with the underside of ridge 27 . in the variation shown in fig9 - 11 an insert 50 is used to protect the contained and displayed beverageware , such as glass tumblers , from knocking against one another at their upper edges and thereby chipping or cracking due to the inevitable shocks which the package will be subjected to during shipping and handling . the insert acts as a central reinforcement for the package by adding an extra layer of material and , as discussed above , the insert may be used for printed text to help display and advertise the contents . after as many individual packages are stacked as is convenient to ship as a group , the stacked packages are secured by any convenient means , which may merely be placement in a shipping container , and shipped to a final destination . a band or other securement means may of course be placed around a group of packages , but this is not essential . upon arrival at a destination the shipping container is opened and the package is removed and stacked on a retail shelf for display and sale . the type , thickness and structural characteristics of the material of which the package is composed should be selected to have good forming qualities , provide clear vision to the package contents , and have sufficient strength and flexibility to be packed , handled and unpacked without any substantial risk of damage to the contents . clear polyvinylchloride of about 0 . 025 &# 34 ; thickness has proven quite satisfactory . alternatively , the variation shown in fig9 - 11 may be hung from any suitable suspension structure . from the foregoing description it will at once be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications may be made in the invention within the spirit and scope of the invention . accordingly , it is intended that the scope of the invention be limited solely by the scope of the hereinafter appended claims , when construed in light of the relevant prior art , and not by the foregoing exemplary description .	1
referring now to fig1 through 3 , a wiper device 10 includes a stationary member 11 mounted on a vehicle body 12 . a shaft 13 is rotatably supported in the stationary member 11 . at one end of the shaft 13 , there is fixedly connected an arm 14 which carries a blade 15 made of elastic material such as synthetic resin . the blade 15 is in sliding abutment on a vehicle window 16 . a swing member 18 is fixedly connected to the other end of the shaft 13 to which the angular reciprocating movement is effected from a driving mechanism 20 . upon actuation of the driving mechanism 20 , the shaft 13 and the arm 14 are brought into swing movement with the result that a driver &# 39 ; s side of the vehicle window 16 is wiped by the blade 15 which swings with the arm 14 . an extent of the swing movement of the blade 15 in the circumferential direction about shaft 13 is hereinafter defined or referred to as a swing angle or wiping angle . the driving mechanism 20 , as apparent from fig4 includes a pin 21 driven by a motor ( not shown ), which traces a locus in the form of a circle indicated by numeral 22 . the pin 21 is operatingly connected to a pin 23 driven on a swing member 24 via rod 25 . since the rod 25 is brought into reciprocating movement upon operation of the motor , the swing member 24 is brought into swing movement about a shaft 26 which is fixedly connected to the swing member 24 . the shaft 26 is rotatably supported in a stationary member 27 and is also connected to an arm ( not shown ) with a blade ( not shown ) for wiping a passenger &# 39 ; s side of the window 16 . on the swing member 24 , a pin 28 is driven . between the pin 28 and a ball - joint 31 which belongs to an adjusting means 30 , a rod 29 is disposed . due to swing movement of the swing member 24 , the rod 29 is brought into reciprocating movement with the result that the swing member 18 is swung . the adjusting means 30 , which serves for adjusting the swing angle of the blade 15 by rotating , is provided on the swing member 18 . in principle , the length between the axis of the shaft 13 and a connecting point to which the rod 29 is connected to the swing member 18 is varied by the adjusting means 30 . in detail , the adjusting means 30 includes rotating means including a motor 32 with a rotational shaft 32a and fixedly mounted on the swing member 18 as well as and a worm - gear 33 fixedly mounted on the rotational shaft 32a . the worm - gear 33 is in mesh engagement with a worm - gear 34 which is fixedly mounted on a right end of a shaft 35 . on a left end of a shaft 35 , there is fixedly mounted a worm - gear 36 which is in mesh engagement with a gear 37 . the gear 37 , a ball - joint 31 , and a sensor 38 having a first portion 38a are rotatably mounted on a common pin 39 which is fixedly connected to the swing member 18 . a second stationary portion 38b of the sensor is non - rotatably mounted on the pin 39 . the ball - joint 31 has an eccentric projection 31a by which the ball - joint 31 may be rotated on the pin 39 together with the gear 26 and the first portion 38a of the sensor 38 upon rotation of the gear 26 . the rotation of the ball - joint 31 about the pin 39 means that the connecting point 31b to which the rod 29 is connected to the swing member 31 is varied . this variation of the point results in the variation of the length between the point and the shaft 13 . thus , the resulting length - variation brings about a variation of the swing angle of the swing member 18 which is fixedly connected to the blade 15 . while the wiper device 10 is out of use , the blade 15 is positioned at an inoperating position d . upon actuation of the wiper device 10 , a controller 40 actutates the motor 32 for rotating the ball - joint 31 through an angle . then , the blade 15 is transferred to a lower limit c after y degrees rotation . thereafter , once the controller 40 begins to actuate the driving mechanism 20 , the swing member 18 and the blade 15 are brought into angular reciprocating or swing movement between the lower limit c and a first upper limit e ( or a second upper limit b ) with the result that the driver &# 39 ; s side of the window is wiped . if the angular velocity of the swing member 18 with the blade 15 is set at a low value while the vehicle is travelling at a high speed , the first upper limit e is selected . under such situation , in spite of the strong effect of the wind pressure on the blade 15 , the blade 15 is transfered at most near the second upper limit b and can not be transfered to an excess position a . before selecting the first upper limit e or a second upper limit b , the adjusting means 30 is thus actuated so as to rotate the ball - joint 31 at an angle corresponding to the angular deviation of x degrees . the sensor 38 is used for checking whether the ball - joint 31 is rotated through the predetermined degrees by the relative rotation between portions 38a and 38b . it is noted that the vehicle speed is detected by a speed sensor 41 which is connected to a speed meter ( not shown ). the angular velosity of the blade 15 is set a high or low value by manipulating a switch 42 . the passenger &# 39 ; s side of the window 16 is wiped in similar manner . the relationship among the angular velocity of the blade 15 , the vehicle speed and the swing angle is shown in the following table . the controller 40 is designed to comply with this relationship . table______________________________________the angular velocity vehicle the swing angleof the blade 15 speed of the blade 15______________________________________high high narrowlowhigh low widelow______________________________________ as many apparently widely different embodiment of the present invention can be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof , it is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiment thereof except as defining in the appended claims .	1
referring to fig1 of the drawings , a portion of the preferred embodiment of the perforating gun 10 of the present invention is shown in place in tubular charge carrier 2 having gun ports 4 of decreased wall thickness formed therein . carrier 2 is suspended in well bore casing 6 , with annulus 8 therebetween . a potential oil , gas or water producing formation ( not shown ) would typically surround casing 6 , although casing may also be perforated for water , steam , or co 2 injection operations , for solution mining , or for hazardous waste disposal . in any event , the utility of the present invention is not to be construed as so limited to any of the foregoing types of wells . shaped charges 40 are disposed in vertical rows in each side of holder 12 , with clear initiating means known in the art such as detonating cord 42 being secured thereto by spring retainer clips 44 . as can most easily be seen in the cutaway area of fig1 muzzle tubes 46 are secured over the mouths of each shaped charge 40 , which muzzle tube 46 extend through the muzzle tube ports 80 formed by the adjacent cavities in the joined edges of the charge holder sides . the mouth 48 of each muzzle tube is placed adjacent a gun port 4 . fig2 is a horizontal section through charge holder 12 with charges 40 , cords 42 , retainer clips 44 and muzzle tubes 46 in place . each detonating cord 42 may include a sheath 50 , enclosing an explosive core 52 . sheath 50 may be of any suitable material , nylon , thermoplastic rubber ( tpr ), lead , aluminum , plastic , silicone , fiberglass , kevlar ®, polypropylene , or steel , and may be extruded , wrapped , braided or woven . explosive core 52 may be any suitable explosive , but is preferably 70 grain / foot rdx . each shaped charge 40 may include a housing 60 having an aperture 62 in the bottom thereof in which is disposed booster charge 64 which initiates shaped explosive 66 , which may also be of rdx or any other explosive generally used in such charges , including but not limited to cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine , hexahydro - 1 , 3 , 5 - trinitro - 5 - triazine , cyclonite , hexogen , t4 , commonly referred to as rdx ; octogen , known as hmx ; or 2 , 2 &# 39 ;, 4 , 4 &# 39 ;, 6 , 6 &# 39 ; hexanitrostilbene , known as hns . if the perforating string is to be employed in a high temperature ( above 500 ° f .) well bore , the explosive compound 2 , 6 - bis ( picrylamino )- 3 , 5 , dinitropyridine , known as pyx , may be employed . in addition , wax , polymeric or stearate binders may be employed with the aforesaid explosives . for example , rdx with a calcium stearate binder , commonly known as ch6 . within charge 40 is a charge liner 68 , explosive 66 being pressed between liner 68 and housing 60 . mouth 70 of charge 40 is open . the exterior 72 of each charge 40 is cylindrical , and possesses a circumferential groove therein in which snap ring 74 rests . muzzle tube 46 has an inlet end 82 adapted to receive the explosive jet from charge 40 , and an outlet end 84 adapted to expel the charge jet against gun port 4 . muzzle tube 46 may be formed of metal or any other suitable material , such as fiberglass or ballistic plastic ( woven kevlar ® fibers cast into a matrix ). the interior wall 86 of inlet end 82 is of slightly larger diameter than the exterior 72 of charge 40 , and extends thereover . charge 40 is maintained in muzzle tube 46 by spring retainer clip 44 , the ends of which are inserted in apertures 74 in charge holder 12 . proximate the mouth 70 of charge 40 , muzzle tube 46 necks down at 88 to a smaller diameter wall 90 , which defines jet bore 92 , extending substantially uniformly to outlet end 84 . while only a single charge and muzzle tube combination has been described , it will be understood that all charges 40 and muzzle tubes 46 in a gun may be substantially identical . referring now to fig1 , and 3a - 3c , gun 10 of the preferred embodiment comprises a three - sided charge holder 12 of equilateral triangular cross - section . sides 14 , 14 &# 39 ; and 14 &# 34 ; of charge holder 12 are preferably formed of stamped sheet metal strips . as can readily be seen in fig3 a , 3b and 3c , the center side 14 of charge holder 12 possesses a row of substantially uniformly spaced round charge apertures 16 , as well as vertical rows of substantially uniformly spaced cavities 18 along each edge . cavities 18 have substantially parallel sides 20 which extend into a bottom 22 of substantially elliptical configuration . between each two cavities 18 are two bolt holes 24 , all bolt holes on each edge of side 14 being substantially vertically aligned . broken lines 26 are bend lines along which the outer edges of side 14 are both bent at substantially a 30 ° angle to the plane of side 14 on the same side of the plane , as can more readily be seen in fig2 . it is readily apparent that sides 14 &# 39 ; and 14 &# 34 ; are substantially identical to side 14 in the relative size and spacing of their charge apertures , cavities , bolt holes and bend lines , and hence these features will not be discussed in detail . however , it is important to note the relative staggering of the charge apertures 16 with respect to those designated 16 &# 39 ; and 16 &# 34 ;, wherein it may be observed that each charge aperture is vertically offset from the one next laterally adjacent by a distance equal to the distance between the bolt hole centers of each pair of bolt holes . for example , looking at the lowermost charge apertures 16 , 16 &# 39 ; and 16 &# 34 ; in sides 14 , 14 &# 39 ; and 14 &# 34 ;, it is evident that vertical distance x between the centers of apertures 16 and 16 &# 39 ; is equal to the vertical distance y between the centers of apertures 16 and 16 &# 34 ;, and that distances x and y are each equal to vertical distance z between the centers of paired bolt holes 24 ( as well as 24 &# 39 ; and 24 &# 34 ;). stated another way , the charge apertures are vertically offset so as to provide a steplike spiral arrangement of charge placement around holder 12 . edge cavities 18 , 18 &# 39 ; and 18 &# 34 ;, unlike charge apertures 16 , 16 &# 39 ; and 16 &# 34 ;, are staggered or offset in the side edges so that such cavities are aligned in the same planes as the cavities in the closest edge of the adjacent side . in this manner , when strips 14 , 14 &# 39 ; and 14 &# 34 ; are assembled together to form charge holder 12 , each pair of cavities in joined adjacent charge holder side edges forms a muzzle tube port 80 which is aligned with the charge aperture ( 16 , 16 &# 39 ; or 16 &# 34 ;) in the third charge holder side opposite the joined edges . this can easily be seen in fig3 a , 3b and 3c , wherein the center of lowermost apertures 16 &# 39 ; in side 14 &# 39 ; lies on the same plane as the lowermost cavity 18 on left edge of side 14 , and the lowermost cavity 18 &# 34 ; on the right edge of side 14 &# 34 ;, cavities 18 and 18 &# 34 ; forming a muzzle tube port when sides 14 , 14 &# 39 ; and 14 &# 34 ; are assembled into holder 12 . while the vertical offset of the charge apertures 16 , 16 &# 39 ; and 16 &# 34 ; has previously been discussed as related to bolt hole spacing , it should be understood that such description was for purposes of convenience only . from the foregoing description of the formation of muzzle tube ports from adjacent cavities , it is evident that the minimum vertical spacing of the charge apertures is limited to the height necessary for the shaped charge explosive jet to pass through a muzzle tube port 80 without obstruction . this in turn is limited by the external diameter of walls 90 of muzzle tubes 46 where they pass through the muzzle tube ports . such minimum spacing is illustrated in fig3 a - 3c , wherein it can be clearly seen that each set of cavities in an edge is vertically offset from the next higher cavity in the opposite edge of that same charge holder side by a distance equal to the vertical height h of the cavities , which in turn is equal to distances x , y and z . referring again to fig1 of the drawings , holder 12 is shown assembled using hex head bolt and nut pairs 30 in bolt holes 24 , 24 &# 39 ; and 24 &# 34 ;. in fig1 side 14 &# 34 ; is facing the reader , the side 14 also being shown , and side 14 &# 39 ; being hidden from view . however , it should be understood that other fastening means may be employed , such as sheet metal screw or rivets , and that the sides may also be spot - welded or brazed together , adhesively bonded , or may include tabs which interlock in order to hold sides 14 , 14 &# 39 ; and 14 &# 34 ; together . furthermore , charge holder 12 may be formed of a single piece of sheet metal , and bent on a sheet metal break as required to form its final shape . furthermore , holder 12 could be an extrusion of metal or other material , with all necessary apertures formed therein by punching , cutting or machining after extrusion . all of the above and other procedures known in the art may be employed to form a charge holder in the configuration of the present invention . it is thus apparent that a novel and unobvious perforating gun has been invented . rather than being limited to a very small stand - off of about two ( 2 ) inches or less as in the prior art , the present invention may be employed to increase stand - off by several inches , or several hundred per cent . for example , in a 71 / 4 inch o . d . charge carrier having a wall thickness of 1 / 2 inch , a charge depth ( bottom to mouth ) of 13 / 4 inches , a detonating cord diameter of 7 / 32 inches and a 1 / 8 inch space between the cord and the inner wall of the charge carrier , the stand - off utilizing the present invention is approximately 4 . 15 inches . in contrast , using the same charges centered around an axially - placed detonating cord , the stand - off would only be about 1 . 25 inches . thus , the present invention has increased the available stand - off by over 230 percent . in smaller diameter charge carriers , the relative increase available is even greater . for example , reducing the available inner diameter of a charge carrier by one ( 1 ) inch reduces the stand - off of each clustered charge by 1 / 2 inch , to about 3 / 4 of an inch . this reduces the stand - off with the perforating gun of the present invention to about 3 . 15 inches , which is 320 percent greater than the clustered charge stand - off . moreover , it is also apparent that the present invention permits vertical charge spacing by less than the charge width or diameter , the minimum vertical distance required being only sufficient for a charge jet to pass between the jets immediately above and below it in an unobstructed manner . while the present invention has been described in terms of a preferred embodiment , it is not so limited . for example , the charge holder could be differently configured , as noted previously , and the muzzle tubes eliminated through use of barriers built into the holder to contain jet debris . furthermore , a spirally wrapped detonating cord could be employed , a spit - back tube type initiating system used , or an electrical charge initiation system incorporated in the invention . many other sizes and configurations of shaped charge housings , explosives and liners might be utilized , including both conical and curvi - linear liners . moreover , the invention is not restricted to any particular housing , explosive or liner materials . finally , the present invention is not restricted to perforating guns run inside of carriers ; the muzzle tubes could be sealed at their outlet ends to provide fluid - free standoffs , and an o - ring seal disposed between the charge housings and the inlet ends of the muzzle tubes . these and other modifications , additions and deletions will be apparent to the skilled artison and may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the claimed invention .	4
latent thiol monomers are polymerizable monomers containing ; at least one functional group polymerizable to form a homopolymer or copolymerizable with at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer to form a copolymer ; and at least one protected thiol group . when the functional group is , for example , a vinyl group , the vinyl group either homopolymerizes or copolymerizes with at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer forming a copolymer . the protected thiol group on the latent thiol monomer does not react , or if it does react it only reacts to a limited extent , during the homopolymerization of the latent thiol monomer or the copolymerization with the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer . after the polymerization or copolymerization , a polymer chain is formed with pendant protected thiol groups . examples of latent thiol monomers include compounds with the following structure ; ## str1 ## where r is a monovalent organic radical having polymerizable vinyl or olefinic groups ; specific examples of some latent thiol monomers include ; allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - benzoyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - 2 , 2 - dimethylpropanoyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoacetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - tetrahydropyranoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 -( 2 - methoxy - 2 - propoxy ) propyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , 2 , 3 - epithiopropyl 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 2 - mercapto - 3 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , s - acetyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ), s - benzoyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ) and s - 2 , 2 - dimethylpropanoyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ). the more preferred latent thiol monomers are ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , and the even more preferred is ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate , it may be prepared by first reacting 3 - mercaptopropionic acid with allyl alcohol to form allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate . this can then be reacted with acetic anhydride to form allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , it may be prepared by first reacting thiolacetic acid and allyl alcohol in the presence of t - butylhydroperoxide catalyst to form a thioacetate functional alcohol . this thioacetate functional alcohol product can then react with methacrylic anhydride to form the monomer . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , it may be prepared by reacting glycidyl methacrylate and thiolacetic acid . this reaction can be carried out in most solvents , but it is preferable to carry out the reaction in a 50 % by weight ethanol / water solvent system . purification of the monomer by removal of residual base catalyst leads to a more stable monomer . this can be accomplished by such techniques as , for example , vacuum treatment , flash chromatography on silica , and filtration through ion exchange resin . the more preferable technique is filtration through an ion exchange resin , preferably amberlite ® irc - 50 ion exchange resin ( a registered trademark of the rohm and haas company ). the ethylenically unsaturated monomer useful in the copolymerization with the latent thiol monomer can be any ethylenically unsaturated monomer , for example ; acrylate esters and acids ; methacrylate esters and acids ; acrylonitrile ; methacrylonitrile ; acrolein ; methacrolein ; vinyl aromatic compounds such as styrene , substituted styrene , vinyl pyridine and vinyl naphthalene ; vinyl esters of organic acids , such as vinyl acetate ; n - vinyl compounds such as n - vinyl pyrrolidone ; unsaturated halogenated compounds such as vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride ; acrylamide , methacrylamide and substituted acrylamides and methacrylamides ; polymerizable sulfonic acids and salts thereof such as styrene sulfonic acid , sodium vinyl sulfonate , sulfoethyl acrylate , sulfoethyl methacrylate and acryloamidopropanesulfonic acid ( amps ); vinyl ethers ; or combinations thereof . the latent thiol monomers of the present invention can be homopolymerized or copolymerized in all types of polymerization reactions well known to those skilled in the art , for example in a solution or emulsion polymerization . it is preferable , when forming graft copolymers of the present invention to use an aqueous , two stage emulsion polymerization process . during the formation of the graft copolymer , the backbone portion of the copolymer is formed during a first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization . the backbone is formed by either the homopolymerization of at least one latent thiol monomer or the copolymerization of the at least one latent thiol monomer and the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer . the latent thiol monomer is contained in the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization at a concentration of up to 100 %, more preferably up to about 20 %, even more preferably up to about 10 %, and even more preferably up to about 3 %, based on the total weight of the monomers in stage one . the first stage emulsion polymerization should be run such that the protected thiol group from the latent thiol monomer remains substantially intact during the first stage polymerization . in addition , it is preferable to run the first stage emulsion polymerization reaction in an inert atmosphere , for example , in a nitrogen atmosphere . once the polymer chain with pendant protected thiol groups has been formed in the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization , the polymer is subjected to a deprotection reaction , for example a cleaving reaction or thermal heating , whereby the protected thiol groups ( latent thiol groups ) are deprotected , converting them into free thiol groups . when the protected thiol group of the polymer chains produced in the first stage emulsion polymerization are deprotected using a cleaving reaction , for example when the protected thiol group is thioacetate , any cleaving technique well known to those skilled in the art may be used . however , it is preferable to cleave the thioacetate group with , for example , ammonia , hydroxylamine , n - propylamine , diethylamine , morpholine , dimethylaminoethanol , and hydrazine . the more preferred cleaving agents are ammonia , dimethylaminoethanol and hydrazine and the even more preferred is hydrazine . generally , the cleaving reaction is run at a temperature of from about 15 ° to 95 ° c . and more preferably from about 65 ° to 75 ° c . once the protected thiol groups have been deprotected to form pendant thiol groups , the polymer chain produced in the first stage emulsion polymerization can be isolated , for example by spray drying , used as is , or stored for further reaction at a later time . however , it is highly preferred that the second stage monomer emulsion be added directly to the polymer emulsion of stage one to form the graft copolymer . one of the key advantages of this process is that the polymer of stage one does not have to be isolated before reacting in stage two , and stage two can take place simply by adding stage two monomer . in stage two of the aqueous emulsion polymerization at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer , preferably in the form of an aqueous emulsion , is added to a reaction mixture containing the polymer chain formed during the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization . because the polymer chain from the first stage is essentially a transfer agent containing pendant thiol groups , it is preferable to add all of the second stage monomer together at one time . however , if the second stage monomer is gradually added , some non - graft copolymer may form , yielding a mixture of graft copolymer and polymer derived from second stage monomer . this mixture may have some beneficial uses . the at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer can be any of the ethylenically unsaturated monomers listed above for use as the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated first monomer . the aqueous emulsion copolymerization technique of the present invention is based on a two stage polymerization where the mode of monomer addition in the first stage is not critical and a single addition of monomer in the second stage is preferred . the aqueous emulsion copolymerization techniques used in the present invention are well known to those skilled in the art . the temperature of the reaction in each of the two stages should be in the range of from about room temperature to about 150 ° c ., more preferably from about 50 ° c . to 90 ° c . an emulsifier can be used in the process of the present invention and can be of the general type of an anionic , cationic , or nonionic emulsifier . the more preferred emulsifiers are the anionic and the nonionic emulsifiers and the even more preferred are the anionic emulsifiers , such as sulfates and sulfonates , like sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate . the amount of emulsifier used may be from about 0 . 05to 10 %, and more preferably from about 0 . 3 to 3 %, based on the total weight of the monomers . many other emulsifiers can be used and are well known in the emulsion polymerization art . the latex particle size is controllable to be as small as from about 50 to 200 nanometers ( nm ) to as large as 800 nm or more by adjusting the type and level of emulsifier used . the particle size is preferably less than 500 nm . it is advantageous to initiate and catalyze the reaction in each of the two stages in a conventional manner . any commonly known free radical generating initiators can be used , such as persulfates , peroxides , hydroperoxides , peresters and azo compounds . specific examples are benzoyl peroxide , tert - butyl hydroperoxide , azodiisobutyronitrile and sodium , potassium and ammonium persulfates . the more preferred are the sodium , potassium and ammonium persulfates which can be used by themselves , activated thermally , or in a redox system . when used in a redox system , reducing agents such as sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate , isoascorbic acid and sodium bisulfite can be used along with a promoter , such as for example iron or others well known to those skilled in the art . thermal initiation is more preferred . the amount of initiator will generally be in the range of from about 0 . 1 to 3 . 0 % by weight , based on the total weight of the monomers . the reaction conditions used in the second stage are dependant on the method of deprotection of the protected thiol group . for example , if a cleaving reaction utilizing ammonia is used to deprotect the protected thiol group , it is preferable to initiate the second stage polymerization thermally using ammonium persulfate or with redox initiators of tert - butylhydroperoxide and sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate or isoascorbic acid . if hydroxylamine is used to deprotect the protected thiol group via a cleaving reaction , it is preferable to neutralize the amine with , for example , acetic acid , prior to the second stage polymerization . if hydrazine is used to cleave the protected thiol group , it is preferable to complex the hydrazine with 2 , 4 - pentanedione prior to the stage two emulsion polymerization . additional initiator or catalyst systems may be added after stage two polymerization to reduce any residual monomer . generally , the aqueous emulsion formed containing the graft copolymer has a solids level of from about 20 to about 60 %, based on the total weight of the aqueous composition . the graft copolymer products of this aqueous emulsion polymerization can be isolated , for example by spray drying , coagulation or other techniques well known to those skilled in the art . however , it is preferable to use the aqueous emulsion containing the copolymer as is . the invention will now be illustrated by the following non - limiting examples . table 1______________________________________reagents for example 1 - step 1______________________________________allyl alcohol 200 g . 3 . 44 mole3 - mercaptopropionic acid 250 g . 2 . 36 molemethoxy hydroquinone ( mehq ) 1 . 0 g . phenothiazine 0 . 5 g . p - toluenesulfonic acid 1 . 0 g . toluene 250 g . ______________________________________ the reagents shown in table 1 were mixed in a nitrogen flushed 1 liter flask fitted with a dean stark condenser , thermometer , and magnetic stirrer . the reaction mixture was heated to reflux until the theoretical amount of water had been collected . under a nitrogen atmosphere , the dean stark condenser was removed and replaced with a vigreaux column ( 24 &# 34 ;) with distillation head . allyl alcohol and toluene were removed from the reaction mixture at reduced pressure ( 20 mm hg ). the distillation was halted before the temperature reached 85 ° c ., the distillation temperature at reduced pressure of allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate . the reaction mixture from step 1 was cooled under nitrogen and then diluted with 200 g . of methylene chloride . then , 289 g . of acetic anhydride , along with a catalyst of 0 . 5 g . of 4 - dimethylaminopyridine , were added to the reaction mixture . the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at which time nmr analysis of a vacuum stripped aliquot indicated complete conversion to the desired thioacetate . the product was distilled at 132 °- 134 ° c . at 20 mm hg to yield 355 g . of product ( 80 %). table 2______________________________________reagents for example 2 - step 1______________________________________thiolacetic acid 160 g . 2 . 1 moleallyl alcohol 150 g . 2 . 58 molet - butylhydroperoxide 1 . 8 g . ______________________________________ to a 500 ml 3 - neck flask equipped with thermometer , reflux condenser , addition funnel , and magnetic stirring was placed 130 g . of allyl alcohol . the addition funnel was charged with 130 g . thiolacetic acid and in a syringe was placed a solution of 1 . 8 g . t - butylhydroperoxide ( t - bhp ) in 20 g . allyl alcohol . initially , 15 g . of thiolacetic acid was added to the kettle along with 2 ml . of the t - bhp solution . a slow cofeed of the remaining thiolacetic acid was begun along with the slow addition of the remaining t - bhp solution so as to maintain a reaction temperature of between 45 °- 55 ° c . addition was complete in 1 hour . nmr analysis of an aliquot showed only the desired thioacetate alcohol along with residual allyl alcohol . silver nitrate titration for residual thiolacetic acid showed essentially complete conversion . the excess allyl alcohol was stripped by a rotary evaporator and the product was used directly in the next step . table 3______________________________________reagents for example 2 - step 2______________________________________thioacetate alcohol 280 g . 2 . 09 molemethacrylic anhydride 400 g . 2 . 59 moletetrahydrofuran ( thf ) 450 g . phenothiazine 2 . 0 g . 4 - dimethylaminopyridine 2 . 0 g . ______________________________________ the reagents listed in table 3 were added to a 2 liter round bottom flask and the mixture was heated to reflux for 5 hours . the product was fractionally distilled at reduced pressure ( 1 - 3 mm hg ) through an oldershaw column ( 30 in ). in the initial distillation the fraction boiling between 80 °- 105 ° c . was collected . this fraction was then distilled a second time with the material boiling at 87 °- 94 ° c . ( 2 mm hg ) being collected . nmr analysis of this fraction showed minor impurities ( 5 %) and the desired ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate ( 249 g . ; 60 % yield ). table 4______________________________________reagents for example 3______________________________________glycidyl methacrylate ( gma ) 300 g . 2 . 11 molethiolacetic acid 159 g . 2 . 09 moleethanol 350 g . water 300 g . butylated hydroxy toluene ( bht ) 2 . 0 g . ammonia ( 28 %) 0 . 5 g . ______________________________________ to a 2 liter 4 - neck flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer , thermocouple , and reflux condenser was added in the following order : 1 ) glycidyl methacrylate , 2 ) ethanol containing bht , 3 ) water , 4 ) thiolacetic acid and 5 ) ammonia . upon addition of the ammonia , the reaction began to exotherm slowly , the temperature rising at about 0 . 5 ° c ./ minute for the first 10 minutes , and increasing to 1 ° c ./ minute over the next 30 - 40 minutes . the reaction temperature peaked at 68 °- 72 ° c . and then began to cool . nmr analysis of a vacuum stripped sample showed essentially complete conversion to ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate . silver nitrate titration for unreacted thiolacetic acid indicated greater than 99 % conversion of the thiol . the product was pumped through a column of amberlite irc - 50 weakly acidic resin ( 100 g . dry weight ). the filtered product was stored at 5 ° c . where it exhibited less than 5 % decomposition in 1 month . table 5______________________________________allyl glycidyl ether 40 g 0 . 35 molethiolacetic acid 30 g 0 . 40 moletriethylamine 0 . 25 gtetrahydrofuran 100 g______________________________________ allyl glycidyl ether and thiolacetic acid where dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and the triethylamine catalyst was added . the mixture was heated to reflux for 40 minutes at which time nmr analysis indicated complete conversion to s - acetyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ). preparation of emulsion copolymer of 96 . 5 parts butyl acrylate / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts methacrylic acid to a 3 liter , 4 necked flask fitted with reflux condenser , thermometer and mechanical stirrer was added 570 g . of water and 7 g . of a 2 . 3 % aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate . a monomer emulsion was prepared consisting of ; 200 g . water ; 10 g . of a 23 % aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate ; 675 . 5 g . of butyl acrylate ; 14 g . of ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate ( from example 3 ); and 10 . 5 g . of methacrylic acid . a portion of this monomer emulsion ( 91 g .) was added to the kettle and the reaction mixture was then heated to 80 ° c . a solution of 1 . 0 g . ammonium persulfate in 34 g . of water was then added . after the initial exotherm subsided , the monomer emulsion was added to the kettle over 2 . 5 hours . the kettle was maintained at 80 ° c . for an additional 30 minutes and then cooled to 60 ° c . then 0 . 4 g . of t - butylhydroperoxide in 10 g . of water followed by 0 . 3 g . of sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate in 10 g . of water was added . the theoretical yield was 45 . 5 % solids and the actual yield was 45 . 4 % solids . the stage one latex prepared above , 96 . 5 parts butyl acrylate / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts methacrylic acid ( 45 . 4 % total solids ) 400 g . solids , was placed in a 3 liter 4 - necked flask ( 8 g ., 0 . 037 mole of latent thiol groups present ). the apparatus was then flushed with nitrogen . hydrazine ( 2 . 0 g ., 0 . 0625 mole , 1 . 69 equiv .) was added and the reaction mixture was heated to 70 ° c . after 1 hour , silver nitrate titration of a 0 . 25 g . solids aliquot showed quantitative liberation of thiol . then , 2 , 4 - pentanedione ( 6 . 88 g . 0 . 06875 mole ) was added to complex with the hydrazine . emulsion polymerization of 50 parts ( 96 . 5 parts ba / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts maa )// 50 parts methyl methacrylate ______________________________________ mma 400 g . sipon wd 0 . 7 g . water 500 g . ______________________________________ the emulsion was added to the latex and the temperature allowed to return to 60 ° c . ferrous sulfate / edta solutions ( 1 ml of 0 . 15 % solution ) were added and the single shot polymerization was initiated by the addition of t - butylhydroperoxide ( 1 . 0 g . of a 70 % solution in 10 g . water ) followed by isoascorbic acid ( 1 . 37 g . in 10 g . water ). an exotherm of 27 ° c . was observed over a 10 minute period . the reaction was allowed to cool to 60 ° c . and then 0 . 3 g . of t - bhp solution / 5 g . water and 0 . 3 g . sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate / 5 g . water was added twice .	2
referring initially to fig1 , a simplified view of a pem fuel cell 1 in exploded form is shown . the fuel cell 1 includes a substantially planar proton exchange membrane 10 , anode catalyst layer 20 in facing contact with one face of the proton exchange membrane 10 , and cathode catalyst layer 30 in facing contact with the other face . collectively , the proton exchange membrane 10 and catalyst layers 20 and 30 are referred to as the mea 40 . an anode diffusion layer 50 is arranged in facing contact with the anode catalyst layer 20 , while a cathode diffusion layer 60 is arranged in facing contact with the cathode catalyst layer 30 . each of diffusion layers 50 and 60 are made with a generally porous construction to facilitate the passage of gaseous reactants to the catalyst layers 20 and 30 . collectively , anode catalyst layer 20 and cathode catalyst layer 30 are referred to as electrodes , and can be formed as separate distinct layers as shown , or in the alternate ( as mentioned above ), as embedded at least partially in diffusion layers 50 or 60 respectively , as well as embedded partially in opposite faces of the proton exchange membrane 10 . in one form , a plastic frame in the form of a sub - gasket 45 may also be included to protect the edge of the mea 40 . this sub - gasket 45 is often used to extend the separation of gases and electrons between the catalyst layers 20 and 30 to the edge of mea 40 , and is often placed where the elastomeric seal comes into contact with the mea 40 . this helps reduce overboard leaks of gases and coolant , as well as inter - mixing of gases and coolant at the manifold region . in some cases , an elastomeric seal can be attached or directly formed onto the sub gasket 45 as part or extension of the mea 40 ; either variant is deemed to be within the scope of the present invention . in addition to providing a substantially porous flowpath for reactant gases to reach the appropriate side of the proton exchange membrane 10 , the diffusion layers 50 and 60 provide electrical contact between the electrode catalyst layers 20 , 30 and a bipolar plate 70 that in turn acts as a current collector . moreover , by its generally porous nature , the diffusion layers 50 and 60 also form a conduit for removal of product gases generated at the catalyst layers 20 , 30 . furthermore , the cathode diffusion layer 60 generates significant quantities of water vapor in the cathode diffusion layer . such feature is important for helping to keep the proton exchange membrane 10 hydrated . water permeation in the diffusion layers can be adjusted through the introduction of small quantities of polytetrafluoroethylene ( ptfe ) or related material . although shown notionally as having a thick - walled attributes , bipolar plates 70 preferably employ sheet - like or foil - like structure ( as will be shown and described in more detail below ); as such , fig1 should not be used to infer the relative thickness between the channels 72 and the plate structure that gives definition to such channels . moreover , the generally serpentine flowpath patterns of channels 72 ( which are shown in greater detail in fig2 ) are understood to be exemplary . as such , other patterns that may be optimized for performance of a particular fuel cell configuration are also within the scope of the present disclosure . furthermore , although bipolar plate 70 is shown ( for stylized purposes ) defining purely rectangular reactant gas flow channels 72 and structure 74 , it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that a more accurate ( and preferable ) embodiment will be shown below , where generally serpentine - shaped channels 72 ( along with their respective generally planar apexes that correspond to the lands 74 b ) are formed . as shown , simplified opposing surfaces 70 a and 70 b of a pair of bipolar plates 70 are provided to separate each mea 40 and accompanying diffusion layers 50 , 60 from adjacent meas and layers ( neither of which are shown ) in a stack . one plate 70 a engages the anode diffusion layer 50 while a second plate 70 b engages the cathode diffusion layer 60 . each plate 70 a and 70 b ( which upon assembly as a unitary whole would make up the bipolar plate 70 ) defines numerous reactant gas flow channels 72 along a respective plate face . three - dimensional ( i . e ., out - of - plane ) structure 74 is made up of walls 74 a and lands 74 b that separate adjacent sections of the reactant gas flow channels 72 by projecting toward and making direct contact with the respective diffusion layers 50 , 60 . in operation , a first gaseous reactant , such as h 2 , is delivered to the anode 20 side of the mea 40 through the channels 72 from plate 70 a , while a second gaseous reactant , such as o 2 ( typically in the form of air ) is delivered to the cathode 30 side of the mea 40 through the channels 72 from plate 70 b . catalytic reactions occur at the anode 20 and the cathode 30 respectively , producing respective protons at the anode 20 that migrate through the proton exchange membrane 10 and electrons at the cathode 30 that result in an electric current that may be transmitted through the diffusion layers 50 and 60 and bipolar plate 70 by virtue of contact between the lands 74 b and the layers 50 and 60 . in a manner generally similar to the shown reactant - conveying channels , related channels ( not shown ) may be used to convey coolant to help control temperatures produced by the fuel cell 1 . such plates may be formed on separate surfaces ( for example , on the respective top and bottom surfaces ) of the first and second plates 70 a and 70 b likewise , the plates 70 a , 70 b may be formed of multiple built - up sheets ( such as by the lamination of thinner stacked layers or the like ); this may help facilitate the formation of a substantially enclosed volume within the seals , as will be discussed in more detail below . regardless of the construction , such plate varieties ( whether coolant - carrying or other fluid - carrying ) are understood within the present context to otherwise include comparable features as their reactant - conveying plate counterparts ; as such , structural details associated with the surface - defining features are deemed to be comparable . furthermore , those skilled in the art will recognize that the channel sealing design that is described in the present invention is also applicable to non - fuel cell applications where a coolant flow is shunted through the back of a formed geometric sealing surface . referring next to fig2 , the bipolar plate 70 of fig1 is shown in more detail . in particular , the plate 70 includes both an active area 70 act and a manifold area 70 m , where the former establishes a planar facing relationship with the electrochemically active area that corresponds to the mea 40 and diffusion layers 50 and 60 and the latter corresponds an edge ( as shown ) or peripheral ( not shown ) area where apertures formed through the plate 70 may act as conduit for the delivery and removal of the reactants , coolant or byproducts to ( or from ) the stacked fuel cells . as can be seen from the exploded view of fig1 , these two plates 70 a , 70 b may be used to form a sandwich - like structure with the mea 40 and anode and cathode diffusion layers 50 , 60 and then repeated as often as necessary to form a fuel cell stack ( not shown ). in one form , one or both of the anode plate 70 a and cathode plate 70 b are made from a corrosion - resistant material ( such as 304 ss or the like ). the generally serpentine gas flow channels 72 form a tortuous path from near one edge e 1 that is adjacent one manifold area 70 m of the bipolar plate 70 to near the opposite edge e 2 that is adjacent the opposing manifold area 70 m . as can be seen in fig2 , the reactant ( in the case of a plate 70 placed in facing relationship with the mea 40 ) or coolant ( in the case of a plate 70 placed in facing relationship with the back of another plate 70 where coolant channels are formed ) is supplied to channels 72 from a series of repeating gates or grooves that form a header 70 h that lies between the active area 70 act and the manifold area 70 m of one ( for example , supply ) edge e 1 ; a similar configuration is present on the opposite ( for example , exhaust ) edge e 2 . in an alternate embodiment ( not shown ), the supply and exhaust manifold areas can lie adjacent the same edge ( i . e ., either e 1 or e 2 ) of the bipolar plate 70 . in situations where the bipolar plate 70 is made from a formable material ( such as the aforementioned stainless steel ) the various surface features ( including the grooves , channels or the like ) may be stamped or otherwise formed through well - known techniques . arrow a shows the general flow direction of the reactant or coolant from the inlet of the leftmost manifold area 70 m , through the active area 70 act and into the rightmost manifold area 70 m . in this way , there is a dedicated and direct fluid communication established between both an inlet formed in the leftmost manifold area 70 m and an outlet in the rightmost manifold area 70 m through the respective gas flow channels 72 ( whether coolant or reactant ) that make up the active area 70 act . in the present context , the stacking axis of the fuel cell 1 may be along a substantially vertical ( i . e ., z ) cartesean axis so that the majority of the surface of each of the bipolar plates 70 is in the x - y plane . regardless , it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the particular orientation of the cells 1 , plates 70 and stack isn &# 39 ; t critical , but rather provides a convenient way to visualize the landscape that is formed on the surfaces of the plates 70 . referring next to fig3 in conjunction with fig2 , one or more seals ( i . e ., mbs ) 70 s are formed into the fluid - engaging surface of the bipolar plate 70 . as with the grooves , channels and other features mentioned above , the seals 70 s may be formed by stamping or other forming operations , and are shaped to provide fluidly - isolatable regions around the various inlets , outlets and serpentine channels that make up the various regions that are formed over the surface of the plate 70 . in one preferred form , seal 70 s defines a trough - like internal volume 70 v with a semicircular cross - sectional profile ) that is about 2 . 8 mm wide and about 1 . 3 mm deep , although other shapes and sizes may be used , depending on the sealing needs of the bipolar plate 70 . as mentioned above , in one form , the bipolar plate 70 may be made from a laminated stack 71 of thin sheets . as will be discussed in more detail below , the present invention avoids the problem of shunted leakage fluid 70 l ( shown by the arrows at the top and bottom of fig2 ) by blocking the volume 70 v with a filler material . the seals 70 s generally form peripheral racetrack - like features that project out of the xy plane of the plate 70 fluid - engaging surface along the z - axis to give the plate 70 slightly three - dimensional attributes ; when facingly - adjacent plates 70 are stacked relative to one another , the seals 70 s come into contact with one another to provide enhanced resistance to coolant or reactant leakage across their boundary . in a similar fashion , the generally planar lower surface on an adjacently - placed plate 70 ( not shown ) may also be made to contact the top of seal 70 s that projects along the z - axis to produce a comparable contact ; either contact variant is deemed to be within the scope of the present invention . additionally , a microseal 90 may be formed along part of all of the length of seal 70 s . in the version shown , an intersection 70 i is formed lateral ( i . e ., along the y - axis ) relative to seals 70 s at one or more locations along the axial length of the seals 70 s . in the embodiment shown , the intersection 70 i defines a side - branching t - shape , while the contiguous nature of its internal cavity and that of the volume 70 v helps ensure that the material — upon curing into a plug 80 — will have a shape or related geometric feature to promote its secure anchoring within the combined volume 70 v to further reduce the tendency of the plug 80 to move axially in response to impingement by the pressurized reactant , coolant or other fluid agent .. in one form , the intersection 70 i may define an integral part of seal 70 s , while its open cavity - like structure helps ensure a continuity with the volume 70 v formed along the axial dimension of the seal 70 s . in this way , intersection 70 i forms a separate , dead - ended branch that accepts a continuous mass of fluent material that makes up the plug 80 . although shown presently as having a substantially perpendicular intersection such that a t - shaped connection is formed , the joining angle between seal 70 s and intersection 70 i may be varied , and all such forms are deemed to be within the scope of the present invention . the intersection 70 i is constructed such to avoid interference with the sealing functionality of the seal 70 s geometry . for example , the z - axis of the intersection 70 i is preferably no more than , and even more particularly less than the adjacent seal 70 s . in addition , intersection 70 i is preferably placed in non - sensitive portion of the perimeter of seal 70 s ; this is best depicted in fig2 , where the intersection 70 i is situated near the middle of a long linear portion of the channel formed by seal 70 s , and away the more sensitive manifolds 70 m . of course , in the event that an injection site other the “ t - shaped ” injection site shown is not used , a curved section may be needed to help anchor the plug within the desired position within seal 70 s . with regard to such a configuration ( not shown ) where the intersection 70 i is removed altogether , a direct injection site ( via , for example , an aperture similar to aperture 70 o but instead placed in the x - y into the side of seal 70 s ) is formed . even though there is technically no interference between the inner wall of seal 70 s and the plug 80 , when the elastomer is injected into the 70 s , it would instead form a line - to - line fit . depending upon the material , it could even contract during the curing process . regardless , the geometric variation would occur along the axis of the flow passage ( i . e ., the x - axis direction as shown in fig3 ). however , when the stack is assembled and is placed under compression , the compressive force would deform the 70 s in the z - axis direction , which would have the effect of putting the plug 80 into a compressed state ; such compression could help anchor the plug , even in configurations where the aforementioned “ t - shaped ” geometry of intersection 70 i is used . as such , the fit between the inner walls defined by volume 70 v is sufficient to anchor the plug 80 . moreover , this may be augmented by using a precursor material that has a suitably high coefficient of friction such that anchoring contact between the plug 80 and such inner walls is further enhanced . thus , and regardless of whether a side - branching intersection 70 i is included , the present inventor has determined that the friction between the plug 80 and inner wall of volume 70 v is adequate to anchor the plug 80 in place as a way to resist movement under any leakage - imposed load . as such , versions with or without shape - specific anchoring features are deemed to be within the scope of the present invention . the plug 80 is preferably made from an injectable , elastic , compliant material ( such as the aforementioned silicone , elastomer , polymer or the like ) that can be cured once injected . in addition to having a suitably high coefficient of friction , other desirable properties of the precursor material preferably include corrosion resistance , contamination avoidance , stiffness properties ( durometer ) as a function of the amount of mechanical deformation imparted during stack compression ,. and sufficient bonding with the metal surfaces of the internal volume of the bead channels that make up seals 70 s to promote plug formation upon curing . significantly , the presence of the plug 80 promotes a blocking action within the volume 70 v such that it changes the so - called “ path of least resistance ” away from the seals 70 s that could otherwise exist . in particular , the presence of the plug 80 within the volume 70 v formed by seal 70 s helps to reduce the tendency of the racetrack - like flowpath or channel that is defined by volume 70 v to permit coolant or reactant flow to shunt ( i . e ., bypass ) around the active region 70 act . during the plug - forming operation , a sufficient quantity of the fluent sealant material would be injected to cause it to flow into the volume 70 v and occupy a significant entirety of the cross - sectional area defined within the seal 70 s such that it prevents ( depending on which channels 72 within the bipolar plates 70 are being utilized ) reactant or coolant that has entered the seal 70 s from traveling along the axial length of seal 70 s beyond where the plug 80 is placed . although preferably made from a relatively compliant material , plug 80 may change the stiffness of the seal 70 s ; this may become a larger factor in configurations where the plug 80 is only injected over a short section of the seal 70 s , where it can cause localized changes in stiffness and sealing properties that may not be present in configurations where the plug 80 is injected over the entire length of the seal 70 s . in such circumstances , proper selection of the precursor material properties is beneficial in that a property ( such as the durometer value for stiffness or hardness ) is properly matched to the requirements of the seal 70 s . thus , along differing places within the volume 70 v , the plug may be made up of differing material hardness values . in other embodiments ( not shown ) the geometry and sealing requirements for the seal 70 s will vary over the surface of the bi - polar plate 70 . in yet another embodiment , multiple different precursor materials may be injected in various locations ( such as through various apertures 70 o spread along the length or periphery of the seal 70 s ; in this way , the seal 70 s and its sealing properties may be “ tuned ” in accordance with the bi - polar plate 70 geometry and material stiffness requirements at various positions around the plate 70 . for example , the large seals seal 70 s around the manifold area 70 m may require different seal properties than the long passages along the active area 70 act . as mentioned above , an aperture ( i . e ., opening ) 70 o is formed through either the intersection 70 i ( as shown ) or a sidewall defined in seal 70 s to define a port for injecting the precursor material that will become the channel plug 80 ; it also serves the additional functions of providing an access point to verify that the channel plug was created during the manufacturing process , as well as serving as a manufacturing locator to aid plate assembly and aligned stacking . this promotes ease of subsequent inspection activities ( either visually , or by an automated detector coupled to a suitable computer or related controller ). as additionally mentioned above , the plug 80 employs suitable material properties ( such as mechanical strength , corrosion resistance , curing time or the like ) commensurate with its intended function without interfering with the cell - to - cell seal 70 s functional requirements related to compressibility , electrical conductivity or the like . in a preferred form , the fluent precursor material is injected via aperture 70 o to fill both the t - shaped intersection 70 i and at least an adjacent portion of the main channel or volume of seal 70 s , thereby creating the desired anchoring and consequent blockage of the channel to leakage fluid flow . as mentioned above , the nature of such anchoring is secure enough ( regardless of whether the additional anchoring due to the presence of additional contiguous material in the intersection 70 i is present ) to reduce the tendency of plug 80 to move under an axial fluid load that arises out of leakage into the channel ( such as that of leaked coolant , reactant or the like ). as mentioned above , in the configuration depicted in the figure , only the region immediately adjacent the aperture 70 o where the material is introduced to the volume 70 v need be used to achieve the desired blocking effect without the cost or complexity associated with completely filling the volume 70 v over the entire flowpath length of seal 70 s . although not shown , one particular application for a system based on a stack of pem fuel cells 1 could be an automobile or related vehicle . within the present context , it will be appreciated that the term “ vehicle ” may apply to car , truck , van , sport utility vehicle ( suv ) or other such automotive forms such as buses , aircraft , watercraft , spacecraft and motorcycles ; all are deemed to be made cooperative with the present invention for the purposes of generating propulsive or motive power . it is noted that terms like “ preferably ”, “ generally ” and “ typically ” are not utilized herein to limit the scope of the claimed invention or to imply that certain features are critical , essential , or even important to the structure or function of the claimed invention . rather , these terms are merely intended to highlight alternative or additional features that may or may not be utilized in a particular embodiment of the present invention . in the present context , the terms relating to the channels , flowpaths and other coolant - conveying or reactant - conveying features formed into or on the fluid - engaging surfaces of the bipolar plates 70 are interchangeably referred to in the singular or the plural . while the distinction between whether such refers to an individual channel or flowpath of a group of them aligned along a generally parallel flowpath is not critical to the seals 70 s of the present invention ; as such , any particular identification of one over the other will be apparent from the context , and either are deemed to be within the scope of the present invention . for the purposes of describing and defining the present invention , it is noted that the terms “ substantially ” and “ approximately ” and their variants are utilized herein to represent the inherent degree of uncertainty that may be attributed to any quantitative comparison , value , measurement or other representation . the term “ substantially ” is also utilized herein to represent the degree by which a quantitative representation may vary from a stated reference without resulting in a change in the basic function of the subject matter at issue . having described the invention in detail and by reference to specific embodiments , it will nonetheless be apparent that modifications and variations are possible without departing from the scope of the invention defined in the appended claims . in particular it is contemplated that the scope of the present invention is not necessarily limited to stated preferred aspects and exemplified embodiments , but should be governed by the appended claims .	7
the organic polymers which may be used in the present invention include natural rubber , synthetic rubbery polymers and synthetic thermoplastic polymers which polymers are soluble in organic solvents . suitable synthetic rubbery polymers include polymers of c 4 - c 6 conjugated diolefins such as polybutadiene and polyisoprene , polymers comprising a major proportion of isobutylene such as isobutylene - isoprene polymers and the chlorinated and brominated isobutylene - isoprene polymers , polymers comprising a c 4 - c 6 conjugated diolefin and a c 8 - c 10 vinyl or vinylidene aromatic compound such as styrene - butadiene polymers , styrene - isoprene polymers , α - methylsytrene - butadiene polymers and vinyl toluene - butadiene polymers , polymers comprising a c 4 - c 6 conjugated diolefin and a vinyl substituted nitrile compound such as butadiene - acrylonitrile polymers , butadiene - methacrylonitrile polymers , and isoprene - acrylonitrile polymers , polymers such as hydrogenated butadiene - acrylonitrile polymers and polymers comprising ethylene , a c 3 - c 6 α - olefin and optionally a non - conjugated diene such as ethylene - propylene polymers , ethylene - propylene - non - conjugated diene polymers and chlorinated ethylene - propylene - non - conjugated diene polymers . suitable synthetic thermoplastic polymers include polymethyl methacrylate and polymers comprising a major proportion of a c 8 - c 10 vinyl or vinylidene aromatic compound such as polystyrene , polyalphamethylstyrene and polyparamethylstyrene . such polymers are generally solid materials and , in the case of the synthetic rubbery polymers , have high molecular weights as represented by the mooney viscosity which may be ( ml 1 + 4 or ml 1 + 8 at 100 ° c . or 125 ° c .) from about 30 to about 90 . suitable organic solvents for use in the present invention are those in which the organic polymer is soluble at temperatures below about 80 ° to 90 ° c . and which are essentially immiscible with water . thus , suitable organic solvents include the c 5 to c 8 alkanes , such as pentane and hexane , benzene and the alkyl benzenes , cyclic hydrocarbons such as cyclopentane and cyclohexane and mixtures of the aforesaid , all of which are suitable for use with the predominantly hydrocarbon - containing organic polymers , and include polar or halogenated solvents such as methyl ethyl ketone , cyclohexanone and trichlorethane , and other solvents well known in the art . the polymer is dissolved in the organic solvent by conventional means , the concentration of polymer may be from about 2 to about 20 weight percent . the fibrous material which may be used in the present invention includes fibres of inorganic and organic materials . suitable fibres of inorganic materials include glass fibres , asbestos and mineral wool . suitable fibres of organic materials include polypropylene , nylon , polyester , cellulose , cellulose acetate , cotton , jute , aromatic polyamides , polymeric paraphenylene terephthalamide also known as aramid , polyacrylonitrile and the like . such fibres are generally available and may be used as obtained . the aramid fibres may be obtained in the form of wet pulp and contain 40 - 60 % of water and may be used as obtained . the fibrous material is preferably in the form of short , e . g . less than about 5 mm long , fibre which may or may not be fibrillated . the fibrous material is dispersed in water by addition under conditions of intense mixing . the dispersion needs to be agitated to maintain it as a dispersion before being added to the agitated solution of the polymer . the amount of fibrous material present in the dispersion is not critical and may be from about 0 . 2 to about 5 weight percent . optionally , a small amount of a known emulsifier may be added to the dispersion of fibrous material in water . the polymer solution is placed in a suitable container equipped with an agitator and at a temperature of from about 20 ° up to about 50 ° c ., the agitator turned on and the aqueous dispersion of fibrous material is added to the agitated polymer solution and agitation continued for a time sufficient that a major proportion of the fibrous material transfers from the aqueous phase to the organic solvent phase . it is most unexpected that the fibrous material should transfer from the aqueous phase to the organic solvent phase . if water is immiscible with or not extensively soluble in the organic solvent , the water will separate from the organic solvent if agitation is stopped and may be separated from the mixture , in part or essentially completely . such separation is not necessary in the process of the present invention . the mixture of polymer and fibrous material is coagulated by contacting the mixture with steam and / or hot water , thereby causing the vaporization of the organic solvent . such coagulation is well known in the art . the coagulated polymer - fibrous material is separated from the aqueous phase , recovered and dried by conventional means . the quantity of fibrous material in the polymer may be from about 1 to about 50 , preferably from about 1 to about 20 , parts by weight of fibrous material per 100 parts by weight of polymer . the polymer - fibrous material may be used in general applications for the polymer and especially where improved physical characteristics are required -- the presence of the fibrous material in the polymer generally leads to an increase in one or more of the young &# 39 ; s modulus , hardness and stiffness for that polymer . where the polymer is a thermoplastic polymer , it will generally be used without further treatment . where the polymer is a rubbery polymer , it will generally be compounded and vulcanized , in the manner well known for such polymers . such compounding will generally include the addition of other reinforcing agents such as carbon black , plasticizers , tackifiers , stabilizers and cure active agents and the compounded polymer will be vulcanized in the conventional manner such as by heating at elevated temperatures . in the following examples , all parts are parts by weight unless otherwise expressed . a polymer solution was prepared by dissolving about 49 . 6 g of bromobutyl rubber in about 260 g of hexane . this solution was heated to a temperature of about 38 ° c . and transferred to a 1 l container equipped with a mechanical agitator . the bromobutyl was a brominated isobutylene - isoprene polymer containing about 2 weight percent of bromine , about 1 . 5 weight percent of isoprene and the balance isobutylene . it had a mooney ( ml 1 + 4 at 125 ° c .) of about 50 . a dispersion of aramid fibre in water was prepared . the aramid fibre was kevlar ® fibre as a wet pulp having an average length of about 4 mm ( merge number 6f 205 ) canadian standard freeness of 450 to 575 and bet surface area of about 10 m 2 / g , and contained about 60 weight percent of water . 1 . 2 g of fibre ( dry weight ) was added to 300 ml of water contained in a high speed mixer and the contents were mixed for about 1 minute at high speed . the aqueous fibre dispersion was slowly added to the agitated polymer solution . as the fibre dispersion was added the fibre transferred from the aqueous phase to the polymer solution phase . on completion of the addition of the aqueous fibre dispersion agitation was continued for a further time of about 1 minute and then stopped . the mixture contained an aqueous layer and a polymer solution layer , the aqueous layer being essentially equal to the volume of water added and being essentially free of fibre . the polymer solution layer was separated and coagulated by addition to a container equipped with an agitator and containing water at about 100 ° c . to which steam was also added . the coagulated polymer - fibre mixture was separated from the water phase , recovered and dried . examination of the dry polymer - fibre mixture showed the fibre to be evenly dispersed throughout the polymer . a solution of cis - 1 , 4 - polybutadiene in benzene was prepared containing about 45 g of polybutadiene as a 10 . 2 weight percent solution . an aqueous dispersion of the aramid fibre of example 1 in water , containing 2 . 25 g of fibre ( dry weight ) in 300 ml of water , as described in example 1 . the fibre dispersion was added to the polymer solution at a temperature of about 25 ° c ., as in example 1 . the fibre transferred to the polymer solution . on completion of the addition , only about 50 % of the added water separated from the mixture . the polymer solution was coagulated , separated and dried as in example 1 and yielded a polymer - fibre mixture having a uniform dispersion of the fibre throughout the polymer . example 2 was repeated with the exception that cyclohexane was used in place of benzene to prepare the polymer solution . the recovered polymer - fibre mixture had a uniform dispersion of the fibre throughout the polymer . example 2 was repeated except that the polymer used was epdm and the solvent was hexane . the epdm contained about 60 weight percent of ethylene and about 4 weight percent of ethylidene norbornene and had a mooney viscosity ( ml 1 + 8 at 100 ° c .) of about 30 . the recovered polymer - fibre mixture had a uniform dispersion of the fibre throughout the polymer . 80 g of crystal polystyrene was dissolved in about 350 g of benzene . an aqueous dispersion of the aramid fibre in 400 ml of water was added to the polystyrene solution , as described in example 2 . the fibre transferred from the aqueous phase to the polymer solution . the polymer - fibre mixture was coagulated , recovered and dried as in example 1 and the polymer - fibre mixture was found to contain a uniform dispersion of the fibre . 40 g of a butadiene - acrylonitrile polymer containing about 34 weight percent of acrylonitrile and having a mooney viscosity ( ml 1 + 4 at 100 ° c .) of about 50 was dissolved in 450 ml of methylethylketone . an aqueous dispersion of the aramid fibre was added to the polymer solution , coagulated and the polymer - fibre mixture recovered as in example 1 . the polymer - fibre mixture was found to contain a uniform dispersion of the fibre . the polymer solution was a bromobutyl polymer dissolved in hexane and contained about 11 . 6 weight percent bromobutyl . the fibre dispersions were prepared and added to the polymer solution and the polymer was coagulated , recovered and dried as in example 1 . the fibres used were : the polymer - fibre mixtures of examples 1 , 3 , 4 and 6 were compounded , vulcanized and tested . for the mixture of example 1 , the compounding recipe was 100 parts by weight of bromobutyl rubber ( additionally containing about 2 . 4 parts of fibre ), 50 parts of carbon black , 3 parts of zinc oxide , 1 part of stearic acid , 1 part of tetramethylthiuram disulphide and 1 . 75 parts of sulphur ; the compound was sheeted out and vulcanized by heating for 3 . 5 minutes at 160 ° c . for the mixture of example 3 , the compounding recipe was 100 parts by weight of polybutadiene ( additionally containing about 5 parts of fibre ), 60 parts of carbon black , 15 parts of naphthenic oil , 3 parts of zinc oxide , 2 parts of stearic acid , 0 . 9 parts of n - tert - butyl - 2 - benzothiazole sulphenamide and 1 . 5 parts of sulphur ; the compound was sheeted out and vulcanized by heating for 9 minutes at 160 ° c . for the mixture of example 4 , the compounding recipe was 100 parts by weight of epdm ( additionally containing about 5 parts of fibre ), 50 parts of carbon black , 10 parts of naphthenic oil , 5 parts of zinc oxide , 1 part of stearic acid , 0 . 5 parts of mercaptobenzothiazole , 1 part of tetramethylthiuram disulphide and 1 . 5 parts of sulphur ; the compound was sheeted out and vulcanized by heating for 10 minutes at 160 ° c . for the mixture of example 6 , the compounding recipe was 100 parts by weight of butadiene - acrylonitrile polymer ( additionally containing about 5 parts of fibre ), 50 parts of carbon black , 5 parts of di - octyl phthalate , 3 parts of zinc oxide , 1 part of stearic acid , 1 . 75 parts of sulphur , 1 . 5 parts of benzothiazyl disulphide and 0 . 5 parts of tetramethylthiuram disulphide ; the compound was sheeted out and vulcanized by heating for 4 minutes at 160 ° c . the vulcanizate properties are given in table 1 together with properties for controls which contained no fibre , from which it is clear that the properties of the vulcanizates were improved when the fibre was present . table 1__________________________________________________________________________sample identification ex . 1 control ex . 3 control ex . 4 control ex . 6 control__________________________________________________________________________100 % modulus ( mpa ) 3 . 4 1 . 3 6 . 3 1 . 4 7 . 2 3 . 0 12 . 2 3 . 0300 % modulus ( mpa ) 10 . 3 8 . 6 11 . 8 9 . 1 14 . 0 12 . 9 15 . 8 14 . 5tensile strength ( mpa ) 13 . 9 19 . 8 14 . 3 15 . 5 20 . 1 17 . 6 -- 20 . 7elongation (%) 400 560 340 420 380 370 290 450young &# 39 ; s modulus ( mpa ) 5 . 4 5 . 4 5 . 7 3 . 3 16 . 8 8 . 7 9 . 1 4 . 0__________________________________________________________________________	2
the invention is explained hereinbelow with reference to the drawings , which depict four stages of operation of a preferred embodiment of the mixing apparatus according to the present invention . the angular mixing head 1 shown in fig1 to 4 includes a mixing cylinder 2 , in which a first control and cleaning piston 3 is reciprocatingly mounted between an extended cleaning position and a retracted injection position . the hydraulic drive of the piston 3 ( which causes the piston to reciprocate within chamber 4 ) is indicated schematically by the double arrow 31 . within the mixing cylinder 2 , the space in front of the frontal surface of the piston 3 defines a mixing chamber 4 , into which the opposing injection orifices 21 and 22 for two reactive components , for example isocyanate and polyol , open . as these orifices are located not in the plane of the drawing of fig1 to 4 , but perpendicularly to it , the injection orifices 21 , 22 are indicated by arrows only . recirculation means 23 and 24 are provided in the mixing cylinder 2 together with the injection orifices 21 and 22 . as seen in the drawing , the positioning of the front edge of the piston 3 controls the opposing , high pressure injection of the two reactive components through the injection orifices 21 , 22 . as the piston 3 moves forward from its position shown in fig1 to the position shown in fig2 the injection orifices 21 , 22 are closed off , corresponding to the completion of a &# 34 ; shot &# 34 ;. simultaneously , the piston 3 connects by means of longitudinal grooves 32 ( of which only one is shown in the figures since the radially opposite groove is hidden ) the injection orifice 21 with the recirculation means 23 and the injection orifice 22 with the recirculation means 24 . however , the conducting of the recirculation phase by means of longitudinal recirculation grooves 32 is not absolutely necessary ( as other means are known ), although it represents the most advantageous method of avoiding the presence of residues of the hardened reaction mixture in the mixing head 1 . a discharge tube 5 communicates with the mixing cylinder 2 , the cross - section and length of which is preferably greater than the cross - section and the maximum length of the mixing chamber 4 ( resulting in a greater volume ), so that the turbulent component mixture passing at a high velocity from the mixing chamber 4 into the quieting chamber 7 may &# 34 ; quiet down &# 34 ; or become less turbulent and enter the mold cavity 9 of the casting mold 8 adjacent the discharge tube 5 in the form of a laminar jet . the discharge tube 5 preferably extends with its longitudinal axis at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the mixing chamber 4 , which is the origin of the designation of an &# 34 ; angular mixing head &# 34 ; for the mixing apparatus shown in fig1 to 4 . as the flow of the mixture is deflected 90 ° by the discharge tube 5 , the designation of the mixing apparatus according to fig1 to 4 as a &# 34 ; deflecting mixing head &# 34 ; is appropriate . within the cylindrical discharge tube 5 a second control and cleaning piston 6 is reciprocatingly positioned , with the hydraulic drive means again indicated schematically only by the double arrow 61 . the piston 6 defines an expansion or discharge chamber 7 , which communicates by means of a throttling gap 7a with the mixing chamber 4 . the throttling gap 7a is formed by the leading portion of piston 6 in the position shown in fig2 which partially restricts the size of the discharge opening of the mixing chamber 4 . the angular mixing head 1 described to this point is generally known . according to the present invention , a slide means 10 is provided at the opening of the discharge tube 5 , which slide means is connected with hydraulic drive means identified by the double arrow 101 . the positions of the slide 10 associated with the different operating modes of the angular mixing head 1 are shown in fig1 to 4 , in relation to the relative positions of the pistons 3 and 6 . fig1 shows the first operating mode ; i . e ., the initial mixing mode . in this mode , the position of the piston 3 permits injection of the reactive component via the injection orifices 21 , 22 . the piston 6 is in the throttling position relative to the opening of the mixing chamber 4 . the sealing slide means 10 controlled synchronously with the piston 3 is in its retracted position , wherein it permits the discharge tube 5 to be completely open . this position of the pistons 3 , 6 and the slide means 10 represents the initial position for the first &# 34 ; shot &# 34 ;. during the first &# 34 ; shot &# 34 ; the chambers 4 and 7 are filled with air . after the injection of the reactive components , the piston 3 and the slide 10 are moved into the closed positions depicted at fig2 in which the piston 3 is positioned with its front edge coextensive with the discharge opening of the mixing chamber 4 thereby completely discharging the residual reaction mixture from the mixing chamber 4 ; i . e ., cleaning the mixing chamber 4 . the slide means 10 completely closes the opening of the discharge tube 5 . as seen in fig2 in this second operating mode , the closed position , the mixture produced during the first &# 34 ; shot &# 34 ; is contained or retained in chamber 7 , the mixture having displaced the column of air previously located in the chambers 4 and 7 . the discharge opening of the discharge chamber remains at least partially open during the first injection mixing sequence to permit air present in the discharge chamber to be displaced by the resulting reaction mixture . however , movement of the slide is synchronized to coincide with the arrival of the first shot to retain the shot in the discharge chamber . during the return stroke of the piston 3 ( while the throttling position of the piston 6 remains unchanged ) the piston 3 and the slide 10 again assume the position shown in fig1 whereupon the next &# 34 ; shot &# 34 ; is carried out . the reaction mixture formed in this subsequent shot , because of the filling of the chamber 7 with the mixture from the preceding &# 34 ; shot &# 34 ;, encounters not air but a quieted mixture , so that the inclusion of air in the reaction mixture that would occur otherwise is completely avoided . the expanding mixture of the second &# 34 ; shot &# 34 ; drives the mixture of the first &# 34 ; shot &# 34 ; which preceded it from the discharge chamber and into the cavity 9 of the mold , whereby as the result of the movement of the slide means 10 the discharge tube 5 is again completely blocked when the mixture of the second &# 34 ; shot &# 34 ; has arrived at the opening of the discharge tube 5 . the filling of the mold cavity 9 thus initially takes place not synchronized with each &# 34 ; shot &# 34 ;, but time delayed by the interval between two successive &# 34 ; shots &# 34 ;. once the initial sequence of filling the discharge chamber occurs , subsequent shots and the movement of the slide are synchronized so that each successive shot displaces the preceding shot from the discharge chamber , with the slide movement resulting in the displacement of the prior shot from the discharge chamber into the mold and the retention of the subsequent shot in the discharge chamber . to clean the discharge tube 5 at the end of an operating cycle of the reaction mixture , in the third or cleaning mode shown in fig4 the piston 6 is moved from its throttling position according to fig1 and 2 in the downward direction , so that its front edge aligns with the discharge opening of the discharge tube 5 . in this position , the piston 3 is also in its cleaning position , while the slide means 10 is retracted and removed from the opening of the discharge tube 5 . fig3 shows a further mode of operation , in which the slide means 10 remains in its throttling position , together with the piston 6 , while only the piston 3 reciprocates . in this embodiment , the slide means 10 defines a second throttle 7b which supplements the effect of the throttle 7a , thereby enabling an effective mixing of the reaction mixture to occur such as required , for example , in the processing of color loaded components in order to obtain a uniform coloration of the injection molded part . the invention is not restricted to the application of angular mixing heads shown in fig1 to 4 , but may also be used in the case of so - called straight line mixing heads in which the discharge tube extends along the same axis as the mixing chamber . the discharge chamber is cleaned in such straight line mixing heads by the action of the mixing chamber piston which performs a corresponding cleaning stroke to the opening of the discharge tube . another advantage of the present invention , in addition to the aforementioned avoidance of air inclusions particularly during the &# 34 ; start - up &# 34 ; of he mixing head is that no material can exit from the discharge chamber after the completion of the shot , which in the case of molding on round table installations with circularly distributed and continuously moving molds is important . in particular , during the production of shoe soles the avoidance of air inclusions , primarily in the frontal range of the injection jet , is highly advantageous , as this injection jet forms the outer edges of the shoe sole where air inclusions are particularly noticeable , thereby forcing a reworking of the outer edges .	1
fig1 is a microscope photograph ( upper left ) of a gan substrate of embodiment 1 , a two - dimensional height distribution diagram ( upper right ) of the gan surface and a one - dimensional height distribution graph ( lower left ) scanning in x - direction of embodiment 1 . embodiment 1 is a 2 inch ( 50 mm ) φ gan wafer . but the microscope photograph shows a tiny rectangular part of 130 μm ( x - direction )× 100 μm ( y - direction ) of the gan wafer . rms150 . 873 nm and ra116 . 572 nm are not overall averages but local averages of rms and ra in the 130 μm × 100 μm square . ideally , rms and ra should be measured on the whole surface but full measurement takes much time . then actual ra , rms measurements are restricted within the narrow region ( 130 μm × 100 μm = 0 . 13 mm × 0 . 1 mm ). the measured rms value ( 150 nm ) is included within the range ( 5 mm to 200 mm ) determined by the present invention . the gan substrate of embodiment 1 was produced by preparing a ( 111 ) gaas single crystal undersubstrate , growing a thick gan layer on the elo method and the facet - maintaining method on the hvpe growth or the moc growth , eliminating the gaas undersubstrate by aqua regia , cutting the gan crystal by a slicer into a plurality of gan wafers . the details of the gan growing method has been described in japanese patent laying open no . 2000 - 12900 , “ gan single crystal substrate and method of producing same ”. thus the description of the production method is omitted now . in the left photograph of fig1 , there are many random hills and valleys , but heights of hills or depths of valleys are unclear . the upper right zigzag line figure of fig1 clearly shows individual local distribution of heights and depths . high hills sharply project at several points . deep valleys abruptly pierce downward at more plentiful points . mountains and holes are mostly isolated . little linear grooves are found . scarce mountain ranges exist . the rugged surface has been made by lapping ( mechanical grinding ). it may be assumed that the mechanical grinding would make many linearly continual scratches . but the fact is otherwise . lapping makes many linear wounds in various directions by microscopic edges on the surface . thus grooves are separated into individual isolated deep holes . random direction cutting prevents continual grooves from surviving . the same reason denies making continual mountain ranges . mountains and valleys are asymmetric . mountains are rather akin to quasi - uniform . valleys are deep and localized . the down left figure of fig1 denotes a linear section cut along a line of y = constant . the dotted line is an average height line ( h = 0 ). heights of mountains over the h = 0 line are smaller . depths of holes under the h = 0 line are larger . some of the holes have a depth of d =− 0 . 35 μm . the rectangular part of 0 . 13 mm × 0 . 10 mm of the left upper photograph has roughness of rms150 nm and ra117 nm . the line part of a 0 . 13 mm length of the left down sectional graph has roughness rms122 nm and ra80 nm which are different from the roughness of the above rectangular part . rms and ra are probability variables . individual values have little meaning . averages of rms , ra within a definite scope obtain meanings . there are various rms and ra along horizontal lines cut at y = constant . averages of all these values are rms150 nm and ra117 nm , which are roughness in the 0 . 13 mm × 0 . 10 mm scope . it is a matter of course that some rms and ra in small partial regions deviate from the rectangle rms and ra . the present invention defines the desired quality of gan substrates by the roughness rms and ra counted upon the whole of the gan substrates . thus roughness should be measured on allover the substrate . but whole measurements of roughness take much time and cost . thus embodiment 1 is represented by the above 0 . 13 mm × 0 . 10 mm rectangular part . as mentioned before , the rate rms / ra takes various values larger than the minimum rms / ra = 1 . 3 . embodiment 1 takes rms / ra = 1 . 3 in the rectangular part and rms / ra = 1 . 5 on the x - line of y = const . plenty of deep isolated holes prevail the lapped surface . the isolated holes are polygonal cones . deep holes mean that the slanting walls of the holes are composed of low miller index facets . low miller index facets form the polygonal slanting walls of the deep holes . the plane index of the surface is ( 0001 ), which means a c - plane . an epitaxially - grown film has also a surface whose normal is parallel to the c - axis . however parts having a c - plane occupy a far small rate on the surface . almost all of the superficial parts are low miller index facets of { 1 - 101 }, { 11 - 21 }, { 10 - 12 } or { 1 - 212 } and so on . the slanting walls of the holes are composed of the { 1 - 101 }, { 11 - 21 }, { 10 - 12 } and { 1 - 212 } facets . crystal growth proceeds in the direction parallel to the normal on facets . dislocations extend with the crystal surface in the direction of the growth . dislocations , which are continual threads extending in the growing crystal , turn toward to boundaries of neighboring facets building the slanting walls . there are six or twelve boundaries in a conical pit which is hexagonal or dodecagonal . dislocations are gathered to the six or twelve boundaries . the dislocations , which are continual threads without vanishing , slide on the slanting boundaries and fall in bottoms of the reverse - conical holes . fallen dislocations make a bundle of threading dislocations at the bottoms . then the bundles of dislocations extend upward at the bottom in the progress of the crystal growth . fig8 shows the behavior of the dislocations in a hole prepared by the lapping process . the shown valley has six facets of low indexes , which is somewhat an idealized pit . the low index , which in particular signifies the low fourth index n of ( hkmn ), means a steep inclining wall . thus the valleys are deep holes with steep walls . the steep walls gather forcibly dislocations into the bottom of the pit holes . the strong inclination facilitates the holes to arrest the dislocations at the bottom . the present invention relies upon such deep valleys having steep slanting walls . the inclination required by the present invention to the facets is far stronger than the localized elo proposed by m , ishida , m . ogawa . k . orita , o . imafuji , m . yuri , t . sugino , k . itoh , “ drastic reduction of threading dislocation in gan regrown on grooved stripe structure ”, journal of crystal growth 221 ( 2000 ) p 345 – 349 . the strong pulling force of the steep inclination gathers dislocations into the bottoms of the holes in the present invention . threading dislocations are gathered and are arrested by the bottoms of valleys . dislocation density in other parts reduces , since dislocations have been swept away to the pit bottoms . thus a film grown epitaxially on the rugged surface substrate has an advantage of low dislocation density . namely the ruggedness of substrates reduces dislocation density of the film epitaxially grown thereupon . a common sense of crystal growth recommends a smooth , mirror flat substrate . this invention , which favors random - ground , rugged substrate , challenges the common sense . the gan film grown epitaxially on the substrate of embodiment 1 has roughness of rms150 nm , which means not very good morphology of the film . morphology allows by the present invention has a lower limit of rms160 nm as shown at point δ of fig7 . the roughness rms150 nm of embodiment 1 satisfies the requirement of morphology rms ≦ 160 nm . the epd ( etch pit density ) of the epitaxial film is epd = 10 8 cm − 2 . the epd is low enough , which satisfies the requirement . the upper limit of the epd has been determined to epdc = 10 9 cm − 2 by the present invention . the roles of holes for gathering dislocations have been described . what role the mountains on the substrate have ? a mountain can be imagined by reversing fig8 upside down . an analogy of the holes , dislocations existing on a mountain would go to boundaries of the mountain and dispersed to edges of the boundaries . then dislocations laying on the mountains would disperse instead of gathering . then the mountains are useless to reduce dislocations . on the contrary , the mountains ( hills ) cancel the function of the holes ( valleys ) and increase dislocation density by dispersing once gathered dislocations . mountains have a malign influence for reducing substantially dislocations . if mountains and holes would be of equilibrium ( mountain density is equal to hole density ), the rugged surface would lose the power to reducing dislocations . thus the present invention requires a plenty of individual separated valleys and few of individual separated mountains . fig1 lower left figure of the x - direction scanning of surface roughness shows a smaller number of isolated mountains and a larger number of isolated holes . such an asymmetric mountain / hole distribution is effective to decreasing dislocations on the films epitaxially grown on the rough substrate . fig2 is a microscope photograph ( upper left ) of a gan substrate of embodiment 2 , a two - dimensional height distribution diagram ( upper right ) of the gan surface and a one - dimensional height distribution graph ( lower left ) scanning in x - direction of embodiment 2 . embodiment 2 is a 2 inch ( 50 mm ) φ gan wafer . the microscope photograph shows a tiny rectangular part of 130 μm ( x - direction )× 100 μm ( y - direction ) of the gan wafer . the roughness of the rectangular part is rms136 . 884 nm and ra103 . 057 nm . the measured rms value ( 137 nm ) is included within the range ( 5 mm to 200 mm ) determined by the present invention . embodiment 2 takes rms / ra = 1 . 3 in the rectangular part . linear roughness measurement along x - direction of y = const shows rms 119 . 749 nm and ra73 . 152 nm . the ratio of roughness parameters is rms / ra = 1 . 6 on the x - line of y = const . method of producing the as - cut gan wafer of embodiment 2 is similar to embodiment 1 . the description of the production method is omitted . a thin gan film has been grown on the rugged substrate of embodiment 2 . morphology of the epitaxial film is not good . the epd is low enough , of 0 . 9 × 10 8 cm − 2 . as shown in fig2 ( two - dimension scanning and one - dimension scanning figures ), the number of holes is large and the area of flat parts are narrow . the holes have big depths with big diameter . all dislocations within a hole are united into a single dislocation bundle . as the number of holes on the substrate increases , the number of epd of the epi - film reduces . the result confirms the surmise of dislocations of the present invention shown in fig8 . fig3 is a microscope photograph ( upper left ) of a gan substrate of embodiment 3 , a two - dimensional height distribution diagram ( upper right ) of the gan surface and a one - dimensional height distribution graph ( lower left ) scanning in x - direction of embodiment 3 . embodiment 3 is a 2 inch ( 50 mm ) φ gan wafer . the microscope photograph shows a small rectangular part of 130 μm ( x - direction )× 100 μm ( y - direction ) of the gan wafer . the roughness of the rectangular part is rms117 . 944 nm and ra53 . 598 nm . the measured rms value ( 137 nm ) is included within the range ( 5 mm to 200 mm ) determined by the present invention . embodiment 3 takes rms / ra = 2 . 2 in the rectangular part . linear roughness measurement along x - direction of y = const shows rms286 . 647 nm and ra204 . 892 nm . the roughness on the x - line is bigger ( about twice ) than the roughness rms and ra on the above rectangle region . this is because the x - line includes extraordinary deep holes which appears at a left nearer region in the right 2 - dimensional figure of fig3 by chance . the ratio of roughness parameters is rms / ra = 1 . 4 on the x - line of y = const . gan film has been grown on the rugged substrate of embodiment 3 . morphology of the epitaxial film is improved . the epd , however , increases to 1 . 5 × 10 8 cm − 2 . as shown in fig3 ( two - dimension scanning and one - dimension scanning figures ), the number of holes is reduced and the area of flat parts is raised . since the number of holes is decreased , the surface loses a part of the power of gathering dislocations and reducing dislocation density . then the epd increases . fig4 is a microscope photograph ( upper left ) of a gan substrate of embodiment 4 , a two - dimensional height distribution diagram ( upper right ) of the gan surface and a one - dimensional height distribution graph ( lower left ) scanning in x - direction of embodiment 4 . embodiment 4 is a 2 inch ( 50 mm ) φ gan wafer . the microscope photograph shows a small rectangular part of 130 μm ( x - direction )× 100 μm ( y - direction ) of the gan wafer . the roughness of the rectangular part is rms23 . 709 nm and ra9 . 494 nm . the measured rms value ( 24 nm ) is included within the range ( 5 mm to 200 mm ) determined by the present invention . embodiment 4 takes rms / ra = 2 . 4 in the rectangular part . linear roughness measurement along x - direction of y = const shows rms48 . 287 nm and ra28 . 141 nm . the roughness on the x - line is bigger ( about twice to three times ) than the roughness rms and ra on the above rectangle region . this is because the x - line includes very extraordinary deep holes (− 1 . 4 ˜− 1 μm depth ), which appears at a middle lower region in the right 2 - dimensional figure of fig4 , by chance . the number of holes deceases . the depth of holes is decreases . the ratio of roughness parameters is rms / ra = 1 . 7 on the x - line of y = const . gan film has been grown on the rugged substrate of embodiment 4 . morphology of the epitaxial film is further improved . the epd , however , still increases to 8 × 10 8 cm − 2 . as shown in fig4 ( two - dimension scanning and one - dimension scanning figures ), the number of holes is reduced and the area of flat parts is raised . since the number of holes is further decreased , the surface loses a part of the power of gathering dislocations and reducing dislocation density . then the epd increases . fig5 is a microscope photograph ( upper left ) of a gan substrate of comparison example 5 , a two - dimensional height distribution diagram ( upper right ) of the gan surface and a one - dimensional height distribution graph ( lower left ) scanning in x - direction of comparison example 5 . attention should be paid that the height scales are different from the preceding embodiments . the height scales are very small in fig5 for clarifying small roughness . comparison example 5 is a 2 inch ( 50 mm ) φ gan wafer . the microscope photograph shows a small rectangular part of 130 μm ( x - direction )× 100 μm ( y - direction ) of the gan wafer . the roughness of the rectangular part is rms2 . 034 nm and ra1 . 610 m . the measured rms value ( 2 nm ) is excluded out of the range ( 5 μm to 200 μm ) determined by the present invention . comparison example takes rms / ra = 1 . 3 in the rectangular part . linear roughness measurement along x - direction of y = const shows rms1 . 694 nm and ra1 . 344 nm . the number of holes deceases . the depth of holes is decreased . neighboring holes are unified . the ratio of roughness parameters is rms / ra = 1 . 3 on the x - line of y = const . gan film has been grown on the smooth substrate of comparison example 5 . morphology of the epitaxial film is still further improved . the morphology is the best among five examples . the epd , however , still increases to 2 × 10 9 cm − 2 . the present invention requires the epd below 1 × 10 9 cm − 2 . the measured epd is excluded out of the range . as shown in fig5 ( two - dimension scanning and one - dimension scanning figures ), the number and depth of holes are further reduced and the area of flat parts is enhanced . comparison example 5 has poor power of gathering dislocations and reducing dislocation density . then the epd jumps over the predetermined limit ( 1 × 10 9 cm − 2 ). when a substrate has small values of roughness rms , ra , an epitaxially - grown film has large epds . the smooth surface has a poor function of reduction of epds . the epi - film succeeds the epd of the substrate . the epd decreases little . when a substrate has large roughness rms or ra , an epitaxial layer grown on the rough substrate has small epds , because deep holes on the roughness surface reduce dislocations on the epi - layer . the larger the roughness of the substrate is , the lower the dislocation density ( epd ) of the epi - layer is . that a good substrate is a smooth substrate is a common sense of crystal growth . but the belief is wrong . changes from fig1 to fig5 are a tendency of vanishing of valleys , flattening of mountains , unification of holes and smoothing of surfaces and , which means vanishing of valleys and mountains , and accompanying tendency of increasing of epds on epi - layers . the present invention discovers that the morphology of the film epitaxially - grown on a nitride semiconductor substrate contradicts the dislocation density of the nitride semiconductor ( e . g ., gan ) substrate . the nitride semiconductor substrate should have large roughness between rms5 nm and rms200 nm for satisfying the contradictory requirements . larger roughness between rms200 nm to rms100 nm of the substrate with affluent valleys accelerates reduction of dislocations on the epitaxial film . smaller roughness between rms5 nm to rms100 nm effectively improves morphology of the epitaxial film . compatibility of morphology and dislocations requires the substrate roughness of rms5 nm to rms200 nm . the present invention expresses the roughness by rms , which is a root mean square of deviation ({& lt ; σ ( x − m ) 2 / n & gt ;} 1 / 2 ). the present invention can be otherwise expressed by other roughness parameters . there are a variety of roughness parameters of rmax , ra , rms , ry , rz and ± μm . definitions of the parameters are different . relations among these roughness parameters are not uniquely determined . here rms is an average on the whole surface of an object gan substrate .	7
the present invention is described in detail below with reference to the drawings . fig3 is a block diagram of an uninterruptible power supply apparatus ( as a power supply control apparatus ) in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention . in fig3 , the reference numerals 1 , 2 , 3 designate information processing apparatus ; 14 , an administration apparatus ; and 15 , an uninterruptible power supply apparatus . also , a black thick line indicates a network and a double line indicates an electrical power supply line . the uninterruptible power supply apparatus 15 comprises a network connecting unit 6 ′, a power supply control unit 17 and a power supply circuit 9 . the power supply control unit 17 comprises a switching instruction detecting unit 7 and a power supply source switching unit 8 . the electrical power supply circuit 9 comprises change - over switches 911 , 912 , 913 for switching between on and off conditions based on the output of the power supply source switching unit 8 , a rectifying circuit 92 for converting an external ac power source 10 to a dc power source , a storage battery 93 for supplying electrical power if the power supply from the external ac power source 10 is disrupted , an inverter 94 for converting a dc current to an ac current and a power supply source change - over switch 95 . the administration apparatus 14 is connected to the information processing apparatuses 1 , 2 , 3 using respective network connecting units 6 , and an uninterruptible power supply apparatus 15 is connected to the administration apparatus 14 through the network connecting unit 6 ′ in the present invention . the administration apparatus 14 also comprises , although not illustrated in the figure , a storage unit for storing an operating program , a memory for developing the program and a central processing unit ( cpu ) for operating the program , in addition to the network connecting unit 6 . the information processing apparatuses 1 , 2 , 3 are connected , for the purpose of receiving the electrical power , to the uninterruptible power supply apparatus 15 which extracts the electrical power from the external ac power source 10 . the information processing apparatuses 1 , 2 , 3 are provided with an operating condition monitoring program for monitoring the operating conditions thereof . the administration apparatus 14 is provided with a monitoring program for monitoring the operating conditions of the information processing apparatuses 1 , 2 , 3 ( for example , executing a ping command ) and a power supply instruction program for instructing the on and off conditions of the connection change - over switches 911 , 912 , 913 of the uninterruptible power supply apparatus 15 . here , the ping command is used for searching for a response condition and response rate of the information processing apparatuses 1 , 2 , 3 , depending on the return of answer after arrival of packets to the information processing apparatuses 1 , 2 , 3 as the transmission destination . while the uninterruptible power supply system illustrated in fig3 is operating , the uninterruptible power supply apparatus 15 fetches electrical power from the external ac power source 10 and converts the ac current to the dc current using the rectifying circuit 92 to store the electric power in the storage battery 93 . the ac current converted from dc current by inverter 94 is supplied to the information processing apparatuses 1 , 2 , 3 . when a hardware failure or an application failure due to power failure of the external ac power source are detected with the operating condition monitoring program installed in the information processing apparatus 1 , the administration apparatus 14 receives such failure information from the information processing apparatus 1 and displays this information on a monitor of administration apparatus 14 . also , when no response to the request from the administration apparatus 14 due to power failure of the external ac power source is detected by the monitoring program installed in the administration apparatus 14 , the administration apparatus 14 displays this information on the monitor of administration apparatus 14 . the administration apparatus 14 transmits , to the uninterruptible power supply apparatus 15 , a switching instruction for the power supply source change - over switch 95 to change the power supply resource into storage battery 93 , and a disconnect instruction for the change - over switch 911 to disconnect the power supply to the information processing apparatus 1 in accordance with the power supply instruction program . the switching instruction detecting unit 7 transmits , to the power supply source switching unit 8 , the switching signal of the power supply source change - over switch 95 and the signal for disconnecting the connection change - over switch 911 . after the electrical power supply source is switched to the storage battery and the information processing apparatus 1 shuts off operation , the connection change - over switch 911 is disconnected and thereby the power supply to the information processing apparatus 1 is stopped . when the electrical power of the external ac power source 10 is recovered , the administration apparatus 14 transmits , to the switching instruction detecting unit 7 , an instruction for connecting ( closing ) the connection change - over switch of the uninterruptible power supply apparatus 15 with a program for instructing the on and off conditions of the connection change - over switch 911 . the switching instruction detecting unit 7 transmits the signal for connecting the connection change - over switch 911 to the power supply source switching unit 8 to connect the connection change - over switch 911 , while the uninterruptible power supply apparatus 15 re - starts the power supply to the information processing apparatus 1 . moreover , when the power supply is started again , the information processing apparatus 1 is re - started with an automatic restarting program . if a power failure occurs , as described above , in the external ac power source 10 , the administration apparatus 14 is capable of providing power supply control of the information processing apparatuses 1 , 2 , 3 . this is done by transmitting , to the switching instruction detecting unit 7 , the instruction for on and off conditions of the connection change - over switches 911 , 912 , 913 for controlling the power supply of the information processing apparatuses 1 , 2 , 3 , and then controlling the power supply switching unit 8 to perform the connection switching of the connection change - over switches 911 , 912 , 913 with the instruction for the on and off conditions . with the operations described above , the power supply operation of the uninterruptible power supply apparatus 15 can be controlled without relation to the functions of the information processing apparatuses 1 , 2 , 3 connected to the uninterruptible power supply apparatus 15 . fig4 and fig5 are flowcharts illustrating the control performance by the administration apparatus 14 for the power supply of the uninterruptible power supply apparatus 15 . in fig4 , the administration apparatus 14 starts the monitoring of the information processing apparatuses 1 , 2 , 3 . the administration apparatus 14 confirms whether the information processing apparatuses 1 , 2 , 3 are connected to the network or not ( operation 401 ). thereafter , the administration apparatus 14 transmits packets to the information processing apparatus 1 with the ping command ( operation 402 ). if a response is not returned upon determination of the response of the information processing apparatus 1 for the ping command ( operation 403 ), it is recognized that a failure is occurring in the information processing apparatus 1 ( operation 404 ) and the ping command is transmitted to the information processing apparatus 2 ( operation 405 ). if a response is returned upon determination of the response of the information processing apparatus 1 for the ping command ( operation 403 ), it is recognized that the information processing apparatus 1 is normal and the ping command is transmitted to the information processing apparatus 2 ( operation 405 ). in the same manner , if a response is not returned upon determination of the response of the information processing apparatus 2 for the ping command ( operation 406 ), it is recognized that a failure is occurring in the information processing apparatus 2 ( operation 407 ) and the ping command is transmitted to the information processing apparatus 3 ( operation 408 ). if a response is returned upon determination of the response of the information processing apparatus 1 for the ping command ( operation 406 ), it is recognized that the information processing apparatus 2 is normal and the ping command is transmitted to the information processing apparatus 2 ( operation 408 ). if a response is not returned upon determination of the response of the information processing apparatus 3 for the ping command ( operation 409 ), it is recognized that a failure is occurring in the information processing apparatus 3 ( operation 410 ). if a response is returned upon determination of the response of the information processing apparatus 3 for the ping command ( operation 409 ), it is recognized that the information processing apparatus 3 is normal . next , in fig5 , the administration apparatus 14 starts issuing an instruction for disconnecting the power supply of the information processing apparatus in which a failure occurs . the administration apparatus 14 displays the identification ( id ) number ( for example , ip address ) or the like of the information processing apparatus for which the response of the ping command is not returned indicating occurrence of a failure in the flowchart of fig4 ( operation 501 ). an instruction for switching the power supply change - over switch 95 is issued ( operation 502 ). an instruction is issued for disconnecting the connection change - over switch ( 911 , 912 or 913 ) corresponding to the information processing apparatus in which a failure is detected is issued ( operation 503 ). accordingly , when a failure is generated in the information processing apparatus connected to the uninterruptible power supply apparatus 15 , the power supply by the uninterruptible power supply apparatus 15 can be controlled without relation to the functions of the information processing apparatus . referring to the alternate embodiment of fig6 , the reference numerals 1 , 2 designate the information processing apparatuses ; 11 , a hub ; 14 , the administration apparatus ; and 15 , the uninterruptible power supply apparatus . in fig6 , a black thick line indicates a network and a double line indicates an electrical power supply line . the uninterruptible power supply apparatus 15 comprises a network connecting unit 6 ′, a power supply control unit 17 and a power supply circuit 9 . the power supply control unit 17 comprises a switching instruction detecting unit 7 and a power supply source switching unit 8 . the electrical power supply circuit 9 comprises change - over switches 911 , 912 , 913 for switching between on and off conditions based on the output of the power supply source switching unit 8 , a rectifying circuit 92 for converting an external ac power source 10 to a dc power source , a storage battery 93 for supplying electrical power if the power supply from the external ac power source 10 is disrupted , an inverter 94 for converting a dc current to an ac current and a power supply source change - over switch 95 . the hub 11 is connected to the network using the information processing apparatuses 1 , 2 , administration apparatus 14 , uninterruptible power supply apparatus 15 and respective network connecting units 6 . the administration apparatus 14 transmits the instruction for disconnecting ( opening ) the connection change - over switch 913 to the switching instruction detecting unit 7 via the hub controlling unit 12 within the hub using the power supply instruction program for instructing on and off conditions of the connection change - over switch 913 . the switching instruction detecting unit 7 transmits the signal for disconnecting the connection change - over switch 913 , to the power supply source switching unit 8 . thereby , the connection change - over switch 913 is disconnected and the power supply to the hub 11 is stopped . generally , hub 11 is capable of remotely executing various settings and updating its firmware via the network . however , the reset operation ( by power source off / on ) is required to enable new settings or new firmware . accordingly , in addition to the reset when a failure occurs as described above , various setting and updating or the like can be completed from the remote areas . next , examples of modifications to the embodiment of the uninterruptible power supply apparatus of the present invention and the other technical extended items will be described below . in the above embodiment , three information processing apparatuses are connected to the uninterruptible power supply apparatus , but the number of information processing apparatuses is not limited to three units . it is also possible that three or more apparatuses may be connected , or only one apparatus may also be connected to the uninterruptible power supply apparatus . also , the power supply circuit described above may be alternated to others such as a line interactive power supply system or a permanent inverter power supply system . in the above embodiment , an ac power source is used as the external power source but this external power source is not limited to an ac power source , and an external dc current may also be employed . in the above embodiment , operations of the uninterruptible power supply system have been described in which a hardware failure or an application failure is generated in the information processing apparatus 1 or in which no response is returned to the request from the administration apparatus 14 . however , such operations are not limited only to the failure of information processing apparatus 1 , but can also be applied to the information processing apparatus 2 or 3 . in the above embodiment , the power supply for the information processing apparatus 1 has been switched to the storage battery 93 in order to stop the power supply described above . however , it is not always required to switch the change - over switch 95 , and the electrical power of the external ac power source 10 may be suspended without switching to the storage battery 93 . the many features and advantages of the invention are apparent from the detailed specification and , thus , it is intended by the appended claims to cover all such features and advantages of the invention that fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention . further , since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art , it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation illustrated and described , and accordingly all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to , falling within the scope of the invention .	7
there are a great many different implementations of the invention possible , too many to possibly describe herein . some possible implementations that are presently preferred are described below . it cannot be emphasized too strongly , however , that these are descriptions of implementations of the invention , and not descriptions of the invention , which is not limited to the detailed implementations described in this section but is described in broader terms in the claims . referring to fig1 , one or more sensors or instruments 1 , 2 , 3 are used to acquire physiological signals from the patient . pre - processing of certain signals may be required to derive relevant measurements or remove artifacts . for example , cpr artifact may be removed from the ecg signal using known techniques . in one such technique , sensor 3 detects when a compression actually occurs . this sensor could be an accelerometer located in a small plastic housing that resides underneath a rescuer &# 39 ; s hands . using signal processing methods ( as disclosed in pending u . s . application ser . no . 10 / 704 , 366 , filed nov . 6 , 2003 , entitled “ method and apparatus for enhancement of chest compressions during cpr ,” incorporated herein by reference ), chest displacement is estimated by double integration of the acceleration signal . the time of onset of a chest compression 29 can be determined from the estimated displacement . the time of onset of a chest compression can be determined in other ways , including from transthoracic impedance , which is typically measured by aeds , or from the artifact generated in the ecg by the chest compression . a speaker 6 generates a feedback tone 21 ( one possible type of feedback cue ), which we also refer to as the compression rate tone ( crt ), at the desired rate and timing with regard to the cardiac cycle . as shown in fig2 , the algorithm corrects for the rescuer &# 39 ; s timing errors in performing chest compressions . in the example in fig2 , the algorithm measures the latency 20 between the calculated target compression time , the feedback tone 21 , and the actual compression 29 . the algorithm advances the feedback tone ( crt ) to correct for the rescuer &# 39 ; s latency 20 and detects when the compression is synchronized with the desired rate and phase of compressions ( which has occurred by the fourth compression in the figure ). although auditory tones are preferred for feedback cues to the rescuer , other forms of feedback cues could be provided to the rescuer , including visual signals . the algorithm to convert input signals to feedback tones ( or other compression feedback cues ) may vary in complexity . the algorithm may be as simple as detecting a qrs complex or other point of interest in the ecg signal . or it may involve more complex methods , including predictive tracking algorithms such as a kalman filter or other methods using past readings to predict when the next compression should take place . the predicted time for a compression may be used to immediately update the time at which a feedback cue is delivered , or ( as is shown in fig2 ), the timing of the feedback cue may be adjusted slowly over multiple compressions , allowing a rescuer to slowly change the rhythm of compressions to bring compressions to the desired timing . referring to fig3 , in some implementations the feedback cue may have two phases ( more than two phases are also possible ). using two phases addresses our discovery that the act of delivering chest compressions is primarily a biphasic psychomotor activity , with the rescuer &# 39 ; s posterior muscle groups such as the erector spinalis and gluteus maximus involved in the preparatory upstroke phase of the compression cycle , and the anterior internal and external oblique muscle groups involved in the downstroke . a single - phase tone has the difficulty that it corresponds to the downstroke in the rescuer &# 39 ; s mind , but significant preparatory activity is required before the downstroke can be delivered ( i . e ., the upstroke before the compression ), and so the rescuer is required to anticipate when the next compression tone is going to occur so that his downstroke coincides with the single phase tone . this difficulty is believed to be the primary reason that compression tones as currently implemented in various cpr prompting devices are not as effective as they could be . in some implementations , the frequency and volume of the feedback tone is varied between the phases ( upstroke and downstroke ). frequency is used as an aural metaphor for the height of the rescuer &# 39 ; s upper body from the victim , e . g ., a tone that ramps up in frequency indicates the upstroke . in some implementations , the upstroke phase tone ( upt ) 38 lasts for the amount of time that the rescuer performs the upstroke , making it possible for the rescuer to accurately follow the non - verbal instruction provided by the tone , and be properly positioned to begin the downstroke when the downstroke phase of the tone ( dpt ) 39 occurs . in some implementations , the dpt 39 is a shorter duration tone that ramps down in frequency fairly quickly , with the a crescendo in volume as the frequency decreases and with a maximum volume occurring at the point that would correspond to the bottom of the compression downstroke . in other implementations , this approach can be applied to other multiphasic repetitive psychomotor activities , including ones with more than two phases , by providing a multiphasic tone whose phases are clearly delineated to the rescuer and for which the parameters of each phase of the tone are adjusted to assist synchronization of each phase of the psychomotor activity . other possibilities for parameters of the feedback tone for each phase are bandwidth of a colored - noise signal or the volume envelope of a signal . for example , increasing the ramp rate of the envelope attack can be used to indicate to rescuers that they should increase the velocity of the downstroke of the compression . a block diagram for one possible control system for generating the feedback tones is shown in fig4 . a timing diagram is shown in fig3 . the control algorithm adjusts a feedback control vector f ( kt + 1 ) 63 ( the vector includes upt onset , φ , σ , δf + , δf − , ε onset , ε hold , ε off ) to minimize an error signal e ( kt ) 52 , where t is the present sample interval . an input signal x ( kt ) 64 is the desired phase and rate for the compressions . x ( kt ) 64 may take the form of discrete times at which compressions are desired to occur , t 0 , t 0 + 1 / f , t 0 + 2 / f . . . , with corresponding times at which a compression was actually detected by the motion detection algorithm ( which integrates 54 the output of an accelerometer sensor 18 ). x ( kt ) 64 may also take the form of a waveform vector describing the desired motion parameters of the rescuer &# 39 ; s actions . the motion feedback signal preferably takes the form of a set of waveforms , vector v ′( kt ) 57 , composed of the estimates of actual acceleration , velocity , and displacement waveforms . the error signal , e ( kt ) 52 is the difference of between v ′( kt ) 57 and the desired motion , x ( kt ) 64 . estimates , h ′( kt ) 56 are also made of the patient &# 39 ; s physiological status , particularly the hemodynamic state as measured by such parameters as ecg 1 , pulse oximetry 2 , invasive blood pressure , and non - invasive blood pressure . h ′( kt ) 56 is fed back to adjust x ( kt ) 64 so that the rate and phase of x ( kt ) 64 are optimized to provide maximal benefit to the patient &# 39 ; s current physiological state . referring also to fig3 and 4 , there are several intervals that are calculated within the feedback controller module ( fcm ) 53 . parameter δ ( 25 ) is the time difference between the end of upt 38 and the time at which the compression actually occurred . parameter ψ ( 24 ) is the time difference between the actual compression and the point in time the compression was desired to occur , t 0 ( 30 ). the desired compression time t 0 may correspond be a particular fiducial on an ecg 1 or pulse oximetry 2 waveform corresponding to the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle . parameter φ ( 31 ) is the time difference between the end of upt 38 and the onset of the dpt 39 , and quantifies a natural anticipatory pause prior to the onset of dpt 39 and the action of compression downstroke by the rescuer . parameter σ is the slope of frequency increase , measured in units of hz / millisecond ; ( 1 / σ * δf ) is the length of time required for the upt ramp , where δf ( 28 ) is the total - change in frequency during the upt 38 phase . the object of the closed loop control system of fig4 is to reduce ψ , so that the actual compression occurs near the time of the desired compression time 30 . if , however , the upt 38 is too far out of phase with the rescuer &# 39 ; s actual compressions , they will become confused and their performance will be adversely impacted . to provide a way or slowly adjusting the relative phase of the upt and the rescuer &# 39 ; s actual compressions , a moving factor , β , may be used , such that , β may be a variable whose value is adjusted using conventional control system methods known to those skilled in the art such as proportional , difference , integral ( pid ), state space , or non - linear control methods . in the case where the underlying rhythm of the patient is asystole ( no heart rhythm to synchronize the compressions to ) and the system is only trying to cause the rescuer to deliver compressions at the correct rate , then t 0 will not correspond to a physiological fiducial . feedback controller 53 ( fig4 ) will often have a low pass or median filter to minimize spurious error signals that may result , for example , from the rescuer &# 39 ; s brief departures from delivery of well - timed compressions . the filter can be configured to switch its bandwidth depending on the state of the system . for instance , as is known in tracking systems , the filter &# 39 ; s bandwidth may be initially set wide to acquire synchronization . but once the synchronization is acquired ( the rescuer is regularly delivering compressions at an acceptable timing error relative to the desired compression times ), the bandwidth may be switched to a more narrow setting to minimize the effects of short term timing errors by the rescuer . in other words , the state of the feedback system could change from “ bad ” compressions to “ good ” compressions based on the ratio ψ / p being less than 0 . 2 for more than three compressions ( ψ / p is a normalized measure of how much error between the desired time for a compression and the actual compression is tolerable ). the filter should also be configured to detect loss of synchronization — e . g ., by looking for either a sudden or consistent increase in either the mean or standard deviation of ψ / p . the governing equation of the process is constructed such that the compression period , p ( 32 ), is fixed and an estimation of the future interval , δ t + 1 , is calculated to determine when the next upt onset should occur : upt onset = t 0 +{ p −[ φ −( δ t + 1 − ψ t + 1 )+( 1 / σ * δ f )]} tracking algorithms such as the kalman filter may be used for the estimation and prediction of ( s t + 1 − ψ t + 1 ). the kalman filter estimates a process by using a form of feedback control ; the filter estimates the process state at some time and then obtains feedback in the form of ( noisy ) measurements . as such , the equations for the kalman filter fall into two groups : time update equations and measurement update equations . the time update equations are responsible for projecting forward ( in time ) the current state and error covariance estimates to obtain the a priori estimates for the next time step . the measurement update equations are responsible for the feedback — i . e . for incorporating a new measurement into the a priori estimate to obtain an improved a posteriori estimate . the time update equations can also be thought of as predictor equations , while the measurement update equations can be thought of as corrector equations . indeed the final estimation algorithm resembles that of a predictor - corrector algorithm for solving numerical problems . k k = p k − h t ( hp k − h t + r ) − 1 { circumflex over ( x )} k ={ circumflex over ( x )} k − + k k ( z k − h { circumflex over ( x )} k − ) the first task during the measurement update is to compute the kalman gain , k k , the next step is to actually measure the process to obtain , and then to generate an a posteriori state estimate by incorporating the measurement , z k . the final step is to obtain an a posteriori error covariance estimate , p k . after each time and measurement update pair , the process is repeated with the previous a posteriori estimates used to project or predict the new a priori estimates . this recursive nature is one of the very appealing features of the kalman filter — it makes practical implementations much more feasible than ( for example ) an implementation of a wiener filter which is designed to operate on all of the data directly for each estimate . the kalman filter instead recursively conditions the current estimate on all of the past measurements . the equation , { circumflex over ( x )} k ={ circumflex over ( x )} k − + k k ( z k − h { circumflex over ( x )} k − ) one of the primary limitations of the kalman filter is that it only models a linear system with gaussian distribution , not often encountered in the physiological setting . the best known algorithm to solve the problem of non - gaussian , nonlinear filtering is the extended kalman filter ( ekf ). this filter is based upon the principle of linearizing the measurements and evolution models using taylor series expansions . the series approximations in the ekf algorithm can , however , lead to poor representations of the nonlinear functions and probability distributions of interest . as a result , this filter can diverge . based on the hypothesis that it is easier to approximate a gaussian distribution than it is to approximate arbitrary nonlinear functions other researchers have developed a filter termed the unscented kalman filter ( ukf ). it has been shown that the ukf leads to more accurate results than the ekf and that in particular it generates much better estimates of the covariance of the states ( the ekf often seems to underestimate this quantity ). the ukf has , however , the limitation that it does not apply to general non - gaussian distributions as is often the case with the ecg spectral distributions . sequential monte carlo methods , also known as particle filters overcome this limitation and allow for a complete representation of the posterior distribution of the states , so that any statistical estimates , such as the mean , modes , kurtosis and variance , can be easily computed . particle filters can therefore , deal with any nonlinearities or distributions . particle filters rely on importance sampling and , as a result , require the design of proposal distributions that can approximate the posterior distribution reasonably well . in general , it is hard to design such proposals . the most common strategy is to sample from the probabilistic model of the states evolution ( transition prior ). this strategy can , however , fail if the new measurements appear in the tail of the prior or if the likelihood is too peaked in comparison to the prior . some implementations use a estimator / predictor trajectory tracking technique known as the unscented particle filter ( upf ) as developed by merwe , doucet , freitasz and wan . pseudocode for the upf is as follows : for i = 1 , . . . n , draw states ( particles ) x 0 ( i ) from the prior p ( x 0 ) and set , for i = 1 , . . . n : update particles with the ukf : calculate sigma points : x t − 1 ( i ) a =[ x t − 1 ( i ) a x t − 1 ( i ) a ±√{ square root over (( n a + λp p t − 1 ( i ) a )}] predict future particle ( time update ) for i = 1 , . . . n , evaluate the importance weights up to a normalizing constant : ({ circumflex over ( x )} 0 : t ( i ) ,{ circumflex over ( p )} 0 : t ( i ) ) with high / low importance weights , { tilde over ( w )} t ( i ) respectively , to obtain n random particles . c ) output : the output of the algorithm is a set of samples that can be used to approximate the posterior distribution as follows : for some function of interest , g t , for instance the marginal conditional mean or the marginal conditional covariance or other moment . it has been shown in numerous studies on the psychology of perception as well as usability testing of user interfaces that users have a poor ability to quantify short durations of time , but are excellent at discerning temporal order , i . e ., whether or not the compression feedback occurred before or after the actual compression . it is thus typically advantageous that the delay , δ ( 25 ), always be positive , since small absolute shifts of δ that cause it to oscillate about zero can result in larger adverse oscillations in the phase alignment of the rescuer compressions . this inability of the rescuer to discern small changes in time duration means that there is , in effect , a dead band relationship between the desired and actual compression timing . within this dead band , a change in the timing of a feedback cue may not produce a change in the user &# 39 ; s perception of the desired timing . such dead bands produce what is commonly referred to as hysteresis . hysteresis — the influence of the previous history or treatment of a body on its subsequent response to a given force or changed condition — is widely found in nature . it was first recognized in ferromagnetic materials , and subsequently in plasticity , friction , and phase transitions , as well as in somewhat different fields such as mechanics , thermodynamics , biology , chemistry , and economics , among others . hysteresis is present when the transfer function of the system changes depending on whether the input to the system is increasing or decreasing . referring to fig5 , 6 a and 6 b , the preisach model is often used to represent hysteresis with non - local memory , i . e ., the future values of the output y ( t ), for t & gt ; t 0 , depend not only on y ( t 0 ), but also on past extrema of the input . the preisach model , in particular , considers an infinite set of relay operators γ αβ 80 , where α 81 and β 82 correspond to the ascending and descending switching values where the output switches between − 1 and + 1 . in a restricted frequency range , it is possible to consider that hysteresis is rate independent and acts as an additive disturbance on the linear dynamics of the system . here , a system with hysteresis is seen as a parallel connection of a linear dynamical system with a rate independent hysteresis with memory . in operator form the system can be represented by : where { circumflex over ( γ )} represents the rate independent hysteresis with memory and l represents the dynamics of the system . the weighted response of an infinite collection of relays is summed over all possible switching values : y ( t )={ circumflex over ( γ )}[ u ( t )]=∫∫ h μ α 1 β { circumflex over ( γ )} αβ [ u ( t )] dαdβ fig6 a and 6b show a minor hysteresis loop created after an input signal is varied between α 1 83 and β 1 84 . the triangle t ( α 1 , β 1 ) is added to the positive set s + and subtracted from the negative set s − when the input reaches α 1 , and subtracted from . s + when the input reaches β 1 84 . when the input is at α 1 83 the interface line l ( t ) is just a line parallel to the β axis , creating a set of past extrema with one corner at the intersection α 1 83 and β 0 85 . when the input is at β 1 84 , triangle t ( α 1 , β 1 ) is added to the negative set s − , and the interface line l ( t ) is a step as shown in fig6 a and 6b . this difference is what causes the loop to trace two different curves . referring to fig5 - 8 , the hysteresis controller 90 is two - staged : it uses the “ phaser ” operator 92 that shifts its periodic input signal by a constant phase angle for the first stage , and a variable phaser 91 , shown in fig7 , for the second stage , governed by the equation : where φ 1 & gt ;= 0 and φ 2 & lt ;= 0 , and s 93 is empirically determined . an approximation of the discontinuous function depicted by the bold , solid lines in fig7 is sometimes employed using the hyperbolic tangent function as shown by the light , solid line . the feedback provided the rescuer 7 may be implemented in a variety of forms , including as visual and auditory cues ( which are believed to be most effective ). various types of information on the patient &# 39 ; s physiology may be used as input to determine the timing of the feedback . for example , any of the following physiological signals , or combinations of physiological signals , could be used : ecg ; measures of cardiac output ; measures of heart rate ; blood pressure ( s ); oxygen , saturation ( spo 2 ); heart sounds ( including phonocardiography ); heart imaging ( including ultrasound ); impedance cardiography . the feedback cues could address a variety of compression parameters other than compression timing , including , for example , any of the following , or combinations of the following : compression velocity ; compression depth ; duty cycle ; velocity of chest release ; intrathoracic pressures during compressions ; pleural pressures during compressions ; sternal position , velocity or acceleration ; chest wall or sternal strain or deformation . in some implementations , the quality of the chest compressions is monitored , and the feedback cues varied to improve quality . for instance the following compression parameters have been shown to have significant effect on the hemodynamic effects of chest compressions : the depth of the compression , the velocity of the compression downstroke ( improving the ejection fraction and systolic effectiveness ), and achievement of a rapid and complete release of pressure from the sternum during the upstroke of compression ( thereby improving diastolic filling of the heart ). by varying the feedback cues , it is possible to improve both the timing and quality of compressions . the proper compression depth is specified by aha recommendations at 2 inches . it has been shown in animal and theoretical models that the velocity of compression and full release of pressure from the sternum may be equally important to depth of compression . in some implementations , the system may increase the frequency variation δf ( 28 ) during the upstroke cue ( upt ) 38 , with the result that the rescuer will further release his hands from the patient &# 39 ; s sternum during the decompression phase . in some implementations , increasing the audio volume of the downstroke cue ( dpt ) 39 and the amplitude envelope may cause a rescuer to increase the velocity of the compression downstroke . also , the duty cycle of cpr compressions ( i . e ., the percentage of time devoted to upstroke versus downstroke ) may be varied ( e . g ., in response to measured activity of the heart ) by adjusting the relative ratio of time devoted to the upt and dpt cues ( e . g ., lengthening the time devoted to the dpt cue may achieve a longer downstroke by the rescuer ). in other implementations , feedback may be provided to the rescuer for timing delivery of ventilation . this may be helpful in preventing over - ventilation as well as controlling intrathoracic pressures . pressures from chest compressions and ventilations are an important factor in assisting venous return of blood to the heart as well as ejecting blood from the ventricles . the currently recommended ratio between compressions and ventilations is 15 : 2 for adults . like the compression cycle , a ventilation cycle using a bag valve mask ( bvm ) can be represented to the rescuer as a biphasic sequence composed of the phase of squeezing the bag and the phase of releasing the bag . the biphasic audio tone for ventilation is distinct from that used for compressions . this can be accomplished by making the respective feedback tones for compressions and ventilation recognizable and distinct , preferably from a perceptually classifiable perspective . for instance , the tone for compressions might have the waveshape and harmonics such that it is perceived as a trumpet while the ventilation might have the waveshape and harmonics such that it is perceived as a violin . using techniques common to sound synthesis the fundamental frequency may be shifted for each of the tones to provide the change in frequency necessary for feedback . in other implementations , wherein an automated chest compression device and / or automated ventilator is available during a rescue , the automated chest compressions and / or ventilation delivered by the automated device may be synchronized with the , cardiac activity induced by repetitive cardiac stimulation therapy such a electrical pacing . pacing can also be induced by magnetic stimulation ( u . s . pat . nos . 4 , 994 , 015 and 5 , 078 , 674 ) or mechanically induced stimulation using ultrasonic transducers . the induced hemodynamic response of the heart will vary from patient to patient and it is desirable that the mechanical compression delivered by the automated chest compression . device be synchronized to the induced hemodynamic response in order to maximize blood flow and reduce energy consumption of the myocardial tissue . the start time of the compression pulse , t c , is also adjusted relative to the start time of the pacing , t p , such that t p − t c = κ − π , where κ ( 36 ) is the delay from the start of a compression to the hemodynamic response and π ( 22 ) is the delay from the start of a pacing pulse to the hemodynamic response . as the patient condition changes during the course of a resuscitation , the values of π and κ will change as drugs such epinephrine and amiodarone are delivered which have effects on vascular tone and calcium and beta - channel - related excitation - contraction ( ec ) coupling dynamics . as with the embodiment for manual compressions , a predictive algorithm which is used for the control of a mechanical compression device or inflatable vest can be used to take into account the changes in the response of the patient , with the results of the predictive algorithm applied to timing of compressions applied by the device . synchronization may be achieved either through direct communication between devices such as a serial universal serial bus ( usb ) interface or wirelessly using a low - latency wireless protocol such as the so - called zigbee , ieee 802 . 15 . 4 protocol standard . pacing may also be combined , in some implementations , with manual compressions as a means of augmenting the rescuer &# 39 ; s mechanical compressions with the electrically - induced contractions of the myocardium . in these implementations , π may be adjusted relative to δ such that the hemodynamic response of the electrically - induced activity slightly preceeds that induced by the manual compression by the rescuer , on the order of 50 - 100 milliseconds . during a resuscitation , the heart is in a state of profound ischemia resulting in a flacidity and loss of tone as lactate builds up in the myocardium and the tissue ph drops . as a result of the loss of tone , the heart becomes a less - effective pump structure for generating blood flow during manual chest compressions . drugs such as epinephrine act to improve tone , but because they are delivered venously , their action may take 2 - 3 minutes during cardiac arrest , when the only blood flow is that induced by the chest compressions . pacing that may or may not be sufficient to actually cause a satisfactory hemodynamic response as a result of the metabolically compromised state of the myocardium can sufficiently improve the tone of the myocardium immediately prior to , and synchronized with , the mechanical compression without the therapeutic delay experienced with drugs such as epinephrine . this instantaneous improvement in myocardial tone can substantially improve the hemodynamic effectiveness of the mechanical compression . in other implementations , feedback of the various parameters related to the therapeutic interventions such as compressions and ventilations are fed back to the rescuer based on both the state of the patient and the quality of the compressions . in some simpler implementations , the system provides feedback in such a manner as to prevent the rescuer from delivering chest compressions during specific physiological events such as t waves in the ecg which indicate ventricular repolarization . if a compression is delivered during a t wave , the compression may be substantially more likely to induce life - threatening ventricular fibrillation , a process known as commotio cordis . in other and more robust implementations , medical knowledge such as that just mentioned is combined with a mathematical description of the circulatory system , such as that described in crit care med 2000 vol . 28 , no . 11 ( suppl .). as the author describes , the system of differential equations has been described in a number of publications . in this specific instance , “ the human circulation is represented by seven compliant chambers , connected by resistances through which blood may flow . the compliances correspond to the thoracic aorta , abdominal aorta , superior vena cava and right heart , abdominal and lower extremity veins , carotid arteries , and jugular veins . in addition , the chest compartment contains a pump representing the pulmonary vascular and left heart compliances . this pump may be configured to function either as a heart - like cardiac pump , in which applied pressure squeezes blood from the heart itself through the aortic valve , or as a global thoracic pressure pump , in which applied pressure squeezes blood from the pulmonary vascular bed , through the left heart , and into the periphery . values for physiologic variables describing a textbook normal “ 70 - kg man ” are used to specify compliances and resistances in the model . the distribution of vascular conductances ( 1 / resistances ) into cranial , thoracic , and caudal components reflects textbook distributions of cardiac output to various body regions .” referring to fig4 , a closed loop feedback method may be employed , using state space methods with the system estimation block 55 provided by a physiological model as the author describes above . the feedback controller 53 may employ such traditional control system methods a proportional , difference , integral ( pid ), or state feedback control methods , e . g ., as known to those skilled in the art . as an alternative to the closed - loop control , the device may “ search ” for the best compression parameters by monitoring sensors as illustrated in the flowchart of fig9 . although the flowchart shows only a single parameter , multiple parameters may be varied while a sensor ( s ) monitor the patient . the method varies parameters one at a time or in parallel and attempts to improve perfusion . the system may find that a value of a certain parameter ( e . g ., duty cycle ) is producing improved perfusion , and continue therapy at that value , or continue to vary the parameter in a range near that value in case conditions change . optimized search methods such as gradient steepest descent , self - annealing or genetic algorithms may also be employed . a steepest descent algorithm works by increasing a particular parameter ( e . g ., rate ) and seeing if it results in some measured improvement in performance of the system ( e . g ., etco2 values ). if so then that particular parameter is further adjusted until the desired performance of the system is achieved . in a two - parameter system ( e . g . rate and depth ), it is viewed topographically , with the x - y coordinates being values of the two parameters and the z - axis representing the system performance ( etco2 ). typically , the algorithms work to minimize some output value ( hence steepest descent ). in some implementations , the objective would be trying to maximize the etco2 value . the method is typically entirely empirical , based on changing the parameter values and then measuring the system output . at any point in time , the rescuer &# 39 ; s rate and depth are located at a particular point on the topographic map . adjusting each parameter separately will provide a gradient ( local ) slope . then , assuming a monotonic slope over a sufficient region to encompass the desired etco2 value , the two parameters are both adjusted to achieve the desired etco2 value . synchronizing chest compressions with underlying physiological activity may also supplement slow or bradycardic rhythms by timing compressions to occur during ventricular diastole . e . g ., a patient with a rhythm of 30 beats per minute may receive better perfusion with chest compressions delivered between beats , making the effective heart rate more like 60 beats per minute . feedback is required for the rescuer to time the compressions with some volume of blood in the ventricles and to avoid compressing on t waves . referring to fig1 , in other implementations , a microphone 100 or other transducer may be used to detect heart sounds . these sounds may be amplified through the speaker 6 for a trained rescuer 7 or processed to provide cues for a rescuer 7 with less training . heart sounds may be used independently of other measures to determine cpr rates , depth , and / or duty cycle as well as to assess the effectiveness of cpr . this may be effective for a patient 11 in asystole where ecg 1 , blood pressures , or pulse do not suggest a natural rate or time for the heart to be compressed . the velocity of the dpt 39 phase of the compression may be adjusted to minimize valvular regurgitation . adequate depth of compression may be assessed by a heart sound indicating valve closure . in other implementations , compression timing and rate may be adjusted based on any heart sound , although s 1 may be ideal since it indicates the start of ventricular systole . over ventilation is estimated by the analysis of s 2 since splitting of the aortic and pulmonary valve closures increases with reduced intrathoracic pressure . murmurs and other sounds may provide diagnostic information about damage to the heart and cpr parameters may be adjusted based on this information . other means such as ultrasound or transthoracic impedance can be used to detect and measure cardiac volume changes or blood flow . in some implementations , a catheter is inserted into the patient &# 39 ; s esophagus with an ultrasonic probe at the distal end prior to intubation of the patient &# 39 ; s airway . the ultrasonic probe faces posteriorly towards the cervical vertebrae and is positioned at approximately the cervical vertebra c3 - c6 , with the sound energy reflected off the vertebrae and providing the sensor in the probe with a robust signal for measuring blow flow in the vertebral artery by ultrasonic doppler flow measurement methods commonly in use . the benefits of such a system are several : ( 1 ) the transducer is positioned outside of the field where chest compressions are occurring , thus minimizing the motion artifact induced ; ( 2 ) the method provides an excellent method of measuring blood flow to the brain ; and ( 3 ) brain perfusion pressure ( bpp ) sufficient to induce effective flows to the brain are harder to achieve with cpr chest compressions than the coronary perfusion pressure ( cpp ) necessary to induce effective perfusion of the heart , thus the vertebral flow measurement is a sensitive indicator of both effective bpp and cpp during resuscitation efforts . the vertebral arteries travel along the spinal column and cannot be felt from the outside . they join to form a single basilar artery near the brain stem at the base of the skull . the arteries supply blood to the parietal and occipital lobes of the cerebrum , part of the cerebellum , and the brain stem . the parietal lobes contain the primary sensory cortex , which controls sensation ( touch and pressure ), and a large association area that controls fine sensation ( judgment of texture , weight , size , and shape ). damage to the right parietal lobe can cause visuo - spacial deficits , making it hard for the patient to find his / her way around new or even familiar places . damage to the left parietal lobe may disrupt a patient &# 39 ; s ability to understand spoken and / or written language . the occipital lobe processes visual information . it is mainly responsible for visual reception and contains association areas that help in the visual recognition of shapes and colors . damage to this lobe can cause visual deficits . the cerebellum is the second largest area of the brain . it controls reflexes , balance and certain aspects of movement and coordination . the brain stem is responsible for a variety of automatic functions that are critical to life , such as breathing , digestion and heart beat — as well as alertness and arousal ( the state of being awake ). thus , other implementations may monitor blood flow in the vertebral artery during resuscitation and adjust therapeutic interventions to maximize that flow . referring to fig1 a - 13c , in another implementation , the ultrasonic flow sensor may be a conically shaped probe 132 positioned in the victim &# 39 ; s lower pharynx with the narrow end of the probe seated into the superior end of the esophagus in the area of the circular esophageal muscle 130 and the wide end of the probe just above that in the lower pharynx . the ultrasonic transducer 131 is located laterally with the beam directed upward at an angle of approximately 45 degrees from the axis of the spine . the acoustic beam has been shaped , either by the use of an transducer array or by incorporation of an acoustic lens into the face of the probe , to produce a narrow elevation beam with approximately 45 degrees of azimuthal beam angle . the transducer is located in the probe to cause the acoustic beam to intersect the common carotid artery and internal jugular vein , and because of the narrow elevation beam angle , will only intersect the carotid and jugular in narrow regions to improve blood flow velocity accuracy . blood flow velocity for both the carotid and jugular are calculated simultaneously with the doppler shift , 2f c v / c , where f c , v and c are the center frequency of the acoustic beam , blood velocity , and the speed of sound , respectively . with the blood velocity profiles of both the carotid artery and jugular vein calculated , the pulsatility index is calculated as the difference of the peak aortic velocity and minimum diastolic velocity divided by the average velocity over one cycle . the pourcelot , or resistance , index is calculated as the difference of the peak aortic velocity and minimum diastolic velocity divided by the peak aortic velocity . an acoustically reflective material such as aluminum foil 133 laminated onto a hydrogel may be applied to the patient &# 39 ; s neck along the acoustic beam axis to improve the signal detection capability of the transducer system . in some implementations , a device tracks the history of cpr times and quality of cpr . this information is used as part of the advisory algorithm when the expert system recommends therapy . ecg alone has been used to classify cardiac rhythms as shockable or non - shockable . however , the success of defibrillation of cardiac pacing may be impacted by the history of cpr since ischemic tissue is less likely to depolarize in an organized way . referring to fig1 and 11 , a rescuer uses an aed 10 to automatically monitor a victim during cardiac resuscitation . the aed 10 includes a speaker 6 , a display 7 , a signal processing module 9 including signal conditioning such as analog filters and an analog to digital converter , a processor 14 , and an energy output means 13 such as a defibrillation pulse generator or other pacemaker electrical current or magnetic pulse generator . the signal processing module 9 is connected by the ecg signal acquisition module 1 to a set of ecg leads attached to the victim 11 . the processor 14 monitors the victim &# 39 ; s heart for dangerous rhythms using the ecg signals while the victim is resuscitated using chest compressions techniques . if the aed 10 detects a dangerous heart rhythm , the aed 10 generates an alarm signal . the alarm signal is noticeable to the rescuer . the aed 10 can generate a defibrillating shock to the victim when the rescuer issues a command to the aed 10 . the defibrillating shock is intended to remedy the dangerous rhythm of the victim &# 39 ; s heart . the aed 10 uses a rhythm advisory method for ( a ) quantifying the frequency - domain features of the ecg signals ; ( b ) differentiating normal and abnormal ecg rhythms , such as vf ; ( c ) detecting the onset of abnormal ecg rhythms ; and ( d ) making decisions about the physiological states of the heart . this frequency - domain measure is reliable with or without the presence of the chest compression artifact in the ecg signals . the aed 10 , after identifying the current physiological state of the heart , can make a decision about appropriate therapeutic action for the rescuer to make and communicates the action to the rescuer using the speaker 6 and / or the display 7 . the display may take the form of a graphical display such as a liquid crystal display ( lcd ), or may simply be one or more light emitting diodes or other such visible indicators . bar - graph indicators such as those contained in led bar graphs may be particularly effective at conveying the cyclical , repetitive feedback described earlier , while at the same time being less expensive , brighter and more easy to read than an lcd display . separate visible indicators , such as bar graph leds , may be utilized for compression and ventilation , so as to minimize confusion on the part of the rescuer . referring to fig1 a and 12b , in another implementation , the system estimation block 55 provided by a physiological model composed of an interlinked set of difference equations , e . g ., as babbs described above , is used to provide a graphical feedback such as on an lcd display . there may be situations during which rescuers are preoccupied with communication with other rescuers and may not be able to focus on their compressions on a compression - by - compression basis necessary to achieve the desired phase synchronization ( entrainment ). while the lack of phase synchronization ( entrainment ) will result in reduced efficacy , there may still be benefit to be gained by providing to the rescuer a succinct visual feedback of the four main resuscitation parameters : compression depth 114 and rate 115 , and ventilation tidal volume 112 and rate 113 , on a compression by compression basis . this visual feedback may take the form of separate dials 110 , 111 , one for compression and one for ventilation , provided on a portion of the lcd display of a resuscitation control panel . each dial may have the two key parameters related to its performance displayed on orthogonal axes . contrasting status bars 115 indicate the current status of performance of each of the parameters , while a green central region 116 indicates the desired target zone . status bars 115 residing either to the right or below the central regions 116 indicate that the relevant parameter needs to be increased while status bars 115 above or to the right of the central region 116 indicate that the relevant parameter needs to be decreased . in some cases , only the ventilation rate may be shown . alternatively , the dials may be composed of additional indicators , e . g ., five indicators corresponding to : ventilation tidal volume too high and too low ; ventilation rate too high and too low ; compression depth too deep and too shallow ; compression rate too fast and too slow ; and the two central regions . if one of the two parameters for a dial is too high or low that particular indicator will light while the second parameter that is being performed properly will cause the central region 116 to change from red to yellow . when both parameters for a particular dial are being performed correctly , the central region will turn green . the indicators may be leds or may be regions on an lcd . these implementations provide a simple physiological model in the feedback loop . it takes about 35 - 45 seconds of good chest compressions to develop good blood flow , yet it only takes 5 seconds for that blood flow to drop down after the rescuer stops cpr . the problem is that people tend to stop chest compressions too often . by using a physiological model , e . g ., the babbs model or a more simple one , each compression increases an indicator by some amount and that amount depends on depth of compression . the result is an approximation of the way that actual coronary perfusion pressure reacts for the victim . as noted , the babbs physiological models , which have been verified in animal models and human clinical studies , show that it actually takes approximately 30 - 45 seconds of good cpr to bring the coronary perfusion pressure , cpp , up to some decent value . cpp is a measure of the blood pressure going into the coronary circulation — what supplies blood to the heart muscle . while cpp is slow to rise during compressions , cpp falls off precipitously when good cpr stops , within about 10 seconds . in another implementation , a physiological model is incorporated into the feedback loop so that what is presented visually to the rescuer is a perfusion performance indicator ( ppi ), providing them a simple indicator of the physiological impact of their cpr on the cardiac arrest victim . in a simple implementation , perfusion is modeled as a leaky vessel which is filled with a certain volume with each compression , that volume being dependent on the depth of the compression . in between each compression , some of that volume leaks out of the vessel . the pseudocode listed below implements one possible physiological model . it was desired to bring the perfusion performance indicator to 100 % in 50 good ( proper depth ) compressions ( about 30 seconds ), but at the same time fall off at a rate that brings the ppi to zero in 15 seconds . the particular values chosen were due in part to new cpr guidelines being proposed by the american heart association ( aha ) of a 30 : 2 ratio for compressions to ventilations . with the pause that typically occurs when ventilations are performed , the ppi will drop significantly by the end of the pause that results from the mid - minute ventilation cycle , but if good compressions are performed will be back up to 100 immediately prior to the defibrillation shock that would occur at the end of the one - minute cpr interval . the goal of the rescuer is to get ppi as close to 100 right before the shock . ppi gets reset to zero after the shock , so the rescuer is motivated to begin compressions immediately after shock . another possible graphical feedback implementation is shown in fig1 c . the outside thick band ( approximately ⅛ inch wide ) of ppi block 120 turns green for 1 second after a good compression ( greater than 1 . 5 inch ) is delivered , then reverts to black . the band turns red for 1 second when a “ poor ” compression ( less than 1 . 5 inch ) is delivered , and then reverts to black again . the goal is to keep the ppi outline band 120 green . the ppi block 121 “ fills up ” based on perfusion_perf_ind value ( full when perfusion_perf_ind = 32896 ). more complex implementations may incorporate interactions of ventilations with compressions or more complete models as described by babbs . if compression depth is & gt ; 1 inch (* note , not 1 . 5 inches *) the aed 10 may incorporate functionality for performing additional therapeutic actions such as chest compressions , ventilations , or delivery of intravenous solution containing metabolic or constitutive nutrients . based on the results of the analysis of the rhythm advisory method , the aed 10 may automatically deliver the appropriate therapy to the patient 11 . the aed 10 may also be configured in “ advisory ” mode wherein the aed 10 will prompt the caregiver after the aed 10 has made a determination of the best therapy , and acknowledgement by the caregiver / device operator , in the form of a button press or voice - detected acknowledgement , is required before therapy is delivered to the patient . the aed 10 then analyzes the ecg signals to predict defibrillation success as well as to decide whether it is appropriate to defibrillate or to deliver an alternative therapy such as chest compressions , drugs such as epinephrine , constitutive nutrients such as glucose , or other electrical therapy such as pacing . in some implementations , one or more therapeutic delivery devices 15 automatically deliver the appropriate therapy to the patient . the therapeutic delivery devices 15 are physically separate from the defibrillator aed 10 and control of the therapeutic delivery devices 15 may be accomplished by a communications link 16 . the communications link 16 may take the form of a cable connecting the devices but preferably the link 16 is via a wireless protocol such as bluetooth or a wireless network protocol such as institute of electrical and electronics engineers ( ieee ) 802 . 11 . the therapeutic delivery device 16 can be a portable chest compression device that is commercially available as the autopulse ™, provided by revivant of sunnyvale , calif . in other examples , the therapeutic delivery device 16 is a drug infusion device that is commercially available as the power infuser ™, provided by infusion dynamics of plymouth meeting , pa ., or the colleague cx ™, provided by baxter healthcare corp ., of round lake , ill . the therapeutic delivery device 16 can be a ventilator that is commercially available as the ivent ™, provided by versamed of pearl river , n . y . the therapeutic delivery device 16 can also include multiple therapies such as defibrillation , chest compression , ventilation and drug infusion . in other implementations , control and coordination for the overall resuscitation event and the delivery of the various therapies may be accomplished by a device 17 or processing element external to the aed 10 . for instance , the device 17 may download and process the ecg data from the aed 10 , analyze the ecg signals , perform the determinations based on the analysis , and control the other therapeutic devices 16 , including the aed 10 . in other implementations , the aed 10 may perform all the processing of the ecg , including analyzing the ecg signals , and transmit to the control device 17 only the final determination of the appropriate therapy , whereupon the control device 17 would perform the control actions on the other linked devices 30 . the control device 17 preferably is a laptop computer running automated patient record software such as tablet pcr , manufactured by zoll data systems of denver , colo . many other implementations of the invention other than those described above are within the invention , which is defined by the following claims .	0
fig1 shows a plan view of the power tool according to the invention , which is annotated overall with the number 10 . the illustration shows an angle grinder with a housing which is in the form of a rod and is suitable for single - handed operation or for two - handed operation . a protective shroud 15 is provided on the tool head 14 of the power tool 10 in the conventional manner . in the area of the junction with the tool head 14 , the housing 12 has a taper , on both sides of which switches are provided , which can be operated via elastic activation surfaces 27 . in this area , the housing 12 has a grip surface 24 which can be gripped with one hand from above or below , and in which case two mutually opposite activation surfaces of the switches can be gripped . in the rear area of the housing 12 , which faces away from this and runs approximately conically towards the end , a second grip surface 26 is formed , which once again has an activation surface 28 on each side , for operation of a switch that is formed underneath it . the switches are preferably optical switches , having optical waveguides between which the transmitted signals can be influenced via monitoring elements , with the optical waveguides having associated transmitting and receiving elements , as are in principle known from u . s . patent application ser . no . 10 / 214 , 844 the entire disclosure of which is fully incorporated by reference . fig1 furthermore also shows the air induction slots 13 for the motor fan , which are located in the area facing away from the tool head 14 , shortly in front of the activation surfaces 28 for the switches . fig2 shows the major components of the power tool 10 within the housing 12 . according to the invention , the power tool 10 is equipped with a self - supporting electric motor 16 which has a self - supporting stator 18 to whose first end , which faces the tool head 14 , a first supporting part 20 is attached , which is preferably composed of plastic . a second supporting part 22 composed of plastic is provided at the opposite , second end of the stator 18 . both supporting parts 20 , 22 are screwed through the stator 18 in a manner which is still to be described below with reference to fig4 . control electronics 23 , which are indicated only schematically , are also held on the second supporting part 22 . the tool head 14 is held on the first supporting part 20 . the housing 12 which externally surrounds the power tool 10 is attached to both supporting parts 20 , 22 . thus , overall , the motor 16 together with the supporting parts 20 , 22 is the supporting structure to which all of the other components of the power tool 10 are attached . this configuration allows a particularly space - saving and weight - saving design to be achieved , which likewise allows particularly advantageous assembly . fig3 shows the power tool 10 shown in fig2 in an enlarged form , in an arrangement rotated approximately through 90 ° with respect to the position shown in fig2 , but with the housing having been removed and essentially illustrating the motor as well as the two supporting parts . the shape of the two supporting parts 20 , 22 can be seen well in fig3 . holding surfaces 25 for holding optical switches , as will be explained in more detail in the following text , are provided on each side on the first supporting part 20 . a tool drive shaft , which is held in the tool head 14 , as well as a tool that is attached to it are also indicated , schematically , by the dashed lines 17 in fig3 . the stator 18 has a laminated stator core 31 through which the first and the second supporting part 20 , 22 are screwed by means of screws 43 to form a compact unit , which is firmly connected to the laminated stator core 31 . further details of the design of the power tool 10 can be seen in fig4 , which shows a longitudinal section through the power tool shown in fig3 . the motor 16 has an armature 32 which is mounted on a motor shaft 34 . at the end of the motor shaft 34 facing away from the tool head 14 , this motor shaft 34 is mounted by means of a bearing 40 , which is held in a bearing shell in the second supporting part 22 . at the opposite end , the motor shaft 34 is mounted on the tool head 14 by means of a bearing 39 . a fan 38 can be seen in the transitional area between the first supporting part 20 and the tool head 14 , and is mounted on the motor shaft 34 . fan outlet openings 42 in the tool head 14 are associated with the fan 38 . air is thus induced through the electric motor 16 via induction openings 13 ( fig1 ) at the opposite end , while the cooling air emerges at the tool head 14 , which is advantageous in order to minimize the ingress of foreign particles into the motor . this is because , of course , the greatest amount of dust is produced in the area of the tool head 14 . the commutator 36 for the electric motor 16 , which is in the form of a universal motor , is provided between the armature 32 and the fan 38 . the associated brushes will be explained in more detail in the following text with reference to fig5 . fig4 also shows the screw connection of the two supporting parts 20 , 22 through the laminated stator core 31 . the tool head 14 is screwed to the first supporting part 20 in a manner which is not illustrated in any more detail . fig5 shows an enlarged section illustration through the power tool 10 , in the form of a longitudinal section from the side in the area between the tool head 14 and the armature 32 . one brush holder 54 , in which a ( carbon ) brush 56 is held , is in each case attached to the first supporting part 20 , mutually opposite one another , on the upper face of the power tool 10 , and on the lower face , offset through 180 ° with respect to it . a brush spring 58 , as is illustrated schematically in fig5 , is in each case used to provide the contact pressure for the brushes 56 . it is feasible to provide a contact - making capability for the brushes 56 directly in the first supporting part 20 , which is produced from insulating plastic , by means of which an electrical connection 59 is made with the stator 18 and with the field windings 19 . this may , of course , also be achieved in the conventional manner by means of connecting cables . the perspective , cross - section illustration shown in fig1 shows that the housing 12 is oval in the area of the brushes 56 . since the diameter in a first direction is predetermined by the brushes 56 , the oval shape results in a smaller diameter in the other direction , at right angles to the first . this results in better ergonomics for gripping the housing 12 at this point . the first supporting part 20 is in the form of an air guide ring , whose inner surface ensures that the cooling air is guided in a specific manner through the motor 16 towards the fan 38 , in which case a nozzle effect can be achieved at the same time . fig5 also shows a clamping lever 30 which is held on the tool head 14 and is used for clamping - in and releasing the tool 17 . since the power tool 10 is intended to be operated only with the clamping lever 30 closed , the clamping lever 30 has an associated sensor which continuously checks whether the clamping lever 30 is in its closed , clamped position . for this purpose , a light - optical switch 52 is provided at the upper end of the tool head 14 and can be operated via a switching element 53 that can be moved by the clamping lever 30 . when the clamping lever 30 is closed , the switching element 53 is thus moved , which leads to a light beam being released which is transmitted via optical waveguides and is evaluated by associated evaluation logic . fig6 shows , in more detail , the design of the optical switches which are used for the power tool 10 . each optical switch has two optical waveguides , one of which is in the form of a transmission conductor which is coupled to an led , while the other optical waveguide is in the form of a receiving conductor and is connected to an associated evaluation unit . in the illustrated case , two associated optical waveguides each end at a specific distance in the form of prisms , so that light can emerge in between them . if no object is located between these two ends , then light passes from the transmitting conductor into the receiving conductor , and this is recorded by the evaluation logic . fig6 now illustrates a total of six optical waveguides 63 , 64 , 66 , 67 , 71 , 72 , which are each held in depressions 62 in a molding 61 . the molding 61 is part of a mount element 61 , whose shape can be seen in more detail in fig7 . the molding 61 is essentially a panel composed of a suitable plastic , which is curved in a suitable manner in the direction in which the optical waveguides 63 to 72 that are held in it extend . the plastic material of the molding 61 preferably has mechanical and , if required , acoustically damping characteristics , in order to provide better vibration damping . since the optical waveguides 63 - 72 are inserted in associated depressions in the form of holding grooves 62 , they are protected particularly well against environmental influences from the outside , thus ensuring reliable operation . furthermore , a good signal - to - noise ratio is ensured , and the profile of the optical waveguides is fixed , by virtue of the separations which are predetermined by the depressions 62 . rigid optical waveguides can preferably be used for this purpose , and are curved three - dimensionally to the desired shape . in the illustrated situation , two ends of mutually associated optical waveguides 63 , 64 ; 66 , 67 and 71 , 72 are in each case associated with a respective elongated recess 65 , 68 or 70 , which extends outwards from the two ends in the area of the prisms . an associated switching element can engage in this recess 65 , 68 , 70 , thus making it possible to interrupt the passage of light between the two ends . in fig6 , the recess 68 between the two optical waveguides 66 , 67 has an associated slide 55 , which can be moved by means of the switching element 53 into the area between the two prismatic ends , in order in this way to interrupt the passage of light . a switching element 74 is provided in the area of the recess 70 for the switch 73 , with which the two optical waveguides 71 , 72 are associated , with this switching element 74 being held on the first supporting part 20 such that it can pivot and having a switching tongue 76 which can extend into the area of the recess 70 between the two prismatic ends of the optical waveguides 71 , 72 . furthermore , the mount element 60 has a suitable recess in order to allow installation of the brush holder 54 with the brush 56 and the brush spring 58 . fig6 shows an associated attachment screw 79 . fig7 shows an overall view of the mount element 60 and of the optical waveguides 63 - 72 . fig8 shows how the relevant optical waveguides 63 - 72 can be combined to form a prefabricated optical waveguide bundle 84 , with the optical waveguides 63 - 72 preferably being rigid and being held together by means of a common holder 86 . this holder has depressions for the connection of leds for associated transmitter diodes , as well as connections for receiver elements . fig8 indicates only one led 87 , by way of example . fig9 and 10 show how the mount element 60 together with the optical waveguides which are held in it has been placed on the upper face of the two supporting parts 20 , 22 and has been inserted directly on the tool head 14 . with regard to the housing that is then fitted , this housing is preferably sealed to the edges of the mount element 60 . the mount element 60 is thus located in a position in which it is immediately adjacent to the fitted housing , with the optical waveguides which are held in it being reliably protected against possible ingress of dirt or the like . furthermore , fig1 also shows the slightly angled profile of the mount element 60 in the area of the holder 86 , on which the transmitter leds and receiver elements are arranged . fig1 also shows the switching elements 74 and 91 which are associated with the switches 73 and 90 and by means of which the transmission of light between interacting optical waveguides can be interrupted . input radiation from the rear is , of course , also feasible .	7
a preferred embodiment of a cargo restraining barrier constructed according to the invention is illustrated in fig1 and 2 . cargo restraining barrier 10 is constructed to provide a hollow vertical restraining wall 12 having a flange or lip 14 . preferably , cargo restraining barrier 10 is of a molded resilient plastic construction with vertical wall 12 being hollow to allow several cargo restraining barriers 10 to be stacked when not in use , as illustrated in fig1 . gripping surfaces are provided beneath flanges 14 to help hold cargo restraining barriers 10 in place . preferably velcro - type hook material pads 16 are attached to the underside 18 of flange 14 . velcro material is generally in the form of hooks and loops . in this case , carpeting in the cargo area will form the loop material which will be gripped by the hooks in pads 16 and fastened to the underside 18 of flange 14 with an adhesive . hook material pads 16 can be individual pads at each corner as illustrated , or could be lengthwise strips to provide more gripping surface . in some cases , the cargo areas may have carpeting that will not be gripped securely by the hooks in hook material pads 16 . for these types of surfaces , a plurality of spikes provided along opposite edges of flanges 14 . the combination of packages sitting on the upper surface 22 of flanges 14 and spikes 20 being pressed into the surface of the carpeting or other material securely hold the cargo restraining barrier 10 in place to prevent packages from tipping or sliding around the cargo area . optionally , hook material pads could be pads having a sticky or gummy material for holding on a somewhat smooth surface . in yet another option , pads 16 could be magnetic to hold the barriers in place in the metal cargo areas of pick - up trucks and the like . a partial sectional view of a cargo area , with cargo restraining barriers in position to hold packages in place , is illustrated in fig3 . the partial section of fig3 illustrates a carpeted cargo area 24 typically found in the trunk of an automobile . cargo area 24 illustrates the portion of the forward end of the trunk , which has carpeting 26 and a wall 28 provided by the rear of seats 29 in the vehicle . cargo restraining barriers 10 are positioned end - to - end using wall 28 in cargo area 24 as a restraining surface . packages such as grocery bags 30 and containers 32 are secured by placing cargo restraining barriers 10 end - to - end with forward ends abutting rear wall 28 of cargo area 24 . optionally , a sidewall or other surface could be used to assist in holding packages 30 and 32 in place . further , packages 30 , such as grocery bags , are positioned to sit on flanges 14 to press the flanges firmly into carpet 26 holding the cargo restraining barriers 10 in place . an optional feature of the invention is to provide interlocking corners on cargo restraining barriers 10 as illustrated in fig1 through 4 . interlocking corners are comprised of sockets 34 in opposite angle corners , and mating posts 36 in recesses 37 in diagonally opposite corners . when cargo restraining barriers 10 are in position , as shown in fig3 a post 36 ( on one corner ) will seat in socket 34 in an adjoining corner as shown in the partial sectional view of fig4 . by interlocking the corners , as shown in fig4 the three cargo restraining barriers 10 act as a unit . however , in most cases , hook material pad 16 and spikes 20 will be sufficient to hold cargo restraining barriers 10 in place . another option is to secure reflectors 15 ( fig1 ) to the sides of hollow vertical wall 12 . this would allow cargo restraining barriers to be used as warning devices during vehicle breakdowns . the reflective barriers could be placed in the rear window of a vehicle or in front , behind or adjacent a disabled vehicle . another option is to embed a reflective material in the plastic forming hollow material wall 12 . a second embodiment of the invention is illustrated in fig5 through 7 . in this embodiment , cargo restraining barrier 40 is in the form of a flat sheet of material which is preferably a rigid , but somewhat resilient plastic or similar material . sheet 42 has undercut grooves 44 and 46 on a lower surface and single centrally located undercut groove or slot 48 formed in upper surface 50 . undercut grooves 44 , 46 and 48 essentially divide sheet 42 into four hinged sections illustrated by the dotted line extending across sheet 42 at undercut grooves 44 and 46 . hinged sections 52 at opposite ends of sheet 42 , provide flanges while hinged sections 54 in the center , form the vertical wall or barrier as shown in fig6 and 7 . cargo restraining barrier 40 is formed by folding flat sheet 42 at hinges formed by undercut grooves 44 , 46 and 48 to erect vertical wall 54 &# 39 ; from center sections 54 . hinged end sections 52 then form lengthwise securing flanges . loop material pads 56 are secured on the underside 58 of flanges 52 to secure cargo restraining barrier 40 in place , as in the embodiment of fig1 through 4 . spikes 60 may also be formed along opposite edges of flanges 52 as before , if desired . loop material pads 56 and spikes 60 will hold vertical wall 54 &# 39 ; comprised of sections 54 in a vertical position when in use . however , to maintain that position , an optional but preferred feature is the inclusion of velcro hook and loop material on the underside of sections 54 which will assist in holding the section together and maintaining the vertical position of vertical wall 54 &# 39 ;. preferably , hook and loop material is in the form of velcro pads 62 and 64 at opposite ends on the underside of sections 54 , as shown by dotted lines in fig5 . as shown in fig7 hook and loop pads 62 and 64 mate when sheet 42 is folded in the position shown . this embodiment , of the cargo restraining carrier , is used in the same manner as the first embodiment shown in fig3 . cargo restraining barriers 40 would be placed in cargo area 24 of a vehicle trunk and positioned against a wall or side to restrain packages , preventing them from tipping or sliding around the cargo area . a third embodiment is illustrated in fig8 through 10 . in this embodiment , cargo restraining barrier 70 is again comprised of a flat sheet 72 of some resilient rigid material such as a resilient plastic material , or any other suitable rigid material that can be constructed as shown . lengthwise undercut grooves 74 , 76 and 78 are provided in the surface of sheet 72 . this divides sheet 72 into hinged sections 80 , 82 , 84 and 86 that will fold or roll - up as illustrated in fig9 and 10 . hinged section 80 is rolled - up toward hinged sections 82 and 84 until the underside of section 80 mates with the upper side of section 86 , as shown in fig1 . velcro pads 88 and 90 , on the underside of section 80 and the upper side of section 86 respectively , mate as illustrated in fig1 . velcro hook material 94 , secured to the underside of hinged section 84 , provides a holding material to grip carpeting in a trunk as in the prior embodiments . additionally , spikes 96 may be formed along each edge of the underside of section 84 if desired . the advantage of the embodiments illustrated in fig5 through 7 and 8 through 10 is that they may be laid flat when not in use to minimize the amount of storage space they occupy . a variation of the embodiment of fig1 through 4 is illustrated in fig1 and 12 . this design reduces the amount of material used for manufacture to significantly reduce construction costs . in this embodiment , cargo restraining barrier 100 has vertical wall 102 , formed of a hollow construction as before , except that the vertical wall 102 is in the form of an open frame . vertical wall 102 is attached to flanges 104 along opposite sides to hold hollow vertical wall 102 in an upright position . spikes 106 are formed along opposite edges of flanges 104 , and velcro hook material pads 108 are secured beneath flanges 104 as before . the open hollow allows the cargo restraining barriers to be stacked as illustrated in fig1 but use much less material in their manufacture which can reduce the cost of production . fig1 through 15 illustrate an optional construction of the embodiment of fig5 through 7 . a cargo restraining barrier 110 is formed of a flat sheet of material as before , having undercut grooves 112 , 113 and 114 forming hinged sections 1 - 6 acting as flanges along either side . sections 116 , 118 , 120 and 122 when folded , form vertical wall 122 . flanges 116 have hook material pad 124 and spikes 126 as before to hold cargo restraining barrier 110 in position in a cargo storage area . however , to hold vertical wall 22 in a vertical position , sections 118 and 120 are provided with interlocking fasteners provided by a ball 128 and socket 130 fastener . when flanges are folded , raising sections 118 and 120 , fastening ball 128 mates with socket 130 holding section 118 and 120 in a substantially vertical position to produce restraining wall 122 . loop material pads 124 and spikes 126 hold cargo restraining barrier 110 in position in a cargo area 24 in the same manner as the original embodiment illustrated in fig1 . the ball and socket fastener , utilized in the embodiment of fig1 and 14 , allow the cargo restraining barrier 110 to be laid flat for storage in the smallest possible space as shown in fig1 . fig1 is a partial sectional view of one of the cargo restraining barriers 110 to illustrate the method of stacking several cargo restraining barriers . ball 128 and socket 130 are formed on hollow conical sections on the cargo restraining barrier 110 , which seat within one another when the cargo restraining barrier is folded flat . this allows several of these cargo restraining barriers to be stored in a very small space . thus , there has been disclosed , a cargo restraining barrier that is simple in construction and easy to use . in addition , each embodiment allows the cargo restraining barrier to be easily stored when not in use . in the first embodiment the cargo restraining barrier is formed of a molded hollow construction providing a vertical barrier and lengthwise flanges having velcro hook - type material to securely hold the cargo restraining barrier in place in the trunk of an automobile or other cargo area . in several optional embodiments , the barrier is formed of flat material having undercut grooves having hinged sections that allow the flat material to be folded to provide a vertical wall with flanges having velcro hook material to secure the cargo restraining barrier in the cargo area of an automobile or other cargo areas . the flat material , when folded , provides a vertical wall and a base having hook material pads that grip carpeting in automobile trunks or other similar cargo carrying areas . this invention is not to be limited by the embodiment shown in the drawings and described in the description which is given by way of example and not of limitation , but only in accordance with the scope of the appended claims .	1
referring now to fig1 , there is illustrated a cross - section view of a prior art cutting tooth 2 formed by known double side chemical etching processes angularly protruding from a base 4 . prior art teeth 2 are formed from a blank of metal , such as steel , through chemical etching applied to both sides of the blank through a well known method . as result of using prior double side etching techniques , a cross - section of the cutting element 2 of fig1 is produced . in fig1 , an abutment surface or catch 6 is detrimentally formed on the body of tooth 10 which contacts food being cut to increase the force required for a cutting operation . in fig2 , there is illustrated a cross - section view of a prior art cutting tooth 2 a formed by a known single side etching process angularly arranged relative base surface 4 a . although the abutment surface of fig1 is substantially eliminated , the teeth shown in fig2 possess a thickness identical to the base plate and therefore a limited sharpness is achievable with a resulting reduction the relative efficiency of cutting . referring to fig3 and 4 , there is illustrated a first embodiment of an improved cutting tooth 10 of the application intended to be a single cutting element or alternatively , arranged as an array of cutting teeth formed by a novel double side chemical etching method of the invention . the tooth 10 comprises a bent or cantilevered element angularly arranged in integral relationship at the lower end 11 of the tooth 10 to flat base 12 . as seen in fig4 each tooth 10 is raised as one of a plurality of bent or cantilevered cutting teeth angularly arranged with respect to base 12 above base opening 12 ′ in a pattern of upward protruding elements . it should be apparent , however , that tooth 10 can also comprise a single cutting element of a cutting or slicing implement in selected applications of use . in accordance with the invention , a blank of metal , such as a stainless steel and or other metal , is treated prior to the etching action of a etching chemical in a manner to create a pattern of protective resist layers ( not shown ) on opposite surfaces 14 and 16 of blank 12 and define predetermined areas of exposed surfaces to be etched . the exposed areas of the metal blank are selectively etched so that the teeth 10 and base plate 12 are ultimately formed into the configuration shown in fig3 and 4 . after etching , a cutting end portion 20 of tooth 10 is created having a unique configuration to provide a thin cutting edge 22 at the upper free end of tooth 10 . the configuration of the cutting end portion 20 and the cutting edge 22 is defined by the material that is etched from the lower chemically cut - out area 24 of the tooth 10 and the material etched from the top of the tooth 10 to form cut - out area 26 . the surface 28 of the cutting end portion 22 in the upper chemically cutout area 26 is shown in a concave shape forming a relatively gradual cut - out area . the length of the etched material in cutout area 26 is greater than the length of the cut - out area 24 and is determined by the thickness of tooth 10 , the angle of tooth 10 with respect to base 12 , and the amount of the material etched from upper cut out area 26 . the extended surface 28 that is created by the length of cut out area 26 is spaced from the direction of the line of sight or contact with an item being moved past the cutting edge 22 such that impact of food with the surface 28 of tooth 10 during movement of food and the like past the cutting element 10 generally in a direction parallel to the upper surface of base 12 is eliminated . thus , the interfering abutment wall or step during cutting operations ordinarily present in teeth produced by prior art etching processes is effectively eliminated . thus , the combination of the thinner cutting tooth 10 and the foregoing removal of the interfering step or wall of the prior art in accordance with the teachings of the invention will reduce the cutting force needed to use implements employing the cutting teeth herein disclosed . the force required in use of cutting elements of the invention will be less than not only teeth formed by known double side etch processes , but also those cutting elements created by a single side etch of the prior art . the length of the etched material in upper cutout area 26 of tooth 10 herein disclosed can be determined by the following equation : 6 e − 4 (% etch factor )− 63 e − 5 )* 1 e 3 )( base metal thickness ))( tooth angle ̂− 0 . 997 ))= length % etch factor = desired % etched from top side of cutting edge base metal thickness = initial thickness of metal used to produce the cutting surface length = the length of double sided etch on top of the tooth needed to remove step or wall from the line of sight of the cutting action of the cutter the foregoing equation defines the minimum required length of the etched cutout area 26 , but this length can be made longer than as provided by the foregoing equation to compensate for any material , process , tooling and any other production variations . as will be described later , the cantilevered cutting teeth and upper surface of base 12 can be coated with a non - stick resin in accordance with the invention . referring now to fig5 - 8 , there is illustrated a second embodiment of the invention having domed or formed cutting teeth , generally designated by reference numeral 2 b . in use the cutter tooth can be employed as a single cutting element or can comprise a plurality of cutting elements 2 b ′ as shown , for example , when used with cutting implement 4 b in fig5 . domed cutting teeth 2 b are formed from a blank of metal , such as steel , through a standard forming process in a well known manner to create a raised dome 6 b integrally projecting in a raised orientation above base 8 b and generally surrounding an internal cutter chamber 6 c , except for a open leading opening in cutter 6 b . the thickness of the dome formed is less than the thickness of base 8 b . as best seen in fig6 , the top of the open end 6 b ′ is formed with v - shaped cut - out area 10 b which impacts the food or other items being moved past the tooth 2 b . the chamber 6 c is situated above holes 8 b ′ in base 8 b below teeth 2 b to capture material which is cut after passing edge 10 b . the top surface of a tooth 2 b can be flat or taper away from the cutting surface . a thin forward cutting edge is provided on substantially the entire extent of the v - shaped front edge portion 12 b of the v - shaped cutout area 10 b of the tooth 2 b . the cutting edge 12 b is thinner than the base blade and is formed out of dome 6 b by etching . grinding or other technique . it is within the scope of the invention to form the leading edge 12 b in any suitable configuration other than the v - shape as disclosed , such as a linear or curved leading edge , when desired in particular conditions . the combination of a thinner cutting edge , a stronger tooth configuration , and the addition of shear to the cutting edge attains more precise cuts than the prior art and the substantial elimination of food catches . the dome design of tooth 2 b creates a more rigid design that will also hold better tolerances in the production process than known bent or cantilevered teeth in the prior art . besides being used as a single cutting element of any size , width , thickness or pattern , a plurality of teeth 2 b can also be of any size , width , thickness or pattern . in the preceding embodiments described with reference to fig3 - 8 , the improved cutting teeth can be preferably formed by the invention of the application as hereinafter described . in addition , the method of manufacture can include the step of applying a non - stick protective resin prior to the forming process of the cutting teeth of the previously described embodiments . the application of the coasting to the cutting teeth 2 and 2 b will provide the further advantages as previously described . referring now to fig9 , the process of invention is shown to apply a non - stick resin to cutting elements of a tool , such as , but not limited to , a food zester , grater or any other tool employing cutting elements . referring to block 100 of fig9 , a blank or base of a metal , such as , for example steel , stainless steel and the like , from which the cutting teeth are derived is first treated by being chemically etched to form the configuration of one or more cutting teeth , including their cutting edge profile . as previously described , the blank or base may be etched by the double etching technique described with reference to fig3 - 4 herein . after being etched , the treated surface of the metal of the blank is roughened by a suitable known technique as described in block 200 for better adhesion of the non - stick resin to be applied . it is within the scope of the invention to omit the step described with reference to block 200 , if desired . in block 300 of fig9 showing the next step of the process of the invention , a non - stick resin is silk screened as a coating on the entire surface of the treated surface , which can be the top and / or bottom of the blank , but excluding application of the coating on the cutting surfaces of the tool . during the foregoing application of a coating by a known silk screen process , the cutting edge portion ( s ) of the cutting elements are masked to prevent the application of a coating on the cutting edge portion of the cutter to maintain its sharpness . although this step of the process is described through use of silk screen printing , it is within the scope of the invention to alternately apply the non - stick resin using a pad print operation , photochemical etching and screen print or pad print process , a spray process , powder coating process or at typical titanium and the like process . in the step shown as block 400 of fig1 , after the non - stick resin is applied and cured , the configuration of the tool being manufactured , such as described with reference to fig3 - 8 can then be fully formed by mechanical techniques through standard presses without damaging the coated surface . from the foregoing it should be apparent that other shapes and designs of coated cutting elements can be manufactured in accordance with the invention other than those possessing the improved configuration of the two embodiments herein disclosed .	0
as shown in fig1 and 1a , a preferred embodiment of the tampon 10 of the invention has a generally elongated absorbent core 12 of absorbent materials and an outer cover 14 of apertured formed film . the apertured formed film of the cover 14 , when arranged in a substantially planar orientation , comprises a land region 16 having multiple openings 18 therein . each opening 18 has a first aperture 20 in the land region 16 and side walls 22 extending therefrom in a substantially uniform direction and terminating in second apertures 24 . it is not necessary that all of the second apertures 24 lie within the same plane . some of the second apertures 24 may be split by bridging fibrils 26 or thread - like extensions of the sidewalls across the second apertures 24 . these fibrils 26 are created by incomplete aperturing of the starting film . an unexpected advantage of the fibrils 26 is that they provide the outer cover with additional capability for preventing absorbent core materials from protruding through the openings in the film . this apertured formed film is placed on the tampon 10 so that the second apertures 24 are generally adjacent the absorbent core 12 . an advantage of the apertured film cover is that it minimizes the presence of the absorbent materials on the surface of the tampon . the land region 16 has a projected land area which results from projecting the land region 16 onto a plane substantially parallel to it . the size and number of the apertures in the film are chosen to minimize the penetration of absorbent core materials through the film . the presence of absorbent core materials on the surface of the tampon both increases friction against the vaginal wall upon insertion and contributes to desiccation of the vaginal wall during use , leading to removal discomfort . the absence of absorbent core materials on the surface of the tampon helps to maintain the ease of insertion and removal the length of the sidewalls connecting the first and second apertures may play a role in providing the tampon with improved insertion characteristics . the presence of the sidewalls between the first and second apertures imparts a generally three - dimensional quality to the film . this three - dimensional quality is in contrast to the generally two - dimensional quality of reticulated films such as that described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 710 , 186 , the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference . two - dimensional reticulated films more readily allow portions of the absorbent materials of the absorbent core to protrude through to the surface of the tampon . the three - dimensional quality provided by the sidewalls helps to separate the absorbent materials of the absorbent core from the surface of the tampon . the longer the sidewalls , the greater the separation of the absorbent core materials from the tampon surface , and the less likely it is that the absorbent core materials will protrude through the openings in the apertured film to contact the vaginal tissues during insertion . the optimum length of the sidewalls is dependent upon the type of absorbent material which is used for the absorbent core . some types of absorbent materials may protrude more easily through the openings in the apertured film , and thus longer sidewalls may be required to prevent protrusion . it will be recognized by those familiar with the manufacture of tampons that tampons are often compressed during the manufacturing process . such compression causes the sidewalls of the apertured film to fold over . such folding , however , does not detract from the ability of the sidewalls to prevent protrusion of the absorbent materials through the openings in the apertured film . [ 0026 ] fig2 illustrates a side view of a prior art tampon 100 with a fiber cover 102 . the surface 104 of the prior art tampon 100 has a “ fuzzy ” appearance caused both by absorbent core fibers protruding through the fiber cover 102 and by loose fibers from the cover 102 . [ 0027 ] fig3 shows a side view of a tampon 10 of the invention with an apertured film cover 14 . the surface of the tampon 10 is smooth with the fibers substantially all contained by the cover 14 . the apertured formed film cover 14 helps to hold the absorbent core fibers away from the surface of the tampon 10 . since the apertured formed film cover 14 does not comprise fibers , there are no loose cover fibers to interfere with insertion and removal comfort . this smoothness may be measured by average surface roughness as measured by the kawabata surface tester according to the method described in the examples . preferably , the average surface roughness is less than that of conventional fibrous tampon cover material . more preferably , the average surface roughness is less than about 3 microns . the absorbent core of the tampon may comprise any absorbent material , including but not limited to cellulosic fibers such as rayon and cotton , other natural or synthetic absorbent fibers , superabsorbent fibers , absorbent foams , absorbent gelling agents , and the like . in a preferred embodiment , the absorbent core of the tampon comprises a blend of rayon and cotton . the apertured formed film of the invention may comprise any polymeric film - forming material including but not limited to polyethylene , polypropylene , other polyolefins , ethylene vinyl acetate , polyesters , polystyrene , polyamides , polyethers , copolymers of these , and blends of these . in a preferred embodiment , the apertured formed film of the invention comprises a blend of ethylene vinyl acetate and polypropylene . in another preferred embodiment , the apertured formed film comprises a blend of polypropylene and low density polyethylene . the generally elongated absorbent core has a generally elongated surface and two end surfaces . preferably , the apertured formed film substantially covers at least the generally elongated surface of the absorbent core to form an outer cover on the tampon . the outer cover is oriented and configured such that the second apertures are adjacent to the absorbent core . one or both of the ends of the absorbent core may also be covered , but this is not necessary to obtain the insertion and removal advantages of the invention . the land region of the apertured formed film is chosen such that it provides the outer body - contacting exterior of the tampon with a gliding surface which allows for smooth and easy insertion of the tampon into a body cavity . the smoothness of the surface allows the tampon to slide easily over the vaginal tissues , thereby reducing the frictional drag which may occur when fibrous or absorbent or less smooth tampon surfaces rub along the sensitive vaginal tissues . the projected land area , projected side wall area , and open area of a given area of apertured formed film are equal to unity . of these three areas , the easiest to determine is the open area . it has been found that apertured formed films with open area of less than about 35 % function effectively to provide this smooth surface on tampons . however , apertured films with open area of as little as 2 % are also effective on such tampons . open area may be determined by using image analysis to measure the relative percentages of apertured and unapertured , or land , areas . essentially image analysis converts an optical image from a light microscope into an electronic signal suitable for processing . an electronic beam scans the image , line - by - line . as each line is scanned , an output signal changes according to illumination . white areas produce a relatively high voltage and black areas a relatively low voltage . an image of the apertured formed film is produced and , in that image , the holes are white , while the solid areas of thermoplastic material are at various levels of gray . the more dense the solid area , the darker the gray area produced . each line of the image that is measured is divided into sampling points or pixels . the following equipment can be used to carry out the analysis described above : a quantimet q520 image analyzer ( with v . 5 . 02b software and grey store option ), sold by leica / cambridge instruments ltd ., in conjunction with an olympus szh microscope with a transmitted light base , a plan 1 . 0 × objective , and a 2 . 50 × eyepiece . the image can be produced with a dage mti ccd72 video camera . a representative piece of each material to be analyzed is placed on the microscope stage and sharply imaged on the video screen at a microscope zoom setting of 10 ×. the open area is determined from field measurements of representative areas . the quantimet program output reports mean value and standard deviation for each sample . in addition to open area , the apertured formed film of the tampon of the invention is characterized by a distribution of the distances of nearest neighbor apertures . nearest neighbor distance may be determined by a variety of means including the use of image analysis for the calculation of the “ nearest neighbor ” in an array of apertures . the nearest neighbor distance is the distance between an aperture and the aperture which is its nearest neighbor in an apertured formed film , measured from the centroid of the first aperture tot he centroid of its nearest neighbor . this distance , when plotted against the frequency of such distances , provides a frequency distribution of nearest neighbors for the apertures in the film . such a nearest neighbor distribution may be observed in fig4 ( an apertured formed film according to the present invention ) and 5 ( a thermobonded fibrous web ). it can be noted from fig4 that the distribution for this apertured formed film sample is binodal ; that is , there is a first distribution of nearest neighbor distances in the 0 . 5 to 1 . 1 mm range and a second distribution in the 1 . 1 to 2 . 5 mm range . this binodal distribution is attributed to the presence of fibrils across about 60 % of the second apertures in this sample of apertured formed film . in contrast , as shown in fig5 the nearest neighbor distribution for a fibrous nonwoven cover similar to that formed on a commercially available o . b .® tampon shows a very narrow distribution of nearest neighbor distances . additionally , the nearest neighbor distances for the fibrous cover are much smaller than for the film cover . this illustrates that the apertures in the fibrous cover are much closer together than the apertures in the film . the apertured formed film may be applied as an outer cover to an absorbent core to form a tampon by any of a number of known methods . preferred methods of applying the cover are disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 863 , 450 ( friese ), in which a length of cover is attached to one end of a length of absorbent material and the assembly is rolled up into a cylinder such that the cover forms the outside surface of the cylinder , and u . s . pat . no . 5 , 004 , 467 ( hinzmann et al . ), in which one end of an absorbent cylinder is placed in the center of a rectangle of cover , and the cover is folded up and around the sides of the cylinder . the contents of these two patents are hereby incorporated herein by reference . after the cover is applied to the absorbent core , the covered core is radially compressed to form a tampon pledget . a preferred compressed tampon and method for making it are described in commonly assigned , co - pending u . s . patent application ser . no . 07 / 596 , 456 ( friese et al . ), the contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference . the tampon of friese et al . has a generally cylindrical shape formed by multiple longitudinal , relatively low - density ribs surrounding a more highly compressed core . the term “ generally elongated ” as used herein is intended to include the generally cylindrical tampon of friese et al . as well as other tampons with a generally elongated shape . the compressed pledget may be inserted into a user &# 39 ; s body cavity with the user &# 39 ; s fingers ( digitally ) or by means of an applicator . apertured polymeric formed films are known and may be made by a number of methods which are known to those in the art , including hot air aperturing and water aperturing . a preferred apertured formed film for this invention is made using an apparatus as described in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 567 , 376 , the contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference . fig6 illustrates a method of making an embodiment of an apertured film for use in this invention . a continuous starting film 200 is unwound from an unwind station 210 and supported on a three - dimensional apertured forming member 220 . situated above the starting film 200 is a manifold 230 for applying multiple fine streams of hot water to the upper surface of the starting film 200 as the film , supported on the forming member 220 , passes under the manifold 230 . the water may be applied at varying pressures . high pressures ( i . e ., 900 pounds per square inch ) or low pressures ( i . e ., 165 pounds per square inch ) may be used , as may combinations of high and low pressures . disposed beneath the forming member 220 is a vacuum manifold 240 for removing water which is directed onto the upper surface of the starting film 200 as it passes under the manifold 230 . the pressurized streams of hot water cause the film to conform to the topography of the apertured forming member 220 and to rupture in the areas where the film overlies the apertures in the forming member 220 . the resulting apertured formed film has a top surface corresponding to the surface contacted by the water streams , and a bottom surface corresponding to the surface supported by the forming member 220 . the apertured film is then passed through one pair or dewatering rolls , 250 a and 250 b , and one pair of backing rolls , 260 and 270 , to remove excess water and to dry the film . surfactant is then applied to the top surface of the apertured film , the film is slit , e . g ., by a cutting knife 280 , into appropriate widths for tampon converting lines , and the narrow widths of film are wound onto standard cores 290 . the narrow widths of apertured formed film are then cut into strips of predetermined lengths . the cut edge of each strip of the apertured film is heat - welded to the outside of the rear end of a section of a cotton / rayon nonwoven ribbon . the blend of cotton and rayon in the nonwoven ribbon may range from 100 % cotton and 0 % rayon to 0 % cotton and 100 % rayon . preferably , the blend of cotton to rayon ranges from 25 : 75 to 0 : 100 . the nonwoven ribbon is provided with a withdrawal cord and rolled up on itself to form a tampon blank so that the apertured film length extends over the circumference of the tampon blank with the top surface of the apertured film facing away from the nonwoven ribbon . the free end of the apertured film length is heat - sealed onto the outer apertured film - covered surface of the blank . the blank is subsequently radially compressed to produce the final form of the tampon . tampons 1 a and 1 c are made by applying the apertured film cover according to the method above . tampons 1 b and 1 d are made by first rolling up a section of a cotton / rayon nonwoven ribbon to form a generally cylindrical tampon blank . one end of the blank is placed on the center of a length of apertured film . the apertured film is folded up and around the sides , or generally cylindrical surface , of the tampon blank . the covered blank is then radially compressed to form a tampon . tampons 1 a , 1 b , 1 c , and 1 d are tested for absorbency by a standard syngina test , as described in the federal register , part iii , department of health and human services , food and drug administration ( 21 cfr part 801 , pp . 37263 - 4 , sep . 23 , 1988 ). it can be seen from table 1 below that tampons made with films of small open area ( high land area ) demonstrate syngina capacities which are comparable with tampons made with higher open area ( lower land area ) films and fibrous covers . a comparison was made of the perceived insertion and removal comfort of two control products , ( 1 ) a super absorbency commercial digital tampon with a fiber cover ( o . b .® brand ), and ( 2 ) a digital tampon made with a two - dimensional reticulated film , such as that described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 710 , 186 , and an experimental tampon made by substituting an apertured film cover with an open area of 3 % for the fiber cover on a super absorbency commercial o . b .® tampon . the test tampon ( example 2 ) was made according to the same method used to made tampons 1 a and 1 c above . fifty - five panelists were each given one each of the control product and the test tampon . each participant was instructed to insert the tampons digitally during nonmenstrual days only to simulate light flow days . each tampon was to be worn for 3 to 4 hours before being removed , and there was to be a minimum of 20 hours between the testing of each tampon . the panelists completed questionnaires immediately after the insertion process of each tampon and then again immediately after the withdrawal process of each tampon . the panelists were asked to rate each tampon from 0 , extreme negative , to 10 , extreme positive , on their perceptions of various attributes of the tampons . the results of the test are shown below in table 2 . it can be seen from the results in table 2 that the tampon with the apertured formed film cover ( example 2 tampon ) was rated higher than the commercial tampon for overall insertion , ease and comfort of insertion , easy glide , and overall removal . these cover materials were also tested for coefficient of friction on polished steel and surface roughness . the surface roughness was measured using the kawabata surface tester kes - fb - 4 , available from kato tekko ( kyoto , japan ). the kawabata surface tester allows the measurement of surface roughness of films and nonwoven fabrics . in performing this test , the mean deviation of surface roughness , smd , is measured over a distance of 2 cm . the contactor for measurement of surface roughness is a steel piano wire ( 0 . 5 mm diameter , 5 mm length ) placed on the material surface with a contact force of 10 gf ( gram force ). the contactor is specially designed to simulate the human finger surface . the specimen is moved between a 2 cm interval both backwards and forwards at a constant velocity of 0 . 1 cm / sec on a horizontal smooth steel plate . the tension of the specimen is kept constant at 20 gf / cm and the contactor stays in place during the measurement . the electrical signal related to the vertical displacement of the piano wire is then translated into a digital readout . the results of the kawabata surface tester and coefficient of friction on steel are shown below in table 3 . it can be seen from the surface roughness test results that the three - dimensional apertured formed film of the invention has a lower average surface roughness than either the fibrous cover from a commercial o . b .® tampon or a two - dimensional reticulated film . in the kawabata surface roughness test , lower measurements indicate lower surface roughness . however , as table 3 shows , the lower surface roughness does not result in a lower coefficient of friction . the apertured formed film has a higher coefficient of friction on polished steel than either the reticulated film or the fibrous cover . surprisingly , a tampon surface that provides greater frictional drag demonstrates greater comfort upon actual insertion into and removal from a woman &# 39 ; s vagina than a tampon having a cover with less frictional drag . the specification and examples above are presented to aid in the complete and non - limiting understanding of the invention disclosed herein . since many variations and embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from its spirit and scope , the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended .	8
referring to the figure , it is seen that semiconductor memory chip 10 includes a left hand array 12 of one transistor memory storage cells including storage cells 19 and 24 connected to sense - write conductor 28 and storage cells 22 and 26 coupled to sense - write conductor 30 . the dotted lines indicate expansion of the number of rows and columns of identical storage cells . memory chip 10 also includes a right hand array 14 including a plurality of identical storage cells such as 49 connected to sense - write conductor 50 and a plurality of one transistor storage cells connected to sense - write conductor 53 . again , the dotted lines indicate expansion of rows and columns of storage cells . the construction of the one transistor memory cell is described with reference to memory cell 19 , which includes mosfet ( mos field effect transistor ) 20 and storage capacitor 32 . mosfet 20 has its drain connected to sense - write conductor 28 and its source connected to a storage node 19 &# 39 ; and its gate connected to column selection conductor 65 . storage capacitor 32 has one electrode connected to the source of mosfet 20 and its other electrode connected to common voltage conductor 34 . it is seen that all of the storage cells in arrays 12 and 14 are arranged in rows and columns , and that in each array all of the storage cells in a given row have the drain of their respective mosfets connected to the same sense - write conductor . it is also seen that the gate of each mosfet in a given column is connected to the same column selection conductor , such as column selection conductors 65 , 66 , 68 or 69 . semiconductor memory chip 10 also includes two columns of dummy storage cells . column 16 includes dummy storage cells 36 and 36 &# 39 ;, while column 18 includes dummy storage cells 48 &# 34 ; and 48 &# 39 ;. actually , as the dotted line indicates there is one dummy storage cell for each row of storage cells in each of arrays 12 and 14 . each of the dummy storage cells , including dummy storage cell 36 , is schematically the same as the storage cells in arrays 12 and 14 . for example , dummy storage cell 36 includes mosfet 38 having its drain connected to sense - write conductor 28 , its gate connected to dummy storage cell selection conductor 60 , and its source connected to storage node 40 &# 39 ; and to one electrode of storage capacitor 40 , the other electrode of which is connected to common voltage conductor 34 . the dummy storage cell in each row of each array is connected to the sense - write conductor , such as 28 , 30 , 50 or 53 of that particular row of the respective array . each of the column selection conductors such as 65 and 66 in array 12 is driven by column decode circuitry 64 . the structure of the circuitry included in column decode circuitry 64 is readily implementable using techniques known to those skilled in the art , and typically includes decode gates and address inverters . see u . s . pat . no . 3 , 760 , 380 assigned to the present assignee , by hoffman et al . the inputs to the address inverters are the address inputs 91 , 94 , 95 to mos memory chip 10 . similarly , the column selection conductor such as 68 and 69 and right hand array 14 are connected to column decode circuitry 67 , which is similar to the circuitry of column decode circuitry 64 , except that different address inputs are connected thereto . a sense amplifier , such as 45 , is connected between the sense - write conductors of each array for each row in the memory . for example , sense - amplifier 45 is connected between sense - write conductor 28 and sense - write conductor 50 . similarly , sense amplifier 52 is connected between sense - write conductors 30 and 53 . incidentally , the dotted extension of the sense - write conductors and the column selection conductors in fig1 indicate that the memory array and the decode are section expandable in both the horizontal and vertical directions . associated with each row of storage cells and the respective sense amplifier , is an input - output control circuit such as 44 &# 39 ;, or 55 &# 39 ;. input - output control circuit 44 &# 39 ; includes mosfet 44 , which has its gate electrode connected to conductor 43 &# 39 ; and its drain connected to conductor 73 , which is connected to the storage node of dummy cell storage 48 . mosfet 44 has its source connected to data conductor 51 . input - output control circuit 44 &# 39 ; also includes mosfet 43 having its gate connected to conductor 43 &# 39 ;, its drain connected to conductor 42 , which in turn is connected to the storage node of dummy storage cell 36 , its source connected to data conductor 51 . the other input - output control circuits , one associated with each row of the memory storage cells , are constructed entirely similarly . the source electrodes of all of the mosfets , such as 43 , 44 , 55 , 56 are connected to the common data conductor 51 . the gate electrodes of such mosfets are respectively coupled to row decode means 46 , 47 , which in a practical implementation is split so that half of the row decode circuitry is situated to the right side of sense amplifiers 45 and the other half is located to the left thereof . the circuitry in row decode circuits 46 and 47 is also readily implementable by those skilled in the art and may be quite similar in structure to that in column decode circuitry 64 and 67 . control circuitry 57 is coupled to row decode circuitry 46 and 47 , dummy storage cell decode circuitry 61 and 62 , and column decode circuitry 64 and 67 . data input terminal 58 and data output terminal 59 are also connected to control circuitry 57 , as is data conductor 51 . control circuitry 57 is intended to represent generalized timing , clocking , and input - output circuitry readily implementable by those skilled in the art of semiconductor memory design . see the above mentioned patent by hoffman et al . column address inputs 91 are coupled to column decode circuit 64 and column address inputs 94 coupled to column decode 67 . there are m column address inputs where 2m is the number of columns in memory chip 10 . row address inputs 95 are coupled to row decode circuitry 46 , and are understood to be coupled to row decode circuitry 47 . there are n row address inputs where there are 2 n rows in memory chip 10 . it should be pointed out that the structure and operation of mosfets is well known to those skilled in the semiconductor arts . however , for a more detailed description of mosfets the reader may refer to physics and technology of semiconductor devices by a . s . grove , john wiley and sons , inc ., 1967 . it should be noted , as used herein , the terms &# 34 ; source &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; drain &# 34 ; used with reference to the connections of mosfets , are interchangeable , since these electrodes of a mosfet function as either sources or drains , depending upon bias conditions , since a mosfet is a bilateral device as far as switching applications are concerned . the operation of memory chip 10 , as it relates to the inventive concept herein , is described with reference to the figure . any particular combination of the row selection and column selection address inputs results in the selection of one and only one storage cell , which may be in either array 12 or array 14 . in other words , one column is selected and one row is selected ; this results in selection of the storage cell at the intersection thereof . assume for purposes of discussion , that a logical &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ; is stored at storage node 19 &# 39 ; of storage cell 19 . storage cell 19 is selected by applying a logical &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ; to column selection conductor 65 by means of column decode circuit 64 . this accomplishes selection of the desired column . prior to column selection , however , sense - write conductors 28 and 50 have been equalized in potential . this is accomplished by means of precharge circuitry , which may be associated with sense amplifier 45 or separate therefrom . such precharge circuitry is well known to those skilled in the art and need not be detailed herein . when mosfet 20 of storage cell 19 is turned on , the charge stored on storage capacitor 32 will be redistributed with the capacitance of sense - write conductor 28 . also , some charge will be coupled between column selection conductors 65 and sense - write conductor 28 by parasitic capacitor 96 , which is shown between the gate and drain of mosfet 20 . the operation of the memory circuit is such that whenever any column in array 12 is selected , dummy storage cell decode circuit 62 causes dummy storage cell selection conductor 63 to turn on all of the dummy storage cells connected thereto , so that parasitic capacitor 98 associated with dummy storage cell 48 couples a like amount of charge ( on parasitic capacitor 96 ) onto sense - write conductor 50 . therefore , after all of the charge initially stored on storage capacitor 32 and the parasitic capacitance of sense - write conductor 28 , is redistributed on storage capacitor 32 , the voltage difference , ( or lack of a voltage difference ) between sense - write conductors 28 and 50 is due solely to the amount of charge representative of the stored logic state , initially stored on storage capacitor 32 of the selected storage cell 19 . sense amplifier 45 is designed to be sensitive enough to detect this voltage difference as being indicative of an initially stored logical 1 or logical 0 in storage cell 19 . typically , the voltage difference for a stored logical 1 may be about 200 millivolts for the present state of the art , even though initially a voltage of the order of 15 or more volts different from the equalization voltage of the sense - write conductors was initially stored on the storage capacitance . this is because the capacitance of the storage capacitor , such as capacitor 32 , is far smaller than the parasitic capacitance associated with the sense - write conductors . in order to increase the size of the voltage transition of a sense - write conductor corresponding to a stored logical state of the selected storage cell , it is very desirable that the circuitry coupled to the sense - write conductors to accomplish read and write operations add as little capacitance as possible . in accordance with the present invention , the column selection and input - output circuitry , such as 44 &# 39 ;, is not connected directly to any of the sense - write conductors , but is instead coupled to the storage nodes of the various dummy storage cells , as described hereinabove . thus , the parasitic capacitance associated with all of the input - output circuitry which would otherwise add to the parasitic capacitance of the sense - write conductors is eliminated . instead , according to the present invention , the selection mosfet of each of the dummy storage cells is turned off during the above - described stored charge redistribution and during sensing and amplification of the resulting voltage transition of the associated sense - write conductor by sense - amplifier 45 . sense amplifier 45 acts to sense the small voltage transition and may regeneratively amplify it so that a large logical 1 or logical 0 voltage appears on sense - write conductor 50 . then , during the following portion of a read operation , mosfet 48 &# 39 ; of dummy storage cell 48 is turned on and the amplified voltage on sense - write conductor 50 is transferred or coupled by means of mosfet 44 to data conductor 51 , which is then amplified and gated , by input or output circuitry associated with control circuitry 57 , to data output terminal 59 . column selection , as mentioned above is accomplished by means of a voltage applied to conductor 43 &# 39 ; by row decode circuitry 46 , thereby turning on mosfet 44 . during a writing operation , input data applied to data input terminal 58 is gated by circuitry in section 57 to data conductor 51 and is then coupled to the storage node of the dummy storage cell of the selected row and from there is coupled by means of a dummy storage cell mosfet to the sense - write conductor 50 and is coupled to sense amplifier 45 , overriding whatever state is stored therein , and from there is coupled to the opposite sense - write conductor and through mosfet 20 to storage node 32 of selected storage cell 19 .	6
like characters of reference designate like parts in those figures of the drawings in which they occur . referring first to fig1 , and 7 the reference numeral 10 indicates the prosthesis as a whole comprising an anchor or implant 12 , a saddle 14 , a guide or locator 16 , an abutment 18 , a tooth 20 , and a stud bolt - type connecting pin 22 . the implant 12 is sleeve - like having one open end and external and internal threads 24 and 26 , respectively , and characterized by a 45 ° outer periphery 28 at its open top end for the purposes presently explained . the outer cylindrical surface of the implant 12 may be smooth , if desired . the inner periphery of its upper end portion is provided with hexagonal wrench flats 29 for the purpose presently explained . the implant 12 is threadly inserted into a hole 30 formed through the alveolar ridge of the cortical plate 32 into the medullary bone 34 of a mandible 36 by an allen wrench , not shown , or the like . the implant 12 ( fig5 ) is relatively small , for example , 3 mm outside diameter by 4 mm in length for minimal disturbance of the medullary bone . referring also to the remaining figs ., the saddle 14 is strap - like inverted u - shape in general configuration having a coronal bight portion 38 and depending legs 40 and 42 with the leg 40 projecting downwardly beyond the limit of leg 42 in a triangular shape 40 &# 39 ;. the spacing between the legs 40 and 42 at their juncture with its bight portion 38 is dimensioned to closely envelop respective sides of the alveolar ridge which gives longitudinal support to the prosthesis during mastication . the legs 40 and 42 are arcuately curved to the left , as viewed in fig4 and 5 , for cooperative contact with the cortical bone 32 on the lingual and mesial sides , respectively , of the mandible . the bight portion 38 is centrally , drilled as at 44 for axial registration with the implant 12 and is counterbored from each end , as at 46 and 48 ( fig4 ), for the reasons presently explained . the upwardly facing surface of the counterbore 46 surrounding the bore 44 is roughened or matted , as at 49 , for the purpose presently explained . each of the saddle legs 40 and 42 are provided with a plurality of rectangular and triangular shaped openings 50 and 52 which allows a clinician adequate viewing of a periapical radiograph . the saddle 14 is fitted over the alveolar ridge in contact with and imbedded in the cortical bone 30 by grinding off a layer of the cortical bone in that area indicated between the dotted line 54 and the sectioned bone of fig5 . the locator or guide 16 comprises a sleeve having a smooth bore 55 , a hexagonal periphery 56 and a relatively thin outstanding flange 58 at its depending end , as viewed in the drawings , defining a beveled upwardly facing peripheral edge 60 preferably formed on an angle of 45 ° for the purposes presently explained . the perimeter of the flange 58 is closely received by the saddle counterbore 46 . the depending surface of the flange 58 is similarly roughened or matted , not shown , around the bore 55 for cooperative locking engagement with the matted surface 49 and precluding angular rotation of the guide 16 relative to the saddle 14 for the reason presently believed obvious . the adapter or abutment 18 is external and internal step diameter sleeve - like in general configuration having a hexagonal top end portion 62 shape , as viewed in the drawings and a cylindrical depending end portion 64 of larger diameter than the perimeter of the hexagonal end portion 62 defining an upwardly converging tapered perimeter edge 66 , preferably formed on a 45 ° angle . the sleeve bore 68 is formed on a diameter substantially equal with the smooth bore 55 of the guide 56 and the diametrically larger interior of its cylindrical portion 64 is defined by a hexagonal inner periphery 70 receiving the hexagonal end 56 of the guide 16 when placed thereover . the depending wall surface of the cylindrical end portion 64 is counterbored to form a 45 ° beveled surface 72 which cooperatively nests the beveled surface 60 of the guide flange 58 . the tooth 20 is molded in a conventional fashion having a central bore 74 and upper and lower counterbores 76 , 78 and 80 , respectively . the counterbore 80 having a 45 ° inner periphery . the counterbore 78 having an inner hexagonal periphery snugly receiving the hexagonal top portion 62 of the abutment 18 . the beveled surface of the counterbore 80 nests the abutment surface 66 . after inserting the stud bolt pin 22 and its lock washer 23 through the tooth 20 , the abutment 18 and guide 16 it is threadedly tightened in the implant 12 . reflect gingival tissue and take two impressions of the coronal portion of the alveolar ridge above the visible undercuts planned to utilize . double pour each impression ( one for a backup ). establish the location and angulation of the implant 12 to best suit tooth location . survey the diagnostic cast by lining the surveyor with the long axis of the implant . mark the height of contour of the jaw bone . build a stent on the master cast to include guide pins . the diagnostic cast will have the mesial , and distal implant limits drawn on it . the saddle 14 rests passively on the implant with its buccal and lingual limits coronal to the jaw bone height of contour . utilizing the stent drill a pilot hole and the implant hole in the master cast . a transfer implant is superglued in the hole in the master cast to mark the position of the implant in the jaw bone and where the saddle will seat on the implant . with the saddle 14 and implant 12 on hand reflect the tissue , place the stent on the jaw bone and drill a pilot hole and the hole for the implant 12 and insert it to the correct depth . the contoured saddle 14 is placed on the implant and areas of cortical plate 32 are relieved until the saddle is seated passively on the implant . slide a thin titanium wire , not shown , between the jaw bone and implant to ensure the saddle is resting entirely on the cylinder implant . take a periapical radiograph to ensure complete seating of the contoured saddle on the cylinder implant . fill in the voids under and around the contoured saddle region with freeze dried bone , not shown , to ensure complete coverage of the titanium saddle . use the guided tissue regeneration technique on the implant . obviously the invention is susceptible to changes or alterations without defeating its practicability . therefore , i do not wish to be confined to the preferred embodiment shown in the drawings and described herein .	0
[ 0009 ] fig1 illustrates an exemplary system incorporating the invention . illustrated are an audio and / or visual transceiver 100 , such as a cellular telephone configured to transmit audio and / or visual data , a digital camera 102 , a video camera 104 , an audio recorder 106 . it will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that the illustrated devices 100 - 104 are exemplary devices , and that other devices may be utilized . associated with each of these devices are timers 108 , 110 , 112 , 114 . the timers may be integral to the devices 100 - 104 as illustrated , or they may represent timing functionality or circuitry that receives timing data from an external source . for example , the digital camera 102 may have a receiver capable of receiving timing data originating from an external source , such as the united states naval observatory &# 39 ; s master clock ( usno ), the time and frequency division of the national institute of standards and technology ( nist ), or another clock source . to allow coordination of activity between devices 100 - 104 , devices 100 - 104 may be configured to use the same timing source . in one embodiment , calendar date values may be determined from timing values . for example , a timing value may represent the number of seconds since a particular date . also illustrated are machines 116 , 118 , and 120 , which may be personal computers , personal digital assistants , or other machines . each of the machines 116120 are configured to operate a calendar application 122 , 124 , 126 ( or other application associating events and times ), and a data transfer application 128 , 130 , 132 such as electronic mail ( e - mail ) program , instant messaging system or other data transfer ability . the audio and / or visual transceiver , digital camera , video camera and audio recorder are assumed to have a wired and / or wireless communication link 134 to some or all of the machines 116 , 118 , and 120 , by way of a network or other communication technology . as will be described further with respect to fig2 when a device 100 - 106 records data , a time stamp from an appropriate timing device 108 - 114 is associated with the recording . this associated time stamp is then compared against one or more calendars 122 - 126 to identify a context for the recording . in one embodiment , if a calendar indicates one or more related entities , e . g ., persons listed in a calendar entry , or based on some other cross - reference , then related entities may be provided with a copy of the recording by way of the data transfer application 128 - 132 . [ 0013 ] fig2 is a flowchart according to one embodiment of the invention for recording 200 a part ( or portion ) of an event , such as with a audio and / or visual transceiver ( e . g ., a cellular telephone , video phone , etc . ), video camera , or other device configured to record into local or remote storage , and providing the recording to other event attendees . a time stamp is acquired 202 , such as from an internal clock , or external reference source . the time stamp information is sent 204 to a calendar system along with at least an identifier of the user of the recording device . the calendar system may be any conventional or proprietary calendar , e . g ., personal , corporate , general , etc . calendar , such as the outlook calendar program provided by microsoft corporation of redmond wash ., database application , or other application program that may associate time stamps with events ( hereafter generally “ calendar ”). the user &# 39 ; s identifier may be pre - associated with the user , temporarily associated , or prompted for during the recording process . it is assumed that an appropriate communication protocol or application programming interface ( api ) is known to the recording device , thus allowing the recording device to communicate with the calendar irrespective of the particular characteristics or nature of the calendar . in response to sending the time stamp information , the calendar inspects 206 the user &# 39 ; s calendar to see what is on the calendar for the given time stamp information . if 208 an event is on the calendar for the time stamp information , the calendar sends 210 back to the recording device a description of an event . for example , the identified user may have a calendar entry indicating that the user is attending a social gathering for the user &# 39 ; s work group . this description of the get together is sent 210 back to the recording device . the recording device can associate 212 the description with the recorded 200 part of the event , and store 214 the description and recorded part of the event in a data storage communicatively coupled to the recording device , e . g ., in a local attached storage , wirelessly accessible remote storage , or the like . if 208 no entry is found , then an error handler 222 may be invoked , or a default description used for the event . in one embodiment , the description is embedded within the recorded part of the event . for example , the event may be recorded with an exchangeable image file ( exif ) format , which is a standard format for storing information within digital photography image files using jpeg compression , in the dig 35 , promulgated by the digital imaging consortium ( see http :// www - digitalimaging - org ), in the graphics interchange format ( gif ), or other data format providing for embedding data within the recorded part of the event . ( to prevent inadvertent hyperlinks , the periods in the preceding uniform resource locator ( url ) were replaced with hyphens .) in one embodiment , data may be associated with the recorded part of the event to facilitate archiving , indexing , cataloging , cross - referencing , reviewing , and retrieving recordings . in one embodiment , the recording device sends 216 the recorded part of the event , and associated description received from the calendar system , to a data transfer application program such as an e - mail program . in this embodiment , the calendar system also sends 218 the data transfer application program a list of other event attendees . it will be appreciated that various techniques may be used to identify event attendees . in one embodiment , the calendar sends a list of expected attendees , e . g ., invitees , and it is later determined which attendees actually attended the event . for example , the calendar for the user of the recording device may directly reference other attendees , such as by way of a meeting request that was used to schedule the event . all invited attendees , or perhaps just a subset , such as those meeting some criteria , are used to define the list of other event attendees . for example , the list of event attendees might only include those attendees that accepted the meeting request , or those attendees that have a special status indicating they should be included in the list irrespective of having accepted the invitation . in one embodiment , if the calendar does not identify other event attendees , other calendars , perhaps based on a social or business structure , may be searched to determine whether a user corresponding to the searched calendar should be in the list of attendees . for example , all calendars for people in the user &# 39 ; s work group might be searched for corresponding entries for the event . it will be appreciated that matching algorithms may be employed to compensate for manually written calendar entries for the event . the data transfer program , having received the recorded part of the event , associated description , and the list of other event attendees , sends 220 each attendee a copy of the recorded part of the event . in one embodiment in which the data transfer program is an e - mail program , the subject and / or message body of the e - mail message sent to attendees comprises the associated description . the subject of the e - mail message , or message body , may also comprise statements reflecting the status of the attendee . for example , if a recipient did not attend the event , a standard message body might state “ sorry you could not make it to the event , but here is a recording of the event !” similarly , other messages or graphics may be sent within a message for attendees that accepted but did not go , did not accept but went anyway , etc . in one embodiment , categories and / or user preferences may alter distribution of data to attendees . for example , for certain events , such as holiday gatherings or birthdays , everyone in a work group , social group , etc . may automatically receive the recording of the event irrespective of whether they attended the event . however , user preferences may be used to override sending such messages . [ 0022 ] fig3 illustrates a flowchart according to another embodiment of the invention . in this embodiment , as with fig2 a recording device records 300 part of the event . a time stamp is acquired 302 , sent 304 to a calendar system along with an identifier of the user of the recording device , and in response the calendar system sends 306 back to the recording device a description of an event , if any . however , in this embodiment , 1 t and in contrast with fig2 the calendar system also sends 308 the recording device a list of event attendees . as discussed above for fig2 the list of attendees may be determined in various ways , e . g ., based on attendees expected ( invitees ), attendees actually attending the event , based on status of attendee , etc . the recording device can then store 310 the recorded 300 part of the event along with the description of the event , and the list of event attendees in a data storage communicatively coupled to the recording device , as well as send 312 the recorded part of the event , description , and list attendees to a data transfer program for distribution to event attendees . thus , in this embodiment , the data transfer program need only communicate with the recording device in order to transfer event recordings to attendees . it will be appreciated that other communication configurations may be used , such as using a central repository for recorded parts of events and associated event attendees , where the transfer program retrieves recording and attendees from the central repository . [ 0024 ] fig4 and the following discussion are intended to provide a brief , general description of a suitable computing environment in which certain aspects of the illustrated invention may be implemented . an exemplary system for embodying , for example , the digital camera 102 or machines 116 , 118 , and 120 of fig1 includes a machine 400 having system bus 402 for coupling various machine components . typically , attached to the bus are processors 404 , a memory 406 ( e . g ., ram , rom ), storage devices 408 , a video interface 410 , and input / output interface ports 412 . the system may also include embedded controllers , such as generic or programmable logic devices or arrays ( pld , pla , gal , pal ), field - programmable gate arrays ( fpga ), application specific integrated circuits ( asic ), single - chip computers , smart cards , or the like , and the system is expected to operate in a networked environment using physical and / or logical connections to one or more remote systems 414 , 416 through a network interface 418 , modem 420 , or other pathway . systems may be interconnected by way of a wired or wireless network 422 , including an intranet , the internet , local area networks , wide area networks , cellular , cable , laser , satellite , microwave , “ blue tooth ” type networks , optical , infrared , or other carrier . the invention may be described by reference to program modules for performing tasks or implementing abstract data types , e . g ., procedures , functions , data structures , application programs , etc ., that may be stored in memory 406 and / or storage devices 408 and associated storage media , e . g ., hard - drives , floppy - disks , optical storage , magnetic cassettes , tapes , flash memory cards , memory sticks , digital video disks , biological storage , as well as transmission environments such as network 422 over which program modules may be delivered in the form of packets , serial data , parallel data , or other transmission format . illustrated methods and corresponding written descriptions are intended to illustrate machine - accessible media storing directives , or the like , which may be incorporated into single and multi - processor machines , portable computers , such as handheld devices including personal digital assistants ( pdas ), cellular telephones , etc . an artisan will recognize that program modules may be high - level programming language constructs , or low - level hardware instructions and / or contexts , that may be utilized in a compressed or encrypted format , and may be used in a distributed network environment and stored in local and / or remote memory . thus , for example , with respect to the illustrated embodiments , assuming machine 400 operates as a recording device for an event , then remote devices 414 , 416 may respectively be a machine operating a calendar for a user of the recording device , and an a remote clock source to identify when the recording device was operating . it will be appreciated that remote machines 414 , 416 may be configured like machine 400 , and therefore include many or all of the elements discussed for machine . it should also be appreciated that machines 400 , 414 , 416 may be embodied within a single device , or separate communicatively - coupled components . having described and illustrated the principles of the invention with reference to illustrated embodiments , it will be recognized that the illustrated embodiments can be modified in arrangement and detail without departing from such principles . and , even though the foregoing discussion has focused on particular embodiments , it is understood other configurations are contemplated . in particular , even though expressions such as “ in one embodiment ,” “ in another embodiment ,” or the like are used herein , these phrases are meant to generally reference embodiment possibilities , and are not intended to limit the invention to particular embodiment configurations . as used herein , these terms may reference the same or different embodiments , and unless indicated otherwise , embodiments are combinable into other embodiments . consequently , in view of the wide variety of permutations to the above - described embodiments , the detailed description is intended to be illustrative only , and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention . what is claimed as the invention , therefore , is all such modifications as may come within the scope and spirit of the following claims and equivalents thereto .	8
fig3 shows a schematic top view of a projection device according to the invention , wherein a ray path is indicated by way of example . the projection device contains a light source 1 , a light mixing rod 2 , into which light from the light source 1 may be coupled , and , subsequent to the light mixing rod 2 , illumination optics 3 which can illuminate a surface 4 to be illuminated by the light exiting from the light mixing rod 2 . the surface 4 to be illuminated is preferably an imaging element and may , for example , be a tilting mirror matrix or an lcd matrix having a quadrangular , in particular a rectangular or square , shape . the projection device further comprises projection optics 5 , by which the surface 4 to be illuminated may be projected onto a projection surface 6 . the light mixing rod 2 comprises an inlet area 7 facing the light source 1 and an outlet area 8 facing the illumination optics 3 . it is arranged such that the outlet area 8 is not parallel to the surface 4 to be illuminated , but encloses an angle therewith , both in the top view shown in fig3 and in a side view of the projection device . the illumination optics 3 are designed such that an image of the outlet area 8 is formed on the surface 4 to be illuminated , and , to this end , they are provided with lens units 9 , 10 and a deflecting prism 11 . in the deflecting prism 11 , the light exiting from the light mixing rod 2 is deflected only by refraction , and not by reflexion . the projection optics 5 comprise the lens unit 10 and a further lens unit 12 . by the use of the deflecting prism 11 and by employing the lens unit 10 for both the illumination optics 3 and the projection optics 5 , a very compact projection device may be formed . as best shown in fig1 and 2 , the light mixing rod 2 consists of material transparent to light from the light source 1 , has a solid cross - section and , by total reflexion at the interfaces between the side surfaces 13 , 14 , 15 and 16 of the light mixing rod 2 and the surrounding area , guides those light rays from the inlet area 7 to the outlet area 8 which do not travel directly from the inlet area 7 to the outlet area 8 . such a light mixing rod 2 is referred to as a “ solid mixing rod ”. the shape of the light mixing rod 2 is selected to have a quadrangular cross - section , wherein , in the case of the quadrangular outlet area 8 , two interior angles α , δ circumferentially adjacent to the outlet area 8 have a value of 90 °, while a further interior angle γ is greater than 90 °, and the last interior angle is less than 90 °. the interior angles α , β , γ , δ are selected such that the distortion in the image of the outlet area 8 , which distortion is caused by the position of the outlet area 8 of the light mixing rod 2 relative to the surface 4 to be illuminated and by the illumination optics 3 , is compensated so as to uniformly illuminate the surface 4 to be illuminated , which is a rectangular surface in this case . preferably , the illumination optics 3 and the light mixing rod 2 are designed such that the surface 4 to be illuminated is slightly over - illuminated , i . e . the image of the outlet area 8 is somewhat larger than the surface 4 to be illuminated and protrudes on all four sides of the surface 4 to be illuminated . thus , for example , the illumination of the surface 4 to be illuminated is ensured if the image of the outlet area still differs slightly from the rectangular shape or if the orientation of the surface 4 to be illuminated is not optimal . the solid mixing rod 2 may be produced , for example , from a parallelepiped blank by grinding and polishing . alternatively , the light mixing rod 2 may be provided as a hollow mixing rod , as shown in fig4 . in this embodiment , the mixing rod is formed by four side plates 17 , 18 , 19 and 20 , whose internal surfaces 21 , 22 , 23 and 24 are reflectively coated . the four side plates 17 to 20 each form a substantially rectangular cross - section , with the side plates 17 and 19 being provided , at their inner surfaces 21 , 23 , at both ends , with recesses 25 , 26 , 27 and 28 which extend from the inlet area 7 to the outlet area 8 . these recesses 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , into which the side plates 18 and 20 are inserted , are designed such that the desired interior angles α , β , γ , δ are present in the assembled state shown in fig4 . preferably , the side plates 17 to 20 are held together by fitting a piece of shrink tubing ( not shown ) over the side plates in their assembled state shown in fig4 which tubing is then heated and contracts so that the side plates 17 to 20 are urged together by elastic pretension . this shrink tubing may be disposed , for example , in a central portion of the light mixing rod 2 . there may also be provided two pieces of shrink tubing , one in a region adjacent to the inlet area 7 and one in a region adjacent to the outlet area 8 . fig5 shows a further embodiment of the hollow mixing rod shown in fig4 . in this further embodiment , a partition is provided which is formed by a plate 29 reflectively coated on both sides and extends from the inlet area 7 toward the outlet area 8 and , as shown in fig5 is disposed diagonally , in cross - section , in the light mixing rod 2 . this plate 29 , which is reflectively coated on both sides , preferably extends a predetermined distance into the light mixing rod 2 from the inlet area 7 , which predetermined distance may one half to one third of the length of the light mixing rod 2 . by this partition , first and second light guiding regions 30 and 31 are formed , each of which has a triangular shape in cross - section . due to this cross - sectional shape , the luminance distribution at the end of the light guiding regions 30 and 31 is different than it is in the same place in the light mixing rod shown in fig4 so that the luminance distribution in the outlet area 8 also differs from that of the light mixing rod 2 shown in fig4 . thus , said partition leads to an intentional inhomogenization of the luminance distribution in the outlet area 8 , which effect is even stronger as the length of the plate 29 increases . this may be employed , e . g . in the case of the projection device shown in fig3 to illuminate the surface 4 to be illuminated even more uniformly . the plate 29 is preferably disposed in the hollow mixing rod such that its front side 47 facing the outlet area 8 is not situated in the outlet area 8 , but inside the hollow mixing rod . the front side 47 and the corresponding opposite front side at the other end of the plate may be polished and plane , if the plate 29 is made of a light - transparent material , so that the plate 29 serves as a light guide for the light incident on the opposite front side . then , only the minor losses of reflection and absorption occur , so that the plate 29 advantageously causes only very minor losses . alternatively , the opposite front side may also be blackened , so that the light incident thereon is not passed on , but is blocked . in a further preferred embodiment of the invention , such partition , in accordance with the embodiment of fig5 may also be provided in a solid mixing rod . to this end , the starting portion of the light mixing rod 2 , which is to be provided with the partition , is formed by two prisms separated from each other by a gap . at the interfaces between the prism surfaces and the gap , total reflexion of light beams having predetermined angles occurs , so that the gap between the prisms also provides a partition leading to the inhomogenization of the luminance distribution in the outlet area 8 . fig6 and 7 show a further embodiment of the light mixing rod 2 according to the invention . in this embodiment , the light mixing rod 2 comprises a solid mixing rod portion 32 , made of a light - transparent material , such as glass , and having a solid cross - section , and an end portion 33 , which is optically coupled with the solid mixing rod portion 32 at the outlet end thereof . as best shown in fig7 the end portion 33 has a hollow cross - section , which is limited by four plates 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 . the inner sides 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 of the plates 34 to 37 are reflectively coated , and the end of the end portion 33 averted from the inlet area 7 forms the outlet area 8 . on the side where the interior angles are not equal to 90 °, the opposed plates 34 and 36 comprise recesses 43 , 44 which extend in the longitudinal direction of the light mixing rod 2 and in which the plate 35 is guided . the recesses 43 and 44 are formed such that the desired interior angles β , γ are present in the outlet area 8 of the light mixing rod 2 . the right angle between the plates 34 and 37 may be realized in that the side surface of the plate 34 supported on the inner side 41 of the plate 37 extends perpendicularly to the inner side 38 of the plate 34 . the right angle between the plates 37 and 36 may be realized in the same manner , as shown in fig7 . the plates 34 to 37 are arranged such that the inner sides 38 to 41 extend perpendicularly to an end surface 42 of the solid mixing rod portion 32 opposed to the inlet area 7 , so that the light mixing rod 2 also extends rectilinearly . of course , the plates 34 to 37 may also be arranged such that the inner sides 38 to 41 do not extend at a right angle , but at a different angle to the end surface 42 . in this case , the light mixing rod 2 will be bent . as best shown in fig6 the plates 34 to 37 extend , partially across the solid mixing rod portion 32 , in the longitudinal direction of the light mixing rod 2 , so that the end portion 33 partially overlaps the solid mixing rod portion 32 . the plates 34 to 37 are fixed to the solid mixing rod portion 32 using an optical cement . alternatively , instead of using the optical cement , a piece of shrink tubing ( not shown ) may be fitted over the plates 34 to 37 , preferably in the region of the solid mixing rod portion 32 , and then heated so as to contract such that the plates 34 to 37 are urged against the solid mixing rod portion 32 by elastic pretension and thus fixed thereto . in this light mixing rod 2 , the plates 34 to 37 eliminate total reflexion in their region of contact with the solid mixing rod portion 32 and , instead , cause reflexions at the reflectively coated inner sides 38 to 41 . the light mixing rod 2 is preferably designed such that , in the condition shown in fig6 the length of the part of the end portion 33 ( i . e . the protruding hollow portion ) protruding from the solid mixing rod portion 32 in the longitudinal direction of the light mixing rod 2 is greater than the depth of focus of the illumination optics 3 . preferably , the length of the protruding part is at least one order of magnitude greater than the depth of focus . this ensures that any soiling or misting on the end surface 42 of the solid mixing rod portion 32 will not lead to a substantial deterioriation in the illumination of the surface to be illuminated . the light mixing rod 2 shown in fig6 and 7 extends rectilinearly . however , for example , it may be bent somewhere along the solid mixing rod portion 32 . it is essential that the light mixture of the coupled - in light be effected substantially in the solid mixing rod portion 32 so as to benefit from the advantage of the very small transmission losses of a solid mixing rod , and that the outlet area 8 be defined in such a manner by the end portion 33 having the hollow cross - section that the outlet area 8 is always free from misting and soiling . the contribution of the end portion 31 to the light mixture depends on its length and increases as its length increases . in this embodiment , the light mixing rod may be supported by a holding device , which only engages the end portion 33 . this holding device is preferably connected with the external surfaces of the four plates 34 to 37 and does not have an adverse effect on the light mixture , since it does not affect the inner sides 38 to 41 of the plates 34 to 37 . if the size of the overlapping part of the end portion 33 does not suffice to hold the light rod by a holding device which only engages the end portion 33 , a further holding device may be provided which engages the solid mixing rod portion 32 . however , since such a holding device eliminates total reflexion in the region of contact with the solid mixing rod portion 32 , this will always lead to undesired losses . the latter may be reduced by reflectively coating the part of the holding device contacting the solid mixing portion 32 . however , also in this case , there is the advantage that the losses caused by the holding device are smaller than in a pure solid mixing rod , since the latter is usually supported by a holding device engaging at least two locations of the solid mixing rod spaced apart from each other in the longitudinal direction , thus causing losses at these two locations . consequently , the losses caused by the holding device may be advantageously reduced in the light mixing rod shown in fig6 . in a further embodiment of the light mixing rod 2 according to the invention , there is no overlap of the solid mixing rod portion 32 by the end portion 33 , as shown in fig8 . in this embodiment , the end surface 42 of the solid mixing rod portion 32 lies in the same plane as the inlet area of the end portions 33 , so that there are no losses of light at the transition between the solid mixing rod portion 32 and the end portion 33 . further , total reflexion is not eliminated in any region of the solid mixing rod portion 32 . fig9 shows a further embodiment of the light mixing rod 2 according to the invention . in this embodiment , the cross - sectional area of the end portion 33 is greater than the cross - sectional area of the solid mixing rod portion 32 . the solid mixing rod portion 32 and the end portion 33 are arranged such that the centers of their cross - sectional areas are situated on the central longitudinal axis of the light mixing rod 2 . the end portion 33 is formed , in a manner similar to that of the embodiment shown in fig7 by four plates 34 to 37 . if the end portion 33 overlaps the solid mixing rod portion 32 , this will result in a circumferentially extending gap 45 being present in the overlapping region between the solid mixing rod portion 32 and the end portion 33 . consequently , the light in the light mixing rod 2 will be guided to the end surface 42 of the solid mixing rod portion 32 by total reflexion and will be guided by reflexion at the plates 34 to 37 only in the protruding hollow portion of the end portion 33 . thus , the losses caused by the reflexion at the plates 34 to 37 will be reduced in comparison to the light mixing rod 2 shown in fig6 and 7 . alternatively , the light mixing rod 2 according to the invention may also be used such that the end portion 33 faces the light source 1 and that its end forms the inlet area 7 ( thus , the inlet and outlet areas have been changed around as compared with the embodiment shown in fig3 ). this will reduce the thermal stresses on the material of the light mixing rod 2 , since the secondary focus of the light source 1 , in the optical device shown in fig3 is situated in the plane of the inlet area 7 , which , due to the hollow cross - section of the end portion 33 , is not a material end surface of the light mixing rod 2 . in a further embodiment of the light mixing rod 2 according to the invention , the solid mixing rod portion 32 is provided with an end portion 33 and a starting portion 46 at its opposite ends in the longitudinal direction , as shown in fig1 . as shown by way of example in fig1 , the starting and end portions 46 , 33 may both be designed as in the embodiment shown in fig6 and 7 . however , they may also be provided as in the other embodiments described herein , and may , in particular , be different from each other . in such a light mixing rod 2 , both the inlet area 7 and the outlet area 8 are formed in air , thus combining the above - described advantages of such inlet and outlet areas . if , in this embodiment , both the end portion 33 and the starting portion 46 contact the solid mixing rod portion 32 , the light mixing rod 2 may be held by a holding device , which engages the end portion 33 , on the one hand , and the starting portion 46 , on the other hand , so that no losses are caused by the holding device , because the holding device may be connected with the external plate surfaces of the end portions 33 and of the starting portion 46 , and these external surfaces are not involved in the light mixture . the cross - sectional shape of the quadrangular light mixing rod 2 is not restricted to the shape shown in fig2 . thus , for example , the two opposite interior angles α and γ may also be right angles as shown in fig1 . in the example represented therein , the angle β will then be greater than 90 ° and the angle δ will be less than 90 °. alternatively , the light mixing rod 2 according to the invention may also have a cross - sectional shape in which only one right angle is present in the outlet area 8 , as shown in fig1 . in the embodiment shown in said fig ., only the angle α is a right angle , while the other angles β , γ and δ are not equal to 90 °.	6
reinforced - concrete pan - shaped floating block 1 ( fig1 ) is prefabricated at a factory . block 1 comprises a base member - a bottom which is essentially one - piece bedplate 2 ( fig2 , 3 ), walls 3 that embrace hermetically bedplate 2 around its perimeter and internal upright water - tight partitions 4 dividing the working area between walls 3 into individual sections 5 . in one version of embodiment the invention ( not shown ) partitions 4 are absent . made in bedplate 2 over its entire area there grooves 6 ( fig4 , 5 ) with reinforcing bars 7 . made in grooves 6 are through holes ( not shown ). in each of these hole branch pipe 8 is concreted with flange 9 located in groove 6 . upright process pipes 10 are connected with branch pipes 8 by means of flanges 9 . height “ h ” of the block ( fig6 - 9 ), in particular of walls 3 , partitions 4 and process pipes 10 exceeds the water depth “ h ” at water site 23 where building structure 15 ( fig1 ) is to be erected . dimensions and configuration of bedplate 2 and walls 3 as well as the dimensions , configuration and place of installation of the partitions are so selected that the maximum number of these elements could be used as the members of the structure erected . block 1 ( fig3 ) is floated to preset site 23 ( fig6 ) of the water basin where the structure is to be erected . then block 1 is secured to basin floor 11 by means of anchors 12 through ropes 13 to provide a required orientation of the block . after that those of the sections 5 where the erection of the structure is not planned at the first stage are filled with water by any of known methods . in so doing the number of sections 5 to be filled with water should be such that under the weight of water , block 1 would submerge and rest on basin floor 11 , with bedplate 2 on the basin floor ( fig7 ). then free spaces 18 between basin floor 11 and bedplate 2 filled up with filler material , e . g . concrete or inert aggregates through openings 24 . in one version of the realization of the method of the block submergence can be provided by filling one part of the sections 5 with water and another part — with inert material with a high specific weight , say , with sand . it is expedient that this inert material could be used as building material in erecting the structure . in one more version submergence can be provided by filling every single section 5 . to increase reliability of block 1 fixation against its possible displacement relative to basin floor 11 and also against its possible further submergence into the ground , piles 14 ( fig8 ) through pipes 10 ( fig4 , 5 ) are installed into the ground by any of known methods . after that pipes 10 are dismantled and the grooves with the pile heads are concreted ( made one - piece with the bottom ). then water is pumped from the block . in one version the increase of reliability of block 1 fixation against its possible displacement relative to basin floor 11 is achieved not with the aid of process pipes 10 and piles 14 . in this version walls 3 ( fig1 ) are prefabricated at a factory in such a way that they extend below the level of bedplate 2 location around its entire perimeter . when such a block is submerged onto the basin floor closed cavity 16 is formed between basin floor 11 and bedplate 2 . creation of one or several closed cavities 16 is possible not around the entire perimeter of bedplate 2 but under its individual sections . this is achieved by making closed projections on the bedplate , say , circular - shaped ones ( not shown ) on its side facing the basin floor . reliable fixation of block 1 against possible displacements is achieved in this case by pumping water from closed cavity to engender vacuum in it . in one more version related to the use of piles 14 ( fig1 ) block 1 may be submerged not to a full depth . in this case bedplate 2 is located on said piles with gap ( ) relative to basin floor 11 . erection of structure 15 is started in sections not filled with water ( in the case , when such sections exist ). fig9 shows the parts of the said erected structure — columns of the skeleton 25 and the floors 26 . after the weight of the structure erected exceeds the value of the buoyancy force acting on the block , water is pumped from the sections and the structure erection is completed . ropes 13 can be removed at any moment after a reliable fixation of the structure erected or being erected relative to the basin floor has been ensured . in one version of embodiment of the invention the lower parts of piles 14 are fixed in addition in the ground so as they are restrained from the displacement upward caused , for example , by the buoyancy force of water , such fixation can be performed by one of the known methods , for example , by means of anchoring parts of the pile having a thicker cross - section in the bottom part ( fig8 , 9 ). in one more version of embodiment of the invention , erection of structure 15 after filling entire block 1 or part of its sections 5 with water is started only on the block portion projecting from water ( not shown ). in this version , similar to the one described above , after the weight of the structure erected has reached the value exceeding that of the buoyancy force acting on the block , water is pumped from the sections and the structure erection is completed . in another version , through holes are made over the entire area of bedplate 2 , may be installed communication pipes 17 ( fig2 , 3 ). these pipes are similar to afore - described process pipes 10 . the use of communication pipes allows additionally to conduct , if necessary , various activities in the ground , e . g . drilling , geological survey and others . if it is necessary to create building structures with the area larger to such a degree that one block does not allow to solve this problem , several similar blocks are used which are jointed with each other . in this case blocks 1 ( fig1 - 14 ) are taken which have projections 19 with seals 20 on walls 3 of each of them . these projections located on the external sides of walls 3 and are of such shapes , that they can form together with projections 19 of adjacent blocks , cavities 21 with reinforcing bars 22 , these cavities closed below the water level . first of all the first block is submerged onto basin floor 11 and fixed in position . then the next block is submerged , brought to the first block so that , when butt - jointed , the blocks form said cavities 21 . temporary fixation of blocks 1 relative to one another is implemented by means of well - known appliances . after that water is pumped out from cavities 21 with a speed exceeding the speed of water entering through seals 20 . as a result of this pressure pi on the walls from the cavity side sharply decreases and blocks 1 become tightly pressed against each other due to the pressure p 2 of water . then cavities 21 are concreted . various versions of realizing the proposed method within the claims are possible differing from those described above by the absence of partitions 4 in prefabricated block 1 or , on the contrary , by the availability in it of additional , differently oriented partitions which can be used as members of the structure erected , and also differing from the afore - described in elements and units and materials ensuring the implementation of this or that operation , method , in a technique of connecting the blocks with each other , etc . the proposed method is highly economical since it allows to fabricate at factories , i . e . with minimum labour consumption , floatable blocks with the maximum number of elements ( bedplates , upright and horizontal partitions , strengthening ribs , beams , tunnels for running communications , etc .) which are the members of the structures being erected . in this case the floating block is a means of transporting said pre - erected elements of the structures to a preset area of a water basin and at the same time is a zero cycle of construction of planned structures . this method can be used for creating stationary , large - sized heavy structures practically of any dimensions and with no limitation to the weight , since a foundation of these structures are represented by monolythic concrete plates , resting on the basin floor and fixed reliably against displacement and submergence into the ground . although the invention has been described and illustrated with a certain degree of particularity , it is understood that the present disclosure has only been made by way of example , and that various modifications thereof may be resorted to by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention , as hereinafter claimed .	4
for further illustrating the invention , experiments detailing a 7 , 2 ″- dehydrate puerarin and salt derivative , preparation method , and use thereof are described below . it should be noted that the following examples are intended to describe and not to limit the invention . in the presence of n 2 , 2 . 9 g ( about 7 mmol ) of puerarin was dissolved in 200 ml of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran . the solution was placed in an ice bath , to which 3 . 5 ml ( about 17 . 5 mmol ) of diisopropyl azodicarboxylate and 4 . 6 g ( about 17 . 5 mmol ) of triphenylphosphine were added . the mixture was heated gradually to room temperature , stirred magnetically for 16 hrs , concentrated , and performed with conventional silica gel column chromatography ( ch 2 cl 2 : ch 3 oh = 13 : 1 , 8 : 1 ) to yield 2 . 4 g of 7 , 2 ″- dehydrate puerarin , with a yield of 87 . 1 %. 7 , 2 ″- dehydrate puerarin is a white powder , with a molecular formula of c 21 h 18 o 8 , a structural formula represented by formula ( i ) and molecular weight of 398 , mp 258 . 4 - 260 . 1 ° c . ; 1 h nmr ( 600 mhz , cd 3 od ): δ 8 . 23 ( d , 1h , j = 8 . 4 hz ), 8 . 21 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 39 ( d , 2h , j = 8 . 4 hz ), 7 . 13 ( d , 1h , j = 8 . 4 hz ), 6 . 87 ( d , 2h , j = 8 . 4 hz ), 5 . 45 ( d , 1h , j = 3 . 6 hz ), 4 . 81 ( t , 1h , j = 3 . 6 hz ), 4 . 07 ( dd , 1h , j = 4 . 8 , 9 . 6 hz ), 3 . 87 ( dd , 1h , j = 2 . 4 , 12 . 0 hz ), 3 . 65 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 43 ( m , 1h ); 13 c nmr ( 150 mhz , cd 3 od ): δ 61 . 8 , 68 . 1 , 72 . 1 , 73 . 6 , 79 . 1 , 87 . 6 , 110 . 1 , 115 . 2 , 116 . 2 , 118 . 9 , 122 . 9 , 125 . 3 , 129 . 9 , 130 . 4 , 153 . 3 , 154 . 1 , 157 . 8 , 166 . 2 , 176 . 8 ; hrms ( esi ) m / z calcd for c 21 h 8 o 8 [ m + na ] + 421 . 0894 , found 421 . 0893 ( as shown in fig7 and 8 ). in the presence of n 2 , 2 . 9 g ( about 7 mmol ) of puerarin was dissolved in 200 ml of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran . the solution was placed in an ice bath , to which 2 . 4 g ( about 14 . 0 mmol ) of n , n , n ′, n ′- tetramethyl azodicarbonamide and 3 . 4 ml ( about 14 . 0 mmol ) of tri - butyl phosphate were added . the mixture was heated gradually to room temperature , stirred magnetically for 16 hrs , concentrated , and performed with conventional silica gel column chromatography ( ch 2 cl 2 : ch 3 oh = 13 : 1 , 8 : 1 ) to yield 2 . 2 g of 7 , 2 ″- dehydrate puerarin , with a yield of 81 . 4 %. in the presence of n 2 , 2 . 9 g ( about 7 mmol ) of puerarin was dissolved in 200 ml of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran . the solution was placed in an ice bath , to which 1 . 6 g ( about 10 . 5 mmol ) of diethyl azodicarboxylate and 2 . 8 g ( about 10 . 5 mmol ) of triphenylphosphine were added . the mixture was heated gradually to room temperature , stirred magnetically for 16 hrs , concentrated , and performed with conventional silica gel column chromatography ( ch 2 cl 2 : ch 3 oh = 13 : 1 , 8 : 1 ) to yield 2 . 1 g of 7 , 2 ″- dehydrate puerarin , with a yield of 77 . 5 %. 1 . method : 60 male , healthy adult wistar rats with body weight of 180 - 220 g were randomly divided into 6 groups , i . e ., a normal saline group , a propylene glycol solvent gavage group , a propylene glycol solvent intravenous injection group , a puerarin injection group , a 7 , 2 ″- dehydrate puerarin gavage group , and a 7 , 2 ″- dehydrate puerarin intravenous injection group , with 10 rats each group . the intravenous injection was carried out one time a day for three consecutive days . the gavage was carried out two times a day for three consecutive days . the normal saline group was administered with equal volume of 0 . 9 % nacl injection . the dose of the propylene glycol solvent gavage group was 14 . 3 % propylene glycol 1 ml / 100 g . the dose of the propylene glycol solvent intravenous injection group was 40 % propylene glycol 0 . 5 ml / 100 g . the dose of the puerarin injection group was 50 mg / kg . the dose of the 7 , 2 ″- dehydrate puerarin gavage group was 60 mg / kg . the dose of the 7 , 2 ″- dehydrate puerarin intravenous injection group was 30 mg / kg . the rats were anesthetized with 10 % chloral hydrate ( 0 . 35 ml / 100 g ) by intraperitoneal injection and fixed in the back . a bl - 410 biological functional system was introduced to monitor the ecg changes of the rats . a femoral vein of the rats was exposed , a scalp needle inserted , and a constant speed syringe pump connected . 0 . 1 % bacl 2 was pumped with a dose of 0 . 1 ml / 100 g and a speed of 0 . 6 ml / min . from the injection of bacl 2 on , the ecgs were monitored and recorded within 30 min . the arrhythmia latency and arrhythmia duration were recorded ( if not restored within 30 min , the record was 30 min ). the experimental results were collected and analyzed using software spss . if p & lt ; 0 . 05 , the results has significant difference . 2 . results : the ecgs were shown in fig1 - 6 and experimental data were listed in table 1 . in contrast to the normal saline group , the 7 , 2 ″- dehydrate puerarin gavage group and the 7 , 2 ″- dehydrate puerarin intravenous injection group prolonged the arrhythmia latency reduced by 0 . 1 % bacl 2 , but there is no statistical significance . in contrast to the normal saline group , the 7 , 2 ″- dehydrate puerarin gavage group and the 7 , 2 ″- dehydrate puerarin intravenous injection group significantly shortened the arrhythmia duration (** p & lt ; 0 . 01 ). in contrast to the positive control group , i . e ., the puerarin injection group , the 7 , 2 ″- dehydrate puerarin gavage group also significantly shortened the arrhythmia duration , with statistical significance (* p & lt ; 0 . 05 , p & lt ; 0 . 01 ). furthermore , in contrast to the 7 , 2 ″- dehydrate puerarin intravenous injection group , the 7 , 2 ″- dehydrate puerarin gavage group significantly shortened the arrhythmia duration , with a better effect . 3 . conclusion : 7 , 2 ″- dehydrate puerarin and derivatives thereof can significantly shorten the arrhythmia duration , with high water - solubility and bioavailability . 1 . method : a rabbit was weighed and injected with 3 % sodium pentobarbital 1 ml / kg via an ear vein , and then anaesthetized . a carotid artery of the rabbit was exposed , the distal end thereof was ligated and the proximal end was received by a catheter . 25 ml of blood was collected , added to a test tube containing 0 . 5 ml of 50 mg / ml potassium oxalate , and mixed to yield a uniform mixture . 24 small test tubes were collected , to which 0 . 25 ml of corresponding reagents were added , respectably . 0 . 9 ml of the above - mentioned mixture was added to each of the small test tubes , respectively , and then 0 . 1 ml of 2 mg / ml cacl 2 was added . the resulting solution was shaken uniformly and put into a constant temperature water bath ( 37 ± 0 . 5 ° c .). every 30 seconds , the small test tubes were tilted slightly once , and the coagulation time was recorded ( the test tubes were tilted slightly , if no blood bled , the time was recorded as coagulation time ). the experimental results were collected and analyzed using software spss . if p & lt ; 0 . 05 , the results has significant difference . in contrast to the normal saline group , the solvent group and reagent groups prolonged the coagulation time , and there is statistical difference . in contrast to the positive control group , i . e ., the puerarin group , the 7 , 2 ″- dehydrate puerarin ( high dose ) group significantly prolonged the coagulation time , with a significant statistical difference ( p & lt ; 0 . 01 ). in contrast to the propylene glycol solvent group , the 7 , 2 ″- dehydrate puerarin ( high dose ) group significantly prolonged the coagulation time , with a significant statistical difference ( ▴ p & lt ; 0 . 05 , ▴▴ p & lt ; 0 . 01 , ▴▴ p & lt ; 0 . 01 ). while particular embodiments of the invention have been shown and described , it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that changes and modifications may be made without departing from the invention in its broader aspects , and therefore , the aim in the appended claims is to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention .	2
the advantages , features , objectives , and technologies of the present invention will become more apparent from the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings , wherein certain embodiments of the present invention are set forth by way of illustration and examples . fig4 , 5 , 7 , and 8 respectively depict main frames of a first , a second , a third and , a fourth embodiment based on the present invention . a secondary side error amplification circuit not shown therein detects a sample of the output voltage and compares the sample voltage with a reference voltage to generate an error signal fed back to a secondary side pwm control circuit not shown therein and converted into a pwm driving signal of a secondary side controllable switch for regulating the output voltage . if d * pri is a constant primary duty ratio of primary side switch transistors , the output voltage v out is expressible as wherein v in is the input voltage ; n p is the turns number of the primary side power winding ; n s is the turns number of the secondary side power winding ; and d sec ≦ d * pri is a variable secondary duty ratio of a secondary side controllable switch . a variable leading edge blanking time t blank is expressible as t blank =( d * pri − d sec ) t s , wherein t s is a switching period . when v out is lower than its predetermined value , d sec is increased or t blank is decreased to appreciate v out ; when v out is higher than its predetermined value , d sec is decreased or t blank is increased to depreciate v out . hence , it can regulate v out to modulate d sec or t blank . besides , the abovementioned secondary side post - regulation can also achieve zero voltage switching of primary side switch transistors to further reduce switching losses . because primary side power loops in fig4 and 7 as well as in fig5 and 8 are respectively identical to those in fig1 and in fig2 , their structural characteristics will not be reiterated in what follows . however , here are some of the remarkable differences between prior arts and the present invention . distinguishable from the primary side switch transistors in fig1 and 2 driven with a variable duty ratio , those in fig4 , 5 , 7 , and 8 are driven with a constant duty ratio . in prior arts , the error signal generated from comparing the sample voltage with a reference voltage is optically coupled to a primary side pwm control circuit needing an optocoupler circuit . in the present invention , it is fed back to a secondary side pwm control circuit needing no optocoupler circuit . each of secondary side power loops in fig4 , 5 , 7 , and 8 comprises a secondary side driving winding n d , a secondary side power winding n s , a forward sr f and a freewheeling synchronous rectifier sr w both having a gate , a drain , and a source , a controllable switch sw having a control , a first channel , and a second channel terminal , a forward gate resistor r 1 , a forward gate - source resistor r 2 , a freewheeling gate - source resistor r 3 and a freewheeling gate resistor r 4 depending on the topology , an output power inductor l o having a first and a second terminal , an output filter capacitor c o having a positive and a negative terminal , an output voltage terminal v o , as well as a secondary ground terminal v ro . herein , the dotted and the un - dotted terminal of n s respectively connect to the first channel terminal of sw and the drain of sr f ; the second channel terminal of sw connects to the drain of sr w ; the sources of sr f and sr w both connect to v ro ; a first and a second terminal of l o respectively connect to the drain of sr w and v o ; as well as a positive and a negative terminal of c o respectively connect to v o and v ro . sr f is driven by n d ; sw is driven by the secondary side pwm control circuit . sr w may be driven by the secondary side pwm control circuit , a topology depicted in fig4 and 5 , or by n d , a topology depicted in fig7 and 8 . if sr w is driven by the secondary side pwm control circuit , the dotted terminal of n d connects to the gate of sr f through r 1 , the un - dotted terminal of n d connects to v ro , as well as r 2 connects to the gate and the source of sr f . if sr w is driven by n d , the dotted terminal of n d connects to the gate of sr f through r 1 , the un - dotted terminal of n d connects to the gate of sr w through r 4 , as well as r 2 and r 3 respectively connect to the gate and the source of sr f and sr w . in general , sw can be embodied with a ma or a nmosfet . for the convenience of description , sw is assumed an nmosfet with a gate , a drain , and a source respectively corresponding to the control , the first channel , and the second terminal . being the counterpart of the description for embodiments with a nmosfet , the description for embodiments with a ma can be omitted without loss of generality . fig6 depicts crucial waveforms of fig5 during a switching period , wherein sr w is driven by the secondary side pwm control circuit . during the interval of t 0 ≦ t & lt ; t 1 , v p gs ( t ) is high ; the channels of q 1 and q 2 are both on ; v p ds ( t )= 0 ; both d 1 and d 2 are off due to reverse biases ; v l m ( t )= v in − 2v p ds ( t )= v in ; l m is clamped to v in and magnetized by i l m ( t ) flowing through the channel of q 2 , c i , and the channel of q 1 ; i l m ( t ) is increasing linearly with a positive slope the induced voltage across n d makes v f gs ( t )& gt ; 0 ; the channel of sr f is on . according to v sw gs ( t ) and v w gs ( t ) provided by the secondary side pwm control circuit , this interval can be further subdivided into three subintervals : during the subinterval of t 0 ≦ t & lt ; t 01 , sw switches off its channel to blank the leading edge of the voltage waveform across n s ; sr w switches on its channel to reduce the conduction loss of its body diode ; i l o ( t ) flows through c o and the channel of sr w to demagnetize l o ; as well as i l o ( t ) is decreasing linearly with a negative slope during the subinterval of t 01 ≦ t & lt ; t 02 , sw switches off its channel to blank the leading edge of the voltage waveform across n s ; sr w switches off its channel to avoid a cross conduction between sw and sr w at t = t 02 ; ( t ) flows through c o and the body diode of sr w to demagnetize l o ; as well as i l o ( t ) is decreasing linearly with a negative slope during the subinterval of t 02 ≦ t & lt ; t 1 , sw switches on its channel and sr w switches off its channel ; i l o ( t ) flows through c o , the channel of sr f , n s , and the channel of sw to magnetize l o ; as well as i l o ( t ) is increasing linearly with a positive slope as depicted in fig6 , the variable leading edge blanking time t blank is also expressible as t blank = t 02 − t 0 and modulated via t 02 to regulate the output voltage v out . during the interval of t 1 ≦ t & lt ; t 2 , v p gs ( t ) is low ; the channels of q 1 and q 2 are both off ; both d 1 and d 2 are off due to reverse biases ; v l m ( t )= v in − 2v p ds ( t )& gt ; 0 ; l m is magnetized by i l m ( t ) flowing through c 2 , c i , and c 1 ; the induced voltage across n d makes v f gs ( t )& gt ; 0 ; the channel of sr f is on ; the secondary side pwm control circuit switches on the channel of sw and switches off the channel of sr w ; i l o ( t ) flows through c o , the channel of sr f , n s , and the channel of sw to magnetize l o ; both c 1 and c 2 are charged by a reflected output current and v p ds ( t ) is increasing linearly with a positive slope during the interval of t 2 ≦ t & lt ; t 3 , v p gs ( t ) is low ; the channels of q 1 and q 2 are both off ; both d 1 and d 2 are off due to reverse biases ; v lm ( t )= v in 2v p ds ( t )& lt ; 0 ; l m is demagnetized by i l m ( t ) flowing through c 2 , c i , and c 1 ; the induced voltage across n d makes v f gs ( t )& lt ; 0 ; the channel of sr f is off ; n p resembles an open circuit conducting no reflected output current ; l m , c 1 , and c 2 constitute a series resonance circuit to increase v p ds ( t ) and slightly decrease i l m ( t ); the secondary side pwm control circuit switches off the channel of sw and switches on the channel of sr w ; i l o ( t ) flows through c o and the channel of sr w to demagnetize l o ; as well as i l o ( t ) is decreasing linearly with a negative slope during the interval of t 3 ≦ t & lt ; t 4 , v p gs ( t ) is low ; the channels of q 1 and q 2 are both off ; v p ds ( t )= v in ; both d 1 and d 2 are on due to forward biases ; v l m ( t )= v in − 2v p ds ( t )=− v in ; l m is clamped to − v in and demagnetized by i l m ( t ) flowing through d 2 , c i , and d 1 ; i l m ( t ) is decreasing linearly with a negative slope the induced voltage across n d makes v f gs ( t )& lt ; 0 ; the channel of sr f is off ; the secondary side pwm control circuit switches off the channel of sw and switches on the channel of sr w ; i l o ( t ) flows through c o and the channel of sr w to demagnetize l o ; as well as i l o ( t ) is decreasing linearly with a negative slope during the interval of t 4 ≦ t & lt ; t 5 , v p gs ( t ) is low ; the channels of q 1 and q 2 are both off ; both d 1 and d 2 are off due to reverse biases ; v l m ( t )= v in − 2v p ds ( t )& lt ; 0 ; l m has been demagnetized completely ; i l m ( t )≈ 0 ; the induced voltage across n d makes v f gs ( t )& lt ; 0 ; the channel of sr f is off ; the secondary side pwm control circuit switches off the channel of sw and switches on the channel of sr w ; i l o ( t ) flows through c o and the channel of sr w to demagnetize l o ; i l o ( t ) is decreasing linearly with a negative slope resembles an open circuit conducting no reflected output current ; as well as l m , c 1 , and c 2 constitute a series resonance circuit to decrease v p ds ( t ) and slightly increase i l m ( t ). during the interval of t 5 ≦ t & lt ; t 0 , v p gs ( t ) is low ; the channels of q 1 and q 2 are both off ; both d 1 and d 2 are off due to reverse biases ; v l m ( t )= v in − 2v p ds ( t )& gt ; 0 ; l m has been demagnetized completely ; i l m ( t )≈ 0 ; the induced voltage across n d makes v f gs ( t )& gt ; 0 ; the channel of sr f is on ; the secondary side pwm control circuit switches off the channel of sw and switches on the channel of sr w ; i l o ( t ) flows through c o and the channel of sr w to demagnetize l o ; i l o ( t ) is decreasing linearly with a negative slope resembles an open circuit conducting no reflected output current ; as well as l m , c 1 , and c 2 constitute a series resonance circuit to decrease v p ds ( t ) and slightly increase i l m ( t ). since v p ds ( t 0 · − )= 0 as well as both q 1 and q 2 are switched on again at t = t 0 · to discharge v p ds ( t 0 · )= 0 , the first and the second embodiment of the present invention can properly achieve zero voltage switching of primary side switch transistors to reduce switching losses . fig9 depicts crucial waveforms of fig8 during a switching period , wherein sr w is driven by n d . during the interval of t 0 ≦ t & lt ; t 1 , v p gs ( t ) is high ; the channels of q 1 and q 2 are both on ; v p ds ( t )= 0 ; both d 1 and d 2 are off due to reverse biases ; v l m ( t )= v in − 2v p ds ( t )= v in ; l m is clamped to v in and magnetized by i l m ( t ) flowing through the channel of q 2 , c i , and the channel of q 1 ; i l m ( t ) is increasing linearly with a positive slope the induced voltage across n d makes v f gs ( t )& gt ; 0 and v w gs ( t )& lt ; 0 ; the channel of sr f is on and the channel of sr w is off . according to v sw gs ( t ) provided by the secondary side pwm control circuit , this interval can be further subdivided into two subintervals : during the subinterval of t 0 ≦ t & lt ; t 02 , sw switches off its channel to blank the leading edge of the voltage waveform across n s ; i l o ( t ) flows through c o and the body diode of sr w to demagnetize l o ; as well as i l o ( t ) is decreasing linearly with a negative slope during the subinterval of t 02 ≦ t & lt ; t 1 , sw switches on its channel ; i l o ( t ) flows through c o , the channel of sr f , n s , and the channel of sw to magnetize l o ; as well as i l o ( t ) is increasing linearly with a positive slope during the interval of t 1 ≦ t & lt ; t 2 , v p gs ( t ) switches off the channels of q 1 and q 2 ; both d 1 and d 2 are off due to reverse biases ; v l m ( t )= v in − 2v p ds ( t )& gt ; 0 ; l m is magnetized by i l m ( t ) flowing through c 2 , c i , and c 1 ; the induced voltage across n d makes v f gs ( t )& gt ; 0 and v w gs ( t )& lt ; 0 ; the channel of sr f is on and the channel of sr w is off ; the secondary side pwm control circuit switches on the channel of sw ; i l o ( t ) flows through c o , the channel of sr f , n s , and the channel of sw to magnetize l o ; both c 1 and c 2 are charged by a reflected output current as well as v p ds ( t ) is increasing linearly with a positive slope during the interval of t 2 ≦ t & lt ; t 3 , v p gs ( t ) is low ; the channels of q 1 and q 2 are both off ; both d 1 and d 2 are off due to reverse biases ; v lm ( t )= v in − 2v p ds ( t )& lt ; 0 ; l m is demagnetized by i l m ( t ) flowing through c 2 , c i , and c 1 ; the induced voltage across n d makes v f gs ( t )& lt ; 0 and v w gs ( t )& gt ; 0 ; the channel of sr f is off and the channel of sr w is on ; the secondary side pwm control circuit switches off the channel of sw ; i l o ( t ) flows through c o and the channel of sr w to demagnetize l o ; i l o ( t ) is decreasing linearly with a negative slope resembles an open circuit conducting no reflected output current ; as well as l m , c 1 , and c 2 constitute a series resonance circuit to increase v p ds ( t ) and slightly decrease i l m ( t ). during the interval of t 3 ≦ t & lt ; t 4 , v p gs ( t ) is low ; the channels of q 1 and q 2 are both off ; v p ds ( t )= v in ; both d 1 and d 2 are on due to forward biases ; v l m ( t )= v in − 2v p ds ( t )=− v in ; l m is clamped to − v in and demagnetized by i l m ( t ) flowing through d 2 , c i , and d 1 ; i l m ( t ) is decreasing linearly with a negative slope the induced voltage across n d makes v f gs ( t )& lt ; 0 and v w gs ( t )& gt ; 0 ; the channel of sr f is off and the channel of sr w is on ; the secondary side pwm control circuit switches off the channel of sw ; i l o ( t ) flows through c o and the channel of sr w to demagnetize l o ; as well as i l o ( t ) is decreasing linearly with a negative slope during the interval of t 4 ≦ t & lt ; t 5 , v p gs ( t ) is low ; the channels of q 1 and q 2 are both off ; both d 1 and d 2 are off due to reverse biases ; v l m ( t )= v in − 2v p ds ( t )& lt ; 0 ; l m has been demagnetized completely ; i l m ( t )≈ 0 ; the induced voltage across n d makes v f gs ( t )& lt ; 0 and v w gs ( t )& gt ; 0 ; the channel of sr f is off and the channel of sr w is on ; the secondary side pwm control circuit switches off the channel of sw ; i l o ( t ) flows through c o and the channel of sr w to demagnetize l o ; i l o ( t ) is decreasing linearly with a negative slope resembles an open circuit conducting no reflected output current ; as well as l m , c 1 , and c 2 constitute a series resonance circuit to decrease v p ds ( t ) and slightly increase i l m ( t ). during the interval of t 5 ≦ t & lt ; t 0 , v p gs ( t ) is low ; the channels of q 1 and q 2 are both off ; both d 1 and d 2 are off due to reverse biases ; v l m ( t )= v in − 2v p ds ( t )& gt ; 0 ; l m has been demagnetized completely ; i l m ( t )≈ 0 ; the induced voltage across n d makes v f gs ( t )& gt ; 0 and v w gs ( t )& lt ; 0 ; the channel of sr f is on and the channel of sr w is off ; the secondary side pwm control circuit switches off the channel of sw ; i l o ( t ) flows through c o and the body diode of sr w to demagnetize l o ; i l o ( t ) is decreasing linearly with a negative slope resembles an open circuit conducting no reflected output current ; as well as l m , c 1 , and c 2 constitute a series resonance circuit to decrease v p ds ( t ) and slightly increase i l m ( t ). since v p ds ( t 0 · −) = 0 as well as both q 1 and q 2 are switched on again at t = t 0 · to discharge v p ds ( t 0 · )= 0 , the third and the fourth embodiment of the present invention can properly achieve zero voltage switching of primary side switch transistors to reduce switching losses . from the foregoing description , it is obvious there exists a causal relationship between secondary side post - regulation of the output voltage and zero voltage switching of primary side switch transistors . during the interval of t 5 ≦ t & lt ; t 0 · , the secondary side controllable switch still remains off so that n p resembles an open circuit conducting no reflected output current as well as l m , c 1 , and c 2 continue the series resonance depreciating v p ds ( t ) to nil . this is the central idea of zero - voltage switching greatly differentiating the present invention from prior arts . it should be noted the location of n p , as shown in fig4 and 7 , is interchangeable with that of q 1 as long as the driving signal refers to the source of q 1 . in retrospect , the primary side pre - regulation modulates d * pri to regulate v out , thus different output voltages cannot directly correspond to the same duty ratio of the same primary side switch transistors ; the secondary side post - regulation modulates d sec to regulate v out , thus different output voltages can directly correspond to different duty ratios of different secondary side controllable switches . therefore , the secondary side post - regulation , in addition to zero - voltage switching of primary side switch transistors , is more suitable for simultaneously regulating a multitude of different output voltages than the primary side pre - regulation . while the present invention is susceptible to alternative forms and various modifications , specific examples thereof have been shown in the drawings and described in detail . not limited to the particular forms disclosed herein , the present invention covers all the alternatives , equivalents , and modifications falling within the scope and spirit of the appended claims .	7
fig1 and 4 disclose an existing tableting machine with powder feeding apparatus which embodies the present invention . by way of example , said machine may be of the type identified as rotopress mark iii and manufactured by manesty machines ltd ., liverpool , england . thus , while detailed description is believed unnecessary , the relevant parts will be mentioned briefly for the purpose of orientation and convenient reference . the tableting machine 1 ( fig1 and 4 ) has in the portions 2 and 2a thereof conventional means for receiving powder or granules , compressing same into tablets and discharging the tablets through the chutes 3 and 4 , respectively . the small hoppers 6 and 7 comprise part of the powder feeding apparatus 5 of the invention , and they are located with respect to the tableting machine so as to discharge powder into the conventional tableting means of the tableting machine . associated with the tableting machine 1 , as part of the feeding apparatus 5 , is a powder supply mechanism 8 ( fig1 and 4 ) comprising a relatively large and conventional supply hopper 9 having a downwardly converging lower end cone 11 discharging into the pump means 12 ( fig1 ). said pump means 12 responds to control unit 13 for actuating the cylinder 14 to move the valve 16 downwardly into chamber 17 . this permits powder ( not shown ) located within the compartment 18 defined by cone 11 to drop through the throat 19 into the chamber 17 . the cylinder 14 then retracts the valve 16 to close the entrance into the chamber 17 and the control unit 13 supplies a burst ( preferably for less than one second ) of compressed air through the conduit 21 into said chamber 17 . this air entrains the powder and conveys it through the conduit 22 to the diverter valve complex 23 ( fig3 and 3a ). there may be multiple conduits 21 . one or more perforate plates 20 ( fig2 ) may be mounted upon the cone 11 within the compartment 18 for discharging air under pressure as required to maintain the powder in said hopper 9 in a fluidized state . the valves 24 and 26 ( fig3 ) of said diverter complex 23 are operated to direct the powder entrained air from the conduit 22 alternately to the conduits 27 and 28 and thence into the the upper conical portions 29 and 31 , respectively , of the small hoppers 6 and 7 ( fig1 ). see also fig5 . the powder moves downwardly through means discussed further hereinafter within said small hoppers 6 and 7 . most of the conveying air escapes through the discharge filters 32 and 33 mounted upon and communicating with the upper ends of the upper portions 29 and 31 , respectively , of the hoppers 6 and 7 . almost all of the remaining excess air in the portions 29 and 31 , with very little powder entrained therein , returns through the conduits 34 and 36 ( fig4 ) to the common return 37 which discharges said air into the hopper 9 , which has a large filter 10 . a small part of the air may escape through the filter screen 35 in the cover plate 77 ( fig6 ) of the paddle wheel or feed frame 68 . while the valves 24 and 26 ( fig3 ) may be operated by any conventional means , they are herein shown as driven by a pair of pinions , one of which is shown at 38 , said pinions being operated respectively by a pair of racks , one of which appears at 39 . the rack 39 is reciprocated by means of a double - acting piston 40 which responds to pressure fluid , usually air , introduced alternately into piston chambers 41 and 41a by conduits 42 and 42a ( respectively ) in response to conventional alternating control equipment 45 . the rack associated with valve 24 is operated by identical means . said powder supply pump means 12 ( fig2 ) is in this instance manufactured and sold by whitlock , inc ., of farmington , michigan , under the namde of &# 34 ; powdrpump conveyor &# 34 ;, but it may be replaced by any other conventional means for delivering powder into an airstream , either intermittently or continuously , to the diverter 23 and thence to the small hoppers 6 and 7 . the small hoppers 6 and 7 , which embody the present invention , are identical and hence it will be sufficient to describe in detail only one thereof , namely , the hopper 7 . said small hopper 7 ( fig5 ) comprises a conical upper portion 31 which converges downwardly . a cover 30 is fastened to the upper end of the cone or conical portion 31 by means of buckles 25 . the cover 30 has a central opening 44 therein communicating with an upstanding collar 45 which in turn supports the open lower end of the cylindrical filter 33 , which is closed at its upper end and preferably made of cloth . the upper portion 29 of the hopper 6 has a cover 30a which supports the filter 32 in a similar manner . if desired , a cylindrical filter screen 46 ( fig5 ) may be positioned within the filters 32 or 33 to provide additional support . the inlet conduit 28 ( fig5 ) has a downwardly extending and downwardly diverging discharge portion 47 which is substantially coaxial with the cone 31 . an upwardly converging conical baffle 49 is spaced inwardly from and supported by the discharge portion 47 . a horizontal and circular baffle plate 51 is suspended and spaced downwardly from the bottom of the flared portion 47 by suitable hangers 52 . the conical baffle 49 is positioned within the flared portion 47 as by a plurality of spacers 53 secured therebetween . the lower end of the cone 31 extends downwardly into and is sealingly engaged with the upper end of an upper sleeve 56 . the attachment of the cone 31 to the sleeve 56 can be affected by a conventional flanged connection wherein a flange 57 secured to the cone 31 is bolted to a flange 58 on the upper end of the sleeve 56 . the opening 54 at the lower end of the cone 31 should be sized to meet the demands of the tableting machine for powder . level or light sensing means of any conventional type , such as a photoelectric cell 61 , may be attached to said sleeve 56 in any convenient manner , as by the bracket 62 . in such case , the sleeve 56 is preferably transparent . since the cell 61 can operate in response to normal room light , it will be activated when the powder level drops below the cell 61 . said upper sleeve 56 is connected to a lower , preferably metal sleeve 63 which in turn is received into the upper open end of a modified feed bowl 64 . the connections between the portion 31 , the upper sleeve 56 , the lower sleeve 63 and the feeder bowl are air - tight . said bottom sleeve 63 is connected , as by welding , to the cover 65 of the feed bowl 64 . the cover 65 is held tightly against the bowl 64 by the clamp structure 66 which has a ring 67 encircling the sleeve 63 . a hook 59 on the ring 67 engages an upper part of the machine 1 and rods 60 , also connected to the ring 67 , engage the upper surface of the bowl cover 65 . screw means 55 , when tightened , forces the rods 60 against the cover 65 whereby said cover 65 is forced against the bowl 64 . the small hopper 7 , which comprises the upper cone 31 and the sleeves 56 and 63 , is supported upon the machine 1 primarily by the clamp structure 66 . however , the substantially rigid conduit 28 steadies the upper end of said hopper 7 . modified feed bowl 64 ( fig5 and 11 ) comprises a feed frame 68 having a base 65 which is provided with a pair of intercommunicating , shallow recesses 69 and 70 ( fig9 ) through the bottom of which are provided a plurality of ports 71 . a pair of cooperating , vertically offset and oppositely rotatable paddle wheels 72 and 73 are supported for rotation within the recesses 69 and 70 , respectively . the wheels are driven by a gear train , one gear of which appears at 75 in fig1 , contained within the housing 74 . power is supplied to the gear train by means ( not shown ) including a drive shaft indicated at 76 in fig6 . said shaft 76 extends downwardly through the feed frame 68 for rotation by a suitable power takeoff means within the tableting machine . a plate 77 ( fig6 and 12 ) overlies the base 65 and closes same excepting for ports 78 and 79 therethrough . the feed bowl 64 is mounted on the plate 77 , extends upwardly therefrom , is generally cylindrical and is provided with a downwardly diverging , elongated and lateral offset 81 in the side wall 84 thereof . a flange 82 ( fig1 ) is provided at the bottom of the feed bowl 64 for mounting same preferably through a gasket 83 onto the plate 77 . the offset 81 diverges downwardly relative to the wall 84 to provide a lean - to shape ( fig1 ) connecting the interior of the bowl 64 with the opening 78 whereby powdered material within said bowl will be conducted to and through the opening 78 into the recess 70 for movement by the star wheel 73 to and through the openings 71 into the die cavities of the tableting machine . an upstanding , somewhat pyramidal deflector 86 ( fig6 and 11 ) is positioned in the lower part of the bowl 64 to guide the powder within said bowl into and through the ports 78 and 79 . two sides of said deflector 86 slope steeply to said ports 78 and 79 to expedite the flow of said powder from within the bowl to said ports . slides 91 and 92 ( fig6 and 12 ) are slidably disposed within appropriate slots in said cover plate 77 adjacent the upper surface thereof for independent movement into and out of positions where they cover , at least partially , the ports 78 and 79 . the slides 91 and 92 are arranged to control the sizes of the openings 78 and 79 , respectively , from the feed bowl 64 to the recesses 70 and 69 . said slides are manually operable , but mechanical operation , including automatic control , is contemplated . while the operation of the feeding apparatus of the invention has been indicated above , it will be reviewed briefly hereinafter . the powder is delivered from hopper 9 , as above described , by an airstream through the diverter valve complex 23 and into the conical member 31 via the conduit 28 . the flow of powder to the diverter 23 ( fig1 ) is effected by the pump 12 which is controlled by the control unit 13 so that the air is admitted to chamber 17 ( fig2 ) only when the valve 16 is closed . also such air admission is limited to periodic bursts of less than one second duration . thus , the powder travels through the conduit 22 in spaced batches . the control unit 13 ( fig1 ) is activated on demand from the photoelectric cell 61 , or its counterpart on the hopper 7 . that is , when the powder level in sleeve 56 drops below the level of the cell 61 , a signal is sent to control unit 13 to supply powder to hopper 7 . at the same time , the piston 40 ( fig3 a ) is actuated to open valve 26 ( fig3 ), the actuation of piston 40 being initiated by control 45 , also in response to a signal from the cell 61 . the powder can now flow through diverter 23 and into the hopper 7 . in one embodiment , the hopper 7 is refilled to its upper level with about four bursts from the pump 12 . by filling the hopper 7 with intermittent batches , overloading of the cone 31 , hence , compacting of the powder therein is avoided . due to the flared portion 47 of the conduit 28 and the conical baffle 49 , which define an annular , diverging passageway , together with the baffle plate 51 , the movement of the air entrained powder is in a generally horizontal and radial direction therefrom as it enters the cone portion 31 of hopper 7 . the solid material ( powdered or granular ) then flows downwardly , partially by pressure and partially by gravity , through the lower end 54 of the cone 31 into the sleeve 56 . most of the gaseous carrier moves out of the cone 31 , partly via the conduits 34 and 36 to return to the supply hopper 9 and partly to the atmosphere through the filter bag 33 , thereby substantially reducing the total pressure within cone 31 . the opening in the lower end of cone 31 is selected to control the rate at which the material ( such as powder ) is permitted to enter the sleeve 56 . as the powder emerges from the cone 31 , it continues to fill the chamber within the sleeve 56 until the powder level is substantially , as two or three inches , above the photo cell 61 . under normal operating conditions , the lower sleeve 63 and bowl 64 will always be filled with powder . thus , the differential in the level of powder in the sleeve , between high and low , will not be sufficient to adversely affect the density of all of the powder in the hopper 7 and therefore , will not affect the uniformity of the tablets being formed . the relatively small opening in the lower end of cone 31 ( fig5 ), together with the powder immediately thereabove , tend to shield the interior of the sleeve 56 from the pressure of the air within the chamber of cone 31 , and thereby cause said air to escape through the pipe 36 and the filter 33 . moreover , the powder flows into the sleeve 56 in a small stream rather than in one large mass . thus the tendency for compacting of the powder within the sleeve 56 is avoided . at the same time there is sufficient agitation and turbulence within the cone 31 , due to the radial movement of the powder as it leaves the baffle 51 , that the powder will not compact or bridge within the cone 31 , in spite of the small lower opening in said cone 31 . the powder deposited in said sleeve 56 ( fig5 ) subsequently moves downwardly through the lower sleeve 63 into the bowl 64 . thereafter , the powder passes through the ports 78 and 79 , the slides 91 and 92 permitting , and into the recesses 69 and 70 where it is moved by the paddle wheels 72 and 73 through the openings 71 and into the die cavities of the tableting machine . the filter screen 35 ( fig6 ) provides for the final escape of any air under pressure , which may be trapped in the powder . the solid material is caused to flow from conduit 22 to the hopper 6 via the diverter 23 in substantially the same manner as described above with respect to hopper 7 . that is , in response to a signal from cell 61 , the control 13 closes valve 26 and opens valve 24 so that air entrained powder can flow through valve 24 into hopper 6 . thereafter , the operation of hopper 6 wil be identical to the above - described operation of hopper 7 . the shape of the deflector 86 is such that it insures that powder deposited thereon will be quickly guided into the recesses 69 and 70 , as required . by appropriately controlling the size of the openings 78 and 79 through the cover plate 77 of the feed frame , as by means of slide gates 91 and 92 , powder can be fed to the paddle wheels 72 and 73 at a rate such that said wheels can deliver said powder through the openings 71 without packing or other improper loading within the recesses 69 and 70 . actual experimental work has been conducted with a feed system incorporating the invention and utilized with an existing tableting machine , such as the machine 1 , and a powder source , as provided by the apparatus 8 . the results have shown that feeding can be carried out effectively and efficiently by this system without packing , surging , bridging or other objectionable effects and at a much higher rate than previously achieved . in fact , the output of tablets from a standard machine has been tripled when equipped with the invention . moreover , powders which have been especially difficult to feed to a direct compaction , tableting machine by existing equipment , can now be easily fed by the structure of the invention . as shown in fig1 , one or both of the paddle wheels can be provided with a disk 94 having an opening 95 between adjacent blades of the paddle . this feature tends to provide better control over the delivery of some types of powders into the recesses 69 and 70 . the wheel 72a ( fig1 ) has a circular disk 94 attached to the upper surface thereof for rotation therewith . said disk is slightly smaller in diameter than the wheel 72a and it has circular openings 95 therethrough in this embodiment . however , the sizes and shapes of said disk and openings may be modified to accommodate certain powders . one opening 95 is preferably located between each pair of arms 96 and adjacent to the leading arm of said pair in the direction of rotation . the disk tends to minimize the adverse effects of surges in the powder flow to the wheel 72a , and said disk might be attached to the lower surface of said wheel 72a in some instances . although particular preferred embodiments of the invention have been disclosed in detail for illustrative purposes , it will be recognized that variations or modifications of the disclosed apparatus , including the rearrangement of parts , lie within the scope of the present invention .	0
the following description refers to fig1 to 9 , all related to the two stage model , the operational philosophy of which extends to the other models . fig1 shows the two stage model 55 with its evaporators 61 , 71 assembled in the concentric arrangement where is observed that the final stage evaporator 71 ( fig5 ) is assembled inside the first stage evaporator 61 ( fig3 ), supported and bolted at the flange 1 ( fig3 ). the concentric stages are connected for operation in series , as is the case for the other models to be subsequently described . a gasket is used to avoid leakage . the final stage upper vessel 76 , enclosing the final stage upper vapor chamber 75 ( fig7 ) with the condenser 2 inside , is assembled bolted in the same flange 1 . on fig2 and 3 , is observed that the first stage evaporator 61 is constituted of a shell and tube exchanger without part of the central tubes , here called ring shell and tube evaporator . the internal wall 3 and the external wall 51 enclose the hot water throughout the interior of the shell , returning for heating on outlet 5 . salt water feeds the first stage evaporator 61 annular vertical tube bundle 62 on nozzle 6 , passing throughout the feed chamber 7 , constituted by a downward extension 65 of the external wall 51 , limited on the bottom by flange 52 and on top by tubesheet 53 . feed water is directed to the first stage tubes 8 , receiving enough heat from hot water inlet 4 , until boiling . heat is furnished so that only part of the water is vaporized in order to avoid excessive scales into the tubes . it is observed on fig3 that the vapor chamber 9 above the first upper tubesheet 63 of the first stage evaporator 61 is enlarged in order to permit the passage of the vapor to the first stage vapor chamber 9 ( fig3 ). vapor chamber 9 is limited laterally by cylindrical shell 54 , on top by flange 1 and the final upper tubesheet 73 of the final stage evaporator 71 , and on bottom by the first bottom tubesheet 53 . hot water temperature 4 is heated at maximum 88 ° c . in order to avoid excessive scales into the tubes . operating evaporative temperature ranges from 60 to 65 ° c . on the first stage and from 45 to 50 ° c . on the second . to obtain these evaporating temperatures , the pressure must be evacuated and controlled in the range of 20 . 0 to 25 . 0 kpa abs at the first stage and in the range of 9 . 9 to 12 . 4 kpa abs at the second stage . vacuum is obtained by an eductor 10 ( fig1 ) that sucks the non condensable gases like air and carbon dioxide through the first stage vacuum outlet 11 , and second stage vacuum outlet 12 . salt water at a specific designed pressure 13 ( fig1 ) is used to drive the eductor . boiling water and vapor rises into the tubes 8 , splashing on the plate 14 ( fig3 ). vapor flows to the final stage evaporator tubes 15 ( fig1 and 5 ) supported and sealed between a final upper tubesheet 73 and a final bottom tubesheet 74 in the final cylindrical vertical tube bundle 72 of the final stage evaporator 71 , here named cylindrical bundle evaporator . touching the outside of the tube walls , the vapor condenses , giving up energy to boil the final stage salt water within the tubes 15 . the condensate produced on the outside of the tube walls is collected on the bottom of the chamber 9 ( fig3 ) and pumped to a storage tank through the coil 17 and the outlet 16 , delivering sensible heat to the incoming salt water 6 through the coil 17 , inside chamber 7 . final stage is fed by the remaining not vaporized first stage salt water , suctioned by the final stage lower pressure through tube 18 , pouring into the tray 19 , and flashing vapor . tube 18 collects salt water from the bottom of an extended pipe , in order to keep an adequate water column , to avoid suction of vapor from the first stage . on the tray , water directs to the central tube 20 , dropping to floating head 21 , feeding final stage tube bundle 72 . central tube 20 has also the function to force a circulation of liquids to all tubes of the evaporator . tray 19 and plate 14 prevent rising salt water droplets to reach the demisters 22 ( first stage ) and 23 ( final stage ). both plate 14 and tray 19 are removable in order to permit access to the tube sheets . final stage fresh water is obtained through the vapor condensation on condenser 2 , being collected in the container 24 within the final vapor chamber 75 contained in the final stage upper vessel 76 . through outlet nozzle 25 ( fig1 ), distilled water condensate is pumped to reservoir . inside condenser tubes circulate cold salt water through inlet nozzle 26 ( fig1 ), leaving on nozzle outlet 27 . here , a stream of salt water is derived in order to feed the first stage feed chamber 7 through inlet nozzle 6 . level of residual undistilled salt water is maintained on the first stage upper tubesheet 63 of the first stage evaporator 61 by the weir 28 . in the same way , final stage residual water level is maintained on the final upper tubesheet 73 by weir 29 . salt water that overboards weir 29 exits the unit through outlet 30 , being suctioned by eductor 10 ( fig1 ) to discharge 31 ( fig1 ). nominal flow rate is obtained through control valve 32 and flow meter 33 ( fig1 ). instruments as thermometers and manometers are used for operational control , and a pressure safety relief valve 34 installed on the first stage grants against over pressure . a thin steel shell 35 ( fig5 ), here named final stage armor 35 , which is assembled in two halves by flanges , encloses the final stage cylindrical vertical tube bundle 72 . the role of this armor 35 is to direct the vapor from the first stage evaporator tubes 8 to pass from the first stage vapor chamber 9 through the final cylindrical vertical tube bundle 72 in the final stage evaporator 71 , partially condensing on the outsides of the final stage evaporator tubes 15 , avoiding being suctioned directly to vacuum pipe 11 ( fig1 ). the welded edge 36 ( fig5 ) supports the armor 35 at the top of the first stage internal wall 39 . a gasket bonded below the edge avoids vapor leakage . a cut 37 ( fig6 ) made at the bottom tube sheet and at the floating head 21 , permits the passage of the fixed vacuum pipe 11 . the following description is refereed to fig1 to 16 of the three stage model . a three stage model 56 ( fig1 ) has the same two stage constructive philosophy , with a new intermediate stage evaporator included , here named ring evaporator bundle ( fig1 ), that becomes the second stage evaporator 81 with ring tube bundle 47 , and is inserted into the first stage evaporator 61 . the cylindrical evaporator ( fig5 ), becomes now the third stage , but remains the final stage evaporator 71 of the model 56 , and is inserted into the second stage ring tube bundle 47 ( fig1 ). the first stage evaporator 61 ′ of this three stage model 56 ( fig1 , 11 ) is similar to the two stage model 55 , but the base 38 ( fig1 ) is now welded to the internal and external shells walls 39 and 40 respectively ( fig1 ), in order to have a reliable watertight . at the center of this base 38 is welded a support 41 ( fig1 and 12 ), in order to hold and centralize the intermediate second stage ( fig1 ). on this model 56 , vacuum lines 42 and 43 ( fig1 ) and condensate ( distillate ) outlets 44 and 45 , are located below the unit , in order to permit easy access of second and third stages . heat exchange is accomplished through a 15 to 20 ° c . differential temperature between stages . the second stage evaporator 81 ring tube bundle 47 has also an armor 46 ( fig1 ), in order to direct the first stage vapor to the tubes 85 of its tube bundle 47 . floating head 48 has in this way a ring format also , as shown on fig1 ( bottom view ) and fig1 ( section view ). an internal wall 49 with upward extension 87 and an external shell 50 enclose the second stage vapor chamber 84 and isolate the vapor inside this stage . an annular tray 88 above the second upper tubesheet 82 acts as a splash guard for vapor and salt water discharged from the second stage tubes 85 into the second stage vapor chamber 84 . the tray 88 also receives residual salt water vacuumed from the previous stage vapor chamber 9 and drains the water through a tube 89 to a floating head 48 carried on the second bottom tubesheet 83 , from which the residual salt water is drawn into tubes 85 . vapor from the previous first stage vapor chamber 9 is directed by a second stage armor 46 , surrounding the tube bundle 47 , to pass through the tube bundle 47 , discharging heat to the salt water in the tubes 85 to partially vaporize the water therein and deliver vapor and residual salt water to the second stage vapor chamber 84 . some of the vapor contacting the outside of the tubes 47 condenses thereon and drains to the bottom of the second stage evaporator 81 , where it is drawn off as condensate through a condensate outlet 45 and pumped to storage . the material used in the unit needs to be corrosive resistant to salt water as aluminium bronze , monel , copper nickel , and titanium . a one stage desalinator can be assembled by just inserting the condenser 2 inside vapor chamber 9 . a four stage model 57 including a third stage evaporator 91 is represented in a section view on fig1 . now , another third stage evaporator 91 ring tube bundle 47 ′ is included , as an intermediate stage between the second stage evaporator 81 and the final stage evaporator 71 of the four stage model 57 , compounding in this way the four stage model , and so on . in the four stage model 57 , the illustrated third stage evaporator 91 with the third ring tube bundle 47 ′ and the second stage evaporator 81 with the second ring tube bundle 47 are identical , except for their dimensions . the second ring tube bundle is of larger diameter and the third ring tube bundle is of longer length than in the three stage model , as required by the configuration of the four stage model 57 illustrated in fig1 . fig1 of the drawings illustrates the third stage evaporator 91 wherein primed numerals indicate features equivalent to those of the second stage evaporator 81 and the third ring tube bundle 47 ′, except for dimensions , which are varied to suit . thus , the third ring tube bundle 47 ′ includes a third upper tubesheet 82 ′ and a third bottom tubesheet 83 ′, which seal and support opposite ends of the tubes 85 ′ of the bundle . a third stage vapor chamber 84 ′ is defined above the third upper tubesheet 82 ′ and annularly around the upward extension 87 ′ of the third stage internal wall 49 ′. the third stage vapor chamber 84 ′ is laterally restrained by an outer shell 50 ′ and on top by flange 1 and final upper tubesheet 73 of the final stage evaporator 71 . an annular tray 88 ′ above the third upper tubesheet 82 ′ acts as a splash guard for vapor and salt water discharged from the third stage tubes 85 ′ into the third stage vapor chamber 84 ′. the tray 88 ′ also receives residual salt water vacuumed from the previous stage vapor chamber and drains the water through a tube 89 ′ to a floating head 48 ′ carried on the third bottom tubesheet 83 ′. vapor from the previous second stage vapor chamber 84 is directed by a third stage armor 46 ′, surrounding the tube bundle 47 ′, to pass through the tube bundle 47 ′, discharging heat to the salt water in the tubes 85 ′ to partially vaporize the water therein and deliver vapor and residual salt water to the third stage vapor chamber 84 ′. some of the vapor contacting the outside of the tubes 47 ′ condenses thereon and drains to the bottom of the third stage evaporator 91 , where it is drawn off as condensate through a condensate outlet 45 ′ and pumped to storage . it should be understood that the operation of the second and third stage evaporators is consecutive and identical . the second stage receives first stage vapor into its tube bundle 47 , which is partially condensed on the second stage tubes 85 and condensate is drawn off from the condensate outlet 45 and pumped to storage . the residual salt water from the second stage is suctioned to the third stage vapor chamber 84 ′, passed to the third stage floating head 46 ′, drawn upward through the third stage evaporator tubes 85 ′ and heated therein by the second stage vapor to form more vapor and residual salt water for use in the final stage evaporator 71 .	1
with reference now to fig2 a usb device 210 in accordance with the invention is described . the preferred embodiment of the device conforms to revision 1 . 0 of the usb specification while providing a number of advantages over conventional usb devices . the usb device 210 includes a usb interface module 220 , a register set 214 , a ram 212 , and a biu 216 . the interface module 220 connects to a usb network to send and receive data . the interface module 200 also connects to register set 214 , ram 212 , and biu 216 via a core bus 218 . the core bus 218 allows the interface module 200 to access the register set 214 and the ram 212 . the register set 214 includes a functional address register and a device control register . turning to fig7 one preferred embodiment of a functional address register 710 is shown . the functional address register 710 is 32 bits long and provides space for four functional addresses . bits 0 - 6 of the functional address register 710 provide space for a first functional address designated fa 0 . bit 7 provides space for a first address enable bit designated ae 0 . bits 8 - 14 of the functional address register 710 provide space for a second functional address designated fa 1 . bit 15 provides space for a second address enable bit designated ae 1 . bits 16 - 22 of the functional address register 710 provide space for a third functional address designated fa 2 . bit 23 provides space for a third address enable bit designated ae 2 . bits 24 - 30 of the functional address register 710 provide space for a fourth functional address designated fa 3 . bit 31 provides space for a first address enable bit designated ae 3 . the four functional addresses , fa 0 , fa 1 , fa 2 , and fa 3 along with the four address enable bits , ae 0 , ae 1 , ae 2 , and ae 3 are provided to support the operation of a compound device having up to four address . after a functional address has been assigned , the related address enable bit may be set to enable use of the functional address . turning to fig8 one preferred embodiment of a device control register 810 is shown . the device control register 810 is 16 bits long . bit 4 provides space for a first default address enable bit , def 0 , which relates to the first functional address , fa 0 . bit 5 provides space for a second default address enable bit , def 1 , which relates to the second functional address , fa 1 . bit 6 provides space for a third default address enable bit , def 2 , which relates to the third functional address , fa 2 . bit 7 provides space for a fourth default address enable bit , def 3 , which relates to the fourth functional address , fa 3 . the default address enable bits are used to indicate whether the device will respond to the default address . when these bits are set the device will respond to the default address , when they are cleared it will not . after a functional address has been assigned , the related functional address bit is set to indicate that the address is valied . after this , the related default address bit will be cleared and the device will no longer respond to the default address and will instead respond to the functional address . turning to fig9 the assignment of functional addresses will now be described in detail . starting at block 910 , a usb device having four possible functional addresses is connected to a usb device . at block 912 , the usb device tests for receipt of a setup token indicating a control transfer for assigning a functional address . upon receipt of such a token , at block 914 , the usb device performs the control transfer , assigns fa 0 , and sets ae 0 . def 0 is cleared by the device the next time an ack is received in response to an in token . if no ack is received within a timeout period , if the next token is a setup , this will also cause the def 0 bit to be reset . at block 916 , the usb device again tests for receipt of a setup token indicating a control transfer for assigning a functional address . upon receipt of such a token , at block 918 , the usb device performs the control transfer , assigns fa 1 , and sets ae 1 . def 1 is cleared as described above . at block 920 , the usb device again tests for receipt of a setup token indicating a control transfer for assigning a functional address . upon receipt of such a token , at block 922 , the usb device performs the control transfer , assigns fa 2 , and sets ae 2 . def 2 is cleared as described above . at block 924 , the usb device again tests for receipt of a setup token indicating a control transfer for assigning a functional address . upon receipt of such a token , at block 926 , the usb device performs the control transfer , assigns fa 3 , and sets ae 3 . def 3 is cleared as described above . this completes assignment of the four functional addresses . depending upon how many functional addresses have been assigned , the device 210 may respond to one or more assigned functional address and a default address . preferred embodiments of the device activate the functional addresses depending upon the particular needs of the implementation . consequently , one to four functional addresses may be assigned . the enablement of a functional address according to one preferred embodiment of the invention is shown in fig1 . at start block 1010 a usb device is connected to a usb network and tests for a setup token indicating a control transfer for assigning a functional address . upon receipt of such a token the device proceeds to block 1012 where it completes a setup transaction . upon completion of the setup transaction , the device proceeds to block 1014 to receive an out token . the device then proceeds to complete one or more out transactions . these transactions contain a unique functional address which is stored in the appropriate functional address register . upon completion of the data stage at block 1014 , the device tests for an in token . upon receipt of the in token , the device proceeds to block 1018 where it sends a zero - length data 1 packet . after sending the data 1 packet , the device proceeds to block 1020 , where it tests for receipt of either an ack handshake or else another setup token . upon receipt of either , the device proceeds to block 1022 where it clears the related def bit . this enables use of the unique functional address and disables use of the related default address . if the device does not receive either an ack handshake or a setup token at block 1020 , it returns to block 1016 to test for receipt of a new in token to restart the status stage . if the in transaction is retried , ( i . e . no ack was received ) the def bit will not be cleared . thus when the transaction is retried to the default address , it will still be received by this device . by clearing the def bit only after receipt of an ack handshake of an in packet or a setup token , the device avoids problems associated with a lost or corrupted data 1 packet or a lost or corrupted ack handshake . specifically , if the data 1 packet is lost or corrupted , the host will not send an ack . consequently , the host will continue to attempt to complete the initialization process by addressing the device at the default address . since the device has not yet cleared the default bit , the device will still respond to the default address . this allows the host to reattempt a status stage by retransmitting an in token to the default address . if the ack from the host is lost or corrupted , the device will not yet respond to it &# 39 ; s unique functional address . however , as the host has no indication that the ack was not received by the device , it must assume that the transaction has properly completed and that the device will now respond to it &# 39 ; s functional address . consequently , the host will continue with the process of enumerating the usb network . upon transmission of a new setup token to a second device on the network , the first device will clear the default address bit and set the functional address bit . the first device will now respond to the functional address only . although the embodiments described herein are with reference to specific device structure , the present invention can be applied in a variety of other devices without departing from the scope of the invention . the invention has been described with reference to an embodiment having register space for a default address bit , an functional address enable bit , and a functional address register , however alternative equivalent embodiments may implement other register and memory configurations for enabling or disabling the default and unique functional address . those having ordinary skill in the art will certainly understand from the embodiments disclosed herein that many modifications are possible without departing from the teachings hereof . all such modifications are intended to be encompassed within the following claims .	6
the following is a detailed description about some terms used in the present invention . as described above , the present invention discloses derivatives substituted by urea associated with 4 - substituted -( 3 - substituted - 1h - pyrazole - 5 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino . these compounds may be used in vivo or in vitro to regulate or inhibit the activity of capsaicin receptor . as for the compounds of the present invention , the standard nomenclature is adopted . when the compound has a chiral center , unless otherwise specified , all optical isomers of the compound and mixtures thereof would fall within the protection scope of the present invention . in addition , a compound containing carbon - carbon double bond ( s ) may have the z or e configuration ( s ), unless otherwise specified , all of the isomers would fall within the protection scope of the present invention as well . when the compound has its tautomer and the compound is not limited to being a certain isomer , it can be considered that all of the isomers of the compound are included in the present invention . when some compounds according to the present invention are described by using certain general formulae ( e . g ., x , ar ), it is considered that the compounds include all of the variable forms thereof . unless otherwise specified , each of the variable forms is independently of each other selected from a certain range . as for the present invention , a pharmaceutically acceptable form comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable salt , hydrate , complex formed with solvent ( s ), crystal form , polymorph , chelate , non - covalent combination , ester and prodrug form thereof , etc . pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to a salt of an acid form or a base form . professionally , it is considered that a pharmaceutically acceptable salt is non - toxic , non - irritant , devoid of anaphylaxis or other side - effect to tissues of humans or animals . such salts include inorganic salts or organic salts of a basic group such as amino , and also include inorganic salts or organic salts of an acidic group such as carboxylic acid . the pharmaceutically acceptable salt includes , but is not limited to , hydrochloride , phosphate , hydrobromide , malate , glycollate , fumarate , sulfate , sulfonate , formate , toluenesulfonate , methylsulfonate , benzenesulfonate , ethyldisulfonate , 2 - hydroxyethyl sulfonate , nitrate , benzoate , 2 - acetoxybenzoate , citrate , tartrate , lactate , stearate , salicylate , glutamate , ascorbate , methylene pamoate , succinate , maleate , propionates , hydroxymaleate , hydroiodide , benzeneacetate , alkanoate , such as hooc —( ch 2 ) n — cooh , wherein n is an integer of 0 to 4 . pharmaceutically acceptable cations include , but are not limited to , sodium ion , potassium ion , calcium ion , aluminum ion , lithium ion and ammonium ion . such pharmaceutically acceptable salts of an acid or a base may be synthesized from the parent compounds of the acid or base by conventional chemical methods . the salts are obtained by reacting the acid or base in free form of the compound with a certain equivalent of suitable base or acid in water or an organic solvent or their mixture . typically , the preferred non - water medium is ethylether , ethyl acetate , acetone , ethanol , isopropanol and acetonitrile . the structure of a “ prodrug ” is not consistent with the compound according to the present invention . after a prodrug is administrated to a patient , the prodrug can be converted in vivo into the compound included in the general formula . prodrugs can be derivatives formed with amino , hydroxy or mercapto groups , and these derivatives can be converted back into the amino , hydroxyl or mercapto groups within the organism . for example , the hydroxy and amino groups of the compounds provided by the present invention cam produce corresponding acetylation , formylation , or benzoylation derivatives . the term “ alkyl ” refers to straight chain or branched chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon . it includes c1 - c8 alkyl , c1 - c6 alkyl , c1 - c4 alkyl , such as methyl , ethyl , propyl , isopropyl , n - butyl , isobutyl , tert - butyl , pentyl , 2 - pentyl , isopentyl , neopentyl , hexyl , 2 - hexyl , 3 - hexyl and 3 - methyl - hexyl . the term “ c0 - c4 alkyl ” refers to a single covalent bond or an alkyl consisting of 1 , 2 , 3 or 4 carbon atoms . the term “ c0 - c6 alkyl ” refers to a single covalent bond ( c0 ) or c1 - c6 alkyl . the term “ c0 - c8 alkyl ” refers to a single covalent bond ( c0 ) or c1 - c8 alkyl . in some embodiments , one substituted alkyl is specified . for example , the term “ cyano c1 - c4 alkyl ” refers to a c1 - c4 alkyl which may be substituted by at least one cyano group . the term “ alkylene ” refers to a divalent alkyl , i . e ., a group represented by —( chr ) n —, wherein r is h or alkyl . the term “ alkenyl ” refers to straight chain or branched chain alkenyl . the alkenyl functional group includes c2 - c8 alkenyl , c2 - c6 alkenyl and c2 - c4 alkenyl , which respectively contain 2 to 8 , 2 to 6 and 2 to 4 carbon atoms , such as vinyl , allyl , isopropenyl . the term “ alkynyl ” refers to straight chain or branched chain alkynyl , which contains one or more unsaturated carbon - carbon bond and at least one carbon - carbon triple bond . the alkynyl includes c2 - c8 alkynyl , c2 - c6 alkynyl group , c2 - c4 alkynyl , which respectively contain 2 to 8 , 2 to 6 and 2 to 4 carbon atoms . the term “ cycloalkyl ” refers to saturated cyclic groups totally consisting of carbon atoms ( 3 to 7 ), such as cyclopropyl , cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl . any one of the carbon atoms on the ring may be substituted by any specified substituent . for example , these substituents may be halogen , cyano , c1 - c8 alkyl , c1 - c8 alkoxy , c2 - c8 alkanoyl . the term “ alkoxy ” refers to a group wherein the alkyl is linked to the oxygen atom , i . e . a group represented by “ alkyl - o -”. the alkoxy includes c1 - c6 alkoxy and c1 - c4 alkoxy , which respectively contain 1 to 6 and 1 to 4 carbon atoms . for example , the alkoxy may be methoxy , ethoxy , propoxy , isopropoxy , n - butoxy , sec - butoxy , tert - butoxy , n - pentoxy , 2 - pentoxy , 3 - pentoxy , isopentoxy , neopentoxy , n - hexyloxy , 2 - hexyloxy , 3 - hexyloxy , and 3 - methyl - pentoxy . the term “ thiohydrocarbyl ” refers to a group wherein the alkyl is linked to the sulfur atom , i . e . a group represented by “ hydrocarbyl - s -”, including “ alkyl - s -”, “ alkenyl - s -”, “ alkynyl - s -”. the term “ alkylsulfonyl ” refers to a group represented by the general formula “—( so 2 )- alkyl ”, wherein the sulfur atom is directly linked to the substituted group . the alkylsulfonyl includes c1 - c6 alkylsulfonyl and c1 - c4 alkylsulfonyl , which respectively contain 1 to 6 and 1 to 4 carbon atoms . for example , the alkylsulfonyl may be methyl - sulfonyl . the term “ alkylsulfonamide ” refers to a group represented by the general formula “—( so 2 ) n ( r ) 2 ”, wherein the sulfur atom is directly linked to the substituted group and each r is independently of each other selected from hydrogen or alkyl . the term “ mono - or di -( c1 - c6 ) alkylsulfonamide means that one of r groups is c1 - c6 alkyl and the other one is hydrogen or independently selected from c1 - c6 alkyl . the term “ oxo ” refers to a ketonic group ( c ═ o ). the group “— c (═ o )—” is obtained by oxidizing “— ch 2 -”, wherein the non - aromatic carbon atom is substituted by an oxygen atom . the term “ alkanoyl ” refers to an acyl which is linked to straight chain or branched chain alkyl ( e . g ., —( c ═ o )- alkyl ), wherein the carbon atom on carbonyl is directly linked to the substituted group . the alkanoyl includes c2 - c8 alkanoyl , c2 - c6 alkanoyl and c2 - c4 alkanoyl , which respectively contain 2 to 8 , 2 to 6 or 2 to 4 carbon atoms . the term “ c1 alkanoyl ” refers to —( c ═ o )— h . the term “ alkoxyalkyl ” refers to straight chain or branched chain ether substituent . the alkoxyalkyl includes c2 - c8 alkoxyalkyl , c2 - c6 alkoxyalkyl and c2 - c4 alkoxyalkyl , which respectively contain 2 to 8 , 2 to 6 and 2 to 4 carbon atoms . for example , the structure of “ c2 alkoxyalkyl ” is — ch 2 och 3 . the term “ alkylamino ” refers to a secondary or tertiary amine having a structure of — nh - alkyl or — n -( alkyl )( alkyl ), wherein each alkyl may be the same or different . for example , mono - or di -( c1 - c8 ) alkylamino may comprise 1 to 8 carbon atoms , wherein each alkyl may be the same or different . mono - or di -( c1 - c6 ) alkylamino or mono - or di -( c1 - c4 ) alkylamino is similar to the above conditions . the term “ alkylaminoalkyl ” refers to an alkylamino linked to an alkyl , such as the structure of “- alkyl - nh - alkyl ” or “- alkyl - n -( alkyl )( alkyl )”, wherein each alkyl is independent of each other . for example , the alkylaminoalkyl may be mono - and di -( c1 - c4 alkyl ) amino c1 - c8 alkyl , mono - and di -( c1 - c6 alkyl ) amino c1 - c6 alkyl , mono - and di -( c1 - c4 alkyl ) amino c1 - c4 alkyl , wherein each alkyl may be the same or different . “ mono - or di -( c1 - c6 alkyl )- amino - c0 - c6 alkyl ” means the mono - or di -( c1 - c6 alkyl )- amino is directly linked to a substituted group or to a c1 - c6 alkyl . the term “ aminocarbonyl ” refers to an amino having a structure of —( c ═ o ) nh 2 . the term “ mono - or di -( c1 - c8 alkyl ) aminocarbonyl ” refers to an aminocarbonyl of which one or two hydrogen atoms of the amino are substituted by c1 - c8 alkyl ( s ). if both of the two hydrogen atoms on the amino are substituted , the c1 - c8 alkyl substituents may be the same or different . the term “ haloalkyl ” refers to a branched chain , straight chain or cyclic alkyl which is substituted by one or more halogen atom ( s ). for example , “ c1 - c8 haloalkyl ” comprises 1 to 8 carbon atoms , and “ c1 - c6 haloalkyl ” comprises 1 to 6 carbon atoms . the haloalkyl group includes ( but not limited to ) mono -, di - or tri - fluoromethyl ; mono -, di - or tri - chloromethyl ; mono -, di -, tri -, tetra - or penta - fluoroethyl ; mono -, di -, tri -, tetra - or penta - chloroethyl ; 1 , 2 , 2 , 2 - tetrafluoro - 1 - trifluoromethyl - ethyl . the term “ haloalkoxy ” refers to a haloalkyl which is linked to the oxygen atom . the “ c1 - c8 haloalkoxy ” comprises 1 to 8 carbon atoms . the symbol “—” does not link two letters or symbols , but refers to a bonding point between the substituted groups and the substituents . for example , “— conh 2 ” means directly linking to a carbon atom . the term “ hetero atom ” refers to oxygen , sulfur , or nitrogen atoms . the term “ heterocycloalkyl ” refers to a saturated cyclic alkyl which contains at least one hetero atom on the ring . the “ heterocycloalkyl ” includes such as morpholinyl , thiomorpholinyl , tetrahydropyranyl . the term “ carbocycle ” or “ carbocyclic group ” refers to a group which comprises at least one cyclic group which is totally consisted of carbon - carbon bonds and does not contain a heterocycle . unless otherwise specified , each carbocycle may be saturated , partially saturated or aromatic . the carbocycle typically has 1 to 3 fused ring ( s ), bridged ring ( s ) or spirocyclic compound ( s ), especially c3 - c8 carbocycle and c5 - c7 carbocycle . the carbocycle further comprises 9 - 14 membered fused ring , bridged ring or spirocyclic compound . some representative carbocycles are cycloalkyls ( referring to saturated and / or partially saturated carbocycles , such as cyclopropyl , cyclobutyl , cyclopentyl , cyclohexyl , cycloheptyl , cyclooctyl , adamantanyl , decahydronaphthyl , octahydroindenyl and various partially - saturated carbocycles mentioned above , such as cyclohexenyl ), as well as aromatic rings ( a group containing at least one aromatic ring , such as phenyl , benzyl , naphthyl , phenoxy , benzoyloxy , acetophenone group , fluorenyl , indenyl and 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydronaphthyl ). the carbon atoms on the carbocycle may be substituted by 0 , 1 or 2 hydrogen atoms and / or any substituent , such as hydroxy , halogen , cyano , nitro , c1 - c8 alkyl , c2 - c8 alkenyl , c2 - c8 alkynyl , c1 - c8 alkoxy , c2 - c8 alkoxyalkyl , c3 - c8 alkanonyl , c1 - c8 thiohydrocarbonyl , amino , mono - or di -( c1 - c8 alkyl ) amino , c3 - c7 cycloalkyl , c0 - c4 alkyl , hetero c1 - c8 alkyl , hetero c1 - c8 alkoxy , amino c1 - c8 alkyl , hydroxy c1 - c8 alkyl , c1 - c8 alkanoyl , c1 - c8 alkoxycarbonyl , — cooh , — c ( c ═ o ) nh 2 , mono - or di -( c1 - c8 alkyl ) amide , — s ( o 2 ) nh 2 , mono - or di -( c1 - c8 alkyl ) sulfonamide . some carbocycles described in the present invention comprise c6 - c10 aryl c0 - c6 alkyl ( wherein at least one aromatic ring is directly linked to the parent compound or firstly linked to c1 - c6 alkyl and then to the parent compound ). for example , phenyl and indenyl are respectively linked to phenyl and indenyl through c1 - c4 or c1 - c6 alkyl . where a phenyl is linked to a parent compound directly or through an alkyl , it can be represented as phenyl - 00 - c6 alkyl ( e . g ., benzyl , 1 - phenyl - ethyl , 1 - phenyl - propyl and 2 - phenyl - ethyl ). the term “ heterocycle ” or “ heterocycloalkyl ” refers to 1 to 3 fused ring ( s ), bridged ring ( s ), spirocyclic compound ( s ) containing at least one heterocycle ( which contains one or more hetero atoms on the ring , and the other atoms on the ring are carbon atoms ). the heterocycle contains 1 to 4 hetero atoms , and in some embodiments , each heterocycle contains 1 or 2 hetero atoms . the heterocycle comprises 9 - 14 membered fused ring , bridged ring or spirocyclic compound . the heterocycle may optionally be substituted by nitro and / or various substituents on carbon atoms , such as the above - mentioned carbocycle . unless otherwise defined , the heterocycle may be a heterocycloalkyl ( each ring is saturated or partially saturated ) or heteroaryl ( at least one ring within the group is aromatic ). the heterocycle may be linked with other groups in stable forms via any ring or atom . the term “ heterocyclo - 00 - c8 alkyl ” refers to a heterocycle which is linked to a parent compound directly or via c1 - c8 alkyl . the term “( 3 - 10 membered heterocyclo )- c1 - c6 alkyl ” refers to a 3 - 10 membered heterocycle linked to a parent compound via c1 - c6 alkyl . the heterocycle includes , such as acridinyl , azacycloheptyl , azocinyl , benzimidazolyl , benzimidazolinyl , benzisothiazolyl , benzisoxazolyl , benzofuranyl , benzothienyl , benzoxazolyl , benzotriazolyl , benzotriazolyl carbazolyl , benzotetrazolyl , nh - carbazolyl , carbolinyl , benzodihydrofuryl , benzopyranyl , cinnolinyl , decahydroquinolyl , dihydrofuro [ 2 , 3 - b ] tetrahydrofuran , dihydro - isoquinolyl , 1 , 4 - dioxa - 8 - aza - spiro [ 4 , 5 ]- 8 - decyl , dithiazinyl , furanyl , furazanyl , imidazolinyl , imidazolidinyl , imidazolyl , indazolyl , indolyl , indolinyl , indolizinyl , indolyl , isobenzofuranyl , isobenzodihydrofuranyl , isodihydroazaindenyl , isoindolyl , isothiazolyl , isoxazolyl , isoquinolyl , morpholinyl , 1 , 5 - naphthyridinyl , octahydroquinolyl , oxadiazolyl , oxazolyl , phenanthridinyl , phenanthroliny , phenazinyl , phenothiazinyl , phenoxthinyl , phenoxazinyl , 2 , 3 - diazanaphthyl , piperazinyl , piperidyl , piperidonyl , pteridinyl , purinyl , pyranyl , pyrazinyl , pyrazolidinyl , pyrazolinyl , pyrazolyl , pyridazinyl , pyridoimidazolyl , pyridoisoxazolyl , pyridothiazolyl , pyridyl , pyrimidinyl , pyrrolidinyl , pyrrolidonyl , pyrrolinyl , pyrrolyl , quinazolinyl , quinolyl , quinoxalinyl , quinuclidinyl , tetrahydroisoquinolyl , tetrahydroquinolyl , tetrazolyl , thiadiazinyl , thiadiazolyl , thianthrenyl , thiazolyl , thienothiazolyl , thienooxazolyl , thienoimidazolyl , thienyl , thiomorpholinyl , and various groups wherein the sulfur atoms are oxidized . the term “ substituent ” refers to a molecular fragment which is bonded to a certain atom of the parent compound via a covalent bond . the substituted group can be stable existed ( which can be separated , structurally characterized , subject to biological activity tests ). for example , the term “ a substituent on the ring ” refers to halogen , alkyl , haloalkyl or other groups which is bonded to the carbon or nitrogen atom on the ring via a covalent bond . the term “ optionally substituted ” means that one or more substituents are substituted optionally on any one or more non - hydrogen position ( s ), especially on position 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , and the substituents may be the same or different . for example , the substituent can be hydroxy , halogen , cyano , nitro , c1 - c8 alkanonyl , c2 - c8 alkoxy , c2 - c8 alkoxyalkyl , c3 - c8 alkanonyl , c1 - c8 thiohydrocarbonyl , amino , mono - or di -( c1 - c8 alkyl ) amino , c1 - c8 haloalkyl , c1 - c8 alkanoyl , c2 - c8 alkanoyloxy , c1 - c8 alkoxycarbonyl , — cooh , — conh 2 , mono - or di -( c1 - c8 alkyl ) aminocarbonyl , — so 2 nh 2 , and / or mono - or di -( c1 - c8 alkyl ) aminosulfonyl , carbocycle , heterocyclic substituent . the term “ optionally substituted ” can also be expressed as “ substituted by 0 to x substituents ”, wherein x is the maximum number of the substituents . the term “ aryl ” refers to an aromatic monocycle or fused bicycle , wherein each ring contains 6 to 10 carbon atoms . for example , the aryl is a phenyl or naphthalenyl . the “ arylene ” is a divalent group of the aryl . the term “ heteroaryl ” refers to an aromatic ring containing one or more heteroatoms on the ring . for example , the heteroaryl is c1 - c10 heteroaryl , including pyridyl , indolyl , indazolyl , quinoxalinyl , quinolyl , benzofuranyl , benzopyranyl , benzothiopyranyl , benzo [ 1 , 3 ]- 2 - oxazolyl , imidazolyl , benzimidazolyl , pyrimidinyl , furanyl , oxazolyl , isoxazolyl , thiazolyl , triazolyl , tetrazolyl , pyrazolyl , thienyl and so on . the preferred compound of formula i is selected from the compounds of the following structures : another object of the present invention is to provide a new compound of formula ix , which has the following general formula : wherein , k , a , m , r 1 , r 2 , r 3 , and r 4 are defined as the compound of formula i , rn and rn ′ are respectively h or boc , and x is o , s ; another object of the present invention is to provide a new compound of formula viii , which has the following general formula : wherein , k , a , m , r 1 , r 2 , r 3 , rn , and rn ′ are defined as the compound of formula ix ; another object of the present invention is to provide a new compound of formula vii , which has the following general formula : wherein , k , a , m , r 1 , r 2 , r 3 , rn , and rn ′ are as defined in the compound of formula ix , r 1 ′ is nitro or protected amino ; another object of the present invention is to provide a new compound of formula v , which has the following general formula : wherein , r 1 , r 2 , rn , and rn ′ are defined as the compound of formula ix ; another object of the present invention is to provide a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula i , a pharmaceutical acceptable salt thereof , a hydrate thereof , a solvate thereof , and the composition may be existed in any acceptable oral - dosed or injectable preparation form . the above oral preparation is selected from capsule , tablet , suppository , suspension , syrup , aqueous suspension or solution . another object of the present invention is to provide the use of a compound of formula i in the manufacture of a therapeutic or prophylactic medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of various diseases associated with protein kinases , wherein the diseases are selected from one or more of the following : cell abnormal proliferation , cell abnormal metabolism , cell degeneration , hepatitis c and anaphylaxis . another object of the present invention is to provide the use of a compound of formula i in the manufacture of a therapeutic or prophylactic medicament for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of various diseases associated with protein kinase and the uses of the compounds of formulae ix , viii , vii and v in the manufacture of the compound of formula i . the preparation methods of the compounds in the present invention are described in detail hereinafter . the compound of formula i includes various stereo isomers , geometric isomers and tautomeric isomers . it will be understood that the invention encompasses all of the isomers . the derivatives substituted by urea associated with 4 - substituted -( 3 - substituted - 1h - pyrazole - 5 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino can be synthesized by conventional methods . all raw materials are commercially available or they are prepared by standard processes known in the art . reaction formula 1 represents a synthesis method of the compound of formula i : the chlorine atom of dichloropyrimidine derivative ( the compound of formula ii ) is substituted by a heterocyclic amine ( the compound of formula iii ) to form a corresponding pyrimidine derivative ( the compound of formula tv ); optionally the pyrimidine derivative ( the compound of formula iv ) is reacted with an amino - protecting agent to form a compound of formula v ; a corresponding nitro - containing disubstituted or trisubstituted pyrimidine derivative ( the compound of formula vii ) is obtained by coupling reaction between a nitro - substituted aryl amine or a boric acid or the ester thereof which has a similar structure ( the compound of formula vi , wherein r 1 ′ is nitro or protected amino , m is an integer of 0 to 4 , m is selected from — b ( oh ) 2 or — b ( or ′) 2 , r ″ represents alkyl ) and the compound of formula v ; under certain conditions , the compound of formula iv can be directly reacted with the compound of formula vi ( wherein r 1 ′ is nitro or protected amino ) to form the corresponding compound of formula vii ; when r 1 ′ is nitro , the compound of formula vii is hydrogenated by a palladium on carbon catalyst or other standard processes to reduce the nitro thereof to amino to form the corresponding compound of formula viii ; alternatively , when r 1 ′ is a protected amino , the compound of formula vii is subjected to a conventional method of removing the amino - protecting group to form the corresponding compound of formula viii ; then , the compound of formula viii is reacted with various isocyanate or isothiocyanate to form the corresponding compound of formula ix , the resulting compound of formula ix is deprotected under acidic conditions to form urea or thiourea derivatives of 4 - substituted -( 3 - substituted - 1h - pyrazole - 5 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ( the compound of formula i ); in certain cases , r 2 is converted into other group ( s ) by chemical conversions to form the corresponding desired compound ( the compound of formula i ). generally , inert solvents with better solubility are preferably used in the experiments . such inert solvents are aliphatic hydrocarbons , such as n - hexane , n - heptane and petroleum ether ; aromatic hydrocarbons , such as benzene , toluene and xylene ; halogenated hydrocarbons , especially aromatic and aliphatic halogenated hydrocarbons , such as dichloromethane , chloroform , trichloromethane , carbon tetrachloride , 1 , 2 - dichloroethane , chlorobenzene and dichlorobenzene ; esters , such as ethyl acetate , propyl acetate , butyl acetate and diethyl carbonate ; ethers , such as diethyl ether , diisopropyl ether , tetrahydrofuran , dioxane , dimethoxyethane , dimethyl diglycol ; ketones , such as acetone , methyl ethyl ketone , methyl isobutyl ketone , isophorone and cyclohexanone ; nitro compounds , nitroalkane , and nitro aromatic compounds , such as nitroethane , nitrobenzene ; nitriles , such as acetonitrile and isobutyronitrile ; amino compounds , fatty acid amines , such as formamide , dimethyl amide , dimethylacetamide and hexamethylphosphoric triamide ; sulfoxides , such as dimethyl sulfoxide and cyclobutyl sulfone . the experimental temperature range is comparatively broad and the range is typically between − 50 ° c . to 100 ° c . the present invention provides a preparation and pharmaceutical carrier composed of one or more active compounds . the present invention also provides a pharmaceutical component which comprises a compound as represented by general formula i or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof . the compounds of the present invention may exist in any acceptable oral - dosed preparation form . such preparation form includes ( but is not limited to ) capsule , tablet , suppository , suspension , syrup , aqueous suspension or solution . oral drugs contain some additives , for example , binders , such as microcrystalline cellulose , tragacanth , gelatin ; excipients , such as starch and lactose ; disintegrating agents , such as alginic acid , corn starch ; lubricants , such as magnesium stearate ; glidants , such as colloidal silica ; sweetening agents , such as sucrose , saccharin ; flavoring enhancer agents , such as peppermint oil , methyl salicylate , orange flavor . when the preparation is a capsule , a liquid transfer medium , such as a fatty oil , may be added . other preparations also relate to a variety of different physical forms , such as sugar coat . the tablet and pill may be coated with sugar coat , shellac or casing . pharmaceutical additives in addition to the active ingredients in syrup must be pharmaceutically pure and devoid of toxic and side effects . according to the regulations of drugs for injection , the active ingredients of these drugs must match with the solvents thereof . such solvents include the following kinds : sterile diluents , such as water for injection , saline , non - volatile oil , polyethylene glycol , glycerine , propanediol or other synthetic solution ; antibacterial agents , such as benzyl alcohol , methyl benzoate ; antioxidants , such as ascorbic acid , sodium bisulfite ; chelating agents , such as ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid ; buffers , such as acetates , citrates or phosphates ; modifiers , such as sodium chloride . drugs for injection must use sterile solution , dispersant , emulsion , disinfection powder . the finished drugs must be stably exited in the processes of processing , manufacturing and storing . the finished drugs further need to be protected to inhibit the growth of bacteria , fungi and other microorganisms . pharmaceutical carriers include sterile water , saline , glucose , aqueous solution of glucose or saline solution , a mixture of epoxyethane and castor oil in a molar ratio of 30 - 35 mol of epoxyethane to 1 mol of castor oil , acidic liquid , lower alkanols , mono - or a diglycerol fatty acids , phospholipids , such as lecithin , ethanediol , polyethyleneglycol , e . g ., an aqueous suspension form of methyl cellulose sodium , sodium alginate , polyethylene . the carriers further include adjuvant , such as stabilizers , wetting agents , emulsifiers and the like which is advantageous to penetration . the drugs for injection must be sterilized and smoothly flow through the hollow needle for injection . appropriate adjustments to viscosity can be made on the basis of the selection of solvents or excipients . for example , the coating using lecithin as pharmaceutical molecules or particles may maintain an appropriate viscosity . like lecithin , suitable selections of the size of the dispersed particles and the surface properties of the material can be employed . the following examples illustrate the present invention more detailedly , however , the present invention is not limited to these examples . all experiments were carried out under anhydrous and argon protection conditions and operated in accordance with water - free and oxygen - free standards . both the sodium carbonate aqueous solution and the sodium chloride aqueous solution to be used were saturated . reactions were monitored by the chromogenic reaction under uv on silica gel plates of p - methoxybenzaldehyde , potassium permanganate or phosphomolybdic acid solution . the data from 400 mhz nmr are used for the characterization of compound . characterization constants are expressed as follows : chemical shift , multiplicity ( s , singlet ; d , doublet ; t , triplet ; q , quartet ; qn , quintet ; dd , double doublets ; m , multiplet ; brs , broad singlet ), coupling constant ( j / hz ), peak area . the coupling constant is calculated from the spectrogram without correction . low - resolution mass spectrometry employs electrospray es + ion source ( es + ). the ionized ion peak is the maximum value of mass - to - charge ratio of [ m + h ], [ m + na ] or the fragment ions . high performance liquid chromatography was applied to analyze compounds . shimadzu spd - m10a diode array detector was used , wherein the type of analytical column was phenomenex synergi polar - rp , 4u . 80a , 150 × 4 . 6 mm . mobile phase a was water , b was acetonitrile , the gradient was 20 % to 80 % in water , 60 minutes , and a / b ( 80 : 20 ) was balanced for 10 minutes . the wavelengths of uv detector were 220 and 254 nm respectively . compound 1a ( 3 . 64 g . 20 mmol ), 3 - amino - 5 - methyl - pyrazole ( 1 . 94 g , 20 mmol ) and diisopropylethylamine ( 5 . 17 g , 40 mmol ) were added to 20 ml of ethanol solution and then stirred at room temperature for 2 days . the insoluble substance was collected to obtain compound 1b ( 3 . 7 g , yield 76 %), ms [ m + 1 ] + 244 . 0 . compound 1b ( 3 . 7 g , 15 . 2 mmol ), et 3 n ( 3 . 8 g , 38 mmol ), dmap ( 464 mg . 3 . 8 mmol ) were dissolved into 150 ml of dichloromethane , and then boc 2 o ( 8 . 2 g , 38 mmol ) was added dropwise to the solution . the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature . the solvent was concentrated , and the remainder was purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain compound 1c ( 5 g , yield 74 %), ms [ m + 1 ] f 444 . 0 . compound 1c ( 532 mg , 1 . 2 mmol ), 1d ( 201 mg . 1 . 32 mmol ). pd 2 ( dba ) 3 ( 114 mg , 0 . 12 mmol ), xantphos ( 138 mg , 0 . 24 mmol ), cs 2 co 3 ( 786 mg , 2 . 4 mmol ) and dioxane ( 5 ml ) were added to a degassed flask and then heated to reflux for 3 hours under the protection of argon . the solvent was concentrated , and the remainder was purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain compound 1e ( 260 mg . yield 47 %). ms [ m + 1 ] + 460 . 0 . compound 1e ( 200 mg , 0 . 43 mmol ) and 200 mg raney nickel were added to 50 ml of methanol and then reacted overnight at room temperature under 2 atm of hydrogen atmosphere . after the formation of reactant product was determined by lc - ms , the solid was filtered out and the filtrate was concentrated to obtain crude compound if ( 120 mg , yield 64 %), ms [ m + 1 ] + 430 . 0 . compound 1f ( 160 mg , 0 . 37 mmol ), 1 g ( 103 mg , 0 . 46 mmol ) and triethylamine ( 75 mg , 0 . 74 mmol ) were dissolved in 10 ml of anhydrous dichloromethane and then stirred at room temperature for 2 hours . the solvent was concentrated , and the remainder was purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain compound 1h ( 170 mg , yield 70 %), ms [ m + 1 ] + 651 . 0 . compound 1h ( 170 mg , 0 . 26 mmol ) was added to a methanol solution of 10 ml of 2 m hydrochloric acid and then the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature . the insoluble solid was collected and washed with ethyl acetate to obtain hydrochloride of 1 -{ 3 -[ 5 - chloro - 4 ( 5 - methyl - 1h - pyrazol - 3 - yl - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - amino ]- 4 - methyl - phenyl }- 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- urea ( compound 1 ) ( 40 mg , yield 28 %). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cd 3 od ): δ ppm 8 . 14 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 03 ( d , j = 2 . 4 , 1h ). 7 . 69 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 62 ( dd , j 1 = 2 . 4 , j 2 = 8 . 8 , 1h ), 7 . 52 ( d , j = 8 . 8 , 1 h ), 7 . 36 ( s , 2h ), 6 . 40 ( s , 1h ), 2 . 32 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 28 ( s , 3h ); ms [ m + 1 ] + 551 . 1 . compound 2a ( 3 . 32 g , 20 mmol ), 3 - amino - 5 - methylpyrazole ( 1 . 94 g , 20 mmol ) and diisopropylethylamine ( 5 . 17 g 40 mmol ) were added to a solution of 20 ml of ethanol and then stirred at room temperature for 2 days . the insoluble substance was collected to obtain compound 2b ( 3 . 9 g . yield 86 %), ms [ m + 1 ] + 228 . 0 compound 2b ( 3 . 9 g , 17 . 2 mmol ), et 3 n ( 4 . 1 g , 40 . 75 mmol ), dmap ( 457 mg , 3 . 78 mmol ) were dissolved in 150 ml of dichloromethane , and then boc 2 o ( 8 . 2 g , 38 mmol ) was added dropwise to the solution . the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature . the solvent was concentrated , and the remainder was purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain compound 2c ( 6 g , yield 83 %), ms [ m + 1 ] + 428 . 0 . compound 2c ( 1 . 07 g , 2 . 5 mmol ), compound 1d ( 419 mg , 2 . 75 mmol ), pd 2 ( dba ) 3 ( 238 mg , 0 . 25 mmol ), xantphos ( 289 mg , 0 . 5 mmol ), cs 2 co 3 ( 1 . 64 g , 5 mmol ) and dioxane ( 25 ml ) were added to a degassed flask and then heated to reflux for 3 hours under the protection of argon . the solvent was concentrated , and the remainder was purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain compound 2d ( 600 mg , yield 60 %), ms [ m +] + 444 . 1 . compound 2d ( 600 mg . 1 . 35 mmol ) and 400 mg of raney nickel was added to 50 ml of methanol and reacted overnight at room temperature under 2 atm of hydrogen atmosphere . after the formation of reactant product was determined by lc - ms , the solid was filtered out and the filtrate was concentrated to obtain crude compound 2e ( 340 mg , yield 61 %). ms [ m + 1 ] + 414 . 1 . compound 2e ( 150 mg , 0 . 36 mmol ), compound 1 g ( 96 mg , 0 . 43 mmol ) and triethylamine ( 75 mg , 0 . 74 mmol ) were dissolved in 10 ml of anhydrous dichloromethane and then stirred at room temperature for 2 hours . the solvent was concentrated , and the remainder was purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain compound 2f ( 170 mg , yield 48 %). ms [ m + 1 ] + 635 . 1 . compound 2f ( 110 mg , 0 . 17 mmol ) was added to a methanol solution of 10 ml of 2 m hydrochloric acid and then stirred overnight at room temperature . the insoluble solid was collected and washed with ethyl acetate to obtain hydrochloride of 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 -[ 5 - fluoro - 4 -( 5 - methyl - 1h - pyrazol - 3 - ylamino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - amino ]- 4 - methyl - phenyl }- urea ( compound 2 ) ( 27 mg , yield 30 %). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cd 3 od ): δ ppm 8 . 02 ( d , j = 2 . 8 , 1 h ), 7 . 98 ( d . j = 5 . 6 , 1 h ), 7 . 68 ( s , 1h ). 7 . 60 ( dd , j ,= 2 . 8 , j 2 = 8 . 8 , 1h ), 7 . 52 ( d , j = 8 . 8 , 1h ). 7 . 35 ( 2h ), 6 . 33 ( s , 1h ), 2 . 30 ( s , 6h ); ms [ m + 1 ] + 535 . 1 . compound 3a ( 4 . 34 g . 20 mmol ), 3 - amino - 5 - methyl - pyrazole ( 1 . 94 g , 20 mmol ) and diisopropylethylamine ( 5 . 17 g , 40 mmol ) were added to a solution of 20 ml of ethanol and then stirred at room temperature for 6 hours . the insoluble substance was collected to obtain compound 3b ( 1 . 7 g , yield 31 %). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cd 3 od ): δ ppm 8 . 48 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 42 ( s , 1h ) 2 . 34 ( s , 3h ). ms [ m + 1 ]- 278 . 1 . compound 3b ( 1 . 70 g , 6 . 1 mmol ), et 3 n ( 1 . 55 g , 15 . 3 mmol ), dmap ( 187 mg , 1 . 53 mmol ) were dissolved in 40 ml of dichloromethane , and then boc 2 o ( 3 . 3 g , 15 . 3 mmol ) was added dropwise to the solution . the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature . the solvent was concentrated , and the remainder was purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain compound 3c ( 650 mg , yield 28 %). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cdcl 3 ): δ ppm 8 . 48 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 79 ( brs , 1h ). 6 . 93 ( s . 1h ). 2 . 59 ( s . 3h ), 1 . 68 ( s . 9h ); ms [ m + 1 ] + 378 . 1 . compound 3c ( 650 mg , 1 . 72 mmol ). compound 1d ( 272 mg , 1 . 79 mmol ). pd 2 ( dba ) 3 ( 158 mg , 0 . 17 mmol ), xantphos ( 199 mg , 0 . 34 mmol ) and cs 2 co 3 ( 1 . 12 g , 3 . 44 mmol ) and dioxane ( 20 ml ) were added to a degassed flask and heated to reflux for 5 hours under the protection of argon . the solvent was concentrated , and the remainder was purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain compound 3d ( 130 mg , yield 15 %). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cdcl 3 ): δ ppm 8 . 68 ( d , j = 2 . 0 , 1h ), 8 . 35 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 01 ( dd , j = 2 . 4 j 2 = 2 . 8 , 1 h ), 7 . 61 ( brs , 1h ), 7 . 43 ( d , j = 8 . 4 , 1h ), 7 . 34 ( brs . 1h ). 6 . 35 ( brs , 1h ). 2 . 43 ( s , 3h ). 2 . 34 ( s , 3h ). 1 . 65 ( s , 9h ): ms [ m + 1 ] + 494 . 2 . compound 3d ( 130 mg , 0 . 26 mmol ) and 13 mg of palladium / carbon were added to 15 ml of methanol and reacted overnight at room temperature under 2 atm of hydrogen atmosphere . after the formation of reactant product was determined by lc - ms , the solid was filtered out and the filtrate was concentrated to obtain crude compound 3e , which was used directly in the next synthesis step . the crude product compound 3e which obtained from the previous step , compound 1 g ( 58 mg , 0 . 26 mmol ) and triethylamine ( 53 mg , 0 . 52 mmol ) were dissolved in 10 ml of anhydrous dichloromethane and then stirred at room temperature for 1 hour . the solvent was concentrated , and the remainder was purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain compound 3f ( 70 mg , the two - step yield was 39 %) 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cd 3 od ): δ ppm 8 . 30 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 93 ( d , j = 2 . 4 , 1h ), 7 . 61 ( dd , j = 2 . 4 , j 2 = 2 . 4 , 1 h ), 7 . 52 ( d , j = 2 . 0 , 1h ), 7 . 48 ( d , j = 8 . 8 , 1h ), 7 . 41 ( d , j = 7 . 6 , 1h ). 7 . 26 ( d , j = 8 . 4 , 1h ). 6 . 31 ( brs , 1h ), 2 . 34 ( s , 3h ). 2 . 22 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 57 ( s , 9h ); ms [ m + 1 ] + 685 . 3 . compound 3f ( 70 mg , 0 . 10 mmol ) was added to a methanol solution of 10 ml of 2 m hydrochloric acid and then stirred overnight at room temperature . the insoluble solid was collected and washed with mtbe ( 20 ml ) to obtain hydrochloride of 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 - methyl - 3 -[ 4 -( 5 - methyl - 1h - pyrazol - 3 - yl - amino )- 5 - trifluoromethyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - amino ]- phenyl }- urea ( compound 3 ) ( 14 mg , yield 20 %). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cd 3 od ): δ ppm 8 . 30 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 04 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 72 ( s , 1h ). 7 . 63 ( d , j = 8 . 4 , 1h ), 7 . 48 ( d , j = 8 . 4 . 1h ), 7 . 37 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 71 ( brs , 1h ), 2 . 48 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 31 ( s , 3h ); ms [ m + l ] + 585 . 2 . compound 4a ( 3 . 0 g , 20 mmol ), 3 - amino - 5 - methyl - pyrazole ( 1 . 94 g , 20 mmol ) and diisopropylethylamine ( 5 . 17 g , 40 mmol ) were added to a ethanol solution ( 20 ml ) and then stirred at room temperature for 2 days . the insoluble substance was collected to obtain compound 4b ( 1 . 7 g , yield 40 %). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso ): δ ppm 12 . 14 ( s , 1h ), 10 . 30 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 16 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 20 ( s , 1h ), 2 . 22 ( s , 3h ); ms [ m + 1 ] + 210 . 1 . compound 4b ( 1 . 70 g , 8 mmol ), et 3 n ( 2 . 0 g , 20 mmol ), dmap ( 100 mg , 0 . 8 mmol ) were dissolved in 20 ml of dichloromethane , and then boc 2 o ( 3 . 8 g , 18 mmol ) was added dropwise to the solution . the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight . the solvent was concentrated , and the remainder was purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain compound 4c ( 2 . 86 g , yield 87 %). ms [ m + 1 ] + 410 . 2 . compound 4c ( 0 . 7 g . 1 . 7 mmol ), compound 1d ( 285 mg . 1 . 87 mmol ), pd 2 ( dba ) 3 ( 156 mg , 0 . 17 mmol ), xantphos ( 197 mg , 0 . 34 mmol ) and cs 2 co 3 ( 1 . 1 g , 3 . 4 mmol ) and dioxane ( 15 ml ) were added to a degassed flask and heated to reflux for 3 hours under the protection of argon . the solvent was concentrated , and the remainder was purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain compound 4d ( 360 mg , yield 50 %). ms [ m + 1 ] + 426 . 2 . compound 4d ( 360 mg , 0 . 84 mmol ) and 50 mg of 10 % pd / c were added to 20 ml of methanol and reacted overnight at room temperature under 2 atm of hydrogen atmosphere . after the formation of reactant product was determined by lc - ms , the solid was filtered out and the filtrate was concentrated to obtain 330 mg of crude compound 4e . ms [ m + 1 ] + 396 . 3 . the crude product of compound 4e which obtained from the previous step ( 330 mg ), compound 1 g ( 244 mg , 1 . 0 mmol ) and triethylamine ( 202 mg , 2 . 0 mmol ) were dissolved in 10 ml of anhydrous dichloromethane and then stirred at room temperature for 2 hours . the solvent was concentrated , and the remainder was purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain compound 4f ( 50 mg , the two - step yield was 10 %). ms [ m + 1 ] + 617 . 3 . compound 4f ( 50 mg , 0 . 08 mmol ) was added to a methanol solution of 10 ml of 2 m hydrochloric acid and then stirred overnight at room temperature . the insoluble solid was collected and washed with ethyl acetate to obtain hydrochloride of 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 - methyl - 3 -[ 4 -( 5 - methyl - 1h - pyrazol - 3 - ylamino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - amino ]- phenyl }- urea ( compound 4 ) ( 20 mg , yield 48 %). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cd 3 od ): δ ppm 8 . 04 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 90 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 69 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 63 ( d , j = 7 . 6 , 1 h ). 7 . 48 ( d . j = 8 . 0 . 1h ), 7 . 38 ( in , 2h ), 6 . 58 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 39 ( in , 1h ), 2 . 38 ( s . 3h ), 2 . 31 ( s , 3h ); ms [ m + 1 ] + 517 . 2 . the following compounds can be prepared according to the methods for preparing compounds 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 . when r 1 ═ r 2 ═ r 3 ═ ch 3 , k ═ nh , a is phenyl , and x ═ o , the compounds derived from varying r 4 are : 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- 3 - m - tolyl - urea 1 -( 3 , 4 - dichloro - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - isopropyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- urea benzo -[ 1 , 3 ]- dioxolan - 5 - yl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- 3 - pyrid - 4 - yl - urea 1 -( 3 - chloro - 4 - fluro - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- 3 - pyrimidin - 5 - yl - urea 1 -( 3 - hydroxy - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- urea 4 -( 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- ureido )- benzoic acid 1 -( 3 , 5 - dihydroxy - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- 3 -( 6 - oxo - 1 , 6 - dihydro - pyrid - 3 - yl )- urea cyclohexyl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- urea tert - butyl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- 3 -( tetrahydropyran - 4 - yl )- urea { 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 3h - imidazol - 4 - yl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- 3 - thiazol - 5 - yl - urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- 3 -{ 3 - nitro - phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- 3 - quinolin - 8 - yl - urea methyl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - thio - phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- 3 - piperid - 4 - yl - urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- 3 -( 1 - methyl - piperid - 4 - yl )- urea 1 -( 1 - acetyl - piperid - 4 - yl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- urea butyl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 1h - benzoimidazol - 5 - yl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- urea 2 - benzyl - 3 -( 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- ureido )- 3 - oxo - propionic acid 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- 3 - thien - 2 - yl - urea 1 - furan - 2 - yl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- 3 -( 1 - methyl - 1h - pyrrol - 2 - yl )- urea benzofuran - 2 - yl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- urea 1 - benzo [ b ] thien - 2 - yl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 4 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- urea 1 - cyclopentyl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- urea 1 - cyclobutyl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- urea when r 2 ═ r 3 ═ ch 3 , r 4 = 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl , k ═ nh , x ═ o , and a is phenyl , the compounds derived from varying r 1 are : 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - isopropyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methy 1 - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - chloro - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - ethyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 5 -( 2 -{ 4 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- 2 - methyl - phenyl - amino }- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - formic acid 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 - methyl - 6 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - oxo - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 3 - yl }- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - acetyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- urea 5 -( 2 -{ 4 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- 2 - methyl - phenyl - amino }- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - formamide 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - nitro - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - phenyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - thio - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - methoxy - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - bromo - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - amino - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - furan - 2 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - tertbutyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - cyclopropyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- 3 - methy - phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - cyclobutyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - thien - 2 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -{ 4 - methyl - 6 -[ 5 -( 1h - pyrrol - 2 - yl )- 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino ]- pyrimidine - 2 - amino }- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - cyano - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 5 -( 2 -{ 4 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- 2 - methyl - phenylamino }- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 4 - ylamino )- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - carboximidic acid methyl ester 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - fluoro - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - ethoxy - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - hydroxy - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 5 -( 2 -{ 4 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- 2 - methyl - phenyl - amino }- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazol - 3 - yl acetate ethyl 5 -( 2 -( 4 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- 2 - methyl - phenyl - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - formate n -[ 5 -( 2 -{ 4 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- 2 - methyl - phenyl - amino }- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazol - 3 - yl ]- acetamide 5 -( 2 -{ 4 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- 2 - methyl - phenyl - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino }- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - formamidine 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -( 4 -{ 4 -[ 5 -( 1 - hydroxy - ethyl )- 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino ]- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino )- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - morpholin - 4 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - dimethylamino - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - ethynyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - vinyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - piperazin - 1 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 ′- methyl - 1h , 2 ′ h -[ 3 , 3 ′]- dipyrazolyl - 5 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- phenyl }- urea when r 2 ═ h , r 3 ═ h , r 4 = 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl , k ═ nh , x ═ o , and a is pyridyl , the compounds derived from varying r 1 are : 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - isopropyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - chloro - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl - 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - ethyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 5 -( 2 -{ 6 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- pyridine - 3 - amino }- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - formic acid 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - oxo - 5h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - acetyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- urea 5 -( 2 -{ 6 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- pyridine - 3 - amino }- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - formamide 1 -( 4 - chlor - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - nitro - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - phenyl - 2h - pyrazole 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - thio - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - methoxy - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - bromo - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl - 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - amino - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl - 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - furan - 2 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - tertbutyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - ethyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - cyclobutyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - thien - 2 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl } urea 1 -( 4 - chlor - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -( 5 -{ 4 - methyl - 6 -[ 5 -( 1h - pyrrol - 2 - yl )- 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - cyano - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 5 -( 2 -{ 6 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- pyridine - 3 - amino }- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - carboximidic acid methyl ester 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 - methyl - 5 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - fluoro - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - ethoxy - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - hydroxy - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 5 -( 2 -{ 6 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- pyridine - 3 - amino }- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazol - 3 - yl acetate ethyl 5 -( 2 -{ 6 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- pyridine - 3 - amino }- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - formate n -[ 5 -( 2 -{ 6 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- pyridine - 3 - amino }- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazol - 3 - yl ]- acetamide 5 -( 2 -{ 6 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- pyridine - 3 - amino }- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - formamidine 1 ( 4 - chlor - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -( 5 -{ 4 -( 5 -( 1 - hydroxy - ethyl )- 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino - 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino }- pyrid - 2 - yl )- urea 1 -( 4 - chlor - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 ( 5 - morpholin - 4 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 ( 5 - dimethylamino - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - ethynyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4methyl - 6 -( 5 - vinyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chlor - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - piperazin - 1 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4methyl - 6 -( 5 ′- methyl - 1h , 2 ′ h -[ 3 , 3 ′]- dipyrazolyl - 5 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea when r 2 ═ h , r 3 ═ h , r 4 = 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl , k ═ nh , x ═ s , and a is pyridyl , the compounds derived from varying r 1 are : 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - isopropyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- thiourea 1 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - chloro - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- thiourea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - ethyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- thiourea 5 -( 2 -{ 6 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- thioureido ]- pyridine - 3 - amino }- 1 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - formic acid 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - oxo - 5h - pyrazole - 3 - amino ) - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- thiourea 1 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - acetyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- thiourea 5 -( 2 -{ 6 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- thioureido ]- pyridine - 3 - amino }- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - formamide 1 -( 4 - chlor - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - nitro - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- thiourea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - phenyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- thiourea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methylthio - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- thiourea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - methoxy - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- thiourea 1 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - bromo - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- thiourea 1 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - amino - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- thiourea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - furan - 2 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- thiourea 1 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - tertbutyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- thiourea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - cyclopropyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- thiourea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - cyclobutyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- thiourea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - thien - 2 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- thiourea 1 -( 4 - chlor - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -( 5 -{ 4 - methyl - 6 -[ 5 -( l h - pyrrol - 2 - yl )- 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino ]- pyrimidine - 2 - amino }- pyrid - 2 - yl )- thiourea ( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - cyano - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- thiourea 5 -( 2 -{ 6 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- thioureido ]- pyridine - 3 - amino }- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - carboximidic acid methyl ester 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 - methyl - 5 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- thiourea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - fluoro - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- thiourea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - ethoxy - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- thiourea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - hydroxy - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- thiourea 5 -( 2 -{ 6 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- thioureido ]- pyridine - 3 - amino }- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazol - 3 - yl acetate ethyl 5 -( 2 -{ 6 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- thioureido ]- pyridine - 3 - amino }- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - formate n -[ 5 -( 2 -{ 6 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- thioureido ]- pyridine - 3 - amino }- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazol - 3 - yl ]- acetamide 5 -( 2 -{ 6 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- thioureido ]- pyridine - 3 - amino }- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrrol - 3 - formamidine 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -( 5 -{ 4 -[ 5 -( 1 - hydroxy - ethyl )- 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino ]- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino }- pyrid - 2 - yl )- thiourea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - morpholin - 4 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- thiourea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - dimethylamino - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- thiourea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - ethynyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- thiourea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - vinyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- thiourea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - piperazin - 1 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- thiourea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 ′- methyl - 1h , 2 ′ h -[ 3 , 3 ′]- dipyrazolyl - 5 - amino )- pyrimidine - 2 - amino ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- thiourea after replacing the air , compound 5a ( 1 . 05 g , 5 mmol ), compound 5b ( 1 . 5 g , 6 mmol ), pd ( dppf ) cl 2 ( 365 mg , 0 . 5 mmol ) and koac ( 980 mg . 10 mmol ) were added to a solution of 20 ml of 1 , 4 - dioxane under the protection of nitrogen and heated to reflux by stirring overnight . the mixture was cooled to room temperature . the filtrate was concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain 1 . 2 g of compound 5c with a yield of 93 %. 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz . cdcl 3 ): δ ppm 8 . 62 ( d , j = 2 . 4 , 1 h ), 8 . 15 ( dd , j 1 = 2 . 4 , j 2 = 2 . 8 , 1h ), 7 . 31 ( d , j = 8 . 0 , 1h ), 2 . 65 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 38 ( s . 12h ). compound 2c ( 540 mg , 1 . 26 mmol ), compound 5c ( 400 mg , 1 . 5 mmol ), pd ( dppf ) cl 2 ( 95 mg , 0 . 13 mmol ), na 2 co 3 ( 270 mg 2 . 5 mmol ), dioxane ( 20 ml ) and water ( 1 ml ) were added to a degassed flask and heated to reflux for 3 hours under the protection of argon . the solvent was concentrated , and the remainder was purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain compound 5d ( 510 mg , yield 77 % 0 /). ms [ m + 1 ] + 529 . 3 . compound 5d ( 510 mg , 0 . 96 mmol ) and 400 mg of raney nickel were added to 50 ml of methanol and reacted overnight at room temperature under 2 atm of hydrogen atmosphere . after the formation of reactant product was determined by lc - ms , the solid was filtered out and the filtrate was concentrated to obtain crude compound 5e ( 430 mg ). ms [ m + 1 ] + 499 . 3 . 200 mg of the crude product of compound 5e which obtained from the previous step ( i . e , compound 5e ), compound 1 g ( 98 mg , 0 . 44 mmol ) and triethylamine ( 81 mg , 0 . 8 mmol ) were dissolved in 10 ml of anhydrous dichloromethane and stirred at room temperature overnight . the solvent was concentrated , and the remainder was purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain compound 5f ( 60 mg , the two - step yield was 19 %). ms [ m + 1 ] + 720 . 3 . compound 5f ( 60 mg , 0 . 08 mmol ) was added to a methanol solution of 10 ml of 2m hydrochloric acid and stirred at room temperature overnight . the insoluble solid was collected and washed with ethyl acetate to obtain hydrochloride of 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 - 3 -[ 5 - fluoro - 4 -( 5 - methyl - 1h - pyrazol - 3 - yl - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl ]- 4 - methyl - phenyl - urea ( compound 5 ) ( 20 mg , yield 46 %). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso ): δ ppm 11 . 18 ( brs , 1h ), 10 . 06 ( brs , 1h ), 9 . 64 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 70 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 14 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 91 ( s . 1h ). 7 . 61 ( s , 2h ). 7 . 46 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 28 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 52 ( s , 1h ), 2 . 37 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 26 ( s , 3h ); ms [ m + 1 ] + 520 . 2 . the following compounds can be prepared according to the method for preparing compound 5 . when r 2 ═ h , r 3 ═ ch 3 , r 4 = 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl , k is absent , x ═ o , and a is phenyl , the compounds derived from varying r 1 are : 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - ethyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - chloro - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- urea 1 -( 4 - chlor - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 ( 5 - ethyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 5 -( 2 -{ 4 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- 2 - methyl - phenyl }- pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - formic acid 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - oxo - 5h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - acetyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- urea 5 -( 2 -{ 4 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- 2 - methyl - phenyl }- pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - formamide 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - nitro - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - phenyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - methyl - thio - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 ( 5 - methoxy - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - bromo - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - amino - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- urea 1 -( 4 - choro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 ( 5 - furan - 2 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - tertbutyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 ( 5 - cyclopropyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 ( 5 - cyclobutyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - thien - 2 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -{ 4 -[ 5 -( 1h - pyrrol - 2 - yl )- 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino ]- pyrimidin - 2 - yl }- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 ( 5 - cyano - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 5 -( 2 -{ 4 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- 2 - methyl - phenyl }- pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - carboximidic acid methyl ester 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 -( 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - fluoro - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - ethoxy - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - hydroxy - 2h - pyrazol - 3 - yl - methyl )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl ]- phenyl }- urea 5 -( 2 -{ 4 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- phenyl }- pyrimidin - 4 - yl - methyl )- 1h - pyrazol - 3 - yl acetate ethyl 5 -( 2 -{ 4 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- phenyl }- pyrimidin - 4 - yl - methyl )- 1 h - pyrazole - 3 - formate n -[ 54 ( 2 -{ 4 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- 2 - methyl - phenyl }- pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazol - 3 - yl ]- acetamide 5 -( 2 -{ 4 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- 2 - methyl - phenyl }- pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - formamidine 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -( 4 -{ 4 -[ 5 -( 1 - hydroxy - ethyl )- 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino ]- pyrimidin - 2 - yl }- 3 - methyl - phenyl )- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - morpholin - 4 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chlor - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - dimethylamino - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - ethynyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methy - 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - vinyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - piperazin - 1 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 -( 5 ′- methyl - 1h , 2 ′ h -[ 3 , 3 ′]- dipyrazolyl - 5 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl ]- phenyl }- urea compound 6a ( 3 . 3 g , 20 mmol ), 3 - amino - 5 - methyl - pyrazole ( 1 . 94 g , 20 mmol ) and diisopropylethylamine ( 5 . 17 g , 40 mmol ) were added to a solution of 20 ml of dioxane and heated to reflux overnight . the solvent was concentrated , and the remainder was purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain compound 6b ( 1 . 5 g , yield 33 %). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso ): δ ppm 12 . 18 ( s , 1h ), 9 . 31 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 97 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 37 ( s , 1h ), 2 . 25 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 12 ( s , 3h ); ms [ m + 1 ] + 224 . 1 . compound 6b ( 1 . 5 g , 6 . 7 mmol ), et 3 n ( 2 . 0 g , 20 mmol ), dmap ( 100 mg , 0 . 8 mmol ) were dissolved in 20 ml of dichloromethane , and then boc 2 o ( 3 . 8 g , 18 mmol ) was added dropwise to the solution . the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight . the solvent was concentrated , and the remainder was purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain compound 6c ( 2 . 45 g , yield 86 %). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cdcl 3 ): δ ppm 8 . 51 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 46 ( s , 1h ), 2 . 49 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 24 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 56 ( s , 9h ), 1 . 45 ( s , 9h ); and 8 . 42 ( d , j = 0 . 8 , 1h ), 6 . 02 ( s , 1h ), 2 . 30 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 26 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 60 ( s , 9h ), 1 . 45 ( s , 9h ); ms [ m + 1 ] + 424 . 2 . compound 6c ( 551 mg , 1 . 3 mmol ), compound 1d ( 230 mg , 1 . 5 mmol ), pd 2 ( dba ) 3 ( 130 mg , 0 . 14 mmol ), xantphos ( 160 mg , 0 . 27 mmol ), cs 2 co 3 ( 880 mg , 2 . 7 mmol ) and dioxane ( 15 ml ) were added into a degassed flask and heated to reflux for 3 hours under the protection of argon . the solvent was concentrated , and the remainder was purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain compound 6d ( 370 mg , yield 52 %). nmr ( 400 mhz , cdcl 3 ): δ ppm 9 . 02 ( d , j = 6 . 0 , 1h ), 8 . 40 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 76 ( dd , j ,= 8 . 4 , j 2 = 2 . 4 , 1 h ), 7 . 27 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 93 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 49 ( s , 1h ), 2 . 51 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 38 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 20 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 56 ( s , 9h ), 1 . 45 ( s , 9h ); ms [ m + 1 ] + 540 . 3 . compound 6d ( 370 mg , 0 . 69 mmol ) and 10 % pd / c ( 50 mg ) were added to 20 ml of methanol and reacted overnight at room temperature under 2 atm of hydrogen atmosphere . after the formation of reactant product was determined by lc - ms , the solid was filtered out and the filtrate was concentrated to obtain crude compound 6e , which was used directly for the next step . ms [ m + 1 ] + 510 . 3 . the crude product of compound 6e which obtained from the previous step , compound 1 g ( 167 mg , 0 . 75 mmol ) and triethylamine ( 138 mg , 1 . 37 mmol ) were dissolved in 5 ml of anhydrous dichloromethane and stirred at room temperature for 2 hours . the solvent was concentrated , and the remainder was purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain compound 6f ( 320 mg , the two - step yield was 63 %). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cdcl 3 ): δ ppm 8 . 19 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 11 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 88 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 63 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 57 ( d , j = 8 . 4 , 1h ), 7 . 31 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 85 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 63 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 57 ( s , 1h ), 2 . 49 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 01 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 93 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 51 ( s , 9h ), 1 . 42 ( s , 9h ); ms [ m + 1 ] + 731 . 3 . compound 6f ( 320 mg , 0 . 43 mmol ) was added to a methanol solution of 10 ml of 2m hydrochloric acid and stirred at room temperature overnight . the insoluble solid was collected and washed with ethyl acetate to obtain hydrochloride of 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 - methyl - 3 -[ 5 - methyl - 4 -( 5 - methyl - 1h - pyrazol - 3 - yl - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - amino ]- phenyl }- urea ( compound 6 ) ( 230 mg , yield 83 %). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso ): δ ppm 12 . 44 ( s , 1h ), 10 . 26 ( s , 1h ), 10 . 06 ( s , 1h ), 10 . 04 ( s , 1h ), 9 . 62 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 10 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 79 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 60 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 56 ( d , j = 2 . 0 , 1h ), 7 . 37 ( dd , j ,= 8 . 4 , j 2 = 2 . 0 , 1h ), 7 . 27 ( d , j = 8 . 4 , 1h ), 6 . 07 ( s , 1h ), 2 . 14 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 12 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 10 ( s , 3h ); ms [ m + 1 ] + 531 . 2 . compound 7a ( 2 g , 13 . 1 mmol ) and et 3 n ( 2 . 6 g , 26 . 2 mmol ) were dissolved in 30 ml of tetrahydrofuran , and then boc 2 o ( 3 . 4 g , 15 . 7 mmol ) was added dropwise to the solution . the mixture was stirred at 60 ° c . overnight . the solvent was concentrated , and the remainder was purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain compound 7b ( 2 . 9 g , yield 88 %). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cdcl 3 ): δ ppm 8 . 07 ( d , j = 2 . 4 , 1h ), 7 . 50 ( d , j = 7 . 6 , 1h ), 7 . 23 ( d , j = 8 . 4 , 1h ), 6 . 81 ( brs , 1h ), 2 . 53 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 53 ( s , 9h ). compound 7b ( 2 . 9 g , 11 . 5 mmol ) and 10 % pd / c ( 290 mg ) were added to 30 ml of methanol and reacted overnight at room temperature under 2 atm of hydrogen atmosphere . after the formation of reactant product was determined by lc - ms , the solid was filtered out and the filtrate was concentrated to obtain compound 7c ( 2 . 3 g , yield 91 %). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cdcl 3 ): δ ppm 6 . 97 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 94 ( d , j = 8 . 0 , 1h ), 6 . 51 ( dd , j ,= 2 . 0 , j 2 = 2 . 0 , 1 h ), 6 . 34 ( brs , 1h ), 3 . 62 ( brs , 2h ), 2 . 12 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 53 ( s , 9h ); ms [ m − 55 ] + 167 . 1 . compound 7d ( 5 g , 25 . 8 mmol ), 3 - amino - 5 - methyl - pyrazole ( 2 . 5 g , 25 . 8 mmol ) and diisopropylethylamine ( 6 . 7 g , 51 . 6 mmol ) were added into a solution of 40 ml of dioxane and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour . after concentrating the solvent , the remainder was washed with ethanol and filtered to obtain compound 7e ( 6 . 5 g , yield 100 %). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cdcl 3 ): δ ppm 9 . 19 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 73 ( s , 1h ), 2 . 41 ( s , 3h ); ms [ m + 1 ] + 255 . 0 . compound 7e ( 500 mg , 1 . 96 mmol ), compound 7c ( 480 mg , 2 . 16 mmol ), pd 2 ( dba ) 3 ( 179 mg , 0 . 196 mmol ), xantphos ( 226 mg , 0 . 39 mmol ), cs 2 co 3 ( 1 . 28 g , 3 . 92 mmol ) and dioxane ( 15 ml ) were added to a degassed flask and heated to reflux for 3 hours under the protection of argon . the solvent was concentrated , and the remainder was purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain compound 7f ( 350 mg , yield 41 %). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cd 3 od ): δ ppm 9 . 01 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 53 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 38 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 19 ( d , j = 7 . 6 , 1h ), 5 . 92 ( s , 1h ), 2 . 19 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 11 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 49 ( s , 9h ); ms [ m + 1 ] + 441 . 2 . 4 ml of tfa was added dropwise to 12 ml of dichloromethane and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour . after concentrating the solvent , the resulting crude compound 7 g was used directly for the next reaction . the crude product of compound 7 g which obtained from the previous step , compound 1 g ( 194 mg , 0 . 87 mmol ) and triethylamine ( 241 mg , 2 . 39 mmol ) were dissolved in 10 ml of anhydrous dichloromethane and stirred at room temperature for 2 hours . the solvent was concentrated , and the remainder was purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 - methyl - 3 -[ 5 - methyl - 4 -( 5 - methy - 1h - pyrazol - 3 - yl - amino )- 5 - nitro - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - amino ]- phenyl }- urea ( compound 7 ) ( 201 mg , the two - step yield was 45 %). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso ): δ ppm 12 . 18 ( s , 1h ), 10 . 36 ( s , 1h ), 10 . 14 ( s , 1h ), 9 . 10 ( m , 2h ), 8 . 09 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 60 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 46 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 25 ( d , j = 8 . 0 , 1h ), 5 . 84 ( s , 1h ), 2 . 14 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 00 ( s , 3h ); ms [ m + 1 ] + 562 . 2 . compound 7b ( 40 mg , 0 . 07 mmol ) and 10 % pd / c ( 4 mg ) were added to 5 ml of methanol and reacted overnight at room temperature under 2 atm of hydrogen atmosphere . after the formation of reactant product was determined by lc - ms , the solid was filtered out and the filtrate was concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 - methyl - 3 -[ 5 - methyl - 4 -( 5 - methyl - 1h - pyrazol - 3 - yl - amino )- 5 - amino - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - amino ]- phenyl }- urea ( compound 8 ) ( 23 mg . yield 61 %). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cd 3 od ): δ ppm 8 . 04 ( d , j = 2 . 4 , 1h ), 7 . 70 ( d , j = 1 . 2 , 1h ), 7 . 62 ( dd , j 1 = 2 . 4 , j 2 = 2 . 8 , 1 h ), 7 . 50 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 34 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 50 ( s , 1h ), 2 . 44 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 31 ( s , 3h ); ms [ m + 1 ] + 532 . 2 . compound 9a ( 3 g , 16 . 8 mmol ), 3 - amino - 5 - methyl - pyrazole ( 1 . 6 g , 16 . 8 mmol ) and diisopropylethylamine ( 4 . 3 g , 33 . 6 mmol ) were added to a solution of 25 ml of dioxane and stirred at room temperature for 48 hours . after concentrating the solvent , the remainder was washed with ethanol and filtered to obtain compound 9b ( 2 . 4 g , yield 60 %). ms [ m + 1 ] + 240 . 1 . compound 9b ( 2 . 4 g , 7 . 1 mmol ), compound 1d ( 1 . 1 g , 7 . 1 mmol ) and p - toluenesulfonic acid ( 2 . 4 g , 14 . 2 mmol ) were added to a solution of 35 ml of dioxane and heated to reflux by stirring for 4 days . the solvent was concentrated , and the remainder was purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain compound 9e ( 1 . 0 g , yield 40 %). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cd 3 od ): δ ppm 8 . 85 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 83 ( dd , j ,= 2 . 0 , j 2 = 2 . 0 , 1 h ), 7 . 75 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 42 ( d , j = 8 . 4 , 1h ), 6 . 26 ( brs , 1h ), 3 . 94 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 43 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 22 ( s , 3h ); ms [ m + 1 ] + 356 . 1 . compound 9c ( 460 mg , 1 . 30 mmol ) and 10 % pd / c ( 46 mg ) were added to 30 ml of methanol and reacted overnight at room temperature under 2 atm of hydrogen atmosphere . after the formation of reactant product was determined by lc - ms , the solid was filtered out and the filtrate was concentrated and the resulting crude compound 9d , was used directly for the next reaction . the crude product of compound 9d which obtained from the previous step ( i . e ., compound 9d ), compound 1 g ( 245 mg , 1 . 1 mmol ) and triethylamine ( 222 mg , 2 . 2 mmol ) were dissolved in 20 ml of anhydrous dichloromethane and stirred at room temperature for 2 hours . the solvent was concentrated , and the remainder was purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 -[ 5 - methoxy - 4 -( 5 - methyl - 1h - pyrazol - 3 - yl - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - amino ]- 4 - methyl - phenyl }- urea ( compound 9 ) ( 250 mg , the two - step yield was 35 %). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cd3od ): δ ppm 7 . 96 ( d , j = 2 . 0 , 1h ), 7 . 69 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 62 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 49 ( d , j = 8 . 8 , 1h ), 7 . 21 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 18 ( s , 1h ), 3 . 90 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 26 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 20 ( s , 3h ); ms [ m + 1 ]+ 547 . 2 . a catalytic amount of concentrated sulfuric acid was added to compound 10a ( 33 . 2 g , 0 . 2 mol ) in ethanol ( 300 ml ) solution . the reaction was heated to reflux overnight . the solvent was concentrated , and the resulting residue was dissolved into ethyl acetate , and then washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution . the organic phase was collected and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate . the solvent was concentrated to obtain compound 10b ( 35 g , yield 90 %). sodium ( 7 . 13 g , 0 . 31 mol ) was added to 500 ml of toluene . then ethyl formate ( 22 . 9 g , 0 . 31 mol ) and compound 10b ( 60 g , 0 . 31 mol ) were added dropwise to the above solution at a temperature of below 30 ° c . the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight . the solvent was concentrated , and the resulting residue was dissolved in 300 ml of ethanol , and then guanidine hydrochloride ( 29 . 45 g , 0 . 31 mol ) was added thereto . the reaction was heated to reflux overnight . the solvent was concentrated and 100 ml of water was added to the residue , which was adjusted with 1n hcl to ph = 2 . the insoluble solid was collected and dried to obtain compound 10c ( 30 g , yield 44 %). ms [ m + 1 ] + 219 . 1 . compound 10c ( 8 . 9 g , 40 mmol ) was added to 100 ml of pocl 3 and heated to reflux for 5 hours . after distilling off part of pocl 3 , ice water was added to the reminder . the mixture was adjusted with aqueous ammonia at a temperature of below 10 ° c . to ph = 7 - 8 , and then extracted with ethyl acetate . the organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , and the solvent was concentrated to obtain compound 10d ( 1 . 7 g , yield 16 . 7 %). ms [ m + 1 ] + 255 . 1 . compound 10d ( 1 . 5 g , 5 . 9 mmol ), 3 - amino - 5 - methyl - pyrazole ( 578 mg , 5 . 9 mmol ) and diisopropyl ethylamine ( 1 . 5 g , 12 mmol ) were added to a solution of 20 ml of ethanol . the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight . the solvent was concentrated , and the remainder was separated by silica gel column to obtain compound 10e ( 650 mg , yield 35 %). ms [ m + 1 ] + 316 . 1 . compound 10e ( 650 mg , 2 . 05 mmol ), compound 1d ( 375 mg , 2 . 45 mmol ) and a catalytic amount of p - toluenesulfonic acid were added to a solution of 10 ml of dioxane and heated to reflux with stirred for 7 days . the solvent was concentrated , and the remainder was separated by silica gel column to obtain crude compound 10f ( 600 mg ). ms [ m + 1 ] + 432 . 1 . compound 10f ( 600 mg , the crude product ), zinc powder ( 904 mg , 13 . 9 mmol ) and ammonium chloride ( 738 mg , 13 . 9 mmol ) were added to a mixed solvent of methanol ( 10 ml ) and tetrahydrofuran ( 10 ml ) and then reacted at room temperature for 5 hours . the solid was filtered , and the filtrate was concentrated to obtain crude compound 10 g ( 250 mg ). ms [ m + 1 ] + 402 . 1 . compound 10 g ( 250 mg , 0 . 62 mmol ), compound 1 g ( 137 mg , 0 . 62 mmol ) and et 3 n ( 125 mg , 1 . 24 mmol ) were added to anhydrous tetrahydrofuran ( 10 ml ) and then stirred at room temperature for 2 hours . the filtrate was concentrated and purified by column separation on silica gel to obtain 1 -{ 3 -[ 5 - benzyloxy - 4 -( 5 - methyl - 1h - pyrazol - 3 - yl - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - amino ]- 4 - methyl - phenyl }- 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- urea ( compound 10 ) ( 170 mg , yield 44 %). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cd 3 od ) δ ppm : 8 . 03 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 95 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 66 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 46 ( m , 5h ), 7 . 34 ( s , 2h ), 6 . 46 ( s , 1h ), 5 . 24 ( s , 2h ), 2 . 36 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 28 ( s , 3h ); ms [ m + 1 ] + 623 . 0 . compound 10 ( 120 mg , 0 . 19 mmol ), 10 % pd / c ( 100 mg ) and 3 drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid were added to a solvent of 10 ml of methanol and 10 ml of ethyl acetate , and reacted for 3 hours at room temperature under normal hydrogen atmosphere . after the formation of reactant product was determined by lc - ms , the solid was filtered out and the filtrate was concentrated and the resulting crude product was separated and purified by preparative tlc to obtain 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 -[ 5 - hydroxy - 4 -( 5 - methyl - 1h - pyrazol - 3 - yl - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - amino ]- 4 - methyl - phenyl }- urea ( compound 11 ) ( 14 mg , yield 13 . 8 %). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cd 3 od ): δ ppm : 8 . 03 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 64 ( in , 2h ), 7 . 43 ( in , 1h ), 7 . 33 ( in , 3h ), 6 . 52 ( s , 1h ), 2 . 45 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 30 ( s , 3h ); ms [ m + 1 ] + 533 . 0 . the following compounds can be prepared according to the methods which are similar to the methods for preparing the above - mentioned compounds . when r 1 ═ r 2 ═ r 3 ═ ch 3 , k ═ x ═ o and a is phenyl , the compounds derived from varying r 4 are : 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chlor - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- 3 - m - tolyl - urea 1 -( 3 , 4 - dichloro - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - isopropyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- urea benzol [ 1 , 3 ] dioxolan - 5 - yl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methy - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- 3 - pyrid - 4 - yl - urea 1 -( 3 - chloro - 4 - fluoro - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- 3 - pyrimidin - 5 - yl - urea 1 -( 3 - hydroxy - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- urea 4 ( 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- ureido )- benzoic acid 1 -( 3 , 5 - dihydroxy - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- 3 -( 6 - oxo - 1 , 6 - dihydro - pyrid - 3 - yl )- urea cyclohexyl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- urea tertbutyl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- 3 -( tetrahydropyran - 4 - yl )- urea { 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 3h - imidazol - 4 - yl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- 3 - thiazol - 5 - yl - urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- 3 -( 3 - nitro - phenyl )- urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- 3 - quinolin - 8 - yl - urea methyl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- 3 -( 3 - methyl - thio - phenyl )- urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- 3 - piperid - 4 - yl - urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- 3 -( 1 - methyl - piperid - 4 - yl )- urea 1 -( 1 - acetyl - piperid - 4 - yl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- urea butyl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 1h - benzoimidazol - 5 - yl )- 3 -{- 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- urea 2 - benzyl - 3 -{ 3 -( 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- ureido )- 3 - oxo - propionic acid 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- 3 - thien - 2 - yl - urea furan - 2 - yl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- 3 -( 1 - methyl - 1h - pyrrol - 2 - yl )- urea benzofuran - 2 - yl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- urea benzo [ b ] thien - 2 - yl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- urea cyclopentyl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- urea cyclobutyl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- urea when r 1 ═ r 2 ═ r 3 ═ ch 3 , k ═ s , x ═ o , and a is phenyl , the compounds derived from varying r 4 are : 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 64 ( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chlor - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methy - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- 3 - m - tolyl - urea 1 -( 3 , 4 - dichloro - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - isopropyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- urea 1 - benzo [ 1 , 3 ] dioxolan - 5 - yl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- 3 - pyrid - 4 - yl - urea 1 -( 3 - chloro - 4 - fluoro - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- 3 - pyrimidin - 5 - yl - urea 1 -( 3 - hydroxy - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- urea 4 ( 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- ureido )- benzoic acid 1 -( 3 , 5 - dihydroxy - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- 3 -( 6 - oxo - 1 , 6 - dihydro - pyrid - 3 - yl )- urea 1 - cyclohexyl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- urea 1 - tertbutyl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- 3 -( tetrahydropyran - 4 - yl )- urea { 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 3h - imidazol - 4 - yl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- 3 - thiazol - 5 - yl - urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- 3 -( 3 - nitro - phenyl )- urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- 3 - quinolin - 8 - yl - urea methyl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- 3 -( 3 - methyl - thio - phenyl )- urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- 3 - piperid - 4 - yl - urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- 3 -( 1 - methyl - piperid - 4 - yl )- urea 1 -( 1 - acetyl - piperid - 4 - yl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- urea butyl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 1h - benzoimidazol - 5 - yl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- urea 2 - benzyl - 3 -{ 3 -( 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- ureido )- 3 - oxo - propionic acid 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- 3 - thien - 2 - yl - urea furan - 2 - yl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- 3 -( 1 - methyl - 1h - pyrrol - 2 - yl )- urea benzofuran - 2 - yl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- urea 1 - benzo [ b ] thien - 2 - yl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- urea cyclopentyl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- urea 1 - cyclobutyl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- urea when r 2 ═ r 3 ═ ch 3 , k ═ s , x ═ o , and a is phenyl , the compounds derived from varying r 1 and r 4 are : 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl - 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 ( 5 - isopropyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 ( 5 - chloro - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - ethyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- 3 - methy - phenyl }- 3 - m - tolyl - urea 5 -( 2 -( 4 -[ 3 -{ 3 , 4 - dichloro - phenyl )- ureido ]- 2 - methyl - phenyl - thio }- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - formic acid 1 -( 4 - isopropyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - oxo - 5h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - acetyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- 3 - benzol [ 1 , 3 ] dioxolan - 5 - yl - urea 5 -{ 6 - methyl - 2 -[ 2 - methyl - 4 -( 3 - pyrid - 4 - yl - ureido )- phenyl - thio ]- pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - formamide 1 -( 3 - chloro - 4 - fluoro - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - nitro - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - phenyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- 3 - pyrimidin - 5 - yl - urea 1 -( 3 - hydroxy - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - thio - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- urea 4 ( 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - methoxy - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- ureido )- benzoic acid 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - bromo - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- 3 -( 3 , 5 - dihydroxy - phenyl )- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - amino - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- 3 -( 6 - oxo - 1 , 6 - dihydro - pyrid - 3 - yl )- urea cyclohexyl - 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - furan - 2 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 1 - tertbutyl - 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 ( 5 - tertbutyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - cyclopropyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- 3 -( tetrahydropyran - 4 - yl )- urea { 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - cyclobutyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -( 3h - imidazol - 4 - yl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - thien - 2 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 3 - methyl - 4 -{ 4 - methyl - 6 -[ 5 -( 1h - pyrrol - 2 - yl )- 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino ]- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio }- phenyl )- 3 - thiazol - 5 - yl - urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - cyano - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- 3 -( 3 - nitro - phenyl )- urea 5 -( 6 - methyl - 2 -[ 2 - methyl - 4 -( 3 - quinolin - 8 - yl - ureido )- phenyl - thio ]- pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - carboximidic acid methyl ester methyl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - fluoro - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl - 3 -( 3 - methyl - thio - phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - ethoxy - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- 3 - piperid - 4 - yl - urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - hydroxy - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- 3 -( 1 - methyl - piperid - 4 - yl )- urea 5 -( 2 -{ 4 -[ 3 -( 1 - acetyl - piperid - 4 - yl )- ureido ]- 2 - methyl - phenyl - thio }- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazol - 3 - yl acetate ethyl 5 -{ 2 -[ 4 -( 3 - butyl - ureido )- 2 - methyl - phenyl - thio ]- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino }- h - pyrazole - 3 - formate n -[ 5 -( 2 -( 4 -[ 3 -( 1h - benzoimidazol - 5 - yl )- ureido ]- 2 - methyl - phenyl - thio )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazol - 3 - yl ]- acetamide 2 - benzyl - 3 -( 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - formamidinyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- ureido )- 3 - oxo - propionic acid 1 -( 4 -{ 4 -[ 5 -( 1 - hydroxy - ethyl )- 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino ]- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio }- 3 - methyl - phenyl )- 3 - thien - 2 - yl - urea furan - 2 - yl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - morpholin - 4 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - dimethylamino - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- 3 -( 1 - methyl - 1h - pyrrol - 2 - yl )- urea benzofuran - 2 - yl - 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - ethynyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea benzo [ b ] thien - 2 - yl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - vinyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- urea cyclopentyl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - piperazin - 1 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- urea 1 - cyclobutyl - 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 ′- methyl - 1h , 2 ′ h -[ 3 , 3 ′]- dipyrazolyl - 5 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - thio ]- phenyl }- urea when r 2 ═ ch 3 , r 3 ═ cf 3 , k ═ x ═ o , and a is phenyl , the compounds derived from varying r 1 and r 4 are : 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 ( 5 - isoprpyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 ( 5 - chloro - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - ethyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl }- 3 - m - tolyl - urea 5 -( 2 -{ 4 -[ 3 -( 3 , 4 - dichloro - phenyl )- ureido ]- 2 - trifluoromethyl - phenoxy }- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - formic acid 1 -( 4 - isopropyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - oxo - 5h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - acetyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl }- 3 - benzol [ 1 , 3 ] dioxolan - 5 - yl - urea 5 -{ 6 - methyl - 2 -[ 4 -( 3 - pyrid - 4 - yl - ureido )- 2 - trifluoromethyl - phenoxy ]- pyrimidine - 4 - amino }- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - formamide 1 -( 3 - chloro - 4 - fluoro - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - nitro - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - phenyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl }- 3 - pyrimidin - 5 - yl - urea 1 -( 3 - hydroxy - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - thio - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl }- urea 4 ( 3 -[ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - methoxy - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - trifluorometh yl - phenyl ]- ureido )- benzoic acid 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - bromo - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl }- 3 -{ 3 , 5 - dihydroxy - phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - amino - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl }- 3 -( 6 - oxo - 1 , 6 - dihydro - pyrid - 3 - yl )- urea 1 - cyclohexyl - 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - furan - 2 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - trifluormmethyl - phenyl }- urea tertbutyl - 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - tertbutyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - cyclopropyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl }- 3 -( tetrahydro - pyran - 4 - yl )- urea { 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - cyclobutyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -( 3h - imidazol - 4 - yl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - thien - 2 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - trifluormmethyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 -{ 4 - methyl - 6 -[ 5 -( 1h - pyrrol - 2 - yl )- 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino ]- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy }- 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 - thiazol - 5 - yl - urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - cyano - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl }- 3 -{ 3 - nitro - phenyl }- urea 5 -{ 6 - methyl - 2 -[ 4 -( 3 - quinolin - 8 - yl - ureido )- 2 - trifluoromethyl - phenoxy ]- pyrimidine - 4 - amino }- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - carboximidic acid methyl ester 1 - methyl - 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - fluoro - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl }- 3 ( 3 - methyl - thio - phenyl )- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - ethoxy - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl }- 3 - piperid - 4 - yl - urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - hydroxy - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl }- 3 -( 1 - methyl - piperid - 4 - yl )- urea 5 -( 2 -{ 4 -[ 3 -( 1 - acetyl - piperid - 4 - yl )- ureido ]- 2 - trifluoromethyl - phenoxy }- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazol - 3 - yl acetate ethyl 5 -{ 2 -[ 4 -( 3 - butyl - ureido )- 2 - trifluoromethyl - phenoxy ]- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 4 - amino }- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - formate n -[ 5 -( 2 -{ 4 -[ 3 -( l h - benzoimidazol - 5 - yl )- ureido ]- 2 - trifluoromethyl - phenoxy }- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazol - 3 - yl ]- acetamide 2 - benzyl - 3 -( 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - formamidinyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl }- ureido )- 3 - oxo - propionic acid 1 -( 4 -{ 4 -[ 5 -( 1 - hydroxy - ethyl )- 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino ]- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy }- 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 - thien - 2 - yl - urea 1 - furan - 2 - yl - 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - morpholin - 4 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - dimethylamino - 2h - pyrazol - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl }- 3 -( 1 - methyl - 1h - pyrrol - 2 - yl )- urea 1 - benzofuran - 2 - yl - 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - ethynyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl }- urea 1 - benzol [ b ] thien - 2 - yl - 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - vinyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl }- urea 1 - cyclopentyl - 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - piperazin - 1 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl }- urea 1 - cyclobutyl - 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 ′- methyl - 1h , 2 ′ h -[ 3 , 3 ′]- dipyrazolyl - 5 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl }- urea when r 2 ═ ch 3 , r 3 ═ cl , k ═ x ═ o , and a is phenyl , the compounds derived from varying r 1 and r 4 are : 1 -{ 3 - chloro - 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - isopropyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- urea 1 -{ 3 - chloro - 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - chloro - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl - 3 -( 4 - chloro - phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 3 - chloro - 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - ethyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- 3 - m - tolyl - urea 5 -( 2 -{ 2 - chloro - 4 -[ 3 -( 3 , 4 - dichloro - phenyl )- ureido ]- phenoxy }- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - formic acid 1 -{ 3 - chloro - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - oxo - 5h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- 3 -( 4 - isopropyl - phenyl )- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - acetyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - chloro - phenyl }- 3 - benzol [, 3 ] dioxolan - 5 - yl - urea 5 -{ 2 -[ 2 - chloro - 4 ( 3 - pyrid - 4 - yl - ureido )- phenoxy ]- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino }- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - formamide 1 -( 3 - chloro - 4 - fluoro - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - chloro - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - nitro - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 3 - chloro - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - phenyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- 3 - pyrimidin - 5 - yl - urea 1 -( 3 - chloro - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - thio - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yloxy - phenyl ]- 3 -{ 3 - hydroxy - phenyl }- urea 4 -( 3 -{ 3 - chloro - 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - methoxy - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- ureido )- benzoic acid 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - bromo - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - chloro - phenyl }- 3 -( 3 , 5 - dihydroxy - phenyl )- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - amino - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - chloro - phenyl }- 3 -( 6 - oxo - 1 , 6 - dihydro - pyrid - 3 - yl )- urea 1 -{ 3 - chloro - 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - furan - 2 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- 3 - cyclohexyl - urea 1 - tertbutyl - 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - tertbutyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - chloro - phenyl }- urea 1 -( 3 - chloro - 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - cyclopropyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy - phenyl ]- 3 -( tetrahydropyran - 4 - yl )- urea { 3 - chloro - 4 -[ 4 ( 5 - cyclobutyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methy - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 3 - chloro - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - thien - 2 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- 3 -( 3h - imidazol - 4 - yl )- urea 1 -( 4 -{ 4 - methyl - 6 -[ 5 -( 1h - pyrrol - 2 - yl )- 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino ]- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy }- 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 - thiazol - 5 - yl - urea 1 -{ 3 - chloro - 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - cyano - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- 3 -( 3 - nitro - phenyl )- urea 5 -( 2 -[ 2 - chloro - 4 -( 3 - quinolin - 8 - yl - ureido )- phenoxy ]- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - carboximidic acid methyl ester 1 -{ 3 - chloro - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- 3 - methyl - urea 1 -{ 3 - chloro - 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - fluoro - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- 3 -( 3 - methyl - thio - phenyl )- urea 1 -{ 3 - chloro - 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - ethoxy - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- 3 - piperid - 4 - yl - urea 1 -{ 3 - chloro - 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - hydroxy - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- 3 -( 1 - methyl - piperid - 4 - yl )- urea 5 -( 2 -{ 4 -[ 3 -( 1 - acetyl - piperid - 4 - yl )- ureido ]- 2 - chloro - phenoxy }- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazol - 3 - yl acetate ethyl 5 -{ 2 -[ 4 -( 3 - butyl - ureido )- 2 - chloro - phenoxy ]- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino }- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - formate n -[ 5 -( 2 -{ 4 -[ 3 -( 1h - benzoimidazol - 5 - yl )- ureido ]- 2 - chloro - phenoxy }- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazol - 3 - yl ]- acetamide 3 -( 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - formamidinyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - chloro - phenyl }- ureido )- 3 - oxy - 2 - pyrid - 4 - yl - methyl - propionic acid 1 -{ 3 - chloro - 4 -( 4 -[ 5 -( 1 - hydroxy - ethyl )- 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino ]- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy }- phenyl )- 3 - thien - 2 - yl - urea 1 -{ 3 - chloro - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - morpholin - 4 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- 3 - furan - 2 - yl - urea 1 -{ 3 - chloro - 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - dimethylamino - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - phenyl }- 3 -( 1 - methyl - 1h - pyrrol - 2 - yl )- urea 1 - benzofuran - 2 - yl - 3 -{ 3 - chloro - 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - ethynyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- urea 1 - benzol [ b ] thien - 2 - yl - 3 -{ 3 - chloro - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - vin yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 3 - chloro - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - piperazin - 1 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- 3 - cyclopentyl - urea 1 -{ 3 - chloro - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 ′- trifluoromethyl - 1h , 2 ′ h -[ 3 , 3 ′]- dipyrazolyl - 5 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- 3 - cyclobutyl - urea when r 2 ═ ch 3 , r 3 = ome , k ═ x ═ o , and a is phenyl , the compounds derived from varying r 1 and r 4 are : 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl - 4 -{ 4 -[ 4 ( 5 - isopropyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - methoxy - phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chlor - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 ( 5 - chloro - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - methoxy - phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - ethyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - methoxy - phenyl }- 3 - m - tolyl - urea 5 -( 2 -( 4 -[ 3 -{ 3 , 4 - dichloro - phenyl )- ureido ]- 2 - methoxy - phenoxy }- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - formic acid 1 -( 4 - isopropyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methoxy - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - oxo - 5h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - acetyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - methoxy - phenyl }- 3 - benzo [ 1 , 3 ] dioxolan - 5 - yl - urea 5 -{ 2 -[ 2 - methoxy - 4 -( 3 - pyrid - 4 - yl - ureido )- phenoxy ]- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino }- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - formamide ( 3 - chloro - 4 - fluoro - phenyl )- 3 -{- 3 - methoxy - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 ( 5 - nitro - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 3 - methoxy - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - phenyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- 3 - pyrimidin - 5 - yl - urea 1 -( 3 - hydroxy - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methoxy - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - thio - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- urea 4 ( 3 -{ 3 - methoxy - 4 - 4 -( 5 - methoxy - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy - phenyl }- ureido )- benzoic acid 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - bromo - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - methoxy - phenyl }- 3 -{ 3 , 5 - dihydroxy - phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - amino - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - methoxy - phenyl }- 3 -( 6 - oxo - 1 , 6 - dihydro - pyrid - 3 - yl )- urea 1 - cyclohexyl - 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - furan - 2 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - methoxy - phenyl }- urea tertbutyl - 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - tertbutyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - methoxy - phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - cyclopropyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy - 3 - methoxy - phenyl ]- 3 -( tetrahydropyran - 4 - yl }- urea { 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - cyclobutyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - methoxy - phenyl }- urea 1 -( 3h - imidazol - 4 - yl )- 3 -{ 3 - methoxy - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - thien - 2 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 3 - methoxy - 4 -{ 4 - methyl - 6 -[ 5 -( 1h - pyrrol - 2 - yl )- 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino ]- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy }- phenyl )- 3 - thiazol - 5 - yl - urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - cyano - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - methoxy - phenyl }- 3 -( 3 - nitro - phenyl )- urea 5 -{ 2 -[ 2 - methoxy - 4 -( 3 - quinolin - 8 - yl - ureido )- phenoxy ]- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - carboximidic acid methyl ester 1 -{ 3 - methoxy - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- 3 - methyl - urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - fluoro - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - methoxy - phenyl }- 3 -( 3 - methyl - thio - phenyl )- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - ethoxy - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - methoxy - phenyl }- 3 - piperid - 4 - yl - urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - hydroxy - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - methoxy - phenyl }- 3 -( 1 - methyl - piperid - 4 - yl )- urea 5 -( 2 -{ 4 -[ 3 -( 1 - acetyl - piperid - 4 - yl )- ureido ]- 2 - methoxy - phenoxy }- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazol - 3 - yl acetate ethyl 5 -{ 2 -[ 4 -( 3 - butyl - ureido )- 2 - methoxy - phenoxy ]- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino }- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - formate n -[ 5 -( 2 -{ 4 -[ 3 -( 1h - benzoimidazol - 5 - yl )- ureido ]- 2 - methoxy - phenoxy }- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazol - 3 - yl ]- acetamide 3 -( 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - formamidinyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - methoxy - phenyl }- ureido - 3 - oxo - 2 - pyrid - 4 - yl - methyl - propionic acid 1 -( 4 -{ 4 -[ 5 -( 1 - hydroxy - ethyl )- 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino ]- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy }- 3 - methoxy - phenyl )- 3 - thien - 2 - yl - urea 1 - furan - 2 - yl - 3 -{ 3 - methoxy - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - morpholin - 4 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - dimethylamino - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - methoxy - phenyl }- 3 -( 1 - methyl - 1h - pyrrol - 2 - yl )- urea 1 - benzofuran - 2 - yl - 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - ethynyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- 3 - methoxy - phenyl }- urea 1 - benzo [ b ] thien - 2 - yl - 3 -{ 3 - methoxy - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - vinyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- urea cyclopentyl - 3 -{ 3 - methoxy - 4 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - piperazin - 1 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- urea 1 - cyclobutyl - 3 -{ 3 - methoxy - 4 -[ 4 -( 5 ′- trifluoromethyl - 1h , 2 ′ h -[ 3 , 3 ′]- dipyrazolyl - 5 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - oxy ]- phenyl }- urea when r 2 ═ ch 3 , r 3 ═ h , r 4 = 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl , k ═ ch 2 , x ═ o , and a is pyridyl , the compounds derived from varying r 1 are : 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 ( 5 - isopropyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - chloro - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- 3 -( 4 - chloro - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - ethyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 5 -( 2 -{ 6 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- pyrid - 3 - yl - methyl }- 6 - methy - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - formic acid 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - oxo - 5h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - acetyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- urea 5 -( 2 -{ 6 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- pyrid - 3 - yl - methyl }- 6 - methy - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - formamide 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - nitro - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - phenyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - methyl - thio - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - methoxy - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - bromo - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- urea 1 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - amino - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - furan - 2 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - tertbutyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - cyclopropyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - cyclobutyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - thien - 2 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -( 5 -{ 4 - methyl - 6 -[ 5 ( 1h - pyrrol - 2 - yl )- 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino ]- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl }- pyrid - 2 - yl )- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - cyano - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 5 -( 2 -{ 6 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- pyrid - 3 - yl - methyl }- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - carboximidic acid methyl ester 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 - methyl - 5 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - fluoro - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - ethoxy - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - hydroxy - 2h - pyrazol 3 - yl - methyl )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 5 -( 2 -{ 6 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- pyridin - 3 - yl - methyl }- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 4 - yl - methyl )- 1h - pyrazol - 3 - yl acetate ethyl 5 -( 2 -{ 6 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- pyridin - 3 - yl - methyl }- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 4 - yl - methyl )- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - formate n -[ 5 -( 2 -{ 6 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- pyridin - 3 - yl - methyl ]- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazol - 3 - yl }- acetamide 5 -( 2 -{ 6 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- pyridin - 3 - yl - methyl }- 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazol - 3 - formamidine 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -( 5 -{ 4 -[ 5 -( l - hydroxy - ethyl )- 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino ]- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl }- pyrid - 2 - yl )- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - morpholin - 4 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - dimethylamino - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - ethynyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - vinyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 - piperazin - 1 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 - methyl - 6 -( 5 ′- methyl - 1h , 2 ′ h -[ 3 , 3 ′]- dipyrazolyl - 5 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea when r 2 ═ h , r 3 ═ ch 3 , r 4 = 4 - chloro - 3 - trimethyl - phenyl , k ═ ch 2 , x ═ o , and a is phenyl , the compounds derived from varying r , are : 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 ( 5 - isopropyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - chloro - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - ethyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 5 -( 2 -{ 4 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- 2 - methyl - benzyl }- pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - formic acid 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - oxo - 5h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - acetyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- 3 -( 4 - chlor - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- urea 5 -( 2 -{ 4 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- 2 - methyl - benzyl }- pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - formamide 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 - methyl - 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - nitro - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 ( 5 - phenyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 [ 445 - methyl - thio - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - methoxy - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - bromo - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - amino - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - furan - 2 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - tertbutyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl } 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - cyclopropyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - cyclobutyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - thien - 2 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -( 3 - methyl - 4 -{ 4 -[ 5 -( 1h - pyrrol - 2 - yl )- 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino ]- pyridine - 2 - yl - methyl }- phenyl )- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - cyano - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 5 -( 2 -{ 4 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- 2 - methyl - benzyl }- pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazole - 3 - carboximidic acid methyl ester 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 - methyl - 5 -[ 4 -( 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - fluoro - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - ethoxy - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- b - methyl - pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 5 -[ 4 -( 5 - hydroxy - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - yl - methyl )- pyridin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- pyrid - 2 - yl }- urea 5 -( 2 -{ 6 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- pyrimidin - 3 - yl - methyl }- pyrimidin - 4 - yl - methyl )- 1h - pyrazol - 3 - yl acetate ethyl 5 -( 2 -{ 4 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- benzyl }- pyrimidin - 4 - yl - methyl )- 1 h - pyrazole - 3 - formate n -[ 5 -( 2 -{ 4 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- 2 - methyl - benzyl }- pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazol - 3 - yl ]- acetamide 5 -( 2 -{ 4 -[ 3 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- ureido ]- 2 - methyl - benzyl }- pyrimidine - 4 - amino )- 1h - pyrazol - 3 - formamidine 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -( 4 -[ 5 -( l - hydroxy - ethyl )- 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - morpholin - 4 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - dimethylamino - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - ethynyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- 3 - methyl - phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - vinyl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 -( 5 - piperazin - 1 - yl - 2h - pyrazole - 3 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- phenyl }- urea 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- 3 -{ 3 - methyl - 4 -[ 4 -( 5 ′- methyl - 1h , 2 ′ h -[ 3 , 3 ′]- dipyrazolyl - 5 - amino )- pyrimidin - 2 - yl - methyl ]- phenyl }- urea experimental reagents : a buffer solution of 25 mm hepes , 10 mm mgcl 2 , 0 . 01 % triton x - 100 , 100 μg / ml bsa , 2 . 5 mm dtt , ph = 7 . 4 ; atp was available from u . s . sigma ( cat . a7699 ); glo plus kinase reagent was available from u . s . promega ( cat . v3773 ); adp glo reagent was available from u . s . promega ( cat . v9102 ). procedures of the detection experiment for glo plus and adp glo kinases : the kinase ( s ), substrate , atp and the compound ( s ) to be tested were mixed on a 384 - well culture plate , with a total volume of 10 μl of the mixture , reading the values from a plate reader , and then the culture plate was incubated at 30 ° c . for 1 hour . test for glo plus kinase activity : add 10 μl of glo plus kinase per well to the mixture and then incubate at 27 ° c . for 20 minutes . test for adp glo kinase activity : add 10 μl of adp glo per well to the culture plate , and then incubate at 27 ° c . for 40 minutes . then a kinase detection reagent ( 10 μl per well ) was added to the culture plate which was incubated at 27 ° c . for 30 minutes . read the values from the plate reader to determine inhibition data . biologic testing procedures of caliper kinase : the kinase , substrate , atp and the compound to be tested were mixed in a 96 - well culture plate , with a total volume of 50 μl of the mixture , and then the culture plate was incubated at 30 ° c . for 1 hour . add 20 μl of 35 mm edta to the culture plate . a solution of 26 μl of the reaction mixture was transferred to a 384 - well culture plate , and read the values on a plate reader to determine inhibition data . certain compounds has showed preferable activities of inhibiting aurora a kinase and raf - 1 kinase , please refer to the following table : cytotoxicity is a simple cell killing event caused by cells or chemical substances , and does not depend on the mechanism of cell death of apoptosis or necrosis . such mechanism can be used to detect the toxicity of certain substance to certain cell ( such as the tumor cell ), and is thus an important research means in research and development of biopharmaceuticals . the ultimate goal of non - clinical drug research is to predict the clinical efficacy and safety of test materials to determine its accessibility into clinical trials , and to provide a reference for the design of clinical trials and clinically reasonable administration . therefore , the cytotoxicity test provides sufficient scientific evidences for the research and development of new drugs in the following aspects : 1 . estimating starting dose in clinical trials ; 2 . predicting the clinical indications or target tissues of the test materials ; 3 . predicting the nature , extent and reversibility of toxicity reactions of the test materials ; 4 . providing a reference for formulation of the clinical trial programs . reagents and consumables : 1 . tumor cells were available from hd biosciences ( shanghai ) co ., ltd . and detected mycoplasma - free ; 2 . rpmi 1640 culture medium , available from u . s . invitrogen , code no . : 31800 - 022 ; 3 . f12k culture medium , available from u . s . invitrogen , code no . : 21127 - 022 ; 4 . dmem culture medium , available from u . s . invitrogen , code no . : 12100 - 046 ; 5 . fetal bovine serum , available from u . s . hyclone , code no . : ch30160 . 03 ; 6 . penicillin - streptomycin liquid , available from u . s . invitrogen , code no . : 15140 - 122 ; 7 . gemcitabine , available from u . k . tocris , code no . : 3259 ; 8 . dmso , available from u . s . sigma , code no . : d4540 ; 9 . 96 - well cell culture plate , available from u . s . corning , code no . : 3610 ; 10 . celltiter - glo luminescent cell viability assay , available from u . s . promega , code no . : g7571 ; 11 . plate reader , available from u . s . perkin elmer , envision multilabel plate reader . the cell culture mediums : 1 . rpmi 1640 whole cell culture medium : a rpmi 1640 culture medium containing 10 % fetal bovine serum and 100 u penicillin and 100 μg / ml streptomycin . 2 . f12k whole cell culture medium : a f12k culture medium containing 10 % fetal bovine serum and 100 u penicillin and 100 μg / ml streptomycin . 3 . dmem whole cell culture medium : a dmem culture medium containing 10 % fetal bovine serum and 100 u penicillin and 100 μg / ml streptomycin . preparation of the compounds : 1 . a test compound was formulated into a mother liquor in a concentration of 30 mm , and the mother liquor was divided into aliquots and stored in a refrigerator at − 80 ° c . 2 . the mother liquors of the test compounds in a concentration of 30 mm were diluted with dmso to a series of solutions in gradient concentrations , wherein these gradient concentrations included 25 mm , 5 mm , 1 mm , 200 μm , 40 μm , 8 μm , 1 . 6 μm , 0 . 32 μm . then the formulated solutions in gradient concentrations were diluted five times with the whole cell culture mediums , and then the gradient concentrations of the test compounds included 5 mm , 1 mm , 200 μm , 40 μm , 8 μm , 1 . 6 μm , 0 . 32 μm , 0 . 064 μm dissolved in 20 % dmso . 3 . only before the experiments began , the prepared solutions of the test compounds in series of gradient concentrations were diluted one hundred times with the whole cell culture mediums under sterile conditions , wherein these gradient concentrations of the test compounds included 50 μm , 10 μm , 2 μm , 0 . 4 μm , 0 . 08 μm , 16 nm , 3 . 2 nm , 0 . 64 nm ; which were 2 × the compound solutions and they could be used to treat the cells . 4 . gemcitabine solutions were subpackaged from 50 mm formulated mother liquors . use deionized water to formulate a series of solutions in gradient concentrations first , and then use the whole cell mediums to prepare 2 × solutions under sterile conditions and they could be used to treat the cells . procedures : 1 . the tumor cells were inoculated in a 96 - well cell culture plate at the day before treating the compounds . the inoculation density was 2000 cell / 50 μl / well or 4000 cell / 50 μl / well . 2 . the second day , the prepared 2 × compound solutions were added to the cell culture plate in a concentration of 50 μl per well . 3 . the cell plate was gently shaken and placed in an incubator of 37 ° c . to continue incubating for 72 hours . 4 . after finishing incubation , a formulated reagent was added into the cell plate in accordance with the requirements of celltiter glo reagent instructions and mixed sufficiently before a dark incubation at room temperature for 10 minutes . 5 . the cell plate was placed into the plate reader for analysis . set to read chemiluminescence and record the data . data process : the data read in each well were required to be converted into cell viability . the cell viability could be calculated by using formulae . the treated data would be used to make non - linear regression analysis , to obtain the dose - response curves , and to calculate half growth inhibition concentration ( ec 50 ) of the test compounds to each cell . certain compounds has shown preferable activities as for inhibiting tumor at the cellular level , which are listed in the following table :	2
referring to fig7 through 11 , a basic embodiment of the present invention will be described hereunder . in fig7 a basic construction of a tremolo effect producing system of the present invention is indicated in a section as viewed from the side to better understand the present invention , which comprises an acoustically sealed , closed housing 10 of an elongated shape and an electric motor 15 mounted outside thereof . the housing 10 includes therein a loudspeaker 11 positioned on the left side thereof and a microphone 12 on the right side , or for example , on the inner side wall of the housing 10 . the sound radiating surface of the loudspeaker 11 and the sound pickup surface of the microphone 12 are arranged opposite to each other . a rotating cylindrical member 13 mounted on a rotatable shaft 14 is disposed between the loudspeaker 11 and the microphone 12 . the cylindrical member 13 comprises symmetrically arranged opposite side walls 13a and 13b each forming an arc of a circle having a center at the shaft 14 , and upper and lower walls 13c and 13c , respectively , fixed to the uppermost and lowermost ends of the side walls 13a and 13b as best seen in fig8 a and 8b . the side walls 13a and 13b are formed not to constitute an entire circle , leaving openings 13e and 13f therebetween , as shown in fig8 a . these openings 13e and 13f are disposed at diametrically opposite points of said circle and are intercommunicated with each other through an open space 13g defined by the side walls 13a and 13b and upper and lower walls 13 c and 13b . thus , a sound passage 13a is formed in the cylindrical member 13 to pass sound therethrough . the shaft 14 is operatively connected with the driving shaft of the motor 15 , so that the rotating member 13 also can be rotated by the motor at a speed of 0 . 5 to 15 revolutions per second . the rotational speed of the rotating member 13 can be easily controlled by electrically adjusting the drive motor . the appearance of the above - constructed system of the present invention is shown in general in fig9 . the abovementioned rotating member 13 may be made of material such as a synthetic resin in the form of a cylindrical body and may have a cross section having various shapes of through - holes , as indicated in fig8 a and 8b as well as in fig1 a through 10d . that is , fig1 a to 10d illustrate , in transverse section different forms of an opening or openings constituting a sound passage or sound passages 13a provided in a solid cylindrical body constituting the rotating member 13 , respectively . the shape of the opening or openings is preferably symmetrical with respect to the rotating axis of the member 13 or the shaft 14 . in the operation of the abovementioned system of the present invention , when a low frequency current of a tone signal which is developed from , for example , an audio output terminal of an electronic musical instrument is supplied to the loudspeaker 11 accommodated in the housing 10 and when simultaneously therewith the rotating member 13 is rotated at a speed , preferably between 0 . 5 and 15 revolutions per second , the sound from the loudspeaker 11 is periodically transmitted through a sound passage or passage 13a of the member 13 provided on the side of the microphone 12 and is modulated with a tremolo effect in accordance with the rotational speed of the rotating member 13 , and the thus modulated sound is picked up by the microphone , whereby an audio signal having a tremolo effect is obtained at the microphone 12 . the output signal of the microphone 12 is fed to a power amplifier of the electronic musical instrument as will be described hereinafter and is mixed with the aforesaid tone signal thereat and is reproduced by a loudspeaker of the instrument or a headphone , and thus , a reproduced sound wave will provide a tremolo effect as desired . as will be appreciated from the above description , in the system of the present invention , a listener does not hear the sound from the loudspeaker 11 directly , but the sound is used to be acoustically modulated or processed and translated into an electrical signal having a required waveform to generate a tremolo effect . accordingly , the loudspeaker 11 as a sound radiating means as well as the housing for accommodating it can have a substantially reduced size . referring to fig1 , there is shown a schematic circuit block diagram of an electronic musical instrument to which the system according to the present invention is applied , only by way of example . in the circuit construction , tone signals generated by known tone generators o are suitably keyed by a keying system k including a keyboard to select a required tone signal . the selected tone signal of a low frequency is passed through a tone coloring circuit f and applied , through two change - over switches s 1 and s 2 connected in parallel with an output terminal of the tone coloring circuit f , to a main amplifier a 1 and a sub - amplifier a 2 alternately . an output signal from the main amplifier a 1 is fed to a fixed loudspeaker sp which is usually called non - tremolo speaker , while an output signal delivered from the sub - amplifier a 2 is fed to the loudspeaker 11 accommodated in the closed housing 10 . sound reproduced by the loudspeaker 11 is modulated through a rotating sound interrupting member 13 and is picked up by the microphone 12 and is converted thereat to an electrical signal . such an output signal of the microphone 12 is applied via a level adjusting circuit r such as a potentiometer , to the main amplifier a 1 and is mixed thereat with the output signal provided from the tone coloring circuit f . thus , a tone signal of a relatively low frequency band developed at the tone coloring circuit f is supplied via the change - over switch s 1 to the main amplifier a 1 as it is , and is reproduced by the loudspeaker sp , with the resulting sound wave not containing any tremolo effect . on the other hand , a tone signal of a relativly high frequency band delivered from the tone coloring f is fed , through the change - over switch s 2 , to the sub - amplifier a 2 and is reproduced by the loudspeaker 11 of the tremolo effect producing system , and then the sound from the loudspeaker 11 is subjected to a tremolo effect by means of the sound interrupting member 13 being rotated and is translated by the microphone 12 into a tone signal with a tremolo effect . the thus obtained tone signal is applied , via the level adjusting circuit r , to the main amplifier a 1 and is reproduced by the fixed loudspeaker sp of the instrument substantially at the same time with the reproduction of the non - tremolo tone signal . thus , the electronic musical instrument including the system according to the present invention can easily give a person who is listening to the music being played by the instrument a natural and pleasant feeling because of the thus produced tremolo effect . referring to fig1 , 13a and 13b , another embodiment of the present invention which is modified from that of fig7 will be described hereunder . the housing 10 of fig1 comprises therein a rotational disc plate 16 having cotouts 16a as shown in fig1 a or an opening or through - hole 16b , as shown in fig1 b , disposed between the loudspeaker 11 and the microphone 12 . the disc plate 16 is rotatably supported by supports 17 through a shaft connected with the disc plate , and is operatively connected through a pulley 19 and a drive belt 18 with the motor 15 adapted to be driven by the motor at a speed similar to that of the abovementioned rotational member 13 . the disc plate 16 is so disposed as to be rotated in a plane perpendicular to an axis along which the loudspeaker 11 and the microphone 12 face each other . in the housing of the abovementioned construction , the sound coming from the loudspeaker is subjected to a tremolo effect as the disc plate 16 is rotated at the abovementioned speed to periodically pass the sound from the speaker through the cutouts or opening , and the sound thus passed therethrough is picked up and translated by the microphone 12 into an audio signal with a tremolo effect . the signal may be processed and reproduced in a similar manner as described in the proceeding embodiment when used in an electronic musical instrument . in the embodiments of fig7 and 12 , the loudspeaker 11 may be movably mounted so as to thereby produce much complicated and much interesting tremolo effect . for example , by rotating the loudspeaker , a doppler effect is added to that effect given by the rotation of the disc plate . referring to fig1 to 16 , there are shown partial modifications of the constructions of fig7 and 12 , respectively , in which a plurality of separate pickup means such as microphones 12a , 12b and 12c are provided in the housing 10 in different positions on the side opposite to the loudspeaker 11 . both the modified systems shown in fig1 and 16 have basically similar constructions and function as described previously except for the provision of plural microphones . the microphones 12a , 12b and 12c pick up , independently of each other , the sound delivered from the loudspeaker 11 which is modulated with complicated tremolo effects as the rotational member 13 or 16 is rotated , thus developing individual audio signals capable of producing different tremolo effects at their outputs . fig1 illustrates a schematic circuit block diagram representing a modification of fig1 in which the system of fig1 or 16 may be used . the modification , as shown in fig1 , comprises separate microphones 12a , 12b and 12c accommodated in the housing 10 in different positions , and level adjusting circuits such as potentiometers ra , rb and rc connected with the separate microphones at one end of each of the potentiometers respectively . the other end of each potentiometer is connected to an input terminal of the power amplifier a 1 , so that audio signals having different waveforms and levels fed through the potentiometers ra , rb and rc from the separate microphones may be mixed at the amplifier a 1 . thus , since each microphone can pick up an input sound wave which is different in phase , amplitude and reflection , an output signal of the amplifier a 1 developed by mixing the thus obtained auido signals having different properties will cause sounds to be reproduced which have natural , delicate tremolo effects by means of the non - tremolo loudspeaker sp . referring to fig1 and 19 , there are illustrated still other embodiments of the present invention , which generally employ in the closed housing a plurality of rotational sound shielding members having through - holes or cutouts therein as previously shown in fig7 or 12 . in fig1 , reference numeral 10 indicates an elongated acoustically sealed box or housing . in the enclosed space of the housing 10 is disposed a loudspeaker 11 on the side of one end of the housing along the length thereof and a microphone 12 is positioned on the side of the other end . in the space of the housing located between the loudspeaker 11 and the microphone 12 , a rotational member 131 having a sectional structure including a cylindrical shape with a sound passage 13a in cross section , as shown in fig8 a and 8b for example , is provided so as to shield the sound generated by the loudspeaker 11 excluding the sound passage 13 a . the rotational member 131 is pivotably mounted on a shaft 14 which is rotated by a motor 15a . the shaft 14 is mounted on the housing 10 perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the housing 10 . between the member 131 and the microphone 12 another rotational member 132 having a similar structure as the member 131 is disposed with its rotating axis extending in a direction normal to that of the shaft 14 and is driven by another motor 15b . both the rotational members 131 and 132 are rotated at the same or different speeds of 0 . 5 to 15 revolutions per second , separately , so that the sound fed from the loudspeaker 11 can be subjected to complicated wave modulations or complicated tremolo effects and then to be picked up and translated into an audio signal having properties corresponding to the modulated sound wave by the microphone 12 . fig1 shows a modification of fig1 in which the mechanism of the sound shielding member 131 is replaced by a rotational disc plate 16 , supports 17 , a pulley 19 and a belt 18 as shown in fig1 . an application of the system as shown in fig1 for an electronic musical instrument is illustrated in fig1 only by way of example . the construction is principally similar to that of fig1 . referring now to fig2 and 23 , further modifications of the present invention providing more sophisticated tremolo effects are indicated in side section , in which a closed housing 10 accommodates a plurality of acoustic transducers such as loudspeakers 11 , 11 &# 39 ; and 11 &# 34 ; with a distance spaced from each other , a sound pickup such as a microphone 12 positioned oppositely therebetween and a plurality of rotational sound shielding members 13 , 13 &# 39 ; and 13 &# 34 ; having through - holes or cutouts for passing sounds and disposed between each loudspeaker and the microphone . the members 13 , 13 &# 39 ; and 13 &# 34 ; are pivotably mounted on shafts 14 , 14 &# 39 ; and 14 &# 34 ; and are rotated by motors 15 , 15 &# 39 ; and 15 &# 34 ; at required speeds between 0 . 5 and 15 revolutions per second , respectively . the revolution ratio of these motors is preferably set so as not to be an integer . in a similar way as described previously , a low frequency input signal is applied to the respective loudspeakers enclosed in the housing 10 and the subjected to individual modulations through the respective members 13 , 13 + and 13 &# 34 ; and received by the single microphone 12 , thus resulting in an acousto - electrically converted signal at the output of the microphone , which signal is capable of producing desired tremolo effect through the sound reproducing means . in fig2 , two pairs of loudspeakers 11 , 11 &# 39 ; and sound modulating members 13 , 13 &# 39 ; are aligned opposite to each other , while three such pairs are arranged about the single microphone in a y - like form in fig2 . more than three such pairs may be provided with respect to the single microphone if any more complicated tremolo effect is required to be obtained . fig2 shows a block diagram of an example of an electronic musical instrument to which the modified system shown in fig2 is applied . the details of this example are omitted here because of the substantial similarity to fig1 . fig2 illustrates another modification of the present invention in which , as will be understood from the foregoing statement , the systems shown in fig7 and 12 are combined excepting the single microphone so that they may be opposed to each other about the single microphone .	6
while the following description details the preferred embodiments of the present invention , it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and arrangement of the parts illustrated in the accompanying drawings , since the invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced in various ways . a preferred embodiment of the present invention is a paddle wheel driven electric wave generator system or apparatus which is situated on the ocean shore . the system has a power shaft with first and second one - way clutches arranged so that both clutches rotate the power shaft in a first direction when they are rotated in this first direction , but not at the same time . the clutches are disengaged when rotated in a second opposite direction , but not at the same time , in which case they do not rotate the power shaft . the first clutch is attached to a gear which is driven by a reverse gear on the axle of a paddle wheel . the second clutch is attached to a sprocket which is driven by a chain attached to a sprocket on the axle of the paddle wheel . as a shore wave comes in it turns the paddle wheel in a first direction , and the second clutch turns in the first direction which turns the power shaft in the first direction . the first clutch is turned in the opposite second direction and is disengaged . as the shore wave goes out it turns the paddle wheel in the second opposite direction , and the first clutch is turned in the first direction which turns the power shaft in the first direction . the second clutch turns in the opposite second direction and is disengaged . thus , the inward and outward horizontal flows of the shore waves are converted into unidirectional rotation of the power shaft . the power shaft can be connected to an electric generator through a transmission , thereby producing electric current . fig1 provides a diagrammatic illustration of preferred embodiment of the present invention which can convert the horizontal motion of shore waves into electric energy . the shore wave generator system 70 has a concrete base 71 with troughs 72 . paddle wheels 73 are positioned within troughs 72 and are fixed to a drive axle 74 connected rotatably to vertical supports 75 by means of bearings 90 . vertical supports 75 are fixed to concrete base 71 . axle 74 has a reverse gear 76 and a sprocket 77 which are fixed to axle 74 . adjacent axle 74 is a power shaft 78 connected rotatably to vertical supports 80 by means of bearings 79 . vertical supports 80 are fixed to concrete base 71 . in this figure one - way clutches 81 , 84 are shown attached to the power shaft 78 in such a way that they engage when rotated clockwise and disengage when rotated counterclockwise , but not at the same time . they can also be attached to work in a reverse manner if desired . a gear 82 is attached to clutch 81 . gear 82 is also attached to a bearing 83 , and bearing 83 is attached to power shaft 78 . bearing 83 supports gear 82 on power shaft 78 and allows gear 82 to rotate on power shaft 78 . likewise , attached to clutch 84 is a sprocket 85 attached to bearing 86 which is attached to power shaft 78 . bearing 86 supports sprocket 85 on power shaft 78 allowing sprocket 85 to rotate on power shaft 78 . in this manner the gear 82 and sprocket 85 are attached rotatably to power shaft 78 while being attached fixedly to clutches 81 and 84 , respectively . power shaft 78 also has a power pulley 88 . gear 76 on axle 74 engages gear 82 on power shaft 78 . sprocket 77 on axle 74 engages sprocket 85 on power shaft 78 by means of chain or cable 87 . fig2 shows a diagram of how the shore wave generator system 70 ( fig1 ) converts the back and forth horizontal motion of incoming and outgoing shore waves into unidirectional rotation of power shaft 78 . with an incoming wave , paddle wheels 73 engage the wave in troughs 72 ( fig1 ), rotate clockwise , and cause axle 74 to rotate clockwise . this causes gear 76 and sprocket 77 to rotate clockwise . as gear 76 rotates clockwise , gear 82 on power shaft 78 rotates counterclockwise , which makes clutch 81 ( a first clutch ) rotate counterclockwise , thus , disengaging clutch 81 ( fig1 ). as sprocket 77 rotates clockwise , sprocket 85 on power shaft 78 rotates clockwise , which makes a second clutch 84 ( fig1 ) on power shaft 78 rotate clockwise , thus , making power shaft 78 rotate clockwise . with an outgoing wave , paddle wheels 73 engage the wave in troughs 72 , rotate counterclockwise , and cause axle 74 to rotate counterclockwise ( fig1 ). this causes gear 76 and sprocket 77 to rotate counterclockwise . as gear 76 rotates counterclockwise , gear 82 on power shaft 78 rotates clockwise . as gear 82 rotates clockwise it makes clutch 81 on power shaft 78 rotate clockwise , thus , making power shaft 78 rotate clockwise . as sprocket 77 rotates counterclockwise , sprocket 85 on power shaft 78 rotates counterclockwise , which makes clutch 84 rotate counterclockwise , thus , disengaging clutch 84 . power shaft 78 can be connected to a transmission by means of power pulley 88 to drive an electric generator , as described below in fig4 . fig3 shows a cross - sectional view of one type of one - way clutch that could be used as clutch 81 or 84 . the clutch 81 in this example has a pawl - wheel 40 which is fixed to power shaft 78 . ratchet pawls 41 are attached rotatably to pawl - wheel 40 and are biased away from pawl - wheel 40 by springs 42 . surrounding pawl - wheel 40 is an outer casing 43 having saw - tooth elements 44 on its inner circumference . the gear 82 or sprocket 85 can be fixed to outer casing 43 . as the gear or sprocket rotates clockwise the outer casing 43 rotates clockwise . as the outer casing 43 rotates clockwise the saw - teeth 44 engage the ratchet - pawls 41 , causing the power shaft 78 to rotate clockwise . as the sprocket rotates counterclockwise the outer casing 43 rotates counterclockwise . as the outer casing 43 rotates counterclockwise the saw - teeth 44 slip freely over the ratchet - pawls 41 , causing the clutch to be disengaged and no rotational force is applied to power shaft 78 . the one - way clutch can be configured to operate in a reverse manner . fig4 shows an example of how power shaft 78 can be connected to an electric generator 65 by means of a transmission 52 to increase the speed of rotation from the power shaft 78 to the electric generator 65 . power shaft 78 can have a large power pulley 88 which transmits the unidirectional rotational force of power shaft 78 to a smaller first pulley 55 on a first shaft 53 of transmission 52 by means of belt 51 . first shaft 53 is held in place on concrete base 71 by bearings 54 ( see fig1 ). first shaft 53 has a large pulley 56 which transmits the unidirectional rotational force to a smaller second pulley 60 on a second shaft 58 of transmission 52 by means of belt 57 . second shaft 58 is held in place on concrete base 71 by bearings 59 ( see fig1 ). second shaft 58 can have a flywheel 63 to maintain a constant rotation of shaft 58 . shaft 58 also has a large pulley 61 which transmits the unidirectional rotational force to a smaller pulley 64 on an electric generator 65 by means of belt 62 . thus , as power shaft 78 is made to rotate clockwise at about 5 to 10 times per minute , depending upon the frequency of shore waves moving inward and outward , transmission 52 can make electric generator 65 turn at speeds as high as 2000 rpm . the foregoing description has been limited to specific embodiments of this invention . it will be apparent ; however , that variations and modifications may be made by those skilled in the art to the disclosed embodiments of the invention , with the attainment of some or all of its advantages and without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention . for example , the horizontal motion wave power generator 70 ( fig1 ) of the present invention can be scaled up to any desirable size . as many paddle wheels as desired can be attached to a power shaft . other types of one - way clutches can be used , such as sprague clutches and reynolds clutches . the horizontal motion wave power generator can generate pressure power in addition to electric power . the paddle wheels 73 and the base 71 can be constructed of any suitable materials , including metals , plastics , wood , or a combination thereof . it will be understood that various changes in the details , materials , and arrangements of the parts which have been described and illustrated above in order to explain the nature of this invention may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the principle and scope of the invention as recited in the following claims .	8
in fig1 and 2 numeral 1 generally indicates a transducer - switch body suited to handle monaural sound . in fig3 and 5 this body is duplicated to handle binaural or stereophonic sound . within the cylindrical portion is contained a small electrodynamic electricity to sound transducer . this may be of a known permanent magnet and voice coil type . while the whole transducer - switch body may be fabricated in any size the device illustrated is approximately three times larger than the size of one preferred model . the transducer is shown schematically at 3 in fig4 . the sound from the transducer is emitted upward through the paper in the drawing of fig1 and passes into chamber 4 , which is shown as a bulge in fig1 . the chamber is on the other side of this wall within body 1 . therefrom the sound passes through orifice 5 into cylindrical female acoustic - use cavity generally indicated as 6 . a male acoustic - use connector 7 , fragmentarily shown , has an orifice connecting to flexible tubing and to the headset for a listener in the known manner . this arrangement is duplicated for stereophonic listening , as indicated at 6 and 6 &# 39 ; in fig3 . acoustic plug 10 is contained within cavity 6 and is normally urged against shoulder 8 by spring 9 to accomplish an acoustic seal between chamber 4 and externally with respect to cavity 6 . this is so that passenger - potential - listeners who have not paid for a headset will not be able to hear the program in a typical installation , such as in an airplane . when male acoustic - use connector 7 is fully inserted into cavity 6 it displaces acoustic plug 10 downward against spring 9 . this performs the mechanical - acoustic function of opening the passage between the transducer and the headset . sound from orifice 5 passes beyond the now opened shoulder 8 constriction , up through cavity 6 , through hollow connector 7 and to the listener &# 39 ; s headset ( not shown ). an electrical function is also performed in that switch contacts are closed by a downward deformation of spring 9 . this spring has a lower central portion 11 that constantly rests upon a central fixed contact 12 ; for instance , a conductive part of a printed circuit board 14 . see fig4 . this occurs because the uncompressed length of the spring is fabricated to be greater than the length of the lower part of cavity 6 even when plug 10 is in the closed ( upward ) position . when downward deformation occurs the first large diameter convolution of spring 9 contacts an annular contact 15 , which surrounds contact 12 . this closes the circuit of the switch formed of contacts 12 and 15 . the spring may be fabricated of beryllium copper wire that is approximately 0 . 3 mm diameter , and it may have four large , one intermediate , and two small convolutions . the large diameter convolutions may be 6 mm in diameter . the spring may be heat treated and age - hardened for dependability and long life . typically , it is operated at a safe fraction of its yield strength , such as one - fourth . the beryllium copper material makes a satisfactory electrical contact and has a long useful life . other materials of like characteristics may , of course , be used , including beryllium copper based materials having a different composition , and gold plating . with respect to the printed circuit , conductor 16 lies upon the upper surface of the board and connects to annular contact 15 . conductor 17 lies upon the lower surface and connects to central contact 12 . the other ends of these conductors connect to a resistive element , such as resistor 18 . external connection is made from conductor 16 to one terminal of the voice coil or appropriate transformer ( not shown ) of transducer 3 . external connection is also made from conductor 17 to one terminal of a source of signal 19 . this is typically one circuit of a stereophonic magnetic tape reproducer , or the sound circuit of a motion picture projector , and by switching means that have not been shown may selectively be either . the external circuit is completed by a connection between source 19 and transducer 3 . it will be recognized that the electrical elements are in an essentially series circuit , with switch 9 , 11 , 12 & amp ; 15 being shunted across the resistor , additionally . the resistive value chosen for the resistor is high with respect to the impedance of other elements in the circuit , notably the impedance of transducer 3 . in a preferred embodiment the resistance of the resisitor is approximately thirty - three times the impedance of the transducer . a resistive value of 10 , 000 ohms is suitable . the wattage rating of the resistor may be approximately 1 / 4 watt . it will be seen that when connector 7 is absent from transducer structure 1 the series circuit resistance will be high . in a typical embodiment only 0 . 16 milliwatts of power is available at the transducer . this results in the transducer being essentially unenergized ; thus , no sound is emitted . under the same circumstances , when connector 7 is fully pushed down in cavity 6 , 320 milliwatts of signal energy is available to the transducer . this is normal energization . the exact signal level desired may be controlled by a known volume control , which has not been shown , but which may be placed in series in the circuit . how this &# 34 ; off - when - not - used &# 34 ; mode of operation greatly lengthens the life of the transducer 3 was considered above in the background of the invention . the increase in life is typically 800 %. it has been found that the very low frequencies of the square - waveform test signal are the most damaging to the transducers . additionally , with this invention the transducer is essentially turned off electrically . this makes it impossible for a non - paying passenger to hear the music or sound programs that otherwise often leak acoustically past plug 10 . with seats having arm rests that fold upward it is relatively convenient for such a passenger to hear the programs by merely raising the arm rest upward to their ear , since the transducer is invariably placed at the forward end of the arm . prevention of this activity is an attractive economic feature to airline companies . the cylindrical portion 2 of the transducer - switch body 1 is provided with an imperforate cap 20 . this cap is a tight fit between a groove and lip on elements 1 and 2 . the purpose is to protectively house the transducer and to isolate it from ambient sounds and conditions . a pair of snap arms 21 and 22 are formed into body 1 , as seen in fig1 and 2 . these fit into companion grooves 23 and 24 when two bodies are fastened together , as shown in fig3 . the hook at the end of each arm slips into a companion slot of the other body when the two are fully together . the arms can be pried outward when it may be desired to separate the bodies . a pair of bodies allows stereophonic sound to be delivered out of a pair of connectors and so to be separately conveyed to the two ears of a listener . herein , the second stereo channel is identified by primed (&# 39 ;) numerals that correspond to the first channel , which channel has been fully discussed . typically , the second channel is a mirror image of the first , both mechanically and electrically . the printed circuit may be gold or nickel over copper on an epoxy fiberglass - filled board . the board slides into grooves as shown in fig1 at the bottom edge , and thus is firmly retained in the structure . a synthetic polymeric amide ( as nylon ), or a polycarbonate , may be used as the material for molding the transducer switch bodies 1 . the proportions shown may be varied to accommodate different sized transducers within cylindrical portion 2 , or nature and spacing of the acoustic connectors 7 .	7
referring now to the drawings , in which like reference numerals are used to refer to the same or similar elements , fig3 illustrates a horizontal flue gas desulfurization chamber 51 having a perforated , variable vertical cross - section , stepped absorption tray 100 of the invention for increasing size of the gas - liquid contact region inside the chamber 51 . the tray 100 is arranged stepped downwardly from the entrance 52 of the chamber 51 toward a mist eliminator 70 adjacent the outlet 75 . the tray 100 provides a region for improved mixing of slurry 65 and flue gas 40 within chamber 51 . chamber 51 comprises an area with an otherwise limited cross - section in the horizontal direction of gas flow . installing a stepped , perforated tray 100 retains the gas - slurry mixture within a contact region . the flue gas 40 may pass upwardly through the tray 100 into contact with slurry 65 sprayed from slurry spray headers 63 . the liquid slurry 65 in turn passes downwardly through tray 100 after mixing with flue gases 40 and removing a substantial portion of contaminant gases , such as sox and nox . liquid slurry with contaminants is drained from the bottom or lower portion 53 of chamber 51 in any known manner . further , tray 100 locally redirects the flow of flue gas 40 vertically , thereby increasing the available contact area and slowing the flue gases to improve gas - slurry contact . the tray 100 effectively changes the gas - slurry contact from cross - current ( perpendicular paths ) to counter - current ( opposing directions ), which greatly improves the effectiveness of the desulfurization chamber 51 . as will be understood , a horizontal flue gas desulfurization chamber 51 is typically much longer than it is wide or high , so that the cross - sectional area of the gas flow path is much less than the top - down area of the chamber 51 . the stepped tray 100 takes advantage of the length of the chamber 51 to produce a substantially increased surface area for gas - slurry contact by redirecting the gas flow vertically through the perforated plates 120 of tray 100 , as shown in fig4 . referring again to fig3 , to take full advantage of the increased gas - slurry contact area provided by the tray 100 , slurry spray headers 63 are also preferably arranged stepped at varying elevations along the length of tray 100 . the stepped spray headers 63 ensure the stepped tray 100 remains fully flooded with slurry 65 and provide counter - current spray in the chamber 51 . after the flue gases 40 pass through tray 100 and sprays of slurry 65 , the cleaned flue gases with some slurry entrained therein passes through mist eliminator 70 . mist eliminator 70 functions in a known manner to remove entrained liquid slurry droplets and return the slurry to the other pool of slurry being discharged from the chamber 51 . a preferred construction for tray 100 is illustrated by fig4 . as shown , tray 100 is formed by connected perforated plates 120 and “ z ” supports 110 , which simultaneously perform the function of supports , guide vanes and liquid baffles . the z supports 110 significantly simplify fabrication and construction . the combined function of structural support , gas guide vane and liquid retaining device helps to minimize cost and improve the ease of installation . each z support 110 has a pair of upper and lower flanges 112 , 111 connected to the upper and lower ends , respectively , of vertical section 114 . the flanges 111 , 112 direct the oncoming flow of flue gas 40 from a horizontal flow to a vertical flow , through perforated plates 120 . the leading edges 111 a of the lower flanges 111 scoop oncoming flue gases 40 and direct the flue gases 40 in conjunction with the adjacent lower portions of vertical sections 114 . upper flanges 112 similarly guide the flue gases 40 back to a horizontal downstream flow after exiting the perforated plates 120 . the flow disruption created by the flue gas redirection with the z supports 110 can be adjusted by changing the size of the z supports 110 to maximize the gas - slurry contact time while preventing the loss of flue gas velocity from having a significant negative impact on the performance of downstream systems . each perforated plate 120 has a plurality of holes or perforations 125 through the plate 120 sized to permit flue gases to flow through at a minimum velocity , while used slurry drains downwardly . the z supports 110 and perforated plates 120 extend between side walls 56 of the chamber 51 , so that substantially all the area between the chamber walls is occupied by the tray 100 along its length , spanning the flow path of flue gases 40 . the z supports are mounted with the corner 113 of their lower flange 111 secured to a front edge of one of the perforated plates 120 , and a second perforated plate 120 connected to about the middle of the vertical section 114 . thus , the z supports 110 and perforated plates 120 form a descending staircase of open top compartments with perforated floors defined by the side walls 56 , and at least a portion of the vertical sections 114 of each adjacent z support 110 . fig5 illustrates an alternative l - shaped support 110 a for use with tray 100 . the l - shaped support 110 a has only lower flange 111 , and the upper edge of vertical section 114 is free . this support will not redirect gas flow to one side or the other as well as it leaves the tray 100 . the tray 100 and stepped slurry headers 63 solve the performance problem of horizontal liquid - gas reaction chambers , such as flue gas desulfurization chamber 51 , caused by poor liquid - gas mixing as a result of stratification where the lighter flue gas 40 remains at the top of the absorption chamber 51 and the liquid slurry 65 seeks the bottom . use of the variable vertical cross section stepped absorption tray 100 effectively minimizes or eliminates gas - slurry stratification in horizontal gas flow liquid - gas contact devices by creating a uniform pressure drop across the flow cross section . further , the variable vertical cross section stepped absorption tray 100 provides improved liquid gas contact area by creating a counter - current liquid - gas interchange where only a cross - current interchange was present . use of the variable vertical cross section stepped absorption tray 100 in a horizontal flue gas desulfurization chamber 51 results in increased absorber efficiency and performance due to improved gas - slurry contact without increasing the size of the existing absorber vessel or increasing the liquid to gas ratio . in fact , it may be possible to reduce the liquid to gas ratio due to the greatly improved gas - slurry contact . this is because a uniform head of liquid is created within the compartments defined by the tray 100 and chamber side walls 56 through which all flue gas 40 intended for treatment must pass in order to exit the chamber 51 . the significant effect of this is to produce an increased liquid - gas contact area as well as increased liquid - gas contact time thus increasing the efficiency of the system for a given liquid to gas ratio . the presence of a variable vertical cross section stepped absorption tray 100 may also result in increased mist eliminator 70 efficiency and decreased maintenance from the improved flow distribution to the mist eliminator 70 . the retrofit installation of stepped trays 100 in the many existing horizontal flow scrubbers will allow the owner / operators of these systems to increase sox removal without increasing operating costs due to the increased efficiency . cleaner air with no increase in operating costs is the result . use of the variable vertical cross section stepped absorption tray 100 may be applied to other types of liquid - gas systems using other reagents and gases than traditional wet limestone flue gas desulfurization systems . without installing tray 100 in existing horizontal systems , the only alternative for improving efficiency of a horizontal gas flow scrubber would be a new flue gas desulfurization chamber 51 of increased size to thereby decrease gas velocity and / or accommodate more slurry sprays thereby increasing liquid to gas ratio . this is essentially a new scrubber and not cost effective for owner operators who have maintained their horizontal gas flow systems and desire the benefit of increased performance efficiency from their existing systems . and , the cross - sectional area of the horizontal flow path cannot be increased as much as by using tray 100 , nor will the benefits of counter - current gas - slurry contact be realized . materials used to make the tray 100 components include stainless and / or nickel alloy steel for the perforated plates 120 and z supports 110 . alternative materials such as plastics or fiberglass can also be used . packing can be used to create the reaction surface on tray 100 and resistance required . the packing needs to be positioned in such a way as to step across the horizontal distance of the absorber chamber creating the variable vertical cross - section thereby improving liquid - gas contact . the connection between the perforated plates 120 and z supports 110 can be by bolting or welding when these parts are fabricated from metal . for fiberglass reinforced plastic construction , the attachment may be bolted , glued or fused . the stepped spray headers 63 can be constructed of rubber lined and coated steel piping , various plastics , refractory or stainless steel . the liquid spray need not be limited to slurry 65 but may be used to introduce other reagents such as liquid solutions , dry solids or gaseous products as needed for the process requirements or to improve the cleaning efficiency of the system . and , as illustrated in fig6 , the tray 100 can be used in vertical flue gas desulfurization systems as well . the stepped tray 100 can be applied to typically cylindrical tower 50 systems that utilize vertical gas flow by installing the tray steps extending from side wall 56 across the inlet 55 for flue gas 40 . in this embodiment , the tray 100 functions as a turning vane for the inlet 55 thereby reducing pressure drop and lowering power consumption . an additional benefit is reduced pumping power consumption due to the lower elevation of sprays from the stepped configuration , since the entire tower 50 can be made shorter as the tray 100 increases contact surface area along a stepped diagonal rather than horizontally or vertically . while specific embodiments and / or details of the invention have been shown and described above to illustrate the application of the principles of the invention , it is understood that this invention may be embodied as more fully described in the claims , or as otherwise known by those skilled in the art ( including any and all equivalents ), without departing from such principles . for example , perforations may be included only in the horizontal or in both vertical and horizontal directions , depending upon the desired gas distribution effect .	1
means for collecting containers ( 10 ) which go out duly positioned , from one or more machines ( 11 , 12 ) already well - known ( the means can have a general frame and loading methodology similar to those defined in the u . s . patent application ser . no . 08 / 555 , 751 owned by the applicant ); means for transferring each container ( 10 ), thereafter , to a recess of a related element ( 16 ) having a stable bottom , and means to carry said elements ( 16 ), with a container ( 10 ) inserted , to other machines for a further treatment . thus , as it can be noted in fig1 and 2 , said means to collect containers ( 10 ) consist in a conveyor ( 15 ) supported on a support ( 13 ), with a sector ( 15a , 15b ) which interferes , in the event of the illustrated example , with the outlet ( 11a , 12a ) of two machines ( 11 , 12 ) for positioning containers ( 10 ) in upright orientation , said conveyor ( 15 ) having a plurality of members ( 14 ) linked to house the containers . a fixed horizontal plane ( 18 ), which extends above a length of said conveyor ( 15 ) and remains partly introduced in members ( 14 ) ( see fig3 ) determining a temporary division thereof into two parts , top ( 14a ) and bottom ( 14b ), constitutive of said means to transfer containers ( 10 ) within elements ( 16 ); means ( 21 ) ( of conventional type and fit to containers characteristics , color , opacity or transparency , etc .) detecting the existence of a container ( 10 ), at the top ( 14a ) of each said members ( 14 ), during its displacement ; means ( 23 , 24 ) to supply , in the event a container ( 10 ) is detected at the top part ( 14a ) of the member ( 14 ), a puck ( 16 ) having a stable bottom , with an opening ( 16a ) and recess fit to house said container ( 10 ), to the bottom part ( 14b ), of said member , downstream container ( 10 ) loading area ; shifting means ( 22 ) to pick up pucks ( 16 ) loaded with containers ( 10 ), of said conveyor ( 15 ), and to transfer it to another conveying line ( 17 ). as it can be noted in fig3 said members ( 14 ) to house containers ( 10 ) include a back wall and two side walls which have openings , directly facing each other which allow part insertion , within the member ( 14 ) of the horizontal plane ( 18 ), which is interrupted at a point located beyond the puck ( 16 ) loading area at the top ( 14a ) of said members ( 14 ) a handrail ( 19 ) having being provided which actively helps to temporarily keep containers ( 10 ) at said top ( 14a ) of the members ( 14 ). means to provide pucks ( 16 ) to the bottom ( 14b ) of members ( 14 ) consist , as drawn at fig2 in a star ( 24 ) at the points of which concave housings have being defined , the periphery of which is tangent to the conveyor ( 15 ) and rotation synchronized with said conveyor ( 15 ) speed , and an endless screw ( 23 ) driven by the orders of said detecting means ( 21 ) for driven introduction of pucks ( 16 ), to said star , which transfers them to a related recess ( 14a ). the method according to the invention consists in the following basic steps : containers ( 10 ) being picked up by housing members ( 14 ) which are moving , interfering with said machines ( 11 , 12 ) outlet ; containers ( 10 ) being transferred from those members ( 14 ), within elements ( 16 ) having a stable bottom ; taking apart containers ( 10 ) inserted in said elements ( 16 ), and transferring each set ( 16 , 10 ) to other machines for further treatments . according to the preferred embodiment of the invention , the transfer of containers ( 10 ) within elements ( 16 ) is performed , during those members ( 14 ) displacement and within them , with differentiated load , in two steps , of containers ( 10 ) and elements ( 16 ) to said members ( 14 ), and temporary taking apart thereof . as it is mentioned when referring to the characteristics of the plant , said elements ( 16 ) consist in pucks with an opening ( 16a ) and a recess fit to house a related container ( 10 ). in the implemented method with means disclosed at fig1 to 3 , above explained , containers ( 10 ) are uprightly positioned by means of at least one positioning machine ( 11 , 12 ), already well - known ( cited in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 681 , 209 and ep 0432081 ) and it includes essentially the following operations : loading conveniently oriented containers ( 10 ), from said machines to housing members ( 14 ) associated to a conveyor ( 15 ), which includes an interference sector ( 15a , 15b ) with said machines ( 11 , 12 ) outlets , and temporary servicing of said containers ( 10 ), keeping their upright orientation , at a top ( 14a ) of said members ( 14 ). detecting the existence or not of a container ( 10 ) at each of said members ( 14 ), after its interference with the machine ( 11 , 12 ); transfer beyond the interference sector ( 15a , 15b ), in the event of detecting a container ( 10 ), a puck ( 16 ) at a bottom ( 14b ) of said members ( 14 ), loaded with a container ; unloading , within members ( 14 ), containers ( 10 ) from said top ( 14a ), within the pucks ( 16 ); picking up the pucks ( 16 ), loaded with the container ( 10 ), of said members ( 14 ) and shift of the set of pucks - container ( 16 , 10 ) to another conveying line ( 17 ). provisionally keeping the containers ( 10 ) at the top ( 14a ) of the members ( 14 ) is obtained by means of the horizontal , fixed plane or profile ( 18 ) ( fig3 ), which is superposed to a conveyor ( 15 ) length and partly intercalates at said members ( 14 ), during their displacement , supporting containers ( 10 ) by their bottom , said plane ( 18 ) has an interruption ( enlarged sector of fig1 ) which determines where the containers ( 10 ) drop within the pucks ( 16 ), previously loaded at the bottom ( 14b ) of said members ( 14 ). as it can be seen at said fig1 the transfer of pucks ( 16 ) within members ( 14 ) occurs at a point prior to the end of the plane ( 18 ), in order that , when the container ( 10 ) falls , there exists a puck ( 16 ) to collect it . in a preferred embodiment of the method , it has been foreseen that it includes two or more machines ( 11 , 12 ), which alternatively load containers ( 10 ) in one or the other of respective adjacent housing members ( 14 ), according to the principle disclosed in above u . s . patent application ser . no . 08 / 555 , 751 . it is stated that the invention can be carried out with different means , alternative to those illustrated but on the grounds of its same essence .	1
fig1 shows an overall store floorplan 100 including a bank of freezers 110 in accordance with the present invention . the bank of freezers 110 includes three curved or angled freezers or coolers 120 , 130 , and 140 , respectively . while it will be understood that each unit 120 , 130 , or 140 can be a freezer , a cooler , any other refrigeration unit or some combination thereof , the discussion which follows for the sake of simplicity will largely address the units as freezers . each of the units includes at least one portion angled with respect to an immediately adjoining portion at an angle substantially different from 90 °. as seen in fig1 the freezers 120 , 130 , and 140 are freestanding and the ends 122 , 132 , and 142 , respectively , are adjacent a c - shaped cooler 150 to form an overall freezer and cooler storage area with a large volume , a large number of doors , and a relatively small footprint . in a presently preferred first embodiment , the footprint of the bank or array of freezers 110 is approximately 9 , 500 square feet out of an overall square footage of over 150 , 000 square feet for store floor plan 100 for a sam &# 39 ; s club ™, or the like store . fig2 shows further details of the bank of freezers 110 of fig1 . as seen in fig2 each of the freezers 120 , 130 , and 140 , respectively , is formed from a plurality of individual storage compartments and doors 124 , 134 , 144 , arranged as seen in fig2 . in the arrangement shown , each of the freezers has angled or curved portions to enhance viewability of products by shoppers as addressed further below . at the ends 122 , 132 , and 142 , doors 125 , 135 , and 145 are provided to provide access for restocking of the respective freezers . in a warehouse club type of store , sufficient room is provided for a forklift to drive in between the interior of individual freezers in a known fashion . in a presently preferred embodiment , the entirety of the interior of the freezers 120 and 140 is cooled as a single unit by cold air piped to the unit from a cooling unit outside the store . for the freezer 130 , a further insulating door and wall 137 separates a frozen food section 138 from an ice cream section 139 . the ice cream section is cooled to a lower or colder temperature than the frozen food section 138 . this arrangement is exemplary of the placement of a popular item such as ice cream on the end of a freezer and aisle where it will attract customer attention and hopefully draw customers down the aisles on either side . as discussed in greater detail below , the angled ends of freezers 120 and 140 closest to the ice cream section 139 of freezer 130 present many glass doors through which a customer can more clearly see additional products of possible interest , thus hopefully drawing the customer &# 39 ; s interest and feet down the aisle . in a presently preferred embodiment , freezer 120 has a width from point 201 to point 202 of nineteen feet and ten inches . the spacing between point 202 of freezer 120 and point 203 of freezer 130 is sixteen feet . the spacing between points 204 and 205 is fourteen feet and three inches . freezer 130 has a width from point 203 to point 206 of twenty - eight feet . the spacing between points 206 and 207 of freezers 130 and 140 is sixteen feet and one inch . the width of freezer 140 between points 207 and 208 is nineteen feet and ten inches . the spacing between point 209 of freezer 130 and point 210 of freezer 140 is fourteen feet and three inches . freezers 120 and 140 have 50 doors each and freezer 130 has 37 doors . cooler 150 has a first cooler section with 35 doors and a dairy cooler section having 13 doors . point 212 of freezer 140 and point 213 of cooler 150 are spaced sixteen feet and one inch apart . point 214 and point 215 of freezers 140 and 130 , respectively , are preferably spaced thirteen feet and eight inches . points 216 and 217 of freezers 130 and 120 , respectively , are spaced by thirteen feet and eleven inches . points 218 and 219 of freezer 120 and cooler 150 , respectively , are spaced by thirteen feet and five inches . as will be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art , other spacings and numbers of doors will of course be possible . a second exemplary embodiment is described in detail below in connection with fig1 . as seen in fig3 — 8 , the freezers 120 , 130 , and 140 are part of overall units having a front , facing , or housing that extends substantially above floor 160 . in a presently preferred embodiment , this housing extends approximately fifteen feet about floor 160 . the housing contains the cold air cooling the individual freezer display shelves or compartments . it also conceals additional restocking shelving . this restock shelving stores product to restock the display areas of the freezer display shelves located below the restock shelves in a known manner . the height of these units makes line of sight an important design consideration because unlike a typical retail environment , such as the jewelry counter of a department store where a customer can see over one display to another , a customer at point “ x ” in fig2 and 3 cannot see the freezers 120 and 130 as his or her view is completely blocked by the array 140 . fig3 shows an overall perspective view of the bank of freezers 110 . fig4 shows freezer 120 and freezer 130 viewed from a point located approximately along a line of sight a — a of fig2 . fig4 — 8 are taken from digital photos of a presently preferred embodiment of the present invention . the angle of view in these figures is the angle of view of the digital camera . as seen in fig4 freezer doors 126 and 127 of freezer 120 , as well as doors 136 of freezer 130 can be readily seen . by contrast , as seen for the bank of refrigerated units 800 , shown in fig9 which is comprised of equal length freezers 820 and 830 and cooler 840 , line a ′ and a ′ passes through the freezer 830 . the corner of freezer 830 cuts off much of any potential view of array 840 . when a customer looks down the aisle between freezer 830 and cooler 840 from a point at the end of the aisle , such as point y , the angle is such that glare may make it not possible to see what is behind the doors . fig5 shows freezers 120 , 130 and 140 viewed from a point located approximately along a line of sight b — b of fig2 . freezer doors 128 of freezer 120 , as well as doors 137 and 138 of freezer 130 and doors 146 of freezer 140 can be readily seen . by contrast , as seen for the bank of freezers 800 of fig8 any doors on end 822 of freezer 820 will be seen at a glancing angle at best when viewed from a point along line of sight b ′— b ′ with an angle of view similar to that illustrated in fig5 . fig6 shows freezers 120 and 130 viewed from a point approximately located along a line of sight c — c of fig2 . fig7 shows freezers 120 , 130 , and 140 viewed from a point approximately located along a line of sight d — d of fig2 . fig8 shows freezers 120 , 130 , and 140 from a point approximately located along a line of sight e — e of fig2 . fig1 illustrates a bank of freezers 1010 in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention . bank of freezers 1010 includes three curved or angled freezers or coolers 1020 , 1030 , and 1040 , respectively . while it will be understood that each unit 1020 , 1030 , or 1040 can be a freezer , a cooler , any other refrigeration unit or some combination thereof , unit 1020 is preferably a cooler with 37 doors , unit 1030 is a freezer with 40 doors , and unit 1040 is a freezer with 50 doors . each of the units includes at least one portion angled with respect to an immediately adjoining portion at an angle substantially different from 90 °. each of the units 1020 , 1030 , and 1040 , respectively , is formed from a plurality of individual storage compartments and doors 1024 , 1034 , 1044 , arranged as seen in fig1 . in the arrangement shown , each of the freezers has angled or curved portions to enhance viewability of products by shoppers as addressed in detail above . at the ends 1022 , 1032 , and 1042 , doors 1025 , 1035 , and 1045 are provided to provide access for restocking of the respective freezers . in a warehouse club type of store , sufficient room is provided for a forklift to drive in between the interior of individual freezers in a known fashion . in a presently preferred embodiment , the entirety of the interior of each of the cooler 1020 and the freezers 1030 and 1040 is cooled as a single unit by cold air piped to the unit from a cooling unit outside the store . while the present invention is disclosed in a presently preferred context , it will be recognized that the teachings of the present invention may be variously embodied consistent with the disclosure and claims . by way of example , the present invention is disclosed in connection with specifically preferred embodiments in which the inventive freezer bank is adapted to a warehouse store or club , such as sam &# 39 ; s club ™, for example . it will be recognized that the present invention may be variously adapted to other environments presenting the same or similar problems and to which the present advantageous solutions will be readily applicable by those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the present teachings . further , while specific exemplary details of presently preferred freezers are provided , it will be recognized that other freezers , coolers , or refrigeration units can be utilized as suited to a store environment .	0
turning now to the drawings , fig1 illustrates a partial cross - sectional view of a semiconductor substrate 10 . substrate 10 is preferably a silicon - based , single crystalline material doped either n - type or p - type . arranged on the upper surface of substrate 10 are various isolation structures 12 . isolation structures 12 are formed in numerous ways . for example , structures 12 can be formed by etching a trench into the upper surface of substrate 10 and thereafter filling the trench with an oxide , a suitable oxide being a chemical vapor deposited (&# 34 ; cvd &# 34 ;) oxide . alternatively , isolation structure 12 can be a thermally grown oxide . the grown oxide is formed by exposing select regions of substrate 10 surface to an oxidizing ambient according to the well known locos process . fig2 depicts locally grown oxide formed as an isolation structure 12 . the isolation structure 12 serves to isolate active and passive devices from one another . in the instance shown , isolation structure 12 isolates first transistor 14 from other devices placeable in region 16 . accordingly , the topography shown in fig2 includes isolation structures interspersed between active areas upon which and into which features of various devices are placed . first transistor 14 includes , according to one embodiment , a gate conductor 20 configured upon a gate dielectric 22 . gate conductor 20 as well as isolation structures 12 serves to mask implant of a lightly doped drain (&# 34 ; ldd &# 34 ;) 24 into the regions therebetween . thereafter , a cvd oxide is deposited across the topography and the oxide is then removed using an anisotropic etch . resulting from the anisotropic etch , oxide spacers 26 are left on opposing sidewall surfaces of conductor 20 . spacers 26 , as well as isolation structures 12 , serve then to mask implant of source / drain impurities 28 . the source / drain implant 28 , in conjunction with ldd implant 24 , comprise a junction wherein the term &# 34 ; junction &# 34 ; connotates either a source region or a drain region . it is the junction which serves to receive various silicides and metal conductors ( not shown ). the silicides help reduce contact resistivity , and the metal conductors allow connection of one device to another device to complete the integrated circuit . referring to fig3 a processing step subsequent to fig2 is shown . in particular , fig3 illustrates an interlevel dielectric deposited across the first topography onto which , and into which , first transistor 14 and isolation structures 12 reside . isolation structure 12 shown in fig3 depicts a shallow trench isolation structure similar to fig1 rather than the alternative isolation locos which can be used and is illustrated for exemplary purposes in fig2 . interlevel dielectric 30 can be deposited in numerous ways . preferably , dielectric 30 is deposited as an oxide using cvd techniques . according to one embodiment , dielectric 30 is deposited using plasma enhanced cvd to a thickness sufficient to isolate transistor 14 from devices subsequently placed upon and within dielectric 30 upper surface . in preparation for those subsequent devices , dieletric 30 is preferably planarized after it is deposited . according to one embodiment , peak elevation regions 32 of dielectric 30 are removed by chemical mechanical polishing (&# 34 ; cmp &# 34 ;). cmp utilizes a slurry material and a polishing pad placed on the exposed surface , whereby the pad rotates and removes the upper surfaces commensurate with the lower surfaces . according to another embodiment , the upper surfaces 32 are removed using a sacrificial etch back . in this instance , a sacrificial material is placed on the upper surface such that the recesses or valleys are filled with that material . the material upper surface is then removed at an etch rate substantially the same as the dielectric underlayer . when all of the sacrificial material is removed , the remaining dielectric surface is approximately planar in that it takes on the same contours as the planar surface of the sacrificial material . referring to fig4 a processing step subsequent to fig3 is shown . fig4 depicts a trench 34 formed within the upper surface of dieletric 30 . trench 34 is produced by placing a masking layer across dielectric 30 and then patterning the masking layer such that the region to be trenched is exposed . the exposed region is then subjected to an etchant which , according to one embodiment , is a dry ( anisotropic ) etchant . as shown in fig5 trench 34 is filled with a polycrystalline (&# 34 ; polysilicon &# 34 ;) material 36 . polysilicon 36 fills trench 34 by blanket depositing a layer of polysilicon to a thickness which is greater than the depth of trench 34 . thereafter , the upper regions of the polysilicon layer are removed using , for example , chemical mechanical polish (&# 34 ; cmp &# 34 ;). removal continues for a time sufficient to retain polysilicon 36 only within the confines of trench 34 . fig6 illustrates a processing step subsequent to fig5 wherein an opening is formed through dielectric 30 to gate conductor 20 of transistor 14 . the opening is designated as reference numeral 38 , and is depicted as being aligned with and immediately adjacent to polysilicon 36 . as a result of opening 38 , polysilicon 36 is exposed at one edge , henceforth designated as the drain - side 40 , of polysilicon 36 . opening 38 is created by various etch techniques , with non - etched areas protected by a masking layer , such as photoresist . those etch techniques include , but are not limited to , plasma or wet etch . referring to fig7 a processing step subsequent to fig6 is shown , whereby a metal material is deposited across the entire topography of dielectric 30 as well as polysilicon 36 and opening 38 . the metal is deposited in various ways such as , for example , sputter deposition , evaporation , etc . regardless of the deposition method chosen , metal 42 fills opening 38 such that a via 42a occurs . metal outside opening 38 is denoted as metal 42b . metal 42b is removed is removed by a subsequent etch or polish step . according to one embodiment , metal via 42a comprises ti , tin , w or al . metal via 42a extends from the drain - side 40 polysilicon 36 to gate conductor 20 of first transistor 14 . the via structure thereby serves to electrically connect the drain - side 40 to gate conductor 20 for the benefit shown in fig8 . fig8 depicts a processing step subsequent to fig7 wherein a second level transistor 44 is formed upon and within polysilicon 36 . second level transistor 44 , henceforth referred to as second transistor 44 , comprises essentially the same features as first transistor 14 . those features are confined entirely within polysilicon 36 . preferably , the source / drain junction region 46 of second transistor 44 extends downward to the bottom surface of polysilicon 36 , or lower . metal in via 42a makes contact between drain 46 and polysilicon gate 20 and , therefore , it is necessary to ensure that no electrical contact is made to the well , or channel region between source / drain areas 46 . if contact is made , the top of transistor 44 will short out . therefore , by making junctions 46 to extend to the bottom of polysilicon substrate 36 , vertical metal interconnect makes electrical contact only to the drain region edge 40 , and not to the well or channel area . for sake of clarity , polysilicon 36 , as well as source / drain junction implant regions 46 , are not drawn to scale . the topological thickness and area of polysilicon 36 can be adjusted depending upon the size of transistor 44 as well as the implant depth of source / drain junction 46 . it is not imperative that the relative features be drawn to scale or that dimensions be specified , all of which would be readily apparent to those skilled in the art given the benefits described herein . all that is necessary , however , is that the drain - side 40 of polysilicon 36 abut against the upper , lateral surface of via 42a such that electrical connection is made in the shortest possible manner from the drain implant 46 to via 42a and eventually to gate conductor 20 . second transistor 44 and , more particularly , drain - side edge 40 , is aligned such it resides directly over , and slightly off center of , gate conductor 20 . the benefit in this alignment is to allow direct routing of via 42a therebetween . via 42a therefore extends along a vertical axis ( i . e ., along an axis perpendicular to the substantially planar topography upon which first transistor 14 is formed and perpendicular to the substantially planar topography on which second transistor 44 is formed ). polysilicon 36 thereby suffices as a substrate or well into which various dopants can be introduced to render that substrate or well semiconductive . polysilicon 36 is therefor used as the region into which all source / drain and threshold adjust implants are introduced similar to those used in the first transistor 14 except that the edges of polysilicon 36 define the edges of the source / drain and ldd implants . fig9 illustrates a processing step subsequent to fig8 whereby another interlevel dielectric 50 can be fashioned upon second transistor 44 and the lateral topography into which and upon which transistor 44 occurs . dielectric 50 can be planarized , similar to that used to planarize dielectric 30 . accordingly , dielectric 50 affords an opportunity to introduce a polysilicon on its upper surface and a third level transistor which can , if needed , be connected to either the second level transistor 44 and / or the first level transistor 14 . depending upon the number of levels needed , numerous other transistors can be stacked almost endlessly into a third dimension to allow multi - level device fabrication hereof . it will be appreciated to those skilled in the art having the benefit of this disclosure that the present process methodology is capable of producing p - type and / or n - type devices in three dimensions . furthermore , it is also to be understood that the form of the invention shown and described is to be taken as exemplary , presently preferred embodiments . various modifications and changes may be made to each and every processing step without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention provided the interconnect concepts set forth in the claims are retained . it is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all such modifications and changes , and accordingly , the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense .	7
a first embodiment of the balloon ( fig1 ) of the present invention is broadly denoted by the numeral 10 and includes a balloon body 11 having a pair of hollow , inflatable , non - expandable parts 12 and 14 of flexible material , such as pet or kevlar . parts 12 and 14 have a suction tube 16 therebetween for drawing fats and other debris by suction into tube 16 for transfer to a remote disposal location . catheter 16 has one or more suction holes so that suction may be applied to the open end of tube 16 from a suction source ( not shown ). the parts 12 and 14 are connected together by an adhesive which can be of any suitable type . parts 12 and 14 are doughnut - shaped as shown in fig1 and have tubes 18 and 20 which communicate with and extend away from the parts 12 and 14 , respectively , to a source of inflating liquid under pressure ( not shown ). the liquid can be any sterile biocompatible solution . the liquid inflates the balloon 10 , particularly parts 12 and 14 thereof after the balloon has been inserted in a collapsed condition ( fig8 ) into a bone to be treated , such as a vertebral bone 22 in fig2 . the above - mentioned u . s . pat . nos . 4 , 969 , 888 and 5 , 108 , 404 disclose the use of a guide pin and cannula for inserting the balloon into bone to be treated when the balloon is deflated and has been inserted into a tube and driven by the catheter into the cortical bone where the balloon is inflated . fig8 shows a deflated balloon 10 being inserted through a cannula 26 into bone . the balloon in cannula 26 is deflated and is forced through the cannula by exerting manual force on the catheter 21 which extends into a passage 28 extending into the interior of the bone . the catheter is slightly flexible but is sufficiently rigid to allow the balloon to be forced into the interior of the bone where the balloon is then inflated by directing fluid into tube 88 whose outlet ends are coupled to respective parts 12 and 14 . in use , balloon 10 is initially deflated and , after the bone to be filled with the balloon has been prepared to receive the balloon with drilling , the deflated balloon is forced into the bone in a collapsed condition through cannula 26 . the bone is shown in fig2 . the balloon is oriented preferably in the bone such that it allows minimum pressure to be exerted on the bone marrow and / or cancellous bone if there is no fracture or collapse of the bone . such pressure will compress the bone marrow and / or cancellous bone against the inner wall of the cortical bone , thereby compacting the bone marrow of the bone to be treated and to further enlarge the cavity in which the bone marrow is to be replaced by a biacompatible , flowable bone material . the balloon is then inflated to compact the bone marrow and / or cancellous bone in the cavity and , after compaction of the bone marrow and / or cancellous bone , the balloon is deflated and removed from the cavity . while inflation of the balloon and compaction occurs , fats and other debris are sucked out of the space between and around parts 12 and 14 by applying a suction force to catheter tube 16 . following this , and following the compaction of the bone marrow , the balloon is deflated and pulled out of the cavity by applying a manual pulling force to the catheter tube 21 . the second embodiment of the inflatable device of the present invention is broadly denoted by the numeral 60 and is shown in fig4 and 5 . balloon 60 includes a central spherical part 62 which is hollow and which receives an inflating liquid under pressure through a tube 64 . the spherical part is provided with a spherical outer surface 66 and has an outer periphery which is surrounded substantially by a ring shaped part 68 having tube segments 70 for inflation of part 68 . a pair of passages 69 interconnect parts 62 and 68 . a suction tube segment 72 draws liquid and debris from the bone cavity being formed by the balloon 60 . provision can be made for a balloon sleeve 71 for balloon 60 and for all balloons disclosed herein . a balloon sleeve 71 ( fig9 ) is shiftably mounted in an outer tube 71a and can be used to insert the balloon 60 when deflated into a cortical bone . the sleeve 71 has resilient fingers 71b which bear against the interior of the entrance opening 71c of the vertebral bone 22 ( fig9 a ) to prevent tearing of the balloon . upon removal of the balloon sleeve , liquid under pressure will be directed into tube 64 which will inflate parts 62 and 68 so as to compact the bone marrow within the cortical bone . following this , balloon 60 is deflated and removed from the bone cavity . fig6 and 6a show several views of a modified doughnut shape balloon 80 of the type shown in fig1 and 2 , except the doughnut shapes of balloon 80 are not stitched onto one another . in fig6 balloon 80 has a pear - shaped outer convex surface 82 which is made up of a first hollow part 84 and a second hollow part 85 . a tube 88 is provided for directing liquid into the two parts along branches 90 and 92 to inflate the parts after the parts have been inserted into the medullary cavity of a bone . a catheter tube 16 is inserted into the space 96 between two parts of the balloon 80 . an adhesive bonds the two parts 84 and 85 together at the interface thereof . fig6 a shows the way in which the catheter tube 16 is inserted into the space or opening 96 between the two parts of the balloon 80 . fig7 shows tube 88 of which , after directing inflating liquid into the balloon 80 , can inject contrast material into the balloon 80 so that x - rays can be taken of the balloon with the inflating material therewithin to determine the proper placement of the balloon . tube 16 is also shown in fig6 it being attached in some suitable manner to the outer side wall surface of tube 88 . still another embodiment of the invention is shown in fig3 which is similar to fig1 except that it is round and not a doughnut and includes an inflatable device 109 having three balloon units 110 , 112 and 114 which are inflatable and which have string - like restraints 117 which limit the expansion of the balloon units in a direction transverse to the longitudinal axes of the balloon units . the restraints are made of the same or similar material as that of the balloon so that they have some resilience but substantially no expansion capability . a tube system 115 is provided to direct liquid under pressure into balloon units 110 , 112 and 114 so that liquid can be used to inflate the balloon units when placed inside the bone in a deflated state . following the proper inflation and compaction of the bone marrow , the balloon can be removed by deflating it and pulling it outwardly of the bone being treated . the restraints keep the opposed sides 77 and 79 substantially flat and parallel with each other . in fig1 , another embodiment of the inflatable balloon is shown . the device is a kidney shaped balloon body 130 having a pair of opposed kidney shaped side walls 132 which are adapted to be collapsed and to cooperate with a continuous end wall 134 so that the balloon 130 can be forced into a bone 136 shown in fig1 . a tube 138 is used to direct inflating liquid into the balloon to inflate the balloon and cause it to assume the dimensions and location shown vertebral body 136 in fig1 . device 130 will compress the cancellous bone if there is no fracture or collapse of the cancellous bone . the restraints for this action are due to the side and end walls of the balloon . fig1 shows a balloon 140 which is also kidney shaped and has a tube 142 for directing an inflatable liquid into the tube for inflating the balloon . the balloon is initially a single chamber bladder but the bladder can be branded along curved lines or strips 141 to form attachment lines 144 which take the shape of side - by - side compartments 146 which are kidney shaped as shown in fig1 . the branding causes a welding of the two sides of the bladder to occur since the material is standard medical balloon material , which is similar to plastic and can be formed by heat . fig1 is a perspective view of a vertebral body 147 containing the balloon of fig1 , showing a double stacked balloon 140 when it is inserted in vertebral bone 147 . fig1 is a view similar to fig1 except that tufts 155 , which are string - like restraints , extend between and are connected to the side walls 152 of inflatable device 150 and limit the expansion of the side walls with respect to each other , thus rendering the side walls generally parallel with each other . tube 88 is used to fill the kidney shaped balloon with an inflating liquid in the manner described above . the dimensions for the vertebral body balloon will vary across a broad range . the heights ( h , fig1 ) of the vertebral body balloon for both lumbar and thoracic vertebral bodies typically range from 0 . 5 cm to 3 . 5 cm . the anterior to posterior ( a , fig1 ) vertebral body balloon dimensions for both lumbar and thoracic vertebral bodies range from 0 . 5 cm to 3 . 5 cm . the side to side ( l , fig1 ) vertebral body dimensions for thoracic vertebral bodies will range from 0 . 5 cm to 3 . 5 cm . the side to side vertebral body dimensions for lumbar vertebral bodies will range from 0 . 5 cm to 5 . 0 cm . the eventual selection of the appropriate balloon for , for instance , a given vertebral body is based upon several factors . the anterior - posterior ( a - p ) balloon dimension for a given vertebral body is selected from the ct scan or plain film x - ray views of the vertebral body . the a - p dimension is measured from the internal cortical wall of the anterior cortex to the internal cortical wall of the posterior cortex of the vertebral body . in general , the appropriate a - p balloon dimension is 5 to 7 millimeters less than this measurement . the appropriate side to side balloon dimensions for a given vertebral body is selected from the ct scan or from a plain film x - ray view of the vertebral body to be treated . the side to side distance is measured from the internal cortical walls of the side of the vertebral bone . in general , the appropriate side to side balloon dimension is 5 to 7 millimeters less than this measurement by the addition of the lumbar vertebral body tends to be much wider than side to side dimension then their a - p dimension . in thoracic vertebral bodies , the side to side dimension and their a - p dimensions are almost equal . the height dimensions of the appropriate vertebral body balloon for a given vertebral body is chosen by the ct scan or x - ray views of the vertebral bodies above and below the vertebral body to be treated . the height of the vertebral bodies above and below the vertebral body to be treated are measured and averaged . this average is used to determine the appropriate height dimension of the chosen vertebral body balloon . long bones which can be treated with the use of balloons of the present invention include distal radius ( larger arm bone at the wrist ), proximal tibial plateau ( leg bone just below the knee ), proximal humerus ( upper end of the arm at the shoulder ), and proximal femoral head ( leg bone in the hip ). for the distal radius , a balloon 160 is shown in the distal radius 152 and the balloon has a shape which approximates a pyramid but more closely can be considered the shape of a humpbacked banana in that it substantially fills the interior of the space of the distal radius to force cancellous bone 154 lightly against the inner surface 156 of cortical bone 158 . the balloon 160 has a lower , conical portion 159 which extends downwardly into the hollow space of the distal radius 152 , and this conical portion 159 increases in cross section as a central distal portion 161 is approached . the cross section of the balloon 160 is shown at a central location ( fig1 b ) and this location is near the widest location of the balloon . the upper end of the balloon , denoted by the numeral 162 , converges to the catheter 88 for directing a liquid into the balloon for inflating the same to force the cancellous bone against the inner surface of the cortical bone . the shape of the balloon 160 is determined and restrained by tufts formed by string restraints 165 . these restraints are optional and provide additional strength to the balloon body 160 , but are not required to achieve the desired configuration . the balloon is placed into and taken out of the distal radius in the same manner as that described above with respect to the vertebral bone . the proximal end of the balloon ( i . e . the part nearest the elbow ) is cylindrical in shape and will vary from 0 . 5 × 0 . 5 cm to 1 . 8 × 1 . 8 cm . the length of the distal radius balloon will vary from 1 . 0 cm to 12 . 0 cm . the widest medial to lateral dimension of the distal radius balloon , which occurs at or near the distal radio - ulnar joint , will measure from 1 . 0 cm to 2 . 5 cm . the distal anterior - posterior dimension of the distal radius balloon will vary from 0 . 5 to 3 . 0 cm . the selection of the appropriate balloon size to treat a given fracture of the distal radius will depend on the radiological size of the distal radius and the location of the fracture . in the case of the proximal humerus 169 , a balloon 166 shown in fig1 is spherical and has a base design . it compacts the cancellous bone 168 in a proximal humerus 169 . a mesh 170 , embedded or laminated and / or winding , may be used to form a neck 172 on the balloon 166 , and second mesh 170a may be used to conform the bottom of the base 172a to the shape of the inner cortical wall at the start of the shaft . these restraints provide additional strength to the balloon body , but the configuration can be achieved through molding of the balloon body . this is so that the cancellous bone will be as shown in the compacted region surrounding the balloon 166 as shown in fig1 . the cortical bone 173 is relatively wide at the base 174 and is thin - walled at the upper end 175 . the balloon 166 has a feed tube 177 into which liquid under pressure is forced into the balloon to inflate it to lightly compact the cancellous bone in the proximal humerus . the balloon is inserted into and taken out of the proximal humerus in the same manner as that described above with respect to the vertebral bone . the dimensions of the proximal humerus fracture balloon vary as follows : the spherical end of the balloon will vary from 1 . 0 × 1 . 0 cm to 3 . 0 × 3 . 0 cm . the neck of the proximal humeral fracture balloon will vary from 0 . 8 × 0 . 8 cm to 3 . 0 × 3 . 0 cm . the width of the base portion or distal portion of the proximal numeral fracture balloon will vary from 0 . 5 × 0 . 5 cm to 2 . 5 × 2 . 5 cm . the length of the balloon will vary from 4 . 0 cm to 14 . 0 cm . the selection of the appropriate balloon to treat a given proximal humeral fracture depends on the radiologic size of the proximal humerus and the location of the fracture . the tibial fracture is shown in fig1 a in which a balloon 180 is placed in one side 182 of a tibia 183 . the balloon , when inflated , compacts the cancellous bone in the layer 184 surrounding the balloon 180 . a cross section of the balloon is shown in fig1 c wherein the balloon has a pair of opposed sides 185 and 187 which are interconnected by restraints 188 which can be in the form of strings or flexible members of any suitable construction . the main purpose of the restraints is to make the sides 185 and 187 substantially parallel with each other and non - spherical . a tube 190 is coupled to the balloon 180 to direct liquid into and out of the balloon . the ends of the restraints are shown in fig1 b and 19d and denoted by the numeral 191 . the balloon is inserted into and taken out of the tibia in the same manner as that described above with respect to the vertebral bone . fig1 b shows a substantially circular configuration for the balloon ; whereas , fig1 d shows a substantially elliptical version of the balloon . the dimensions of the proximal tibial plateau fracture balloon vary as follows : the thickness or height of the balloon will vary from 0 . 5 cm to 5 . 0 cm . the anterior / posterior ( front to back ) dimension will vary from 1 . 0 cm to 6 . 0 cm . the side to side ( medial to lateral ) dimension will vary from 1 . 0 cm to 6 . 0 cm . the selection of the appropriate balloon to treat a given tibial plateau fracture will depend on the radiological size of the proximal tibial and the location of the fracture . in the case of the femoral head , a balloon 200 is shown as having been inserted inside the cortical bone 202 of the femoral head which is thin at the outer end 204 of the femur and which can increase in thickness at the lower end 206 of the femur . the cortical bone surrounds the cancellous bone 207 and this bone is compacted by the inflation of balloon 200 . the tube for directing liquid for inflation purposes into the balloon is denoted by the numeral 209 . it extends along the femoral neck and is directed into the femoral head which is generally spherical in configuration . fig2 a shows that the balloon , denoted by the numeral 200a , can be hemispherical as well as spherical , as shown in fig2 . the balloon 200 is inserted into and taken out of the femoral head in the same manner as that described with respect to the vertebral bone . the hemispherical shape is maintained in this example by bonding overlapping portions of the bottom , creating pleats 200b as shown in fig2 a . the diameter of the femoral head balloon will vary from 1 . 0 cm to up to 4 . 5 cm . the appropriate size of the femoral head balloon to be chosen depends on the radiological or ct scan size of the head of the femur and the location and size of the avascular necrotic bone . the dimensions of the hemispherical balloon are the same as the those of the spherical balloon , except that approximately one half is provided .	0
detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosed herein ; however , it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely illustrative of the invention that may be embodied in various forms . in addition , each of the examples given in connection with the various embodiments of the invention are intended to be illustrative , and not restrictive . further , the figures are not necessarily to scale , some features may be exaggerated to show details of particular components . in addition , any measurements , specifications and the like shown in the figures are intended to be illustrative , and not restrictive . therefore , specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting , but merely as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present invention . the term “ purpose - built medical inhalation device ” means : a device designed and manufactured for medical use as a method of administering therapeutic doses of cannabis in the form of an inhaled vapor . the term “ medical cannabis ” means : a form of the plant genus cannabis , in the form of ground plant material comprising bud , leaf , and stem materials of the cannabis genus , or any combination thereof . the term “ authorized ” means : an individual or use that is approved for a medical cannabis therapy by a recommending physician or other legally or administratively authorized provider . the term “ measured ” means : marked by due proportion or precise weights and measures . the term “ sterile ” means : treated with any of a number of recognized sterilization methods that leave the sample free from living organisms and especially microorganisms . the term “ sanitary ” means : free from living , esp pathogenic , microorganisms , and detrius associated therewith , for example insect parts , spores , etc . the term “ sterilizable ” means : capable of being rendered sterile multiple times . the term “ tamper - evident ” means : a form of packaging or presentation that renders improper and unauthorized use obvious to inspection ( for example , visual , machine , or electronic inspection ). the term “ dosage form ” means : a formulation that presents or administers a medicine or therapy in a single , measured , clinically - appropriate unit . the term “ verifying ” means : to confirm proper or authorized use or identification . the term “ patient ” means : an individual awaiting or under medical care and treatment . the term “ single dose cycle ” means : the time and steps required to administer one dose of medicine . the term “ delivering ” means : to bring or transport to the proper place or recipient ; to distribute or administer . the term “ recording ” means : the act or process of making a record ; a record . the term “ wherein the patient is identified with a prescription ” means : pertaining to a patient who has received a prescription or recommendation from a qualified physician . the term “ biometrically identified ” means : the verification of identity via physical characteristics , such as fingerprints , dna , or retinal patterns . the term “ prescription ” means : a written order , especially by a physician , for the preparation and administration of a medicine or other treatment ; a recommendation of a medicine or other treatment from a physician . the term “ without combustion ” means : with no burning ; the absence of fire , smoke and the byproducts of burning . with respect to medical cannabis , “ without combustion ” means heating cannabis to a cannabis material temperature of between 180 and 200 c , thereby vaporizing the cannabinoids that reside on the trichomes on the surface of cannabis flowers and leaves , while avoiding combustion ( which occurs at 230 c and above ) and attendant smoke toxins . the term “ locking out ” means : denying access ; disabling a mechanism or feature ; prohibiting an activity . the term “ frequency of use of the machine ” means : the number of times the device is used ; the intensity of usage . the term “ exceeds a given set point ” means : anything that surpasses a predetermined limit or benchmark . the term “ has been tampered with ” means : has been subject to improper or unauthorized use ; evidencing damage to the form of packaging or presentation . the term “ the delivery temperature of the dose of medical cannabis ” means : the temperature at which a single unit of cannabis - based therapy is administered to a patient . the term “ the dosage form is not accessible until biometric authorization is obtained ” means : the single unit of therapy is not available for administration without physical verification of identity or authorization . the term “ selective acceptance of the dosage form into the medical inhalation device ” means : accommodating insertion of a unit of therapy only in a pre - determined manner . the term “ disposable ” means : designed to be replaced and discarded after use . the term “ heat of combustion ” means : the heat at which combustion occurs for a given substance — for example , approximately 230 c and above for medical cannabis . the term “ availability of the dose is confirmed ” means that a database or other verifying means confirms that a particular purpose - built machine / person is authorized to utilize a dose . the term “ one - way sanitary vapor valve ” means : a valve that only allows the flow of vapor in a single direction . the term “ consumption data ” means data related to the location , use , frequency of use , identity of user , and identity of product used with respect to a purpose - built vaporizer / dose combination “ legally qualified for use ” means that a given purpose - built vaporizer / dosage form / individual is authorized for use or using a given medical cannabis dose . fig1 depicts an embodiment of a medical cannabis vaporizer and recording system . removable vaporizer tube 1 is in communication with outflow vapor source 14 which receives vapor from the stabilizing chamber 15 . vapor flow is in the direction of the arrows indicated . exhaust temperature and data sensors 2 , 16 , measure the temperature and other physical / chemical characteristics of the vapor . this data is optionally transmitted to exhaust sensor data connections 3 , 17 . the vapor itself is generated from heated air originating from intake ports 23 , heated by a heating element 12 , and passing through a medical dose 4 of a vaporizable substance ( in one embodiment , cannabis ) held in place and surrounded by a dose suspension screen 5 itself contained within a medical dose cartridge 6 . vapor collects in the dose vaporizing chamber 24 . data recognition means ( in one embodiment , an infrared - scannable barcode 7 ) may be located on the medical dose cartridge 6 so as to tracking and / or verifying use and user of the medical dose 4 through a dose - recognition switch 18 , and may , in one embodiment , be readable by medical dose / data connections 8 , 19 . separate intake temperature sensor data recorders 9 and data connections 10 may also be utilized . an insulation heat sink 11 absorbs excess heat and keeps the starting temperature of the heated air utilized to generate the vapor fairly constant . an intake temperature sensor and data recorder 20 associated with an intake temperature measuring device monitors the temperature of the heated air utilized to generate the vapor . in one embodiment , the air may itself be heated by a heat element 22 and driven through the machine by an air flow fan 13 . fig1 a depicts an embodiment of a dose vaporizer similar to that shown in fig1 , with the added differences of a hot air flow restriction baffle 13 , and air flow carburetor holes 12 . in another embodiment , the dose vaporizing chamber 6 is removable and / or separately packaged and salable , and can be attached and used with any other commercially available vaporizer and / or heat source by use of an adapter . fig2 depicts an embodiment of the invention with a dose cartridge inserted . in one embodiment , the dose cartridge 8 includes a medical dose of a material between two metal screens that has not been previously vaporized or subject to other extraction or processing steps . dose cartridge data 5 may , in one embodiment , be imprinted on the dose cartridge 8 . the dose cartridge slot 4 holds a dosage cartridge 8 so that its wire mesh section is held within the dosage cartridge vaporizing chamber 6 . temperature regulated airflow 13 flows through the dosage , and its presence is measured utilizing a vapor temperature sensor 22 . vapor flows in the direction of the arrows shown 23 . vapor temperature sensor , data recording , and data connection means 2 , 3 , 20 , 21 measure vapor temperature and chemical characteristics , while — upstream of the medical dose — temperature sensor , data recording and data connection means 11 , 12 , 14 , 15 measure the temperature and / or other characteristics of the incoming air stream . the medical dose recognition switch 17 optionally allows operation of the machine only when an authorized dose / dose size is placed in the apparatus , and an optional data connection 16 allows connection to an outside computer and / or outside entity . similar structures are provided at 9 , 10 . fig3 is a side view of an embodiment of the dose cartridge , dose cartridge slot and dose vaporization chamber of the instant invention . the medical dose cartridge 1 includes a finger grip 2 for easy insertion and removal . the vaporization chamber slot 3 may be optionally designed so as only to accept a medical dose cartridge 4 of a particular configuration — thus “ locking out ” use of the apparatus to any potential user not utilizing a particularly configured medical dose cartridge . the cartridge is comprised of micro screens 5 , 6 which hold a dose within the dose vaporization chamber 7 . cartridge and medical dose recognition and data connection means 9 - 10 and 12 - 13 optionally provide a mechanism to ensure that only a pre - approved , pre - measured particular dose of a medical herb or other substance is administered by matching the dose and cartridge identifying information . fig4 is a top view of an embodiment of the dose cartridge , dose cartridge slot and dose vaporization chamber of the instant invention . the medical dose 1 is placed between microscreen layers 2 , 6 . the vaporization chamber slot 3 may be optionally designed so as only to accept a medical dose cartridge of a particular configuration — thus “ locking out ” use of the apparatus to any potential user not utilizing a particularly configured medical dose cartridge . the dose is positioned within a temperature regulated air flow 8 passing through an air flow hole 7 so as to ensure optimum efficiency in vaporization of the medical dose . fig5 depicts an embodiment of the medical dose vaporization cartridge itself . the dose cartridge 1 includes a finger grip 2 and may optionally include a means for storing / transmitting product and / or cartridge specific data 3 . an optional bar code 4 provides an additional means for identification / tracking . the dose housing 5 , in one embodiment , wholly encapsulates a medical 7 dose between two screens 6 in a manner that allows for placement of a dose that is small enough to essentially prevent combustion ; and thin and / or well - distributed enough to ensure consistent vaporization of relevant dose components throughout the vaporization process . a recognition switch 8 individually identifies the dose . fig6 depicts an embodiment of consumer packaging utilized for the medical dose vaporization cartridges of the instant invention . in one embodiment , a plurality of cartridges are stored in a sterile airtight box . in another embodiment , the plurality of cartridges within the sterile airtight box are individually wrapped so as to ensure sterility when the box is repeatedly opened for dose access . in another embodiment , the consumer packaging is equipped with monitoring means so as , for example , to monitor the rate at which individual dose cartridges are removed from the box ; the total number of cartridges removed from the box ; and whether any dose cartridges removed and / or replaced within the box maintain sterility and / or are in a pre - vaporization state . in one embodiment , both the box and the individual cartridges may have individual monitoring and / or tracking means , including but not limited to computer chip , barcode and / or radiofrequency identification ( rfid ) tracking / monitoring / data transmission means . fig7 depicts an embodiment of a cannabis dose cartridge assembly process . in one embodiment , this assembly process is carried out by the commercial provider of the medical dose . in another embodiment , this assembly process is carried out by a licensed physician / nurse / pharmacist or other authorized third party . in one embodiment , a screen is forged 1 , so as to create a depression in the screen . the medical dose is placed 2 in the screen depression , and optionally tamped down 3 . the medical dose is then encapsulated between screens 4 . once the dose is encapsulated between screens , the encapsulated dose may then be cut out 5 and inserted into a dose cartridge for commercial use 6 . fig8 depicts an embodiment of a maintenance and sterilization kit for use with the dose vaporizer of the instant invention . a heat shield sterilization safety cap 1 may be placed over the openings of the vaporization chamber 2 to prevent contamination between uses . means for flushing the system are also provided 4 . fig9 depicts an embodiment of a dose vaporizer of the instant invention . an on / off switch 11 governs provision of power to the unit . visual and digital data may be displayed , and a maintenance control 12 is also provided for optional control of vaporization parameters . a dose cartridge slot 4 is configured to only accept a particularly configured ( physically and / or electronically or informationally ) dose cartridge , and is further configured so as to place the medical dose contained within the dose cartridge in optimal contact with the heated air coming from the heat source so as to create a vapor stream . a dose location 3 is configured so as to maximize efficiency and efficacy of dose vaporization . a control data collection system 9 and usb data port ( s ) 8 permit recordation and / or monitoring of dose vaporizer utilization . fig1 is a variant of the dose vaporizer of fig9 , wherein the flexible tube 14 and mouthpiece 15 are differently configured . in one embodiment , the flexible tube and mouthpiece of fig1 have an internal diameter substantially similar to that of the dose vaporization chamber . fig1 depicts an alternative embodiment of a dose vaporizer . removable vaporizer tube consists of disposable mouthpiece 1 ; disposable flexible hose 2 ; disposable expandable vapor reservoir 3 ; disposable one - way sanitary vapor valve 4 : a dose 5 housed within a cartridge vaporization chamber 6 . the cartridge may contain an rfid chip or other notification means ( for example radio transmitter ) and may also contain a means for detecting tampering with the cartridge 8 . a heat source 9 heats up and vaporizes the dose 5 contained within the dose cartridge 8 . insulation 10 may optionally be used to isolate the heat source 9 from surrounding structures . an air pump 11 pushes air in the direction of the arrows indicated . exhaust temperature and data sensors 12 measure the temperature and other physical / chemical characteristics of the vapor . the vapor itself is generated from heated air passing through a medical dose 5 of a vaporizable substance ( in one embodiment , cannabis ) held in place and surrounded by a dose suspension screen itself contained within a medical dose cartridge . data recognition means ( in one embodiment , an infrared - scannable barcode ) may be located on the medical dose cartridge 6 so as to tracking and / or verifying use and user of the medical dose , and may , in one embodiment , be readable by medical dose / data connections . separate intake temperature sensor data recorders and data connections may also be utilized , as well as a processor circuit board 14 ; led display 15 ; data display keys 16 ; usb data port 17 ; and for warm - up switch 18 . an insulation heat sink absorbs excess heat and keeps the starting temperature of the heated air utilized to generate the vapor fairly constant . in one embodiment , the air may itself be heated by a heat element and driven through the machine by an air flow fan . fig1 depicts an alternative embodiment of a comprehensive medical solution comprised of purpose - built subsystems . the three subsystems may include a dose cartridge vaporizing system ; a disposable safety / sterility system ; and a clinical monitoring system . physicians may gather information from a variety of sources ( including the patient themselves ) to determine whether the patient would benefit from a particular dosage of a product .) 1 . subsequent to a physician determination , data related to the patient &# 39 ; s individually identifiable information , condition , and prescribed use of a substance ( in one example , cannabis ) may be provided 2 to any of a hospital database , pharmacy database , hospice database , research database , law enforcement database , etc . separately , dose cartridges containing a dose of a substance ( in one embodiment , cannabis ) may be produced 3 and “ tagged ” with any of a number of differing types of data , including identity of the dose ; prescribed individual corresponding to the dose ; batch and lot number of the dose ; expiration date of the dose ; usage of the dose ; etc . doses may be prescribed and / or distributed to a patient , and data related to machine usage ; dose usage ; patient usage , etc . may be stored in a database or provided in varying forms to any matter of healthcare provision , regulatory oversight , tax collection and / or law enforcement entities . 4 . in another embodiment , any portion of the instant invention — including , but not limited to , the flexible tube , dose cartridge and / or mouthpiece — may be made disposable , individually sterilizable , separable from the main apparatus of the invention and / or reusable and / or returnable . in one embodiment , the dose vaporizer provides a mild , non - noxious , and non - irritating vapor so as to facilitate administration of medical dose ( in one embodiment , cannabis ) vapors with a reduced incidence and / or risk of concomitant administration of carcinogens . in another embodiment , the dose vaporizer provides a vapor dose that utilizes substantially all of the active ingredients within a particular medical ( in one example , cannabis ) sample , thus increasing efficiency of delivery of cannabis active ingredients . in another embodiment , the instant dose vaporizer permits physicians to record and control frequency , time and date of use while enabling treatment to the dose - response curve of individual patients ( a critical healthcare benefit ). doctors can deliver improved care due to patient ability to self - administer consistent doses with maximum efficiency ( little waste ) and efficacy ( greater absorption of active ingredients ). tamper - resistant packaging and digital record - keeping offer states and law enforcement authorities new tools to help ensure accountability , control and transparency throughout the medical cannabis supply chain . in another embodiment , the amount of material vaporized is not alterable by the end user . in another embodiment , the flexible tube / mouthpiece may be removed while in operation , resulting in use of the dose vaporizer in a manner that provides the vaporizer stream into a given physical space , for example , a room of a house . in another embodiment , the instant invention is designed exclusively for use by legally approved patients . in another embodiment , the instant invention is designed for home use bedside or on any or all flat table top like surfaces that are suitable for such a device and able to withstand the level of heat that may be generated by sustained use . in another the instant invention is designed for portable use , for example , as a backpack unit ; a wheeled unit ; a battery or liquid - fuel - powered unit . in another embodiment , the instant invention is designed to be set at the specific temperature by the factory or the legally approved provider and or doctor or caregiver that is required to vaporize medical cannabis or a single specific temperature that is required to vaporize any and all other medications that have been legally prescribed . in another embodiment , the instant invention is designed to be set to deliver any of a number of vaporizable medicines / alternative compounds , including but not limited to aromatherapy compounds and / or substrates . in another embodiment , the instant invention is designed to have one and only one temperature setting activatable by the user . in another embodiment , the instant invention is not designed to be used with more than one medical product . in another embodiment , the temperature , time and air velocity settings of the instant invention are not variable . in another embodiment , the instant invention is designed to have a baffle that will block the heat source and prevent the combustion of the material to be vaporized . in another embodiment , the baffle system is designed to be set at a single temperature by the factory . in another embodiment , the baffle system is designed to be activated by a time period set by the factory or controlled by the doctor . in another embodiment , the baffle system is designed to be activated by a temperature set by the factory or controlled by the doctor . in another embodiment , the heating element is designed to be activated by a time period set by the factory or controlled by the doctor . in another embodiment , the heating element is designed to be activated by a temperature set by the factory or controlled by the doctor . in another embodiment , the baffle is designed to be activated by a time or temperature set by the factory or controlled by the doctor so as to optimize heating and / or inhalation periods ( for example in order to optimize extraction of the vapors from the sample ) and / or for the purpose of avoiding combustion and / or control total amount of vapor / active ingredient taken in by the patient . in one embodiment , the baffle system is designed and intended to provide a vaporizing heat stream at a temperature approximately 10 degrees below the combustion point of medical cannabis . in another embodiment , the vaporizer is designed to deliver vapor to the lungs of legally approved patients via oral inhalation through a simple tube made from easily cleaned and sterilized materials such as plastic , glass , ceramics or low heat conducting metal . in another embodiment , the instant invention &# 39 ; s vaporizer carbureting holes are designed to allow cool air to rush into the delivery tube , behind the heated vapor at the time the baffles block off the heat source . in another embodiment , the carbureting holes are designed to use cool air to push the heat created vapors deep into the patients &# 39 ; lungs for more effective absorption of the intended compounds of the vaporized material . in another embodiment , the carbureting holes are designed to insure that the vapors cannot reach the patients body / lungs at temperatures that would create discomfort . in another embodiment , the instant invention vaporizer is designed to only accept medical cannabis and any legally prescribed material that is packaged by a licensed provider in proprietary dose cartridges . in another embodiment , use of standardized , optimized dose cartridges may facilitate consistent dosing amounts and efficacy by minimizing human error in the preparation and use of doses prepared by the user from “ loose ” or unprocessed vaporizable substances . in another embodiment , the vaporizer is designed to record proper use and illegal misuse or abuse with a data storage system . in another embodiment , the vaporizer is designed to be used by one and only one legally approved patient at a time . in another embodiment , the vaporizer is designed to be very simple to use by patients that have limiting or debilitating conditions . in another embodiment , the vaporizer is designed to be impossible to use incorrectly with automatic “ lockout ” cutoff if misuse , dangerous temperature levels , illegal use and any or all unintended use is detected . in one embodiment , a lockout is tied to use of a purpose - built machine in the wrong location , which may be ascertained , for example , by use of gps geolocation . in another embodiment , a lockout is tied to use of the machine at an improper temperature . in another embodiment , a lockout is tied to use of the machine at an improper frequency of use . in another embodiment , a lockout is tied to use of the machine utilizing an improper dose . in another embodiment , a lockout is tied to use of the machine by an improper person . in another embodiment , a lockout is tied to use of the machine with an improper material . in another embodiment , the vaporizer is designed to eliminate the need for a legally approved patient to handle , come on contact with or otherwise contaminate , subdivide or transfer the material to be vaporized . in another embodiment , the vaporizer is designed to electronically alert law enforcement , care givers , insurance providers and any or all legally authorized interested parties of both proper use and illegal misuse via the internet , wi - fi , blue tooth , cellular phone , land line telephone , telegraph and or other means . in another embodiment , the vaporizer is designed to fully extract the intended compounds of the material to be vaporized by proper and exact temp settings and controlling the volume of heated air that is allowed to pass through the material to be vaporized . in another embodiment , the vaporizer is designed to “ present ” the proprietary dose cartridge to the heat source in the optimal way to insure complete vaporization of the material . in another embodiment , the vaporizer is designed to completely vaporize each dose cartridge in a single patient use and record each used dose in a simple data collection system . in another embodiment , the vaporizer is designed to detect the identity of the legally authorized user through methods that can include fingerprint sensors , retinal scanning , proprietary passwords and electric confirmation from the recommending physician , legally authorized care giver in another embodiment , the vaporizer is designed to work only with single - use dose cartridges , and will not accept a cartridge more than once even if the sample contained within is not fully vaporized . in another embodiment , the instant invention is designed to avoid unintentional combustion through use of any or all of a smaller sample ; limited temperature ; limited airflow ; and / or limited air intake . in another embodiment , the heat source is programmed to maintain a precise temperature below the maximum temperature . in the event of a malfunction temp . sensors between the heat source and the dose cartridge electronically trigger a baffle that blocks heat from substance before it exceeds the minimum temp necessary for the combustion of cannabis . in another embodiment , the medical inhalation device includes a disposable vaporizer tube . in another embodiment , the medical inhalation device includes a sterilizable vaporizer tube . in another embodiment , the medical inhalation device includes a sterile vaporizer tube . in another embodiment , the medical inhalation device further includes a one - way sanitary vapor valve . in one embodiment , the dose vaporizer cartridge is a new device that delivers a single dose of medicine ( in one embodiment , cannabis ) that has been produced for medicinal uses . in another embodiment , the dose is encapsulated between two heat - resistant screens . in another embodiment , the dose may be encapsulated between / wrapped within any available substrate , such as paper , plastic , mesh , metal , etc . in another embodiment , the two heat - resistant screens are designed so as to assist in delivering equivalent heat to the entirety of the encapsulated sample when exposed to heated air and / or convection processes . in another embodiment , the dose vaporizer cartridge is adapted and sized so as to be precisely fit into a dose vaporizer so as to provide for optimal vaporization of medical product encapsulated within the heat resistant screens . in one embodiment , the dose vaporizer cartridges are refillable . in another embodiment , the dose vaporizer cartridges are reusable . in another embodiment , the dose vaporizer cartridges are tamper - resistant , and will not work when refilled by the end user . in another embodiment , the dose vaporizer cartridges are tamper - resistant , and will work only when refilled by an authorized dispenser , who may , without limitation , be a health - care provider . in another embodiment , the dose cartridge allows physicians and / or third parties to create specific and / or customizable measured doses of medical cannabis that may be supplied within the dose cartridges . in one embodiment , such specific , controlled , measured doses of medical cannabis may include specific measured blends of multiple strains of cannabis that are combined for the treatment of specific conditions and / or the packaging of measured amounts of a single strain of medical cannabis . in one embodiment , the dose cartridge is designed to deliver a specific amount of the chemicals in medical cannabis to the patient . in one embodiment , the dose cartridge encapsulates cannabis or any and all other substances to be delivered through vaporization between two screens , pieces of mesh or otherwise suitable material . in another embodiment , the dose cartridge is tamper evident and designed to clearly record and / or visually indicate misuse or attempted misuse . in another embodiment , the cartridge is also labeled for easy identification by pharmacists , doctors patients and all caregivers . the cartridge is designed to be easily handled by patients and caregivers . in another embodiment , the cartridge is designed to only be used in a proprietary vaporizing delivery system . in another embodiment , the dose cartridges are designed to be compatible with and / or usable with a variety of brands and models of vaporizers that are available and / or may become available in the marketplace . in another embodiment , the cartridge is designed to be packaged in sterile easily identifiable boxes that can be distributed by pharmacies , doctors and any and all properly licensed caregivers or dispensaries whether traditional or automated . in another embodiment , the cartridge facilitates use of a medical product ( in one instance , cannabis ) without requiring expensive and time - consuming pretreatment of the medical product by , for example , solubilizing , heating or otherwise transforming the medical product . in another embodiment , the dose consists of sterilized cannabis or other material , for example through use of heat , ultraviolet , or gamma - ray sterilization . in one embodiment , the instant invention is designed to track and control medical cannabis and other controlled substances or drugs that can be vaporized from their growth or production through packaging and until final consumption by the legally intended patient . in one embodiment , such tracking can be facilitated by use of any of a number of available technologies , such as rfid ; internet access ; wireless access ; usb device monitoring ; smartphone application ; internet connection ; social media ; etc . in another embodiment , the instant invention is designed to collect , organize , analyze and provide accurate and precise information about the use of medical cannabis by legally authorized patients to legally authorized interested parties including , without limitation , doctors , medical researchers , patient advocates , politicians , patients , insurance providers , state governments , and government agencies . in another embodiment , the instant invention is designed to detect any or all illegal use , abuse , subdivision , and unauthorized redistribution of the materials packaged in proprietary dose cartridges for use in a proprietary vaporizer . the instant invention is designed to create and utilize a single dose / single use package for medical cannabis . in another embodiment , the instant invention is designed to record the precise time and location that a legally authorized patient ingests medical cannabis utilizing simple data recording software and / or a gps location device ; and cross - verifying barcode / rfid using an available database or other reporting / recording methods described above . in another embodiment , the instant invention is designed to rapidly and efficiently deliver the beneficial effects of medical cannabis to legally authorized patients . in another embodiment , the instant invention is designed to completely utilize and eliminate the waste of the materials including medical cannabis that is packaged in a proprietary dose cartridge and vaporized with a proprietary vaporizer . in another embodiment , the instant invention is designed to eliminate direct contact by legally authorized patients with the material packaged in proprietary dose cartridges . in another embodiment , the instant invention is designed to track a plurality of individually - packaged doses , including tracking the identity of the person utilizing the dose ; receiving the dose ; purchasing the dose ; ascertaining whether the dose was completely administered ; and ascertaining whether the dose cartridge was tampered with and / or refilled . in another embodiment , the instant invention is usable for tracking individual acquisition and use of doses , regardless of whether the individuals are located within a healthcare facility . in another embodiment , the instant invention is capable of tracking dispensation and use of a product through its full life cycle ; e . g . assessing when the relevant active ingredients have been substantially vaporized and delivered from the dose cartridge . in another embodiment , the instant invention assesses use of a dose through non - visual means . in another embodiment , such non - visible means are , for example , through use of test strips and / or chemical assays . in another embodiment , such non - visible means are indirect measurements , for example , the measurement of heat setpoint obtained and duration of heat setpoint obtained at the mouthpiece ( downstream of vaporization ) as a method of indirectly measuring extent of vaporization and incidence of combustion of the medical sample . while a number of embodiments of the present invention have been described , it is understood that these embodiments are illustrative only , and not restrictive , and that many modifications and / or alternative embodiments may become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art . for example , any steps may be performed in any desired order ( and any desired steps may be added and / or any desired steps may be deleted ). therefore , it will be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and embodiments that come within the spirit and scope of the present invention .	0
referring to fig1 , a substrate 100 includes a crystalline semiconductor material . the substrate 100 may be , for example , a bulk silicon wafer , a bulk germanium wafer , a semiconductor - on - insulator ( soi ) substrate , or a strained semiconductor - on - insulator ( ssoi ) substrate . the substrate 100 may include or consist essentially of a first semiconductor material , such as a group iv element , e . g ., germanium or silicon . in an embodiment , substrate 100 includes or consists essentially of ( 100 ) silicon . art is used to create a relatively defect - free portion of an epitaxial region disposed in an opening over the substrate . as used herein , art refers generally to the technique ( s ) of causing defects to terminate at non - crystalline , e . g ., dielectric sidewalls , where the sidewalls are sufficiently high relative to the size of the growth area so as to trap most , if not all , of the defects . this technology allows the growth of an epitaxial material directly in contact with a lattice - mismatched substrate , substantially eliminating epitaxial growth defects by taking advantage of defect geometry in confined spaces . referring to fig2 , a plurality of first openings 200 ( three are illustrated ) is defined in a first portion 210 of the substrate 100 and a second opening 220 is defined in a second portion 230 . the second portion 230 of the substrate 100 is substantially free of overlap with the first portion 210 of the substrate . a mask ( not shown ), such as a photoresist mask , is formed over the substrate 100 . the mask is patterned to expose at least a first region and a second region of substrate 100 . the exposed regions of the substrate are removed by , e . g ., reactive ion etching ( rie ) to define the first opening 200 and the second opening 220 . the first opening 200 may have dimensions suitable for use as a shallow trench isolation region , e . g ., a width w 1 of , e . g ., 0 . 2 - 1 . 0 μm and a depth d 1 of , e . g ., 0 . 2 - 0 . 5 μm . the second opening 220 may have dimensions suitable for the formation of a device , such as an analog transistor , e . g ., a width w 2 of , e . g ., 0 . 5 - 5 μm and a depth d 1 of , e . g ., 0 . 2 - 2 . 0 μm openings 200 and 220 are filled with a dielectric material 250 , in accordance with shallow trench isolation formation methods known to those of skill in the art . dielectric material 250 may include or consist essentially of silicon dioxide , silicon nitride , and / or a low - k dielectric . referring to fig3 , a first device 300 is formed on the first portion 210 of the substrate 100 . the first device 300 may be , e . g ., a transistor , such as an n - type mosfet ( nmosfet ) or a p - type mosfet ( pmosfet ). in an embodiment , the first device 300 may be a cmos device . forming a mosfet may include defining a gate electrode 310 over a gate dielectric 315 , a source region 320 , and a drain region 325 in accordance with methods known to those of skill in the art . the mosfet includes a channel 327 disposed underneath the gate electrode 310 . the channel 327 lies within portion 210 and includes or consists essentially of the first semiconductor material , e . g ., the channel 327 may include silicon . the first device may be formed proximate the shallow trench isolation region defined in opening 200 . after the first device 300 is defined , an interlevel dielectric layer 330 may be deposited over the entire substrate 100 , including over the first portion 210 and the second portion 220 . the interlevel dielectric may include a dielectric materials such as , for example , sio 2 deposited by , e . g ., chemical vapor deposition ( cvd ). the interlevel dielectric layer 330 may be planarized by , e . g ., chemical - mechanical polishing ( cmp ). referring to fig4 , an epitaxial growth region is defined by forming a cavity 400 in interlevel dielectric layer 330 and in the dielectric material 250 disposed in opening 220 in portion 230 of substrate 100 . cavity 400 has a non - crystalline sidewall 410 and may extend to the bottom surface 420 of the second opening 220 , such that a bottom portion of the cavity 400 is defined by a surface of the substrate 100 , i . e ., the epitaxial growth region includes a bottom surface defined by the substrate surface and a sidewall including a non - crystalline material . the height h 2 of the cavity may be selected from a range of , for example , 0 . 2 μm to 2 μm . as discussed below with reference to fig5 , the ratio of the height h 2 of the cavity 400 to the width w 3 of the cavity 400 is selected such that dislocations in an epitaxial material disposed in the cavity 400 are trapped by a sidewall of the cavity . the ratio of the height h 2 of the cavity 400 to the width w 3 of the cavity may be greater than 0 . 5 . the structure shown in fig4 , including the first device 300 and the cavity 400 defined in the interlevel dielectric layer 330 and in the dielectric material 250 disposed in the opening 220 formed in the substrate 100 , is preferably made in a cmos foundry using a standard cmos process flow . high - density , high - performance cmos devices may be made in the foundry . referring to fig5 , an epitaxial region 500 is formed on the second portion 230 of the semiconductor substrate 100 . the epitaxial region 500 includes or consists essentially of a second semiconductor material that may be lattice mismatched to the first semiconductor material , i . e ., a lattice constant of the first semiconductor material may be different form a lattice constant of the second semiconductor material . for example , the second semiconductor material may be lattice mismatched to silicon in an embodiment in which the substrate includes silicon . the second semiconductor material may include or consist of a group iv element or compound , a iii - v compound , or a ii - vi compound . examples of suitable iii - v compounds include gallium arsenide , gallium nitride , indium arsenide , indium antimonide , indium aluminum antimonide , indium aluminum arsenide , indium phosphide , and indium gallium arsenide . examples of suitable ii - vi compounds include zinc selenide and zinc oxide . the epitaxial region 500 may be formed by selective epitaxial growth in any suitable epitaxial deposition system , including , but not limited to , metal - organic chemical vapor deposition ( mocvd ), atmospheric - pressure cvd ( apcvd ), low - ( or reduced -) pressure cvd ( lpcvd ), ultra - high - vacuum cvd ( uhcvd ), molecular beam epitaxy ( mbe ), or by atomic layer deposition ( ald ). in the cvd process , selective epitaxial growth typically includes introducing a source gas into the chamber . the source gas may include at least one precursor gas and a carrier gas , such as , for example , hydrogen . the reactor chamber may be heated by , for example , rf - heating . the growth temperature in the chamber may range from about 300 ° c . to about 900 ° c ., depending on the composition of the epitaxial region . the growth system may also utilize low - energy plasma to enhance the layer growth kinetics . the epitaxial growth system may be a single - wafer or multiple - wafer batch reactor . suitable cvd systems commonly used for volume epitaxy in manufacturing applications include , for example , an aixtron 2600 multi - wafer system available from aixtron , based in aachen , germany ; an epi centura single - wafer multi - chamber systems available from applied materials of santa clara , calif . ; or epsilon single - wafer epitaxial reactors available from asm international based in bilthoven , the netherlands . threading dislocations 510 in the epitaxial region 500 reach and terminate at the sidewalls of the cavity in the dielectric material 250 at or below a vertical predetermined distance h from the surface of the substrate , such that dislocations in the epitaxial region decrease in density with increasing distance from the bottom portion of the cavity . the height h 2 of the cavity may be at least equal to the predetermined vertical distance h from the substrate surface . for a semiconductor grown epitaxially in this opening , where the lattice constant of the semiconductor differs from that of the substrate , it is possible to trap crystalline defects in the epitaxial region at the epitaxial layer / sidewall interface , within the vertical predetermined distance h , when the ratio of h 2 to the width w 3 of the cavity is properly chosen . accordingly , the bottom portion of the epitaxial region comprises defects , and the upper portion of the epitaxial region is substantially exhausted of threading dislocations . other dislocation defects such as stacking faults , twin boundaries , or anti - phase boundaries may be substantially eliminated from the upper portion of the epitaxial region in a similar manner . referring to fig6 , a top portion of the epitaxial region 500 is planarized . in some embodiments , one or more epitaxial layers 600 , suitable for some types of iii - v devices , may be grown over the epitaxial region 500 . for example , as illustrated for the case of a hemt device , epitaxial layers 600 may include a buffer layer 610 including , e . g ., inalas , a channel layer 620 including , e . g ., ingaas , and a barrier layer 630 including , e . g ., inalas . the total thickness of the epitaxial layers 600 may be e . g . 50 - 500 nm . the growth of epitaxial layers 600 may be by , e . g ., selective epitaxy . referring to fig7 , a second device 700 is defined in the epitaxial region 500 such that the device 700 is disposed above a bottom surface 705 of the epitaxial region 500 . in some embodiments , the thickness of the epitaxial region 500 is selected such that the first device 300 is substantially co - planar with the second device 700 . the second device 700 may be an analog transistor , such as a bjt ( for example , a hbt device ), or a fet ( for example , a mesfet or a hemt device ). the second device may include at least a portion of the second semiconductor material disposed in the epitaxial region 500 , e . g ., the second device may be a transistor having a channel including at least a portion of the second semiconductor material . the second device may include a gate 710 . the fabrication steps illustrated in fig5 - 7 may be performed in a specialized iii - v device growth and fabrication facility . the cmos processing steps ( fig1 - 3 ) are optimally performed in a cmos fabrication facility , enabling the creation of high - density , high - performance cmos devices . however the fabrication processes in fig5 - 7 , including epitaxy growth and iii - v device fabrication , generally require tools and expertise different from those typically found in cmos foundries . iii - v epitaxial growth and iii - v device fabrication may be performed in a specialized iii - v fabrication facility that is typically separate from a cmos foundry . an interface process is performed after the formation of the first and second devices , e . g ., cmos and iii - v devices , as depicted in fig8 a . the interface process is designed to establish electrical communication between the iii - v device and the interconnects defined by a standard cmos back - end process . a first interlevel dielectric layer 800 is deposited over the first and second devices 300 , 700 . the top surface 805 of the structure is planarized by , e . g ., cmp . holes 810 are etched through the dielectric layer 800 to the second device 700 , e . g ., a iii - v device , and the holes 810 are filled with a metal 820 . any suitable type of conductive metal may be used , e . g ., gold , copper , aluminum , or tungsten . the interface process may be performed in a iii - v facility or in a cmos foundry . referring to fig8 b , further processing steps may be performed to establish electrical communication between the first device 300 and the second device 700 by , e . g ., forming an interconnect 830 . the formation of the interconnect 830 may include suitable device interconnect technologies to interface the second device 700 , e . g ., a iii - v device to the first device 300 , e . g ., a si cmos device . formation of the interconnect 830 may include forming contact holes in the first interlevel dielectric layer , depositing a first metallic interconnect layer that contacts the first device , forming a second interlevel dielectric layer , and depositing a second metallic interconnect layer that contacts the second device and the first metallic interconnect layer . the process shown in fig8 b is preferably performed in a cmos foundry . the back - end process steps , e . g ., metal deposition , dielectric deposition , and metal patterning , are highly evolved in cmos foundries , whereas the back - end processes in iii - v device fabrication facilities are relatively primitive . performing the back - end processes in a cmos foundry permits the creation of high density , highly reliable back - end interconnects between the cmos devices themselves , between the cmos devices and the iii - v devices , and between the iii - v devices . referring to fig9 , in an alternative embodiment , first opening 200 is defined in the first portion 210 of the substrate 100 . a mask ( not shown ), such as a photoresist mask , is formed over the substrate 100 . the mask is patterned to expose at least a first region of substrate 100 . the exposed region of the substrate is removed by , e . g ., rie to define the first opening 200 . opening 200 is filled with dielectric material 250 . referring to fig1 , the first device 300 is formed on the first portion 210 of the substrate 100 . after the first device 300 is defined , interlevel dielectric layer 330 may be deposited over the entire substrate 100 , including over the first portion 210 . the interlevel dielectric layer 330 may be planarized by , e . g ., cmp . referring to fig1 a , cavity 400 is defined in interlevel dielectric layer 330 over portion 230 of substrate 100 . cavity 400 has a sidewall 410 and may extend to a top surface 1100 of the substrate 100 , such that a bottom portion of the cavity 400 is defined by the surface of the substrate 100 . the height and width of the cavity are selected in accordance with the criteria discussed above with reference to fig4 . an alternative method for forming the cavity 400 for epitaxial material growth is shown in fig1 b . cavity 400 is defined in interlevel dielectric layer 330 over portion 230 of substrate 100 . in an embodiment , the cavity 400 having a sidewall 1110 extends into the substrate 100 . a spacer 1120 is formed , by depositing and anisotropically etching a thin dielectric layer , to cover the sidewall 1110 and prevent growth of epitaxial material thereon in the subsequent growth process . this process may enable the reproducible formation of sidewall spacers 1120 with a small thickness , e . g ., as thin as 5 nm . referring to fig1 , epitaxial region 500 is formed on the second portion 230 of the semiconductor substrate 100 . threading dislocations 510 in the epitaxial region 500 reach and terminate at the sidewalls of the cavity in the interlevel dielectric layer 330 at or below a predetermined distance h from the surface of the substrate , such that dislocations in the epitaxial region decrease in density with increasing distance from the bottom portion of the cavity . accordingly , the upper portion of the epitaxial region is substantially exhausted of threading dislocations . other dislocation defects such as stacking faults , twin boundaries , or anti - phase boundaries may be substantially eliminated from the upper portion of the epitaxial region in a similar manner . referring to fig1 , the top portion of the epitaxial region 500 is planarized . in some embodiments , one or more epitaxial layers 600 , suitable for some types of iii - v devices , may be grown over the epitaxial region 500 . for example , in the case of a hemt device , epitaxial layers 600 may include buffer layer 610 including , e . g ., inalas , channel layer 620 including , e . g ., ingaas , and barrier layer 630 including , e . g ., inalas . the total thickness of the epitaxial layers 600 may be , e . g . 50 - 500 nm . the growth of epitaxial layers 600 may be by e . g ., selective epitaxy . referring to fig1 , second device 700 is defined in the epitaxial region 500 . the second device may include gate 710 . the second device 700 may be an analog transistor , such as a bjt ( for example , an hbt device ), or an fet ( for example , a mesfet or a hemt device ). referring to fig1 , further processing steps may be performed to establish electrical communication between the first device 300 and the second device 700 by , e . g ., forming interconnect 830 . the formation of the interconnect may include customized device interconnect technologies to interface the second device , e . g ., a iii - v device , to the first device , e . g ., a si cmos device . the invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof . the foregoing embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects illustrative rather than limiting on the invention described herein . scope of the invention is thus indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description , and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are intended to be embraced therein .	7
the compounds of the present invention are initially synthesized by aldol - type addition of ester enolates to activated imines . the compounds are further modified by standard organic synthesis techniques . the specific synthesis details are given in the examples which follow . in vitro testing per methods as described in tamburini et al ., 1990 , &# 34 ; a fluorometric assay for hiv - protease activity using high - performance liquid chromatography &# 34 ;, analytical biochemistry , 186 : 363 , demonstrates that the compounds of the present invention inhibit hiv protease with mean ic : of about 50 nm . the active compounds of the present invention may be used as follows : ( a ) the treatment or prophylaxis of diseases caused by hiv i , hiv ii , and hiv iii infections such as aids , and stage variations of aids such as aids related complex , and the suppressed immune response and encephalopathy caused by hiv ; ( b ) for the treatment and prophylaxis of an htlv i or htlv ii infection ; ( c ) for the treatment and prophylaxis of the aids carrier or transmitter states ; and ( d ) for the treatment or prophylaxis of infections and diseases caused by retroviruses . the present invention encompasses pharmaceutical formulations which , in addition to non - toxic , inert pharmaceutically suitable excipients , contain the compounds of the invention . the present invention also includes pharmaceutical formulations in dosage units . this means that the formulations are present in the form of individual part , for example , tablets , dragees , capsules , caplets , pills , suppositories and ampules , the active compound content of which corresponds to a fraction or a multiple of an individual dose . the dosage units can contain , for example , 1 , 2 , 3 or 4 individual doses for 1 / 2 , 1 / 3 or 1 / 4 of an individual dose . an individual dose preferably contains the amount of active compound which is given in one administration and which usually corresponds to a whole , one half , one third or one quarter of a daily dose . by non - toxic inert pharmaceutically suitable excipients there are to be understood solid , semi - solid or liquid diluents , fillers and formulation auxiliaries of all types . preferred pharmaceutical formulations which may be mentioned are tablets , dragees , capsules , caplets , pills , granules , suppositories , solutions , suspensions and emulsions , paste , ointments , glues creams , lotions , dusting powders and sprays . tablets , dragees , capsules , caplets , pills and granules can contain the active compounds in addition to the customary excipients , such as ( a ) fillers and extenders , for example , starches , lactose , sucrose , glucose , mannitol and silicic acid , ( b ) binders , for example , carboxymethylcellulose , alginates , gelatin and polyvinylpyrrolidone , ( c ) humectants , for example , glycerol , ( d ) disintegrating agents , for example , agar - agar , calcium carbonate and sodium carbonate , ( e ) solution retarders , for example , paraffin and ( f ) absorption accelerators , for example , quaternary ammonium compounds , ( g ) wetting agents , for example , cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate , ( h ) absorbents , for example , kaolin and bentonite and ( i ) lubricants , for example , talc , calcium stearate , magnesium stearate and solid polyethylene glycols , or mixtures of the substances listed under ( a ) to ( i ) directly hereinabove . the tablets , dragees , capsules , caplets , pills and granules can be provided with the customary coatings and shells , optionally containing opacifying agents and can also be of such composition that they release the active compounds only or preferentially in a certain part of the intestinal tract , optionally in a delayed manner . examples of embedding compositions which can be used are polymeric substances and waxes . the active compounds can also be present in microencapsulated form , if appropriate with one or more of the abovementioned excipients . suppositories can contain , in addition to the active compounds , the customary water - soluble or water - insoluble excipients , for example , polyethylene glycols , fats , for example , cacao fat and higher esters ( for example , c 14 - alcohol with c 16 - fatty acid ), or mlxtures of these substances . ointments , pastes , creams and gels can contain , in addition to the active compounds , the customary excipients , for example , animal and vegetable fats , waxes , paraffins , starch tragacanth , cellulose derivatives , polyethylene glycols , silicones , bentonites , silicic acid , talc and zinc oxide , or mixtures of these substances . dusting powders and sprays can contain , in addition to the active compounds , the customary excipients , for example , lactose , talc silicic acid , aluminum hydroxide , calcium silicate and polyamide powder , or mixtures of these substances . sprays can additionally contain customary propellants , for example , chlorofluorohydrocarbons . solutions and emulsions can contain , in addition to the active compounds , customary excipients , such as solvents , solubilizing agents and emulsifiers , for example , water , ethyl alcohol , isopropyl alcohol , ethyl carbonate , ethyl acetate , benzyl alcohol , benzyl benzoate , propylene glycol , 1 , 3 - butylene glycol , dimethylformamide , oils , in particular , cottonseed oil , groundnut oil , corn germ oil , olive oil , castor oil and sesame oil , glycerol , glycerol formal , tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol , polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan , or mixtures of these substances . for parenteral administration , the solutions and emulsions can also be in a sterile form which is isotonic with blood . suspensions can contain , in addition to the active compounds , customary excipients , such as liquid diluents , for example , water , ethyl alcohol or propylene glycol and suspending agents , for example ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols , polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters , microcrystalline cellulose , aluminum methydroxide , bentonite , agar - agar , and tragacanth , or mixtures of these substances . the abovementioned pharmaceutical formulations can also contain other pharmaceutical active compounds in addition to the claimed compounds of the present invention . the aforementioned pharmaceutical formulations are prepared in the customary manner by known methods , for example , by mixing the active compound or compounds with the excipient or excipients . the formulations mentioned can be used either with humans and animals , orally , rectally , bucally parenterally ( intravenously , intramuscularly or subcutaneously ), intracisternally , intravaginally , intraperitoneally or locally ( dusting powder , ointment or drops ) and for the therapy of infection in hollow spaces or body cavities . suitable formulations are injection solutions , solutions and suspensions for oral therapy , gels , pour - on formulations , emulsions , ointments or drops . ophthalmological and dermatological formulations , silver salts and other salts , ear drops , eye ointments , powders or solutions can be used for local therapy . it is furthermore possible to use gels , powders dusting powders , tablets sustained release tablets , premixes , concentrates , granules , pellets , capsules , caplets , aerosols , sprays and inhalates on humans and animals . the compounds according to the invention can furthermore be incorporated into other carrier materials , such as , for example , plastics ( e . g ., chains of plastic for local therapy ), collagen or bone cement . the synthesis of the preferred embodiments of the compounds of the present invention will now be described with reference to the following non - limiting examples : to a solution of triethylamine ( 12 . 1 ml ; 3 . 0 eq .) in thf ( 30 ml ) was added methyl bromoacetate ( 3 . 29 ml ; 1 . 2 eq .). next a solution of s - proline t - butyl ester ( 4 . 96g ; 29 . 0 mmol ) in thf ( 15 ml ) was added dropwise with stirring . a white precipitate formed and the mixture was stirred for 15 h at room temperature . the reaction mixture was partitioned between saturated sodium bicarbonate solution ( i00 ml ) and ethyl ether ( looml ). the organic layer was drawn off and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl ether ( 2 × 50 ml ). the combined organics were dried over mgso 4 , filtered and stripped of solvent . the residual oil was distilled in vacuo ( b . p . 120 ° c . at 0 . 05 torr ) to give product as a clear oil ( 6 . 82 g ; 97 %). 1 h - nmr ( 300 mh 2 ) δ 3 . 72 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 63 ( d , j = 17 . 0 hz , 1h ), 3 . 48 ( d , j = 17 . 0 hz , 1h ), 3 . 45 ( dd , j = 8 . 0 , 6 . 5hz , 1h ), 3 . 14 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 75 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 15 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 85 ( m , 3h ), 1 . 44 ( s , 9h ). 13 c - nmr ( 75 . 6 mhz ) δ 173 . 5 , 172 . 0 , 81 . 2 , 64 . 8 , 54 . 0 , 53 . 3 , 52 . 0 , 30 . 0 , 28 . 6 , 24 . 1 . to a solution of n - benzyl - isovaleryl amine ( 3 . 79 g ; 1 . 3 eq ) in thf ( 60 ml ) at - 78 ° c . was added bf 3 . oet 2 ( 3 . 31 ml ; 1 . 6 eq . ), the mixture was stirred at - 78 ° c . for 5 min then was warmed to room temperature for about 45 min . in a separate flask , a solution of n -( methyl - 2 - carboxyethyl )- proline - t - butyl ester ( 4 . 09 g ; 16 . 8 mmol ) in thf ( 60 ml ) was cooled to - 78 ° c . and a solution of lihmds ( 25 . 3 ml ; 1 . 0m in thf ; 1 . 5 eq .) was added by syringe . after about 35 min the n - benzyl - isovaleryl imine / bf 3 . oet 2 the mixture was slowly added to the enolate solution by cannula . the mixture was stirred for about 15 min at - 78 ° c . and then was warmed to room temperature for 6 h . the reaction was quenched with saturated nh 4 cl ( 75 ml ) solution . the reaction mixture was partitioned between ethyl ether ( 75 ml ) and water ( 75 ml ). the organic layer was drawn off and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl ether ( 2 × 50 ml ). the combined organic phases were dried over mgso 4 , filtered and stripped to give a yellow oil . careful preparative chromatography on silica gel with hexane : ethyl acetate yielded samples of the pure ( r , r ) and ( s , s ) diastereomers and mixed fractions . the first material off of the column was the ( s , s ) diastereomer ( 0 . 565 g ; 8 %); then came mixed fractions and finally pure ( r , r ) diastereomer ( 4 . 84 g ; 64 %). 2a ( s , s ) diastereomer 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz ) δ 7 . 27 ( m , 5h ), 3 . 77 ( abq , j = 12 . 7 , 3 . 7 hz , 2h ), 3 . 70 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 62 ( d , j = 8 . 4 hz , 1h ), 3 . 41 ( dd , j = 8 . 3 , 5 . 5 hz , 1h ), 3 . 06 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 95 ( dd , 6 . 8 , 6 . 2 hz , 2h ), 2 . 00 - 1 . 76 ( m , 5h ), 1 . 59 - 1 . 36 ( m , 3h ), 1 . 46 ( s , 9h ), 0 . 95 ( d , j = 6 . 7 hz , 3h ), 0 . 87 ( d , j = 6 . 4 hz , 3h ). 13 c - nmr ( 75 . 6 mhz ) δ 174 . 1 , 173 . 4 , 141 . 8 , 128 . 9 , 128 . 8 , 127 . 4 , 81 . 1 , 67 . 4 , 65 . 2 , 56 . 1 , 52 . 2 , 51 . 6 , 48 . 0 , 42 . 7 , 30 . 0 , 28 . 8 , 28 . 5 , 24 . 9 , 24 . 7 , 22 . 4 . 2b :( r , r ) diastereomer 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz ) δ 7 . 28 ( m , 5h ) 3 . 85 - 3 . 70 ( m , 3h ), 3 . 68 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 14 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 97 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 84 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 14 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 80 ( m , 5h ), 1 . 42 ( s , 9h ), 1 . 25 ( m , 2h ), 0 . 90 ( d , j = 6 . 6 hz , 3h ), 0 . 81 ( d , j = 6 . 6 hz , 3h ). 13 c - nmr ( 75 . 6 mhz ) δ 175 . 8 , 174 . 1 , 141 . 6 , 128 . 9 , 128 . 8 , 127 . 4 , 80 . 9 , 67 . 1 , 62 . 3 , 56 . 3 , 53 . 5 , 52 . 1 , 51 . 7 , 42 . 4 , 32 . 0 , 28 . 7 , 25 . 6 , 24 . 4 , 24 . 3 , 22 . 7 . the ( s , s ) diastereomer from example 2a ( 0 . 467 g ; 1 . 11 mmol ) was dissolved in ethyl acetate ( 40 ml ) in a 500 ml parr shaker bottle and pd ( oh ) 2 ( 66 mg ) was added . the mixture was agitated under an atmosphere of h 2 gas ( 60 psi gauge ) overnight . the mixture was filtered through a pad of celite and stripped to give an oil suitable for use without further purification ( 0 . 378 g ; 100 %). 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz ) δ 3 . 71 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 42 ( dd , j = 8 . 3 , 5 . 0 hz , 1h ), 3 . 30 ( d , j = 7 . 9 hz , 1h ), 3 . 09 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 94 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 75 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 98 - 1 . 74 ( m , 4h ), 1 . 60 ( m , 3h ), 1 . 45 ( s , 9h ), 1 . 13 ( m , 1h ), 0 . 95 ( d , j = 6 . 6 hz , 3h ), 0 . 89 ( d , j = 6 . 5 hz , 3h ). the ( r , r ) diastereomer from example 2b ( 3 . 24 g ; 7 . 74 mmol ) was dissolved in ethyl acetate ( 50 ml ) in a 500 ml parr shaker bottle and pd ( oh ) 2 ( 0 . 325 g ) was added . the mixture was agitated under an atmosphere of h 2 gas ( 60 psi gauge ) overnight . the mixture was filtered through a pad of celite and stripped to give an oil suitable for use without further purification . 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz ) δ 3 . 75 ( dd , j = 8 . 9 , 1 . 5 hz , 1h ), 3 . 70 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 40 ( d , j = 5 . 8 hz , 1h ), 3 . 11 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 83 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 12 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 91 - 1 . 73 ( m , 4h ), 1 . 58 ( br s , 2h ), 1 . 43 ( s , 9h ), 1 . 30 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 12 ( m , 1h ), 0 . 91 ( d , j = 6 . 7 hz , 3h ), 0 . 86 ( d , j = 6 . hz , 3h ). 13 c - nmr ( 75 . 6 mhz ) δ 175 . 0 , 173 . 1 , 81 . 1 , 70 . 5 , 62 . 3 , 52 . 4 , 51 . 9 , 50 . 5 , 44 . 4 , 31 . 2 , 28 . 7 , 25 . 4 , 24 . 4 , 23 . 9 , 22 . 2 . to a solution of the ( s , s ) diastereomeric free amine from example 3 ( 0 . 287 g ; 0 . 87 mmol ) in thf ( 10 ml ) at 0 ° c . was added triethylamine ( 0 . 61 ml ); 5 . 0 eq .) and then benzyl chloroformate ( 0 . 25 ml ; 2 . 0 eq .) by syringe . the reaction mixture was slowly warmed to room temperature and stirred 15 h . the resultant mixture was partitioned between ethyl ether ( 20 ml ) and saturated sodium bicarbonate solution ( 20 ml ). the organic layer was drawn off and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl ether ( 2 × 10 ml ). the combined organics were dried over mgso 4 , filtered and stripped to give a yellow oil . the oil was purified by silica gel chromatography with 10 . 1 hexane : ethyl acetate to yield the product as a clear oil ( 0 . 263 g : 6 . 5 %). 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz ) δ 7 . 32 ( m , 5h ), 5 . 49 ( d , j = 9 . 6 hz , 1h ), 5 . 13 ( d , j = 12 . 4 hz , 1h ), 5 . 04 ( d , j = 12 . 4 hz , 1h ), 4 . 15 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 65 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 59 ( d , j = 6 . 0 hz , 1h ), 3 . 49 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 97 ( m , 2h }, 2 . 04 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 87 - 1 . 66 ( m , 4h ), 1 . 43 ( s , 9h ), 1 . 41 - 1 . 23 ( m , 2h ), 0 . 97 ( d , j = 6 . 3 hz , 3h ), 0 . 91 ( d , j = 6 . 7 hz , 3h ). 13 c - nmr ( 75 . 6 mhz ) δ 174 . 3 , 172 . 4 , 156 . 9 , 137 . 5 , 129 . 0 , 128 . 6 , 128 . 5 , 81 . 4 , 67 . 4 , 67 . 1 , 66 . 0 , 52 . 0 , 50 . 9 , 49 . 4 , 43 . 3 , 30 . 4 , 28 . 7 , 25 . 5 , 25 . 2 , 24 . 4 , 22 . 3 . to a solution of the ( r , r ) diastereomeric free amine from example 4 ( 0 . 644 g ; 1 . 96 mmol ) in thf ( 10 ml ) at 0 ° c . was added triethylamine ( 0 . 82 ml ; 3 . 0 eq .) and then benzyl chloroformate ( 0 . 42 ml ; 1 . 5 eq .) by syringe . the reaction mixture was slowly warmed to room temperature and stirred 15 h . the resultant mixture was partitioned between ethyl ether ( 20 ml ) and saturated sodium bicarbonate solution ( 20 ml ). the organic layer was drawn off and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl ether ( 2 × 10 ml ). the combined organics were dried over mgso 4 , filtered and stripped to give a pale oil . the oil was purified by silica gel chromatography with 12 : 1 hexane : ethyl acetate to yield the product as a clear oil ( 0 . 480 g : 53 %). 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz ) δ 7 . 33 ( m , 5h ), 5 . 96 ( d , j = 9 . 9 hz , 1h ), 5 . 12 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 21 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 79 ( dd , j = 9 . 3 , 1 . 7 hz , 1h ), 3 . 69 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 68 ( d , j = 3 . 9 hz , 1h ), 3 . 09 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 80 ( q , j = 7 . 9h . sub ., 1h ), 2 . 19 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 93 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 89 - 1 . 59 ( m , 3h ), 1 . 45 ( s , 9h ), 1 . 27 - 1 . 04 ( m , 2h ), 0 . 92 ( d , j = 6 . 4 hz , 3h ), 0 . 87 ( d , j = 6 . 7 hz , 3h ). 13 c - nmr ( 75 . 6 mhz ) δ 175 . 7 , 172 . 8 , 157 . 1 , 137 . 6 , 129 . 0 , 128 . 6 , 128 . 5 , 81 . 4 , 67 . 4 , 67 . 1 , 62 . 4 , 54 . 1 , 52 . 2 , 50 . 1 , 42 . 4 , 31 . 9 , 28 . 7 , 25 . 7 , 24 . 1 ( degenerate ), 22 . 3 . to a solution of the ( s , s ) diastereomeric diester from example 5 ( 0 . 263 g ; 0 . 568 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 0 . 25 ml ) was added trifluoroacetic acid ( 2 . 50 ml ) and the resultant solution was stirred overnight . the volatiles were removed in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in dmr ( 5 . 0 ml ). to the resultant solution isoleucine n - benzyl amide ( 0 . 316 g ; 2 . 5 eq . ), hobt ( 0 . 195 g ; 2 . 5 eq .) and ethyl morpholine ( 0 . 435 ml ; 6 . 0 eq .) were added in succession . the mixture was cooled to 0 ° c . and edci ( 0 . 514 g ; 3 . 0 eq .) was added and dissolved . the mixture was slowly warmed to room temperature and stirred 15 h . again the volatiles were removed in vacuo . the residue was partitioned between ch 2 cl 2 ( 15 ml ) and saturated sodium bicarbonate solution ( 25 ml ). the aqueous layer was extracted with ch 2 cl 2 ( 2 × 5 ml ) and the combined organic phases were dried over mgso 4 , filtered and stripped . the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel with 2 : 1 hexane : ethyl acetate to give a white foam ( 0 . 217 g ; 63 %). 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz ) δ 7 . 80 ( d , j = 9 . 5 hz , 1h ), 7 . 29 ( m , 5h ), 6 . 67 ( br s , 1h ), 5 . 12 ( d , j = 12 . 2 hz , 1h ), 5 . 00 ( d , j = 9 . 1 hz , 1h ), 4 . 99 ( d , j = 12 . 2 hz , 1h ), 4 . 40 ( d , j = 5 . 7 hz , 2h ), 4 . 26 ( dd , j = 9 . 3 , 7 . 1 hz , 1h ), 4 . 12 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 60 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 51 ( dd , j = 9 . 6 , 4 . 0 hz , 1h ), 3 . 34 ( d , j = 7 . 2 hz , 1h ), 2 . 92 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 11 - 1 . 85 ( m , 3h ), 1 . 79 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 64 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 54 - 1 . 35 ( m , 3h ), 1 . 08 ( m , 1h ), 0 . 92 ( m , 12h ). 13 c - nmr ( 75 . 6 mhz ) δ 175 . 5 , 171 . 9 , 171 . 6 , 156 . 8 , 139 . 0 , 137 . 3 , 129 . 3 , 129 . 1 , 128 . 8 ( degenerate ), 128 . 4 , 128 . 0 , 67 . 9 , 67 . 5 , 67 . 3 , 58 . 4 , 52 . 1 , 51 . 6 , 49 . 0 , 44 . 1 , 42 . 2 , 37 . 3 , 31 . 7 , 25 . 7 , 25 . 6 , 25 . 3 , 24 . 3 , 22 . 2 , 16 . 5 , 11 . 9 . to a solution of the ( r , r ) diastereomeric diester from example 6 ( 98 . 5 mg ; 0 . 213 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 0 . 10 ml ) was added trifluoroacetic acid ( 1 . 00 ml ) and the resultant solution was stirred overnight . the volatiles were removed in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in dmf ( 2 . 5 ml ). to the resultant solution isoleucine n - benzyl amide ( 0 . 105 g ; 2 . 2 eq . ), hobt ( 66 . 7 mg ; 2 . 2 eq .) and ethyl morpholine ( 0 . 165 ml ; 6 . 0 eq .) were added in succession . the mexture was cooled to 0 ° c . and edci ( 0 . 162 g ; 2 . 5 eq .) was added and dissolved . the mixture was slowly warmed to room temperature and stirred 8 hrs . again the volatiles were removed in vacuo . the residue was partitioned between ch 2 cl 2 ( 25 ml ) and saturated sodium bicarbonate solution ( 10 ml ). the aqueous layer was extracted with ch 2 ci2 ( 2 × 5 ml ) and the combined organic phases were dried over mgso 4 , filtered and stripped . the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel with 3 : 1 hexane : ethyl acetate to give a pale foam ( 0 . 110 g ; 85 %). 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz ) δ 7 . 93 ( d , j = 9 . 5 hz , 1h ), 7 . 47 - 7 . 17 ( m , l1h ), 5 . 78 ( br s , 1h ), 5 . 22 ( d , j = 12 . 4 hz , 1h ), 5 . 02 ( d , j = 12 . 4 hz , 1h ), 4 . 44 ( d , j = 5 . 5 hz , 2h ), 4 . 33 ( dd , j = 9 . 7 , 5 . 0 hz , 1h ), 4 . 16 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 63 ( d , j = 4 . 0 hz , 1h ), 3 . 49 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 38 ( m , 2h ) 2 . 60 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 17 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 05 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 88 - 1 . 51 ( m , 3h ), 1 . 44 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 00 ( m , 2h ), 0 . 86 ( m , 12h ). 13 c - nmr ( 75 . 6 mhz ) δ 6 175 . 9 , 173 . 1 , 172 . 2 , 157 . 0 , 138 . 8 , 137 . 3 , 129 . 2 ( degenerate ), 128 . 9 , 128 . 7 , 128 . 5 , 127 . 9 . 69 . 8 , 67 . 3 , 65 . 5 , 58 . 7 , 55 . 4 , 52 . 6 , 50 . 9 , 44 . 4 , 41 . 8 , 36 . 9 , 32 . 5 , 25 . 5 , 25 . 2 , 25 . 0 ., 23 . 9 , 22 . 2 , 16 . 7 , 12 . 2 . to a solution of the ( s , s ) diastereomeric product from example 7 ( 16 . 9 mg ; 0 . 0278 mmol ) in thf ( 2 . 0 ml ) was added libh . ( 7 . 1 mg ; excess ) and the mixture was stirred overnight . the reaction was quenched with water ( 2 ml ) and extracted with ch 2 cl 2 ( 3 × 5 ml ). the combined extracts were dried over mgso 4 , filtered and stripped . careful preparative chromatography on silica with ch 2 cl 2 : methanol gave the product ( 4 . 8 mg ; 30 %) as a white solid . 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz ) δ 7 . 86 ( d , j = 9 . 2 hz , 1h ), 7 . 21 - 7 . 39 ( m , 10h ), 6 . 59 ( br s , 1h ), 5 . 14 ( d , j = 9 . 2 hz , 1h ), 5 . 08 ( d , j = 12 . 2 hz , 1h ) 4 . 66 ( d , j = 9 . 9 hz , 1h ), 4 . 38 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 19 ( dd , j = 9 . 4 , 7 . 1 hz , 1h ) 4 . 08 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 92 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 73 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 61 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 54 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 18 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 01 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 34 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 18 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 80 - 1 . 97 ( m , 3h ) 1 . 76 - 1 . 60 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 47 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 10 ( m , 1h ), 0 . 92 ( m , 12h ). to a solution of the ( r , r ) diastereomeric product from example 8 ( 22 . 5 mg ; 0 . 037 mmol ) in thf ( 2 . 5 ml ) was added libh 4 ( 6 . 2 mg ; excess ) and the mixture was stirred 35 min . the reaction was quenched with water ( 3 ml ) and stirred overnight . the mixture was partitioned between water ( ml ) and ch 2 cl 2 ( 10 ml ). the aqueous phase was extracted with ch 2 cl 2 ( 3 × 5 ml ). the combined oranic phases were dried over mgso 4 , filtered and stripped . the residue was chromatographed on silica with 3 : 2 hexane : ethyl acetate to give product ( 19 . 2 mg ; 94 %) as a white solid . 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz ) δ 8 . 39 ( d , j = 8 . 3 hz , 1h ), 7 . 34 - 7 . 21 ( m , 10h ), 6 . 73 ( br s , 1h ), 6 . 58 ( d , j = 9 . 3 hz , 1h ), 5 . 66 ( m , 1h ), 5 . 17 ( d , j = l2 . 5 hz , 1h ), 5 . 04 ( d , j = 12 . 5 hz , 1h ), 4 . 51 ( dd , j = i4 . 8 , 6 . 0 hz , 1h ), 4 . 33 ( dd , j = 14 . 8 , 5 . 2 hz , 1h ), 4 . 15 ( m2h ), 3 . 85 ( dt , j = 13 . 2 , 2 . 3 hz , 1h ) 3 . 57 ( dd , j = i3 . 2 , 6 . 2 hz , 1h ), 3 . 32 ( m , 1h ) 3 . 22 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 48 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 24 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 08 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 94 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 85 - 1 . 51 ( m , 5h ), 1 . 42 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 28 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 09 ( m , 1h ), 0 . 99 ( d , j = 6 . 5 hz , 3h ), 0 . 95 ( d , j = 6 . 5 hz , 3h ), 0 . 85 d , j = 6 . 7 hz , 3h ), 0 . 75 ( t , j = 7 . 4 hz , 3h ). 13 c - nmr ( 75 . 6 mhz ) δ 176 . 9 , 173 . 7 , 157 . 1 , 138 . 2 , 138 . 0 , 129 . 5 , 129 . 1 , 128 . 6 , ( degenerate ), 128 . 4 , 128 . 2 , 66 . 7 ( degenerate ), 66 . 0 , 61 . 2 , 58 . 8 , 52 . 9 , 51 . 1 , 44 . 5 , 44 . 0 , 37 . 7 , 31 . 7 , 25 . 4 ( doubly degenerate ), 25 . 3 , 23 . 8 , 22 . 9 , 15 . 4 , 11 . 4 . the ( s , s ) diastereomeric product from example 7 ( 191 mg ; 0 . 281 mmol ) was dissolved in meoh ( 10 ml ) and 10 % palladium on carbon ( 20 mg ) was added . the mixture was stirred under an atmosphere of h 2 gas ( 10 psi gauge ) overnight . the mixture was filtered through a pad of celite and the solvent was stripped in vacuo to give the product as an oil suitable for use without purification . 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz ) δ 8 . 36 ( br d , j = 6 . 8 , hz , 1h ), 7 . 70 ( br s , 1h ), 7 . 24 ( m , 5h ), 4 . 80 ( very broad s , 2h ), 4 . 37 ( dd , j = 14 . 9 , 6 . 2 hz , 1h ), 4 . 27 ( t , j = 8 . 6 hz , 1h ), 4 . 14 ( dd , j = 14 . 9 , 5 . 0 , 1h ), 3 . 63 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 55 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 43 ( br s , 1h ), 3 . 26 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 14 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 84 ( m , 4h ), 1 . 55 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 27 - 1 . 05 ( m , 2h ), 0 . 92 ( d , j = 6 . 6 hz , 3h ), 0 . 85 ( m , 9h ). 13 c - nmr ( 75 . 6 mhz ) 176 . 6 , 173 . 0 , 171 . 2 , 138 . 8 , 129 . 1 , 128 . 3 , 127 . 8 , 68 . 4 , 68 . 0 , 59 . 1 , 52 . 2 , 50 . 9 , 50 . 2 , 43 . 9 , 42 . 4 , 36 . 3 , 32 . 0 , 26 . 2 , 25 . 9 , 25 . 3 , 24 . 4 , 21 . 5 , 16 . 3 , 11 . 3 . the oil was dissolved in dmf ( 1 . 5 ml ) and s - carbobenzyoxy - asparagine ( 81 . 5 mg ; 1 . 05 eq .) hobt ( 41 . 6 mg ; 1 . 05 eq .) and ethyl morpholine ( 110 μl ; 3 . 0 eq .) were added in succession . the mixture was cooled to 0 ° c . and edci ( 102 . 0 mg ; 1 . 2 eq .) was added and dissolved . the mixture was warmed slowly to room temperature and stirred 15 h . the volatiles were removed in vacuo and the residue was partitioned between ch 2 cl 2 ( 10 ml ) and saturated sodium bicarbonate solution ( 5 ml ). the aqueous phase was extracted with ch 2 cl 2 ( 2 × 5 ml ) and the combined organics were dried over mgso 4 , filtered and stripped . the residue was chromatographed on silica with 40 : 1 ch 2 cl 2 : methanol to give the β - cyano alanyl adduct ( 44 . 6 mg ; 20 %) as a pale oil . continued elution with 30 : 1 ch 2 cl 2 : methanol gave the asparaginyl adduct ( 117 mg ; 51 %) as a white solid . 11a : β - cyano alanyl adduct : 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz ) 7 . 72 ( d , j = 9 . 3hz , 1h ), 7 . 35 - 7 . 21 ( m , 10h ), 7 . 16 ( d , j = 9 . 2hz , 1h ), 6 . 99 ( br s , 1h ), 5 . 99 ( d , j = 7 . 9hz , 1h ) 5 . 10 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 55 - 4 . 32 ( m , 5h ), 3 . 68 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 47 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 02 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 91 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 80 ( d , j = 6 . 1 hz , 2h ), 2 . 10 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 94 - 1 . 41 ( m , 8h ), 1 . 08 ( m , 1h ), 0 . 91 ( m , 12h ). 13 c - nmr ( 75 . 6 mhz ) 175 . 4 , 172 . 2 , 171 . 8 , 168 . 7 , 156 . 3 , 138 . 6 , 136 . 5 , 129 . 3 , 129 . 2 , 129 . 0 , 128 . 8 , 128 . 3 , 128 . 1 , 117 . 4 , 68 . 2 , 68 . 0 ( degenerate ), 58 . 0 , 52 . 4 , 51 . 8 , 49 . 8 , 49 . 7 , 44 . 2 , 41 . 9 , 38 . 1 , 31 . 6 , 25 . 8 , 2 . 5 , 25 . 4 , 24 . 4 , 22 . 0 , 21 . 8 , 16 . 5 , 11 . 9 . 11b : asparaginyl adduct : 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz ) 7 . 74 ( d , j = 9 . 2 hz , 1h ), 7 . 35 - 7 . 20 ( m , 10h ), 7 . 14 ( d , j = 9 . 6 hz , 1h ), 7 . 03 ( t , j = 5 . 8 hz , 1h ) 6 . 44 ( d , 7 . 9 hz , 1h ), 6 . 41 ( br s , 1h ), 5 . 73 ( br s , 1h ), 5 . 09 ( abq , j = 12 . 4 , 3 . 7 hz , 2h ), 4 . 51 - 4 . 25 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 64 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 45 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 98 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 80 ( dd , j = 15 . 4 , 4 . 7 hz , 1h ), 2 . 52 ( dd , j = 15 . 4 , 6 . 0 hz , 1h ), 2 . 09 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 98 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 82 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 71 - 1 . 35 ( m , 5h ) 1 . 09 ( m , 1h ), 0 . 89 ( m , 12h ). 13 c - nmr ( 75 . 6 mhz ) 175 . 1 , 173 . 4 , 171 . 9 ( degenerate ), 171 . 4 , 156 . 9 , 139 . 1 , 136 . 4 , 129 . 7 , 129 . 6 , 129 . 0 ., 128 . 9 , 128 . 6 , 128 . 2 , 67 . 9 , 67 . 8 , 67 . 3 , 58 . 5 , 52 . 1 , 51 . 9 , 49 . 6 , 49 . 1 , 44 . 1 , 42 . 2 , 37 . 4 , 37 . 3 , 31 . 7 , 25 . 5 , 25 . 4 , 25 . 1 , 24 . 2 , 21 . 9 , 16 . 2 , 11 . 7 . to a solution of the ( s , s ) diastereomeric asparaginyl adduct from example 11b ( 10 . 2 mg ; 0 . 0141 mmol ) in thf ( 300 μl ) was added libh 4 ( 5 . 0 mg ; excess ) and the mixture was stirred 7 h . the reaction was quenched with water ( 4 ml ) and extracted with ch 2 cl 2 ( 3 × 2 ml ). the combined extracts were filtered through glass wool and stripped . the residue was chromatographed on silica with ch 2 cl 2 : methanol to give product ( 6 . 2 mg ; 63 %) as a white solid . 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz ) δ 8 . 03 ( d , j = 9 . 5 hz , 1h ), 7 . 30 ( m , 10h ), 7 . 02 ( t , j = 5 . 5 hz , 1h ), 6 . 88 ( d , j = 9 . 0 hz , 1h ), 6 . 33 ( d , j = 7 . ohz , 1h ), 6 . 29 ( br s , 1h ), 5 . 75 ( br s , 1h ) 5 . 08 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 52 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 43 ( d , j = 5 . 5 hz , 1h ), 4 . 31 ( m , 3h ), 4 . 18 ( dd , j = 9 . 5 , 6 . 5 hz , 1h ), 3 . 68 ( br d , j = 11 . 5 hz , 1h ), 3 . 56 ( br d , j = 11 . 5 hz , 1h ), 3 . 49 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 06 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 78 ( dd , j = 13 . 5 , 3 . 5 hz , 1h ), 2 . 54 ( dd , j = 13 . 5 , 7 . 0 hz , 1h ), 2 . 15 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 89 ( m , 3h ), 1 . 68 - 1 . 36 ( m , 5h ), 1 . 10 ( m , 1h ), 0 . 90 ( m , 12h ). 13 c - nmr ( 75 . 6 mhz ) δ 177 . 4 , 173 . 7 , 172 . 8 , 171 . 8 , 156 . 6 , 138 . 2 , 136 . 6 , 129 . 4 , 129 . 3 , 128 . 9 , 128 . 8 , 128 . 4 , 128 . 2 , 67 . 6 , 65 . 2 , 62 . 7 , 60 . 6 , 58 . 6 , 52 . 2 , 51 . 4 , 47 . 6 , 44 . 3 , 43 . 5 , 38 . 0 , 37 . 4 , 3255 , 25 . 6 , 25 . 3 , 25 . 2 , 24 . 4 , 22 . 1 , 16 . 8 , 11 . 9 . to a solution of the ( s , s ) diastereomeric product from example 11b ( 101 . 3 mg ; 0 . 140 mmol ) in methanol ( 5 . 0 ml ) was added 10 % palladium on carbon ( 10 mg ). the mixture was stirred under an atmosphere of hz gas ( 10 psi gauge ) overnight . the mixture was filtered through a pad of celite and stripped to give a solid . the product was chromatographed on silica with ch 2 cl 2 : methanol to give the product ( 80 . 1 mg ; 97 %) as a white solid . 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz ) δ 8 . 15 ( br s , 1h ), 7 . 62 ( br s , 2h ), 7 . 24 ( m , 5h ), 6 . 86 ( br s , 1h ), 5 . 44 ( very broad s , 3h ), 4 . 50 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 32 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 16 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 65 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 44 ( m , 3h ), 3 . 08 - 2 . 64 ( m , 4h ), 2 . 10 - 1 . 34 ( m , 9h ), 1 . 00 ( m , 1h ), 0 . 88 ( m , 12h ). to a solution of the ( s , s ) diastereomeric free amine from example 13 ( 80 . 1 mg ; 0 . 136 mmol ) in dmf ( 600 μl ) were successively added quinaldic acid ( 26 . 2 mg ; 1 . 1 eq .). hobt ( 20 . 5 mg ; 1 . 1 eq .) and ethyl morpholine ( 52 μl ; 3 . 0 eq .). the reaction mixture was cooled to 0 ° c . and edci ( 48 . 7 mg ; 1 . 2 eq .) was added and dissolved . the mixture was slowly armed to room temperature and stirred for 15 h . the volatiles were removed in vacuo and the residue was partitioned between ch 2 cl 2 ( 10 ml ) and saturated sodium bicarbonate solution ( 10 ml ). the aqueous phase was extracted with ch 2 ci 2 ( 2 × 5 ml ) and the combined organics were filtered through glass wool and stripped to give a paste . the paste was chromatographed on silica with 40 : 1 ch 2 cl 2 : methanol to give product ( 89 . 9 mg ; 89 %) as a white solid . 1 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz ) δ 9 . 33 ( d , j = 7 . 9 hz , 1h ), 8 . 19 ( d , j = 8 . 5 hz , 1h ), 8 . 13 ( d , j = 117 . hz , 1h ), 8 . 10 ( d , j = 11 . 7 hz , 1h ), 7 . 78 ( m 2h ), 7 . 70 ( td , j 7 . 6 , 1 . 2 hz , 1h ), 7 . 58 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 33 ( br s , 1h ), 7 . 18 ( m , 5h ) 6 . 80 ( br s , 1h ), 6 . 05 ( br s , 1h ), 4 . 98 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 47 - 4 . 24 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 63 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 49 ( d , j = 7 . 7 hz , 1h ), 3 . 44 ( dd , j = 9 . 4 , 3 . 4 hz , 1h ), 3 . 01 ( m , 3h ), 2 . 70 ( dd , j = 15 . 7 , 6 . 6 hz , 1h ), 2 . 12 - 1 . 37 ( m , 9h ), 1 . 05 ( m , 1h ), 0 . 86 ( m , 12h ). 13 c - nmr ( 75 . 6 mhz ) δ 175 . 7 , 174 . 1 , 172 . 0 , 171 . 9 , 171 . 2 , 165 . 4 , 149 . 7 , 147 . 2 , 139 . 0 , 138 . 1 , 130 . 8 , 130 . 7 , 130 . 0 , 129 . 1 , 128 . 8 , 128 . 3 ( degenerate ), 127 . 8 , 119 . 3 , 67 . 5 , 67 . 0 , 58 . 2 , 52 . 3 , 50 . 9 , 49 . 4 , 48 . 8 , 44 . 0 , 42 . 2 , 37 . 9 , 37 . 5 , 31 . 7 , 25 . 6 , 25 . 5 , 24 . 4 , 22 . 2 , 16 . 5 , 11 . 9 . to a solution of the ( s . s ) diastereomeric product from example 14 ( 33 . 5 mg ; 0 . 0541 mmol ) in thf ( 1 . 0 ml ) was added libh 4 ( 5 . 0 mg ; excess ) and the mixture was stirred 4 h . the reaction was quenched with water ( 4 ml ) and stirred overnight . the mixture was diluted with water ( 4 ml ) and extracted with ch 2 cl 2 ( 5 × 4 ml ). the combined extracts were dried over mgso 4 , filtered and stripped . the residue was chromatographed on silica with ch 2 cl 2 : methanol to give product ( 18 . 4 mg ; 57 %) as a white solid . 1 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz ) δ 9 . 26 ( d , j = 7 . 9 hz , 1h ), 8 . 23 ( d , j = 8 . 3 hz , 1h ), 8 . 17 ( d , j = 8 . 3 hz , 1h ), 8 . 13 ( dd , j = 8 . 1 , 0 . 6 hz , 1h ), 8 . 05 ( d , j = 9 . 3 hz , 1h ), 7 . 82 ( dd , j = 8 . 3 , 0 . 8 hz , 1h ), 7 . 73 ( ddd , j = 8 . 5 , 6 . 9 , 1 . 5 hz , 1h ), 7 . 59 ( ddd , j = 8 . 1 , 6 . 8 , 1 . 4 , hz , 1h ), 7 . 39 ( t , j = 5 . 7 hz , 1h ), 7 . 31 - 7 . 18 ( m , 11h ), 6 . 54 ( br s , 1h ), 6 . 10 ( br s , 1h ), 5 . 03 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 51 - 4 . 21 ( m , 5h ), 3 . 76 ( br d , j = 11 . 8 hz , 1h ), 3 . 59 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 60 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 93 ( dd , j = 15 . 4 , 4 . 6 hz , 1h ), 2 . 76 ( dd , j = 15 . 4 , 7 . 9 hz , 1h ), 2 . 66 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 17 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 86 ( m , 3h ), 1 . 67 - 1 . 43 ( m , 5h ), 1 . 08 ( m , 1h ), 0 . 87 ( m , 12h ). 13 c - nmr ( 75 . 6 mhz ) δ 177 . 3 , 173 . 9 , 172 . 7 , 171 . 6 , 165 . 3 , 149 . 7 , 147 . 2 , 138 . 7 , 138 . 1 , 130 . 8 , 130 . 7 , 130 . 0 , 129 . 3 , 128 . 8 , 128 . 4 , 128 . 3 , 128 . 1 , 119 . 3 , 65 . 2 , 62 . 8 , 60 . 7 , 58 . 5 , 51 . 0 , 50 . 8 , 47 . 7 , 44 . 1 , 43 . 3 , 38 . 3 , 37 . 4 , 32 . 5 , 25 . 5 , 25 . 3 , 25 . 2 , 24 . 3 , 22 . 2 , 16 . 6 , 11 . 8 . the ( r , r ) diastereomeric product from example 8 ( 23 . 9 mg ; 0 . 0393 mmol ) was dissolved in meoh ( 1 . 0 ml ) and 10 % palladium on carbon ( 2 . 0 mg ) was added . the mixture was stirred under an atmosphere of h 2 gas ( 5 psi gauge ) overnight . the mixture was filtered through a pad of celite and the solvent was stripped in vacuo to give the product as an oil . the oil was chromatographed on silica with 40 : 1 ch 2 cl 2 : methanol to give recovered starting material ( 3 . 7 mg ). further elution with 10 : 1 ch 2 ci 2 : methanol gave product ( 14 . 0 mg ; 89 %) as an oil . 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz ) δ 8 . 27 ( br s , 1h ), 7 . 53 ( br s , 1h ), 7 . 26 ( m , 5h ), 4 . 45 ( d , j = 5 . 5 hz , 2h ), 4 . 33 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 52 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 38 ( m , 3h ), 3 . 24 ( br s , 1h ), 2 . 49 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 37 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 06 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 80 ( m , 3h ), 1 . 50 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 11 ( m , 3h ), 0 . 90 ( m , 12h ). 13 c - nmr ( 75 . 6 mhz ) δ 176 . 0 , 172 . 3 , 171 . 7 , 129 . 2 , 128 . 8 , 127 . 9 , 71 . 9 , 66 . 2 , 58 . 7 , 54 . 3 , 52 . 5 , 50 . 7 , 44 . 1 , 42 . 6 , 36 . 1 , 32 . 2 , 25 . 2 , 25 . 1 ( degenerate ), 23 . 5 , 22 . 4 , 16 . 9 , 11 . 9 . the free amine ( 13 . 1 mg ; 0 . 028 mmol ) was dissolved in dmf ( 200 μl ) and s - n - quinaldyl - asparagine ( 10 . 8 mg ; 1 . 2 eq . ), hobt ( 4 . 7 mg ; 1 . 2 eq .) and ethyl morpholine ( 10 . 6 μl ; 3 . 0 eq .) were added in succession . the mixture was cooled to 0 ° c . and edci ( 13 . 5 mg ; 1 . 5 eq .) was added and dissolved . the mixture was warmed slowly to room temperature and stirred 15 h . the volatiles were removed in vacuo and the residue was partitioned between ch 2 cl 2 ( 2 ml ) and saturated sodium bicarbonate solution ( 2 ml ). the aqueous phase was extracted with ch 2 cl 2 ( 3 × 2 ml ) and the combined organics were filtered through glass wool and stripped . careful preparative chromatography followed by recrystallization from ethyl acetate gave product ( 9 . 9 mg ; 48 %) as a white solid . 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz ) δ 9 . 12 ( br d , j = 7 . 6 hz , 1h ), 8 . 33 ( br d , j = 9 . 3 hz , 1h ), 8 . 27 ( d , j = 8 . 5 hz , 1h ), 8 . 17 ( d , j = 8 . 5 hz , 1h ), 8 . 16 ( d , j = 8 . 4 hz , 1h ), 7 . 99 ( d , j = 7 . 8 hz , 1h ), 7 . 86 ( dd , j = 7 . 4 , 0 . 8 hz , 1h ), 7 . 76 ( ddd , j = 8 . 5 , 7 . 0 , 1 . 5 hz , 1h ), 7 . 62 ( ddd , j = 8 . 0 , 7 . 0 , 1 . 1 hz , 1h ), 7 . 39 - 7 . 22 ( m , 6h ), 6 . 50 ( br s , 1h ), 5 . 44 ( br s , 1h ), 5 . 22 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 56 ( dd , j = 14 . 9 , 6 . 3 hz , 1h ), 4 . 43 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 30 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 96 ( d , j = 4 . 2 hz , 1h ), 3 . 62 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 61 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 22 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 93 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 70 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 27 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 98 ( m , 3h ), 1 . 83 - 1 . 52 ( m , 4h ) 1 . 23 - 1 . 05 ( m , 3h ), 0 . 85 ( m , 12h ). 13 c - nmr ( 75 . 6 mhz ) δ 177 . 1 , 173 . 6 , 173 . 0 , 172 . 3 , 171 . 5 , 165 . 4 , 149 . 7 , 147 . 3 , 138 . 4 , 138 . 0 ( degenerate ), 130 . 8 , 130 . 0 , 129 . 3 , 128 . 8 , 128 . 4 , 128 . 2 , 128 . 1 , 119 . 1 , 67 . 6 , 64 . 7 , 58 . 9 , 56 . 1 , 52 . 3 , 51 . 5 , 50 . 3 , 44 . 4 , 40 . 6 , 39 . 6 , 36 . 9 , 33 . 1 , 25 . 9 , 25 . 8 , 24 . 9 , 24 . 0 , 22 . 0 , 16 . 5 , 11 . 4 . to a solution of the ( r , r ) diasteromeric produce from example 16 ( 5 . 4 mg ; 7 . 3 μmol ) in thf ( 500 μl ) was added libh 4 ( 2 . 0 mg ; excess ) and the mixture was stirred for about 1 h . the reaction was quenched with water ( 500 μl ) and stirred overnight . the mixture was extracted with ch 2 cl 2 ( 3 × 600 μl ). the extracts were stripped and the residue was purified on silica with ch 2 cl 2 : methanol to give the product ( 3 . 8 mg ; 70 %) as an oil . 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz ) δ 9 . 32 ( d , j = 8 . 0 hz , 1h ), 8 . 55 ( d , j = 7 . 4 hz , 1h ), 8 . 29 ( d , j = 8 . 4 hz , 1h ), 8 . 23 ( d , j = 8 . 4 hz , 1h ), 8 . 17 ( d , j = 8 . 6 hz , 1h ), 7 . 91 ( br d , j = 7 . 6 hz , 1h ), 7 . 85 ( dd , j = 8 . 1 , 1 . 1 hz , 1h ), 7 . 71 ( ddd , j = 8 . 4 , 6 . 9 , 1 . 4 hz , 1h ), 7 . 60 ( ddd , 8 . 0 , 6 . 9 , 1 . 2 hz , 1h ), 7 . 28 ( m , 5h ), 6 . 70 ( br s , 1h ), 6 . 29 ( br s , 1h ), 5 . 68 ( br s , 1h ), 4 . 96 ( br s , 1h ), 4 . 85 ( br s , 1h ), 4 . 35 ( m , 3h ), 4 . 14 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 75 ( br d , 12 . 4 hz , 1h ), 3 . 57 ( br d , j = 12 . 4 hz , 1h ), 3 . 27 ( br d , j = 10 . 2 hz , 1h ), 3 . 21 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 09 ( dd , j = 15 . 9 , 4 . 9 hz , 1h ), 2 . 78 ( dd , j = 15 . 9 , 6 . 3 hz , 1h ), 2 . 53 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 37 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 08 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 91 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 82 - 1 . 48 ( m , 4h ), 1 . 41 - 1 . 14 ( m , 3h ), 0 . 97 - 0 . 83 ( m , 12h ). 13 c - nmr ( 75 . 6 mhz ) δ 177 . 4 , 173 . 6 , 173 . 3 , 170 . 6 , 165 . 4 , 149 . 8 , 147 . 3 , 138 . 1 ( degenerate ), 130 . 9 , 130 . 7 , 130 . 1 , 129 . 5 , 128 . 7 , 128 . 4 , 128 . 2 ( degenerate ), 119 . 4 , 66 . 7 , 66 . 1 , 61 . 3 , 59 . 0 , 51 . 2 ( degenerate ), 49 . 4 , 44 . 4 , 43 . 2 , 38 . 4 , 36 . 8 , 31 . 9 , 26 . 1 , 25 . 5 , 25 . 4 , 24 . 0 , 22 . 8 , 16 . 5 11 . 5 . following synthesis , the preferred embodiment compounds were tested for hiv protease inhibition . for in vitro potency testing , the n terminus of substrate amino acid sequences were first dansylated . the amino acid sequences present in such n - dansyl - peptide substrates can include , but are not limited to native proteolytic cleavage site sequences for the hiv gag and pol polyproteins . the prepared substrates were incubated with hiv protease and compounds of the present invention , under conditions in which the protease is catalytically active . control incubate mixtures did not have the inhibitor compounds . following incubation , aliquots of the incubate were analyzed with reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography ( hereinafter &# 34 ; rp - hplc &# 34 ;). any uncoverted peptide substrate is resolved from peptide product ( s ) and then detected by an inline fluorescence monitor . the amount of product formed over a known time interval may then be used to calculate the activity of the enzyme under the specific assay conditions . the amount of fluorescence detected in the eluted peak from hplc can be related to the amount of peptide in the peak by prior hplc analysis of standardized samples . the amount of peptide in the pure , standardized samples is determined accurately by amino acid analysis . inhibitory potency was assessed , in vitro , according to published procedures in tamburini et al ., 1990 , &# 34 ; a fluorometric assay for hiv - protease activity using high - performance liquid chromatography &# 34 ;, analytical biochemistry , 186 : 363 . hiv - protease was pre - incubated with or without the inhibitor compound at 37 ° c . and under buffer , ionic strength and ph conditions affording optimal protease activity . an n - dansyl - peptide substrate was then added to the incubation mixture . for example the dansylated substrate could be : the incubation mixture was then incubated at 37 ° c . during the incubation , the substrate is cleaved by the protease at the tyr - pro peptide bond to yield n - dansyl - ser - gln - asn - tyr ( seq id no : 2 ). at the end of the incubation ( 40 min ) the reaction was terminated by acidification with tfa , and the amounts of unconverted substrate and fluorescent product were detected and quantified by subsequent rp - hplc analysis with post column fluorescence detection . the rate of cleavage of the substrate is quantified from the amount of product formed in the known incubation time . specific assay conditions were as follows : incubations ( 75 ul ) containing the complete system without substrate were preincubated at 37 ° c . for 15 min prior to initiation of the protease reaction by the addition of 25 ul of stock 400 um substrtate peptide solution . the initial component concentrations at the start of the reaction were : hiv - protease ( 20 ul of a dilution sufficient to produce 40 to 60 % substrate cleavage in 40 min ), dimethyl sulphoxide ( 5 % v / v ), n - dansyl - ser - gln - asn - tyr - - pro - val - ile - val ( seq id no : 1 ) ( 100 um ), and sodium chloride ( 3 m ) in 150 mm mes buffer ph 6 . 0 . after a further incubation time of 40 min at 37 ° c . reactions were terminated by the addition of 50 ul of 12 % ( v / v ) tri - flouroacetic acid , and then loaded into the hplc autosampler for analysis . inhibitors were added to the incubation mixtures io to protease addition before the preincubation , as stock solutions in dimethyl suphoxide , lower concentrations of inhibitor were obtained by serial dilution of the incubation mixture containing the highest inhibitor concentration . the range of inhibitor concentrations were designed to cover the range yielding zero to 100 % inhibition of protease activity . dilution of the hiv - protease activity ( so as to achieve an amount of enzyme activity in 20 ul to produce 40 to 60 % substrate conversion when added to the incubation ) was achieved using the following buffer : 50 mm sodium acetate buffer ph 5 . 2 , 50 mm sodium chloride , 20 mm dl - dithiothreitol , 20 % ( v / v ) glycerol , 0 . 1 % ( v / v ) triton x - 100 and 1 . 5 m urea . analytical rp - hplc was performed on hewlett - packard hp 1090 complete with binary solvent delivery , heated column compartment , and auto - injector . fluorescence detection was achieved with an in - line gilson model 121 filter fluorometer ( excitation at 310 to 410 nm , emission at 480 to 520 nm ) in conjunction with an hplc chem station ( dos series ) and software for data analysis . aliquotes ( usually 10 ul ) of acidified incubation mixture containing both the unconverted substrate and proteolytic products were separated on a hypersil ( vydac ) ods , 5 um column ( 4 . 6 × 100 mm ). n - dans - ser - gln - asn - tyr - pro - ile - val ( seq id no : 1 ) and n - dans - ser - gln - asn - tyr ( seq id no : 2 ) were resolved isocratically in 100 mm sodium acetate buffer , ph 6 . 5 , containing 29 % ( v / v ) acetonitrile , at a flow rate of 1 . 2 ml / min , and column temperature of 50 ° c . quantification of the flourescent peptides was performed using peak areas . for each incubation , the fraction ( f ) of the substrate converted to product was calculated . since all incubations were performed for the same incubation time ( t ), the relative values of ( f ) for the incubations yielded the same relationship as the apparent reaction rates ( v ), given by ( v = f / t ). the ( f ) values were then subject to analysis using a modification of the dixon plot ( segel , 1975 , enzyme kinetics , wiley - interscience publications , new york ) of the form f (- i )/ f (+ i ) versus inhibitor concentration ( i ), where f (- i ) and f (+ i ) are the fraction of product formed in the absence and presence respectively of an inhibitor concentration equal to ( i ). ic 50 values were calculated from the reciprocal slope of the plots which were in each case found to be linear . table i , below , lists the results of inhibition potency tests for the compounds of the present invention measured both in the absence and presence of several concentrations of the compound . initial screens were performed at 10 μm final inhibitor concentration . compounds exhibiting significant activity at 10 μm were titrated with varying inhibitor concentrations ( i ) to determine apparent ic 50 values . table i______________________________________hiv protease ic . sub . 50 values of tested examplescompound of example no : ic . sub . 50 ( nm ) ______________________________________example 7 niexample 8 niexample 9 1900example 10 niexample 11a niexample 11b 15000 * example 12 125example 14 & gt ; 50000 * example 15 35example 16 niexample 17 15000 * ______________________________________ ni = no inhibition at 10 μm final concentration . * estimated ic . sub . 50 from the observed inhibition at 10 μm concentration . assays for each inhibitor concentration ( including 0 nm ) were in all cases performed in triplicate . table ii______________________________________compound of ic . sub . 50 . sup . a inhibitor . sup . cexample no : ( nm ) n . sup . b ( nm ) cv %. sup . d______________________________________ 7 ni * 1 10000 -- 8 ni 1 10000 -- 9 1900 7 50 to 10000 0 . 0710 ni 1 10000 -- 11a ni 1 10000 -- 11b 15000 . sup . f 1 10000 -- 12 125 7 1 to 500 1 . 9614 & gt ; 50000 . sup . f 1 10000 -- 15 35 6 1 to 100 1 . 8816 ni 1 10000 -- 17 15000 . sup . f 1 10000______________________________________ where : . sup . a ic . sub . 50 is the concentration of compound in the in the assay incubation which inhibits the hivprotease activity by 50 % under the specified assay conditions . . sup . b n is the number of inhibitor concentrations analysed ( including 0 nm ) . sup . c the range of inhibitor concentrations tested ( besides 0 nm ). . sup . d cv % = percentage standard deviation for the linear dixon plots = 100 x ( standard deviation for the slope / calculated slope ) . sup . e ni = no inhibition . . sup . f estimated from the % inhibition at 10000 nm final . as shown by the low cv % values in table ii , excellent quality titration data were obtained in each case . thus : 1 ) direct comparison of compounds differing only in the stereochemistry within the substituted amino - 5 - methyl hexan - 1 - olyl isostere group ( i . e ., compounds of examples 9 versus 10 ; examples 15 versus 17 ) showed that only compounds of the 2s , 3s stereochemistry gave significant inhibitory potency . corresponding compounds containing the 2r , 3r stereochemistry were innactive or poorly active ( compounds of examples 10 and 17 ). all three compounds showing significant inhibitor potency ( compounds of examples 9 , 12 and 15 ) possessed the 2s , 3s stereochemistry . the activity of compounds of examples 12 and 15 are within the range necessary for therapeutic development . 2 ) comparison of compounds containing the hexan - 1 - olyl group and hexanoate group within the isostere spacer ( compare compounds of examples 7 versus 9 , 11 versus 12 , or 14 versus 15 ) showed that only compounds with 2s , 3s isostere spacer stereochemistry plus a free hexan - 1 - olyl group had significant activity . 3 ) the compounds of examples 9 and 12 differ only in that the latter compound ( compound 12 ) contains an additional asn residue between the carbo - benzyloxy and isostere spacer group . addition of this amino acid increased inhibitory potency by 152 fold . 4 ) substitution of the n - carbo - benzyloxy group with the n - quinaldehyde group ( compare compounds of examples 12 and 15 ) increased inhibitory potency 3 . 6 fold . this is less than has been observed with other isostere spacers . collectively , the most important determinant of inhibitory potency of compounds based on the isostere spacer type of the present invention is the novel nature of the isostere group itself . within the spacer the 2s , 3s stereochemistry yields active compounds but it is possible that that compounds containing either the 2s 3r or 2r , 3s isostere spacer stereochemistry might yield improved potency . as shown hereinabove , the third important determinant of the potency is the nature of the substituents both n - and c - terminal to the isostere group . it will be appreciated that the instant specification and claims are set forth by way of illustration and not limitation and that various modifications and changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention . __________________________________________________________________________sequence listing ( 1 ) general information :( iii ) number of sequences : 2 ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 1 :( i ) sequence characteristics :( a ) length : 7 amino acids ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) topology : linear ( ii ) publication information :( a ) authors : ratner et al . ( b ) journal : nature ( c ) volume : 313 ( d ) pages : 277 ( e ) date : 1985 ( iii ) sequence description : seq id no : 1 : serglnasntyrproileval15 ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 2 :( i ) sequence characteristics :( a ) length : 4 amino acids ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) topology : linear ( ii ) publication information :( a ) authors : ratner et al . ( b ) journal : nature ( c ) volume : 313 ( d ) pages : 277 ( e ) date : 1985 ( iii ) sequence description : seq id no : 2 : serglnasntyr	0
within the framework of the present invention , it is preferable to make air jet textured yarns of polyester filaments which have been textured according to the process described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 338 , 776 . reference is made expressly herein to the disclosure in this publication . in this particular process , which is used for the manufacture of crimped yarn of continuous multifilament fibers , the yarn is driven between a first and a second delivery system , in between which exists a texturing jet functioning according to the air jet texturing principle . the speed v 2 of the second delivery system is slower than the speed v 1 of the first delivery system . after leaving the texturing zone , the yarn is subjected to a heatless drafting step in a stabilizing zone . the drafting in the stabilizing zone does not lead to elastic or plastic deformation . following the stabilizing zone , the yarn is fed to a setting zone , in which shrinkage and heat treatment of the yarn is conducted . heat treatment temperatures may be up to 245 ° c ., with the speed exiting the treatment zone being less than the initial or first delivery speed v 1 . the yarn thereafter is wound onto a spool at a predetermined yarn tension and a winding speed which also is less than the initial or first delivery speed v 1 . a process for the partial tearing or opening of loops and bows of polyester filament yarns , as just described , is contained in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 501 , 046 . express reference is made herewith to this disclosure . the yarns prepared according to the above - described process should exhibit loops and bows which in part protrude beyond the periphery of the yarn . such yarns , provided they are set in a suitable manner , can be used in the present invention . however , in order to make them especially suitable herein , the yarns are preferably guided with at least one turn around one or several rotatably mounted rolls located one behind the other in the direction of the yarn travel . yarns fed in a series of rolls in this manner tend to trap loops and bows protruding beyond the core of the unwinding bundle . as the incoming yarn to the roll temporarily captures the loops and bows in this manner , a number of the bows will be broken or torn . such yarns may be subsequently thermally stabilized in hot dry air having temperatures on the order of 180 ° c . to 200 ° c . it is also permissible to set the yarn in saturated steam . in an especially advantageous version of this invention , polyester filament yarns are subjected to a low - level twist falsetwist texturing step before being air textured . the most suitable number of turns depends upon the total denier of the yarn to be treated . for example , for deniers from 100 to 1200 dtex , according to the invention herein , the number of turns may be from 1200 to 1800 turns per meter . further , in this particular version , a temperature of 180 ° c . to 225 ° c . is preferably maintained in the twist setting zone of the falsetwist texturing step . yarns textured in this manner may then be air tangled and set in the manner above described . &# 34 ; substrates &# 34 ; within the context of this invention is understood to include flat , shaped articles such as nonwovens , woven or knitted fabrics , and the like which make use of appropriate adhesive agents . if required , additional customary additives can be coated or loaded with customary abrasives herein . the substrates can be made up in the form of strips , ribbons , mats , etc ., and they also consist of specially made up flat shaped articles such as discs or the like . fabrics can be constructed in customary weaves , and the weight of the fabrics may vary , for example , between 150 to 500 grams per square meter . the same or different deniers of yarns may be used in the warp and filling of woven fabrics . the substrate may consist of a single flat shaped textile article . it is also possible to combine two or more kinds of flat shaped articles in the manufacture thereof . in one embodiment , the yarns in the substrate may be in the form of a pile material . by pile material , it is meant any textile fabric in which the yarns , due to the manufacturing process , form projections , e . g ., tufts . the piles may be open or closed . suitable designs of pile materials usable as substrates are referred to in german registered design rule no . 82 37 962 . 1 on page 4 . reference is expressly made herein to this german registered design . stitchery - reinforced knitted substrates or substrates with an appropriate filling are highly suitable . the substrates manufactured in accordance with the invention herein have a smooth surface noticeable in the finished abrasive , and have a long running time and operation . results generally obtained only with staple fiber yarns may be obtained through this particular invention , while still retaining the advantages of continuous filament yarn manufacture . the special structure of the yarns permits the substrate manufactured therewith to be very absorptive of binding agents , permitting the latter to penetrate into the interior of the substrate , guaranteeing a good adhesion of the grain thereto . substrates manufactured in accordance with the invention herein exhibit excellent mechanical characteristics -- in particular , strength , tear resistance , and low relative elongation , especially in the case of woven fabrics . special advantages of cleanliness and surface adhesion are obtained with fine grain abrasives utilizing the substrate described herein and may be used in wet as well as dry grinding processes .	1
the joystick controller in fig1 includes a handle 20 carried in an upper casing 22 that connects to a lower casing 24 to form the joystick assembly . the handle includes a microswitch button 26 at its upper end , and is mounted toward its lower end within the upper casing by a resilient member 28 that permits manual pivotal motion of the handle in a spherical arc , but returns the handle to a neutral position when the handle is released . the resilient member defines a pivot for the handle , and a brush member actuating rod 30 extends downwardly from a lower end of the handle . referring also to fig2 - 4 , the lower casing 24 contains an assembly comprising , in ascending order from bottom to top , a circuit board 32 , a first brush carrying member or plate 34 , a second brush carrying member or plate 36 and a plate guide 38 . each plate 34 and 36 carries at its opposite ends a pair of electrical brushes 40 , and the plates are arranged in superposed orthogonal relationship on the circuit board 32 , so that one brush 40 of each plate contacts a resistor on the circuit board while the other remains idle and does not serve any electrical function . rather , the other brushes support opposite ends of the plates to maintain the plates parallel to the circuit board and simplify assembly of the joystick controller by eliminating the need to orient the plates in one direction only . each plate 34 and 36 has an enlarged and generally circular center portion in which is provided an elongate slot 42 extending perpendicular to the length of the plate . each also has a pair of upstanding posts 44 at its opposite ends , and with the plates arranged in orthogonal superposed relationship on the circuit board 32 with the posts facing up , the slots 42 define a common passage 46 through which the brush plate actuating rod 30 of the handle 20 is extended when the upper casing 22 is assembled on the lower casing 24 . the brush plates 34 and 36 are therefore movable in response to movement of the handle 20 , and to constrain them for orthogonal movement with respect to each other , the plate guide 38 has a plurality of passages 48 that receive pins 50 extending upwardly from the circuit board 32 to orient the guide plate above the circuit board and brush carrying plates 34 and 36 . also formed in the plate guide are a pair of aligned slots 52 that receive respective ones of the pins 44 of the brush plate 36 and a pair of aligned slots 54 , oriented orthogonally to the slots 52 , that receive respective ones of the pins 44 of the brush plate 34 . the plate guide therefore constrains the brush carrying plates for movement along straight line orthogonal paths in response to manipulation of the handle . as will be described , as the brush plates move along their straight line paths , one electrical brush 40 of each sweeps across and contacts an associated linearly extending resistor on the circuit board 32 to provide signals representative of the position of the handle 20 . the signals are carried to equipment such as a computer or video game over a cable 56 that connects with outputs from the circuit board via an intermediate terminal block 58 . fig5 illustrates one possible arrangement of resistors and conductors carried on a substrate and comprising the circuit board 32 , and the upper portion of fig6 is a schematic representation of the circuit formed by the resistors and conductors . the resistors may be any suitable resistors that are deposited , mounted or placed on the substrate such that they extend linearly along the substrate , and may comprise , by way of example , screen resistors . included are a pair of resistors r xa and r ya from which are derived analog signals representative of x - y axis coordinate information ; a pair of resistors r xc and r yc that are adjustable in value , by means of respective levers 58 and 60 , to provide a centering function for the analog output signals when the handle is in a neutral position ; and a pair of fixed resistors r x and r y . also included in the circuit is an input for receiving a positive operating voltage , such as + 5v , along with a pair of output terminals x and y at which appear the analog signals representative of the x - y axis coordinate information . to generate at the output x an analog signal representative of an x - axis coordinate , one brush 40 carried by the brush plate 34 spans a gap between and contacts both the linearly extending resistor r xa and a conductor c x lying parallel to the resistor and extending to the x output . consequently , linear movement of the brush plate 34 by the handle 20 moves its brush 40 linearly along the resistor r xa and conductor c x to change the effective value of the resistor and provide a corresponding change in value of the signal at the output x . in a similar manner , to generate at the output y a signal representative of a y - axis coordinate , a brush 40 carried by the brush plate 36 spans a gap between and contacts both the linearly extending resistor r ya and a conductor c y lying parallel to the resistor and extending to the output y . thus , the value exhibited by the resistor r ya , and therefore the value of the signal at the output y , is controlled by linear movement of the brush 40 along the resistor and conductor in response to movement of the handle . the values exhibited by the linearly extending x - y axis centering resistors r xc and r yc are controlled in a somewhat similar manner . the lever 58 carries on its inner lower end an electrical brush ( not shown ) that spans a gap between and contacts both the x - axis centering resistor r xc and a parallel conductor c xc , whereby linear movement of the lever adjusts the value exhibited by the resistor and performs an x - axis centering function . the lever 60 also carries an electrical brush ( not shown ) on its lower inner surface , which spans a gap between and contacts both the y - axis centering resistor r yc and a parallel conductor c yc , whereby the lever may be linearly moved to adjust the value of the resistor r yc for y - axis centering purposes . the use of linearly extending resistors and slidertype brushes to provide x - y axis coordinate information and to perform centering functions provides distinct advantages over conventional joystick assemblies that use rotary potentiometers for the purposes . first , the resistors may be made to be flat or substantially flat , so the joystick housing occupies a minimum of space and has a minimum thickness for maximum stability against tipping in use , even when the handle is relatively vigorously moved to extreme positions . secondly , the resistors may be formed on the substrate very economically , so as compared with joystick assemblies using discrete rotary potentiometers , the one of the invention may be manufactured at minimal cost . also , because all motions are linear and there is no need to convert linear motions to rotary motions , minimum numbers of components are required , which increases the reliability and decreases wear of the joystick , and further reduces its cost . if desired , in addition to providing analog coordinate information , the joystick of the invention may also include buttons for activating switches that initiate events such as &# 34 ; fire &# 34 ; signals , such for example as the handle switch 26 and another switch ( not shown ) which may be supported on the upper casing 22 , which switches are represented schematically in the lower portion of fig6 . while embodiments of the invention have been described in detail , various modifications and other embodiments thereof may be devised by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention , as defined in the appended claims .	6
hereinafter , exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described in detail with reference to the attached drawings . however , the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described herein , but may be embodied in various forms . elements that do not correspond to the present invention have not been described in order to provide a simplified description for the present invention in association with the drawings . like reference numerals denote like elements throughout the entire specification . also , elements already well known in the art have not been described in detail . fig1 is an exploded perspective view of a battery module 100 according to a first embodiment of the present invention . the battery module 100 according to the first embodiment of the invention includes first and second lithium ion rechargeable batteries 105 and 107 . the configuration of fig1 is provided to explain a principle of the present invention . the present invention is not limited to lithium ion rechargeable batteries . in addition , the battery module according to the present invention may include more than two rechargeable batteries , and such a configuration is also included in the scope of the present invention . as shown in fig1 , the battery module 100 includes the first and second rechargeable batteries 105 and 107 respectively having an electrode assembly 110 , a casing 120 , and a cap assembly 140 , an insulating member 129 , a first interconnection member 160 , and a second interconnection member 170 . since the first and second rechargeable batteries 105 and 107 have the same structure in the current embodiment , the features of the first and second rechargeable batteries 105 and 107 are described below based on the first rechargeable battery 105 . the electrode assembly 110 includes a first electrode 114 ( a positive electrode ) having a charge collector where positive activation materials are attached , a second electrode 112 ( a negative electrode ) having a charge collector where negative activation materials are attached , and a separator 113 interposed between the positive and negative electrodes 114 and 112 for preventing a short circuit therebetween . more specifically , the negative electrode 112 is manufactured by coating a slurry type activation material layer obtained by mixing a negative activation material power , a negative binder , a bond , and the like on a charge collector such as a copper plate . in addition , the negative tap 132 is connected to the negative electrode 112 and makes contact with an internal bottom surface of the casing 120 . as a result , the casing 120 can function as a negative terminal of the first rechargeable battery 105 . needless to say , it would be apparent to those skilled in the art that a negative charge collector ( not shown ) instead of the negative tap 132 may be connected to the negative electrode 112 . the positive electrode 114 is manufactured by uniformly coating a slurry type activation material layer obtained by mixing a positive activation material power , a positive binder , a positive conductive additive , and the like on a charge collector such as an aluminum plate . a positive tap 134 is connected to the positive electrode 114 , extended away from the positive electrode 114 , and then connected to a safety vent 142 of the cap assembly 140 . needless to say , a positive charge collector ( not shown ) instead of the positive tap 134 may be connected to the positive electrode 114 . in this case , a lead tap ( not shown ) of the positive charge collector is connected to the cap assembly 140 . the separator 113 separates the positive and negative electrodes 112 and 114 from each other , and provides a circulation path for the lithium ions . the separator 113 may be a single layered film formed of polyethylene , polypropylene , or polyvinylidene fluoride , a multi - layered film having two or more layers formed of polyethylene , polypropylene , or polyvinylidene fluoride , or a mixed multi - layered film such as a polyethylene / polypropylene double layered separator , a polyethylene / polypropylene / polyethylene triple layered film , and a polypropylene / polyethylene / polypropylene triple layered separator . this electrode assembly 110 may be obtained by sequentially stacking the negative electrode 112 , the separator 113 , and the positive electrode 114 , combining a center rod ( not show ) with the end of the stack , and winding them in a cylindrical shape . the resultant electrode assembly 110 may be inserted into the casing 120 , which will be described later , and then , the center rod removed from the electrode assembly 110 . a vacant space formed by the removal of the center rod may be filled with a center pin ( not shown ). upper and lower insulation plates 138 and 136 are respectively installed on upper and lower sides of the aforementioned electrode assembly 110 in order to prevent an unnecessary electrical short between the electrode assembly 110 and the casing 120 . the casing 120 includes an internal space for containing the electrode assembly 110 in a cylindrical shape , and is formed of a conductive metallic material , such as aluminum , aluminum alloy , and steel plated with nickel . the casing 120 has an open top surface , into which the electrode assembly 110 can be inserted . the opened top surface of the casing 120 is combined with the cap assembly 140 to seal the casing 120 . in the process of combining the casing 120 and the cap assembly 140 , the casing 120 is provided with a bead portion 123 and a crimped portion 125 . the internal space of the sealed casing 120 is filled with electrolyte ( not shown ), which allows the lithium ions generated by an electrochemical reaction to move between the positive and negative electrodes 112 and 114 during the charge / discharge operations . the cap assembly 140 includes an electrode cap 143 , a positive temperature coefficient element 141 , a safety vent 142 , an electrode cap 143 , and a gasket 144 . the gasket 144 covers side surfaces of the conductive electrode cap 143 , the positive temperature coefficient element 141 , and the safety vent 142 and is disposed between them and the casing 120 to insulate them from the casing 120 . the safety vent 142 has a lower surface where the positive tap 134 extracted from the positive electrode 114 is attached using a bonding process , such as a welding . the safety vent 142 is upwardly switched to cut off electrical connection with the positive electrode 114 when an internal pressure of the first rechargeable battery 105 exceeds a predetermined value . although the safety vent 142 and the positive tap 134 are directly connected together in the current embodiment , it would be apparent to those skilled in the art that an insulation member ( not shown ) and a cap plate ( not shown ) may be further sequentially stacked under the safety vent 142 , and the positive tap 134 connected to the cap plate . the positive temperature coefficient element 141 is connected to an upper portion of the safety vent 142 . an electrical resistance of the positive temperature coefficient element 141 increases to a nearly infinite level when its temperature exceeds a predetermined level . therefore , it can be used to stop a charge / discharge current flow when the temperature of the first rechargeable battery 105 increases beyond a predetermined level . when the temperature of the first rechargeable battery 105 lowers to below a predetermined level , the electrical resistance of the positive temperature coefficient element 141 is reduced again . accordingly , the functions of the first rechargeable battery 105 can be recovered . the electrode cap 143 is connected to an upper portion of the positive temperature coefficient element 141 and serves as a positive terminal to externally supply the current . the side surface of the electrode cap 143 is provided with a degassing hole 143 a which allows an internal gas of the first rechargeable battery 105 to be ventilated when the safety vent 142 is opened . the insulating material 129 is formed on an upper side surface of the first rechargeable battery 105 having the aforementioned structure . the insulating material 129 has functions of maintaining insulation between the electrodes and absorbing vibration . in addition , the insulating material 129 cuts off electrical connection between the first interconnection member 160 and the casing 120 . although the second rechargeable battery 107 is not provided with an insulating member 129 in the current embodiment , it would be apparent to those skilled in the art that the insulating member may be provided with the second rechargeable battery 107 . the first interconnection member 160 covers a side surface of the insulating member 129 provided to the first rechargeable battery 105 and is electrically connected to the electrode cap 143 . the second interconnection member 170 is formed to cover a lower side surface of the casing 120 of the second rechargeable battery 107 . the second interconnection member 170 is combined with the first interconnection member 160 by a bolt 182 and a nut 184 , so that the first and second rechargeable batteries 105 and 107 are electrically connected with each other . fig2 is a view of the first rechargeable battery 105 connected to the first interconnection member 160 of fig1 . as shown in fig2 , the first interconnection member 160 includes a first cover 165 and a first elongated portion 166 . the first cover 165 includes a body portion 162 for covering the insulating member 129 and an engaged portion 164 that is combined with the body portion 162 and electrically connected to the electrode cap 143 . the first elongated portion 166 protrudes from the body portion 162 and is provided with a first through - hole 166 a into which the bolt 182 ( see fig1 ) is inserted . the first through - hole 166 a is formed in the first elongated portion 166 in a direction of a length of the first rechargeable battery 105 . the first elongated portion 166 is engaged with a second elongated portion 176 ( see fig3 ) which will be described later , and accordingly , the first and second rechargeable battery 105 and 107 can be electrically connected to each other . the first interconnection member 160 having the aforementioned construction is electrically connected to the positive electrode of the first rechargeable battery 105 . more specifically , since the engaged portion 164 of the first cover 165 is fixed to the electrode cap 143 having a function of a positive terminal , the first interconnection member 160 can be electrically connected to a positive electrode of the first rechargeable battery 105 . the body portion 162 of the first cover 165 is disposed to cover the side surface of the insulating member 129 , so that the first interconnection member 160 is insulated from the casing 120 having a function of a negative terminal . fig3 is a view of the second rechargeable battery 107 connected to the second interconnection member 170 of fig1 . as shown in fig3 , the second interconnection member 170 includes a second cover 175 and a second elongated portion 176 . the second cover 175 is formed in a shape of an open - ended cylinder disposed to cover a lower side surface of the casing 120 of the second rechargeable battery 107 . as described above , the second cover 175 is directly connected to the casing 120 having a function of a negative terminal of the second rechargeable battery 107 , so that the second interconnection member 170 can be electrically connected to a negative electrode of the second rechargeable battery 107 . a side portion of the second elongated portion 176 is fixed to the second cover 175 , and the other side portion is combined with the first elongated portion 166 ( see fig2 ). the second elongated portion 176 is provided with a second through - hole 176 a into which the bolt 182 ( see fig1 ) is inserted . the second through - hole 176 a is formed in the second elongated portion 176 in a direction of a length of the second rechargeable battery 107 and disposed to be aligned with the first through - hole 166 a of the first elongated portion 166 . as described above , the second elongated portion 176 is combined with the first elongated portion 166 of the first rechargeable battery 105 , so that the first and second rechargeable batteries 105 and 107 are electrically connected to each other . in the current embodiment , the second and first elongated portions 176 and 166 are combined by the bolt 182 penetrating the second and first through - holes 176 a and 166 a and the nut 184 ( see fig1 ) mated with the bolt 184 ( see fig1 ). in the current embodiment , according to the aforementioned constructions , although the first and second rechargeable batteries 105 and 107 are connected to each other , the length of the rechargeable batteries is not increased due to the improved first and second interconnection members 160 and 170 , and this means that a volume of the battery module 100 having a plurality of the rechargeable batteries does not increase . as shown in fig4 , a first through - hole formed in a first elongated portion 266 and a second through - hole formed in a second elongated portion 277 maybe formed in a direction crossing the length of the first and second rechargeable batteries 105 and 107 . more specifically , according to a battery module 200 in the second embodiment , a bolt 182 penetrates the first and second through - holes in the direction crossing the length of the first and second rechargeable batteries 105 and 107 , and a nut 184 is mated with the bolt 182 , so that first and second interconnection members are connected . in addition , as shown in fig5 , first and second interconnection members 360 and 370 are combined by performing a resistance welding or a laser welding . more specifically , according to a battery module 300 in the third embodiment , a first elongated portion 366 of the first interconnection member 360 is combined with a second elongated portion 377 of the second interconnection member 370 by performing a welding , so that the first and second rechargeable batteries 105 and 107 can be electrically connected . fig6 is a top plan view showing a battery module 400 according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig6 , first and second interconnection members 460 and 470 are combined by a bolt 182 and a nut ( not shown ). in addition , an included angle θ between a center line of the first elongated portion 466 in a length direction and a center line of the second elongated portion 477 in a length direction is formed to be in a range of from 10 ° to 180 °. according to the fourth embodiment , the included angle θ is controlled so as to freely control a distance s between the first and second rechargeable batteries 105 and 107 . in other words , according to a size of a device applying the battery module 400 , the distance between the first and second rechargeable batteries 105 and 107 can be controlled to correspond to the size , so that an adaptability of the battery module 400 for the device applying the battery module 400 can increase . other technical features may be similarly applied as in the aforementioned first embodiment . as described above , according to the embodiments of the present invention , due to the improved first and second interconnection members , although a plurality of the rechargeable batteries are connected together , the length of the rechargeable batteries is not increased . in addition , according to the embodiments of the present invention , a distance between adjacent rechargeable batteries can be controlled so that the entire size of the battery module can be freely determined . in other words , there is an advantage in that an adaptability of the battery module for a device applying the battery module increases . although the exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been described , the present invention is not limited to these embodiments , but may be modified in various ways without departing from the scope of the appended claims .	7
as shown in fig1 , a male undergarment or swimwear shown generally of several elements . the main elements of the preferred embodiment is a tubular body portion shown generally as 45 , a penis enclosure 25 , a penis enclosure flap 10 , enclosure retainers , and flap enclosure retainers as shown in fig1 . the tubular body portion 45 has a front , a back , a crotch area , a leg band 15 and waistband 5 as commonly known in the art . in the preferred embodiment the front area of the tubular body has a penis enclosure 25 and enclosure flap forming a opening defined therein . a waistband 5 encircles the upper perimeter of tubular body 45 to encircle securely the waist or hip of the wearer and hold the garment in a relatively fixed position during use . tubular body portion 45 can seamless tubular member snugly encircling the torso of the wearer . where , however , garments are made in varying sizes , it is sometimes necessary to reduce or enlarge the diameter of the overall tubular body , including enlarged proportioned waistband 5 , and leg bands 15 . tubular body portion 45 also includes a pair of leg - receiving openings , with leg bands 15 and in a generally tubular condition to provide for the formation of the crotch area , which may be in the form of a scrotum receiving cradle as shown in fig6 . in another embodiment , the body of the invention can be in a form of a boxer , brief , bikini brief , swim trunk , or bikini . in the preferred embodiment , the enclosure flap is held in place by a flap retainer 20 . the flap retainer 20 is designed to securely prevent the unintentional exposure of the user &# 39 ; s penis 1 . another purpose of the flap retainers 20 is to gently secure the penis 1 within the penis enclosure 25 . the resistance of the elastic on the retainers are designed for comfortable access to the penis for urination while holding the penis 1 in place securely as shown in fig4 . the flap and enclosure retainers can take the form of either a solid piece of elastic fabric or in a string - like form . the user wears the undergarment as commonly known by inserting legs into the leg openings and pulling up the waistband 5 securely onto the hips or waist . in the preferred embodiment , as shown in fig2 and fig3 , the user insert his penis 1 into and through the port 30 to ultimately place the penis in the penis enclosure 25 leaving the scrotum in the interior of the tubular body . in the preferred embodiment , the port is shaped substantially as a triangle . the shaped port ensures that there is no unintentional slippage of the penis out of the penis enclosure from the port 30 during normal wear . the scrotum may rest comfortably and securely in the scrotum receiving cradle 50 as shown in fig6 . the penis enclosure 25 is held in place by the enclosure retainers 35 . the enclosure retainers 35 prevent the unintentional opening of the penis enclosure exposing the penis . additionally , the enclosure retainers ensures the penis remains in the penis enclosure . in the preferred embodiment , a horizontal opening is located at the top portion of the penis enclosure . further the horizontal opening of the penis enclosure is covered by an enclosure flap 10 as shown in fig4 . the horizontal opening is designed for easy access for urination for either right handed or left handed users . additionally , the invention ensures the comfort of the user , no matter the state of the penis 1 . as shown in fig5 a and fig5 b , the penis 1 can either be in erect state or flaccid state without concerning the user on comfort or exposure . the enclosure retainer 35 and flap retainer 20 ensures that the flap and penis enclosure is secured such that at all times fabric from either the enclosure 25 or the flap 10 prevents unintentional exposure of the penis . comfort of the user is ensured when the penis 1 is in the flaccid state , the penis 1 rest on the lower portion of the penis enclosure 40 as shown in fig5 a . comfort is ensured for the user &# 39 ; s penis in the erect state through the use of flexible retainers as shown in fig5 b . additionally , as shown in fig5 b unintentional exposure of the penis 1 is prevented by the penis enclosure 25 and the enclosure flap 10 . the undergarment of the present invention as described and illustrated will provide greater comfort by moisture absorption and air circulation than conventional forms of briefs . the garment minimizes binding , pinching , and especially chafing , and at the same time provides anatomically correct freedom for the male genitals but with the additional concealment ( modesty ) over and beyond that provided by customary briefs , as this invention will totally encase the male genitalia in a pocket preventing the occasional unexpected exposure . access to the penis may be obtained by simply lifting or moving the penis flap 10 up while pushing the penis enclosure 25 down . the garment of the present invention may be made entirely of a light mesh knit or woven fabric or parts of the garment may be of knit fabric and other parts of woven fabric . the preferred materials utilized for the present invention is commonly known in the art to facilitate such effects as aeration , absorption of moisture , and quick drying . the brief may also be made in a variety of sizes resulting from variations in the sizes of the various elements including the tubular support body portion 45 , elastic leg openings 15 , the penis enclosure 25 , and the port 30 . additionally , with the penis and scrotum secured in place the leg openings can afford very lose or non existent elastic . while the above invention has been described with reference to certain preferred embodiments , the scope of the present invention is not limited to these embodiments . one skilled in the art may find variations of these preferred embodiments which , nevertheless , fall within the spirit of the present invention , whose scope is defined by the claims set forth below	0
the low - density polyethylenes usable as the inner and outer layers of the medical bag according to the present invention are those having a density of 0 . 930 g / cm 3 or less . a low - density polyethylene having a density of 0 . 930 g / cm 3 or less has much more excellent sanitariness over poly ( vinyl chloride ) and also has good flexibility and transparency . however , the use of a low - density polyethylene having a density of 0 . 920 g / cm 3 or more and having a melt flow rate , according to jis k 6760 , of 0 . 1 to 10 g / 10 min , more desirably 0 . 4 to 3 g / 10 min is desirable from the viewpoint of the sterilization treatment temperature conditions . the low - density polyethylene can be modified , for example , slightly crosslinked by an organic peroxide or electron processing system , or blended with other resins such as medium - density polyethylene or 1 , 2 - polybutadiene , fillers such as magnesium hydroxide or magnesium oxide , and additives such as polyethylene wax , as long as the above - mentioned desirable characteristics are not adversely affected for the practical use . the ethylene - vinyl acetate copolymers , ethylene - propylene type elastomers , and ethylene - butene - 1 elastomers used as an intermediate layer of the medical bag according to the present invention should have especially excellent flexibility as well as excellent transparency and also have good adhesive properties to the low - density polyethylene used in the inner and outer layers of the medical bag according to the present invention . in order to obtain the desired flexibility , the use of an ethylene - vinyl acetate copolymer having a vinyl acetate content of at least 15 % by weight , more desirably , 18 % to 28 % by weight and having a melt flow rate , according to jis k 6760 , of 0 . 4 to 5 g / 10 min an ethylene - propylene type elastomer having a propylene content of 60 mole % or less , desirably 15 mole % to 40 mole % and having a melt flow rate , according to jis k 6760 , of 0 . 3 to 5 g / 10 min , or an ethylene - butene - 1 type elastomer having a butene - 1 content of 5 mole % or more , desirably 8 mole % to 20 mole % and having a melt flow rate , according to jis k 6760 , of 0 . 3 to 5 g / 10 min . these ethylene - vinyl acetate copolymers , ethylene - propylene type elastomers , and ethylene - butene - 1 type elastomers can be modified , for example , slightly cross - linked by radiation , or can be blended with other resins such as low density polyethylene , 1 , 2 - polybutadiene , fillers such as magnesium hydroxide or magnesium oxide , and additives such as polyethylene wax , as long as the above - mentioned desirable characteristics are not adversely affected for the practical use . the ethylene - vinyl acetate copolymer , ethylene - propylene type elastomer , and ethylene - butene - 1 elastomer are generally used alone as the intermediate layer . however , a mixture of ( a ) the ethylene - vinyl acetate and ( b ) the ethylene - propylene type elastomer or the ethylene - butene - 1 elastomer in any ratio can optionally be used as the intermediate layer . the thickness of the laminate is desirably 0 . 15 to 0 . 6 mm . a thickness of less than 0 . 15 mm tends to give the bag an insubstantial feeling , whereas a thickness of more than 0 . 6 mm tends to result in insufficient flexibility . although there is no specific limitation on the thickness of each layer , it is desirable that the thickness of the intermediate layer is 60 % or more , more desirably 70 % to 90 %, of the total thickness of the laminate so as to afford the sufficient flexibility to the laminate . furthermore , the thickness of the inner or outer layer of 0 . 1 mm or more tends to result in insufficient flexibility , whereas a thickness of the inner or outer layer of less than 0 . 01 mm tends to cause the decrease in the heat - sealing strength . the desirable flexibility of the laminate can be represented by a modulus of 600 kg / cm 2 or less , desirably 500 kg / cm 2 or less measured by a tapered stiffness meter according to astm d 747 . the laminate according to the present invention can be prepared by any conventional lamination method , such as a water - cooling or air cooling type co - extrusion inflation method , a co - extrusion t - die method , a dry lamination method , or an extrusion lamination method . the use of the water - cooling type co - extrusion inflation method and co - extrusion t - die method is desirable from an economical point of view . the laminate is generally prepared in the form of a tube or sheet and , then , is heat - sealed to form a bag having an appropriate shape and desired dimensions . then , attachments for a liquid inlet and outlet are attached to the bag . the inside and outside surfaces of the medical bag thus obtained are washed or cleaned with distilled water or disinfectant water having a predetermined temperature prior to the filling of the liquid to be contained in the bag , if necessary , and , then , the liquid is filled in the bag after drying . then , the medical bag containing the liquid is subjected to a sterilization treatment by , for example , a high pressure steam method . typical conditions of the high pressure steam sterilization are , for example , 115 ° c .× 30 min and 121 ° c .× 20 min . when the medical bag according to the present invention is subjected to the high pressure steam sterilization , it has been found that wrinkles are likely to be generated near or around the sealed portions of the bag , whereby the external appearance of the bag is somewhat impaired . the generation of the wrinkle can , however , be advantageously prevented by fixing the medical bag in place during the sterilization treatment . the fixing of the medical bag can be done by , for example , mechanically fixing the top and bottom edges and / or the left and right edges of the sealed portions of the medical bag , stacking the medical bags , or pressurizing the center portion of the medical bag by any object or body . furthermore , it has been found that the transparency of the medical bag is improved when the bag is subjected to a heat treatment at a temperature of 40 ° c . or more for at least 10 minutes . a heat treatment temperature of less than 40 ° c . requires too long a heat treatment time , whereas a heat treatment time of less than 10 minutes does not result in the substantial improvement in the transparency . each layer of the medical bag according to the present invention is transparent . the desired sanitariness , heat - resistance suitable for the sterilization treatment , and heat - sealability can be obtained by the inner and outer layers of the medical bag according to the present invention , and the desired flexibility and the adhesive properties with the inner and outer layers can be obtained by the presence of the intermediate layer . thus , the medical bag according to the present invention has the advantages that the undesirable migration of the plasticizers of poly ( vinyl chloride ) and the possible toxicity of the vinyl chloride monomer can be completely prevented , while the characteristics of the conventional flexible ( or non - rigid ) medical bag are retained . the present invention will now be further illustrated by , but is by no means limited to , the following examples . laminated sheets having the composition of the synthetic resins and the layers listed in table 1 were prepared by using a water - cooling co - extrusion inflation method in examples 1 to 6 and comparative examples 1 and 2 and by using a t - die method in comparative examples 3 and 4 . from the laminated sheets thus obtained , medical bags having internal volumes of 500 cc were formed . the various properties and characteristics of these medical bags were determined . the results are shown in table 1 below . the abbreviations used in the table 1 are as follows : ldpe : low - density polyethylene having a density of 0 . 927 g / cm 3 and a melt flow rate of 1 . 1 g / 10 min at 190 ° c . ; eva : ethylene - vinyl acetate copolymer having a vinyl acetate content of 25 % by weight and a melt flow rate of 2 . 0 g / 10 min at 190 ° c . ; epr : ethylene - propylene type elastomer having a density of 0 . 900 g / cm 3 , a melt flow rate of 1 . 2 g / 10 min at 190 ° c ., and a propylene content of 28 mole %; eb : ethylene - butene - 1 type elastomer having a density of 0 . 890 g / cm 3 , a melt flow rate of 3 . 5 g / 10 min at 190 ° c ., and a butene - 1 content of 10 mole %; hdpe : high - density polyethylene having a density of 0 . 948 g / cm 3 and a melt flow rate of 1 g / 10 min ; and pp : propylene random copolymer having an ethylene content of 4 % by weight and a melt flow rate of 1 g / 10 min at 230 ° c . the fixing is carried out by stacking three bags containing the liquid contents . the properties and the characteristics of the bags were determined as follows : heat - resistance : the conditions ( e . g ., deformation , breaking , leakage ) were visually observed after the bag containing the liquid content ( i . e ., physiological saline solution ) was subjected to a high pressure steam sterilization treatment at a temperature of 115 ° c . for 30 minutes , followed by treating at a temperature of 40 ° c . for 10 minutes ; modulus in flexibility : determined by using a taper stiffness meter according to astm - d - 747 ; transparency : the bag was filled with physiological saline solution and the contamination of the content with foreign substances ( e . g ., glass and plastic particles ) was visually observed after the high pressure steam sterilization treatment . the transmittance was measured at 450 mμ in the visible absorption spectrum area ; sanitariness : determined by a test method for a plastic container for transfusion according to japanese pharmacopoeia ; and visual appearance : the conditions of wrinkles , deformation and breaking were visually observed table 1__________________________________________________________________________ thickness inter - total pres - heat flexibility transparency over - outer mediate inner thick - ence resistance mod - natural visual trans - sani - visual alllayer layer layer ness of 115 ° c . ulus discharge - obser - mit - tability appear - evalua -( μ ) ( μ ) ( μ ) ( μ ) fixing *. sup . 1 × 30 min kg / cm . sup . 2 ability vation tance test ance tion__________________________________________________________________________example 1 ldpe eva ldpe 300 yes ○ 350 ⊚ ○ 85 pass ○ ○ ( 40 ) ( 220 ) ( 40 ) example 2 ldpe epr ldpe 300 yes ○ 340 ⊚ ○ 88 &# 34 ; ○ ○ ( 40 ) ( 220 ) ( 40 ) example 3 ldpe eb ldpe 300 yes ○ 360 ⊚ ○ 86 &# 34 ; ○ ○ ( 40 ) ( 220 ) ( 40 ) example 4 ldpe eva ldpe 300 no ○ 350 ⊚ δ 82 &# 34 ; δ ○ ( 40 ) ( 220 ) ( 40 ) example 5 ldpe eva ldpe 300 yes ○ 410 ⊚ δ 80 &# 34 ; δ ○ ( 60 ) ( 210 ) ( 30 ) example 6 ldpe eva ldpe 400 yes ○ 355 ○ ○ 83 &# 34 ; ○ ○ ( 40 ) ( 320 ) ( 40 ) compar - hdpe epr ldpe 300 yes ⊚ 620 δ δ 65 &# 34 ; ○ δative ( 40 ) ( 220 ) ( 40 ) example 1compar - pp eva ldpe 300 yes ⊚ 610 δ ○ 75 &# 34 ; ○ δative ( 40 ) ( 220 ) ( 40 ) example 2compar - -- eva -- 300 yes x 320 ○ ⊚ 70 &# 34 ; x xative ( 300 ) example 3compar - -- epr -- 300 yes x 270 ○ ⊚ 70 &# 34 ; x xative ( 300 ) example 4__________________________________________________________________________	1
please refer to fig1 , which is a schematic diagram of a first embodiment of a position indicating system 10 according to the present invention . as shown in fig1 , the position indicating system 10 comprises a position indicating device 100 , and a surrounding installation 110 . the position indicating device 100 comprises a selecting module 210 and a plurality of position indicating modules . for example , as shown in fig1 , the position indicating device 100 can comprise a wireless local area network ( wlan ) module 120 , a global positioning system ( gps ) module 130 , a radio frequency identification ( rfid ) tag 140 , and a radio frequency identification ( rfid ) reader 150 . in addition , the surrounding installations 110 comprise a plurality of reference devices corresponding to the position indicating modules of the position indicating device . in this embodiment , the surrounding installations 110 comprises an access point ( ap ) 170 corresponding to the wlan module 120 , an rfid reader 180 corresponding to the rfid tag 140 , and an rfid tag 190 corresponding to the rfid reader 150 . the function and the communication mechanism of the ap 170 and the wlan module 120 and the function and the communication mechanism of the rfid tags 140 and 190 and the rfid readers 180 and 150 are well known by those skilled in the art , and thus omitted here . furthermore , the gps module 130 can communicate with a plurality of satellites 160 . theoretically , the gps module 130 can calculate the current position of the position indicating device 100 according to the data transferred from the satellites 160 . please note that the related operations and the circuit designs of the gps module 130 are also well known by those skilled in the art , and thus omitted here . the functions and operations of the position indicating system 10 and the position indicating device 100 are illustrated as follows : first , an external position requesting device 200 transfers a position request to the position indicating device 100 . after the position indicating device 100 receives the position request , the wlan module 120 , the gps module 130 , the rfid tag 140 , and the rfid reader 150 are activated to search the surrounding installations 110 near the position indicating device 100 such that the position of the position indicating device 100 can be determined . when the wlan module is utilized in this embodiment , after the position indicating device 100 receives the position request , the wlan module 120 determines whether an ap 170 is near the position indicating device 100 . if there is an ap 170 near the position indicating device 100 , the wlan module 120 transfers a signal to the ap 170 . after the ap 170 receives the signal , the ap 170 transfers position information to the above - mentioned position requesting device 200 . the ap 170 can be a fixed - type ap , meaning that the ap 170 is always at a fixed position . therefore , the ap 170 only has to transfer its ip address back such that the position of the position indicating device 100 can be traced . for the gps module 130 , after the position indicating device 100 receives the position request , the gps module 130 utilizes the above - mentioned satellites 160 to calculate the current position of the position indicating device 100 , and then transfers position information of the position indicating device 100 back to the position requesting device 200 . when the rfid tag 140 is utilized , because the rfid reader 180 can identify the rfid 140 inside the position indicating device 100 , the rfid reader 180 can be utilized to trace the position of the position indicating device 100 after the position indicating device 100 receives the position request . for example , after the rfid reader 180 identifies the rfid tag 140 inside the position indicating device 100 , the rfid reader 180 only has to transfer a signal back to the position requesting device 200 . generally speaking , because the rfid reader 180 is also a fixed - type device , the position requesting device 200 can easily trace the current position of the position indicating device . furthermore , because the effective distance that the rfid reader 180 can detect the rfid tag 140 is not long , if the position of the rfid reader 180 can be determined , this means that the current position of the position indicating device 100 , which is detected by the rfid reader 180 , can also be determined . the function and operation of the rfid reader 150 are quite similar to the aforementioned rfid tag 140 . when the position indicating device 100 receives the position request , the rfid reader 150 identifies the rfid tag 190 near the position indicating device 100 , and transfers the information corresponding to the rfid tag 190 back to the position requesting device 200 . for example , the rfid device 150 identifies the fixed - type rfid tag 190 near the position indicating device 150 and detects an rfid tag 190 of a retail location . the position indicating device 200 can then easily trace the position of the rfid tag 190 , which also corresponds to the current position of the position indicating device 100 . furthermore , the selecting module 210 can select an appropriate module according to received signals . for example , the selecting module 210 can activate the inner wlan module 120 , gps module 130 , the rfid tag 140 , and the rfid reader 150 to search the surrounding installations in the neighborhood in order to determine the current position of the position indicating device 100 . if there is only an ap near the position indicating device 100 ( that is , the surrounding installation only comprises the ap 170 , and the satellites 160 , rfid reader 180 , and rfid tag 190 are far away from the position indicating device 100 ), the selecting module 210 will only select the wlan module 120 to communicate with the ap 170 and will disable other modules to save power . in other situations , the selecting module 210 can simultaneously select a plurality of modules ( for example , the selecting module 210 can simultaneously select the wlan 120 and the rfid tag 140 ) to determine the current position of the position indicating device 100 more accurately and generate corresponding position information . please note that the present invention does not limit the number of references devices including the ap 170 , the rfid reader 180 , and the rfid tag . in this embodiment , a single ap 170 , rfid reader 180 , and rfid tag is merely utilized as a preferred embodiment , but this is not a limitation of the present invention . for example , taking the wlan module 120 into consideration , because the effective distance of the wlan module 120 is long , only one ap 170 may not be enough for accurately determining the position of the position indicating device 100 . therefore , multiple aps 170 can be utilized to accurately determine the position of the position indicating device 100 . furthermore , the selecting module 210 is an optional device . that is , the present invention position indicating device 100 can still be implemented without the selecting module 210 , meaning the position indicating device 100 can directly receive the position request from the position requesting device 200 through each module without the selecting module , and receive signals from the surrounding installations in order to transfer back correct position information . please note that the above - mentioned position indicating modules , such as the wlan module 120 , gps module 130 , rfid tag 140 , and rfid reader 150 and corresponding reference devices , ap 170 , rfid reader 180 , and rfid tag 190 , can be designed selectively according to different product demands . please refer to fig2 , which is a schematic diagram of a second embodiment of a position system 20 according to the present invention . as shown in fig2 , the position indicating system 20 comprises a position indicating device 201 , and a surrounding installation 202 . in this embodiment , the position indicating system 201 only comprises a wlan module 220 , and the surrounding installation only comprises an ap 270 . in other words , the position indicating device 201 only utilizes the communication mechanism between the wlan module 220 and the ap 270 to determine the current position of the position indicating device 201 and transmit corresponding information to the position requesting device 203 . please refer to fig3 , which is a diagram of a third embodiment of a position indicating system 30 according to the present invention . as shown in fig3 , the position indicating system 30 comprises a position indicating device 301 , and a surrounding installation 302 . in this embodiment , the position indicating device 301 only comprises an rfid tag 340 , and the surrounding installation 302 only comprises an rfid reader 380 . in other words , the position indicating device 301 only utilizes the communication mechanism between the rfid tag 340 and the rfid reader 380 to determine the current position of the position indicating device 301 and transmit corresponding information to the position requesting device 303 . please refer to fig4 , which is a diagram of a fourth embodiment of a position indicating system 40 according to the present invention . as shown in fig4 , the position indicating system 40 comprises a position indicating device 401 , and a surrounding installation 402 . in this embodiment , the position indicating device 401 only comprises an rfid reader 450 , and the surrounding installation 402 only comprises an rfid tag 490 . in other words , the position indicating device 401 only utilizes the communication mechanism between the rfid tag 490 and the rfid reader 450 to determine the current position of the position indicating device 401 and transmit corresponding information to the position requesting device 403 . the present invention position indicating device 100 can comprise a subclass of the above - mentioned devices ( modules ), and the surrounding installation 120 only has to comprise corresponding subclasses of the above - mentioned devices such that the present invention can achieve the goal of tracing the position . this also belongs to the field of the present invention . please note that the present invention indicating device 100 can be a passive device . that is , before the position indicating device 100 receives the position request , the position indicating device 100 can be in a standby or a sleep mode to save power . the position indicating device 110 can also be an active device to actively transfer signals to the surrounding installation 120 in order to transfer position information to the position requesting device 200 . this also obeys the spirit of the present invention . please note that the present invention position indicating device 100 can be embedded in a cell phone , and the position requesting device 200 may comprise a communication device for outputting the above - mentioned position request , and a display device for displaying received position information . in an embodiment of the present invention , the position requesting device 200 can also be a cell phone . therefore , the position information generated by the position indicating device 100 can be transferred to the position requesting device 200 through a well - known communication mechanism ( for example , a cell phone message or an e - mail ) of the cell phone . this also obeys the spirit of the present invention . in contrast to the prior art , the present invention can accurately determine the current position of the position indicating device and generate position information to an external position requesting device . therefore , a first user only has to carry the position indicating device , and another user who has the position requesting device can know the current position of the first user , effectively solving the missing persons problem . in addition , the present invention position indicating system can simultaneously utilize the wireless network , gps , and rfid techniques to determine the position of the position indicating device . therefore , the present invention position indicating system can be utilized in any location to accurately determine the position of the position indicating device . those skilled in the art will readily observe that numerous modifications and alterations of the device and method may be made while retaining the teachings of the invention . accordingly , the above disclosure should be construed as limited only by the metes and bounds of the appended claims .	6
the partition wall according to the invention consists in fig1 of a number of adjacent standing panels 1 which will be further explained below with regard to their construction . each panel has spaced opposite walls and includes upper and lower edges connected by opposite standing or side edges . the standing edges of the panels are hinge - connected to each other whereby alternate panels are provided with a guide member 2 disposed substantially at the center portion of the upper edge of each alternate panel and extending upwardly therefrom , guide member 2 being slidable in an upper rail 3 . rail 3 is provided with a downwardly facing slot 13 as seen in fig3 which receives guide member 2 which as seen in fig1 may comprise a pin - like body . the upper rail can be arranged in the construction of a building structure in any suitable manner . the height of the panels corresponds virtually with the height of the opening 5 in the building structure which has to be closed off by the partition wall . the width of the panels is normally of equal size , although end or intermediate panels can have a divergent width in order to achieve the required swivel action , see fig2 and 3 , the panel 1 . the hinge action of the partition wall can be seen in fig2 and 3 . starting from the extended position in fig1 whereby the panels lie in line with each other , the panel 1 &# 34 ; may be subjected to a particular pressing action in the direction of arrow p 1 , with the result that the panels having the standing edges swivelling relative to one another brush against one another on the flat sides . the guide member 2 remains positioned in the rail 3 so that the centre of the panel remains under the rail 3 . an exception is the panel 1 &# 39 ; which swivels wholly outside the rail 3 . in the return movement from the open retracted to the closed extended position of the partition wall the panels must once again come to lie in line with each other , which causes problems because of the friction occurring as a consequence of the hinge friction and of the sealing members over the floor and ceiling . these sealing profiles are not themselves shown and are assumed to be known . in order to facilitate the extending of the panels , means for this purpose are fitted which are further elucidated in fig4 . arranged between the two walls 6 of a panel , which consist of sheet material such as wood , is a slide 7 provided with two pairs of wheels 8 located at an interval from one another . these pairs of wheels are guided in upper and lower support members 9 and 10 in the form of channels having a generally u - shaped cross - sectional configuration arranged against the inside of the walls 6 and running parallel to respectively the top edge of walls 6 and the guide rail 3 . the slide 7 carries an upward protruding pin 11 , the free end of which is provided with a sleeve 12 rotatable relative thereto which is received within a slot 13 of guide rail 3 . at the bottom the slide 7 is provided with a downward facing journal 14 carrying a guide wheel 15 which engages the inside of the walls 6 . likewise arranged on the inner side of wall 6 is a bearing plate 16 onto which a guide wheel 17 is attached for rotation . the form as well as the manner of attachment of the guide wheel may be varied . arranged beneath guide wheel 17 between both walls 6 is a tubular guide 18 in which a weight is freely vertically movable . a weight 19 is connected to a flexible member 20 which is trained over guide wheel 17 and is connected to slide 7 . the operation of the movable guide means is as follows . starting from fig3 when the door is pulled outward in the direction of the arrow p2 the guide members 2 will move along the rail 3 , whereby the pin - like body 11 of the intermediate panel is likewise situated in the guide path 3 . the slide is located virtually in the center of the panel as long as the latter stands in the direction transverse to the rail . the more the panel 1 extends in the direction of rail 3 , the more the pin will move toward an edge portion of the panel , this being furthered by the biasing force of the weight 19 on the slide 7 . this movement relative to the panel is indicated with the arrow p 3 in fig3 . the movement of the slide within support members 9 and 10 is limited by the action of the weight which biases the slide to move toward a position where the point of attachment of member 20 is substantially directly over weight 20 . in addition , slide 7 may engage a side edge of the associated panel . the pin and the slide 7 move to one standing hinged edge of the panel so that during further extension this hinged edge is automatically forced under the rails 3 . in this way the panels are extended into the position of fig2 . when the door is once again folded up , through swivelling of the free panel 1 in fig2 the intermediate panel without guide member 2 will want to swivel with it . owing to the free sliding of the slide 7 along the top side of the panel the slide 7 will , when a sufficient adjusting force is applied that is greater than the biasing force exerted by the weight 19 , once again move back to the centre of panel 1 . the above described construction requires a robust hinge construction between each of the panels . a first embodiment of such a hinge construction is shown in fig5 - 10 . the hinge has seven hinge pins which run parallel to the hinged edge of the panels 1 . the main hinge pins are designated with the numerals 22 , 23 , each of them being arranged on a hinge plate 24 , 25 . the hinge plates 24 and 25 are fixedly attached to the inner wall of a wall panel 6 by any suitable fastening means 26 . at the edge facing away from the hinge point 22 the hinge plates 24 and 25 have two bent over lips 27 between which are arranged a third and fourth hinge pin 28 and 29 respectively . these hinge pins 28 and 29 are connected for swivelling by way of a system of links 30 , 31 and via the pins 32 , 33 to hinge wings 34 , 35 which are arranged above one another in a vertical direction . the hinge wing 34 has an angled shape and displays on the edge away from the pin 32 two slotted through - holes through which are placed bolts 36 . these bolts 36 screw into an auxiliary wing 37 connected to the hinge pin 23 . hinge wing 35 has a similar angled shape and the edge remote from pin 33 has two slotted through - holes through which similar bolts 36 extend . these last - mentioned bolts screw into auxiliary wing 37 &# 39 ; connected to the hinge pin 22 . the auxiliary wings 37 and 37 &# 39 ; are swivelly connected via a seventh hinge pin 39 to the respective auxiliary wings 37 and 37 &# 39 ;. such a seven - fold hinge has the advantage that an exact guiding of the panels with respect to each other remains ensured , even after long - term use , whereby the panels can be moved from the extended position into the retracted folded position , see fig7 and fig8 respectively , with the special feature that the hinge construction remains virtually wholly within the walls 6 of a panel 1 . the swivelling movement of the different parts of the hinge system are indicated schematically in fig6 whereby the full lines designate the stretched position of the panels , the bold broken lines designate the fully folded out position as in fig8 and the fine broken line the intermediate positions . only in the completely folded open position in fig . 8 can each of the hinge wings 34 and 35 be seen , the free , folded portion thereof lying wholly on the top side of the panel . this gives the advantage that the fastening bolts 36 are very easily accessible from outside , which simplifies the fitting of the panels to each other . in each case a panel can be arranged at the correct height next to a hanging panel , following which only the wings 34 , 35 are fastened to the adjoining hinge part by means of bolts 36 , after the hinge pin 39 has fixed the auxiliary wings 37 and 38 to one another . the hinge can otherwise be mounted beforehand to the relevant panel , the final fitting of the door in the place of use is thus greatly facilitated . the slotted holes in the wings 34 , 35 thereby ensure that the hinge can be set and readjusted in simple manner such that the vertical seam between successive panel elements has the required constant width dimension when the wall is situated in the folded out , flat position . hangover and sagging of the panel elements as a result for instance of imprecise fitting , clearance as a result of form faults in the components or simply through wear , can be rectified in a simple manner both during and after installing of the wall as a result of this adjustment possibility . since the hinges are comparatively small they can easily be held in a covering cap 40 which fits entirely into the space between the walls 6 of a panel . the protective cap 40 protrudes moreover through a recess of a cover strip 41 on the top side of a panel 1 . in this way the whole top side of a panel can be closed off completely . a second embodiment of a hinge is shown in fig1 and 12 . use is made in this embodiment of a hinge with three parallel hinge pins 41 and four mutually swivelling hinge plates 42 , 43 . the hinge plates 42 are fixed on the inside of a wall portion 6 of a panel 1 . this attachment can be carried out in various ways . use is also made in this embodiment of a continuous plastic hinge 44 with a hinge line 45 , this hinge being provided with resilient fastening portions 46 which are inserted into grooves in the top side of each panel wall portion 6 . a precise hinging movement thus results at the standing edge of the panel 6 , whereby the force transfer can take place via the assembled hinge as in fig1 . in this particular embodiment use is also made of spacer elements between the wall portions 6 of panel 1 . these spacer elements are shown in the fig1 , 14 and 15 , and preferably consist of a plate 47 bent into an l - shape , whereby the one plate portion simultaneously forms the hinge plate 42 of the hinge shown in fig1 . to this end this plate portion is provided with a sleeve - like edge part 48 for receiving the hinge pin 41 . the holes 49 serve for passage of fastening means , for example bolts , which are screwed into the wall 6 . the other portion of plate 47 consists of two body plate portions 50 in staggered position relative to one another . the actual spacer element is formed by two plates 47 , which are entirely identical in form and which when assembled with one plate turned through an angle of 18 ° relative to the other plate form a unit of generally u - shaped cross - section , which can be seen in fig1 . this has the advantage that holes 52 arranged in the body plate portion 50 can serve as the mounting side accessible from the top side of the panels , so that the screw bolt 53 can easily be screwed into a nut part 54 on the rear of the left - hand body plate portion . by maintaining accurate dimensioning not only is simple fitting ensured but also the plane - parallel position of the wall portions 6 of a panel 1 . due to the identical form of the plates 47 , the hinge as in fig1 can also be formed in simple manner by arranging the hinge plates 43 between two adjacently positioned spacer elements of two adjoining panels , see fig1 . the top side of the panels can be further covered off by an additional plastic covering strip 55 which can be inserted in a groove of the wall portion 6 with a conventional resilient fastening portions 56 in a manner similar to resilient fastening portions 46 . the covering strip 55 has an f - shaped flanged portion 57 into which can be inserted the free edge 58 of the hinge strip 45 . the biasing means for the movable guide means may comprise a gas spring , spiral spring , or the like , rather than a weight . the spacer means shown in the fig1 - 15 can also be embodied without hinge sleeves 48 .	4
it is to be understood that the disclosure is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings . the disclosure is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways . also , it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting . the use of “ including ,” “ comprising ,” or “ having ” and variations thereof herein is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items . further , the terms “ a ” and “ an ” herein do not denote a limitation of quantity , but rather denote the presence of at least one of the referenced item . the hybrid resin is a resin in which a vinyl - based polymer unit and a polyester unit are chemically bonded to each other . specifically , the hybrid resin component is a resin formed by ester exchange between a polyester unit and a vinyl - based polymer unit . functional monomers which can carry both radical polymerization and condensation reaction are employed in the hybrid resin . examples of functional monomers containing both vinyl and carboxylate groups are ( meth ) acrylic acids and maleic anhydride . examples of functional monomers containing both vinyl and hydroxyl group are 2 - hydroxyethyl ( meth ) acrylates , 2 - hydroxypropyl ( meth ) acrylates , 4 -( 1 - hydroxyl - 1 - methylbutyl ) styrene , and 4 -( 1 - hydroxyl - 1 - methylhexyl ) styrene . examples of vinyl - based monomers which can improve wax dispersion are aromatic vinyl monomers , such as styrene and its derivatives , where r1 to r6 can be hydrogen or alkyl group containing 1 - 20 carbons . other vinyl monomers which can be incorporated in free radical copolymerization are : olefins , such as ethylene , propylene , butylenes , butadiene and isoprene ; α - methylene aliphatic monocarboxylates where r1 and r2 can be hydrogen or alkyl group containing 1 - 20 carbons . stpl - 1 and stpl - 15 are examples of the hybrid resin described above . they are manufactured by kao corporation . the total hybrid resin may be provided in the range of about 3 % to about 40 % by weight of the final toner formulation including all values and increments . the inventors have also discovered that the addition of a particular type of thermoplastic styrenic block copolymer can be added to the toner formulation of the present invention to further improve wax dispersion , therefore enable high wax content in toner . the styrenic block copolymer acts as a compatibilizer . the block copolymer , compatible with the hybrid resin via styrene unit , and polyolefin wax via ethylene and / or propylene unit . the styrenic block copolymers are of the structure a -( block )- b or a - b - b - b - a with the polymeric segments a and b each being defined below . in embodiments of the present invention , the styrenic block copolymer is of the formula a - b - b or a - b - b - b - a wherein a - b - b is a block copolymer having 2 segments a and b . a - b - b - b - a is a block copolymer having 3 segments a , b and a . most importantly , the segment a is compatible or identical to the toner resin that is used in the toner formulation of the present invention and the segment b is compatible or identical to the wax used in the toner formulation of the present invention . the molecular weight of the polymeric segment a is between 3 , 000 to 100 , 000 and the molecular weight of the polymeric segment b is between 10 , 000 to 200 , 000 . the styrenic block copolymer may be provided in the range of about 0 . 5 % to about 10 . 0 % by weight of the final toner formulation including all values and increments . examples of styrenic block copolymers include styrene - ethylene / propylene ( sep ), styrene - ethylene / butylene - styrene ( sebs ), styrene - ethylene / propylene - styrene ( seps ), and styrene and butadiene . in one useful block copolymer , the a segment is the styrene block and the b segment is the ethylene / propylene block . it is believed that the styrenic block copolymer used in the toner formulation functions as an intermediate to bring together the wax and the polyester resin binder more closely in the toner . exemplary styrenic block copolymers are the kraton ® g series , manufactured by kraton ® performance polymers , inc . the polyester resin component incorporated into the toner formulation of the present invention herein may therefore be understood as including those polyesters which have an acid value of about 5 to about 50 , including all values and increments therein . such acid value may be due to the presence of one or a plurality of free carboxylic acid functionalities (— cooh ) in the polyester . for example , acid values of about 10 - 40 , or about 20 - 30 , etc . an acid value is reference to the mass of potassium hydroxide ( koh ) in milligrams that is required to neutralize one gram of the polyester . the acid value is therefore a measure of the amount of carboxylic acid groups in the polyester . reference to an acid value as having a value of about 5 to about 50 may also be understood as reference to an acid value that may vary by about +/− 0 . 50 individual acid value units . the polyester herein may also be characterized as those polyesters that have a glass transition temperature ( tg ) as measured by differential scanning calorimetry ( dsc ), wherein the onset of the shift in baseline ( heat capacity ) thereby indicates that the tg may occur at about 40 - 80 ° c . at a heating rate of about 5 ° c . per minute ( e . g . 4 . 75 ° c . per minute to 5 . 25 ° c . per minute ). the midpoint value of the tg may therefore occur at a slightly higher temperature , at about 43 - 83 ° c ., including all values and increments therein . reference to a tg value of , e . g ., about 40 to about 80 ° c . ( onset ) may also be understood to include all values and increments therein as well as a variation in the observed individual tg value of +/− 1 . 5 ° c . the polyesters herein may include those polyesters that have a peak mw ( mp ) as determined by gel permeation chromatography ( gpc ) of about 2 , 500 to about 40 , 000 as well as all values and increments therein . for example , the value of mp may be about 4 , 000 - 25 , 000 , at +/− 500 units . in addition , the polyesters suitable for use herein may be characterized by their molecular weight distribution ( mwd ) value , or weight average molecular weight ( mw ) divided by the number average molecular weight ( mn ). accordingly , the polyesters herein may have a mwd of about 2 to about 30 , including all values and increments therein , wherein a given mwd value may be understood to vary +/− 0 . 50 . accordingly , the mwd may have a value of about 3 to about 25 , or 4 to about 20 etc . the polyesters herein may therefore include those which may be characterized as having one or all of the characteristics noted above , and therefore may include linear and / or branched aliphatic and / or aromatic polyesters having the following general formulas : wherein r1 and / or r2 and a may be an aliphatic , aliphatic - aromatic or wholly aromatic group and n may have a value the provides a mp value of about 2 , 500 - 40 , 000 as noted above . in addition , r1 and / or r2 and a may include a branch , which branching may be selected so as to provide a desired tg value . by way of further example , the polyester herein may be formed from monomers such as terephthalic anhydride , trimellictic anhydride , 2 - dodecen - 1 yl - succinic anhydride , ethoxylated or propoxylated bisphenol a which may then provide the following random copolymer structural units in the polyester chain : wherein n , m and o are integers which may again provide a mp value of about 2 , 500 to 40 , 000 , x is an aliphatic moiety which may then provide groups such as an ethyl (— ch 2 ch 2 —) or propyl (— ch 2 — ch 2 — ch 2 —) group , and y may be an integer having a value of 1 - 20 including all values and increments therein . for example , y may have a value of 8 which would be the result of forming the above polyester from 2 - dodeceny - 1 - yl succinic anhydride in the presence of terephthalic anhydride , trimellitic anhydride and ethoxylated or propoxylated bisphenol a . in addition , as noted above , it may be appreciated that the indicated aliphatic branch may contain residual unsaturation . example polyester resins include but are not limited to t100 , tf - 104 , ne - 1582 , ne - 701 , ne - 2141n , ne - 1569 , w - 85n , ne2158n , binder c , tpesl - 10 , tpesl - 11 , fpesl - 2 and tl - 17 , available from kao corporation , tokyo , japan or mixtures thereof . the total polyester resin may be provided in the range of about 40 % to about 95 % by weight of the final toner formulation including all values and increments therebetween . the toner formulation may include a colorant . colorants are compositions that impart color or other visual effects to the toner and may include carbon black , dyes ( which may be soluble in a given medium and capable of precipitation ), pigments ( which may be insoluble in a given medium ) or a combination of the two . alternatively , a self - dispersing colorant may be used . the colorant may be present at less than or equal to about 15 % by weight of the final toner formulation including all values and increments therebetween . the toner formulation includes a release agent . the release agent may include any compound that facilitates the release of toner from a component in an electrophotographic printer ( e . g . release from a roller surface ). for example , the release agent may include polyolefin wax , ester wax , polyester wax , polyethylene wax , metal salt of fatty acids , fatty acid esters , partially saponified fatty acid esters , higher fatty acid esters , higher alcohols , paraffin wax , carnuba wax , amide waxes and polyhydric alcohol esters . the release agent may therefore include a low molecular weight hydrocarbon based polymer ( e . g ., mn ≦ 10 , 000 ) having a melting point of less than about 140 ° c . including all values and increments between about 50 ° c . and about 140 ° c . for example , the release agent may have a melting point of about 60 ° c . to about 135 ° c ., or from about 65 ° c . to about 100 ° c ., etc . the release agent may be provided in the range of about 2 % to about 20 % by weight of the final toner formulation including all values and increments therebetween . examples release agents include hydrocarbon waxes ( e . g . polyethylenes such as polywax ™ 400 , 500 , 600 , 655 , 725 , 850 , 1000 , 2000 and 3000 from baker petrolite and polypropylenes ; paraffin waxes and waxes made from co and h 2 , especially fischer - tropsch waxes such as paraflint ™ c80 and h1 from sasol ); ester waxes ( m - 754 from chukyo yushi company ), including natural waxes such as carnuba and montan waxes ; amide waxes ; and mixtures of these . functional waxes , i . e . having functional groups , may also be used ( e . g . acid functional waxes , such as those made using acidic monomers , e . g . ethylene / acrylic acid co - polymer , or grafter waxes having acid groups grafted onto the wax ). the toner formulation may optionally comprise a charge control agent ( cca ). suitable charge control agents are preferably colorless . preferably , they include metal complexes , more preferably aluminum or zinc complexes , phenolic resins etc . examples include bontron ™ e84 , e - 84 - s , e88 , e89 and f21 from orient ; kayacharge n1 , n3 and n4 from nippon kayaku ; lr147 from japan carlit ; tn - 105 from hodogaya . the cca may be provided in the range of about 0 . 5 % to about 10 % by weight of the final toner formulation including all values and increments . another optional ingredient that can be used in toner is silica . the silica may be provided in the range of about 0 . 5 % to about 5 % by weight of the toner formulation including all values and increments . also iron oxide can be added to the toner formulation . if the iron oxide is incorporated into the toner formulation , it may be provided in the range of about 1 % to 60 % by weight of the toner formulation including all values and increments . the components ( resin or a plurality of resins , wax and any additional ingredients listed in the tables below ) for a test toner , a - l , are weighted to the specified amounts and added to a batch mixer ( henschel fm - 40 ) where they are blended for a brief period of time . the blended resin mixture is next added to a twin - screw extruder ( werner pfleiderer zsk - 30 ) where it is melt mixed at a temperature 100 ° c . to about 200 ° c . to a homogenous state followed by cooling and crushing . the crushed extrudate is next ground in a fluid bed jet mill ( alpine afg - 100 ) and classified ( matsubo elbow - jet air classifier ) to the desired particle size , 6 μm - 10 μm , preferably 7 μm - 9 μm . any desired extra particulate additives ( e . g . silicas and titanias ) are blended on the toner with a high speed blender ( vrieco - nauta cyclomix ). the toner formulations were prepared using the materials listed in the tables below describing toner formulations a - l . all amounts shown in the tables are in weight percent based on the total weight of the toner compositions , unless otherwise specified . exemplary polyester resins and their respective properties used for the toner formulation of the present invention are listed below . 3 cca is a change control additive bontron e - 84 - s from orient chemical . it can be seen that wax domain size is decreased in toners having the hybrid resin in its formulation . wax domain sizes are further decreased with the addition of both the hybrid resin and the styrenic block copolymer . another test performed on certain toners was a fuse grade evaluation . fuse grade evaluation is accomplished by printing a line pattern or solid black on a specified paper type at a specified temperature . the fused image is rubbed with a white cloth for a specified number of times under a controlled load and speed . a suitable instrument is a crockmeter from taber industries . the optical density of the cloth is measured after it is rubbed on the fused page . a higher optical density on the cloth occurs when more toner is removed from the test page . higher fusing temperatures result in better fused images and subsequently , less toner is removed from the test page and a lower optical density is measured on the rubbing cloth . toners can be compared to one another by fusing printed test images at equivalent temperatures and evaluating them using the described fusing test . again , toners that transfer less to the rubbing cloth ( and measure lower optical density ) are those that are better fusing . toner a and toner b were the same formulation except toner b had a 10 % addition of the hybrid resin . toner b had a better fuse grade test result compared to control toner a . toner formulations c and d also show the same trend . toner d also had a better fuse grade than tone c , wherein toner d also incorporated 10 % of the hybrid resin into its formulation .	6
it will be readily understood that the components of the present invention , as generally described and illustrated in the figures herein , could be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations . thus , the following more detailed description of the embodiments of the invention , as represented in the figures , is not intended to limit the scope of the invention , as claimed , but is merely representative of certain examples of presently contemplated embodiments in accordance with the invention . the presently described embodiments will be best understood by reference to the drawings , wherein like parts are designated by like numerals throughout . referring to fig1 , a perspective view showing of a vehicle front grill assembly utilizing one embodiment of the present invention is shown . the vehicle front grill assembly comprises a plurality of first panels and a plurality of second panels . the plurality of first panels further comprise different shapes and sizes of panels all utilizing a plurality of first slots and a plurality of second slots extending inwards from opposed sides , the plurality of first slots having a different depth than the depth of the plurality of second slots . furthermore , the plurality of first slots and the plurality of second slots share an inline longitudinal axis , as shown in fig4 a . first panels of full length 102 span the entire width of the assembly and utilize first slots to interface with other assembly members as will be shown in fig4 a . a lower first panel 104 is used to interface with vehicle structural frame members and exists at the bottom of the vehicle front grill assembly to allow rigid attachment of the assembly through use of first though - holes 106 . an upper first panel 120 likewise utilizes through - holes to interface with vehicle structural frame members in a manner detailed in fig3 . a first mid - section first panel 118 spans the width of space between vehicle headlight assembly housings 122 , which contain vehicle headlight assemblies 124 and act as an intermediary interface between vehicle front grill assembly panels and vehicle headlight assemblies 124 . a second mid - section first panel 116 is of smaller length than the first mid - section first panel 114 . a third mid - section first panel 114 is of smaller length than the second mid - section first panel 116 . a fourth mid - section first panel 112 is of greater length than the third mid - section first panel 114 and the second mid - section first panel 116 but smaller length than the first mid - section first panel 118 . small first panels 110 utilize just one first slot and one second slot extending inwards from opposed sides , the first slot and the second slot having a different depth and sharing an inline longitudinal axis . a long first panel 108 is slightly smaller in length than the first panels of full length 102 which span the entire width of the assembly . the various aforementioned first panels 102 , 104 , 108 , 110 , 112 , 114 , 116 , 118 , 120 are configured such that each are parallel to each other and spaced evenly such that the distance between sides of any two consecutive parallel first panels is equal . the plurality of second panels further comprise different shapes and sizes of panels all utilizing an embodiment of the present invention . second panels of full length 126 span the full height of the vehicle front grill assembly and interface with first panels 102 , 104 , 108 , 112 , 114 , 116 , 118 , 120 in an interlocking , perpendicular manner . two second panels of full length for interfacing 128 are of the same length as the second panels of full length 126 , but also incorporate second through - holes 130 to interface with the vehicle headlight assembly housings 122 . smaller second panels for interfacing 134 are of smaller length than the second panels of full length for interfacing 128 but also incorporate second through - holes 130 to interface with the vehicle headlight assembly housings 122 . mid - sized second panels 132 are of smaller length than second panels of full length 126 sufficient to accommodate space for vehicle headlight assemblies 124 and vehicle headlight assembly housings 122 in the vehicle front grill assembly . small second panels 138 incorporate only one set of slots of an embodiment of the present invention . two second panels of a second shape 136 utilize sets of slots of an embodiment of the present invention in the same manner as all other second panels 126 , 128 , 132 , 134 , 138 but utilize a panel shape that is different in that one side of the panel is more sharply curved than the others . the various aforementioned second panels 126 , 128 , 132 , 134 , 136 , 138 are configured such that each are parallel to each other and spaced evenly with that the distance between sides of any two consecutive parallel second panels is equal . fig2 shows a front view of the vehicle front grill assembly of fig1 . as explained previously , first panels 102 , 104 , 108 , 110 , 112 , 114 , 116 , 118 , 120 are configured parallel relative to each other and perpendicular relative to second panels 126 , 128 , 132 , 134 , 136 , 138 which are configured parallel relative to each other . first panels are evenly spaced from each other and second panels are spaced evenly from each other . the vehicle light assemblies 124 are interfaced with vehicle light assembly housings 122 . vehicle light assembly housings 122 are interfaced with small first panels 110 , the upper first panel 112 , the first mid - section first panel 118 , the second mid - section first panel 116 , the third mid - section first panel 114 , the fourth mid - section first panel 112 , second panels of full length for interfacing 128 , smaller second panels for interfacing 134 , mid - sized second panels 132 , and small second panels 138 . vehicle light assembly housings further comprise first interfacing extensions 202 , which may interface with other assemblies or with vehicle structural frame members . fig3 shows a top - down view of the vehicle front grill assembly of fig1 . first panels 104 , 102 , 110 , 120 have a generally curved shape such that when assembled , the entire grill takes on a generally curved shape . second panels 126 , 136 also have a generally curved shape such that when assembled , the entire grill takes on a generally curved shape . the upper first panel 120 comprises third through - holes 302 which may interface with vehicle structural frame members . the first interfacing extensions 202 comprise through - holes 304 which may interface with vehicle structural frame members . fig4 a shows a perspective view of a partially assembled vehicle front grill assembly . first panels 102 , 104 , 108 , 112 , 114 , 116 , 118 , 120 comprise first slots 402 and second slots 404 extending inwards from opposed sides and sharing an inline longitudinal axis . first slots and second slots are evenly spaced along first panels 102 , 104 , 108 , 112 , 116 , 118 , 120 such that second panels 126 can intersect with said first slots 402 and remain parallel relative to each other and perpendicular relative to first panels 102 , 104 , 108 , 112 , 114 , 116 , 118 , 120 . first panels 102 , 104 , 108 , 112 , 116 , 118 , 120 intersect with second panels 126 by inserting third slots of second panels shown hereafter in fig6 a into first slots 402 of first panels 102 , 104 , 118 , 112 , 114 , 116 , 118 , 120 . a partially assembled vehicle front grill assembly is required to expose first slots 402 and second slots 404 and visually describe the interfacing of first panels 102 , 104 , 108 , 112 , 114 , 116 , 118 , 120 and second panels 126 . first slots 402 and second slots 404 should be understood to also be incorporated in first panels 110 not shown in this figure . the interfacing of second panels is likewise represented by second panels 126 but should be understood to also be incorporated in second panels 128 , 132 , 134 , 136 , 138 not shown in this figure . fig4 b shows a close - up view of the partially assembled vehicle front grill assembly of fig4 a . first panels 114 , 116 , 118 , 120 intersect with second panels 126 by means of first slots . second panels 126 intersect with first panels 114 , 116 , 118 , 120 in such a manner that they protrude from the grill assembly . the protrusion of second panels 126 is representative of all second panels including second panels 128 , 132 , 134 , 136 , 138 not shown in this figure , and it should be understood that second panels 128 , 132 , 134 , 136 , 138 may likewise protrude from the vehicle front grill assembly . fig5 a shows a perspective view of the rear side of a partially assembled vehicle front grill assembly . fig5 b shows a close - up view of the rear side of the partially assembled vehicle front grill assembly of fig5 a . the second mid - section first panel 116 is shown intersected with the second panel of full length 126 . specifically , the third slot 520 of the second panel of full length 126 is inserted into the first slot ( shown in fig4 a ) of the second mid - section first panel 116 . a fourth slot 510 of the second panel of full length 126 is also shown . the third slot 520 and fourth slot 510 are separated by a distance such that a first deformable wall 530 is formed . the intersection of the second mid - section first panel 116 and the second panel of full length 126 depicted in fig5 b is representative of all other intersections of first slots 402 of all first panels 102 , 104 , 108 , 110 , 112 , 114 , 116 , 118 , 120 with third slots 520 of all second panels 126 , 128 , 132 , 134 , 136 , 138 and all other intersections of second slots 404 of all first panels 102 , 104 , 108 , 110 , 112 , 114 , 116 , 118 , 120 , with third slots 520 of all second panels 126 , 128 , 132 , 134 , 136 , 138 . as such , it is to be understood that the scope of this intersection of first slots 402 with third slots 520 is not limited only to the second mid - section first slot 116 and the second panel of full length 126 , but may include all other intersections between first panels 102 , 104 , 108 , 110 , 112 , 114 , 116 , 118 , 120 and second panels 126 , 128 , 132 , 134 , 136 , 138 . fig6 a shows a side view of a single second panel of full length 126 . the second panel of full length 126 comprises third slots 520 and fourth slots 510 . fig6 b shows a close - up view of a third slot 520 and fourth slot 510 forming a first deformable wall 530 between them . fig6 c further magnifies the view of fig6 b and shows that fourth slots 510 comprise a first groove 610 at their base . the first groove 610 facilitates deformation of the first deformable wall 530 by acting as a stress concentrator and causing the deformable wall to bend on an axis formed between the first groove 610 and third slot 520 . the first groove 610 of the fourth slot 510 of the second panel of full length 126 depicted herein is representative of first grooves that may be incorporated into all fourth slots of any first panel . as such , it is to be understood that all first panels 102 , 104 , 108 , 110 , 112 , 114 , 116 , 118 , 120 may comprise fourth slots 510 with a first groove 610 at the base of each fourth slot 510 . fig7 a shows a side view of a first embodiment of the present invention used in the vehicle front grill assembly of fig1 - 6 in its pre - assembly or undeformed state . what is shown is a third slot 520 and a fourth slot 510 of a second panel , the slots forming a first deformable wall 530 between them . after insertion of a first panel into a second panel at intersections of first and third slots respectively , first and second panels are not yet rigidly fixed in position relative to each other . fig7 b shows the same view of the first embodiment of the present invention as fig7 a in its post - assembly or deformed state . once first slots of first panels are inserted into third slots of second panels , the first deformable wall 530 is deformed 710 into the third slot 520 . the first deformable wall 530 fills a void created by an intersection of third slots 520 and second slots 404 . once the first deformable wall 530 is in its deformed 710 state , the first and second panels are fixed in position relative to each other at this intersection . the first embodiment of the present invention may be incorporated at any intersection of second and third slots of first and second panels throughout the entire grill assembly . the first embodiment of the present invention may also be used on any grill utilizing a first and second panel and is not limited in scope to a vehicle front grill assembly . fig8 a shows a side view of a second embodiment of the present invention used in the vehicle front grill assembly of fig1 - 6 in its pre - assembly or undeformed state . what is shown is a second panel comprising a fifth slot 804 extending from the third slot 520 such that a second deformable wall 806 is formed between the fifth slot 804 and the edge of the panel . a second groove 808 is incorporated into the fifth slot 804 to promote bending of the second deformable wall . the first deformable wall 530 comprises a chamfer 802 at its corner closes to the fourth slot 510 . after insertion of a first panel into a second panel at intersections of first and third slots respectively , first and second panels are not yet rigidly fixed in position relative to each other . fig8 b shows the same view of the second embodiment of the present invention as fig8 a in its post - assembly or deformed state . once first slots of first panels are inserted into third slots of second panels , the first deformable wall 530 is deformed 810 into the fifth slot 804 . the first deformable wall 530 fills a void created by an intersection of the third slots 520 and second slots 404 . once the first deformable wall 530 is in its deformed 810 state , the second deformable wall 806 is deformed 820 such that the second deformable wall 806 comes into contact with the chamfer 802 . once the second deformable wall 806 is in its deformed 820 state , the first and second panels are fixed in position relative to each other at this intersection . the first embodiment of the present invention may be incorporated at any intersection of second and third slots of first and second panels throughout the entire grill assembly . the first embodiment of the present invention may also be used on any grill utilizing a first and second panel and is not limited in scope to a vehicle front grill assembly . fig9 a shows a perspective view of a vehicle rear grill assembly which comprises an upper grill assembly 900 and a lower grill assembly 960 . the upper grill assembly 900 further comprises first panels 902 , 904 , 906 , 908 , 910 , 912 , 914 , 916 , 918 , 920 , 922 , 924 , 926 , 928 , 930 and second panels 934 , 935 , 936 , 938 , 940 , 942 , 944 , 946 , 948 , 950 , 952 , 954 , 956 . a first upper grill assembly first panel 902 is a first panel comprising first slots and second slots extending inwards from opposed sides . a second upper grill assembly first panel 904 is a first panel comprising the same features as the first upper grill assembly first panel 902 , but having a greater length than the first upper grill assembly first panel 902 and comprising a portion of decreased width 905 in order to interface with a separate assembly , in this case a mounting plate 933 . a third upper grill assembly first panel 906 comprises the same features as the first upper grill assembly first panel 902 but further comprises a portion of decreased width 905 to interface with the mounting plate 933 . the third upper grill assembly first panel 906 is partially blocked from view in this figure , but is one continuous piece extending underneath the mounting plate 933 by means of a portion of decreased width 905 . a fourth upper grill assembly first panel 908 is a first panel of lesser length than the first upper grill assembly first panel 902 and the second upper grill assembly first panel 904 . the fifth upper grill assembly first panel 910 is a first panel of lesser length than the fourth upper grill assembly first panel 908 and comprises a portion of lesser width than the rest of the fifth upper grill assembly first panel 910 . a sixth upper grill assembly first panel 912 is a first panel of lesser length than the fifth upper grill assembly first panel 910 , and comprises a portion of lesser width than the rest of the sixth upper grill assembly first panel 912 to interface with a separate assembly member , in this case a brake light assembly 932 . a seventh upper grill assembly first panel 914 is a first panel of lesser length than the sixth upper grill assembly first panel 912 and comprises a portion of lesser width than the rest of the seventh upper grill assembly first panel 914 . an eighth upper grill assembly first panel 916 is a first panel of greater length than the seventh upper grill assembly first panel 914 and lesser length than the sixth upper grill assembly first panel 912 . the eighth upper grill assembly first panel 916 further comprises first through holes 917 used to interface the upper grill assembly 900 with vehicle structural frame members . a ninth upper grill assembly first panel 918 is a first panel comprising the same features as the seventh upper grill assembly first panel 914 and additionally comprising a second portion of lesser panel width . a tenth upper grill assembly first panel 920 is a first panel comprising the same features as the sixth upper grill assembly first panel 912 but further comprising a second portion of lesser panel width . an eleventh upper grill assembly first panel 922 is a first panel comprising the same features as the fifth upper grill assembly first panel 910 . a twelfth upper grill assembly first panel 924 is a first panel comprising the same features as the fourth upper grill assembly first panel 908 . a thirteenth upper grill assembly first panel 926 is a first panel comprising the same features as the twelfth upper grill assembly first panel 924 but having the same length as the third upper grill assembly first panel 906 . a fourteenth upper grill assembly first panel 928 is a first panel comprising the same features as the thirteenth upper grill assembly first panel 926 but having the same length as the second upper grill assembly first panel 904 . ta fifteenth upper grill assembly first panel 930 is a first panel comprising the same features as the fourteenth upper grill assembly first panel 928 but having the same length as the first upper grill assembly first panel 902 . the relative width of first panels 902 , 904 , 906 , 908 , 910 , 912 , 914 , 916 , 918 , 920 , 922 , 924 , 926 , 928 , 930 generally increases as the vertical position of the panel increases , making the upper grill assembly of a generally curved shape . a first upper grill assembly second panel 934 intersects with first panels 902 , 904 , 906 , 908 , 910 , 912 by means of a third slot shown hereafter in fig1 a . a pair of second upper grill assembly second panels 935 intersect with first panels 902 , 904 , 906 , 908 , 910 , 912 , 916 on one side of the upper grill assembly 900 and with first panels 916 , 920 , 922 , 924 , 926 , 928 , 930 on the other side of the upper grill assembly 900 . the second upper grill assembly second panels 935 are greater in length than the first upper grill assembly second panel 934 and further comprise portions of greater width than the first upper grill assembly second panel 934 and portions of lesser width than the first upper grill assembly second panel 934 in order to interface with a vehicle brake light assembly 932 and to interface with the mounting plate 933 . a third upper grill assembly second panel 936 intersects with first panels 902 , 904 , 906 , 908 , 910 , 912 , 914 , 916 . the third upper grill assembly second panel 936 is of greater length than the second upper grill assembly second panels 935 and further comprises a portion of lesser width to interface with the mounting plate 933 and a generally pointed acute corner . a fourth upper grill assembly second panel 938 intersects with first panels 902 , 904 , 906 , 908 , 910 , 912 , 914 , 916 and is of greater length than length than the third upper grill assembly second panel 936 . the fourth upper grill assembly second panel 938 further comprises a portion of lesser width to interface with the mounting plate 933 and a generally pointed acute corner . a fifth upper grill assembly second panel 940 is of greater length than the second upper grill assembly second panels 935 but lesser length than the third upper grill assembly second panel 936 . the fifth upper grill assembly second panel 940 further comprises a generally pointed acute corner . a sixth upper grill assembly second panel 942 intersects with first panels 902 , 904 , 906 , 908 , 910 , 912 , 914 , 916 and further comprises bent interfaces 958 which may be used to interface with other assemblies or vehicle structural frame members . a seventh upper grill assembly second panel 944 intersects with first panels 902 , 904 , 906 , 908 , 910 , 912 , 914 , 916 . an eighth upper grill assembly second panel 946 does not intersect directly with other panels in this figure , but shows the general configuration of third slots and fourth slots which will be shown in greater detail hereafter in fig1 a . a ninth upper grill assembly second panel 948 comprises features identical to that of the seventh upper grill assembly second panel 944 . a tenth upper grill assembly second panel 950 comprises features identical to that of the sixth upper grill assembly second panel 942 except that bent interfaces 958 are bent in the opposite direction . an eleventh upper grill assembly second panel 952 comprises features identical to that of the fifth upper grill assembly second panel 940 . a twelfth upper grill assembly second panel 954 comprises features identical to that of the fourth upper grill assembly second panel 938 except that it has no portion which interfaces with the mounting plate 933 or any other assembly . a thirteenth upper grill assembly second panel 956 comprises features identical to the third upper grill assembly second panel 936 except that it has no portion which interfaces with the mounting plate 933 . the second panels 934 , 935 , 936 , 938 , 940 , 942 , 944 , 946 , 948 , 950 , 952 , 954 , 956 are generally curved and generally increase in width along increasing height of the assembly such that the upper grill assembly 900 takes on a generally curved shape . the lower grill assembly 960 is much smaller than the upper grill assembly 900 and comprises fewer panels . a lower first panel 962 is of length that spans the entire lower grill assembly 960 and comprises mounting interfaces 968 to fix the lower grill assembly 960 to vehicle structural frame members by using second through - holes 970 . a middle first panel 964 is of length that spans the entire lower grill assembly 960 and is of a generally rectangular shape with a lesser width than that of the lower first panel 962 . an upper first panel 966 is of length that spans the entire lower grill assembly 960 and is of a generally rectangular shape with a lesser width than that of the middle first panel 964 . the upper first panel 966 is of lesser length than the middle first panel 964 . lower assembly second panels 972 intersect with lower assembly first panels 962 , 964 , 966 and have a generally triangular shape with a generally curved hypotenuse . lower assembly second panels 972 are spaced evenly along the length of lower assembly first panels 962 , 964 , 966 excepting a space in the middle of the lower grill assembly 960 where the space between lower assembly second panels 972 is larger than at any other portion of the lower grill assembly 960 . fig1 a shows a side view of the seventh upper grill assembly second panel 944 shown in fig9 . the features of the seventh upper grill assembly second panel 944 shown and described in fig1 a , fig1 b , and fig1 c are representative of features utilized on all second panels in fig9 , and as such are understood to not be limited in scope to only the seventh upper grill assembly second panel 944 . the seventh upper grill assembly second panel 944 comprises third slots 1010 and fourth slots 1020 , which form a first deformable wall 1030 between them . fig1 b shows a close - up view of a third slot 1010 , fourth slot 1020 , and a first deformable wall 1030 formed between on the seventh upper grill assembly second panel 944 of fig1 a . fig1 c shows a close - up view of the base of a fourth slot 1020 , which comprises a first groove 1040 . the third slot 1010 , fourth slot 1020 , first deformable wall 1030 , and first groove 1040 are the same features as those found in the first embodiment of the invention in fig7 a , which shows the third slot 520 , fourth slot 510 , first deformable wall 530 , and first groove 610 . as such , in reference to fig9 , first panels 902 , 904 , 906 , 908 , 910 , 912 , 914 , 916 , 918 , 920 , 922 , 924 , 926 , 928 , 930 and second panels 934 , 935 , 936 , 938 , 940 , 942 , 944 , 946 , 948 , 950 , 952 , 954 , 956 are understood to intersect by the same embodiments and methods described heretofore and depicted in fig7 a , 7b , 8a , and 8b . fig1 a shows a perspective view of a ventilation grill assembly utilizing the present invention . the ventilation grill assembly comprises of first panels 1102 , 1104 and second panels 1110 . outer first panels 1102 are rectangular in shape and have a length that spans the entire length of the ventilation grill assembly . the outer first panels 1102 each additionally comprise first slots and second slots extending inwards from opposed sides of the panels and sharing an inline longitudinal axis , as well as bent mounting extensions 1106 which protrude perpendicularly from the side of the outer first panels 1102 . the bent mounting extensions 1106 further comprise mounting through - holes 1108 which may be used to rigidly attach the ventilation grill assembly to a vent opening . inner first panels 1104 are identical to the outer first panels 1102 except they do not comprise bent mounting extensions 1106 . in the ventilation grill assembly depicted in fig1 a , only one shape and size of second panel 1110 is utilized . the first panels 1102 , 1104 are intersected with second panels in a manner more fully illustrated and described hereafter . fig1 b shows a top - down view of the ventilation grill assembly of fig1 a . this view shows that the ventilation grill assembly comprises first panels 1102 , 1104 and second panels 1110 intersected in a perpendicular manner with like panels being spaced evenly relative to one another throughout the ventilation grill assembly . fig1 shows a perspective exploded view of the ventilation grill assembly of fig1 a with only one second panel 1110 . the first panels 1102 , 1104 are comprised of first slots 1210 and second slots 1212 extending inward from opposed sides . the second panels 1110 are comprised of third slots 1220 and fourth slots 1230 . as shown hereafter in fig1 b , intersections of first panels 1102 , 1104 and second panels 1110 comprise the insertion of first slots 1210 into third slots 1220 . fig1 shows a side view of an inner first panel 1104 . the first slots 1210 and second slots 1212 extend inward from opposed sides of the inner first panel 1104 and share an inline longitudinal axis . in addition , first slots 1210 and second slots 1212 are spaced evenly such that the completed ventilation grill assembly takes on an evenly spaced appearance . first slots 1210 and second slots 1212 share an inline longitudinal axis 1300 . fig1 a shows a side view of the second panel 1110 . the second panel 1110 is comprised of third slots 1220 and fourth slots 1230 , which form a first deformable wall 1410 between them . fig1 b shows a close - up view of the third slots 1220 , fourth slots 1230 , and first deformable wall 1410 of fig1 a . fig1 c shows a close - up view of the fourth slot 1230 shown in fig1 b and shows that fourth slots 1230 further comprise a first groove 1420 at the base of the fourth slot 1230 . the first groove 1420 facilitates deformation of the first deformable as depicted in fig7 a and 7b . it should be understood that although fig1 a , 14b , and 14c show second panels 1110 utilizing the first embodiment of the invention as shown in fig7 a and 7b , other embodiments , such as the one shown in fig8 a and 8b are possible and may also be utilized on second panels 1110 of this or any other grill assembly . fig1 a shows a perspective view of the bottom of the ventilation grill assembly of fig1 a . fig1 b shows a close - up view of an intersection of an inner first panel 1104 and a second panel 1110 . after insertion of the first slot 1210 of the inner first panel 1104 into the third slot 1220 of the second panel 1110 , an empty void is formed at the intersection of the second slot 1212 and the third slot 1220 . this void is of equal width to the first deformable wall 1410 . upon deformation of the first deformable wall as depicted in fig7 b , the first deformable wall 1410 fits into and fills the void 1212 , 1220 by bending at the first groove 1420 . the filling of this void 1212 , 1220 by the first deformable wall causes the inner first panel 1104 and the second panel 1110 to become fixed in position relative to each other at this intersection . each intersection of first panels 1102 , 1104 and second panels 1110 throughout the ventilation grill assembly should be understood to have the same features as the one depicted in fig1 b , and the filling of all voids 1212 , 1220 in the entire ventilation grill assembly rigidly fixes first panels 1102 , 1104 and second panels 1110 in their positions relative to each other .	5
in fig1 , a reactor cell 1 comprises a corrugated sheet 2 joined at corrugations 31 to another corrugated sheet 3 thereupon and to a flat sheet 4 thereunder with joints 5 . the corrugated sheet 2 is a profiled sheet with corrugations , having a thickness of about 0 . 1 mm , the height of the corrugations being about 1 mm . the corrugated sheet 2 is also joined at corrugations 31 to the bent section thereof . the reactor cell is inserted into a housing 7 . the reactor cell 1 comprises on the bottom as a corrugated sheet 6 a sheet having v - shaped corrugations and joined at joints 5 to the flat sheet 4 . channels 9 through which the gas being treated is passed are formed between the sheets 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 . the joints 5 between the sheets 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 are spaced apart by 0 . 5 to 1 . 5 mm intervals . the corrugated sheet 3 is also connected to the housing 7 by weld joints 8 , 10 . the joints 5 , 8 , 10 are preferably made by resistance welding . in fig2 , the reactor cell 11 comprises overlapping corrugated sheets 12 , 13 , these sheets being profiled sheets . the corrugated sheets 12 , 13 are joined together with joints 15 to form an angle of about 30 degrees between the corrugations 32 of the sheet 12 and the corrugations 33 of the sheet 13 . the gas being treated flows in channels 19 parallel to corrugations 32 , 33 and is continuously mixed . in fig3 , a reactor cell 1 a having profiled sheets 2 a and another reactor cell 1 b also having profiled sheets 2 b are combined together . the reactor cells 1 a and 1 b are joined to place the profiled sheets 2 a , 2 b of the reactor cells 1 a , 1 b , respectively , to an angle of 90 degrees relative to each other . the profiled sheets 2 a are joined together to place the corrugations 31 a of the sheets 2 a transversely to each other , and similarly , the profiled sheets 2 b are joined to each other to place the corrugations 31 b of the sheets 2 b transversely to each other . the gas being treated may flow in the channels 9 a of the reactor cell 2 a and in the channels 9 b of the reactor cell 2 b . in channels 9 a , 9 b , the gases are internally mixed in directions perpendicular to each other . thus the gas passing through the reactor cells 2 a , 2 b is mixed in both directions very efficiently . in fig4 , a reactor cell 41 is inserted into a housing 47 . the reactor cell 41 is connected to the housing 47 by means of connecting grooves 43 , 44 , 45 on the housing wall . the connecting grooves are engaged with the sheets 42 of the reactor cell 41 . a weld joint 46 is further made on the bottom of the connecting groove 43 . the reactor cell 41 is joined to the housing 47 not only with the connecting grooves 43 , 44 , 45 but also with the weld joint 46 . above connecting method is particularly stable since both the connecting grooves 43 , 44 , 45 and the weld joint are engaged with the sheets 42 of the reactor cell 41 . in fig5 , reactor cells 51 , 52 of the invention are inserted into a housing 57 that is conical at both ends . the reactor cells 51 , 52 are wedged both against the walls 57 a , 57 b of the housing 57 and against each other when exposed to the flow pressure of the gas being treated . the reactor cells 51 , 52 are wedged towards the walls 57 a , 57 b of the housing also by the thermal expansion due to the treatment of gases at high temperatures , thus engaging them firmly with the housing 57 . the cone angle . alpha . of the conical sections of the housing 57 is about 7 degrees . pressure and power losses due to turbulences of the gas flow and shortcut flows in the conical housing 57 and the reactor cell 51 are particularly low . an embodiment of the reactor cell of the invention ( kemira ) and some commercially available reactor cells were subjected to a comparative mechanical resistance test ( cycle 2010 ). the reactor cell 41 comprised corrugated sheets 2 , 3 with oblique corrugations joined together by resistance welding at an angle of 40 degrees relative to the corrugations 31 , 32 , 33 , the joint density being 200 joints / cm . sup . 3 . the reactor cell was inserted into a round housing 47 and connected thereto by means of three connecting grooves 43 , 44 , 45 . further , a weld joint 46 was formed on the bottom of one of the connecting grooves using laser welding . the reactor cells being tested were connected to an exhaust manifold of an engine ( saab 2 . 0 l 16 - v ) on a motor test bench . following the installations , the engine was started and allowed to warm up with partial load until the thermostat of the engine levelled off . in the test , full load and idle running cycles of 50 seconds , respectively , were repeated . in the full load cycle , the initial number of revolutions of 5500 rpm was lowered to 4700 rpm before the idle running cycle . during the full load , pressurized air was fed upstream of the reactor cell in an amount sufficient to raise the temperature therein to about 1020 . degree . c . in the idle running cycle , the pressurized air feed was higher to lower the temperature below 400 . degree . c . quickly . high mechanical stress of the cycle is due to high temperature , high gas flow , strong gas impulses , rapid temperature changes , and vibrations of the engine transferred via the exhaust manifold . the cycle was interrupted every 5 hours and the reactor cells being tested were checked . in some cases the test was stopped earlier if the reactor cell was already mechanically damaged . the results of these comparative tests are as follows : according to the test results , the kemira embodiment of the reactor cell of the invention withstood the test conditions undamaged at least 5 to 10 times longer than the control reactor cells .	1
an embodiment of the pal video signal generator apparatus according to the present invention will now be described by reference to the drawings . in a pal video signal to which the present invention is directed , its color subcarrier frequency f sc and its horizontal synchronization frequency f h have the relation expressed by the following equation ( 1 ): ## equ1 ## when a sinusoidal signal having the above frequency is expressed as f ( t ), the following equation ( 2 ) is obtained : the sinusoidal signal f ( t ) is continuous relative to time t . when the sinusoidal signal f ( t ) is sampled at a sampling period t , and the result is expressed as f [ n ], f [ n ] can be expressed by the following equation ( 3 ): ## equ2 ## where n is the sampling number . fig1 is a graph showing the relation between f ( t ) and f [ n ]. in fig1 the sampled values f [ n ] relative to the sampling number n are indicated by round marks ◯. when now the sampling frequency for f ( t ) is selected to be m times ( m : an integer ) as high as the horizontal synchronization frequency f h , the sampling period t is expressed by the following equation ( 4 ): where t h = 1 / f h . from the equations ( 3 ) and ( 4 ), f [ n ] is expressed by the following equation ( 5 ): ## equ3 ## the sampling frequency m f h is required to be a frequency higher by two or more times than the color subcarrier frequency f sc . when the value of m is selected to be an integer satisfying the above condition , the number of the sampled data f [ n ] required so that the sinusoidal signal f ( t ) having the frequency f sc can be maintained continuous is 2500 × m according to the equation ( 5 ). noting the fact that the greatest common divisor of the value 709 , 379 in the equation ( 5 ) is 11 , f [ n ] can now be expressed as follows : therefore , when the value of m is selected to be 11 × n ( n : an integer ), f [ n ] is now given by the following equation ( 7 ): according to the present invention , all of the color signal , luminance signal and synchronizing signals constituting the pal video signal are generated on the basis of the same clock having the frequency 11 · n · f h . thus , when the bandwidth occupied by the pal video signal is 6 mhz , the value of the clock frequency 11 · n · f h is required to be higher than 12 mhz which is two times as high as the bandwidth occupied by the pal video signal . in view of the above condition , the required value of n is given by the following expression ( 8 ): the present invention will now be described by reference to fig2 in which the value of n is set at 80 . thus , when n = 80 , the value of the clock frequency is 880f h . in this case , the amount of the sampled data f [ n ] required to maintain continuous the sinusoidal signal f ( t ) is 2500 × n = 200 , 000 . when a clock having a frequency m f h , for example , a clock having a frequency 879f h which is close to the clock frequency 880f h but which is not equal to 11 · n · f h is used in lieu of the clock frequency 880f h , the amount of the sampled data f [ n ] required to maintain continuous the sinusoidal signal f ( t ) is 2500 × 879 = 2 , 197 , 500 . this amount corresponds to about 11 times as much as that required when the clock frequency 880f h is used . the above discussion teaches that , when the basic clock frequency is selected to be an integer times as high as 11 f h where f h is the horizontal synchronization frequency , the amount of sampled data required to generate the sinusoidal signal f ( t ), that is , the color subcarrier , can be compressed to about 1 / 11 of that required when the basic clock frequency has any other values . for the storage of the 200 , 000 sampled data described above , a plurality of memories , for example , four memories each having a capacity of 64 kilobits are required . however , it will be apparent from fig2 that , when the symmetry of the data is noted , the amount of data to be stored is only 50 , 001 data corresponding to the relation 0 ≦ n ≦ 50 , 000 where n is the sampling number . such an amount can be sufficiently stored in a single memory having a capacity of 64 kilobits . a control pulse signal a as shown in fig2 is used for reading out the 50 , 001 data from the memory . the operation of a memory read counter is controlled so that the counter counts up in each low level period of the control pulse signal a , while the counter counts down in each high level period of the control pulse signal a . further , the polarity of the data read out from the memory is inverted only when control pulse signals b and c are in their high level . by so controlling , continuous sine and cosine digital data can be generated . thus , two color subcarriers orthogonal to each other can be generated . fig3 is a block diagram showing the structure of an embodiment of the pal video signal generator apparatus of the present invention using the color subcarrier generating method described above . referring to fig3 a clock 10 , that is , the basic clock having the frequency 11 · n · f h used for realizing the concept of the present invention , is stably generated from an oscillator , for example , a crystal oscillator 27 . memories 11 and 12 store digital data obtained when the two color subcarriers orthogonal to each other are quantized with the timing of the clock 10 . the digital data stored in the memories 11 and 12 are sequentially read out by an updown counter 13 with the timing of the clock 10 . memories 14 and 15 store digital data obtained by quantizing the color difference signals r - y and b - y with the timing of the clock 10 respectively . a memory 16 stores digital data obtained by quantizing the luminance signal ( including the synchronizing signal ) with the timing of the clock 10 . a counter 17 is used to read out the data from the memories 14 , 15 and 16 with the timing of the clock 10 . polarity inverter circuits 18 invert the polarity of the data outputted from the memories 11 and 12 in response to the application of the control pulses c and b respectively . in response to the application of a pal pulse signal , a polarity inverter circuit 19 inverts the polarity of the data outputted from the memory 14 . digital multipliers 20 operate with the timing of the clock 10 . the apparatus further includes adders 21 , 22 , a d / a converter 23 , a low - pass filter 24 , a buffer 25 and a video signal output terminal 26 . the relation between the components of the apparatus and their operation will now be described . the updown counter 13 operating with the timing of the clock 10 orderly repeats its upcounting and downcounting operation under control of the first control pulse signal a shown in fig2 . the polarity of the data thus read out from the memories 11 and 12 is inverted by the respective polarity inverter circuits 18 in the high level period only of the second control pulse signals b and c shown in fig2 . as a result , data dcos and dsin of the two color subcarriers orthogonal to each other appear as outputs of the respective polarity inverter circuits 18 . by the function of the counter 17 making its counting operation with the timing of the clock 10 , color difference signal data each corresponding to one line are sequentially outputted from the memories 14 and 15 . the polarity of the data read out from the memory 14 is inverted in alternate lines by the polarity inverter circuit 19 inverting the data polarity in response to the application of the pal pulse to provide data d r - y of the regular color difference signal r - y . on the other hand , the data outputted from the memory 15 directly provide data d b - y of the regular color difference signal b - y . then , with the timing of the clock 10 , one of the digital multipliers 20 multiplies the color difference signal data d r - y by the color subcarrier data dcos , while the other digital multiplier 20 multiplies the color difference signal data d b - y by the color sub - carrier data dsin , and the adder 21 adds these results of multiplication to provide its output given by d r - y × dcos + d b - y × dsin . then , when the one - line luminance signal data d y + s read out from the memory 16 by the counter 17 is added in the adder 22 to the output of the adder 21 , the complete digital data of the pal video signal appears at the output of the adder 22 . then , when the digital data output of the adder 22 is converted by the d / a converter 23 into the corresponding analog signal with the timing of the clock 10 , and the analog signal is passed through the low - pass filter 24 and the buffer 25 , the pal video signal can be stably derived from the video signal output terminal 26 . it is apparent that a plurality of video signals can be derived from the output terminal 26 of the illustrated embodiment when various data to be stored in the memories 14 to 16 are prepared . therefore , according to the present invention , the color subcarrier signals having an entirely asynchronous relation between them with respect to the line period are sampled with the timing of a clock synchronous with the line period , so that such quantized data can be generated as fixed data . in this case , the value of the clock is selected to be 11 · n · f h , that is , the frequency obtained by multiplying the horizontal synchronization frequency f h by a constant 11 · n where n is an integer . by so selecting the value of the clock , the amount of the fixed data to be stored can be compressed to about 1 / 11 , so that the data can be stored in a memory having a capacity preferable from both the aspect of cost and the aspect of circuit scale . further , because the quantized data of the luminance signal , the synchronizing signal and the two color difference signals can be easily generated , the digital data of the pal video signal can be completely produced , so that the pal video signal can be generated with high stability and high accuracy . also , because the value of n can be freely selected as desired , the frequency of the basic clock 11 · n · f h can be selected to be suitable for each of a plurality of video signal generator apparatuses .	7
various electronic circuits benefit from the use of inductors . although inductors are useful for filtering , smoothing or otherwise conditioning power signals , inductors , including reactors , chokes , transformers , and the like , generally produce heat due to core and coil losses . heat may degrade the performance of the inductor , or may cause degradation and premature failure of the device . accordingly , the following embodiments provide a system and method to remove thermal energy from the core and the coils of an inductor . in certain embodiments , a cooling element is disposed adjacent to a core , such as between the core and the coil of an inductor such that it may absorb the heat generated by the inductor . in a presently contemplated embodiment , the core includes multiple core pieces that are urged outward by a biasing element disposed between the core pieces . urging the core pieces outward promotes contact between the core pieces and a cooling element located proximate to the core . contact between the surface of the core and the surface of the cooling element may reduce the thermal resistance across the interface to promote heat transfer between the core and the cooling element . accordingly , the effectiveness of the cooling element may be improved . similarly , the biasing element may also urge the cooling element into contact with surfaces of the conductive coil . this improved contact may reduce the thermal resistance between the conductive coil and the cooling element , and increase the effectiveness of the cooling element to remove heat from the conductive coil . the system and technique are generally applicable to similarly constructed systems that may benefit from improved surface contact between components . fig1 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a power circuit 10 including two inductors . in the illustrated embodiment of fig1 , the power circuit 10 may be provided as part of a power module , such as for a motor drive . the power circuit 10 is adapted to receive three - phase power from a line side 12 and to convert the input power to an output power delivered at a load side 14 . it should be noted that this particular circuit of fig1 is merely one example of an environment that this invention may be usefully employed . in the embodiment illustrated in fig1 , the power circuit 10 includes a rectifier 16 defined by an array of six diodes 18 , although scrs or other power electronic devices may be used in place of diodes . the diode array converts three - phase ac input power to dc power that is applied to a dc bus 20 . the power circuit 10 also includes a capacitive filter 22 formed from a capacitor bank . the capacitive filter may be desired to smooth ripple current on the dc bus , for instance . further , an inverter 24 is formed by an array of switches 26 and associated fly - back diodes 28 . the inverter may include high - speed transistors as switches to apply a pulse width modulated ( pwm ) waveform to the load side 14 to power a motor , for instance . standard motor drives that are configured to draw from the power circuit 10 may include “ six pulse ” drives that have a non - linear load . these drives tend to draw current only periodically during positives and negatives during loses of input power . because the current wave - form is not perfectly sinusoidal the current may contain undesired harmonics . for instance , with a standard three - phase rectifier using six diodes 18 , or scrs , and a capacitive filter 22 , as depicted in fig1 , the three - phase input current may contain an increased amount of harmonic distortion . the harmonic distortion may be reduced with the addition of inductors , such as reactors and chokes , to the power circuit 10 . a reactor may be added at the line side 12 or dc bus of a power circuit 10 to reduce harmonics . this reactor or inductor reduces the rate of change of current . it may force the capacitive filter 22 to charge at a slower rate drawing current over a longer period of time . in one embodiment of the power circuit 10 , an inductor 30 , may be configured as an input reactor 32 to reduce the harmonics . as illustrated in fig1 , the reactor 32 is located between the line side 12 and the rectifier 16 . in this embodiment , the reactor 32 includes three coils , wherein each coil is configured to receive power from one conductor of the three phase conductors of the line side 12 , and to transmit the power to a respective phase input of the rectifier 16 . in this configuration , the reactor 32 may reduce harmonics and limit the peak current into the rectifier 16 and the capacitive filter 22 . in other configurations ( not shown ), the power circuit 10 may include a reactor 32 located between the inverter 24 and the load side 14 . in such a configuration , the reactor 32 may buffer the current at the load side 14 , such as the current input to a motor drive . the illustrated embodiment of the power circuit 10 also includes a dc choke 34 . the choke 34 is located on the dc bus 20 , between the rectifier 16 and the capacitive filter 22 . the choke 34 may help to buffer the capacitive filter 22 from the ac line and to reduce harmonics . the choke 34 may protect the power circuit 10 against a current surge . however , the choke 34 may not protect the rectifier 16 from a voltage spike , as the choke 34 is located downstream of the rectifier 16 . embodiments of the power circuit 10 may include a single inductor , such as the reactor 32 at the line side 12 , the load side 14 , or the choke 32 . other embodiments may include various combinations of the three , as depicted in fig1 . as mentioned previously , the reactor 32 and the choke 34 are both forms of inductors . accordingly , the characteristics of such inductors may be critical to the operation in which they are installed , such as power circuit 10 . such inductors generally include a passive electrical device that is employed in an electrical circuit for its property of inductance . inductance ( measured in henries ) is an effect which results from the magnetic field that forms around a current carrying conductor . an inductor typically consists of a coil of conducting material ( e . g ., conductive coil or wire or foil ) wrapped around a core . the core typically comprises air or a ferromagnetic material ( magnetic core ). electrical current passed through the conductive coil creates a magnetic flux field proportional to the current . a magnetic core is a key component of higher power inductors , as the magnetic core increases the strength and effect of the magnetic field produced by the electric current passed through the conductive coil . configurations and the design of inductors may vary based on specific applications . for example , inductors may include a single conductive coil disposed about a singe magnetic core . in other embodiments , inductors may include multiple conductive coils , each wound about a portion of the magnetic core . for example , the reactor 32 may include a total of three conductive coils ( one for each conductor of three - phase power from the line side 12 ) wrapped about a magnetic core . other inductors may include two or more conductive windings about a magnetic core , wherein the conductive coils are magnetically coupled to form a transformer . the inherent resistance of inductor coils converts a portion of electrical current flowing through the conductive coils into thermal energy ( heat ), causing a loss of inductive quality . this may be referred to as coil loss . further , an inductor may experience energy loss attributed to a variety of mechanisms related to the fluctuating magnetic field , such as eddy loss currents and hysteresis . this form of energy loss may be referred to as core losses . most of the energy due to coil losses and core losses is released as heat . accordingly , heat may build up within the inductor if it is not dissipated or removed . unfortunately , the build up of heat within the inductor may reduce performance of the inductor , and / or lead to failure of the device . turning now to fig2 , an inductor 30 in accordance with an embodiment of the present technique is illustrated . the inductor 30 has a magnetic core 36 , conductive coils 38 , and cooling elements 40 . more particularly , the inductor 30 includes the magnetic core 36 surrounded by three conductive coils 38 , with two cooling elements 40 disposed between each conductive coil 38 and the magnetic core 36 , resulting in a total of six cooling elements 40 for the particular embodiment illustrated . the overall design of the inductor 30 may be varied to meet specific applications and the desired performance . for example , as illustrated in fig2 and 3 , the magnetic core 36 includes a “ figure - eight ” shaped geometry . in this configuration , each leg 42 of the magnetic core 36 may be surrounded by a conductive coil 38 to form the inductor 30 . however , the geometry of the magnetic core 38 may be varied depending on the application . for example , other embodiments of the magnetic core 36 may have “ i ”, “ c ,” “ e ,” toroidal , planar , or pot shaped geometries , and so forth . the magnetic core 36 may also include a geometry formed from a combination of shapes . for example , the figure - eight shape of fig2 may include an “ i ” shaped piece and an “ e ” shaped piece , or two “ e ” shaped pieces , combined to for the single magnetic core 36 . the magnetic core 36 may comprise various materials suitable for use in an inductor 30 . in one embodiment , the magnetic core 36 may be formed from copper , aluminum , or steel . for instance , the magnetic core 36 may include conductive “ tape ” wrapped to form the body of the magnetic core 36 . other embodiments may include various materials as well as other techniques to form the core . for instance , iron may be used as to form a unitary magnetic core 36 . the magnetic core 36 may also include iron alloyed with silicon , for example . other materials used to form the magnetic core 36 may include carbonyl iron , ferrite ceramics , and so forth . further , various forming techniques , such as lamination and the like , may be employed to form the magnetic core 36 . laminating multiple pieces to form the magnetic core 26 may aid in the reduction of undesired eddy currents . fig4 is an illustration of an assembled conductive coil 38 and cooling element 40 . this is representative of one of the three conductive coils 38 and one of the three pairs of cooling elements 40 depicted in fig2 . similarly , fig5 is an illustration of the assembly of fig4 , exploded to provide an improved view of the conductive coil 38 and the cooling elements 40 . the conductive coil 38 includes various features that may be desired for use within in the inductor 30 . in one embodiment , the conductive coil 38 includes a coil of material disposed about a central region 44 . as depicted , the central region 44 includes an opening configured to accommodate at least a portion of the magnetic core 36 . further , the central region 44 provides a location to dispose the cooling elements 40 . for example , cooling element 40 may be disposed at both ends of the conductive coil 38 , as depicted . the conductive coil 38 also includes leads 46 configured to connect to other conductors , such as one of the three conductors at the line side 12 , and one of the three conductors output to the rectifier 16 , as depicted in fig1 . the leads 46 provide for the flow of current through the conductive coil 38 . accordingly , the inductor 30 , as depicted in fig2 , may include a total of six leads 46 ( two at each of three conductive coils 38 ). each lead is configured for connection to an input or an output of the three conductors in a three - phase power system . the conductive coil 38 may include any number of coil turns or wraps around the central region , as desired by a specific application . the conductive coil 38 may be composed of various materials . in one embodiment , the conductive coil 38 may include copper , aluminum or steel windings . in other embodiments , the conductive coil 38 may comprise other conductive materials suitable for use in the inductor 30 . the cooling element 40 , as depicted in fig2 , 4 , and 5 , may take a variety of shapes and configurations to provide for the removal of heat from components of the inductor 30 , including the magnetic core 36 and the conductive coil 38 . for instance , each of the depicted cooling elements 40 has a semicircular shape , including a curved surface 48 and a generally flat surface 50 . in a presently contemplated embodiment , a surface , such as the curved surface 48 , may have a shape configured to conform to a curvature at an end turn of the conductive coil 38 . for example , the cooling elements 40 may be disposed within a conductive coil 38 that has been formed prior to placement of the cooling elements 40 . in another embodiment , the conductive coil 38 may conform to the shape of the cooling element 40 . for instance , forming the conductive coil 38 may include fixing the cooling elements 40 in a position and subsequently wrapping the windings of the conductive coil 38 about the cooling elements 40 . the generally shared profile at each end turn may promote contact of the conductive coil 38 and the cooling element 40 such that thermal energy may be more efficiently transferred between the conductive coil 38 and the cooling element 40 . for example , disposing the conductive coil 38 and the cooling element 40 such that they are proximate to one another along the curved surface 48 may reduce thermal resistance across that interface , and , thus , promote the transfer of thermal energy ( heat ) between the conductive coil 38 and the cooling element 40 . thus , heat from the conductive element 38 may be more efficiently removed by the cooling element 40 . similarly , a surface of the cooling element 40 may be configured to contact other heat generating components , including the magnetic core 36 . for instance , the flat surface 50 of the cooling element 40 is generally shaped to provide contact between the magnetic core 36 and the cooling element 40 . contact between the flat surface 50 of the cooling element 40 and a surface of the magnetic core 36 may enable a more efficient transfer of thermal energy ( heat ) between the magnetic core 36 and the cooling element 40 . thus , heat from the magnetic core may also be more efficiently removed by the cooling element 40 . further , the cooling element 40 may include various features configured to provide for the transfer of heat from components of the inductor 30 to the cooling element 40 . for instance , the cooling element 40 may comprise a thermally conductive material , such as aluminum . in certain embodiments , the body of the cooling element 40 may include various channels configured to circulate a cooling fluid through the cooling element 40 . the circulation of a cooling fluid may help to remove heat from the cooling elements 40 and , thus , promote heat exchange between the cooling element 40 and components of the inductor 30 . for example , the inductor 30 depicted in fig4 and 5 includes coolant inlets 52 and outlets 54 configured to receive coolant from an external source , such as a fluid pump ( not shown .) in a diversely contemplated embodiment , coolant enters the cooling element 40 via the coolant inlet 52 , passes through cooling channels internal to the cooling element 40 , and exits from the cooling element 40 via the cooling outlet 54 . the circulation of cooling fluid through the cooling element 40 provide for an increased rate transfer of thermal energy from other components of the inductor 30 , such as the conductive coil 38 and the magnetic core 36 . the cooling fluid may include any gas or liquid capable of being passed through the cooling element 40 and including thermal properties beneficial to absorbing heat from the body of the cooling element 40 . for example , the cooling fluid may include a water based liquid or an oil . fig4 and 5 also depict a support 56 disposed between each of the cooling elements 40 . the support 56 may be included to provide for spacing of the cooling elements 40 . for example , the support 56 includes a plate of material fastened to each of the cooling elements 40 via fasteners 58 disposed through holes 60 in the support 56 . this illustrates each set of cooling elements 40 includes two supports 56 that are fastened to the sides of the cooling elements 40 . in this configuration , the conductive coil 38 may be wrapped around the cooling elements 40 , with the supports 56 acting to maintain the open central region 44 . maintaining the central region 44 may provide a location to assemble the magnetic core 36 or other components of the inductor 30 , for instance . the size , shape , and method of fastening the support 56 may be varied to accommodate applications . in other embodiments , the support 56 may be a temporary component . for example , the support 56 may be included for assembly and placement of the cooling elements 40 and removed during assembly or prior to use of the inductor 30 . as mentioned previously , cooling of the inductor 30 may be provided via the cooling elements 40 . the cooling elements 40 may be disposed proximate to the magnetic core 36 and / or the conductive coil 38 to remove thermal energy from the inductor 30 . to promote the transfer of heat , the inductor 30 may include areas in which each cooling element 40 contacts the components to be cooled , such as the conductive coil 38 and the magnetic core 36 . good thermal contact between the surface of the cooling elements 40 and other components reduces thermal resistance across the interface to enable more efficient conduction of thermal energy between the components to the cooling element 40 . in design and assembly , components of the inductor 30 may generally include some surface contact with the cooling element 40 . even with good manufacturing tolerance , each of the components may experience expansion and contraction due to fluctuations in temperature during operation . the expansion of contraction in size may reduce or eliminate contact between components and the cooling element 40 . this concern may become more prevalent due to use of different materials for each component and the differing coefficients of thermal expansion for each material . in the illustrated embodiment , the inductor 30 includes a magnetic core 36 and a biasing element 62 configured to urge the components of the inductor 30 into good thermal contact with the cooling element 40 . as depicted in fig6 , the magnetic core 36 includes a first piece 64 and a second piece 66 with the biasing elements 62 disposed between the two pieces 64 and 66 . the first piece 64 and second piece 66 may be configured to be positioned or mated together to form the magnetic core 36 , as depicted in fig1 . the two pieces 64 and 66 may include two complementary pieces that are symmetrical or generally symmetrical , as depicted . in other embodiments , the first piece 64 and the second piece 66 may include any shape and design configured to accommodate a specific application . for example , the two core pieces 66 and 64 may be varied in thickness , or may include any of the core geometries described previously . the biasing element 62 may include a component , mechanism or material capable of being disposed between the two pieces 64 and 66 of the magnetic core 36 , and providing a biasing force to the pieces . the biasing element 62 exerts a force on the core pieces 64 and 66 after completion of assembly and closes any gap between the core 36 , coil 38 and cooling element 40 due manufacturing tolerances . when the reactor is in operation and warms up , the biasing element 62 exerts a force between the core 36 and coil 38 and closes any gap that is developed between the core 36 , cooling element 40 and core 36 due to thermal expansion mismatch between the components . this ensures improved thermal contact between the core 36 , coil 38 and cooling element 40 . as depicted , the biasing element 62 may include one or a plurality of corrugated sheets of material disposed at various locations between the faces of the two pieces 64 and 66 of the magnetic core 36 . fig6 illustrates two biasing elements 62 located symmetrically about the edges of the pieces 64 and 66 of the magnetic core 36 . other embodiment may include a single biasing element 62 or a plurality of biasing elements 62 disposed between the two pieces 64 and 66 . in certain embodiments , the biasing element 62 may be pre - compressed during manufacturing . for example , the biasing element 62 may be compressed during assembly of the core 36 such that the biasing element 62 provides a constant reactive force against the pieces of the core 64 and 66 . further embodiments may include alternate forms of the biasing element 62 . for example , the biasing mechanism 62 may include a beveled washer , a linear spring , and the like . other embodiments may include a mechanically flexible material that is configured to provide a reactive force . for example , the biasing element 62 may include a rubber or resilient material disposed on at least one of the faces of the two pieces 64 and 66 , such that the material provides a biasing force when the two pieces 64 and 66 are compressed together . turning now to fig7 , the top view of a portion of the inductor 30 , including the magnetic core 36 , biasing elements 62 , a single conductive coil 39 , and cooling elements 40 is depicted . the biasing elements 62 are disposed between the first piece 64 and the second piece 66 of the magnetic core 36 . accordingly , the biasing element 62 may provide a biasing force in the direction of the arrows 70 . the force may urge the first piece 64 and the second piece 66 in the direction of the arrows 70 to increase contact between the magnetic core 36 and the cooling elements 40 at a core / cooling interface 72 . accordingly , the thermal resistance between the core / cooling interface 72 may be reduced , thereby , promoting the efficient transfer of thermal energy from the magnetic core 36 to the cooling elements 40 . further , the biasing force provided by the biasing element 62 may urge the cooling elements 40 and the conductive coil 38 into contact . for example , the force in the direction of arrows 70 may be transmitted from the core 36 to cooling elements 40 , and , thus , the cooling elements 40 may be displaced in the direction of arrow 70 . the force and displacement on the cooling elements 40 may act to create or increase the contact between the surface of the cooling elements 40 and the surface of the conductive coil 38 at a coil / cooling interface 74 . accordingly , the thermal resistance between the coil / cooling interface 74 may be reduced , thereby promoting the efficient transfer of thermal energy from the conductive coil 38 to the cooling elements 40 . in one embodiment , the inductor 30 may include the support 56 ( see fig4 ) configured to allow increased movement of the cooling element 40 . for example , if the support 56 remains in the inductor 30 , the holes 60 may be increased in diameter relative to the fasteners 58 , or may include a slot , such that the cooling element 40 is capable of displacing as the other components contract and expand . further , such an embodiment may account for variations in the coefficient of thermal expansion for the support 56 relative to other components of the inductor 30 . while only certain features of the invention have been illustrated and described herein , many modifications and changes will occur to those skilled in the art . for example , the described system may be employed for heating elements , and or may be employed in similar systems that desire urging components into contact . it is , therefore , to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit of the invention .	7
the present invention relates to a closed loop continuous process for algae cultivation and subsequent manufacturing . the system of the present invention begins with a process by which algae are grown . algae are grown in the present invention as detailed in the beginning of the process shown in fig1 . cultures are initially prepared . cultures may be either from an outside source or prepared specific for the process of the present invention . in one embodiment the process begins with identification and labeling of a particular set of culture . the culture is identified and an accurate cell count is taken . in one embodiment of the present invention , one hundred milliliters of ten percent culture are placed in a one liter flask . six hundred milliliters of purified water are added along with appropriate nutrients . the culture is allowed to multiply to a level of six million cells per milliliter . once the cell count is verified , the culture is then transferred to a second incubation tank . in one embodiment , the incubation tank is a 228 liter incubation tank . water is added to this 228 liter cylinder , further nutrients and the tank is constructed and arranged to be fitted with natural light through fiber optics and led lighting . further chilled compressed air subject to filtration is introduced into the tank . although in one embodiment air has been chilled , this is due to the relatively warm ambient air in which this process has been invented . it has been found that the air should be between 70 and 78 degrees fahrenheit and preferably between 70 - 75 degrees . in an environment where the ambient air is below 70 degrees , it may be necessary to heat the air . in one embodiment , the compressed air is filtered through sub - micron filtration system . the culture is then allowed to subsequently multiply to a level of six million cells per milliliter . a cell count is taken to verify the desired cell growth amount . once this amount is reached , the subsequent mixture is transferred to a production tank . in one embodiment , the production tank is an 11 , 355 production vessel . as detailed in fig3 , 3 , 408 liters of water are added to the cell mixture transferred from the prior 228 liter cylinder . this will be referred to now as the production mixture . to this production mixture nutrients are and air is introduced in a manner similar to the manner in the incubation process . nutrients are added and the tank is further exposed to ambient light . cell count is allowed to reach six million cells per milliliter and as in the incubation process ; the production process is further accelerated by the use of natural light through fiber optic and led light . once the desired cell count is reached this mixture is transferred to a finishing procedure . in a preferred embodiment of the present invention a cell growth culture is initiated on a laboratory level in which inert beads are placed within a laboratory flask . it has been surprising found that presence of the inert beads provide between a five to thirty percent accelerated growth within a three day time period of beads and nutrient being added to the flask . after this three to nine day period the initial cell growth medium is transferred to a larger flask wherein said larger flask is between seven to twelve times of greater volume than the initial seeding flask . the algae growth is allowed to continue until there is a six million cell count before further transfer . six million has been experimentally determined to be an optimal number for transfer . the initial flask is preferably a 1 liter flask in which algae cell growth is allowed to reside for three to six days . in a preferred embodiment the second flask is a 1 liter flask in which cell growth is again subsequently allowed to continue for approximately three to six days . after this three to six day period in the 1 liter flask , the algae cells are transferred to a 228 liter cylinder and further allowed to grow for six to nine days and then transferred as per the flow charts proceeds to a 11 , 355 liter vessel . it has been discovered that a combination of ambient light through fiber optics and light provided by light emitting diodes ( led ) significantly accelerates the growth rate of algae when compared to ambient light alone . algae growth continues until such time is determined optimum for algae harvest . prior to harvest the algae growth has stress placed upon it . food and nutrients are withheld , and additional water is added . further , concurrent with the additional added water ultraviolet light is added in a sustained fashion to stress the algae faster . the present invention further provides that after algae are harvested the water is passed through ultraviolet light , sterilized and used to sterilize the harvest tank . in one embodiment , the starting algae culture is utex 2505 haematococcus pluvialis . a commercially available nutrient product containing nitrate , phosphate , and trace minerals is used along with a b - complex mix . for the initial cultivation we use a 1 liter erlenmeyer flask . in the flask we put nutrient / vitamin mix along with cells from the utex petri tube . plastic , clear , beads that are 3 × 1 . 7 mm ribbed with 0 . 35 mm hole are placed in the flask . when transferring to the 228 liter cylinder , 90 % of the initial cultivation material is moved . approximately 10 % is allowed to remain in the flask , and is used in a refill with ro / uv water , nutrients to repeat the process . the 228 liter cylinder begins with 72 liters of ro / uv water , nutrient / vitamin mix and a natural absorbent and allowed to mix while a ph correct to the medium of around 7 . 2 - 7 . 5 is performed . after the adjustments , approximately 90 % of initial cultivation from 6 flasks is added to the 228 liter cylinder . when cell count is around 6 million per ml , approximately 72 liters of ro / uv water , nutrient / vitamin mix and a natural absorbent and allowed to mix while a ph correct to the medium of around 7 . 2 - 7 . 5 is performed . this process is allowed to continue again until cell count is approx . 6 million per ml . the process of adding 72 liters of ro / uv water , nutrient / vitamin mix and a natural absorbent and allowed to mix while a ph correct to the medium of around 7 . 2 - 7 . 5 is performed . sub micron filtered chilled compressed air is gently bubbled into the cylinder . regarding the light treatment , the wavelengths of light and types of light sources used in the invention varies from beginning to end . the invention uses a combination of natural and led light . in the initial lab flasks , a lumigrow es330 led grow light and parans sp3 fiber optic natural light is used . during the day , the parans provides natural daylight ( 380 nm - 750 nm ) and at night the lumigrow provides artificial light ( 420 - 720 ). the light / dark cycle for exposure is around 8 / 4 and 8 / 4 . approximately 8 hours of daylight / 4 hours of resting dark than 8 hours of led light / 4 hours of resting dark . intensity of par light will be around 400 - 730 nm . the cylinders will have lumibar led strip light , parans sp3 fiber optic natural light and caberra g2 activeled - growbar . the first two have the same spectrum of light as above . the g2 has a 390 - 780 nm spectrum of light and the same exposure time as in the lab flask stage . intensity of par light will be around 400 - 730 nm . the tanks will have the same lights as cylinders until we are ready to stress the algae to cyst and produce astaxanthin / lipids . when there are 6 - 9 million cells per ml , we will introduce a uva and uvb wavelength of light in order to stress the algae . the uv spectrum will be 210 and above depending on how much sunlight will be available . in the harvest tanks , 3 , 408 liters of ro / uv water , nutrient / vitamin mix and a natural absorbent and allowed to mix while a ph correct is made to the medium to around 7 . 2 - 7 . 5 . after the mixture is ready , app 90 % of the cylinder is added to the tank . in the harvest tanks , when cell count is around 6 million per ml , 3 , 408 liters of ro / uv water , nutrient / vitamin mix and a natural absorbent and allowed to mix while a ph correct is made to the medium to around 7 . 2 - 7 . 5 . cell count is again allowed to increase to around 6 million per ml , 3 , 408 liters of ro / uv water , nutrient / vitamin mix and a natural absorbent and allowed to mix while a ph correct is made to the medium to around 7 . 2 - 7 . 5 . the addition of chilled compressed air is by gentle bubbling through 2 ″ schedule 80 pvc pipes that feeds a diffusing aero tube . the aero tubing has thousands of 0 . 2 micron holes that spans the diameter of the tank and rotates with a gear motor above the tank . the time in the harvesting tanks will be a maximum of 3 weeks . algae are harvested using centrifuge at 4200 rpm and cycles for 3 hours before algae are removed . it should be noted that when transferring from the incubation vessel to the production vessel , the algae mixing must continue in order to not allow the algae to sink to the bottom . mixing also allows the algae to evenly flow throughout the tank absorbing nutrients and light . if the algae are mixed to fast , it will cause sheer stress and damage the algae . if it is mixed to slow , algae will sink and not be able to receive light or nutrients and die . airlift and bubble columns provide great mixing but require introduction of large amounts of air to mix properly which causes sparger death . using a propeller or a pump to mix the algae has to be run at a high rpm which causes shear stress and death . the present invention incorporates a combination of airlift in bubble columns combined with propeller mixing . the algae blade will mix anywhere between 6 - 15 rpm and a aero diffusing tub will run the length of the blade in order to also mix , airlift , while the bubbles will provide a degassing aspect . a gear motor , rotary coupling , and chain and sprocket will keep the algae blade rotating . after the process , the algae have been mixed , filled to capacity , stressed , and ready to be centrifuged . the algae are passed through an evodos centrifuge system to dewater the algae and the effluent is cleaned and sent back to the tank . the effluent is run through a 1 - 3 micron filtering system , u / v light , ultra filtration , reverse osmosis system , holding tank with bubbling ozonation , u / v light and then back to the original tank which will also have ozonation . the water going into the original tank will be fed through a 6 head sprinkler system in order to rinse and sanitize all parts of the tank . the sprinkler system will be in a circular pattern and each sprinkler head will rotate 360 degrees . while the invention has been described in its preferred form or embodiment with some degree of particularity , it is understood that this description has been given only by way of example and that numerous changes in the details of construction , fabrication , and use , including the combination and arrangement of parts , may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention .	2
in fig1 and 2 of the accompanying drawings there is shown a dental capsule 10 , having a main body 12 and a removable cap 14 , arranged to engage with an end of the body 12 . the body 12 has an internal circumferential flange 16 . the cap 14 has an inner end 15 which engages with one side of the flange 16 as shown in fig2 . the cap 14 and the adjacent end of the body 12 form part of a chamber 17 containing a dental powder component 13 , in use as seen in fig2 and 3 . further , a liquid containing pouch 18 is mounted within a chamber 20 . the chamber 20 has an outer open end 22 and a partially closed inner end 24 as shown in fig2 containing a relatively small aperture 25 . the chamber 20 engages with a side of the flange 16 opposite that engaged by the cap 14 . the pouch 18 is mounted in the chamber 20 as will be described . as shown in fig1 , the pouch 18 comprises a pair of opposed layers 26 which are typically formed of film . as shown one layer 26 is flat and the other is recessed so that the pouch 18 defines a volume 19 containing a liquid component 28 . however , the volume 19 could be defined by the other layer 26 being recessed or by both layers 26 being recessed . the volume 19 is sized so as to hold an amount of liquid component compatible with the amount of the powder component in the chamber 17 . edges 27 of the layers 26 forming the pouch 18 may be ultrasonically welded or laser welded or heat sealed together . thus , the edges 27 of the layers 26 are then joined together to form a hermetic seal around the liquid containing volume 19 . the layers 26 may be made from mono , di or tri layered film . film with more than three layers can be used . the flat layer 26 may be made thinner or weaker than the recessed layer 26 . the pouch 18 is retained in place initially by a restraining cup 30 which has an open inner end 32 and a closed outer end 34 as shown in fig1 and 2 . as shown the cup 30 engages with the chamber 20 . the inner end 32 of the cup 30 together with the inner end 24 of the chamber 20 sandwiches the edges 27 of the layers 26 in the assembled condition of the capsule 10 as can been seen in fig2 . as shown , the chamber 17 is defined by the cap 14 , the flange 16 and the inner end of the chamber 20 . further , the cup 30 contains a freely mounted or unrestrained member 36 which is disposed in the volume between the outer end 34 of the cup 30 and the pouch 18 . the member 36 may be a solid member which fits snugly in the cup 30 . the member 36 may be made of plastics material . the member 36 is smaller longitudinally than the volume defined by the cup 30 and the pouch 18 and is therefore able to move reciprocally within the cup 30 when the capsule 10 is placed in a vibratory mixer . in use , the capsule 10 in assembled condition is inserted in a vibratory dental mixer of known type . as the capsule 10 is vibrated the unrestrained member 36 is moved reciprocally in the volume between the outer end 34 of the cup 30 and the pouch 18 . thus , the unrestrained member 36 impacts the adjacent layer 26 of the pouch 18 repeatedly . this causes the adjacent layer 26 to be depressed . further this action causes hydraulic pressure of the liquid component 28 in the pouch 18 to be increased so that the layer 26 of the pouch 18 adjacent the aperture 25 in the inner end of the chamber 20 is ruptured at the aperture 25 as shown in fig3 . this creates a path for the liquid component 28 to contact powder in the cap 14 for mixing in the chamber 17 . generally , a mixing time of 5 to 15 seconds such as about 10 seconds is sufficient for the liquid component 28 in the pouch 18 to be forced into the chamber 17 . after mixing the cap 14 may be removed manually as shown in fig4 so that mixed dental paste 38 can be accessed . the capsule 50 of fig5 to 8 is an embodiment which is similar to that of fig1 to 4 and like reference numerals denote like parts . in the capsule 50 the flange 16 supports a partition 52 containing a central aperture 54 . the partition 52 forms an inner end of the chamber 17 and is integrally formed with the flange 16 . further , a layer 26 of the pouch 18 is disposed adjacent the aperture 54 . in this embodiment the pouch 18 is retained in place initially by a retaining cup 30 which has an open inner end 32 and a closed outer end 34 . the inner end 32 of the cup 30 engages with the partition 52 as shown in fig6 and sandwiches the edges 27 of the layers 26 . in this embodiment the chamber 17 is defined by the cap 14 , the flange 16 and the partition 52 . in this embodiment , construction of the capsule is very similar to that of the embodiment of fig1 to 4 . in this case a layer 26 of the pouch 18 adjacent the aperture 52 is ruptured as shown in fig7 . the mixed dental paste 38 in this activated capsule can be retrieved in similar manner to that of fig1 to 4 by manually removing the cap 14 as shown in fig8 . modifications and variations as would be apparent to a skilled addressee are deemed to be within the scope of the present invention .	0
with reference to the figures and more especially to fig1 and 3 it will be seen that the bolt housing is quite simple in its design . it comprises two preferably injection molded housing shells 3 a and 3 b able to be locked together by catch means , which as a rule are manufactured of some suitable plastic . for more expensive designs able to withstand heavy loads ( crash - proof applications in mobile homes ) metal injection castings also come into question . the right hand housing shell 3 b serves as a bearing and holding part . for this purpose it possesses a bearing pin 4 on which the hook bolt 7 is pivotally mounted . the bearing pin 4 is ideally made longer than is necessary merely for supporting the hook bolt 7 . accordingly it is possible , when the housing is assembled , to cause the bearing pin 4 to fit into a corresponding recess in the left hand housing shell , which is not illustrated in fig3 so that the bearing pin 4 is supported by the left hand housing shell . although the bearing pin is hollow in order to avoid undesired accumulations of material in the case of injection molding , it will not break off , owing to this feature , even if the hook bolt is subjected to a violent tension force — for example if the refrigerator contents should be slung from the inside against the refrigerator door in the case of abrupt braking or in the case event a traffic accident . the housing shells 3 a and 3 b have a well 6 at their top inner side for a helical spring to bear against . finally the right hand housing shell 3 b has a detent spur 5 , which in the mounted condition fits into a corresponding detent opening in the left hand housing shell 3 a . this simple detent spur 5 is not able to transmit heavy forces . however it is sufficiently strong to hold the two housing shells 3 a and 3 b together until fitted to the piece of furniture . for the purpose of assembly the bolt housing has two or more through openings for assembly screws . they are so made that the assembly screws not only hold the bolt housing on the piece of furniture but also thrust the two housing shells firmly together . the hook bolt 7 is preferably manufactured of metal , as for example in the form of a part stamped from thick aluminum sheet . the hook - like locking portion 8 has a ramp 9 on its outer side . the ramp thrusts the hook bolt 7 during closing of the refrigerator door upward into a position ready for engagement as soon as the hook bolt strikes an outer edge 21 of the lock striker 20 . the hook - like locking portion has on its inner side an oblique portion 10 running in such a direction that the hook bolt 7 does not under load have any tendency to disengage and on the contrary tends to be more and more firmly hooked on the lock striker . finally the hook bolt has a stud 11 on its top narrow side . this stud 11 serves as a bearing stud . together with the already mentioned well 6 in the bolt housing it holds a helical spring in the compressed condition . this helical spring urges the hook bolt 7 toward the engaged position . this takes place in a simple and effective fashion . the helical spring is promptly not only subjected to compression along its principal axis but also to a bending force pivotally in relation to its principal axis , since it is held fast between the bolt housing and the hook bolt . the hook bolt 7 has its locking portion 8 ( which is to engage the striker ) projecting on the one side , and on the its other side has its elongated beam - like extension extending out of the bolt housing , see fig3 . the function of this beam - like portion will be explained below . in other respects the hook bolt 7 and the spring biasing it are surrounded by the bolt housing consisting of the two housing shells 3 a and 3 b , or even completely surrounded thereby . accordingly there is a compact bolt element consisting of only a few parts and therefore economic to manufacture , i . e . a bolt module . the locking member is in this case designed in the form of a slide 14 , this allowing an extremely simple construction . the support or guidance means of this slide 14 is disposed on the outer side of the bolt housing . for this purpose a respective lug 12 a and 12 b is molded on each housing shell 3 a and 3 b near the end side , eventually to face the locking portion , of the bolt housing , such lug representing essentially an extension of the major principal face of the respective housing shell . these lugs 12 a and 12 b provide lateral guidance for the slide 14 , functioning as a locking member , which runs on the outside on the end side of the bolt housing . at least one of the lugs , in the present case both of them 12 a and 12 b , bears a further perpendicularly disposed lug 13 a and 13 b . owing to this the slide is in portions completely surrounded and slides in section thereof in a channel surrounding it like a belt . the slide 14 itself basically has the form of a relatively thin elongated rectangular plate , see fig4 . in the working embodiment this plate is slotted for about two thirds of its length . the slotted portion constitutes two strip springs 15 a and 15 b , which at their outer end respectively bear a detent extension 16 a and 16 b . these detent extensions 16 a and 16 b each fit in recesses 17 a and 17 b assigned to them and into the lug 12 a and 12 b provided for lateral guidance . accordingly the slide may be held in a first position , in which it restrains the hook bolt in the disengaged position and in a second position , in which it does not restrict the function of the hook bolt . this first position is illustrated in fig1 whereas the second position is depicted in fig2 . fig2 serves to make clear the function of the slide 14 . when the slide is in its first upwardly shifted position , the two outer ends of the detent extensions 16 a and 16 b of the strip springs 15 a and 15 b simultaneously constitute a support face or respectively an abutment for the hook bolt . this support face supports the hook bolt and prevents the hook bolt from moving down further and into its engaged position . the hook bolt is consequently deactivated . the reader will also see that the non - slotted portion of the slide 14 is provided with an opening 18 , into which if required a pin , a narrow screw driver , the tip of a ball pen or the like may be introduced in order to shift the slide to and fro , see fig4 . however as a rule the slide 14 can be shifted to and fro without any special tool . for the detent extensions 16 a and 16 b of its strip springs 15 a and 15 b and the corresponding detent recesses 17 a and 17 b in the lugs providing for lateral guidance are so configured that the slide may be readily thrust out of its first position into its second position not obstructing the hook bolt if the hook bolt as such is thrust by hand downward into its position corresponding to the engaged position . the thrust on the hook bolt shifts the slide out of its detent engagement and presses it downward into its second position , where it is caught again . conversely the slide 14 may also be readily thrust out of its second into its first position . as illustrated in fig1 in its second position it extends past the bottom edge of the hook bolt in a downward direction . accordingly the slide 14 is readily accessible in order to be thrust upward . as illustrated in fig2 and 7 at least the channel consisting of the two lugs 12 a and 12 b provided for lateral guidance and the third lugs 13 a and 13 b disposed perpendicularly thereto only constitutes a small fraction , i . e . a portion , which only fits around and covers a limited portion of the slide 14 . the major part of the slide 14 therefore remains visible . thus it is possible at any time , without pondering the matter and intuitively to see the function of the slide . this is more particularly so , when the slide is for example made of plastic with a red coloration and clearly to be distinguished from the white or gray bolt housing . as already mentioned on its side at its locking portion for engaging the lock striker and on its other side with an elongated , beam - like extension , the hook bolt 7 projects out of the bolt housing . this elongated beam - like extension serves for coupling the unlocking mechanism , which for example consists of a strand and thrusts down against the beam - like extension , preferably without being permanently connected with the latter . the strand is for its part connected with a disengaging knob , which is let into the top edge of the refrigerator door . fig6 shows the striker element 19 . it comprises a housing , which bears the lock striker 20 as such surrounding an opening 22 into which the locking portion 8 of the hook bolt 7 fits . the housing also accommodates the refrigerator lights in the form of a printed circuit board with leds to shine into the interior of the refrigerator through a window with a translucent cover . fig7 shows the striker element with the lock striker pulled outward and held by a catch means 23 in this position . the lock striker renders it possible to restrain the refrigerator door in a position in which it leaves the door somewhat ajar so that the refrigerator is ventilated and even during long periods of non - use of the refrigerator and / or when the refrigerating space is not completely cleaned no unpleasant odors will be evolved and in fact the refrigerator interior may dry out . fig5 shows in detail how the slide 14 is supported for its movements , i . e . how the channel is designed whose construction is constituted in part by the right hand housing shell 3 b with its lugs 12 b and 13 b . fig8 shows the door of a mobile refrigerator designed in accordance with the invention . the knob t on the refrigerator door acts by way of a linkage ( not illustrated , within the door ) on the beam - like extension b of the hook bolt 7 in order to unlock the hook bolt 7 . the refrigerator door may be provided with a magnetic strip 24 all around it . finally it is to be noted that the components above named the left hand and right hand housing shell , may also be termed the first and second housing shell . by the same token this will apply for all components , with reference to which the terms left and right are employed . 16 a detent extension of the left hand strip spring 16 b detent extension of the right hand strip spring 17 a detent recesses in the left hand lateral lug 17 b detent recesses in the right hand lateral lug	5
on top of the dosing device 1 there is a tank 10 communicating hydraulically with the hollow body 2 beneath , from which is released the detergent stored in its dosage volume 12 , into a soaking basin 11 underneath . the inlet 8 and outlet 9 pipes of the hollow body 2 are opened and closed by a float valve 3 inside said hollow body 2 . in a first preferred and not limiting realisation of the valve body 3 , it has two individual elements 4 , 5 floating in the hollow body 2 , with a possibility of their limited movement along its main axis . the first element 4 of the valve body 3 is lower down and has a tubular configuration , preferably conical or truncated - conical ; said first element 4 near the lower base has a hydraulic seal 6 for sealing the outlet pipe 9 , or closing pipe , of the hollow body 2 , in a first raised position explained above . in this configuration , said first element 4 , on the bottom , pushes with its top end the second element 5 of the valve body 3 , on the top , and preferably with a single main axis between the two elements . following the push of the first element 4 , the seal 7 , which the second element 5 has , opens the inlet 8 of the hollow body 2 and hydraulically connects the inside of the tank 10 , above the hollow body 2 , with its dosing volume 12 , and allowing it to fill with detergent that flows from the top tank 10 . in this situation , with the first element 4 , the one lower than the valve body 3 , which closes the outlet 9 of the dosing device 1 and with the second element 5 , the one above the valve body , kept open , pulled aside from the high end of the lower element 4 , the dosing device 1 is in a rest configuration , with the dosing volume chamber 12 filled with liquid detergent and communicating hydraulically with the inside of the tank 10 above . following a movement of the actuating devices , which act on the lower element 4 of the valve body 3 , this latter shifts downwards in a sliding manner along its main axis , pulling the seal 6 with which it is equipped at the base away from the respective housing in the outlet pipe 9 of the hollow body 2 , and opening the outlet of the dosing device 1 . said opening of the outlet of the dosing device 1 makes the detergent in the dosing chamber 12 flow into the soaking basin 11 underneath to soak a cleaning cloth or mop . with this shifting of the lower element 4 , following a movement of the actuating devices , also the closing of the inlet 8 of the hollow body 2 starts , following the shifting from the raised rest position of the second element 5 . said second element 5 , usually kept pushed upwards by the upper part of the first element , positioned lower down , following the absence of a lower push , moves downwards with its seal 7 with which it is fitted , with the closing of the inlet 8 of the hollow body 2 . this closing of the inlet 8 prevents the hydraulic communication between the tank 10 and the hollow body 2 , preventing the flow of the detergent from the tank 10 inside the dosing chamber 12 until the outlet 9 of the hollow body 2 is open . the movement downwards of the second element 5 , the one above the valve body 3 , is possible after the pressure of the liquid detergent inside the tank 10 , but can also occur through independent elastic device 13 that act directly on the upper element 5 . after the dosing chamber 12 has been completely emptied , these same actuating devices that previously moved towards the opening of the first element 4 , or also other elastic devices 14 that act directly on said lower element 4 , bring that first element 4 back to its rest condition , with the closure of the outlet 9 of the dosing device 1 . after the dosing chamber 12 has been empties , and the outlet pipe 9 of the seal 6 at the base of the first element 4 has re - closed , the filling cycle for the dosing chamber restarts with the shifting to an opening state of the inlet 8 of the upper element 5 of the valve body 3 . advantageously dais first element 4 , the one below the valve body 3 , partially comes out from the hollow body 2 during the opening of the outlet 9 . in this state it is possible to evaluate the state of wear and intervene to eventually replace the seal 6 at the base of the lower element 4 . moreover , with this shifting of the valve body 3 , a visual evaluation and consequent maintenance work is possible , to clean and / or replacement , directly on the housing against which the lower seal 6 realises the hydraulic seal . in fact it is very important that the lower part of the first element of the valve body is always exposed on the outside of the hollow body , and therefore able to connect to the closing profile of the outlet pipe on the outside of the hollow body . the closing seal of the outlet pipe , which is compressed due to the hydraulic seal between the lower part of the first element of the valve body and the closing profile of the outlet pipe is therefore exposed during the moving away towards the outside of the lower part of the first element of the hollow body and made visible for an inspection . said sealing of the outlet pipe is on the closing edge of the outlet pipe , preferably on a specific housing of the lower part of the first element of the hollow body , but could also be on a specific housing of the valve body facing its outside . with the above - mentioned configuration , the first element of the valve body can be easily removed from the valve body , without requiring any intervention , for example opening one of its parts or disassembling it . this extraction of the first element of the valve body is therefore simple to carry out by pulling it through the outlet pipe of the valve body after eventually disconnecting the relative actuating devices and / or elastic devices that act on said first element of the valve body . in this way the hollow body is simple to construct and easy to maintain , but above all the seals , at least the one of the outlet pipe is easy to replace , without having to , as in known devices of the prior art , disassemble the hollow body itself to access a valve body that is inside said hollow body and with the seals on the inside . another advantage is the fact that the thrust due to the closing action of the first element of the valve body , takes place by means of elastic devices on the outside of the hollow body . said push compresses the seal between the lower part of the first element of the valve body against the external profile of the outlet pipe , is a push of the first element of the valve body from outside the valve body . in order to also easily work on the upper seal 7 , designated to close the inlet 8 , you necessarily have to pass through the inside of the tank 10 . it is clear that in the case where this is still full of detergent , this maintenance intervention is quite awkward . in an improved actuation method , shown as a second variant for actuating the invention , the tank 15 can be removed from the dosing device 1 . advantageously , therefore , said tank 15 has its own valve 16 for closing its detergent outlet pipe 17 , which moves , when opening and closing , just like the inlet valve of the hollow body 2 ; namely pushed from below upwards by the second element 5 underneath , the one above the valve body 3 for opening , and returns to a closed position following the pressure of the liquid detergent above or by means of the independent elastic devices 18 . this possibility of removing said tank 15 provides not only the user with a convenient way to carry out maintenance , because the upper element 5 of the valve body 3 , and its seal 7 , can be accessed directly , but this also allows you to easily replace the type of detergent for the cleaning you intend to carry out . this simple replacement of the tank 15 , without the need to empty a tank 10 fixed to the dosing unit 1 , considerably simplifies the cleaning operations , facilitating the cleaning of each environment completely before moving on to the other operations . moreover , this availability of further tanks 15 with the exact dilution of the chemical concentrate , effectively prepared at the start of the cleaning operations , increases autonomy in cleaning operations , without any forced downtime . for a simple and inexpensive realisation , the replacement of the second element 5 , the one above the valve body 3 , joined to the hollow body 2 , can be provided for depending on the functions and location , with the closing valve 16 of the outlet pipe of the removable tank 15 . this valve 16 acts as and takes the place of the one fixed to the hollow body 2 when the removable tank 15 is installed above the dosing device 1 , with its outlet pipe 17 above the inlet 8 of the hollow body 2 , and is the independent closing element after the tank 15 of the dosing device 1 has been removed . clearly the maintenance of this valve 16 , connected directly to the removable tank 15 , can be easily carried out , both from above , through the inside of the tank 15 itself , and from below , since the valve 16 is practically exposed at the bottom on the outlet pipe 17 of the tank 15 . it can easily be understood that the installation phase of the tank 15 onto the dosing device 1 is carried out in a guided manner so that the valve 16 of the tank 15 and the part of the valve body 3 that can connect correctly to each other to correctly open the valve 16 of the tank 15 after the hydraulic seal has been realised between the outlet pipe 17 of the tank 15 and the inlet 8 of the hollow body 2 . in a second preferred and non - limiting actuation method for the valve body 3 , it is two elements 4 , 5 joined solidly to each other , in a floating manner with respect to the hollow body 2 , with the possibility of their limited movement along its main axis . eventually said connection of the two elements 4 and 5 is adjustable in order to recuperate and regulate the reciprocal distance between the seals with respect to the dedicated housing on the inlet and outlet . advantageously this distance between the two seals for the inlet and the outlet is less than the distances of the closing sections of the inlet and outlet pipes of the hollow body , thereby guaranteeing the closing of a first pipe before the opening of the second pipe . in this last method there is never any direct hydraulic communication between the tank 10 and the soaking basin 11 , something that would cause the direct passage of the detergent through the hollow body 2 . the invention , conceived in this way , is susceptible to numerous modifications and variants , all falling within the ambit of the inventive concept ; moreover , all the parts can be replaced by other technically equivalent components . in practice , the materials used , as well as the dimensions and the contingent forms , can be whatever is required and according to the state of the art . where the characteristics and the technologies mentioned in any claim are followed by reference marks , these marks are there for the only purpose of making the claims more understandable and as a consequence these references in no way limit the interpretation of each element identified by way of example by these reference marks .	5
the present invention is typically embodied in a container design process . specifically , an engineer may prepare initial container design drawings , typically using cad / cam software and a “ best estimate ” finite element analysis . the engineer then may prepare a unit cavity mold corresponding to the container design drawings . from the unit cavity mold , the engineer then may create a container . next , the engineer may complete a first scan of the container with a scanning device . after the first scan , the engineer may subject the container to the expected conditions of use . the engineer then may complete a second scan of the container with the scanning device . by comparing the first scan and the second scan , actual physical measurements of wall surfaces and thicknesses may be provided . a computer then may predict appropriate changes to make to the container design drawings so as to produce a container meeting the given design specifications concerning how the container may respond to the expected conditions of use . the comparison between the first scan and the second scan involves calculating the changes in the wall thickness of the container and the changes in the container geometry . typical scanning devices include magnetic resonance imaging devices , optical scanning devices , and other electromagnetic scanning devices . to use such scanning devices , the engineer may first have to cover the container with a substance detectable by the scanning device . by covering the container surface with , for example , small dots of a substance that a computer can track separately from the first scan to the second scan , the computer can calculate the geometric changes in the container resulting from the exposure of the container to the expected conditions of use . [ 0024 ] fig1 is a flow chart illustrating the steps in a typical container design process 100 to develop a container 10 with the use of a computer 15 . fig2 - 4 show the container 10 and the elements used to design the container 10 . the container design process 100 begins with step 110 . in step 110 , an engineer prepares container design drawings , preferably using cad / cam software . in step 115 , the engineer also prepares , based upon the drawings , an estimated finite element analysis which describes the expected geometry of the container under its intended use conditions . as is well known , finite element analysis is a method for solving an equation by approximating continuous quantities as a set of quantities at discrete points , often regularly spaced into a so - called grid or mesh . because finite element analysis can be adapted to problems of great complexity and unusual geometry , it is useful in the solution of fluid mechanics and mechanical systems issues . finite element analysis is described in detail in , for example , spyrakos , c ., finite element modeling , published by algor , inc . of pittsburgh , pa ., incorporated herein by reference . numerous finite element analysis software packages also are commercially available . examples include several packages sold by algor , inc . of pittsburgh , pa . and adina r & amp ; d , inc . of watertown , mass . in step 120 , the engineer prepares a unit cavity mold 20 that corresponds to the container design drawings . methods for preparing the unit cavity mold 20 from the container design drawings are well known to those skilled in the art . in step 130 , the engineer creates the container 10 using the unit cavity mold 20 by blow molding or other manufacturing means known to those skilled in the art . in step 140 , the engineer coats an inside surface 30 and an outside surface 40 of the container 10 with a coating 55 of a substance 60 detectable by a scanning device 70 . although the scanning device 70 may not be able to detect directly the surfaces 30 , 40 of the container 10 , the scanning device 70 can detect the locations of the substance 60 chosen to coat the inside 30 and the outside surface 40 of the container 10 . from this information , the scanning device 70 can indirectly determine the locations of the container surfaces 30 , 40 and the thickness of the container wall , i . e ., the difference between the locations of the container surfaces 30 , 40 . selection of the appropriate substance 60 for the coating 55 on the container 10 will therefore depend on the scanning device 70 to be used in the process . those skilled in the art should be familiar with a multitude of scanning devices 70 appropriate for the purposes of the present invention . such scanning devices 70 include , but are not limited to , magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) devices , other electromagnetic scanning devices , and optical scanning devices . the scanning device 70 may include a wand scanner 75 . the scanning device 70 alternatively may include a ring scanner 80 . a combination of scanning devices 70 may be used to complete a scan of the container 10 . for example , the wand scanner 75 inserted into the container 10 can detect the coating 55 of the substance 60 on the inside surface 30 of the container 10 and the ring scanner 80 surrounding the outside surface 40 of the container 10 can detect the substance 60 on the outside surface 40 of the container 10 . however , a single scanning device 70 could detect the coating 55 of the substance 60 on both the inside surface 30 and the outside surface 40 of the container 10 . those skilled in the art also should be familiar with the appropriate substances 60 , which , if needed , are available for use with a particular scanning device 70 . if the scanning device 70 includes a magnetic resonance imaging device , for example , then the substance 60 may include magnetic particles such as iron ions . if the scanning device 70 includes an optical or a laser - scanning device , then the substance 60 may be reflective or refractive coating detectable by the particular optical scanning device 70 . some optical scanning devices 70 may not require that the container 10 be coated with any particular substance 60 in order to be successfully scanned . after the engineer coats the inside surface 30 and the outside surface 40 of the container 10 with the substance 60 detectable by the scanning device 70 , step 150 is executed . in step 150 , the engineer places a grid of the small dots 90 on the outside surface 40 of the container 10 . these small dots 90 are preferably individually distinguishable from the coating 55 of the substance 60 , which may be more uniform and uninterrupted , of step 140 . preferably , these small dots 90 comprise an increased amount or concentration of the substance 60 used in step 140 . to help distinguish the small dots 90 from the coating 55 of the substance 60 of step 140 , however , the small dots 90 may instead include a different substance 60 detectable by the scanning device 70 than the substance 60 applied in step 140 . the engineer affixes the small dots 90 to the container 10 such that the engineer may arrange the small dots 90 sequentially in a manner that renders , but is not limited to , a grid or a mesh 95 . the grid or the mesh 95 therefore corresponds to the grid or the mesh system that is integral to conventional finite element analysis . because the engineer can repeat identical sequential traversal of the small dots 90 or the mesh 95 at a later time , these small dots 90 or the mesh 95 allow the engineer to track the locations of specific points on the container 10 from scan to scan , even though the container 10 may have become deformed in the interim . the small dots 90 or the mesh 95 therefore may enable the engineer to track deformities in the container 10 occurring between scans from exposure of the container 10 to the expected conditions of use . in step 160 , the engineer completes a first scan of the container 10 with the scanning device 70 . the data recorded during this first scan can be digitally stored in the computer 15 . the computer 15 may calculate the wall thickness of the container 10 in various locations using the data recorded during the first scan . this may be done , for example , by calculating the difference between the nearest point on the coating 55 on the outer surface 40 to a fixed point of the scanning device 70 and the nearest point on the coating 55 of the inner surface 30 to the fixed point of the scanning device 70 . from the data recorded during the first scan , the computer 15 also can determine the initial geometry of the container 10 . in other words , the computer 15 may determine the initial locations of each of the small dots 90 or the mesh 95 relative to the scanning device 70 . in step 165 , the computer compares the container wall thickness calculations and the container wall geometry to the cad / cam drawings to determine if the drawings have been accurately embodied in the container 10 . if the container 10 does not match the cad / cam drawings , then the “ no ” branch is followed to step 120 to attempt again to reproduce accurately the cad / cam drawings in a prototypical container . referring still to step 165 , if the container 10 does match the cad / cam drawings , then the “ yes ” branch is followed to step 170 . in step 170 , the engineer exposes the container 10 to the expected conditions of use for the container 10 . to replicate the expected conditions of use , the engineer may , for example , fill the container 10 with a carbonated liquid at a known pressure , expose the container 10 to an internal vacuum , expose the container 10 to temperature extremes , or simulate the handling that the container 10 would experience during shipment to a consumer . the pressure may be greater than atmospheric . during extensive testing , the engineer may subject the container 10 to combinations of these and other expected conditions of use . in step 180 , the engineer completes a second scan of the container 10 with the scanning device 70 . the data recorded during this second scan also can be digitally stored in the computer 15 . using the data recorded during the second scan , the computer 15 again can calculate the wall thickness of the container 10 in various locations and the new container geometry ( i . e ., the new locations of the small dots 90 , or the new locations of the nodes that make up the mesh 95 ). because of the exposure of the container 10 to the expected conditions of use in step 170 , the wall thickness of the container 10 and the new container geometry are likely to be different from that found in step 160 . in step 185 , the computer 15 examines the wall thickness of the container 10 determined by the second scan and the new locations of the small dots 90 , or the new locations of the nodes of the mesh 95 , relative to the initial locations of the small dots 90 or the nodes of the mesh 95 . also , the engineer may make visual observations to determine the cause of the failure , if any , of the container 10 . from this examination , the computer 15 may be used to determine if the container 10 meets the predetermined design specifications , including performance requirements . if the container 10 meets the predetermined design specifications , then the “ yes ” branch is followed to step 195 , and the container design process 100 ends because the container design drawings are now optimized . if the computer 15 determines in step 185 that the container 10 does not meet the predetermined design specifications , then the “ no ” branch is followed to step 190 . in step 190 , the computer 15 may make improvements to the initial finite element analysis of the container 10 . the calculations may be based upon the commercially available finite element analysis software described in detail above . the use of such software is considered to be with the ability of one of ordinary skill in the art . the actual finite element analysis techniques embodied in the software is not considered essential to the present invention . the computer 15 may do this initial analysis by using computations derived from the two scans of the container 10 as the input into the finite element analysis equations . these computations may include the wall thickness computations and the movement of the small dots 90 or the nodes of the mesh 95 from their initial locations ( as determined by the first scan ) to their new locations ( as determined by the second scan ). the actual physical measurements and the location changes of the small dots 90 or nodes of the mesh 95 of the container 10 after it has been exposed to its intended use may be used . this information may correspond to the nodes of the mathematical mesh of the finite element analysis . the computer 15 may then generate an improved finite element analysis by having verified dimensions for the equations that describe the container geometry and the dimensional behavior that could be expected when the container 10 is put under the expected conditions . in step 200 , after running the improved finite element analysis , the computer 15 may then recommend changes to the container geometry and the associated design drawings that should enable the container 10 produced from those drawings to meet design specifications . the computer 15 may automatically make those changes to the container design drawings . the process then repeats from step 120 , where the engineer prepares a unit cavity mold 20 , or modifies the previous mold 20 , that corresponds to the refined container design drawings . the procedures and the provisions of the above process thus provides the physical verifications for the improvement of the initial finite element analysis that is used to describe the geometry and the behavior of the geometry of the container after exposing the container to its intended use . the steps of the container design process 100 may be automated under the control of the computer 15 . alternatively , a human may perform some steps and leave other steps , such as digitally storing the information from the two scans of the container 10 and performing calculations on that information , to the computer 15 . the computer 15 may have typical features of a computer system , such as a processing unit , a system memory containing random access memory ( ram ) and read only memory ( rom ), and a system bus that couples the system memory to the processing unit . the computer 15 also may include various memory storage devices , such as a hard disk drive , a magnetic disk drive ( e . g ., to read from or write to a removable magnetic disk ), and an optical disk drive ( e . g ., to read from or write to optical media such as a cd - rom ). a number of program modules may be stored in the drives and ram of the computer 15 . program modules control how the computer 15 functions and interacts with the user , with input / output devices , or with other computers 15 . program modules include routines , an operating system , application program modules , data structures , browsers , and other software or firmware components . the present invention may conveniently be implemented in various program modules that are stored on the drives of the computer 15 and implement the methods described in the detailed description . no particular programming language will be described for carrying out the various procedures described in the detailed description because it is considered that the operations , steps , and procedures described and illustrated in the accompanying drawings are sufficiently disclosed to permit one of ordinary skill in the art to practice an exemplary embodiment of the present invention . moreover , there are many computers and operating systems that may be used in practicing an exemplary embodiment , and therefore no detailed computer program could be provided which would be applicable to all of these many different systems . each user of a particular computer 15 will be aware of the language and tools which are most useful for that user &# 39 ; s needs and purposes . the detailed description has described a container design process . other alternative embodiments will become apparent to those skilled in the art to which an exemplary embodiment pertains without departing from its spirit and scope . accordingly , the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description .	6
referring to the drawings and at first particularly to fig1 - 3 , the flag of the present invention is of a unitary construction , semi - rigid , and is generally designated 10 . the flag 10 is made of a thin , preferably 1 . 5 mils in thickness , elastomeric material , preferably a polyester such as mylar , forming a small preferably substantially square sheet with substantially rounded corners 12 . a central adhesive section 20 runs diagonally across what will be referred to as the reverse side 16 of the file flag 10 and defines a longitudinal axis of adhesion 18 and the axis of functional symmetry of the flag 10 . the central adhesive section 20 of the flag 10 may utilize a pressure sensitive adhesive which allows the flag 10 to be applied to a surface , removed , and reapplied there or elsewhere . here , as elsewhere in this description , longitudinality refers to a dimension collinear or parallel to the diagonal of the flag 10 bearing the central adhesive section 20 . the dimension transverse to this diagonal and coplanar with the sheet of the flag 10 will be referred to as latitudinous . the side of the flag 10 which bears the adhesive will be referred to as the reverse side 16 of the flag 10 while the adhesive free side is the obverse side 14 . these terms have been used in order to facilitate and clarify the disclosure of the present invention and it is to be understood that they have not been used by way of limitation . the central adhesive section 20 divides the remainder of the flag 10 into two tapered adhesive free tabs 22 which are symmetrical about the axis of adhesion 18 . these tabs 22 are of a substantially identical configuration and are functionally differentiated by the orientation of the flag 10 with regard to the edge of the surface to which the flag 10 is applied . in a primary usage of the present invention , the flag 10 is applied to one side of a sheet of printed media with the axis of adhesion 18 parallel to the edge of the sheet , as indicated in fig3 with one of the adhesive free tabs 22 extending freely outward from the edge of the flagged sheet . in this way , the two tapered adhesive free tabs 22 are differentiated into a protruding , tapered indexing tab 24 and an overlaying tapered indicating tab 26 . the protruding indexing tab 24 functions as an indicia or bookmark while the overlaying tab 26 may be used to indicate a section of text on the flagged host . the symmetry of the adhesive free tabs 22 allows these tabs 22 to assume either of the functional roles of protruding tab 24 or of overlaying tab 26 rendering the flag 10 latitudinally reversible . this reversibility allows the flag 20 to be applied in either of two equivalent orientations requiring only that the axis of adhesion 18 be substantially parallel to the edge of the flagged host . consequently , since the user need not be concerned with which of the tabs 22 protrudes from or overlays the host , the flag 10 may be applied with great rapidity and facility . the adhesive free tabs 22 are symmetrically tapered at preferably approximately an angle of 45 degrees relative to the axis of adhesion 18 . any greater angle of taper would tend to compromise the camming function of the protruding tab 24 , while a lesser angle would not contribute so much to the bendability of the flag 10 . since the taper of the adhesive free tabs 22 may be considered as along an axis transverse to the axis of adhesion 18 , once the flag 10 is fixed into place along its axis of adhesion 18 , all bendability of the flag 10 will be deflected into a plane orthogonal to that of the flagged host and to the axis of adhesion 18 . fig4 - 6 depict the protruding indexing tab 24 being struck by a foreign object after the flag 10 has been affixed to a page of a book to be indexed . the protruding indexing tab 24 is struck along a line parallel to the axis of adhesion 18 , which is potentially the most damaging to both the flag 10 and the flagged sheet since the striking force has little or no component parallel to the plane of bendability . the taper of the protruding tab 24 , however , causes the tab 24 to act as a cam allowing the protruding tab 24 to deflect under the striking force as indicated in fig6 within the plane of bendability causing no damage to either the flag 10 or the flagged sheet . the rounded corner 12 of the protruding tab 24 completes and enhances the camming action of the protruding tab 24 under a striking force more efficiently than a truncated tab and prevents the tab 24 from catching on a foreign object as might a pointed tab . the flexability of the material from which the flag 10 is formed , the taper of the protruding tab 24 , and its culmination in a rounded corner 12 , all act in synergistic concert with each other in order to cause the protruding tab 24 to deflect under a striking force rather than transmitting that striking force to the flagged sheet , disrupting and possibly damaging that sheet . these identical features synergize again as part of the function of the overlaying tab 26 in order to prevent traumatization or damage of the flag sheet in a different manner . the taper of the overlaying tab 26 functions not only as an arrow to indicate a secton of text , but also to facilitate removal of the flag 10 without damage to the flagged host . the transverse orientation of the taper of the overlaying tab 26 relative to the fixed axis of adhesion 18 of the flag 10 increases bendability of the overlaying tab 26 in a latitudinal direction while the fixity of the central adhesive section 20 reduces bendability of the flag 10 in the longitudinal direction . since the overlaying tab 26 is adhesive free , it may be readily lifted from the face of the flagged host and peeled back outwardly relative to the edge of the host levering the central adhesive section 20 of the flag 10 from the flagged host . the rounded corner 12 of the overlaying tab 26 allows the tab 26 to be caught by the thumb or finger without jabbing the delicate flesh under the nail . then as the tab 26 is peeled back outwardly relative to the edge of the page , a substantially vertical removal force is applied evenly over an increasing cross - section of the adhesive area 20 . the cross - section of the adhesive section 20 being detached from the flagged host increases with the taper of the overlaying tab 26 until the rounded corners 12 pertaining to the longitudinal extremes of the adhesive section 20 smoothly lead into the diminishing cross - section of the protruding tab 24 . the elimination of adhering corners further minimizes traumatization of the flagged host during removal of the flag 10 . this method of removal by outwardly peeling the flag 10 from the flagged host substantially eliminates any traumatization of the flagged host in terms of shearing force . tabs which are removed from a sheet by peeling inwardly apply a shearing force to the edge of the page at the longitudinal extremes of these tabs thereby potentially tearing the flagged host . tabs which lack the bendability necessary to transmit a substantially vertical removal force also apply a horizontal shear to the flagged host thereby potentially marring the surface of the host and destroying any information stored on that surface . thus , the enhanced flexability of the flag 10 of the present invention and its mode of outward removal minimize the potential of damaging a flagged host by substantially eliminating shear forces in two directions which are normally exerted upon a flagged host during removal of an indexing means . on the obverse side 14 of the flag 10 , the tapered adhesive free tabs 22 bear symmetrically printed flagging areas 28 . these printed flagging areas 28 code the flags by means of color and symbolic sequencing , for instance , alphabetically or numerically . these symmetrically printed areas 28 are easily comprehensible as indicated in fig1 when either of the two tapered adhesive free tabs 22 protrudes from a free edge of a flagged host as indicated in fig3 . the color coding on the printed flagging areas 28 allows groups of the flags 10 to indicate at a glance the inter - relation of various discrete sections of flagged material . the symbols included in the printed flagging areas 28 allow for the sub - categorization or sequencing of such material . thus , when it is desirable to visibly reference material contained in a book magazine , file folders or roladex or time cards , etc ., a number of flags 20 may each be applied to one side of discrete pages contained in such media , so that the printed flagging areas 28 coded both by means of color and of symbol protrude beyond the page edges . thereafter , whenever the user wishes to return to the specific information thereby flagged , he seeks the appropriate color and symbol through an index source . this system is highly adaptable for various individual applications since the flags 10 are coded by both color and number or letter or other symbolic means . when a flag 10 becomes obsolete it is readily removably without damage to the host by peeling off the flag 10 outwardly relative to the free edge of the host . the present system is especially useful when a multiplicity of users are all accessing a single source of information . when several people are working with the same reference , each may be assigned a color for identification so that each has his own group of semi - permanent flags 10 remaining on the reference material without conflict . within that color grouping , various letters or numbers can indicate sub - categories of interest to the users . a great deal of indexing may be done in this way with any one source since each of the flags 10 is only approximately 11 / 2 mils thick and typically staggered in location through - out the source reference so that a great many of the flags 10 may be utilized without significantly bulking out a bound reference . a secondary use of the present system for indexing printed material relates to mid - page flagging . when it is necessary to index a single number , word , phrase , sentence or other section of material in the middle of a reference , a flag 10 may be applied directly over such information in the middle of a page or sheet as indicated in fig8 . this use of the flag 10 is enabled by the lack of printing on the obverse side 14 of the flag 10 opposite the central adhesive area 10 on the reverse side 16 of the flag 10 . thus , when the central adhesive section 20 of the flag 10 is affixed directly over information to be indexed , that information is seen through the transparent central textual flagging area 30 of the flag 10 and is highlighted above and below by the symmetrically printed flagging areas 28 , or a printed line defining the edge of the flag . in this manner , the importance of minute bits of information with a reference may be made immediately empirically evident . it is possible to incorporate this mid - page flagging use of the present system into the use of the system first described by the manufacture of flags 10 coded only by color with which mid - page material may be flagged . the free edge of the flagged page may be evidently indexed without disrupting any necessary sequencing of the numbered or lettered flags 10 . the central transparent textual flagging areas 30 of the flags 10 may also be used for another form of textual flagging . when the flags 10 are utilized proximate a free edge of a host in the manner first described a word or number which may jog the memory of the user when accessing a reference may be scripted by the user upon the transparent textual flagging area 30 of the flag 10 on its obverse side 14 and remain visible and without conflict with the symmetrically printed flagging areas 28 . consequently , the user may create removable marginalia to be utilized in conjunction with host edge indexing and mid - page flagging as part of the triple - faceted systemization information allowed by the present invention . flags may be prepared in such a way as to permit user writing in area 28 instead of imprinted with number or letters . another basic use of the signal flags is in cooperation with an automated sorting or routing . when attached to a host which is then conveyorized , the flag 10 can either mechanically or photoelectrically activate routing and also counting controls . the mechanical method can be a simple microswitch . the photoelectrical controls can be arranged to read printed symbols , light levels as controlled by printed colors or patterning or light reflectivity . the latter can be augmented by making the flags 10 from a metalized semi - rigid flexible material which is imprinted to create patterns of controlled reflectivity which may be identified by a photocell or other light discriminating technique . since the flags 10 may be attached to a host by automated devices , high speed mail and message sorting and control may be greatly facilitated by use of the flags 10 . the manufacture of the flags 10 may be accomplished efficiently and economically in a manner versatile enough to be readily effected by contemporary manufacture techniques . a web 32 , preferably approximately 11 / 2 mils in thickness , of strong flexible , tear resistant elastomeric material such as polyester or the like , is printed with number or letters and colors in a discrete pattern 34 such that these numbers , letters or other symbols are readable from one side of the plastic web 32 . the other side of the web 32 is then coated with a pressure sensitive , semi - permanent adhesive in such a way that a linear patterning of the pressure sensitive adhesive is left crossing the printed pattern 34 of the plastic web 32 and forming what will become the central adhesive sections 20 of the file flags 10 within the printed pattern 34 . the plastic web 32 is then mounted upon a carrier web 36 as indicated in fig1 such that the pressure sensitive adhesive is between the plastic web 32 and the carrier web 36 binding them in a semi - permanent fashion . the combined web 38 , is then processed preferably flexigraphically so that the printed pattern 34 on the plastic web 32 is indelibly imprinted upon the plastic web 32 . the combined web 38 is then subjected to a die - cut procedure wherein only the plastic web 32 is cut through and remains attached by the pressure sensitive adhesive to the carrier web 36 . resulting from this procedure are the flags 10 of the present invention grouped and affixed to the carrier web 36 from which they may be singly removed . the final manufacturing function is the separation of groups of these numbered , colored adhesive coated flags 10 still mounted on the carrier web 36 into small workable units resulting in small sheets of the combined web 38 each bearing typically from between 8 to 24 flags 10 apiece . there are several methods by which pressure sensitive adhesive may be applied to the surface of the plastic web 32 . pressure sensitive adhesive in a substantially fluid form , for instance , may be striped across the plastic web 32 by rollers or by brushes or other means , drying in the desired pattern . an entire side of the plastic web 32 may be coated with a pressure sensitive adhesive and then selected portions of the pressure sensitive adhesive may be rendered inactive by deactivating the adhesive , for instance , or by loading the adhesive by means of dusting select areas of the coated plastic web 32 , as with a powder , such that areas of the adhesive are permanently bound up and will no longer adhere to other surfaces . a third method is to apply double coated strips of adhesive tape to the plastic carrier web 2 where the strength of adhesion of the tape is biased towards one side . in this manner the tape may be permanently attached to the plastic web 32 while being only semi - permanently attachable to other surfaces through use of two different adhesives . fig9 - 12 depict various patternings of the pressure sensitive adhesive on the surface of the plastic web 32 . as shown in fig9 the pressure sensitive adhesive may be patterned in a number of thin parallel adhesive stripes 40 , separated by adhesive free interstices 42 . these multiple stripes 40 form the anchoring means of the flags 10 to a page or a sheet of material to be indexed providing high longitudinal adhesive coverage but far less intense latitudinal coverage . since the flags 10 are removed laterally with respect to the host , these thin multiple stripes 40 will readily release the host as the flag 10 is peeled back , while otherwise holding the flag 10 firmly in place . the pressure sensitive adhesive may also be applied in single , broad adhesive stripes 44 , or in a dot pattern 46 , or in an adhesive cross hatching 48 as illustrated in fig1 - 12 or other patterns balancing percent of coverage against adhesive characteristics . in sum , the system of the present invention allows for the effective systemization and retrieval of indexed material from a source reference . the configuration of the flags 10 allow for rapid indexing of a printed media , provide for deflection of the protruding tapered indexing tabs 24 under a striking force rather than disrupting and possibly damaging the indexed material , and for ready removal of the flag 10 without any likelihood of damaging the flagged host . the taper of the adhesive free tabs 22 enhances the deflection of the protruding tapered indexing tab 24 under a striking force and also enables the ready removal of the flag 10 by the peeling back of the overlaying tapered adhesive free indicating tabs 26 outwardly relative to a hosts edge . the particular taper of the adhesive free tabs 22 has experimentally been found to effectively enhance the camming function and bendability of the adhesive free tabs 22 . the present invention also allows for the mid - page flagging of information within a printed host in a manner which has hitherto been unknown . while the present invention has been described with reference to presently preferred embodiments , it is to be understood that alterations may be made by a person skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as set forth in the appended claims .	1
it will be readily understood that the components of the present invention , as generally described and illustrated in the figures herein , could be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations . thus , the following more detailed description of the embodiments of the system and method of the present invention , as represented in fig1 through 24 , is not intended to limit the scope of the invention , as claimed , but it is merely representative of the presently preferred embodiments of the invention . the presently preferred embodiments of the invention will be best understood by reference to the drawings , wherein like parts are designated by like numerals throughout . the apparatus is best understood by reference to fig1 - 23 and particularly to fig1 - 15 . the apparatus 10 , also referred to as a brace 10 , is made to have a base 12 securable on an arm of a user . a yoke 14 extends away from the base 12 for orienting a forearm of the user with respect to an associated upperarm of the user . a band 16 or other attachment means suitable for wrapping around the arm of a user is attached over or otherwise to the base 12 for securing the base to the arm of the user . the apparatus may include a pad 18 fitting between the base 12 and the arm of the user , and a pad 20 for absorbing impacts of the member ( forearm or upper arm ) received into the yoke . the pad 20 is preferably a resilient pad having a thickness , stiffness , and energy absorption selected to absorb an impact of the member of the arm of the user . the base 12 has a toe 22 and a heel 24 . a bicep pocket 26 is formed therebetween along the inside surface 54 of the wall 30 of the base 12 . hypothetically , the bicep pocket 26 has a centerplane 27 passing vertically through it , for reference . the base 12 is curved to fit around a portion of a member ( upperarm or forearm ) of an arm of a user . the base 12 is connected to the yoke 14 ( also curved to receive another member of the same arm of a user ) by the joint 28 , or dihedral joint 28 . the length 32 , width 34 , and depth 35 of the base are selected to provide comfortable bearing area and to prevent sliding or rotation of the base 12 on the arm of the user . the pad 18 may be formed of a suitable material to achieve these effects . for example open - cell polymer foam , such as polyurethane is suitable , as is a combination of closed cell polymer foam lined with a fabric of cotton . the depth 35 and thickness 36 are selected to achieve structural strength . the resulting contact angle 38 is defined by the width 34 , depth 35 and the radius 40 from the centerline 39 . a suitable contact angle is from 10 to 180 degrees with the range of 90 to 130 degrees preferred . a 120 degree contact angle 38 is suitable . the edge 42 may be treated at any or all of its locations to prevent chafing or scraping against the skin of a user . suitable treatments may include , for example , the addition of a roll 44 , bead 45 , flare 16 as shown in fig1 - 14 . a combination of the roll 44 , bead 45 and flare 16 may be used at various locations , and sometimes at the same location along the edge 42 . the vents 50 ( see fig7 ) may be formed to pass in a radial direction 51 through the base . the vents 50 may be extended to open ( render discontinuous ) the edge 42 , forming fingers 52 . the fingers 52 are preferably stiff , but flexible . the fingers allow an impact against the yoke 14 , absorbing the impact by flexing . because the fingers 52 can bend in the radial direction 51 as well as flex apart in the circumferential direction 49 , the force exerted by the edge 42 of the toe 22 on the arm of a user is reduced in the embodiment of fig9 . a band 18 , such as a strap 102 may be wrapped or fastened about the outer surface 56 to extend in a circumferential direction 49 . the band 18 secures the base to the arm of a user . the band 18 should also limit the separation distance 57 between the fingers 52 . for example , the strap 102 of fig1 may be connected or made to have a suitable restraint against excessive opening of the separation distance 57 during flexure of the fingers 52 . the base 12 need not have a bicep pocket 26 . the base 12 can be configured to fit over the forearm of a user . in this embodiment , upon closure of the forearm toward the upper arm , the yoke 14 receives the upperarm . thus , whether the base 12 is placed on the upperarm or forearm , the yoke 14 serves to orient the forearm with respect to the upperarm upon an attempt at closure , movement of the wrist toward the shoulder . the base member is the forearm or upperarm to which the base 12 is attached . the moving member is the remaining member ( upperarm or forearm ) that is received into the yoke 14 . the yoke 14 increases leverage on the moving member with the height 70 of the wall 68 forming the cradle 66 in the yoke 14 . the height 70 is selected to optimize the leverage of the yoke 70 on the moving member while minimizing bulk . safety and comfort also figure in the selection of the height 70 . the yoke 14 and base 12 need not meet at a dihedral joint 28 . however , the dihedral joint 28 makes possible a strong , light yoke 14 . the yoke may be made of a flexible material , such as high density polyurethane foam , that will collapse , bend or give . the yoke then will give in a forward longitudinal direction 53a upon impact , but resist a force in a backward longitudinal direction 53b . ( see fig1 and 15 .) the yoke may have a width 72 , thickness 74 , wrap angle 76 , radius 78 , and depth 82 selected to permit collapse toward the center of curvature 79 . the wrap angle 76 may be from 5 to 180 degrees , depending on coverage of the arm of a user , and the radius 78 . in the embodiment of fig1 , the radius may be considered that of any arm that would fit into the yoke 14 a wrap angle is preferably from about 70 degrees to about 130 degrees . the pad 20 need not cover the entire wrap angle but may cover approximately the center third of the wrap angle 76 . alternatively , the pad 20 may be positioned and sized to cover only a third of the inside surface 94 of the yoke 14 . the extensive , remaining inside surface 94 beside the pad 20 is preferably smooth and slippery to form a guide and to prevent chafing as the arm ( moving member ) of the user is urged into alignment . a center of curvature 79 need not be a single point , nor a single line in the radial direction 51 . any point on the yoke 14 may have its own center of curvature 79 . the cradle 66 need not be formed as a right circular cylinder . the cradle 66 portion of the yoke 14 , between the head 62 and the knee 64 , may be formed to meet individual needs or skill levels . for example , the relative height 70 , width 72 , wrap angle 76 and radius 78 can be selected for a player &# 39 ; s size , skill , and comfort . the base 12 and yoke 14 meet to form a stop angle 80 , and a sweep angle 83 , defined by a yoke centerline 81 and a base centerline 39 . the base centerline 39 corresponds ( is aligned with , oriented similarly to ) the base member , and the yoke centerline 81 similarly corresponds to the moveable member . the sweep angle 83 may be thought of as approximately the angle of rotation of the forearm about the upperarm , with respect to the bicep pocket 26 in the base 12 . the sweep angle 83 may be from about negative 15 to about positive 45 degrees , depending on a user &# 39 ; s physical development . the sweep angle 83 may also be thought of as the angle made by a yoke centerline 81 with respect to the base 12 , and specifically the centerplane 27 of the bicep pocket 26 . one embodiment of the apparatus may be made with a sweep angle of zero degrees . the position of the base 12 in the circumferential direction 49 is adjustable around the arm , thus , the sweep angle 83 of zero degrees . the base 10 is simply rotated to the proper position ( typically slightly outboard of the bicep ) before being attached on the upper arm . the user may set the base 12 on one upper arm and rotate the associated forearm until the wrist , elbow and shoulder intersect approximately the same vertical plane . then , the user closes the forearm toward the shoulder until the forearm rests against the inside surface 94 of the cradle 66 of the yoke 14 . then the user secures the base 12 against the upper arm with the strap 102 . as with the base 12 , a flare 84 , bead 85 ( not shown ) similar to the bead 45 , or roll 86 can be formed at the edge 88 of the yoke 14 . ( see fig1 - 15 .) these treatments of the edge 88 promote safety and comfort of the user , while improving strength and stiffness of the yoke 14 . in one presently preferred embodiment , the sides 90a , 90b may be advantageously formed in one preferred embodiment of a material selected to be smooth and slippery . this arrangement reduces chafing or other discomfort , although the sides are not ideally contacted by a user . that is , a user ideally aligns the forearm to be received into the pocket 92 . the forearm then comes to rest against the inside surface 94 of the cradle 66 or a pad 20 secured thereto . if a user does not rotate the forearm of the shooting hand into a proper position , the forearm will be urged toward the centerline 81 by the sides 90a , 90b . a pad 20 is used to absorb the impact of closure of the arm of a user against the yoke 14 . the bands 16 as seen in fig1 , 16 - 21 , and 23 may be configured as a strap 102 or straps 102 . the band 16 may be closed on itself . the band 16 may form a continuous loop . such a band 16 would preferably be elastically extendible for positioning around an arm of a user . the strap 102 is preferably a single piece of material such as a durable , strong , inextensible fabric . nylon webbing is a suitable material and is available in a variety weaves . the strap 102 is preferably open ended as illustrated in fig1 . the fasteners 104 attached to the strap 102 are preferably a hook pad 106a and a loop pad 106b forming a hook - and - loop type of fastener 104 . alternate fasteners 104 are less preferred , but may be made serviceable and adjustable . examples of such fasteners 104 contemplated include buckles on straps , hook and eye fasteners , laces through eyelets , snaps , zippers , double &# 34 ; d &# 34 ;- rings on straps , multiple straps having hook - and - loop pads ( panels ) for attaching at one end , ratcheting straps , clips , levers , and buttons . connection of the hook pad ( panel ) 106a to the loop pad ( panel ) 106b need not form the strap 102 into a cylinder . the two edges 107 , 108 need not remain parallel . that is the ends 107a , 108a of edges 107 , and 108 , respectively , need not align with the two ends 107b , 108b . since the upper arm ( and forearm , in some embodiments of the apparatus ) is not of a constant diameter , either edge 107 or 108 will probably traverse a longer path around the arm of a user . thus , the fastener 104 is preferably one that will enable this important adjustability to accommodate the shape of the arm of a user . moreover , a larger width 112 creates a larger load bearing area against the arm of a user . an optional elastic section 110 may be inserted for relieving stress due to impacts of other players against a user . the result of either of these options is lower stress ( continuous and impact derived , respectively ) on the skin , muscle , tendons , bones and other components of the arm of a user . thus the width 112 of a preferred strap 102 covers a substantial fraction of the length 32 of the base 12 . a short elastic section 110 may be comprised of an elastic material that is relatively stiff . relatively stiff means here that the size and stiffness is such that only an impact or other load larger than would normally be comfortable for a user will elongate the elastic section 110 . a pad 18 is optional . the pad 18 may be selected for comfort and for holding securely against the skin of an active user . a suitable embodiment may include a pad 18 having a width 122 that almost covers the inside surface 54 of the base 12 . however the thickness 124 may be very thin , from a few thousandths of an inch to about an eighth of an inch is preferred . a binding layer 126 may be a separate layer of permanent or removable adhesive , a double - sided adhesive tape , or a solvent film . however , a pad may be removably attached also . removable adhesive can be useful for attaching a shim 128 . a shim 128 may be a pad 18 sized to decrease the inside radius 40 of the base . thus , a shim 128 may be used to size a standard brace 10 or apparatus 10 for a smaller user . a brace 10 may also be used for different players from time to time by adding a shim 128 . the pad 20 may be sized to have a width 142 that does not cover the inside surface 94 of the yoke 14 . the width 122 is preferably about a half to about a third of the width 72 of the yoke 14 . that is , the pad 20 operates by virtue of its selected thickness 144 , energy absorption and resilience to cushion impacts from the arm of a user coming to rest in the yoke 14 . by contrast , the sides 90a , 90b may benefit the user by being smooth , slippery and exposed to prevent wear or chafing against the skin . a binding layer 146 operates similarly to the binding layer 126 discussed . also , a pad 20 could be a shim 148 ( not shown ) sized as the shim 128 to accommodate the size or orientation ( stop angle 80 or sweep angle 83 ) of the member received in the yoke . suitable materials for the apparatus 10 include metals , polymeric , and elastomeric materials . combinations of materials are contemplated also . for example styrene compounds , acrylonitrile butadiene styrene ( abs ), polyvinyl chloride ( pvc ), vinyl , nylon , polyurethane , olefinics such as polyethylene and polypropylene , polycarbonate , natural and synthetic elastomers such as rubber , and metals including aluminum , iron , and steel . various combinations of these materials can also be used . also , reinforced resins may form a matrix around fibers of kevlar ™, polyethylene , graphite , glass , steel or aluminum for improving tensile strength . likewise , a polymer selected may be expanded , &# 34 ; foamed ,&# 34 ; to reduce weight , improve safety , increase cross section for stiffness or strength , to soften the material , promote rounded edges , or to reduce cost . the embodiments of fig1 - 23 operate similarly to the embodiments of fig1 - 15 . however the embodiments of fig1 - 23 are more readily adaptable to molding with comparatively soft , foamed polymers . suitable materials would include styrofoam , low density polyurethane , low density polyethylene and similarly performing materials . the large , block - like shape of the brace 10 fig1 is readily adaptable to use by children in primary schools . multiple straps 102 through the base 12 or a single wide strap over the base 12 may be suitable . the slots 48 may be formed in the base , traversing in a circumferential direction 49 around the arm to which a strap 102 is secured . the embodiment of fig2 may rely on a strap 102 that is a closed , elastic loop similar to a sweat band . a primary school child could easily slip the brace on and off . the large size of the brace would render the brace effective , yet very safe . a low density polyurethane such as is commonly used for sleeping pads could exert enough force to be useful . however , such a material could not exert enough force upon impact to cause injury . fig2 illustrates yet another preferred embodiment of an apparatus having a base 12 pivotably connected to a yoke 14 . the yoke 14 may be pivotably attached to the base 12 at the joints 58a , 58b . in one presently preferred embodiment , an adjustable member 60 connects between the base 12 and yoke 14 . brackets 158 , 160 may be of the clevis type for holding a threaded eye rod 162 and reverse - threaded eye rod 164 of the adjustable member 60 , respectively , connected by a turnbuckle 166 . the turnbuckle 166 may be knurled as shown , and can be configured to adjust the orientation of the yoke 14 with respect to the base 12 . the stop angle 80 may be set at a desired value . the base 12 and yoke 14 may also be made adjustable in a similar manner to control the sweep angle 83 . other adjustment mechanisms may include , for example , fixed blocks fastened to restrain the yoke 14 at a desired position ; multiple adjustment members , and bendable metal skeletons inside plastic outer covers forming the apparatus 10 . in one embodiment , the yoke 14 may be adjusted by warming and softening the plastic material of which the apparatus 10 is formed . the yoke 14 may alternatively be made rigidly attachable at a selected one of a plurality of locations along the base 12 . the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics . the described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative , and not restrictive . the scope of the invention is , therefore , indicated by the appended claims , rather than by the foregoing description . all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope .	8
fig1 shows a flow diagram of an exemplary embodiment of the align - and - shine photolithography procedure according to the present invention . for example , as shown on a left side of fig1 , a masked fiber could be an ultraviolet multimode fiber which can be first coated with a metallic layer , which metallic layer may then selectively be removed only along the pattern that must be reproduced on the target fiber . the target fiber ( on a right side of fig1 ) can be coated with photoresist . thus , the lithography shadow mask can be fabricated directly on the cleaved end of the ultraviolet multimode fiber ( e . g ., the mask fiber ), which may be aligned with another fiber coated with photoresist ( e . g ., the target fiber ). such two fibers may be mounted on an optical splicing machine , where they can be aligned and brought to contact . the pattern may be transferred from the mask fiber to the target fiber by shining , e . g ., an ultraviolet light from the opposite side of the mask fiber . the target fiber can then be immersed in a developing solution , where the parts of the photoresist exposed to light may be washed away , as in standard photolithography techniques ( g . t . a . kovacs , micromachined transducers sourcebook ( mcgraw - hill , new york , 1998 ).). the alignment and the movement to contact can for instance be performed using exemplary image - based active fiber alignment processes used in commercially available optical fiber splicing machine ( a . d . yablon , optical fiber fusion splicing ( springer , berlin , 2005 )) or similar opto - mechanical automatic alignment processes . such exemplary procedures can thus facilitate a transfer of the pattern provided on the mask to a large number of other fibers in a sequence of steps that can be utilized in a series production . to demonstrate the feasibility of the align - and - shine technique , according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention , it is possible to first fabricate a mask fiber . for example , a 230 μm diameter ultraviolet multimode fiber ( e . g ., newport f - mbb ) can be coated with a 100 nm silver layer and mounted inside a focused ion beam ( fib ) milling machine , which can be used to remove the metallic layer along the pattern that we intended to transfer to other fibers ( e . g ., a cross ). the mask can be fabricated also with other methods , such as , but not limited to , laser ablation . for example , fig2 shows prospective view of an exemplary focused ion beam image of the mask fiber used to demonstrate the feasibility of the align - and - shine photolithography process . the facet of such illustrated fiber can be coated with a silver layer , e . g ., everywhere except from the central cross , where metal is removed with focused ion beam milling . as shown in fig2 , in particular , an fib image of the fiber can be obtained as it may appear at the end of the exemplary milling procedure , just before such fiber is removed from the fib machine and mounted on one of the two holders of an optical fiber fusion splicing machine ( e . g ., ericsson fsu 905 ). on the opposite holder , it is possible to mount the target fiber for example a 125 μm diameter single mode fiber ( e . g ., corning sm 128 ) coated with photoresist ( e . g ., micro resist technology ma - p 1205 ). the coating can be deposited by dipping the fiber in a solution of acetone and photoresist . the fiber may be then left in air at room temperature for ˜ 15 minutes to let acetone slowly evaporate , and then backed for 5 minutes at 60 c and for 3 minutes at 100 c to cure / harden the photoresist .). the two fibers can then be aligned and brought to contact using the mechanical controls of the splicing machine . upon contact , the light of an ultraviolet lamp ( e . g ., norland opticure 4 ) may be coupled from the opposite side of the mask fiber for ˜ 20 s . after exposure , the photoresist may be developed according to standard lithography procedures . the result of this exemplary process is shown in fig3 . in particular , fig3 shows an exemplary cross sectional optical microscope image of a photoresist pattern on top of the target fiber , e . g ., at the conclusion of the exemplary align - and - shine photolithography process according to the present invention . for example , the diameter of this illustrated fiber can be about 125 μm , while the diameter of the mask fiber may be 230 μm . in particular , the pattern of the mask fiber has been successfully transferred to the target fiber . thus , the exemplary embodiment of the align - and - shine system and method can facilitate a transfer of the pattern of the mask to the target fiber . similar results can be obtained when the exemplary process is repeated with the same mask fiber on other target fibers . accordingly , exemplary embodiments of the system and method for facilitating the series production of arbitrary photolithography patterns on optical fibers according to the present invention has been described herein above . it is within the scope of the present invention to use the exemplary principles described herein also for photo or thermoplastic nanoimprinting lithography ( s . y . chou , p . r . krauss , and p . j . renstrom , imprint of sub − 25 nm vias and trenches in polymers , appl . phys . lett . 67 , 3114 - 3116 ( 1995 ); m . colburn et al ., step and flash imprint lithography : a new approach to high - resolution patterning , proc . spie 3676 ( 1 ), 379 - 390 ( 1999 ); x . cheng and l . j . guo , a combined - nanoimprint - and - photolithography patterning technique , microel . eng . 71 , 277 - 282 ( 2004 ). ), where a mold fiber ( i . e ., a fiber with a carved pattern on one of its cleaved ends ) can be pressed against the target fiber , previously coated with a proper layer . fig4 a - 4 e shows the method applying patterns on a target fiber having optical functionality . fig4 a shows the distal end of an optical fiber 1 , provided with a mask material 2 , for instance silver . using conventional methods like the ones described above , a pattern 3 is obtained by selective removal of the mask material 2 . the pattern 3 as shown in fig4 b provides an aperture which allows the passage of uv radiation from the fiber 1 , in order to treat positive or negative photoresist material deposited on a target surface . the pattern 3 is conveyed to the photoresist material , and may have various optical or other functionalities . for instance , fig4 c shows an optical grating structure 4 . fig4 d shows an array of microantennae 5 , appearing like a dotted pattern when shown from above . fig4 e shows a fresnel lens pattern 6 . fig5 a )- 5 l ) show the use of the method according to the invention using protective layers , structural layers , and sacrificial layers in the construction of complex three dimensional elements on top of an optical fiber . in this example a cantilever structure is constructed , which may be used in various sensor applications . the subsequent steps in the figures show only one application , many other three - dimensional elements may be constructed using the technical principles of the invention . it is understood the method according to the invention may be applied to various target surfaces , and is not restricted to the construction of three dimensional elements on distal ends of fibers . fig5 a shows a distal end of an optical fiber 10 , obtained for instance by cleaving / splicing . in fig5 b , a sacrificial material , for instance phosphosilicate glass , is deposited on top of the surface of the fiber end 10 . subsequently , a first layer of photoresist protective material is applied ( fig5 c ), which by using the align - and shine method according to the invention is selectively irradiated in a pattern 13 which only partially exposes the underlying sacrificial material . in fig5 e , exposed parts of the sacrificial material 11 are removed by etching 14 , inducing the predetermined pattern of the protective layer 12 onto the sacrificial material 11 . parts of the sacrificial layer 11 shielded from etching by the photoresist protective layer remain . the temporary protective layer 12 is removed , for instance by a solvent , and subsequently a first layer of actual structural material 15 ( for example silicon nitride ) is applied , for instance by vapor deposition techniques , following the shape of the exposed surfaces of the fiber 10 and the sacrificial layer 11 ( fig5 g ). after the construction step , another layer of protective photoresist material 12 is applied ( fig5 h ), which again is selectively irradiated by the align - and - shine method according to the invention , and redundant photoresist material is removed to obtain a second pattern 16 which partially exposes the structural material layer 15 ( fig5 i ). etching 14 results in selective removal of structural material 15 and optionally also part of the underlying sacrificial material ( depending on the etching intensity and duration ), forming the pattern according to the second protective layer 12 in the structural material ( fig5 j ). the protective layer 12 is removed to yield a shaped layer of structural material 15 partially supported by the sacrificial material 11 ( fig5 k ). the sacrificial material 11 is finally removed to yield a three dimensional structure disposed at the distal end of the fiber 10 , in this case the cantilever structure shown in fig5 l . the foregoing merely illustrates the principles of the invention . various modifications and alterations to the described embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the teachings herein . it will thus be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise numerous systems , arrangements and methods which , although not explicitly shown or described herein , embody the principles of the invention and are thus within the spirit and scope of the present invention . in addition , to the extent that the prior art knowledge has not been explicitly incorporated by reference herein above , it is explicitly being incorporated herein in its entirety . all publications referenced herein above are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties .	6
reference is firstly made to fig1 which is a simplified diagram showing a mobile telephone in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention . in the embodiment of fig1 a mobile phone 10 comprises an outer casing 12 through which is inserted an antenna 14 . the antenna 14 has a receptacle 16 through which the antenna may be inserted via a connector 20 , which is described hereinbelow with respect to fig3 . the connector 20 is able to snap into position in the receptacle 16 and serves to attach the antenna 14 firmly to the outer casing 12 , preferably in such a way as to withstand unintended removal due to longitudinal or shear forces . as will be described below , in one embodiment , the connector is able to hold its place in the casing up to a given level of longitudinal force , and a variation of this embodiment frees itself if the given level is exceeded . in another embodiment the connector may be rotated using a key to disengage from the casing 12 . reference is now made to fig2 which is a simplified diagram of a prior art antenna . as described above , a stubby antenna 2 has a snap - fit connection comprising a latch 4 at a lower end to enable it to be pressed into a casing of a mobile telephone . the latch 4 comprises an arm 6 and a latch head 8 . the arm 6 bends inwardly as the antenna is pressed downwards through the hole in a receptacle to allow the latch head 8 to pass through . due to the resilience of the arm 6 the latch head 8 springs outwardly on the far side of the hole to fix the antenna 2 in position . reference is now made to fig3 which is a simplified diagram showing a connector 20 constructed and operative in accordance with a first preferred embodiment of the present invention . the connector 20 is preferably of hollow cylinder construction within which the antenna 14 may be inserted using a pressure fit . an upper end 22 of the connector 20 comprises an outer lip extending around the circumference with facing ends thereof . the connector 20 also comprises two ribs , an upper rib 28 and a lower rib 30 , which extend around the connector 20 at spaced intervals along the body of the connector 20 . a part of a lower end 34 of the cylinder is cut away to form a tongue 32 , which extends partially around the lower end 34 of the connector 20 . the tongue 32 is joined to the lower end 34 of the connector 20 at one end 40 ( fig4 a ) and has a protrusion 36 at a second end , which protrudes outwardly of the connector 20 . an outer lower surface 37 of the protrusion 36 is preferably chamfered to allow the protrusion 36 to be pushed inwards when pressed downwardly against another surface . an anti - rotation protrusion 38 extends in the axial direction of the connector 20 along the outer face of the connector 20 , preferably from just below the upper rib 28 to a cutaway portion 44 at the lower end 34 , above the protrusion 36 of the tongue 32 . the anti - rotation protrusion 38 preferably fits into a corresponding groove 61 in the receptacle 16 , as will be described below , to prevent the connector 20 from being rotated . reference is now made to fig4 a , which is a simplified diagram showing a view from below , of the connector 20 of fig3 . parts that are the same as those shown in previous figures are given the same reference numerals and are not described again , except as necessary for an understanding of the present embodiment . the tongue 32 comprises a stem 40 , which connects the protrusion 36 to a base 42 of the connector 20 . fig4 a illustrates that the protrusion 36 extends beyond the circumference of the base 42 and is aligned with the circumference of the outer lip of the upper end 22 . it is appreciated that the stem 40 is typically resilient , allowing the protrusion 36 to be pushed inwardly to the circumference of the base 42 and to return to its original position when released . reference is now made to fig4 b , which is a simplified diagram showing a side elevation view of the connector 20 of fig3 . parts that are the same as those shown in previous figures are given the same reference numerals and are not described again , except as necessary for an understanding of the present embodiment . the anti - rotation protrusion 38 has a first outer edge 39 that is aligned with the innermost edge of the tongue 32 and an inner edge 41 that is aligned with the edge of the cutaway portion 44 in the body of the connector 20 , within which the tongue 32 is located . reference is now made to fig4 c and 4d . fig4 c is a simplified cutaway diagram of the connector 20 viewed in the direction of arrows 4 c ( fig4 a ). parts that are the same as those shown in previous figures are given the same reference numerals and are not described again , except as necessary for an understanding of the present embodiment . as can be seen in fig4 c , the outer wall 46 of the connector 20 comprises an upper part 48 and a lower part 50 . the upper part 48 is thicker and has an inner circumference which is smaller , that is to say extends inwardly to a greater extent , than an inner circumference of the lower part 50 , which is thus thinner and more flexible . as will be explained below , the inner contour of the connector 20 , comprising the upper part 48 and the lower part 50 , is preferably sized to provide a pressure fit for an antenna bushing . the inner circumference of the tongue 32 extends inwardly of the inner circumference of the lower part 50 and is preferably aligned with the inner circumference of the upper part 48 . fig4 d is a simplified cutaway diagram of the connector 20 viewed in the direction of the arrows 4 d ( fig4 a ). parts that are the same as those shown in previous figures are given the same reference numerals and are not described again . reference is now made to fig5 which is a simplified diagram showing the method of inserting an antenna into a connector according to an embodiment of the present invention . in fig5 parts that are the same as those shown in previous figures are given the same reference numerals and are not described again , except as necessary for an understanding of the present embodiment . a bushing 60 for an antenna comprises a locking rib 62 above which extends a slightly contoured surface 64 . the contoured surface 64 is adapted to fit within the inner contour of the connector 20 , as described above with respect to fig4 c and 4d , to provide a pressure fit . the pressure fit need not be a tight pressure fit and in one preferred embodiment there is no pressure fit at all . the bushing 60 preferably serves as both an electrical contact and a retainer for an antenna , typically a retractable antenna . reference is now made to fig6 which is a simplified diagram showing an antenna bushing which has been inserted into the connector 20 according to the present invention . parts that are the same as those shown in previous figures are given the same reference numerals and are not described again , except as necessary for an understanding of the present embodiment . the bushing 60 is inserted upwardly into the connector 20 until the locking rib 62 abuts against the base 42 of the connector 20 . the pressure as described above ensures that the bushing 60 remains in place unless a sufficient force is exerted in the downward direction . in the upward direction the bushing 60 generally cannot be removed without breaking the rib 62 . an advantage of the rib 62 is that it serves as underlying support for the tongue 32 . a sharp upward force on the antenna would tend to exert a lateral rotational force on the tongue 32 causing the stem 40 to snap . the rib 62 , however , underlies the tongue 32 , holding the protrusion 36 firmly in its horizontal orientation so that no rotational force is transferred to the stem 40 . in fact , an upward force on the antenna 14 tends to drive the rib 62 upwardly against both the tongue and the base 42 of the connector 20 thereby spreading the pressure between the tongue 32 and the connector 20 and thus avoiding stressing the stem 40 . reference is now made to fig7 and 8 , which are simplified diagrams showing how a connector according to the embodiment of fig3 with an antenna bushing , may be inserted into a receptacle of a casing . parts that are the same as those shown in previous figures are given the same reference numerals and are not described again , except as necessary for an understanding of the present embodiment . the receptacle 16 , may be a part of the casing 12 of a mobile telephone 10 or other two - way radio devices , or alternatively it may be a separate unit mounted on the casing . the receptacle 16 is shown in cutaway form , and is preferably cylindrically shaped with a constant outer diameter . the receptacle 16 is comprised of two sections , an upper section 72 and a lower 74 section , or which the upper section 72 has a larger outer diameter , i . e . is thinner , than the lower section 74 . thus a shoulder 76 is formed therebetween . preferably , the outer diameters of the upper lip 22 and of the protrusion 36 of the tongue 32 , are the same as the inner diameter of the upper section 72 of the receptacle body 16 . the outer diameter of the body of the connector 20 may be the same as the inner diameter of the lower section 74 of the receptacle body 16 . the ribs 28 and 30 preferably protrude beyond the inner diameter of the lower section 74 of the receptacle 16 , and thus serve as crush ribs to provide a pressure fit . as well as holding the connector 20 more tightly to the receptacle 16 , the pressure fit preferably also pushes the relatively thin outer wall of the lower section 50 against the antenna bushing 60 , enhancing the fit of the antenna . the axial length of the lower section 74 of the receptacle 16 is preferably the same as the axial length from the lower end of the lip 22 to the upper end of the protrusion 32 , such that the connector 20 fits snugly into the receptacle 16 , as shown in fig8 . however , even if this is not so , and the axial length of the lower section 74 of the connector 20 is shorter , the protrusion 32 may still effectively hold the connector 20 in place . in this case , the pressure it provided by the crush ribs 28 and 30 preferably serves to hold the connector 20 more stiffly in position . the anti - rotation protrusion 38 preferably fits into the corresponding groove 61 on the inner wall of receptacle 16 and prevents the connector 20 from being rotated . as the connector 20 is pushed downwardly against the receptacle 16 , the cutaway edge 37 of the protrusion 32 is pushed inwardly by the shoulder surface 76 , allowing the lower part of the connector 20 to slide downwardly into the receptacle 16 until the lower edge of the lip 22 abuts against the shoulder surface 76 . as it does so , the upper surface of the protrusion 32 reaches lower end 78 of the receptacle 16 and the protrusion 23 springs back outwardly to latch the connector 20 into the receptacle 16 , as shown in fig8 . the connector 20 is typically be made of plastic material , for example zytol ™ delrin ™ of polycarbonate . in fig7 and 8 , the lower section 74 of the receptacle 16 , forming upper and lower shoulder edges 76 and 78 , extend over a full circle . however , it is noted that the shoulder 76 is only required to extend over a limited angular sector along one side of the receptacle 16 , as long as an aligning mechanism is provided to align the protrusion 32 against the shoulder 76 . such an alignment mechanism may for example utilize the anti - rotation protrusion 38 and the corresponding groove 61 . it is appreciated that the inner diameter of a hole 100 in the casing 12 aligns with the outer diameter of the shoulder 78 of the receptacle 16 ( fig1 ). reference is now made to fig9 which is a simplified diagram showing a second embodiment of the present invention . parts that are the same as those shown in previous figures are given the same reference numerals and are not described again , except as necessary for an understanding of the present embodiment . the embodiment of fig9 differs from the previous embodiment in that it is designed to be rotatable in one sense using a key so as to be easily removable . as shown in fig9 a connector 80 has an upper end 22 , which comprises an outer lip extending around the circumference . the lip is comprised with two slots 82 and 84 at facing ends thereof . each of the slots 82 and 84 has one vertical fact 86 and one sloping face 88 . each vertical face 86 is facing in a counter - clockwise direction . the slots 82 and 94 thus allow an appropriately shaped key to be inserted for rotation of the connector 80 in the counter - clockwise sense . if the key , however , is turned in the clockwise sense , the sloping faces 88 cause the key to slip outwards and no rotation of the connector 80 occurs . protrusion 36 comprises keyed surface 37 , as in the previous embodiment but in addition , one of the two circumferentially facing surfaces , denoted by reference numeral 90 , faces the counterclockwise direction of rotation , is also keyed . reference is not made to fig1 a , which is a simplified diagram showing a view from below , of the connector 80 of fig9 . parts that are the same as those shown in previous figures are given the same reference numerals and are not described again , except as necessary for an understanding of the present embodiment . the tongue 32 comprises a stem 40 through which protrusion 36 is attached to base 42 of the connector 80 . fig1 a illustrates how the protrusion 36 extends beyond the circumference of the base 42 and is preferably aligned with the circumference of the outer lip of the upper end 22 . as will be appreciated , the stem 40 is resilient , allowing the protrusion 36 to act as a snap - in connection , in the same way as in the previous embodiment . the figure also illustrates the circumferentially facing keyed surface 90 . fig1 b , 10 c and 10 d are simplified side elevations of the connector 80 of fig9 taken respectively from directions indicated by the respective figure numbers of fig1 b . fig1 e is a simplified cross section along the line 10 e in fig1 a of the connector 80 of fig9 . in all of these figures , parts that are the same as those shown in previous figures are given the same reference numerals and are not described again . reference is now made to fig1 which is simplified diagram showing how an antenna may be inserted into a connector according to the embodiment of fig9 . in fig9 parts that are the same as those shown in previous figures are given the same reference numerals and are not described again , except as necessary for an understanding of the present embodiment . a bushing 60 for an antenna comprises a locking rib 62 above which extends a slightly contoured surface 64 . the contoured surface 64 is adapted to fit within the inner contour of the connector 80 , as described with respect to the embodiment of fig4 c and 4d , to provide a pressure fit . the bushing 60 serves as both an electrical contact and a retainer for an antenna , typically a retractable antenna . the bushing 60 preferably fits into the connector 80 , as in the previous embodiment . reference is now made to fig1 which is a simplified diagram showing an antenna bushing which has been inserted into a connector according to the embodiment of fig9 . parts that are the same as those shown in previous figures are given the same reference numerals and are not described again , except as necessary for an understanding of the present embodiment . the bushing 60 is inserted upwardly into the connector 80 until the locking rib 62 abuts against the base 42 of the connector 80 as before . the pressure fit described above ensures that the bushing 60 remains in place unless a sufficient force is exerted in the downward direction . in the upward direction the bushing 60 generally cannot be removed without breaking the rib 62 . a further advantage of the rib 62 is that it serves as underlying support for the tongue 32 . a sharp upward force on the antenna 14 would tend to exert a lateral rotational force on the tongue causing the stem 40 to snap . the rib 62 underlies the tongue 32 , holding the protrusion 36 firmly in its horizontal orientation so that no rotational force is transferred in the stem 40 . in fact an upward force on the antenna 14 tends to drive the rib 62 upwardly against both the tongue 32 and the base 42 of the connector 80 thereby spreading the pressure between the tongue 32 and the connector 80 and thus avoiding stressing the stem 40 . on the other hand , a rotational force applied to the connector 80 is not affected by the presence of the rib 62 . reference is now made to fig1 and 14 , which are simplified diagrams showing how a connector according in the embodiment of fig9 with an antenna bushing may be inserted into a receptacle of a casing . parts that are the same as those shown in previous figures are given the same reference numerals and are not described again , except as necessary for an understanding of the present embodiment . the receptacle 16 , may be a part of the casing 12 of a mobile telephone 10 or other two - way radio devices , or alternatively it may be a separate unit mounted on the casing 12 , as shown in fig1 . the receptacle 16 is shown in cutaway form , and is preferably of cylindrical shape of constant outer diameter . it has two sections , and upper 72 and a lower 74 section , of which the upper section has a larger outer diameter , i . e . is thinner , than the lower section 74 . thus , a shoulder 76 is formed therebetween . preferably , the outer diameters of the upper lip 22 and of the protrusion 36 of the tongue 32 , are substantially the same as the inner diameter of the upper section 72 of the receptacle 70 . the outer diameter of the body of the connector 80 may be the same as the inner diameter of the lower section 74 of the receptacle . the ribs 28 and 30 preferably protrude beyond the inner diameter of the lower section 75 of the receptacle 70 , and thus serve as crush ribs to provide a pressure fit . as well as holding the connector 80 more tightly to the receptacle 16 , the pressure fit preferably also pushes the relatively thin outer wall of the lower section 50 against the antenna bushing 60 , enhancing the fit of the antenna . the axial length of the lower section 74 of the receptacle 16 is preferably longer than the axial length from the lower end of the lip 22 to the upper end of the protrusion 32 , such that the protrusion 36 fits into a cutout 92 in the lower portion 74 of the receptacle 16 . the pressure fit provided by the crush ribs 28 and 30 preferably serves to hold the connector more stiffly in position . as the connector 80 is pushed downwardly against the receptacle 16 , the keyed edge 37 of the protrusion 32 is pushed inwardly by the shoulder surface 76 , allowing the lower part of the connector 80 to slide downwardly into the receptacle 16 until the lower edge of the lip 22 abuts against the shoulder surface 76 . as it does so , the upper surface of the protrusion 32 reaches the upper end 94 of cutout 92 of the receptacle 16 and springs back outwardly to latch the connector 80 into the receptacle as shown in fig1 . as the connector 80 is rotated in an anti - clockwise direction , the keyed face 90 is pushed downwards by an adjacent face 96 of the cutout 92 , forcing protrusion 36 out of the cutout 92 . thus the connector is released from the receptacle 16 and may be removed . it is appreciated that various features of the invention which are , for clarity , described in the contexts of separate embodiments may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment . conversely , various features of the invention which are , for brevity , described in the context of a single embodiment may also be provided separately or in any suitable subcombination . it will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove . rather , the scope of the present invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of the various features described hereinabove as well as variations and modifications thereof which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description and which are not in the prior art .	7
the state of the art lacks methods and systems for optimization the energy consumption of an overall manufacturing process down to each individual manufacturing entity . referring now to fig1 , a plurality of manufacturing entities 200 , 201 , 202 is shown . each of these entities 200 , 201 , 202 may depict a process station in a manufacturing process of a product . the manufacturing entities 200 , 201 , 202 are connected to individual power metering devices 400 , 401 , 402 , which measure the power consumption of the manufacturing entities 200 , 201 , 202 . the power metering devices 400 , 401 , 402 are connected to a calculation means 600 by communication means 500 , 501 , 502 for sending a data stream comprising information about power consumption of the individual manufacturing entities 200 , 201 , 202 to the calculation means 600 . the calculation means is adapted for calculating an optimized product routing of the products to be manufactured by the manufacturing process from one individual manufacturing entity 200 , 201 , 202 to another individual manufacturing entity 200 , 201 , 202 based on the collected data streams with respect to the overall energy consumption of the manufacturing process . for example , in entity 200 a base product is pretreated , while entity 201 makes a recess into the product surface and entity 202 drills a hole into the product . while the pretreatment in entity 200 has to be performed as a first manufacturing step , the order of the manufacturing steps of making the recess and drilling the hole may be interchangeable . if the hole has to be drilled in the area were entity 201 has made the recess , making the recess first may be favorable in terms of energy consumption since less material has to be bored out in the drilling step performed by entity 202 . however , depending on the product it may be favorable to drill the hole first and to make the recess subsequent since a plurality of drilled intermediate products can be aligned in a row and the entity 201 for making the recess , like , e . g ., a rotary cutter , has to be started only . this may be favorable since the energy consumed by the starting current of the rotary cutter is reduced . the best order of product steps can be calculated by the calculation means 600 based on the information received from the power metering devices . the calculation means 600 is connected to a manufacturing control system 300 via a communication means 700 . the manufacturing control system 300 controls the individual manufacturing entities 200 , 201 , 202 and is capable to influence the order of the manufacturing steps . the calculation means 600 sends information about the best order of manufacturing steps in terms of energy consumption to the manufacturing control system 300 , which amends the overall manufacturing process according to information received by the calculation means 600 . referring now to fig2 , in a manufacturing facility 1000 , a plurality of individual manufacturing entities 200 , 201 , 202 are provided . each of the individual manufacturing entities 200 , 201 , 202 is connected to a power metering device 400 , 401 , 402 . via a communication means 500 , the power metering devices 400 , 401 , 402 send information about the power consumption of the manufacturing entities 200 , 201 , 202 to a database 800 located onside the manufacturing facility . via a packet - switched data network 900 , like the internet , the database 800 sends a data stream comprising information about the power consumption of the manufacturing entities 200 , 201 , 202 to the calculation means 600 . via communication means 700 , the calculation means 600 is connected to a manufacturing control system 300 . the manufacturing control system 300 controls the individual manufacturing entities 200 , 201 , 202 . based on the information received from the calculation means 600 , the manufacturing control system 300 amends the overall manufacturing process to minimize the energy consumption , for example , by interchanging the order of the manufacturing steps performed by manufacturing entities 200 , 201 , 202 . the data calculated by the calculating means 600 can be stored together with the data about the power consumption in a storage databank system 1100 . in fig3 , an example of an algorithm flow to determine the best energy consumption in a manufacturing facility is shown . beneath information 60 about the energy consumption , information 10 about the demand or forecast of the production , information 20 about the equipment availability , information 30 about the facility constrains , information 40 about the dependency of the individual manufacturing entities , and information 50 about the volume planning of the production is taken into consideration for optimization 70 of the product routing . based on the product routing 70 , the related costs 80 are estimated . in a decision step 90 it is considered whether the chosen product routing is the optimal one or not . if not , product routing is amended iteratively until the optimized product routing is achieved . based on the calculated optimized routing the process parameters 95 are amended to perform the manufacturing according to the optimized product routing . the flowchart and block diagrams in the figures illustrate the architecture , functionality , and operation of possible implementations of systems , methods and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention . in this regard , each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module , segment , or portion of code , which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function ( s ). it should also be noted that , in some alternative implementations , the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures . for example , two blocks shown in succession may , in fact , be executed substantially concurrently , or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order , depending upon the functionality involved . it will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and / or flowchart illustration , and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and / or flowchart illustration , can be implemented by special purpose hardware - based systems that perform the specified functions or acts , or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions . an individual manufacturing entity in that concern should be understood as a process station , a single machine or also a part of a machine in the manufacturing process . with the invention a method is provided which enables the optimization of the energy consumption within a manufacturing process with a high granularity down to the individual manufacturing entities . this gives the opportunity to optimize the overall manufacturing process with respect to the energy consumption without the need to make major constructional amendments to the manufacturing facility . the method enables an optimization also within a running manufacturing process , thereby offering the opportunity to address recent changes , like , e . g ., changes in the base product or a change of a manufacturing tool . also downtimes of an individual manufacturing entity due to maintenance can be considered and the product routing within the manufacturing process can be changed to minimize the influence of this downtime on the overall energy consumption of the manufacturing process . in an embodiment of the invention , the simulation and optimization of the product routing is performed by a business intelligence system ( bi ). such bi systems are commonly used in the art of manufacturing process controlling . to enable such bi systems to perform the simulation and optimization adequate subroutines can be added or implemented . so , the costs for integrating the inventive method to a manufacturing facility can be kept low . in another embodiment of the invention , additionally a data stream comprising information about at least one of the product demand and the product forecast is collected and taken into consideration for creating an optimized product routing . the consideration of such additional data enables to optimize the process routing also with a predictive horizon . yet in another embodiment of the invention , the information about the power consumption of the individual manufacturing entities is collected in database system onside the manufacturing facility . this allows to collect the data retrieved from the power metering devices centrally and to send them as a data package to a bi system . according to an embodiment of the invention , the information about the power consumption of the individual manufacturing entities is transmitted from the power metering device to the database system onside the manufacturing facility by one of wireless communication and a local area network ( lan ). according to another embodiment of the invention , the collected information about the power consumption of the individual manufacturing entities is transmitted to a bi system via a packet - switched data network . here , especially public tcp / ip based data network like the internet can be used for transferring the data from the power metering devices to the bi system , either directly or via a database system onside the manufacturing facility , as described above . as will be appreciated by one skilled in the art , aspects of the present invention may be embodied as a system , method or computer program product . accordingly , aspects of the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment , an entirely software embodiment ( including firmware , resident software , micro - code , etc .) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “ circuit ,” “ module ” or “ system .” furthermore , aspects of the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer readable medium ( s ) having computer readable program code embodied thereon . any combination of one or more computer readable medium ( s ) may be utilized . the computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium . a computer readable storage medium may be , for example , but not limited to , an electronic , magnetic , optical , electromagnetic , infrared , or semiconductor system , apparatus , or device , or any suitable combination of the foregoing . more specific examples ( a non - exhaustive list ) of the computer readable storage medium would include the following : an electrical connection having one or more wires , a portable computer diskette , a hard disk , a random access memory ( ram ), a read - only memory ( rom ), an erasable programmable read - only memory ( eprom or flash memory ), an optical fiber , a portable compact disc read - only memory ( cd - rom ), an optical storage device , a magnetic storage device , or any suitable combination of the foregoing . in the context of this document , a computer readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that can contain , or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system , apparatus , or device . a computer readable signal medium may include a propagated data signal with computer readable program code embodied therein , for example , in baseband or as part of a carrier wave . such a propagated signal may take any of a variety of forms , including , but not limited to , electro - magnetic , optical , or any suitable combination thereof . a computer readable signal medium may be any computer readable medium that is not a computer readable storage medium and that can communicate , propagate , or transport a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system , apparatus , or device . program code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmitted using any appropriate medium , including but not limited to wireless , wireline , optical fiber cable , rf , etc ., or any suitable combination of the foregoing . computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of the present invention may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages , including an object oriented programming language such as java , smalltalk , c ++ or the like and conventional procedural programming languages , such as the “ c ” programming language or similar programming languages . the program code may execute entirely on the user &# 39 ; s computer , partly on the user &# 39 ; s computer , as a stand - alone software package , partly on the user &# 39 ; s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server . in the latter scenario , the remote computer may be connected to the user &# 39 ; s computer through any type of network , including a local area network ( lan ) or a wide area network ( wan ), or the connection may be made to an external computer ( for example , through the internet using an internet service provider ). aspects of the present invention have been described above with reference to flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams of methods , apparatus ( systems ) and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention . it will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams , and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams , can be implemented by computer program instructions . these computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer , special purpose computer , or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine , such that the instructions , which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus , create means for implementing the functions / acts specified in the flowchart and / or block diagram block or blocks . these computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable medium that can direct a computer , other programmable data processing apparatus , or other devices to function in a particular manner , such that the instructions stored in the computer readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instructions which implement the function / act specified in the flowchart and / or block diagram block or blocks . the computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer , other programmable data processing apparatus , or other devices to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer , other programmable apparatus or other devices to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide processes for implementing the functions / acts specified in the flowchart and / or block diagram block or blocks . while the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description , such illustration and description are to be considered illustrative or exemplary and not restrictive ; the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments . other variations to the disclosed embodiments can be understood and effected by those skilled in the art in practicing the claimed invention , from a study of the drawings , the disclosure , and the appended claims . in the claims , the word “ comprising ” does not exclude other elements or steps , and the indefinite article “ a ” or “ an ” does not exclude a plurality . the mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measured cannot be used to advantage . any reference signs in the claims should not be construed as limiting the scope .	8
fig1 through 3 show the heating pad generally designated 10 , and the cord set 14 , 18a and 18b and switch assembly 16 . in one preferred embodiment the overall dimensions of the heating pad 10 are about 12 &# 34 ; wide by 14 &# 34 ; long by 1 / 8 &# 34 ; thick . the heating element 4 is a layered construction of four different components ( bottom mylar substrate 34 , middle heat - cured screened resistive pattern , conductive tape , outer mylar sheets 36 , 38 as shown in fig7 ) irreversibly fused into a single unit . such thin film printed resistor elements are commercially available . a preferred embodiment of this invention utilizes the flexwatt corporation che - 109h 20 element ( flexwatt corporation , canton , mass .). the flexwatt heating element utilizes two parallel heating circuit traces 2 , one of about 370ω and the other of about 497ω . both circuits are designed to provide heat throughout the entire surface of the pad . the approximate total thickness for the four component sealed heating element 4 is 0 . 007 &# 34 ;. referring to fig2 and 5 , the two separate heating circuits of the screened heating element 4 are utilized in this invention to achieve ` low `, ` medium `, and ` high ` settings controlled by a four - position switch 16 . the first heating circuit or ` a ` connection (` low ` switch position ) is about a 497ω circuit and achieves an open air condition temperature of about 122 °- 125 ° f . the second heating circuit or ` b ` connection (` medium ` switch position ) is about a 370ω circuit and achieves an open air condition temperature of about 135 °- 137 ° f . the ` high ` switch position uses both the ` low ` and ` medium ` switch positions in parallel to achieve the ` high ` heat . this combination heating circuit achieves an open air condition temperature of about 152 °- 157 ° f . the first phase of construction schematically shown in fig2 involves cutting the stress relieving slots 20 into the polyester ( mylar ) laminate of the heating element . a commercial die cutting machine is used to precision cut the 1 / 16 inch by 1 / 2 inch slots in clear areas of the laminated element between semiconductor traces . two parallel rows of 6 slots 20 , are located at approximately 11 / 2 inches and 3 inches , respectively , from each edge of the pad . this slot configuration increases flexibility and reduces stress on the circuit traces of the pad . it is contemplated that other slot sizes and configurations can also be utilized to achieve the desired flexibility . the second phase of the construction shown in fig2 and 3 involves connecting the polyester ( mylar ) sealed heating element 4 to the switch and power supply . an approximately 1 - inch square die cut is made through the circuit connecting conductive tapes , located along the lateral edges of the element and overlaying the ends of the conductive traces . film - piercing brass contacts ( wination industries of hong kong ) are placed over and under the polyester and conductive tape of the element in a ` v ` fashion at the die cut edges and each contact &# 39 ; s crimp tip for 18 - awg wire is pressed flat with a crimping tool . this crimping pierces the polyester film and conductive tape to form a conductive termination 24 . electrical wires 18b comprising the cord set are attached ( soldered ) to the terminations of the heating element and are further retained using hot melt adhesive ( 3 - m , jetmelt 3789 - pg ) which is flexible at the termination points 26 and has a high activation point of about 280 ° f . the cord set ( wination industries , ltd ., hong kong ) is a standard 125 volt unit , with a two prong , polarized , non - grounded attachment plug on the line end of the cord - set . the plug 14 is molded into the cord . the flexible cord is type spt - 2 , 18 / 2 18a & amp ; 18 / 3 18b , with an ampacity rating of 6 amperes . the maximum current rating of the heating element is 1 . 5 amperes . the cord - set is about 72 inches from pad entry to plug tip . the thermostats , 12a , 12b in fig2 and 3 , ( canthern model v11 70 - 2 - 5 , montreal , quebec ) are bi - metallic snap action design normally closed with a ± 5 ° c . tolerance set at 70 ° c . the thermostats are arrayed in series as designated in fig3 and 6 . thermostat ` a ` 12a is located at the lower end of the heating pad 10 closest to the power supply approximately 2 inches from the power supply . thermostat ` b ` 12b is located centrally in the heating pad approximately 6 inches away from the power supply . a standard thermal grease is applied between the interface of the thermostats 12a , 12b and the outer polyester sheet of the heating element . both thermostats 12a , 12b are positioned directly over the heat traces which reduces the initial overshoot temperature to approximately 82 ° c . after the thermostats 12a , 12b are placed , a layer of 2 &# 34 ; mastic electrical tape ( 3 - m # 06147 ) is applied to the bottom of the pad in the contact areas 26 . the top of the contact area 26 is sealed with another mastic patch . this also seals the terminations 24 against moisture ingress . a layer of electrical tape 22 2 inches wide × 9 inches long is also applied over the thermostats for anti - piercing . in one embodiment of the invention , fig2 and 3 , the outer organic polymer covers 6 , 8 of the pad consist of two sheets of about 1 / 16 inches thick , foamed polyvinyl chloride ( pvc ) ( l - 91 - 22 , adchem corp ., westbury , n . y .). one sheet of pvc is used per cover 6 , 8 . the foamed pvc overlaps the mylar substrate of the heating element 4 by about 3 / 16 inch to 1 / 4 inch on all sides . the pvc foam comes with a 2 mil coating of pressure sensitive adhesive . the adhesive is high temperature ( approximately 280 ° f .) and salt water resistant , thereby providing increased safety and durability . the upper and lower pvc foam sheets are set by a roller press which applies pressure tangentially as the heating element and polymer sheets are fed through the press . the pressure applied to seal the adhesive is between about 10 - 60 psi . the edges of the pad are heat sealed in a die cut press . the cutting edge of the die heats to a temperature between 300 - 350 ° f . and cuts and seals the edges of the pad on contact . the contact time is adjusted between 0 . 5 and 5 seconds depending upon the specific organic polymer utilized . the edges of the pad can also be sealed using a solvent exposure or pressure sealing process . once the outer polymer covering 6 , 8 is laminated to the surface of the element 4 and the edges sealed , the heating pad 10 becomes a single entity . the single entity heating pad 10 of this invention has increased flexability and drapeability , is less flammable , and provides more uniform heat distribution over the entire surface of the pad than prior art heating pads . in another embodiment of the present invention , the heating element can be covered by a continuous layer of outer organic polymer by molding the polymer over the element . a mold is fabricated using ciba - geigy ren shape material , a composite tooling material . after the mold is fabricated , the heating element 4 with thermostats 12a , 12b and cord set attached , is placed in the mold and clamped shut . a casting type polyurethane ( ciba - geigy ren : co : thane no . tdt - 178 - 34 ) is then pumped into the mold to fully encapsulate the unit . the cast polyurethane is allowed to heat cure in the mold for 6 to 8 hours . heat cure is accomplished by turning on the heating pad to the lowest setting and allowing the element to heat the cast polyurethane from inside the unit itself . the mold is unclamped after cure and the finished overmolded , hermetically sealed heating pad is removed . by hermetically sealed is meant a generally air - tight seal around the heating element 10 . referring to fig4 and 6 , the switch 16 is a single - pole , four position switch ( wination industries of hong kong ) used to switch loads from line to line . one conductor of the line is fed through the switch directly to the common point of the element &# 39 ; s heating circuits . the other conductor of the line is fed to the pole of the switch . positions ` a ` and ` b ` of the switch fig5 correspond to the lower and higher resistive heating circuits of the heating element , respectively . position ` com ` of the switch connects both the ` a ` and ` b ` terminals together in parallel for the highest heat output setting . the ` off ` switch position disengages both sides of the line as an added safety feature . a neon lamp 32 fig2 and 4 , is used to indicate that the heating element 4 is energized . the lamp circuit provides a high resistance in parallel to the heating element 4 , thereby having a negligible effect on the power output of the heating element . the lamp circuit dissipates less than 1 / 4 watt of power . referring to fig4 and 5 . in another preferred embodiment , the switch 16 contains a circuit protective device comprising a varistor 28 , ( 7 mm mov z130 - laz cke , inc ., lucernemines , penna .) across the power supply to protect against voltage spikes . the varistor increases conductivity as increased voltage is applied , thereby by forming a bypass circuit to protect the switch 16 and heating element 4 . a fast - acting 0 . 5 amp fuse 30 ( bussman 0 . 5 amp , pcb , marietta , ga .) is incorporated into the circuit to prevent current in excess of 0 . 55 amps from reaching the heating element 4 . this circuit can be configured as a single - use unit , a self - resetting unit , or a user - serviceable unit , depending upon selection of the primary component . the preferred configuration is a single use , non - user - serviceable design . this prevents reuse of a device damaged by excessive current flow and is therefore safer . this circuit protective device can be used in a variety of electrical products where consumer protection is an important aspect of the product design , including but not limited to , warming trays and plates chair warmers and heat massage units .	7
the same reference signs are generally used in the drawings to refer to corresponding or similar features in modified and different embodiments . in the vertical axis 2 shown in fig1 to 4 , a support in the form of a primary carriage 4 is moveable along a pair of guideways or guide rails 6 carried by a support column 1 . a mount 8 is provided on the front face of the carriage for attaching a tool or workpiece . the primary carriage is driven along the guideways by a linear motor 10 . a driven body or secondary carriage 12 is provided for movement along a direction parallel to the guideways of the primary axis . it moves along respective linear guideways 14 provided on a front vertical face of the support column 1 . the secondary carriage is driven by a screw drive . the screw drive for the secondary carriage comprises a vertical screw 16 which is supported by a support block 18 and driven by a servo motor 20 . a direct coupled angular encoder 22 is fitted to the servo motor 20 to provide feedback to a machine controller regarding the position of the secondary carriage . in the illustrated embodiment , the servo drive is orientated perpendicularly with respect to the screw axis , but it will be appreciated that other configurations may be adopted . screw 16 engages a screw nut 24 mounted on the secondary carriage 12 . thus , rotation of the screw by servo motor 20 displaces the secondary carriage in the vertical direction . for the purposes of illustration , support column 1 is shown in fig3 and 4 with only one of the primary and secondary carriages and its associated drives and guideways , respectively . as shown in fig1 and 2 , a resilient component in the form of a coil spring 26 is located with its axially opposed ends in engagement with the primary and secondary carriages , respectively . this provides a resilient coupling arrangement between the two carriages , and the secondary carriage is able to exert an upwards force on the primary carriage via this coupling arrangement to counteract gravitational forces acting on the primary carriage . the force from the resilient component is preferably applied to the primary carriage through the centre of gravity of the primary carriage mass . the lower end of the coil spring is supported by and attached to a mount 28 on the secondary carriage . a damping mechanism 30 is provided between the primary and secondary carriages for reducing the impulse exerted on each carriage as they approach each other . it is supported at its lower end by a mount 32 on the secondary carriage . in operation of the vertical axis shown in fig1 to 4 , the primary carriage 4 is driven to a desired position with relatively high accuracy by the linear motor 10 , under the control of a controller included in the machine tool of which the axis forms a part ( such as a cnc control system ). the secondary carriage 12 is simultaneously driven to a position below and adjacent to the primary carriage by a relatively low cost ball screw drive under the control of the controller with a relatively low , but adequate positioning accuracy . coil spring 26 maintains engagement with the underside of the primary carriage 4 , thereby applying a vertical axial force to the primary vertical axis carriage . the spacing between the primary and secondary carriages needed to exert a counterbalancing force equal and opposite to the gravitational forces acting on the primary carriage ( and any components mounted on it ) may be determined by turning off the drive for the primary carriage and allowing its weight to be borne solely by the secondary carriage . this will indicate the desired spacing , which can then be recorded in the machine controller for reference during a subsequent machining procedure . this procedure could be used to reset the magnitude of the correct spacing when the total mass of the primary drive and anything carried by it changes . the resilient coupling provided by the coil spring is arranged to have a relatively low spring rate ( or equivalent characteristic in other forms of resilient component ), such that variations in the force it applies on the primary carriage resulting from any errors in positioning of the secondary carriage are acceptably low . for example , the potential counterbalance force errors may be estimated by assuming that the secondary carriage position would be no further than 0 . 1 mm away from its demand , so the force applied to the primary carriage by the spring should be substantially constant over this variation . by way of illustration , a die spring of 50 mm outside diameter with a free length of 150 mm would compress by approximately 20 mm when supporting a 500 kg carriage . therefore , a + or − 0 . 1 mm potential positioning error for the secondary carriage gives a counterbalance force variation of as little as 25n (+ or − 0 . 5 %). for higher mass primary carriages , multiple springs ( or other couplings ) could be used to provide the required force . the machine axis receives control signals from a controller of the machine tool . in order to effect a movement of a tool or workpiece mounted on the axis , the controller sends signals to the drives for the primary and secondary carriages instructing each of them to carry out the same movement . thus , the secondary carriage effectively mimics the movements made by the primary carriage so as to continously provide a counterbalancing force . if appropriate , a greater degree of control over the magnitude of the counterbalancing force could be obtained by providing a measurement device to monitor the spacing between the primary and secondary carriages . the machine controller could be arranged to adjust the position of the secondary carriage if necessary having regard to an output signal from the measurement device , in order to maintain a constant spacing and therefore a constant counterbalancing force . alternatively , the position of the secondary carriage could be adjusted so as to minimise the current demand of the primary drive as measured by the machine controller . it will be appreciated that several modifications or variations to the configuration shown by way of example in fig1 to 4 are encompassed by the present invention . in the arrangement illustrated in fig1 to 4 , the secondary carriage is positioned below the primary carriage , with the load support being provided by a compression spring 26 . alternatively , the secondary carriage could be positioned above the primary carriage , with the load support being provided by a tension spring ( or other resilient component in tension ). such an arrangement is depicted in fig5 , in which the primary carriage is attached to the lower end of tension spring 26 ′. the secondary carriage is hung from , rather than supported by , the screw drive . in other configurations , this secondary carriage may be positioned to the side , behind or in front of the primary carriage . it could also be at least partially accommodated within the dimensions of the primary carriage . in the embodiment of fig6 , the secondary carriage 12 is located within the body of the primary carriage 4 , to provide a more compact configuration . coil spring 26 bears against an inner wall of the body . in other arrangements , the secondary carriage and its guideways 14 could be provided on the back or inside support column 1 , and apply the preload force to the carriage via cables or chains running over pulleys , with the secondary carriage travelling in an opposite sense to the primary carriage . the coupling arrangement between the primary and secondary carriages would in this arrangement comprise cables or chains connected in series with a resilient component such as coil spring 26 . the screw 16 of the screw drive associated with the secondary carriage could be of a plain thread type , or a rolling element type such as a ball screw or roll screw . the degree of smoothness of motion or positioning accuracy of the second drive is low , as these effects will be substantially isolated from the primary carriage by the coupling arrangement . the screw 16 may have a relatively fine pitch ( that is a low helix angle ) such that the drive will be non - reversible by its payload ( that is the primary and secondary carriages ). alternatively , the screw could have a coarser pitch with a high ratio or worm / wormwheel gear box incorporated into the drive system , such that the drive system is again non - reversible . in this way , the secondary carriage and therefore the primary carriage would hold their position with the power removed from their respective drives . in another configuration , a brake could be provided to prevent rotation of the screw 16 or its servo motor 20 when a stop condition is required . a range of other types of drive may form the secondary drive which could satisfy the relatively low positioning accuracy requirement for the secondary carriage drive . for example , it may be in the form of a rack and pinion drive , a friction drive , a capstan drive , or pneumatic or hydraulic cylinders with positioning capability . the secondary carriage may be utilised to carry out additional functions . for example , connections to the primary carriage may be achieved via the secondary carriage . cable and pipe routings can be a source of disturbance and positioning errors due to the varying forces they exert as the machine axis moves . these conduits may be coupled to the secondary carriage , which has a lower requirement for positioning accuracy than the primary carriage . one or more short , flexible and relatively light connections are then employed to transfer services from the secondary to the primary carriage . a further embodiment is depicted in fig7 . the arrangement of a primary carriage ( or support ) and a secondary carriage ( or driven body ) is similar to that shown in fig1 . however , in fig7 , the carriages are mounted on horizontally extending guideways . in this configuration , the secondary carriage is able to maintain the position of the primary carriage accurately against a constant opposing force . the guideways are mounted on a machine base 40 . a further embodiment of the invention involving a rotary machine axis will now be described with reference to fig8 to 11 . as previously mentioned , there is an angular equivalent to the linear applications described above . this variation is now described using , as an example , a rotary machine axis , with a shaft or spindle as the main guided body , and a secondary rotating element forming the secondary guided body or driven body , with compliant coupling between them . a housing 50 contains a first drive in the form of a precision rotary motor drive arranged to move a support which is constituted by a shaft 52 . the shaft 52 is supported on bearings 51 and 53 . the drive has a direct drive motor stator 55 attached to the housing 50 , and a direct drive motor rotor 57 attached to the shaft 52 . item 54 represents a workpiece , chuck or other tool mounted on one end of the support . the other end of the support is connected via a resilient coupling 58 to a second , relatively low precision drive 60 . in the example depicted , this drive includes a worm 59 and gear - wheel 61 drive . as with previous embodiments , it will be appreciated that a range of drive types may be suitable for this purpose having sufficient mechanical advantage , and if possible , internal friction to provide the required non - reversible properties . coupling 58 functions as a rotary equivalent of the linear resilient coupling 26 . it comprises two parallel , spaced apart discs 62 and 64 . a set of eight wedge - shaped members are provided between the two discs at circumferentially spaced locations . four of these members 66 are mounted on disc 62 whilst the other four members 68 are mounted on the other disc 64 . a coil spring 70 is provided between each of the members . rotation of one disc relative to the other in one direction will compress four of the springs , whilst rotation in the other direction will compress the other four springs . in this embodiment , disc 62 and the associated wedge - shaped members 66 effectively acts as a driven body as described herein coupled to support 52 via resilient coupling arrangement 58 . coupling 58 is shown as one example of a suitable resilient rotary linkage . other suitable arrangements will be apparent to the skilled reader . embodiments of the invention have been described with reference to carrying a tool or a workpiece on the machine axis , and it will be appreciated that the invention is applicable to use of a machine axis in a broad range of applications requiring precise position control . for example , it may be used in grinding , turning and polishing , and lithographic operations , and inspection of machined components . fig1 to 14 relate to embodiments of the present invention in which a counterforce mechanism of the form disclosed herein is employed to provide resilient support for a machine tool whilst maintaining its base in a desired orientation . a machine tool 80 is shown in fig1 which is mounted on four base support units 82 . an enlarged view of one of the support units is shown in fig1 . the machine tool includes a machine base or bed 84 with a carriage 86 of significant mass mounted for linear movement along the bed . movement of the carriage from one end of the bed to the other causes substantial variation in the forces exerted on the support units 82 . each support unit includes a resilient or compliant coupling , in the form of a spring 88 . this provides support for the machine mass whilst allowing relative movement between the machine base and the floor within certain frequency ranges ( these frequencies being the range over which the devices are required to isolate ). the support units may also include some form of damping , represented by damper units 90 to prevent uncontrolled bouncing of the machine on the springs 88 . each spring is mounted on a height adjustment device 92 . each device includes a motor - driven drive for changing the height of a driven body in the form of a platform 94 . each support unit is arranged such that as the respective spring 88 is compressed due to a change in vertical force on the unit ( for example resulting from movement of the carriage 86 ), the support unit adjusts the height of platform 94 to alter the counterforce exerted by spring 88 so as to maintain the desired machine base height above the floor . the height of the machine base above the floor may be monitored using a displacement sensor 96 , provided in engagement with the machine base . this generates a signal in response to changes in the height of the machine base in the vicinity of the respective support unit which is fed to a control arrangement of the support unit or machine tool to indicate a requirement for height adjustment . the control of machine height at each support unit position is therefore maintained in a closed - loop manner . another machine support implementation is depicted in fig1 . the configuration of the support units 82 correspond to that of the units shown in fig1 and 13 . however , the weight of the machine tool is essentially borne by four primary springs 98 . the secondary springs 88 associated with the support units are capable of exerting forces on the machine base corresponding to the variation in the load to be supported . while the present invention has been illustrated by description of various embodiments and while those embodiments have been described in considerable detail , it is not the intention of applicant to restrict or in any way limit the scope of the appended claims to such details . additional advantages and modifications will readily appear to those skilled in the art . the invention in its broader aspects is therefore not limited to the specific details and illustrative examples shown and described . accordingly , departures may be made from such details without departing from the spirit or scope of applicants &# 39 ; invention .	1
with reference to the figures , wherein like reference numerals refer to like or similar components throughout the several figures , and beginning with fig1 , a powertrain 10 includes an engine ( e ) 15 , a hydraulic pump ( p ) 14 , and a transmission ( t ) 18 . the engine 15 can be configured as a gasoline , diesel , or alternate fuel internal combustion engine of the type known in the art . in place of the engine 15 , or in conjunction therewith , an energy storage device such as a battery or battery pack can be used to supply energy to the transmission 18 . the transmission 18 includes a selectable one - way clutch ( sowc ) assembly 20 and a plurality of rotary elements 17 a , 17 b , for example individual gear elements of one of more planetary gear sets ( not shown ), rotatable shafts , or other rotating transmission power transmitting member . the sowc assembly 20 is operable for selectively establishing , transitioning , or shifting between different operating states or modes as set forth below , with the particular operating mode determined by an electronic control unit or controller ( c ) 12 in conjunction with an overall powertrain control algorithm or methodology . the controller 12 is in electrical communication with the pump 14 and any associated flow directional control valves , flow and / or pressure regulators , etc . ( not shown ) to provide precise fluid control within the powertrain 10 . the controller 12 can be configured as a distributed or central control module having such control modules and capabilities as might be necessary to operate the transmission 18 in the desired manner . for simplicity , the controller 12 is represented as a single device , although separate controllers may also be used within the scope of the invention depending on the number of additional functions which the controller 12 is intended to support or provide . the controller 12 can be configured as a general purpose digital computer generally comprising a microprocessor or central processing unit , read only memory ( rom ), random access memory ( ram ), electrically - programmable read only memory ( eprom ), high speed clock , analog to digital ( a / d ) and digital to analog ( d / a ) circuitry , and input / output circuitry and devices ( i / o ), as well as appropriate signal conditioning and buffer circuitry . each set of algorithms resident in the controller 12 can be stored in rom and executed to provide the respective functions of each resident controller . the transmission 18 can be either selectively or directly connected to the engine 15 via a first rotatable member 22 , and is configured to transmit torque from the engine 15 through the element 17 a , the sowc assembly 20 , and the element 17 b to a second rotatable member 23 . the second rotatable member 23 ultimately rotates a set of road wheels 13 to thereby propel any vehicle using the powertrain 10 . as will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art , any sowc assembly , including the sowc assembly 20 set forth herein , is designed to selectively hold torque in either , both , or neither rotational direction as needed to thereby establish or transition between different sowc operating modes . in this manner the functionality of the transmission 18 can be optimized . referring to fig2 , the sowc assembly 20 of fig1 is shown in partial schematic side view with respect to an axis of rotation or centerline 11 of the sowc assembly 20 . the sowc assembly 20 includes a rotatable outer drum or housing 24 , a rotatable inner hub 26 , a rotatable first plate or race 28 , and a rotatable second plate or race 30 . the first race 28 is connected to the housing 24 via a set of mating splines 29 , while the second race 30 is connected to the hub 26 via another set of mating splines 31 . the sowc assembly 20 also includes at least one rotatable selector plate 32 positioned between the first and second races 28 and 30 , respectively . a rotation of the selector plate 32 transitions or shifts the sowc assembly 20 between a plurality of different sowc operating states or modes . directional toque transfer or holding can be provided in either direction across the sowc assembly 20 as needed in order to establish such mode . such torque transfer or holding can be achieved by selectively covering and uncovering different torque - transfer elements , e . g ., diodes , struts , rollers , sprags , pawls , etc ., thus allowing the torque - transfer elements to block or unblock rotation of one , both , or neither of the races 28 and / or 30 of the sowc assembly 20 as needed , as determined by the controller 12 . see for example the exemplary torque - transfer element 70 of fig4 . to selectively actuate the sowc assembly 20 , a hydraulic actuator 40 is configured according to one embodiment as an annular , hydraulically - actuated piston mechanism . in this particular embodiment , the hydraulic actuator 40 , which can be splined to the housing 24 as described below with reference to fig3 and 4 to rotate in conjunction therewith , can be selectively moved in the direction of arrow a in response to an admission of pressurized fluid ( arrow f ) from the pump 14 of fig1 , with the fluid ( arrow f ) flowing through a fluid channel 42 and into an apply chamber 46 . when pressurized fluid is discontinued by the controller 12 of fig1 , a return device 45 such as a spring cage or other suitable return mechanism reacts against a stationary balance piston or reaction plate 44 to move the hydraulic actuator 40 back in the direction of arrow r . within the scope of the invention , a plurality of axially - extending prongs , projections , or actuator tabs 48 are operatively connected to or formed integrally with the hydraulic actuator 40 , while a plurality of radially - extending pawls or fingers 36 are operatively connected to or formed integrally with a selector plate or plates 32 . that is , the tabs 48 are adapted to continuously engage a different one of the fingers 36 , with the rotation of the hydraulic actuator 40 when applied in the direction of arrow a or released in the direction of arrow r alternately moving the fingers 36 between a pair of positions in a discrete slot 72 ( see fig4 ). movement of the fingers 36 within the discrete slot 72 of fig4 exerts a force on the selector plate or plates 32 that is sufficient for rotating the selector plate 32 , an action which selectively covers and uncovers different torque - transfer elements 70 ( see fig4 ) to thereby transition between the different available sowc operating modes . still referring to fig2 , in another embodiment the sowc assembly 20 includes an additional hydraulic actuator 50 that is positioned axially - outward of the hydraulic actuator 40 described above . as with the hydraulic actuator 40 , the hydraulic actuator 50 is biased by a return device 55 , which reacts against a balance piston or reaction plate 54 . admission of pressurized fluid ( arrow f ) through a fluid channel 52 and into an apply chamber 56 moves the hydraulic actuator 50 in the direction of arrow a to thereby apply the hydraulic actuator 40 , while the return device 55 moves the hydraulic actuator 50 in the direction of arrow r to release the hydraulic actuator 50 . similar to the configuration described above for the hydraulic actuator 40 , a plurality of axially - extending prongs , projections , or actuator tabs 58 are operatively connected to or formed integrally with the hydraulic actuator 50 . the tabs 58 are engageable with the fingers 36 of the selector plate or plates 32 , i . e ., with some predetermined number of the fingers 36 engaged with the tabs 58 of the hydraulic actuator 50 and the remainder of the fingers 36 engaged with the tabs 48 of the hydraulic actuator 40 , as described above . also within the scope of the invention , and as described below with reference to fig3 and 4 , the selector plate 32 can be alternately configured as two independently - rotatable selector plates 32 a and 32 b , with each of the selector plates 32 a and 32 b of fig3 and 4 being separately rotatable using a respective or corresponding one of the hydraulic actuators 40 and 50 . in this manner , additional operating modes are potentially enabled in the sowc assembly 20 . for example , the sowc 20 can have two , three , or four states or operating modes . if only two operating modes are desired , only one actuation device is required , i . e ., the hydraulic actuator 40 or 50 . such a two - mode device would have two sets of torque - transfer elements 70 ( see fig4 ), with one set functioning as a traditional or conventional one - way clutch and another set which can be selectively deactivated using the selector plate 32 . therefore , a two - mode sowc device would be able to carry torque in both rotational directions simultaneously , or in one direction only while overrunning in the other rotational direction . likewise , a three - mode or four - mode sowc device can include two sets of torque - transfer elements 70 ( see fig4 ), both sets being controlled by separately or independently controlled selector plates 32 a , 32 b as shown in fig3 and 4 . with independently - acting selector plates 32 a , 32 b , the sowc assembly 20 of fig2 can carry torque in both rotational directions , either rotational direction , or overrun in both rotational directions . referring to fig3 , an exploded view is provided of the sowc assembly 20 of fig2 . as noted above , the sowc assembly 20 includes the housing 24 , the first race 28 , and the second race 30 , as well as one or both of the hydraulic actuators 40 and 50 . the selector plate 32 can be alternately configured as a single selector plate for two - mode operation as set forth above , or as a set of independently - moveable selector plates 32 a , 32 b . the housing 24 has splines 33 that are engageable or mateable with the splines 29 of the first race 28 , such that the housing 24 and first race 28 rotate in unison , while the second race 30 is connected to the hub 26 ( see fig2 ) via the splines 31 , thereby rotating in conjunction with the hub 26 . the tabs 48 , 58 of the respective hydraulic actuators 40 , 50 are axially - projecting , i . e ., the tabs 48 , 58 extend in a direction substantially parallel to the centerline 11 of the sowc assembly 20 . in one embodiment , each tab 48 , 58 defines an angled slot 74 , with each of the fingers 36 of the selector plate 32 or plates 32 a , 32 b continuously engaged with a different one of the angled slots 74 . each finger 36 moves within a corresponding angled slot 74 during rotation of the hydraulic actuator 40 and / or 50 , during either an application or a release thereof . the first race 28 can be configured with the discrete slots 72 each having a pair of end positions 80 , 82 , with a number of discrete slots 72 equal to the number of fingers 36 of the selector plate 32 or plates 32 a , 32 b . each adjacent pair of splines 29 of the first race 28 define a surface or groove 84 in which the tabs 48 can be positioned , thus effectively splining the hydraulic actuators 40 , 50 to the first race 28 and the housing 24 . therefore , rotation of each of the hydraulic actuators 40 , 50 can occur at a different rate than that of the second race 30 . fingers 36 engaged with the tabs 48 , 58 will therefore alternately move between the positions 80 , 82 of the discrete slot 72 in the circumference of the first race 28 depending on the relative rotation of the races 28 , 30 . torque - transfer elements 70 ( see fig4 ) disposed between the selector plate 32 and the second race 30 can be selectively covered or uncovered thereby as the selector plate 32 or plates 32 a , 32 b are rotated by the interaction or engagement of the tabs 48 , 58 and the fingers 36 . that is , rotation of the selector plate 32 or plates 32 a , 32 b can cover some number of the torque - transfer elements 70 of fig4 , depressing them into holes , notches , or wells ( not shown ) formed or otherwise provided in a surface 75 of the second race 30 . the same torque - transfer elements 70 can also be selectively uncovered , wherein a spring device ( not shown ) or other suitable biasing mechanism allows the torque - transfer elements 70 to at least partially enter a corresponding cavity ( not shown ) in a facing surface 76 of the first race 28 . in this manner torque is held across the sowc assembly 20 as needed , with the range of torque holding capability or number of different sowc operating states or modes depending on the number of selector plates 32 and hydraulic actuators 40 , 50 used , as well as the orientation and spacing of the torque - transfer elements 70 , as will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art . referring to fig4 , the sowc assembly 20 of fig2 and 3 is shown with the first race 28 removed for clarity . in the embodiment of fig4 , the selector plates 32 a , 32 b are used in conjunction with hydraulic actuators 40 and 50 , with only the hydraulic actuator 40 being visible from the perspective of fig4 . each selector plate 32 a , 32 b has one or more windows 60 defined by adjacent blocking portions 61 , such that rotation of the selector plates 32 a , 32 b selectively covers and uncovers a predetermined number of torque - transfer elements 70 . while only one torque - transfer element 70 is shown in fig4 for simplicity , those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the actual number of torque - transfer elements 70 used in conjunction with the sowc assembly 20 , as well as spacing thereof , is dependent upon system design , backlash considerations , desired operating modes , etc . generally , there will be one torque - transfer element 70 for each window 60 . likewise , for clarity the surface 75 of the second race 30 is shown without holes or wells for holding the torque - transfer elements 70 , with such detail understood as being present within the scope of the invention and the understanding of the art of selectable one - way clutches . still referring to fig4 , and in particular the area generally indicated by the arrow c , each tab 48 can be configured to define an angled slot 74 . the angled slot 74 can be shaped , sized , or otherwise configured to engage the fingers 36 of the selector plate 32 as described above . in one embodiment , the angled slot 74 can include a first slot portion 78 and a second slot portion 79 . in the embodiment shown in fig4 , the second slot portion 79 is aligned in a substantially parallel manner with respect to the centerline 11 of the sowc assembly 20 , with the second slot portion 79 intersecting the first slot portion 78 at a predetermined angle ( θ ). that is , the tab 48 has a distal end or outer wall 90 , with the second slot portion 79 intersecting the outer wall in an orthogonal manner . the predetermined angle ( θ ) can be selected as needed to provide a smooth engagement between each finger 36 and a mating angled slot 74 . for example , a threshold range of approximately 30 to 50 degrees can be used according to one exemplary embodiment , although other ranges or angular values can also be used within the scope of the invention to provide the desired movement of the fingers 36 within a corresponding discrete slot 72 ( see fig3 ). while the best modes for carrying out the invention have been described in detail , those familiar with the art to which this invention relates will recognize various alternative designs and embodiments for practicing the invention within the scope of the appended claims .	5
the present invention relates to a method , and wireless communications device that incorporates this method , for optimizing the time a display is in a lit state . the present invention offers a light power technique that is adaptive to a setting . generally , in the present invention , the greater the amount of information on a display , the longer the time the display screen of the wireless communications device will be lit to permit a user to read a screen of information . also , in the present invention , display lighting times will be increased when smaller font characters are to be displayed if the amount of information increases . in an embodiment of the present invention , a lighting timing learning mode may be implemented to accommodate users with varying reading capabilities . a user interface for wireless communications device includes a component to compose a destination for an outgoing communication generated by the device . the component provides alternative composition means comprising a prompt for receiving the destination from a user ; and a hot list of candidate destinations from which the user may select the destination . the component may be invoked directly from a home screen of the user interface by keying the destination . entry from the main screen may populate the prompt with the keyed destination to speed calling operations . fig1 is a block diagram of a communication system 100 that includes a mobile station 102 that communicates through a wireless communication network symbolized by station 104 . mobile station 102 preferably includes a visual display 112 , a keyboard 114 , and perhaps one or more auxiliary user interfaces ( ui ) 116 , each of which is coupled to a controller 106 . controller 106 is also coupled to radio frequency ( rf ) transceiver circuitry 108 and an antenna 110 . typically , controller 106 is embodied as a central processing unit ( cpu ) that runs operating system software in a memory component ( not shown ). controller 106 will normally control overall operation of mobile station 102 , whereas signal - processing operations associated with communication functions are typically performed in rf transceiver circuitry 108 . controller 106 interfaces with device display 112 to display received information , stored information , user inputs , and the like . keyboard 114 , which may be a telephone type keypad or full alphanumeric keyboard , is normally provided for entering data for storage in mobile station 102 , information for transmission to network 104 , a telephone number to place a telephone call , commands to be executed on mobile station 102 , and possibly other or different user inputs . mobile station 102 sends communication signals to and receives communication signals from the wireless network 104 over a wireless link via antenna 110 . rf transceiver circuitry 108 performs functions similar to those of a base station and a base station controller ( bsc ) ( not shown ), including for example modulation / demodulation and possibly encoding / decoding and encryption / decryption . it is also contemplated that rf transceiver circuitry 108 may perform certain functions in addition to those performed by a bsc . it will be apparent to those skilled in art that rf transceiver circuitry 108 will be adapted to particular wireless network or networks in which mobile station 102 is intended to operate . mobile station 102 includes a battery interface ( if ) 134 for receiving one or more rechargeable batteries 132 . battery 132 provides electrical power to electrical circuitry in mobile station 102 , and battery if 132 provides for a mechanical and electrical connection for battery 132 . battery if 132 is coupled to a regulator 136 that regulates power to the device . when mobile station 102 is fully operational , an rf transmitter of rf transceiver circuitry 108 is typically keyed or turned on only when it is sending to network , and is otherwise turned off to conserve resources . similarly , an rf receiver of rf transceiver circuitry 108 is typically periodically turned off to conserve power until it is needed to receive signals or information ( if at all ) during designated time periods . mobile station 102 operates using a subscriber identity module ( sim ) 140 which is connected to or inserted in mobile station 102 at a sim interface ( if ) 142 . sim 140 is one type of a conventional “ smart card ” used to identify an end user ( or subscriber ) of mobile station 102 and to personalize the device , among other things . without sim 140 , the mobile station terminal is not fully operational for communication through the wireless network . by inserting sim 140 into mobile station 102 , an end user can have access to any and all of his / her subscribed services . sim 140 generally includes a processor and memory for storing information . since sim 140 is coupled to sim if 142 , it is coupled to controller 106 through communication lines 144 . in order to identify the subscriber , sim 140 contains some user parameters such as an international mobile subscriber identity ( inisi ). an advantage of using sim 140 is that end users are not necessarily bound by any single physical mobile station . sim 140 may store additional user information for the mobile station as well , including date book ( or calendar ) information and recent call information . mobile station 102 may consist of a single unit , such as a data communication device , a multiple - function communication device with data and voice communication capabilities , a personal digital assistant ( pda ) enabled for wireless communication , or a computer incorporating an internal modem . alternatively , mobile station 102 may be a multiple - module unit comprising a plurality of separate components , including but in no way limited to a computer or other device connected to a wireless modem . in particular , for example , in the mobile station block diagram of fig1 , rf transceiver circuitry 108 and antenna 110 may be implemented as a radio modem unit that may be inserted into a port on a laptop computer . in this case , the laptop computer would include display 112 , keyboard 114 , one or more auxiliary uis 116 , and controller 106 embodied as the computer &# 39 ; s cpu . it is also contemplated that a computer or other equipment not normally capable of wireless communication may be adapted to connect to and effectively assume control of rf transceiver circuitry 108 and antenna 110 of a single - unit device such as one of those described above . such a mobile station 102 may have a more particular implementation as described later in relation to mobile station 202 of fig2 . fig2 is a detailed block diagram of a preferred mobile station 202 . mobile station 202 is preferably a two - way wireless communication device having at least voice and advanced data communication capabilities , including the capability to communicate with other computer systems . depending on the functionality provided by mobile station 202 , it may be referred to as a data messaging device , a two - way pager , a cellular telephone with data messaging capabilities , a wireless internet appliance , or a data communication device ( with or without telephony capabilities ). mobile station 202 may communicate with any one of a plurality of fixed transceiver stations 200 within its geographic coverage area . mobile station 202 will normally incorporate a communication subsystem 211 , which includes a receiver , a transmitter , and associated components , such as one or more ( preferably embedded or internal ) antenna elements and , local oscillators ( los ), and a processing module such as a digital signal processor ( dsp ) ( all not shown ). communication subsystem 211 is analogous to rf transceiver circuitry 108 and antenna 110 shown in fig1 . as will be apparent to those skilled in field of communications , particular design of communication subsystem 211 depends on the communication network in which mobile station 202 is intended to operate . network access is associated with a subscriber or user of mobile station 202 and therefore mobile station 202 requires a subscriber identity module or “ sim ” card 262 to be inserted in a sim if 264 in order to operate in the network . sim 262 includes those features described in relation to fig1 . mobile station 202 is a battery - powered device so it also includes a battery if 254 for receiving one or more rechargeable batteries 256 . such a battery 256 provides electrical power to most if not all electrical circuitry in mobile station 202 , and battery if 254 provides for a mechanical and electrical connection for it . the battery if 254 is coupled to a regulator ( not shown ) that provides power v + to all of the circuitry . mobile station 202 includes a microprocessor 238 ( which is one implementation of controller 106 of fig1 ) that controls overall operation of mobile station 202 . communication functions , including at least data and voice communications , are performed through communication subsystem 211 . microprocessor 238 also interacts with additional device subsystems such as a display 222 , a flash memory 224 , a random access memory ( ram ) 226 , auxiliary input / output ( i / o ) subsystems 228 , a serial port 230 , a keyboard 232 , a speaker 234 , a microphone 236 , a short - range communications subsystem 240 , and any other device subsystems generally designated at 242 . some of the subsystems shown in fig2 perform communication - related functions , whereas other subsystems may provide “ resident ” or on - device functions . notably , some subsystems , such as keyboard 232 and display 222 , for example , may be used for both communication - related functions , such as entering a text message for transmission over a communication network , and device - resident functions such as a calculator or task list . operating system software used by microprocessor 238 is preferably stored in a persistent store such as flash memory 224 , which may alternatively be a read - only memory ( rom ) or similar storage element ( not shown ). those skilled in the art will appreciate that the operating system , specific device applications , or parts thereof , may be temporarily loaded into a volatile store such as ram 226 . microprocessor 238 , in addition to its operating system functions , preferably enables execution of software applications on mobile station 202 . a predetermined set of applications that control basic device operations , including at least data and voice communication applications , will normally be installed on mobile station 202 during its manufacture . a preferred application that may be loaded onto mobile station 202 may be a personal information manager ( pim ) application having the ability to organize and manage data items relating to the user such as , but not limited to , instant messaging ( im ), e - mail , calendar events , voice mails , appointments , and task items . naturally , one or more memory stores are available on mobile station 202 and sim 256 to facilitate storage of pim data items and other information . the pim application preferably has the ability to send and receive data items via the wireless network . in a preferred embodiment , pim data items are seamlessly integrated , synchronized , and updated via the wireless network , with the mobile station user &# 39 ; s corresponding data items stored and / or associated with a host computer system thereby creating a mirrored host computer on mobile station 202 with respect to such items . this is especially advantageous where the host computer system is the mobile station user &# 39 ; s office computer system . additional applications may also be loaded onto mobile station 202 through network 200 , an auxiliary i / o subsystem 228 , serial port 230 , short - range communications subsystem 240 , or any other suitable subsystem 242 , and installed by a user in ram 226 or preferably a non - volatile store ( not shown ) for execution by microprocessor 238 . such flexibility in application installation increases the functionality of mobile station 202 and may provide enhanced on - device functions , communication - related functions , or both . for example , secure communication applications may enable electronic commerce functions and other such financial transactions to be performed using mobile station 202 . in a data communication mode , a received signal such as a text message , an e - mail message , or web page download will be processed by communication subsystem 211 and input to microprocessor 238 . microprocessor 238 will preferably further process the signal for output to display 222 , to auxiliary i / o device 228 or both as described further herein below with reference to fig3 – 7 . a user of mobile station 202 may also compose data items , such as e - mail messages , for example , using keyboard 232 in conjunction with display 222 and possibly auxiliary i / o device 228 . keyboard 232 is preferably a complete alphanumeric keyboard and / or telephone - type keypad . these composed items may be transmitted over a communication network through communication subsystem 211 . for voice communications , the overall operation of mobile station 202 is substantially similar , except that the received signals would be output to speaker 234 and signals for transmission would be generated by microphone 236 . alternative voice or audio i / o subsystems , such as a voice message recording subsystem , may also be implemented on mobile station 202 . although voice or audio signal output is preferably accomplished primarily through speaker 234 , display 222 may also be used to provide an indication of the identity of a calling party , duration of a voice call , or other voice call related information , as some examples . serial port 230 in fig2 is normally implemented in a personal digital assistant ( pda )- type communication device for which synchronization with a user &# 39 ; s desktop computer is a desirable , albeit optional , component . serial port 230 enables a user to set preferences through an external device or software application and extends the capabilities of mobile station 202 by providing for information or software downloads to mobile station 202 other than through a wireless communication network . the alternate download path may , for example , be used to load an encryption key onto mobile station 202 through a direct and thus reliable and trusted connection to thereby provide secure device communication . short - range communications subsystem 240 of fig2 is an additional optional component that provides for communication between mobile station 202 and different systems or devices , which need not necessarily be similar devices . for example , subsystem 240 may include an infrared device and associated circuits and components , or a bluetooth ™ communication module to provide for communication with similarly - enabled systems and devices . bluetooth ™ is a registered trademark of bluetooth sig , inc . in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , mobile station 202 is a multi - tasking wireless communications device configured for sending and receiving data items and for making and receiving voice calls . to provide a user - friendly environment to control the operation of mobile station 202 , an operating system resident on station 202 ( not shown ) provides a gui having a main screen and a plurality of sub - screens navigable from the main screen . the tasks performed by the multi - tasking wireless communications device may include e mail composition , e mail message display , web based browsing , calendar , phone list , and e mail message search . in the preferred embodiment , the display on the wireless communications device is a liquid crystal display ( lcd ), as illustrated in fig3 . in a general construction , the lcd is composed of three layers : a top substrate , a liquid crystal layer , and a bottom substrate . a liquid crystal display may operate in a light reflective mode when ambient light is sufficient or may be lit by a light source within or on the wireless communications device . when the lcd is illuminated by a light source 308 in a back lighting mode , the top and bottom substrates 302 , 306 must be sufficiently transparent to provide a viewable display . at least one of the substrates may be an active matrix substrate with thin film transistors . alternatively , the lcd may be a passive matrix device . included as part of one or both of the substrates may be one or more brightness enhancing , light scattering , colour filter , black matrix , retarder , and / or adhesive layers . the liquid crystal layer 304 may be twisted nematic , super twisted nematic , cholesteric , discoidal , nematic , or the like . where feasible , two or more liquid crystals may be used together as a mixture or in adjacent regions of the liquid crystal display . the light source 308 is preferably a light emitting diode ( led ) for reasons of cost , compactness , luminance , and weight . the led is preferably placed behind the liquid crystal display in relation to a viewer , but may be placed , additionally or optionally , at the edge or on the viewer &# 39 ; s side of the liquid crystal display . to maximize the amount of light utilized , a reflector 310 is preferably is disposed beneath the light source 308 . as the light source 308 for the display consumes power as a function of being turned on and intensity when turned on , it is important to optimize the on time and , optionally , intensity . this is accomplished by relating turn on time ( and , optionally , intensity ) to one or more factors . factors used in determining the on time for the light source may include the amount of information to be displayed , font size of the characters to be displayed , the type of task being performed , and ambient light levels . ambient light levels may be sensed by a light sensor and may be used to determine a particular intensity of lighting and / or a particular duration of the lighting . this sensor , if implemented , is preferably placed at the edge of the lcd to minimize a user &# 39 ; s risk of covering up the sensor and to more accurately sense the light level received by the lcd . fig1 illustrates an embodiment of a method of the present invention in which the light is turned on 902 . if no light has been turned on , other processing continues 904 . when the light is turned on , as by the user hitting the backlight key or from hitting any key in an automatic mode , multiple factors selected by a manufacturer or end user 906 may be incorporated into an algorithm or may be simply multiplied together with a default time to establish a time on value to be loaded into a timer register 908 . the time on value is loaded into the timer 910 for a count down operation or is used in a comparator operation for a count up operation 912 . the timer count up / down continues 914 until the timer times out 912 unless the user scrolls a thumbwheel or pushes a key 922 causing the timer to reload the time on value . an optional dim mode may be implemented 916 such that when a light on timer time out occurs , the end user is not left in the dark but has some warning that the light will be extinguish within a short period of time 918 . that is , the dim mode may cause the light to dim for a preselected time before shutting the light off completely . the dim mode time may be selectable by the manufacturer or end user or both . fig4 and 5 illustrate more specific embodiments of the method of the present invention . in fig4 , activity typing 402 and amount of information to be displayed 404 determine a timer quantity . a default time value may also be used to determine the timer quantity . for example , if the activity typing factor were 2 , the amount of information were 5 , and the default time value were 10 seconds , the resulting time on product would be 100 seconds . the wireless communications device may have a learning mode in which behavioral heuristics of the end user may be kept as to how often a user forces the backlight on or off to determine if time outs need to be lengthened or shortened . in fig4 , if a behavioral factor were present or selected 406 , the behavioral factor may be multiplied with the timer quantity to determine a new timer quantity . in the embodiment of the method illustrated by fig5 , the type of activity 502 , the amount of information ( or , content ) 504 , and the font size ( or type ) 506 are used to derive the time on of the light source 508 . the amount of information may be determined through the number of ascii characters to be displayed on the screen , the number of informative ascii characters to be displayed on the display screen ( e . g ., characters that are not the space character ), the number of data words retrieved from memory for the display , the number of data words buffered representing characters contemporaneously displayed as determined by the selected font size , and the like . fig6 – 8 illustrate an embodiment of the method of the present invention in which menus are used to set the light source time on value with an optional dim mode . in fig6 , the end user or manufacturer may choose to set the time on factors and / or the dim mode duration time from a lighting options menu . in fig7 , when the time on factors menu is selected , the end user or manufacturer may choose to set the light on timing to the amount of data to be displayed , font size ( or type ), behavioral heuristics , activity , and the like . the behavioral heuristics may include the keeping of a log file of backlight usage duration for an activity in which the backlight usage duration is averaged and / or is weighted more heavily for recent activity of a user . the log file of backlight usage duration may also be set to cutoff consideration of any usage before a predetermined date such as any activity more than a month old . in fig8 , a dim mode duration time menu permits the dim mode to be used as a warning to the end user that the lighting is to be timed out . if the dim mode warning is selected , the dim mode warning time out may be set . this could be a value of only one second or two or may be a higher value , such as 30 seconds or one minute . in an embodiment of the present invention , as illustrated in fig9 , a user profile may be established . the user profile , unique to each user if there are more than one users , may provide a unique default time for illumination duration for an activity , such e mail , calendar , and the main screen . a reset to default may be provided as an option in case for a new user or a user who wishes to have his or her use activity recalibrated . the present invention may be practiced in a variety of ways . the on time may also be made determinable by the type of information on the display , e . g ., graphs or photographs . since some activities , such as e mail composition and message reading , are more likely to benefit than other activities for light source on time adjustability , the invention may be practiced such that only certain activities entered by an end user result in adjustment to the on time for the light source while others require no special adjustment . although a dim power mode has been described , other power modes may be implemented instead or in addition , such as an idle mode , a screen saver mode , a standby mode , and a power down mode . the light source illuminating the lcd may use discrete levels , as described above , or may have continuously variable light intensity . a dedicated button may be provided on the body of the wireless communications device to permit a user to step through various states , such as high to dim to off to high . the above - described embodiments of the present application are intended to be examples only . those of skill in the art may effect alterations , modifications and variations to the particular embodiments without departing from the scope of the application . the invention described herein in the recited claims intends to cover and embrace all suitable changes in technology .	8
embodiments of the present invention will be explained with reference to accompanying drawings . [ 0043 ] fig1 is a cross - sectional elevation view of a sputtering apparatus embodying the present invention , and fig2 is a cross - sectional plan view . a sputtering apparatus of the embodiment shown in fig1 and 2 is basically constituted of an evacuation system 2 for evacuating a vacuum chamber 1 , a gas supply system 3 for supplying sputtering process gases , and a power supply 4 for supplying plural cathodes with a sputtering electric power . the power supply 4 may be provided for each cathode , or may be of a type in which a single power supply is so switched as to supply a cathode to be used with the electric power . in the vacuum changer , there are provided a cathode unit 5 on which plural targets are mounted , and a scan unit 7 for executing a scan operation by rotationally supporting a substrate 6 . more specifically , in the interior of the vacuum chamber , the cathode unit 5 is fixed by cathode rotating axes 10 , 11 on upper and lower faces of the chamber 1 across magnetic seals 8 , 9 , and a cathode drive system 12 is provided under the magnetic seal 9 . on lateral faces of the cathode unit 5 of a polygonal pillar shape , there are provided electrically insulated plural cathodes 13 a , 13 b , 13 c , 13 d on which targets of different materials 14 a , 14 b , 14 c , 14 d are mounted . the cathodes are provided with shutters 15 a , 15 b , 15 c , 15 d which can be opened or closed independently . the rotary axes 10 , 11 are made hollow , of which interior serves for accommodating a cathode cooling water system , a cable for supplying the sputtering electric power , sputtering gases , a shutter driving air system etc . such configuration enables a rotational displacement while a sputtering is executed with a desired target . also by employing a servo motor for the drive motor of the cathode drive system 12 , a film formation is made possible under a highly precise positional control . in the scan unit 7 , a substrate holder 16 for supporting the substrate 6 is fixed at an end of a substrate rotary axis 17 . the rotary axis 17 is constituted of a substrate rotary drive system 19 for rotating the substrate across a magnetic seal 18 , a t - s drive system 21 for varying the target - substrate distance under isolation from the air by t - s bellows 20 , and a scan drive system 23 having a rotary center at a center of sθ bellows 22 capable of a bending motion under isolation from the air and causing a swinging scan motion of the entire unit parallel to the bottom face of the chamber . such configuration enables a scanned film formation under a substrate rotation during the sputtering and with a variable target - substrate distance . also , as in the aforementioned cathode drive system , by employing a servo motor for the drive motor of each control axis , a film formation is made possible under a highly precise positional control . the positional relationship of the units in the chamber , taking the rotary axis of the cathode unit 7 as a y - axis and axes passing the center of the targets 14 and parallel to the bottom face of the chamber as x and z axes , is such that the substrate rotary axis 17 has a rotating axis on an x ′- axis offset in the direction of the z - axis from the x - axis , and the scan axis has a rotary center on the x ′- axis and executes a scanning operation of the entire scan unit on the x - z plane . [ 0048 ] fig8 is a cross - sectional view of a sputtering apparatus in another embodiment of the present invention . a sputtering apparatus of the embodiment shown in fig8 is basically constituted of an evacuation system 32 for evacuating a vacuum chamber 31 , and a rotating sputtering target 4 . a scan unit 35 for rotationally supporting a substrate 3 for executing a scanning thereof is also provided . between the substrate and the target , there are provided a movable mask 36 and a fixed mask 37 for changing a film forming area , and a collimator 38 for determining a direction and a rate of sputtering particles . the collimator is rendered rotatable , and a change in the angle thereof allows a film forming rate to vary . the sputtering may be achieved either by an ion beam sputtering utilizing an ion source , or by a magnetron sputtering by supplying an electric power to the target . an actual multi - layered film formation by the sputtering apparatus of the present invention is executed in the following procedures : optimization of staying time or moving speed in the scan conditions ; ( 1 ) the setting of the scan conditions can be executed either by a method , based on a cad plan drawing of the present sputtering apparatus , of determining a target angle tθ , a t - s distance and a scan axis angle sθ of each step conditions , or by a method of a programmed determination of tθ and sθ conditions by an optimizing calculation of maintaining a constant t - s distance and minimizing an angle sin ( tθ ) 2 + sin ( sθ ) 2 , between the center of the target and a normal at each crossing point of lines connecting each step on the substrate . in the following , there will be explained a method based on the cad drawing . at first , on the cad drawing , a radial direction of a dimension larger by about 20 % than the radius of the lens mounted on the substrate holder is divided into 10 to 20 divisions , and such divided points are taken as p 0 , p 1 , p 2 , . . . , p 20 from the lens center . then , while the t - s distance between the center of the target and p 0 , p 1 , p 2 , . . . , p 20 on the lens surface is kept constant at a distance of 100 mm , each target angle tθ and each scan axis angle sθ are determined in such a manner that the normals to the lens surface at p 0 , p 1 , p 2 , . . . , p 20 and the normal at the target center substantially coincide . ( 2 ) a simulation for the film thickness distribution is executed with the conditions of the target angle tθ , the t - s distance and the scan axis angle sθ for each point determined in ( 1 ) to calculate a film thickness distribution of each target material . then a staying time is optimized by a least square method in such a manner that a sum of the calculated film thickness distribution for each point multiplied by the staying time becomes a desired film thickness distribution . ( 3 ) in the film forming step , based on the film forming rate of each target material under the optimized condition , a staying time in each point is inputted into the sputtering apparatus so as to obtain the desired film thickness . then a lens of an optimized shape is mounted on the substrate holder and is set in the scan unit of the vacuum chamber , through the load lock chamber . after the interior of the vacuum chamber is sufficiently evacuated with the evacuating unit , the film formation is initiated with the target angle tθ , the t - s distance , the scan axis angle sθ and the staying time , optimized for each point . after the film formation , the substrate is taken out and is subjected to a film thickness measurement , and in case a desired film thickness distribution is not obtained , a desired film thickness distribution can be easily obtained by optimizing the staying time corresponding to an observed error . an effect similar to that in the example 1 can also be obtained , in a configuration similar to that of the example 1 , under a condition setting by continuously varying the changing speed of the target angle tθ , the t - s distance and the scan axis angle sθ based on optimum conditions providing a desired film thickness distribution , obtained by the result of a film thickness simulation for each step . then , for comparing with the film thickness distribution control on an irregular substrate , a comparative simulation was made on the method of film formation under a movement of the substrate in x or xy direction parallel to the evaporation source ( japanese patent application laid - open no . h9 - 213634 ) and the method of the present invention under the control of the target angle tθ , the t - s distance and the scan axis angle sθ . there were assumed conditions of a target of a diameter of 5 inches , a t - s distance of 100 , 120 or 150 mm , movements of 16 steps with a pitch of 15 mm in the radial direction from the center of the substrate , a convex - shaped substrate of an external diameter of 300 mm and a radius of curvature of 300 mm in a rotating motion , and a film forming pressure of a discharge maintaining limit of about 0 . 1 pa where the influence of scattering becomes low , and the scattering effect was disregarded . also the emission angle distribution was calculated according to a cosine rule . [ 0064 ] fig3 shows a film thickness distribution in each step of the prior method , in case the aforementioned convex lens is moved by 16 steps with a pitch of 15 mm in the x - direction parallel to the evaporation source . fig4 shows film thickness distributions , obtained by optimizing the staying time in such a manner that a sum of a product of a film thickness distribution and a film forming rate multiplied by a staying time in each step becomes a desired value of 100 % ( an entirely uniform film thickness distribution ) or 115 % ( film thickness linearly increasing to 115 % from the lens center to the periphery ). [ 0065 ] fig5 shows a film thickness distribution of each step simulated in the configuration of the present invention , and , though the basic conditions are same as before , the target angle tθ , the scan axis angle sθ and the t - s distance were determined from a cad drawing . a radial direction of the lens was divided into 16 divisions , and such divided points are taken as p 0 , p 1 , p 2 , . . . , p 15 from the lens center . then , the t - s distance was kept constant at a distance of 100 , 120 or 150 mm , and each target angle tθ and each scan axis angle sθ were determined in such a manner that the normals to the lens surface at p 0 , p 1 , p 2 , . . . , p 10 and the normal at the target center substantially coincide . [ 0066 ] fig6 shows film thickness distributions , obtained by optimizing the staying time in such a manner that a sum of a product of a film thickness distribution and a film forming rate multiplied by a staying time in each step in fig5 becomes a desired value of 100 % ( an entirely uniform film thickness distribution ) or 115 % ( film thickness linearly increasing to 115 % from the lens center to the periphery ). [ 0067 ] fig7 shows a table in which the staying time in each step is represented by a percentage with respect to the entire staying time . as being apparent from fig3 and 7 , in the prior method , the film in a peripheral portion of the lens becomes thinner because of an increase in an inclined entry component of the sputtering particles into the substrate and an increase in the t - s distance , whereby a staying ratio increases in the film formation of the peripheral portion and the film thickness uniformity is inferior to the present invention because the film formation takes place simultaneously also in a central portion of a smaller area . in the present invention , it is further preferable to provide a hollow cylindrical chimney in front of the target , thereby further removing an inclined entry component and achieving a further improvement in the film thickness distribution and in the uniformity of film quality . the sputtering apparatus shown in fig9 is basically constituted of an evacuation system 32 for evacuating a vacuum chamber 31 , and a rotating sputtering target 34 . a scan unit 35 for rotationally supporting a substrate 33 for executing a scanning thereof is also provided . between the substrate and the target , there are provided a movable mask 36 and a fixed mask 37 for changing a film forming area , and a collimator 38 for determining a direction and a rate of sputtering particles . the collimator is rendered rotatable , and a change in the angle thereof allows a film forming rate to vary . the sputtering is executed by an ion beam sputtering utilizing an ion source 39 . the substrate 33 is introduced into the vacuum chamber 31 , and waits until a pressure equal to or lower than 10 − 4 pa is reached , then the film formation is initiated by rotating the substrate 33 and setting the ion beam 39 and the target 34 at desired angles . in this operation , the scan unit and the movable mask 36 are moved to control the film thickness distribution on the substrate 33 . also the film forming rate is controlled by the collimator 38 to improve the uniformity . with this apparatus , a desired film thickness could be obtained with a precision within ± 0 . 2 %. the sputtering apparatus shown in fig1 is basically constituted of an evacuation system 32 for evacuating a vacuum chamber 31 , and a rotating sputtering target 34 . a scan unit 35 for rotationally supporting a substrate 33 having a rotational parabolic surface and for executing a scanning thereof is also provided . between the substrate and the target , there are provided movable masks 36 , 40 and a fixed mask 37 for changing a film forming area , and a collimator 38 for determining a direction and a rate of sputtering particles . the collimator is rendered rotatable , and a change in the angle thereof allows a film forming rate to vary . the sputtering is executed by an ion beam sputtering utilizing an ion source 39 . the substrate 33 is introduced into the vacuum chamber 31 , and waits until a pressure equal to or lower than 10 − 4 pa is reached . then the film formation is initiated by rotating the substrate 33 and setting the ion beam 39 and the target 34 at desired angles . in this operation , the scan unit and the movable masks 36 , 40 are moved to control the film thickness distribution on the substrate 33 . also the film forming rate is controlled by the collimator 38 to improve the uniformity . with this apparatus , a desired film thickness could be obtained with a precision within ± 0 . 2 %. in a film forming process employing , as a substrate , a high - performance optical component having an irregular shape such as a lens , a step - scan operation under a continuous control or a staying - time control with a scan speed control on a partial film forming area , principally subjected to a vertical entry component of sputtering particles obtained by optimizing a target angle tθ and a scan axis angle sθ in each step , allows a uniform film of a high film density to be formed on the lens surface , achieving an efficient film formation of an antireflection film and the like with a desired film thickness distribution . also in a film forming process employing , as a substrate , a high - performance optical component having various shapes such as a lens or a mirror , the addition of a function capable of varying a rate and / or a film forming area in the course of film formation allows an efficient film formation with a desired film thickness distribution to be realized .	2
example embodiments will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings . fig1 is a cross sectional view of a blower unit 100 for a vehicle according to a first embodiment of the present teachings . the blower unit 100 comprises a fan 102 , a motor 104 , a scroll case 106 , and a cooling chamber defining a cooling path 108 . the fan 102 is a centrifugal multi - blade type fan . the fan 102 is connected to the motor 104 . the motor 104 is a brush type motor . the brush type motor comprises a brush and a commutator . the fan 102 creates airflow when rotated by the motor 104 . the motor 104 is accommodated in a motor housing 110 . the motor housing 110 defines an inner cylindrical surface 112 . the scroll case 106 accommodates the fan 102 . the scroll case 106 further defines a fresh air inlet 114 , a recirculation air inlet 116 , and an air outlet 118 ( not shown in fig1 , see fig4 and 5 ). the blower unit 100 intakes air from the fresh air inlet 114 or the recirculation air inlet 116 . in this embodiment , the fresh air inlet 114 and the recirculation air inlet 116 are alternatively opened and closed by a door 120 . the cooling path 108 is connected to the scroll case 106 at a bottom surface 122 of the scroll case 106 . the cooling path 108 extends from an outer peripheral portion 124 of the scroll case 106 to the motor 104 . the scroll case 106 has an aperture 126 on its side surface 128 . a part of the airflow is directed into that aperture 126 . an upstream side of the cooling path 108 communicates with a space 130 located at a downstream side of the aperture 126 . a downstream side of the cooling path 108 communicates with the inner side of the motor housing 110 . thus , the cooling path 108 guides a part of the airflow to the motor 104 . the cooling path 108 defines a slope 132 . the slope 132 declines from the outer peripheral portion 124 of the scroll case 106 to an edge 134 of the motor housing 110 . the airflow directed to the motor 104 goes through the motor housing 110 and enters the scroll case 106 again . a first flat surface 136 is accommodated in the cooling path 108 . the first flat surface 136 in this embodiment is generally perpendicular to a flow direction of the part of the airflow directed to the motor 104 , but the angle of the first flat surface 136 may be inclined as well . in this embodiment , the first flat surface 136 forms a part of the motor housing 110 . the first flat surface 136 is provided on one side of a partition or wall 138 ( depicted in fig2 ). the wall 138 provides a curved surface 140 on the other side of the first flat surface 136 . in another embodiment , the first flat surface 136 does not need to be a part of the scroll case 106 or cooling path 108 . a second flat surface 142 of a second partition or wall is accommodated in the cooling path . the second flat surface 142 is substantially parallel to the first flat surface 136 . the second flat surface 142 protrudes from the slope 132 into the cooling path 108 . the first flat surface 136 and the second flat surface 142 at least partially overlap each other in a direction of the airflow . there is a first gap ( g 1 ) between the first flat surface 136 and the second flat surface 142 , as illustrated in fig1 for example . fig2 further depicts a perspective view of the cooling path 108 in the first embodiment . in this embodiment , the cooling path 108 is a separate part from the scroll case 106 . fig3 and 4 are isometric views of the cooling path 108 , the fan 102 , the motor housing 110 , and the scroll case 106 in the first embodiment . the cooling path 108 is attached to the motor housing 110 and scroll case 106 by clamps 144 . fig5 is a cross sectional view of the blower unit 100 along dashed line b - b ′ viewing from the direction of arrow a depicted in fig1 . the curved surface 140 corresponds to the inner cylindrical surface 112 . fig6 is a graph showing noise level created by a brush motor at low speed . the brush motor typically makes noise at 2 to 10 khz high frequency bands . the driver may easily perceive such high frequency band noise . in this disclosure , the first flat surface 136 and the second flat surface 142 cooperatively provide a narrow noise reduction chamber , gap ( g 1 ), in the cooling path 108 . as shown in fig7 , the noise reduction effect relates to the chamber length . the length of the chamber ( l ) is defined by the distance between the flat surfaces . the noise reduction effect has maximum / peaks calculated by n * c /( 4 l ), and pockets / troughs appear at n * c /( 2 l ) between the maxima / peaks , where n is an integer , c is velocity of sound , and l is length of the chamber . it is preferable that the cooling path 108 defines a narrow chamber gap ( g 1 ), small enough to preclude the above pockets / troughs from an assumed noise range . for example , if the chamber gap ( g 1 ) is set to be less than 1 . 8 cm , the pockets / troughs will not appear until about 9 khz . thus , the high frequency noise created by brush motor noise may be effectively suppressed by the narrow chamber gap ( g 1 ) at all the maxima / peaks . fig8 is a cross sectional view of a blower unit 100 in the second embodiment . in the second embodiment , the blower unit 100 for a vehicle further includes a third flat surface 146 or a third partition or wall . the third flat surface 146 is accommodated in the cooling path 108 , and is substantially parallel to the second flat surface 142 . the second flat surface 142 and the third flat surface 146 at least partially overlap each other , and define a second gap ( g 2 ) between them . the distance between the first flat surface and the second flat surface ( the first gap g 1 ) is different from the distance between the second flat surface and the third flat surface ( the second gap g 2 ). more specifically , in this embodiment , the first gap g 1 is larger than the second gap g 2 . in this embodiment , the first flat surface 136 is provided by the outer wall of the motor housing 110 . fig9 shows noise reduction effect by multiple lengths of multiple chambers . like the configuration depicted in fig8 , multiple chambers will provide a broad band frequency noise reduction effect . fig1 is a cross sectional view of a blower unit 100 according to a third embodiment of the present teachings . in this third embodiment , the second flat surface 142 and the third flat surface 146 protrude from the bottom surface of the scroll case 106 . in this embodiment , the first gap g 1 is smaller than the second gap g 2 . fig1 is a cross sectional view of a blower unit 100 for a vehicle according to a fourth embodiment of the present teachings . in this fourth embodiment , the second flat surface 142 protrudes from the slope 132 of the cooling path 108 , and the third flat surface 146 protrudes from the bottom surface 122 of the scroll case 106 . in this embodiment , the second gap g 2 is defined between the first flat surface 136 and the third flat surface 146 . the second gap g 2 is larger than the first gap g 1 . the foregoing description of the embodiments has been provided for purposes of illustration and description . it is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention . individual elements or features of a particular embodiment are generally not limited to that particular embodiment , but , where applicable , are interchangeable and can be used in a selected embodiment , even if not specifically shown or described . the same may also be varied in many ways . such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the invention , and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the invention .	1
refer now to fig1 which is an overall drawing of the preferred embodiment of the invention . the device comprises a container 1 which contains a composition of inert gases 2 . in the form of the preferred embodiment the invention shall provide inert gas composition labeled ig - 541 by the united states environmental protection agency significant new alternatives program ( snap ), which comprises a blend of 52 % by volume nitrogen , 40 % by volume argon and 8 % by volume carbon dioxide . the container 1 contains this blend , with the subtraction of nitrogen in the preferred embodiment ; such that the container 1 is correspondingly 52 % smaller by volume than a typical ig - 541 container designed to protect identical enclosed volumes . a solid propellent gas generator 3 is operably attached to the container 1 . the solid propellent gas generator 3 contains special solid propellent 4 designed to generate nitrogen gas 5 when the burning of the propellent 4 is initiated by an electric squib 6 designed to initiate the propellent 4 . in the preferred embodiment the propellent 4 comprises a mixture of sodium azide and sulphur that is universally used in automotive airbag gas inflators and common to those experienced in the art . this composition generates almost pure nitrogen gas in a very inexpensive configuration . upon initiation and firing of the electric squib 6 ( either by automatic or manual initiation of an electric circuit upon detection of a fire in a compartment , and familiar to those experienced in the art ), the propellent 4 rapidly burns to generate nitrogen gas 5 which is directed to the container 1 by means of suitable plumbing 7 . in the preferred embodiment the exhaust part of the gas generator 3 contains a rupture disk 8 designed to prevent passage of the inert gas composition 2 from the container 1 into the solid propellent gas generator 3 , yet rupture upon generation of the higher pressures due to nitrogen gas 5 generated from the initiated solid propellent gas generator 3 to facilitate the release of nitrogen gas 5 from the initiated solid propellent gas generator 3 . in the preferred embodiment an optional dip tube 9 is enclosed in the container 1 and operably attached to the plumbing 7 to facilitate release of the nitrogen gas 5 into the lower portion of the internal volume of the container 1 . this is designed to promote mixing with the inert composition 2 enclosed in the container 1 . a discharge valve 10 facilitates containment of the high pressure inert gas composition 2 and nitrogen gas 5 . upon discharge of the nitrogen gas 5 from the solid propellent gas generator 3 into the lower portion of the container 1 , the discharge valve 10 releases the blended nitrogen gas 5 and the inert gas composition 2 out of the container 1 . the discharge valve 10 can be configured to contain a rupture disk designed to rupture at a pressure above the normal storage pressure of the inert gas composition 2 due to the addition of the nitrogen gas 5 from the solid propellent gas generator 3 to facilitate the release of the nitrogen gas 5 and the inert gas composition 2 . the blend of nitrogen gas 5 and the inert gas composition 2 moves through a conduit 11 or transport plumbing which is operably connected to the container 1 at the discharge valve 10 and an enclosed compartment 12 where it is released through a discharge nozzle 13 . thus , the blend of nitrogen gas 5 and said inert gas composition 2 is released into the enclosed compartment 12 in which a fire is located , effectively extinguishing the fire upon discharge of the nitrogen gas 5 and the inert gas composition 2 into the compartment 12 . the solid propellent gas generator 3 must be sized to generate the appropriate quantity of nitrogen gas 5 to blend with the inert gas composition 2 of argon and carbon dioxide to create a nitrogen , argon and carbon dioxide blend ratio of 52 %: 40 %: 8 % respectively in the preferred embodiment . the following example will illustrate the substantial volume savings achieved by using the nitrogen stored in solid form in the solid propellent gas generator 3 and supplied to the argon and carbon dioxide in the inert gas composition 2 stored as pressurized gas in the container 1 . a standard container size for storing ig - 541 is 3 . 8 cubic feet , stored at 2175 pounds per square inch pressure , which will generate 435 cubic feet of inert gas composition upon release into an enclosed atmosphere of approximately 925 . 5 cubic feet -- the estimated enclosure size in which such an amount of extinguishant will provide proper protection and safely extinguish fires . the weight of this inert gas composition is approximately 38 . 87 pounds mass in this container . accounting for molecular weights of the different inert gases in the composition , nitrogen accounts for approximately 44 . 83 percent of the composition weight ( or 17 . 43 pounds mass ), argon accounts for approximately 44 . 33 percent of the composition weight , and carbon dioxide accounts for approximately 10 . 84 percent of the composition weight . since the representative volumes of the inert gases are proportional to their relative concentrations , if nitrogen is removed from the composition , the container volume can be reduced by approximately 52 percent . 17 . 43 pounds of nitrogen must then be added to the remaining argon / carbon dioxide mixture that now requires only 1 . 82 cubic feet to store . a standard solid propellent gas generator blend of sodium azide and sulphur ( similar to those used in current automotive airbags ) can generate an almost completely pure nitrogen gas . for this blend , about 80 . 3 percent by weight of sodium azide and about 19 . 7 percent by weight sulphur is needed ( u . s . pat . no . 3 , 741 , 585 ). by balancing the chemical reaction , a total of 51 . 89 grams of nitrogen will be produced for every 100 grams of sodium azide / sulphur blend . the density of sulphur is approximately 2 . 07 grams per cubic centimeter , and the density of sodium azide is approximately 1 . 846 grams per cubic centimeter , so an estimated average density of the blend , adjusted for the proportion by weight of each ingredient , is approximately 1 . 89 grams per cubic centimeter . to generate the 17 . 43 pounds mass of nitrogen required from the generator , a total of 33 . 59 pounds mass of the gas generator propellent blend is required . using the estimated density of the blend and converting units , a gas generator of 0 . 29 cubic feet in volume is needed to supply the necessary mass of nitrogen . this is substantially less than the 1 . 98 cubic feet of nitrogen needed in compressed gas form . when the gas generator volume is added to the argon / carbon dioxide compressed gas mixture volume , a total volume of 2 . 11 cubic feet is required , which is a 44 . 5 percent reduction in required storage volume over a conventional compressed ig - 541 inert gas blend system to provide the same level of protection . the sodium azide nitrogen gas generator system was chosen as the preferred embodiment due to its low cost and wide availability , while retaining the substantial portion of system size reduction available using this technique . other variations may exist from the preferred embodiment . these include , but are not limited to , the use of other propellent blends that have been recently discovered that produce higher quantities of nitrogen gas per a given mass or volume of a propellent , but current experimentation and limited availability and cost limits their use at this time . in addition , the carbon dioxide component of the inert gas blend can also be generated by a propellent gas generator in a similar fashion and in addition to the nitrogen gas generator to further reduce overall system size . a particular blend of cupric oxalate , potassium perchlorate and other reactants , as detailed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 806 , 461 , example 1 , can generate the necessary 4 . 21 pounds mass of carbon dioxide necessary for the system in example 1 of this disclosure detailed above in a carbon dioxide gas generator of 0 . 077 cubic feet , as opposed to the 0 . 304 cubic feet required for carbon dioxide in compressed gas state . the total space savings of utilizing both the carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas generators in concert with an argon compressed gas tank for the application expressed in example 1 above is a 50 . 5 percent reduction in required volume . this extra reduction in required volume may be offset by the increased complexity and expense of a carbon dioxide gas generator . in the present state of the art requiring argon , which is a noble gas and generally unreactive and nonexistent in a compound state , it is assumed that the argon must remain in compressed gas state unless cryogenically cooled , and the space savings approaches a limit of 60 percent due to the 40 percent requirement of argon in the blend . however , the door remains open for other carbon dioxide and nitrogen generating propellent blends which may become acceptable and thus further reduce the required space for such a system . these space savings will be greatly magnified in more common systems that protect much larger volumes of enclosed spaces in actual practice . other inert gas blends that provide fire protection capability can also be created using this approach , including one previously approved blend that uses 50 percent by volume argon and 50 percent by volume nitrogen . various techniques exist in the art for initiating the gas generators and controlling and distributing the flow of the inert gases which can be incorporated into the invention disclosed above , including multiple distribution channels and discharge outlets . there is thus described a novel compact , affordable inert gas fire extinguishing system which meets all of its stated objectives and which overcomes the disadvantages of existing techniques . the foregoing description of the preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description . it is not intended to be exhaustive or limit the invention to the precise form disclosed . many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching . it is intended that the scope of the invention not be limited by this detailed description , but should include such modifications and variations within the scope of the claims appended hereto .	0
the present invention will now be described first in conjunction with fig1 . an optical fiber link 10 connects terminals 12 and 14 for data communication . a transmitter 16 transmits information at a first wavelength λ 1 and is received by a receiver 18 . similarly , a second transmitter 20 transmits at a wavelength λ 2 and is received by a receiver 22 . the signals at frequencies λ 1 and λ 2 are multiplexed and demultiplexed by means of the multiplexer / demultiplexers ( muldem ) 24 and 26 . as will be discussed below , it is preferred that the multiplexer / demultiplexers 24 and 26 be grin lens / blazed grating combinations as shown in fig2 . an optical time domain reflectrometry ( otdr ) device 28 generates pulses at a wavelength λ 3 which are multiplexed with the data signals at wavelengths λ 1 and λ 2 by the multiplexer / demultiplexer 26 . the return signals enter an interface unit 30 and pass to a microprocessor based controller 32 which activates an alarm 34 under appropriate circumstances as will be described below . as shown in fig2 a preferred multiplexer / demultiplexer includes a grin ( gradient index of refraction ) lens 36 and a blazed reflection grating 38 . such a multiplexer / demultiplexer is described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 522 , 462 issued june 11 , 1985 and the teachings of this patent are incorporated herein by reference . as shown in the figure , three wavelengths λ 1 , λ 2 , λ 3 traveling in an input optical fiber 40 pass through the grin lens 36 and are reflected from the blazed grating 38 and emerge as separate wavelength signals on the optical fibers 42 , 44 and 46 . refinement of fabrication techniques have made possible the construction of multiplexer / demultiplexer devices with 3 - 12 channel capacity . insertion loss figures are typically - 5 to - 6 db and average adjacent channel optical crosstalk ranges from - 32 db ( 12 channel device ) to approximately - 43 db ( 3 channel device ). optical crosstalk may be further reduced by placing the data on alternating channels . the otdr signal at wavelength λ 3 is multiplexed in with the bidirectional data signals at wavelengths λ 1 and λ 2 without any traffic interruption or interference , thereby providing continuous link monitoring without having to shut down the transmission for the otdr inspection of the cable plant . the wavelength λ 3 of the otdr pulses is selected so as not to create interference with the active data channels operating at wavelengths λ 1 and λ 2 . thus , the otdr signal continuously monitors the status of the cable plant without interfering with the active data channels . a notable feature of the present system lies in the fact that it is microprocessor controlled . since the configuration is &# 34 ; smart &# 34 ;, its versatility is greatly enhanced . by intergrating a microprocessor / controller 32 into the system , it is possible to adjust the processing parameters as configuration parameters change within the communications link . the logic flow chart outlining the microprocessor control will now be described in conjunction with fig3 . the otdr 28 scans the optical fiber link 10 and an initial average otdr signature is determined in an averaging unit 50 and is stored in a reference signature storage unit 52 . subsequently , the link is continuously monitored by the otdr signal and an average signature is computed in an averaging block 54 . a comparison block 56 compares the continuously determined average signature with the reference signature from the reference signature storage unit 52 . if the comparison indicates that the monitored data has . not remained within acceptable limits with regard to the reference signature , then the data is further processed by the block 58 and any changes in variable link parameters are factored in from the variable link parameter block 60 . environmental effects such as temperature or equipment instability factors serve as inputs to the variable link parameter block 60 . it is preferred that the input of the processing factors be automatic rather than interactive so as not to require a human operator . in the event that the observed perturbation does not fall within acceptable and preselectable limits , a warning or alarm condition is activated . the use of the microprocessor based controller 32 also allows for short and long term &# 34 ; refreshing &# 34 ; of the reference data . the operational range of the present system is determined by the losses of the optical link and the amount of energy that the otdr is able to launch through the multiplexer / demultiplexer and into the link fiber . currently , the maximum commercially available roundtrip backscatter signal measurement at conventional wavelengths is approximately 43 db . this dynamic range must be considered when determining the effective range of the system . the amount of optical power launched must be sufficient to overcome the loss mechanisms ( fiber , connectors , etc .) of the link . the following link budget analyses illustrate system capabilities . ______________________________________otdr effective link coverage______________________________________cable loss : - 1 . 75 db / km in 1 km assemblies @ 850 nm . splice loss : - 0 . 15 dbmuldem loss : - 5 dblink budget : ( for 8 km link ) muldem : - 5 dbcable : - 1 . 75 db × 8 = - 14 dbsplices : - 0 . 15 db × 8 = - 1 . 2 dbtotal : - 20 . 2 dbotdr dynamic range 21 . 5 dblink margin 1 . 3 db______________________________________ as can be seen , the dynamic range of available otdr &# 39 ; s assures the feasibility of the distances considered . reduction of cable and connector losses , in addition to operation at longer wavelengths , will allow even greater coverage of tactical configurations . other techniques presently available allow extended backscatter detection . for example , the use of a photomultiplier tube increases the sensitivity of the receiver while reducing noise . 60 km otdr ranges using longer ( 1 . 32 μm ) wavelengths have been reported . improvements in couplers can also increase range by providing more available optical power from the otdr . overall , the system configuration is quite straightforward . there are no complicated optics schemes and the electronic design is readily achievable . standard fiber and cable can be used as well as connectors and common splice techniques . the microprocessor allows for a very versatile system which includes the ability to factor in operational parameter changes and normal link degradation . the otdr technique of the present invention , because of the microprocessor control , is not only capable of identifying the severity of the perturbation in the cable plant , but also its location by an analysis of the otdr signature . it is thus seen that the objects of this invention have been achieved in that there has been disclosed a self - monitoring fiber optic link system for continuously monitoring the status of a fiber optic communications link . the present system utilizes standard components . it is recognized that modifications and variations of the present invention will occur to those skilled in the art and it is intended that all such modifications and variations be included within the scope of the appended claims .	6
in the following description , like reference characters designate like or corresponding parts throughout the several views . also , in the following description , it is to be understood that terms such as front , back , inside , outside , and the like are words of convenience and are not to be construed as limiting terms . terminology used in this patent is not meant to be limiting insofar as devices described herein , or portions thereof , may be attached or utilized in other orientations . referring in more detail to the drawings , an embodiment of the invention will now be described . fig1 - 13 depict embodiments of a hair treatment device . as depicted in fig1 - 7 , a hair treatment device 1 comprises a first and a second panel , 2 , 2 ′, joined by a hinge 3 . as further depicted in fig1 - 7 , panels 2 , 2 ′ respectively comprise a proximal end 7 , 7 ′ adjacent hinge 3 and a distal end 6 , 6 ′ opposite hinge 3 . the panels 2 , 2 ′ as depicted in fig1 - 8 , comprise a plurality of barriers 4 , 4 ′ and a plurality of fasteners 5 , 5 ′. the barriers 4 , 4 ′ of device 1 respectively define at least one receiving well 15 , 15 ′ on the panels 2 , 2 ′. as used for the device depicted in fig1 - 7 , the term barrier refers to a feature that cooperates with at least one other complementary feature of another panel where the panels are in a proximal position relative to each other . as depicted in fig1 - 7 , the barriers 4 , 4 ′ align substantially parallel along the side edges 8 , 8 ′, respectively , of the first and second panels 2 , 2 ′ in the form of a tongue and groove type barrier . barrier 4 comprises the tongue barrier as it projects towards the opposing panel 2 ′ when the panels 2 , 2 ′ are in a proximal position relative to each other . barrier 4 ′ comprises the groove barrier as it projects away from the opposing panel 2 when the panels 2 , 2 ′ are in a proximal position relative to each other . where the device 1 comprises a tongue and groove type barrier , the tongue and groove barrier may comprise a sloped end 16 as depicted in fig1 - 7 . the sloped end 16 provides clearance between the ends of the barriers 4 and the mating ends of the barriers 4 ′ as the two panels 2 , 2 ′ are separated . barriers 4 , 4 ′ may further comprise draft angles . an exemplary draft angle may range from 0 . 5 to 2 degrees , although any suitable draft angle may be used . draft angles may allow the opposing sides of the barrier to engage each other with less friction compared to tongue and groove barriers having no draft angle . barriers 4 , 4 ′ may be any of any suitable size and shape , and oriented in any suitable position relative to the side edges 8 , 8 ′, respectively , of panels 2 , 2 ′ to form a pocket area sufficient to receive and contain hair and product as described below . while device 1 depicted in fig1 - 7 comprise a plurality of barriers 4 , 4 ′, device 1 may comprise only a single barrier . alternatively , the barrier 4 , 4 ′ may not comprise a projection and / or cavity in relation to the panel but instead comprise an adhesive or magnet . adhesives may be applied to the interior of panels 2 , 2 ′. magnetic strips may be applied to the exterior or interior of panels 2 , 2 ′. the one or more magnets may be used to position the panels proximal relative to one another . barriers , including but not limited to magnets and adhesives , may therefore be separately manufactured and attached or otherwise connected to panels 2 , 2 ′. the term fastener , as used for purposes of the embodiment of fig1 - 7 , may refer to a feature that cooperates with at least one other complementary feature to hold the panels in a proximal position relative to each other . as depicted in the embodiment in fig1 , the two integrally formed fasteners 5 , 5 ′ may take the shape of a button - type closure located at a distal end of panels 2 , 2 ′ relative to hinge 3 . as disclosed , fasteners 5 , 5 ′ may have sufficient friction to hold panels 2 , 2 ′ in a proximal position relative to each other . the fasteners may comprise any suitable shape , size , and / or material . for example , the fasteners may not require projection from the panel but may instead comprise some type of adhesive or magnet . alternatively , the fasteners may be separately manufactured . finally , while fig1 - 7 depicts the device 1 comprising a plurality of fasteners 5 , 5 ′, the device 1 may comprise only one fastener . in a device 1 where barriers may operate similar to fasteners , barrier 4 , 4 ′ and fastener 5 , 5 ′ as depicted in fig1 - 7 may be achieved in device 1 through a single tongue and groove barrier . this single tongue and groove barrier may have sufficient friction to hold panels 2 , 2 ′ proximal relative to one another . alternatively , the barrier and the fastener may be achieved in device 1 through a single fastener . the barriers 4 , 4 ′ may be oriented such that one barrier is oriented substantially parallel along a distal edge of a panel 2 , 2 ′ relative to hinge 3 , and a second barrier 4 , 4 ′ is oriented substantially parallel along a side edge of a panel 2 , 2 ′ relative to hinge 3 . device 1 may also comprise hinge 3 positioned parallel along a side edge of the device , not a bottom edge . in such an embodiment , a single barrier 4 , 4 ′ may be oriented substantially parallel along the shortest edge of panels 2 , 2 ′, any other edge of panels 2 , 2 ′, or a combination thereof . one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that any suitable layout of barriers 4 , 4 ′ may be used . as mentioned earlier and as depicted in fig1 - 7 , hinge 3 connects panels 2 , 2 ′ to permit panels 2 , 2 ′ to move proximal relative to one another . as depicted , hinge 3 comprises a “ w ” shaped hinge . fig8 depicts the “ w ” shaped hinge in a position where panels 2 , 2 ′ are proximal relative to one another . fig9 depicts the “ w ” shaped hinge in a position where panels 2 , 2 ′ are not proximal one another . a “ w ” profile hinge may provide improved length of flexure and hinge life . the “ w ” profile hinge may also provide and / or allow edges of panels 2 , 2 ′ to be brought closer together during use . this action on the part of the hinge may prevent and / or minimize product leakage . the hinge is not limited to the configuration illustrated in fig8 and 9 , and may have any suitable shape , such as a “ v ” profile . alternatively , the hinge may comprise a separate physical component or a simple fold or bend in the plastic . regardless of the type of hinge , the hinge may be of any appropriate length suitable for operation of the device . for example , the hinge may comprise from about 1 - 5 inches in length . as further depicted in fig1 - 7 , panels 2 , 2 ′ may comprise an edge 6 , 6 ′ opposite the hinge 3 . as depicted , the wider end or edge 6 , 6 ′ may be disposed proximal to the scalp when the device is in use , as can be seen in fig1 and 13 and described below . as further depicted , panels 2 , 2 ′ comprise an end or edge 7 , 7 ′ defined by hinge 3 where edge 7 , 7 ′ is shorter than edge 6 , 6 ′. the length difference between edge 7 , 7 ′ and edge 6 , 6 ′ produces a panel 2 , 2 ′ having a trapezoidal shape . the trapezoidal shape of panels 2 , 2 ′ allows device 1 to accommodate a width of hair adjacent the scalp which can be brought together at its ends . as seen in fig4 , where the panels 2 , 2 ′ are proximal relative to one another , device 1 comprises a pocket 14 formed between panels 2 , 2 ′ when panels 2 , 2 ′ are proximal relative to one another . hair may be disposed in pocket 14 . as further depicted , pocket 14 may be configured so that product may not easily escape from device 1 during use . pocket 14 may not necessarily be hermetically sealed , but rather , device 1 may be sufficiently sealed to enclose the hair with product without significant leakage of the product . however , because a hermetic seal may not necessarily form when the panels are in a proximal position relative to one another , device 1 may not pinch , bend , or crimp the hair at the scalp . device 1 , as depicted in fig1 - 7 , may permit full coverage of the entire hair shaft without creating regions that cannot be contacted with the product or creating areas of hair breakage . the device 1 may have sufficient flexibility to allow the hair receiving edges 6 , 6 ′ of panels 2 , 2 ′ to conform to a variety of head shapes and sizes , automatically forming a curvature where necessary to fit the head shape of the client . panels 2 , 2 ′ may be similarly flexible , such that pocket 14 may be malleable and may conform to the product and hair inside pocket 14 . thus , a functional pocket for holding hair and product may be formed without the need of complex machining or tightly engaged panels that compress the hair . the pocket may form around the section of hair and product , minimizing the presence of trapped air ( that can interfere with effective treatment of the hair ) while avoiding complex mechanisms or other means to enclose the hair that risk breakage or lines of demarcation . in this device , a close engagement of the first and second panels when proximal one another may be sufficient to prevent leakage of the product . device 1 may also comprise one or more releasing features integral with or attached to the first and second panels 2 , 2 ′ as seen in fig1 - 7 . the device 1 may comprise tabs 9 , 9 ′ located on the panels 2 , 2 ′ respectively as seen in fig2 . tabs 9 , 9 ′ have a semi - circular shape and are offset from one another when the first and second panels 2 , 2 ′ are proximal relative each other . the tabs may be of any suitable size or shape , or located in any suitable position . alternatively , device 1 may comprise one side of one panel having a single releasing feature . referring to fig1 - 13 , first and second panels 2 , 2 ′ are comprised of a transparent material that allows the chemical processing or treatment of the hair to be viewed through any part of either the first and / or second panel 2 , 2 ′ and avoids a need to separate the panels 2 , 2 ′ during use to view the process which could interfere with the chemical reaction necessary for successful treatment of hair . panels 2 , 2 ′ need only be transparent to the extent that the user may be able to detect the status of the treatment , particularly where the treatment is coloring or lightening of hair within the device . while the devices 1 depicted in fig1 - 13 are entirely transparent , it should be apparent to one of skill in the art that the device 1 may be configured in other ways without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention . for example , panels 2 , 2 ′ may comprise both non - transparent and transparent portions . it is advisable , but not required , that at least some portion of the panel is transparent for viewing the hair and product . alternatively , only one panel may be transparent or have a transparent portion . device 1 may be comprised of any suitable material . the material should be sufficiently resistant to the chemical treatment or products used with the embodiment . for example , the material may include , but is not limited to , synthetic plastics such as polyethylene , polyvinylchloride , polystyrene , and copolymers of polyvinylchloride with polyvinyl acetate . the material may be sufficiently resistant to the chemicals to be used more than once . fig1 and 11 depict multiple embodiments . as depicted in fig1 , device 1 comprises at least one divider 12 . divider 12 defines at least two receiving wells . the receiving wells may permit a plurality of hair sections to be treated . fig1 depicts device 1 comprising two dividers 12 that in combination help define at least three receiving wells . multiple receiving wells may be defined by dividers 12 to create multiple sections of hair , apply multiple and / or distinct products to each section of hair , and / or avoid unwanted mixing or intermingling of multiple treatments . dividers 12 may be in the form of a tongue and groove as illustrated in fig1 and 11 , with the tongue configuration being on panel 2 and the grove configuration being on panel 2 ′. the devices depicted in fig1 and 11 may be used in conjunction with specially designed bowls and brushes ( not shown ) configured to complement the variously sized and compartmentalized devices . for example , the embodiment of the device depicted in fig1 having two receiving areas , may be used with a similarly sized bowl having similarly spaced compartments . for example , a bowl having three compartments each having a width of one inch may be used in conjunction with an embodiment of the device having three receiving areas where each area may have a width of one inch . yet further , a brush ( not shown ) may be provided which is complementary to the bowl and an embodiment of the device . the brush may have a space between the bristles of the brush sufficient to prevent mixing of the multiple chemical treatments contained within the bowls and applied to the hair . in use , the brush may be designed to accommodate the bowl . the brush may accommodate the bowl by having separated bristles such that the brush may be inserted into the bowl to contact the contents of the multiple compartments of the bowl without contacting the divider . a brush user may then efficiently and easily apply multiple colors or products to sections of hair that are placed in the multiple receiving areas of this embodiment of the device without using multiple bowls or brushes . in another example , a bowl ( not shown ) having three compartments of 1 . 5 inch widths may be used with an embodiment of a hair treatment device having a plurality of receiving wells wherein the width of each receiving well may be 1 . 5 inches . the two compartments of the bowl may be partially filled two different products . each compartment of the bowl may have a different product . the stylist then may section , for example , a 5 - inch section of hair , which may be further divided into 2 . 5 inch sections . each of the 2 . 5 inch sections may be placed in respective receiving areas on the device . upon sectioning the hair , a brush ( not shown ) having a width of approximately 3 . 5 inches may be used . the bristles of the brush may have a space of approximately 0 . 5 to 0 . 75 inches . the remaining bristles of the brush may be comprised of two sections of approximately 1 . 5 inches in width , such that each section may be placed in a compartment of the bowl without interference with the bowl divider . the brush may be placed into the bowl for a sufficient length of time to allow the bristles to be saturated with a sufficient amount of product . the brush may then be applied to the hair where one product is applied to one 2 . 5 inch section of the hair and a second product may be applied to the other 2 . 5 inch section of the hair . as such , multiple brushes and bowls may not be required to apply multiple products to hair using the multi - compartment device . as shown in the embodiments of fig1 - 13 , the device may be stackable , whether in the open or proximal position , for both storage and shipping of the device . the device depicted in fig1 - 7 may further relate to a method of chemically treating the hair . one method for which the device may be used to chemically treat hair comprises the steps of selecting a portion of the hair , disposing the section of the hair in a receiving well , applying chemical product to the section of hair , and forming a pocket surrounding the section of hair by placing the panels 2 , 2 ′ proximal to each other . this process may be followed for each device used on the hair . upon each use of a device , the chemical treatment process continues for an amount of time sufficient to permit a desired result . when so desired or needed , each device may be slidably removed from each hair section such that the hair section is no longer encompassed by the device . once the reaction is deemed complete by the stylist , the devices may be removed individually or collectively by sliding the closed device from the strands of hair . thus , the device may be slidably removed without opening the device , improving the efficiency of use . yet further , multiple devices may be removed at once . another method , for using the device 1 having at least one divider , as depicted in fig1 , comprises placing panel 2 under a section of hair such that barriers 4 , 4 ′ contain hair in separate receiving wells defined by dividers 12 . after placing a section of hair on panel 2 , the hair is sectioned into a plurality of receiving wells . after sectioning the hair into different receiving wells , product is applied to the respective hair sections . after applying product to the respective hair sections , panels 2 , 2 ′ are moved in a proximal position relative to each other allowing the hair product to work . upon permitting the hair product to work completely , device 1 may be removed . in one method , device 1 may be removed by sliding . the instant invention also relates to a kit for chemically treating hair . the kit may include at least one device as described above ; at least one tray or bowl for holding product ; and at least one brush suited to fit the tray or bowl . the kit may further optionally comprise product for the treatment of hair , or other accessories convenient to the methods described herein or known in the art . the foregoing description of an embodiment of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description . it is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed . obvious modifications or variations are possible in light of the above teachings . the embodiment was chosen and described in order to best illustrate the principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the art to best utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated . it is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims submitted herewith .	0
the present invention relates primarily to the versatility of establishing a robust communication protocol with a fully implantable biosensor ( s ) and / or other fully implantable medical device ( s ). in one embodiment of the invention , a system and underlying method ( s ) to determine the exact location of a fully implantable biosensor with respect to an external frame of reference ( e . g . a frame of reference with respect to a proximity communicator or a watch - like external device ) is provided . moreover , once the spatial location of the device is determined , system and underlying methods are outlined to communicate with such a device , permitting an active life style . the present invention provides a device and method where the spatial location of a fully implantable biosensor can be readily accessed and at the same time a line - of - sight powering and communication can be established with an external device ( proximity communicator ). fig1 illustrates the implantable biosensor implanted in a human &# 39 ; s extremity 100 . the device is described as an external device or “ proximity communicator ” 101 that comprises multiple layers of electrical components ( e . g . a data acquisition module 201 and processing unit or computer 200 ) and circuitry 202 . this device is used to detect and communicate with an implantable biosensor 102 . as an example , this device can be in direct or indirect contact with an animal or human subject . the proximity communicator does not require permanent fixation to the subject . as shown in fig2 , the main constituents of the external device vary with respect to the three prime examples described in order to identify the spatial ( x , y ), depth ( z ) and rotational ( φ ) location of a miniaturized implant 102 within the highly scattering tissue underneath the skin 103 . these constituents comprise of a data acquisition module 201 , a micro - processor or computer 200 and associated display , array of magnetic field detecting sensors 203 , array of photodetectors and light emitters 204 , battery 205 , external magnetic field generator 206 , and interface circuitry 202 , the latter of which establishes multiplexing , signal amplification and other requirements for proper function of the aforementioned arrays and devices . the external device 101 can be in direct or indirect contact with the human subject , animal , or plant and does not require permanent fixation to the subject / object ( i . e . it can be loosely bound ). fig3 shows an exemplary architecture of the two bottom layers of the external device 101 . layer 203 consists of either a single magnetic field detecting sensor 301 or an array of magnetic field detecting sensors 203 mounted on a platform such as a printed circuit board . the purpose of these sensors is to convert the presence of a magnetic field into an electrical signal such as voltage or current . an array of magnetic field detecting sensors 203 that are simultaneously converting a magnetic field into an electrical signal enables the spatial detection of any magnetic material within a particular region of interest ( roi ). for example , this roi may be a 2 - inch by 2 - inch area of skin . two examples of magnetic field detecting sensors are hall effect sensors and giant magnetoresistance sensors ( gmrs ). the magnetic field detecting sensors are positioned in such a way as to detect the magnetic field . for hall effect sensors , the sensor element should be positioned perpendicular to the magnetic field for optimal detection . in one embodiment , the hall effect sensors are all oriented such that the hall effect sensing element is perpendicular to the roi ( fig3 ). in another embodiment , such array of hall effect sensing element can be intermingled with the array of photodetectors and light emitters 204 , as shown in fig4 . in yet another embodiment , the hall effect sensors in the array are oriented such that the hall effect sensors are positioned at any angle the roi ( fig5 ) ( e . g . 90 °, 180 ° or any other fixed angle with respect to the roi ), or are stacked in two or more layers , at a different distances with respect to each other ( e . g . d2 and d2 + d1 above the skin ) ( fig6 ). by altering the orientation and spatial arrangement of these magnet field detecting sensors , it is possible to accurately assess the spatial ( x , y ), depth ( z ) and rotational ( φ ) location of a miniaturized implant 102 . additional circuitry 202 such as an embedded processing unit 200 or circuitry to connect to an external computer may be implemented into the proximity communicator . software or computer algorithms are then used to store and analyze the electrical signals of the magnetic field detecting sensors . in one embodiment , the magnetic field detecting sensors produce a digital signal and an extensive array of such sensors covering a roi can be used to represent the spatial location of the fully implantable biosensor . in a second embodiment , the analog output voltage from each hall - effect sensor over a specific surface area can be used to map the location of any magnetic material under the skin . in this embodiment , the x - y position can be determined by the array of magnetic field detecting sensors and the z - position can be determined by the analog signal strength ( e . g . output voltage ). moreover , magnetic field detecting sensors can detect the orientation and rotational ( φ ) location of a miniaturized implant 102 , i . e . the analog output voltage can be positive for north - pole facing magnets and negative for south - pole facing magnets ( fig8 ). the proximity communicator has a second layer comprised of either a single electromagnetic radiation ( emr ) source 302 and a single photodetector 303 or an array of emr sources and photodetectors 204 . the array of magnetic detection sensors 203 , array of emr sources and photodetectors 204 can be combined into a single unit . in one embodiment , the arrays are combined on multiple stacked platforms 304 ( fig3 ). in a second embodiment , the arrays of emr sources and photodetectors 204 are combined with the array of magnetic field detecting sensors 203 on a single platform with individual component arrays embedded within each other component 400 ( fig4 ). fig7 illustrates how the spatial assessment of the implantable biosensor is assessed by the array of magnetic field detecting sensors 203 and in turn used to establish a line - of - sight powering and communication with the implant . one or more emr sources 302 in the 204 array of the proximity communicator is used to provide energy to the implantable biosensor . emr emitted from a emr source 302 is directed toward a photovoltaic cell 501 located on the implantable biosensor . the photovoltaic cell then converts the emr into energy that can be used to power electrical components in the biosensor . emr can be directed toward the photovoltaic cell in multiple ways . one approach is to determine the spatial location of the biosensor , determine the orientation of the biosensor and activate one or more emr sources 302 in the vicinity of the photovoltaic cell 501 to power the fully implantable biosensor . as shown in fig7 , emitted light from the external device is used to supply energy to the fully implantable biosensor . as the external device may be battery operated , the external device is capable of supplying a finite amount of energy . for continuous operations over long periods of time ( e . g . weeks to months ), energy consumption must be managed . this device provides a means for energy management . as one example to reduce power consumption , a limited number ( e . g . one or two ) of emr sources 302 on the proximity communicator can be activated at one time . utilizing the magnetic materials ( e . g . permanent magnets , electromagnets or micro / nanosized magnetic particles ) localized within or around the implantable biosensor platform constitutes example a . the spatial localization of such implanted biosensor platform is shown in fig8 . the implant 102 is equipped with one or more miniaturized permanent magnets 500 , which in the case of fig7 , two of such magnets are located in either ends of the implant 102 . these two magnets are generating a distinct magnetic field 505 . this magnetic field can be readily sensed by the proximal magnetic field detecting sensor array 203 , located on the external device 101 . the signal from the magnetic field detecting sensor array , with the help of the appropriate circuitry 202 , data acquisition 201 and micro - processor 200 analysis , can provide sufficient mapping with respect to the spatial location of the fully implantable biosensor in the roi 701 ( fig8 ). such spatial location analysis can take place in a millisecond to sub - millisecond time frame . this provides adequate resolution for loosely - bond external devices on users with active lifestyle ( i . e . running ). software or computer algorithms are then used to store and analyze the electrical signals of each magnetic field detecting sensors . in one embodiment , the analog output voltage from each hall effect sensor over a specific surface area can be used to map the location of any magnetic material under the skin ( e . g . the two permanent magnets 500 at either ends of the implant 102 ). in this embodiment , the x and y position can be determined by the relative amplitude of each of the magnetic field detecting sensors within the array . the z - position can be determined by the analog signal strength ( e . g . output voltage ). the array of magnetic field detecting sensors can also detect the orientation of each magnet ( i . e . the analog output voltage can be positive for north - pole facing magnets and negative for south - pole facing magnets ). the latter provides the means to assess the rotational angle ( φ ) 803 of the sensor with respect to the origin 800 , arbitrarily set at one end of the external device ( fig8 ). the magnetic poles of the implant &# 39 ; s magnets ( with origins 801 and 802 ) can be positioned at any angle with respect to the long axis of the implant 102 . one orientation may be to have the opposite magnetic poles of the two magnets facing towards the external device . the magnetic materials utilized within the implanted biosensor of example a might pose certain risks for elderly and / or high - risk users , who may wish to undergo magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) without the need to remove the implanted biosensor . for this , two more exemplary configurations are presented ( example b and c ), which are compatible with mri . example b utilizes magnetic interacting / polarizing materials and devices ( i . e . coils ) within the implanted biosensor to alter the magnetic field pattern produced by a permanent ( fig9 a ) or oscillating ( fig9 b ) magnetic field generators situated within the external device . such magnetic field alteration is detected by the array of magnetic field detecting sensors described above and used to assess the spatial ( x , y ), depth ( z ) and rotational ( φ ) position of the miniaturized implant within a highly scattering tissue . two exemplary devices and methods for the spatial localization of the implanted biosensor using magnetic interacting / polarizing materials and devices are shown in fig9 . here the implant is outfitted with magnetically interacting / polarizable materials and devices 930 ( i . e . coils 901 and complex 2d and 3d architectures with or without cores 902 of magnetic polarizable substances , like spin - glass ). subcategories of magnetically polarizable material include traditional metals ( au , pt , pd , cu , al , etc . ), organic conductors , graphitic materials ( such as nanotubes , graphene etc .). these magnetically interacting polarizable materials and devices 930 , when exposed to an external magnetic field , they can impart sufficient interaction with the external magnetic fields to slightly alter it . static 850 and oscillating 950 magnetic fields can be used to generate an external magnetic field via permanent magnets 951 or electromagnets 852 ( fig9 ). oscillating magnetic fields impart significantly higher interaction with magnetically polarizable materials and devices 930 as opposed to static magnetic fields . in addition , a rotating 970 magnetic field 950 facilitates the individual magnetic field sensors 301 of the 203 array to periodically de - saturate from the strong magnetic field of the proximal permanent magnets or electromagnets ( fig9 b ). this will facilitate optimal operation of the entire magnetic field detecting sensor array . along these lines , the electromagnets 852 placed on a surface 854 can be sequentially powered to emulate a rotating magnetic field ( fig9 a ). spatial mapping and position determination of the implantable sensor is facilitated by contrasting the response of the magnetic field sensing array 203 in the presence and absence of the implant . the magnetic field sensing array 203 response in the absence of the implant is obtained and stored in memory from a site without an implant . fig1 provides exemplary configurations of magnetically interacting / polarizable materials ( i . e . coils ) within or on the implanted biosensor . fig1 a is composed of a single coil 910 wrapped around the outside of the biosensor . fig1 b shows two coils at different sizes wrapped within the biosensor . fig1 c consists of miniature electromagnetics 931 placed within the implant . here , close and open - loop coils ( i . e . 910 , 911 , 912 , and 901 ) of different length and filling ( with and without magnetic polarizable cores 920 ) are depicted . the three exemplary architectures of fig1 are suitable for spatial detection ( x , y ), depth ( z ) and rotational ( φ ) position of the miniaturized implant ( i . e . 950 , 951 and 952 ) within highly scattering tissue . example c describes another exemplary device and method for the spatial localization of the implant without the use of permanent magnets that can be incompatible with mri . this approach negates completely the need for the array of magnetic field detecting sensors 203 and relies solely on the array of photodetector ( pd ) and leds 204 of the external device ( proximity communicator ) to map the emission from the two on - board leds or lasers ( 502 and 503 ) within the implantable biosensor 102 ( fig1 ). the two on - board light sources are oriented at 90 ° with each other in order to provide differential pd response upon φ rotation ( although their relative orientation can greatly vary ). fig1 illustrates three exemplary pd line responses for φ of 0 °, 45 ° and 90 °. since the front on - board light source 502 lines up with pd line # 1 and the back on - board light source 503 lines up with pd line # 2 , different response patterns will be obtained depending on the specific rotation of the implant . these patterns can be stored in the memory of microprocessor 200 and used to analyze the observed response to decipher the rotational ( φ ) angle of the miniaturized implant within a highly scattering tissue . the depth ( z ) can be assessed by the separation maxima between line # 1 and line # 2 of pds ( larger separation means greater depth ). the density of the photodetector array ( i . e . number of pd sensors per area ), implant depth , and light scattering power of the skin that the implant is located , affect the mapping resolution of the pd array 204 . such resolution can be ultimately reduced down to 25 microns one exemplary method to determine which light emitter ( s ) 302 is powered by the external device is based on a computer algorithm structure outlined in fig1 . the magnetic field detecting sensor array in the proximity communicator 203 converts the magnetic field produced by the biosensor magnets 500 into an analog electrical signal 1200 . a computer algorithm then determines the spatial location of the biosensor and the alignment of the biosensor 1201 . the algorithm establishes if the biosensor is located within a region of interest ( roi ) 1202 . as an example , the roi 701 is a geometrically defined zone located under the proximity communicator in the vicinity of the light emitting / photodetector array 204 and magnetic field detecting sensor array 203 of the proximity communicator . a yes / no - decision is performed , whether the biosensor implant is located within the roi 1202 . in the case that the biosensor implant is not located in the roi , the algorithm requests the user or subject to move 1203 the proximity communicator and the process is repeated from the beginning . in the case that the biosensor implant is in the roi , one or more light emitting sources 302 located in the vicinity of the biosensors photovoltaic cell ( s ) 501 turns on 1204 . upon activation , electricity is generated by the photovoltaic cell ( s ) 501 and the implantable biosensor sends a signal via its on - board light emitting source 502 to the external device 1205 . a yes / no - decision is performed by the external device to determine if signal characteristics ( e . g . amplitude and frequency ) produced by the biosensor are within a pre - determined range of values 1206 . upon the values being outside of the pre - determined range , then the algorithm instructs it from the following options 1207 : ( i ) increase the power of the selected light emitting source ( s ); and ( ii ) increase the number of selected light emitting sources in the vicinity of the biosensor 1207 . in addition , the signal amplitude / frequency in range comparison 1206 accommodates biosensor rotation and tilt by activating the light emitting source ( s ) at locations that would provide higher intensity light at an angle with respect to the rotated biosensor , if necessary . upon the values being at or within the pre - determined range , the external device acquires the data from the biosensor 1208 , performs signal processing 1209 , and stores / displays the data 1210 . a yes / no - decision is performed to either continue with the measurements or stop 1211 . upon a continuation , the entire process is repeated at the initial stage . this method provides sufficient power management and facilitates continuous operation of the biosensor even upon large movements ( e . g . up to ± 2 . 5 cm ) of the watch - like , external device ( or other type of external device ). a second exemplary method to determine the spatial location of the biosensor can be accomplished by using the array 204 of light emitting sources ( herein defined as i , j array of leds where individual leds in the array are identified as ledij ) and photodetectors ( herein defined as i , j array of pd where individual pds in the array are identified as pdij ) in the external device . in the example described below , the biosensor has one or more light emitting source at known angles with respect to the biosensor . upon initiation , a computer algorithm either activates one or more light emitting sources in the external device light emitting source array 1300 . an array of photodiodes is time - division multiplexed to determine if the biosensor is emitting a signal . in this manner , the emitted light from the biosensor is analyzed at each photodetector in the external device 1301 . at each photodiode , the amplitude and frequency of the signal is compared to be within a specified range 1302 . upon the emitted signal amplitude or frequency being out of the specified range , the light emitting source or set of sources ( e . g . i , j ) is deactivated and another the light emitting source or set of sources ( e , g . i + 1 , j ) is activated 1303 . upon the emitted signal amplitude or frequency being within the specified range , the computer algorithm collects the input signals from the time - division multiplexed photodetectors and determines the biosensor position and alignment 1304 . such information can provide either a two - dimensional ( x , y ) or three - dimensional ( x , y , z ) mapping of the implant . the biosensor location is then determined to be within the region of interest ( roi ) 1305 . another method to determine the spatial location of the implant is to turn on all the leds in the ledij array and sequentially interrogate each of pdij output to identify the spatial x - y position of the implant . upon the sensor not being within the roi , the above process repeats and the user is instructed to physical move the proximity communicator to a new location 1305 . upon the biosensor being within the roi , the external device acquires the data from the biosensor 1208 , performs signal processing 1209 , and stores / displays the data 1210 . a yes / no - decision is performed to either continue with the measurements or stop 1211 . the exemplary methods stated above are not exhaustive and only two examples of methods that can be used to determine the spatial location / alignment of the implanted biosensor while establishing optical communication between the biosensor and the external device . the proximity communicator described hereto provides a means to increase patient compliance with respect to wearing the proximity communicator . the proximity communicator is intended to provide for minimal discomfort as the device can be loosely affixed to the subject &# 39 ; s body . moreover , the automatic biosensor alignment and communicator protocols provide a means for the subject to move the device and still obtain accurate and reproducible data . for example , in one embodiment the proximity communicator can be affixed to a wrist of a human subject and normal daily routines that involve movements of the wrist would not interfere with the communicator to and from the biosensor . it should be appreciated that while the invention has been described with reference to an exemplary embodiment , it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes , omissions and / or additions may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . moreover , embodiments and / or elements of embodiments disclosed herein may be combined as desired . in addition , many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the scope thereof . therefore , it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this invention , but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims and / or information . moreover , unless specifically stated any use of the terms first , second , etc . do not denote any order or importance , but rather the terms first , second , etc . are used to distinguish one element from another .	0
in fig1 an electromagnetic actuator 1 forms an electromagnetic valve mounted on a fuel injection valve proper 2 , and a housing 3 is fixed to an outer periphery of a stator 4 , and the electromagnetic actuator 1 is housed in this housing 3 . the electromagnetic actuator 1 is provided with a stator 4 made of magnetic material and an armature 5 made of similar magnetic material , and the stator 4 and the armature 5 are disposed opposite one another . in the center of the stator 4 is a center hole 6 through which a valve rod 9 to be described hereinafter runs . on the upper surface of the stator 4 , for example , four concave portions 7a - 7d are concentrically formed centering around the center hole 6 , and the concave portions 7a - 7d are embedded with excitation coils 8a - 8d respectively . the excitation coils 8a - 8d are set such that the winding directions of the adjacent coils are mutually opposite . also , a valve rod 9 is fixed to the armature 5 by a nut 10 screwed to its upper end . this valve rod 9 runs through the center hole 6 of the stator 4 , and a slide portion 9a having a large diameter is slidably inserted in a slide hole 11 formed in a valve proper 2 . moreover , a tapered valve head portion 12 is formed at a lower end of the valve rod 9 , and when the valve rod 9 is displaced in the lower direction , the valve head portion 12 seals a valve seat 13 formed on the valve proper 2 and interrupts the communication of a fuel inlet path 14 and a fuel outlet path 15 provided on the valve proper 2 . furthermore , when the valve rod 9 is displaced in the upper direction and the valve head portion 12 is separated from the valve seat 13 , the fuel inlet path 14 and the fuel outlet path 15 communicate by means of a communicating chamber 16 formed in succession to the slide hole 11 . the valve proper 2 is joined to the lower surface of the stator 4 . a spring chamber 17 communicating with the slide hole 11 is formed on the joined portion . at a portion of the valve rod 9 that runs through the spring chamber 17 , an engaging plate 18 is mounted . between this engaging plate 18 and the bottom portion 17a of the spring chamber 17 , a spring 19 is resiliently interposed to urge the valve rod 9 in the upper direction . moreover , a housing chamber 20 is formed in the valve proper 2 around the slide hole 11 , and a holding means 21 is disposed in the housing chamber 20 . this holding means 21 is formed in such a way that , as shown in fig2 an annularly formed piezoelectric element 23 ( made of , for example , known material such as tibao 2 , batio 3 ), and a similar annularly formed electrode plate 24 are laminated in a plurality of stages . a first insulation layer 22 is provided at their inside to cover an outer peripheral surface of the valve rod 9 , and a second insulation layer 25 is provided which is disposed between a side surface 20c and the lower surface 20b of the housing chamber 20 at their outside and their lower side . the second insulation layer 25 is formed of a material softer than the piezoelectric element 23 . the electrode plate 24 disposed in the uppermost direction is fixed to the upper surface 20a of the housing chamber 20 . the respective electrode plates 24 are wired to be alternately connected to a plus side or a minus side of the power source e . accordingly , when a switch sw is thrown , each piezoelectric element 23 is impressed with the voltage of the power source e respectively . as a result , the piezoelectric element 23 produces a shape distortion ( two point chained line in fig2 ) in the radial direction by the counter piezoelectric effect and works to exert pressure on the valve rod 9 . however , in the foregoing construction , the operation will be described by referring to fig3 to 5 , in which the fuel inlet path 14 and the fuel outlet path 15 communicate . the excitation of the excitation coils 8a - 8d is stopped , the valve rod 9 is shifted in the upper direction by the pressure force of the spring 19 , the valve head portion 12 is separated from the valve seat 13 and the inlet path 14 and the outlet path 15 communicate by means of the communicating path 16 . next , in order to interrupt the fuel inlet path 14 and the fuel outlet path 15 , when the inlet path 14 and the outlet path 15 communicate , the switch sw is thrown to operate the piezoelectric element 23 to fix the armature 5 and the valve rod 9 so as not to be moved . thereafter , the excitation electric current is made to flow to the excitation coils 8a - 8d . this flow of electric current is carried out sufficiently before the interruption start time t 0 , and thus , the excitation electric current reaches the predetermined value as shown with a solid line in fig3 at the interruption start time t 0 . when the switch sw is made to open at the time t 0 , the valve rod 9 is released from the fixture of the piezoelectric element 23 , and as shown in fig4 the generated force reaches a sufficient value , so that the armature 5 is attached to the stator 4 in the short time t 1 and is shifted to a predetermined position ( solid line in fig5 ), and the valve head portion 12 is seated on the valve seat 13 to interrupt the inlet path 14 and the outlet path 15 . the excitation current decreases once as shown in fig3 when the armature 5 reaches the predetermined position and then , returns to the predetermined position . another embodiment of the piezoelectric element 23 and the electrode plate 24 is shown in fig6 and different points are described in which the hollow cylindrical shaped piezoelectric element 23 and the electrode plate 24 are alternately laminated in a radial direction and in a concentric shape . also , in this embodiment , as described in the foregoing , the time required for displacement of the stator 4 can be shortened when compared with the conventional type with an increment of the excitation electric current of the excitation coils 8a - 8d without an increment of the magnetomotive force of the excitation coils 8a - 8d so that the impressed voltage of the coils 8a - 8d the same as with the conventional type , and the number of windings of the coils 8a - 8a is twice that of the conventional type . for this reason , the winding resistance of the excitation coils 8a - 8d becomes double but the excitation electric current becomes almost 1 / 2 ( in ≈ 1 / 2in &# 39 ;) so that consumption of electric power by the coils 8a - 8d can be made half of that of the conventional type . obviously , many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings . it is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims , the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described .	7
referring to fig1 and 2 , according to an embodiment of the present invention , a composite 10 includes a substrate 12 and a laminate 14 . the laminate 14 is attached to a mounting surface 16 of the substrate 12 . the substrate 12 includes first and second sides 20 , 22 . the sides 20 , 22 have respective irregular profiles 24 , 26 . the laminate 14 has first and second edges 30 , 32 with respective irregular profiles 34 , 36 . the irregular profiles 34 , 36 of the edges 30 , 32 substantially match the irregular profiles 24 , 26 of the sides 20 , 22 . the present invention is not necessarily limited to particular materials for the substrate 12 and laminate 14 . however , according to one advantageous aspect of the invention , the substrate 12 is a relatively lightweight synthetic material , such as a resin or plastic and the laminate is stone , such as a thin ply of slate . the matched irregular edge profiles 24 , 26 and 24 , 36 create the appearance of a solid , rough - hewn stone slab but at a fraction of the weight . referring to fig1 and 3 , sides 20 , 22 ( only side 20 is shown in the detailed view of fig3 ) of the substrate 12 include a plurality of layers 40 . the corresponding edges 30 , 32 ( only edge 30 is shown in the detailed view of fig3 ) of the laminate 14 match the profile of the layer 40 most proximate to the mounting surface 16 . advantageously , this allows the composite 10 to closely replicate the appearance of foliated stone , like slate . the composite of the present invention can be advantageously employed in many applications . for example , referring to fig4 , according to another embodiment of the present invention , a fountain assembly 100 includes a composite 110 . the composite 110 includes a substrate 112 and a laminate 114 . a fluid reservoir 150 is arranged along the bottom of the composite 110 to collect fluid ( fluid flow represented generally by arrows 152 ) passing over the laminate 114 . a pump 156 is arranged within the fluid reservoir 150 for pumping the collected fluid to the top of the laminate 114 , where the fluid can again pass over the laminate . the fluid is pumped through a fluid conduit 158 , such as a tube or pipe . a collection volume 162 is defined between corresponding portions of the substrate 112 and laminate 114 . to facilitate even flow of water over the laminate 114 , an upper edge 164 of the laminate 114 is crenellated in the area of the collection volume 162 . a blocking plate 166 is arranged over the upper end of the fluid conduit 158 to help channel fluid leaving the conduit 158 into the collection volume 162 . a decorative top cap 168 can be added to conceal the top of the composite 110 . mounting brackets , lights , and other structures can also be added . it will appreciated that use of the composite 110 with a stone laminate 114 can replicate the appearance of a rough - hewn slab at a fraction of the weight , greatly facilitating the transportation and hanging of the fountain assembly 100 . use of a molded substrate 112 also advantageously facilitates assembly of the fountain assembly 100 . for instance , the fluid conduit 158 can be arranged within the substrate 112 . the fluid conduit 158 and other structures , such as reinforcing strips , can be molded within the substrate . the collection volume 162 can be readily defined between corresponding portions of the substrate 112 and laminate 114 , for example , by forming a recess into the substrate 112 during molding . referring to fig5 , a method of making a composite will be explained , according to a further aspect of the present invention . the method begins at block 200 . at block 202 , a substrate mold is formed . for replicating the appearance of stone , such as slate , a stone slab can be used to form the mold . various methods of forming molds are known to those skilled the art , and the present invention is not necessarily limited to a particular method . at block 204 , internal components are placed in the mold . for example , components such as a fluid conduit or reinforcement strips could be placed in the mold prior to molding . at block 206 , a substrate is molded . any components placed in the mold are thereby molded in place . at block 208 , it is determined whether substrate side profiles were captured within a predetermined number ( n ) of substrate moldings , for instance , within the last fifty moldings . if the profiles were not captured within the predetermined number of moldings , then an image is captured , for example a digital picture , of the substrate side profiles at block 210 . at block 212 , computer cutting commands are generated . for instance , a plurality of points could be manually or automatically plotted along the image of the side profiles and used to generate computer numerical control ( cnc ) commands . at block 214 , the edges of a laminate are cut to match the side profiles using the computer cutting commands . referring again to block 208 , if the substrate side profiles were captured within the predetermined number of molds , then blocks 210 and 212 are omitted and the laminate is cut based on the existing set of computer cutting commands . under some circumstances , the side profiles of a later - molded substrate may not closely match the side profiles of an earlier - molded substrate used to generate an earlier set of computer cutting commands ; for example , due to degradation or deformation of the mold over time . the determination of block 208 can advantageously compensate for this effect . at block 216 , the laminate is attached to a mounting surface of the substrate , for example , using an adhesive . at block 218 , additional structures are added . for instance , for the composite 110 used in the fountain assembly 100 , the additional structures could include other components of the fountain assembly 100 . additional composites are formed by repeating blocks 204 - 218 , if desired ( see block 220 ). otherwise , the method ends at block 222 . the above embodiments are described for exemplary and illustrative purposes ; the present invention is not necessarily limited to such embodiments . instead , those skilled in the art will appreciate that numerous modifications , as well as adaptations for particular circumstances , are possible within the scope of the present invention . although particularly advantageous to replicate the appearance of stone , and most particularly , slate , the present invention is not necessarily limited to such composites . also , the present invention is not necessarily limited to particular dimensions or designs . the contact area of the mounting surface need not necessarily be coextensive with the laminate . for instance , the mounting surface and laminate could contact only along respective edges thereof . additionally , although the present invention is particularly advantageous for use in connection with fountain applications , the present invention is not necessarily limited to such applications . the term “ crenellated ” as used herein generally refers to a plurality of notches formed along an edge , and does not necessarily require a particular geometry , regular interval or periodicity for the notches . the term “ cutting ” as used herein refers generically to altering the laminate edge profiles , and is not necessarily limited to a particular process . for example , cutting could also include boring , milling and water and laser cutting operations . the present invention does not necessarily include a determination like that of block 208 . for example , the determination could be omitted or another determination could be used to compensate for any mold degradation or deformation . for instance , an image could be captured of each molded substrate and compared to the image used to generate the computer cutting commands . if the image of a given substrate differs from the image used to generate the computer cutting commands outside of a given tolerance , computer cutting commands could be regenerated at that time . the foregoing is not an exhaustive list of possible modifications and adaptations . rather , those skilled in the art will appreciate that these modifications and adaptations fall within the scope of the invention as herein shown and described .	1
hereinafter , the present invention will be described in detail with reference to examples according to the present invention and comparative examples not according to the present invention . however , the present invention is not limited to the following examples . in this specification , a tensile modulus of a pressure - sensitive adhesive was measured by a stress - strain test due to tension according to a method defined in astm d638 . when it was difficult to directly measure the tensile modulus , a storage modulus was measured and then converted by the following conversion formula . in detail , a stacked structure shown in fig2 ( a stacked structure of a pet releasing film ( 202 a ), a cured product of a layer ( 201 ) of a pressure - sensitive adhesive composition and a pet releasing film ( 202 b )) prepared in examples and comparative examples was cut into a dog bone - type specimen with a size of 7 cm ( length )× 1 cm ( width ), both ends of the specimen were fixed with jigs for a tensile test , and the tensile modulus was measured . the conditions for measuring the tensile modulus were as follows . a pressure - sensitive adhesive was cut into a size of 15 cm × 25 cm × 25 μm ( width × length × thickness ) and then stacked in five layers . subsequently , the stacked adhesives were cut into a circle having a diameter of 8 mm , and pressed using glass overnight to enhance wettability at an interface between the layers , thereby removing air bubbles generated during stacking . as a result , a specimen was prepared . subsequently , the specimen was placed on a parallel plate , and a gap was adjusted . then , after normal & amp ; torque was adjusted to zero , and the stabilization of normal force was checked , the storage modulus was measured under the following conditions , and the tensile modulus was calculated according to the following conversion formula . in the above formula , e is a tensile modulus , and g is a storage modulus . a polarizing plate was formed by the method described in example 1 using a pressure - sensitive adhesive formed according to each of examples and comparative examples , except that a direction of the pressure - sensitive adhesive was changed in a direction along a surface of the pressure - sensitive adhesive whose peeling strength was to be measured . that is , in the formation of the polarizing plate disclosed in example 1 , when the peeling strength of a second surface was measured , a first surface was attached to the polarizer , and when the peeling strength of the first surface was measured , the second surface was attached to the polarizer . afterward , a specimen was formed by cutting the polarizing plate into a size of 25 mm × 100 mm ( width × length ). subsequently , a pet releasing film attached to the pressure - sensitive adhesive was peeled off , and the surface of the pressure - sensitive adhesive was attached to alkali - free glass using a 2 kg roller according to jis z 0237 . subsequently , the alkali - free glass to which the pressure - sensitive adhesive was attached was compressed in an autoclave ( 50 ° c ., 0 . 5 atm ) for about 20 minutes , and stored under conditions of constant temperature and constant humidity ( 23 ° c ., relative humidity : 50 %) for 25 hours . then , using a texture analyzer ( ta ) ( stable micro system ( united kingdom )), the polarizing plate was peeled off of the alkali - free glass at a peeling rate of 300 mm / min and a peeling angle of 180 degree to measure a peeling strength . in addition , repeelability was evaluated under the following criteria : ∘: a day after attachment , the peeling strength was 800n / 25 mm or less . δ : a day after attachment , the peeling strength was 1 , 000n / 25 mm or more . x : a day after attachment , the peeling strength was 2 , 000n / 25 mm or more . a film - shape specimen ( thickness of pressure - sensitive adhesive layer : 23 μm ) was formed using a pressure - sensitive adhesive composition of examples and comparative examples , and haze of the pressure - sensitive adhesive layer was measured using a haze meter ( hr - 100 , murakami color research laboratory , japan ) according to jis k 7105 - 1 . two layers of specimens were prepared by cutting a polarizing plate formed in examples and comparative examples into a size of 90 mm × 170 mm ( width × length ). subsequently , the prepared two layers of specimens were attached to both surfaces of a glass substrate ( 110 mm × 190 mm × 0 . 7 mm = width × length × thickness ) such that optical absorption axes of each polarizing plate crossed , thereby preparing a sample . a pressure applied during attachment was about 5 kg / cm 2 , and the preparation of the sample was carried out in a clean room to avoid generation of air bubbles or impurities at an interface . afterward , the humidity and thermal resistance of the sample was evaluated by observing whether air bubbles or peeling occurred at a pressure - sensitive adhesive interface after the sample was left for 1 , 000 hours under conditions including a temperature of 60 ° c . and a relative humidity of 90 %, and the thermal resistance was evaluated by observing whether air bubbles formed or peeling occurred at the pressure - sensitive adhesive interface after the sample was left for 1 , 000 hours at a temperature of 80 ° c . the prepared samples were left at room temperature for 24 hours right before the evaluation of the humidity and thermal resistance or thermal resistance and durability . evaluation conditions are as follows : a sample was prepared by attaching specimens formed by cutting a polarizing plate formed in examples and comparative examples into a size of 90 mm × 170 mm ( width × length ) to one surface of a glass substrate ( 110 mm × 190 mm × 0 . 7 mm = width × length × thickness ). a pressure applied during attachment was approximately 5 kg / cm 2 , and the preparation of the sample was carried out in a clean room to avoid generation of air bubbles or impurities at an interface . subsequently , the prepared sample was put into water at a temperature of 60 ° c . and left for 24 hours to observe whether air bubbles formed or peeling occurred . the water resistance was evaluated according to the following criteria . a polarizing plate formed in examples and comparative examples was attached to both surfaces of a 22 inch lcd monitor ( lg philips lcd ) in a state in which optical axes crossed each other , stored under conditions of constant temperature and constant humidity ( 23 ° c ., relative humidity : 50 %) for 24 hours , and left at 80 ° c . for 200 hours . subsequently , light was radiated onto the monitor using a backlight in a dark room , and the uniformity of light transmission was evaluated according to the following criteria : ∘: no non - uniformity observed in four corners of monitor with naked eye δ : some non - uniformity observed in four corners of monitor with naked eye x : considerable non - uniformity observed in four corners of monitor with naked eye the weight average molecular weight and the distribution of a molecular weight of an acrylic polymer were measured using gpc under the following conditions . to plot a calibration curve , measurement results were converted using standard polystyrene of an agilent system . a specimen was prepared by cutting a polarizing plate having a pressure - sensitive adhesive layer to have a size of 50 mm × 50 mm ( width × length ), and a surface resistance of the pressure - sensitive adhesive layer was measured according to the manufacturer &# 39 ; s manual using mcp - ht 450 equipment ( mitsubishi chemical , japan ) after a releasing pet attached to the pressure - sensitive adhesive layer of the specimen was removed . 90 parts by weight of n - butyl acrylate ( n - ba ), 12 parts by weight of methoxy ethyleneglycol acrylate ( mea ) and 2 parts by weight of 2 - hydroxyethyl acrylate ( 2 - hea ) were put into a 1 l reaction vessel equipped with a cooling device to reflux a nitrogen gas and facilitate temperature control . subsequently , 180 parts by weight of ethyl acetate ( eac ) was put as a solvent into the reaction vessel and purged with the nitrogen gas for 60 minutes to remove oxygen . afterward , the temperature was maintained at 60 ° c ., 0 . 05 parts by weight of azobisisobutyronitrile ( aibn ) was put as a reaction initiator into the reaction vessel , and the reaction was carried out for 8 hours . after the reaction , the reaction product was diluted with ethyl acetate ( eac ), and thus an acrylic polymer ( a ) having a solid content of 30 wt %, a weight average molecular weight of 1 , 000 , 000 , and a molecular weight distribution of 4 . 9 was prepared . an acrylic polymer was prepared by the same method as described in preparation example 1 , except that 90 parts by weight of n - butyl acrylate ( n - ba ), 13 parts by weight of methoxy ethyleneglycol acrylate ( mea ), 2 parts by weight of 2 - hydroxyethyl acrylate ( 2 - hea ), and 0 . 5 parts by weight of acrylic acid ( aa ) were put into the reaction vessel . an acrylic polymer was prepared by the same method as described in preparation example 1 , except that 90 parts by weight of n - butyl acrylate ( n - ba ), 15 parts by weight of methoxy ethyleneglycol acrylate ( mea ), and 2 parts by weight of 2 - hydroxyethyl acrylate ( 2 - hea ) were put into the reaction vessel . a pressure - sensitive adhesive composition was prepared by blending 100 parts by weight of the acrylic polymer prepared in preparation example 1 , 3 parts by weight of a multifunctional crosslinking agent ( tdi - based isocyanate , coronate l , nippon polyurethane industry ( japan )), 100 parts by weight of a multifunctional acrylate ( trifunctional urethane acrylate , aronix m - 315 , toa gosei k . k . ), 3 parts by weight of hydroxycyclohexylphenylketone as a photoinitiator ( irgacure 184 , ciba specialty chemicals ( switzerland )), 3 parts by weight of a triazine - based uv absorbent ( tinuvin 400 , ciba specialty chemicals ( switzerland )), 2 parts by weight of lithium bistrifluorosulfonylimide as an antistatic agent , and 0 . 1 parts by weight of a silane coupling agent having a β - cyanoacetyl group ( m812 , lg chem ( korea )) in a solvent to have a solid content of 30 wt %. subsequently , the prepared pressure - sensitive adhesive composition was coated on a releasing - treated surface of a pet film ( thickness : 38 μm , mrf - 38 , mitsubishi ) subjected to releasing treatment to have a predetermined thickness , and the resulting film was dried in an oven at 110 ° c . for 3 minutes . then , a stacked structure such as that shown in fig2 was formed by further laminating a releasing - treated surface of the releasing - treated pet film ( thickness : 38 μm , mrf - 38 , mitsubishi ) on the dried coating layer , and irradiated by uv rays ( luminance : 250 mw / cm 2 , intensity of light : 300 mj / cm 2 ) using a high pressure mercury lamp , thereby forming a pressure - sensitive adhesive layer ( a cured layer of the layer ( 201 ) of the pressure - sensitive adhesive composition ) between two of the pet releasing films ( 202 a , 202 b ). hereinafter , for convenience of description , a surface of the pressure - sensitive adhesive layer irradiated by uv rays is called a second surface ( 201 a ), and the opposite surface is called a first surface ( 201 b ). a polarizer was formed by extending a polyvinylalcohol - based resin film , dying the film with iodine , and treating the film with an aqueous boric acid solution . subsequently , a 60 μm thick triacetyl cellulose ( tac ) film was attached to one surface of the polarizer using a water - based polyvinylalcohol - based adhesive conventionally used to attach a protective film to a polarizer . afterward , the second surface of the prepared pressure - sensitive adhesive was laminated on a surface of the polyvinylalcohol - based polarizer to which the tac film was not attached using the same water - based polyvinylalcohol - based adhesive as used above , thereby forming a polarizing plate . a polarization plate was formed by the same method as described in example 1 , except that components of the pressure - sensitive adhesive composition were changed as shown in table 1 .	2
exemplary embodiments of the present invention , examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings , are below described in detail . wherever possible , the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts . exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to fig1 to 10 as follows . fig1 is a perspective view of an lcd panel according to the present invention , and fig2 is a cross - sectional view of a portion of the lcd panel shown in fig1 . referring to fig1 and 2 , an lcd panel according to the present invention includes a color filter substrate 180 , a tft substrate 170 , and a layer of liquid crystal molecules 155 injected between the two substrates 180 and 170 , the two substrates being bonded to each other . the color filter substrate 180 includes a color filter array 162 disposed on an upper substrate 111 , a black matrix 168 , a common electrode 164 , an upper alignment layer 160 , and an upper polarizing plate 192 . the color filter array 162 includes red , green and blue color filters r , g and b . the red , green and blue color filters r , g and b contain pigments to provide red , green and blue colors , respectively . the black matrix 168 is formed to overlap the boundaries of pixel areas and the boundaries of color filters in the color filter array 162 , and to overlap gate lines 114 , data lines 124 and tfts on the tft substrate 170 . the black matrix 168 improves the contrast of the lcd panel by shielding light transmission that arises due to misalignment of the substrates , and prevents light induced leakage current in the tfts by shielding the tfts from direct exposure to light . an overcoat layer 166 is formed on the color filter array 162 to provide a planar surface . the common electrode 164 is formed on the overcoat layer 166 . in operation , a common voltage is applied to the common electrode 164 and pixel voltages are applied to pixel electrodes 142 . the common electrode 164 is formed of a transparent and conductive substance such as ito ( indium tin oxide ) or izo ( indium zinc oxide ). the upper polarizing plate 192 is attached to a backside of the upper substrate 111 to control the amount of light transmission and polarization state of an incident beam . the upper polarizing plate 192 is formed by heating and elongating a thin layer of polyvinyl alcohol and then immersing the resulting layer in a dichroic dye solution containing iodic acid . the upper polarizing plate 192 has an elongation axis in the direction in which the plate is elongated and a transmittance axis that is parallel to the plane of the plate and perpendicular to the elongation axis . the tft substrate 170 includes pixel areas with a tft connected to a gate line 114 and a data line 124 formed on a lower substrate 110 . the tft substrate 170 also includes a lower alignment layer 150 , and a lower polarizing plate 190 . the tft supplies a video signal from the data line 124 to a pixel electrode 142 formed in each pixel ares in response to a scan signal applied to the gate line 114 . the tft includes a gate electrode 112 connected to the gate line 114 , a source electrode 126 connected to the data line 124 , a drain electrode 128 connected to the pixel electrode 142 , an active layer 120 of a semiconductor pattern 123 overlapping the gate electrode 112 and overlying a gate insulating layer 118 to form a channel between the source electrode 126 and the drain electrode 128 , and an ohmic contact layer 122 of the semiconductor pattern 123 , the ohmic contact layer being formed on the active layer 120 , other than the channel area to provide ohmic contact to the source and drain electrodes 126 and 128 . the gate line 114 supplies a scan signal from a gate driver to the gate electrode 112 of the tft . the data line 124 supplies a video signal from a data driver to the source electrode 126 of the tft . the gate and data lines 114 and 124 are configured to intersect each other to form an array of pixel areas . the pixel electrode 142 , formed on the passivation layer 138 , is connected to the drain electrode 128 of the tft via a contact hole 140 . the pixel electrode 142 is formed of a transparent conductive layer . in operation , a video signal is applied via the tft to the pixel electrode 142 to generate an electric field in the layer of liquid crystal molecules 155 between the common electrode 164 to which a common voltage is applied and the pixel electrode 142 . the alignment direction of the liquid crystal molecules 155 between the two electrodes 142 and 164 is dependent on the value of the voltage that is applied to the pixel electrode and changes in response to changes in the applied voltage . accordingly the transmittance of light passing through the liquid crystal molecules 155 is changed , thereby implementing a gray scale level . the passivation layers 130 and 138 are provided between the tft and the pixel electrode 142 to protect the data line 124 and the tft . here , the passivation layers 130 and 138 may be formed as a double layer of inorganic and organic layers . alternatively the passivation layers 130 and 138 may be formed as a single layer of either inorganic or organic material . the organic passivation layer 138 is preferably formed by using a thick layer of low permittivity material so that the pixel electrode 142 may overlap the gate line 114 and the data line 124 with minimum parasitic capacitance , thus improving an opening ratio of the pixel electrode 142 . the lower polarizing plate 190 is attached to a backside of the lower substrate 110 to control the transmitted amount and polarization state of light exiting the polarizing plate 190 . since the lower polarizing plate 190 has the same configuration as the upper polarizing plate 192 , a detailed description thereof will be omitted . the upper and lower alignment layers 160 and 150 determine the alignment direction of the liquid crystal molecules 155 provided between the tft substrate 170 and the color filter substrate 180 . the upper alignment layer 160 is formed on the upper substrate 111 on which the black matrix 168 , the color filter array 162 and the common electrode 164 are formed . the lower alignment layer 150 is formed on the lower substrate 110 on which the tft and the pixel electrode 142 are formed . in particular , the liquid crystal molecules 155 are vertically aligned using an oxygen - doped silicon carbide ( sic ), that is , silicon oxycarbide ( sioc ). fig3 is a graph showing liquid crystal pretilt alignment angles versus a carbon ( c ) ratio or composition range of carbon in sioc when used in the lcd panel shown in fig1 . in more detail , the x - axis represents the carbon ratio when silicon ( si ) is ‘ 1 ’ in sioc , and the y - axis represents liquid crystal alignment angles or pretilt angle according to the composition ranges of carbon ( c ). according to fig3 , when the composition range of carbon ( c ) is in a range from about 0 . 12 to about 1 . 89 when silicon is ‘ 1 ’ in sioc , the alignment angles of the alignment layers 150 and 160 are in the range from about 85 ° to about 90 °. moreover , by using an ion beam system to modify the alignment layers , the range of the liquid crystal 155 pretilt angle can be changed to a range extending from about 78 ° to about 90 °. the alignment layers 150 and 160 formed of sioc are deposited on the substrates by a deposition method such as sputtering . for example , a sioc layer may be formed on the lower and upper substrates 110 and 111 by using an rf ( radio frequency ) magnetron sputtering system . the sioc layer may be deposited at a temperature lower than 400 ° c . by argon ions accelerated at 70 ev . subsequently , the alignment direction of the deposited alignment layers 150 and 160 can be changed by using an ion beam system as shown in fig8 b . that is , when the alignment direction of the alignment layers 150 and 160 is rearranged in a multi - domain mode using the ion beam system , it is unnecessary to use separate deposition and etching processes for forming a slit in the common and pixel electrodes of the upper and lower substrates unlike a patterned vertical alignment (“ pva ”) mode . in a vertical alignment (“ va ”) mode , i . e ., a wide viewing angle technique in accordance with the present invention , the liquid crystal molecules having negative permittivity anisotropy are vertically aligned and perpendicularly driven by an electric field , thus adjusting the light transmittance . the va mode becomes a normally black mode since light transmittance is shut by a polarizer perpendicular to the alignment direction of the liquid crystal molecules when a voltage is not applied . meanwhile , in the va mode , light is transmitted by a polarizer parallel to the alignment direction of the liquid crystal molecules rotated at a predetermined angle by an applied voltage . in this case , the liquid crystal 155 is vertically aligned by the vertical alignment layers 150 and 160 of sioc , thereby preventing the light leakage . according to another embodiment of the present invention shown in fig4 , it is possible to use the alignment layers 150 and 160 of sioc in the multi - domain va mode that obtains a wide viewing angle in a manner that the transmittance change is symmetrically generated by dividing the respective sub - pixels to form a multi - domain and aligning the liquid crystal molecules 155 symmetrically . accordingly , the alignment layers 150 and 160 of sioc are formed on the common electrode 264 and a pixel electrode 242 on which the slit pattern is formed . meanwhile , it is possible to determine the alignment direction of the alignment layers 150 and 160 of sioc by depositing the same on the common and pixel electrodes 264 and 242 without the alignment direction or by using the ion beam system . accordingly , the multi - domain va mode , e . g ., the pva mode forms the multi - domain in a manner that a slit is provided on the common and pixel electrodes of the upper and lower substrates , and the liquid crystal molecules are symmetrically driven based on the slit using a fringe field generated by the slit . as shown in fig5 a , when light is polarized by a first polarizing plate 104 , the light is not transmitted by a second polarizing plate 102 , the second polarizing plate 102 having a polarizing axis forming an angle of 90 ° with the polarizing axis of the first polarizing plate 104 . likewise , as shown in fig5 b , in which the pretilt angle θ t is approximately 90 °, light is not transmitted by the lcd panel using the vertically aligned sioc , in accordance with the present invention , in the alignment layers 150 and 160 . accordingly , it is possible to prevent the light leakage by vertically arranging the aligned direction of the alignment layers 150 and 160 so that the liquid crystal molecules 155 are rotated at a predetermined angle according to the rearranged alignment direction . moreover , it is also possible to prevent crosstalk and flicker caused by the light leakage . fig6 is a graph illustrating light transmittance characteristics of an lcd panel including an alignment layer formed of sioc according to the present invention and a related art lcd panel in which the alignment layers are formed of polyimide ( pi ). referring to fig6 , fig6 shows the transmittance characteristic of the lcd panel in which voltages are applied to establish a voltage difference between the common and pixel electrodes 142 and 164 , thus causing the liquid crystal molecules 155 to be rotated at a predetermined angle to transmit light . the direction of the x - axis in the graph indicates wavelengths in the visible light region and the direction of the y - axis indicates transmittance characteristics according to the wavelengths . a first curve 206 indicates transmittance characteristics of an lcd panel using polyimide ( pi ) as in the related art alignment layer , in which the transmittance average of the transmittance characteristics is about 83 . 2 %. on the other hand , a second curve 208 indicates transmittance characteristics of the lcd panel using sioc in the alignment layers 150 and 160 . in this case , the transmittance of the lcd panel of the present invention is between about 83 % and 86 % with an average value of about 85 % between 450 nm and 700 nm , a value that is higher than the average transmittance of the related art lcd panel using the polyimide ( pi ) alignment layer . fig7 is a graph illustrating pretilt angles of liquid crystal according to the thickness of the alignment layer 150 or 160 of the present invention . referring to fig7 , the alignment layers 150 and 160 are formed of an inorganic material , silicon oxycarbide ( sioc ). the direction of the x - axis of the graph indicates the thickness of the alignment layers 150 and 160 , and the direction of the y - axis indicates pretilt angles of the liquid crystal 155 vertically aligned by the alignment layers 150 and 160 when a voltage is not applied to the liquid crystal 155 . accordingly , as depicted in the graph of fig7 , the alignment layers 150 and 160 have thicknesses in the range from about 30 nm to about 500 nm . the liquid crystal is vertically aligned even when the alignment layers 150 and 560 are formed with thicknesses different from each other . preferably , the thickness of the alignment layers 150 and 160 is set to about 100 nm . meanwhile , the alignment layers 150 and 160 have a high resistivity to maintain the electrical stability or to have a potential equal to that of the liquid crystal layer 155 . as shown in the following table 1 , the resistivity of the alignment layer formed of polyimide , or rather the resistivity of the polyimide is 10 12 ωcm ( line 4 in table 1 ). in contrast , the resistivity of the alignment layer formed of sioc , or rather the resistivity of the sioc is between about 1 × 10 15 ωcm and about 3 × 10 15 ωcm , as in lines 1 , 2 , and 3 in table 1 , which is relatively higher than that of the polyimide alignment layer . moreover , the resistivity of the sioc increases with the temperature of the sioc deposition process . accordingly , as the resistivity of the alignment layers 150 and 160 formed of sioc is approximately equal to that of the liquid crystal layer 155 , the resistivity of which is 10 15 ωcm , the alignment layers 150 and 160 and the liquid crystal layer 155 have an equal potential , and thereby it is possible to solve the problem of image retention of the lcd device . fig8 a to 8c are diagrams illustrating a method of forming an alignment layer of an lcd panel according to the present invention , fig9 is a graph illustrating light transmittance characteristics according to the degree of vertical alignment based on deposition temperatures of alignment layers according to the present invention and related art , and fig1 is a graph illustrating pretilt angles of a liquid crystal according to an incident angle of an ion beam . an example of an upper alignment layer formed on an upper substrate according to the present invention is described below . referring to fig8 a , an inorganic alignment layer 210 of silicon oxycarbide ( sioc ) is formed on an upper substrate 111 by a deposition method such as sputtering . also on the upper substrate 111 , a black matrix 168 ( not shown ), a color filter 162 ( not shown ) and a common electrode 160 ( not shown ) are formed . in particular , the alignment layer 210 is formed of silicon oxycarbide ( sioc ) containing silicon ( si ), oxygen ( o ), and carbon ( c ) with a carbon ratio in the range from about 0 . 12 to about 1 . 89 when silicon ( si ) of 1 . the sioc formed in this range of carbon ratio provides a liquid crystal alignment direction or pretilt angle in a range from about 85 ° to about 90 °. moreover , the thickness of the sioc is preferably set to about 30 nm to 500 nm , and more preferably set to about 100 nm . in fig9 , the vertical axis shows an in - plane order parameter representing values dividing the amount of light transmitted when a liquid crystal layer is inserted between polarizing plates by the amount of light transmitted when no liquid crystal layer is inserted between them . a low in - plane order parameter means good vertical alignment . curve 202 shows that the transmittance of the related art alignment layer of silicon oxide ( siox ) changes rapidly as the temperature of deposition varies from about 30 ° c . to about 150 ° c . whereas , in fig9 , curve 204 shows for the present invention an almost constant curve , in which the vertical alignment is well made and there is almost no change in the light transmission even as the deposition temperature is varied in the range from about 30 ° c . to about 400 ° c . when the alignment layer is formed of silicon oxycarbide ( sioc ). accordingly , since the deposition of the alignment layer 210 is not considerably affected by the deposition temperature , the deposition process temperature margin of the alignment layer 210 is improved relative to the deposition process temperature margin for depositing a siox alignment layer . referring to fig8 b , the pretilt alignment direction of a liquid crystal layer may be defined by using an ion beam system to treat the alignment layers formed on the upper and lower substrates . in more detail , the ion beam system includes an ion source 212 in a vacuum chamber 214 . an alignment layer 210 formed on the substrate 111 is positioned within the vacuum chamber 214 . a current flowing in a filament within the ion source 212 heats the filament and thereby thermal electrons are emitted from the surface of the heated filament . the emitted thermal electrons collide with argon gas atoms ar that are injected into the ion source 212 and the emitted thermal electrons ionize the argon gas to form argon ions ar +, thus generating an ion beam . the ion beam is applied to the alignment layer 210 within the vacuum chamber 214 . here , the ion beam strikes the alignment layer 210 at an angle of incidence θ 1 in a range from about 20 ° to about 90 °. as shown in fig1 , after ion beam irradiation of the alignment layer 210 , the pretilt angle of a liquid crystal layer formed on the alignment layer 210 increases in the range from 79 ° to 90 ° as the incident angle θ 1 of the ion beam is increased in a range from about 20 ° to about 90 °. fig8 c shows light transmittance characteristics of the lcd panel ( not shown ) including the alignment layers 150 and 160 of sioc formed through the processes shown in fig8 a and 8b , exhibited as the liquid crystal molecules 155 are rotated at a predetermined angle by a difference between pixel and common electrode voltages . namely , when a voltage is not applied to the liquid crystal 155 , the liquid crystal molecules 155 are vertically aligned to block light transmittance , whereas , when a voltage is applied to the liquid crystal 155 , the liquid crystal molecules 155 are rotated at a predetermined angle to allow light transmittance , thus showing the light transmittance characteristics in fig8 c . as described in detail above , the present invention provides an lcd panel including silicon oxycarbide ( sioc ) alignment layers and a manufacturing method thereof . furthermore , the present invention provides an lcd panel including silicon oxycarbide ( sioc ) alignment layers and a manufacturing method thereof in which the margin of the temperature variation in the depositing process for the alignment layers is improved . moreover , when the alignment direction of the alignment layer is set in a multi - domain configuration by changing the pretilt angle of the alignment layer using an ion beam system , it is possible to adjust the alignment direction of the liquid crystal without using etching and exposure processes of the related art pva mode , thus simplifying the manufacturing process and reducing the manufacturing cost . furthermore , in an lcd panel including alignment layers formed of silicon oxycarbide ( sioc ) in accordance with the present invention , the transmittance of the lcd panel is improved , and thus the display quality is improved . it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention . thus , it is intended that the present invention covers the modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents .	6
before explaining the disclosed apparatus and method in detail , it is to be understood that the system and method is not limited to the particular embodiments and that it can be practiced or carried out in various ways . referring now to fig1 and fig2 , a table saw comprises a table 20 and a saw compartment base under the table . the table saw includes a blade slot 2 on the table surface . a circular blade 4 of the saw compartment extends up through the blade slot 2 to the table surface . the saw compartment includes a blade housing 8 , a dust extraction tube 10 , a dust exhaust tube 14 , and an extraction turbine 12 . in one embodiment , a foldable soft seal 6 connects the blade housing 8 and the blade slot 2 . a piece of wood , or other material to be cut , is placed on the table 20 and pushed to the blade 4 to make the cut . with the extracting turbine 12 running , the saw dust is extracted into the blade slot 2 , through the foldable seal 6 , into the blade housing 8 , then to dust extraction tube 10 , into the turbine chamber , and finally is blew into the dust exhaust tube 14 and out at the dust outlet 16 . the dust is collected at the outlet 16 using a dust collection bag . changing and cleaning the dust collection bag frequently helps increase the efficiency of the dust extraction . the foldable seal 6 is made of airtight material . in accordance with one embodiment , the foldable seal 6 is shaped like an organ cover , as shown in fig4 . the foldable seal 6 includes a pvc frame 6 a , and a waterproof , sunproof pvc coated fabric 6 b . fig4 also illustrates the foldable seal 6 in both stretched and compressed states . the foldable seal 6 may also be in other shapes , such as canvas like structure . referring back to fig2 , the foldable seal 6 seals the connection between the blade housing 8 and table 20 as shown in fig2 , making the blade slot 2 as the first air intake for the dust extraction apparatus of the saw compartment . the saw dust scatters around the blade slot 2 when the wood is cut . with the operating of the dust extraction apparatus , a pressure difference between the blade housing 8 and the blade slot 2 is maximized , hence optimally extracts the sawdust into the dust extraction apparatus . during the operating of the table saw , the wood or other material is pushed into the blade 4 on the table 20 , thus gradually blocks the first air intake ( the blade slot 2 ). in accordance with one embodiment , a second air intake 9 is provided in the blade housing 8 with appropriate size and shape , as shown in fig2 . when the first air intake ( the blade slot 2 ) is blocked , the pressure difference at the second air intake 9 increases , adjusting the air intake to make sure the apparatus is working optimally . referring now to fig3 a and 3b , an arc shaped dust extraction channel 8 a is illustrated from two different positions . the dust extraction channel 8 a is a part of the blade housing 8 . in accordance with one embodiment , the dust extraction channel 8 a is a curved channel - with an opening at the top for the blade 4 . the dust extraction channel 8 a covers part of the blade teeth . the dust extraction channel 8 a has a gap at the top for the blade 4 . the width of the gap is a little bit larger than the width of the blade 4 . the end of the dust extraction channel 8 a connects to the dust extraction tube 10 which connects to the extraction turbine 12 . when the blade is in operating condition , the sawdust is produced at the saw teeth edge . with the extraction turbine 12 running , the disclosed structure allows the sawdust go through the dust extraction channel 8 a and the dust extraction tube 10 into the dust exhaust tube 14 and collected at the outlet 16 . the disclosed structure maximizes the dust extraction . in a test conducted using the disclosed structure , the dust extraction rate is 98 %. the disclosed structure also optimizes the overall structure of the apparatus and cuts the cost . referring now to fig5 and fig6 , another embodiment of the table saw is illustrated . similar to the table saw illustrated in fig1 and 2 , this embodiment also comprises a blade slot 2 on the table surface , a circular blade 4 extends up through the blade slot 2 to the table surface , a blade housing 8 under the table 20 to enclose the blade 4 , a dust extraction tube 10 , a dust exhaust tube 14 , and an extraction turbine 12 . with the extracting turbine 12 running , the saw dust is extracted into the blade slot 2 , into the blade housing 8 , then to dust extraction tube 10 , into the turbine chamber , and finally is blew into the dust exhaust tube 14 and out at the dust outlet 16 . the dust is collected at the outlet 16 using a dust collection bag . this embodiment of the table saw does not use the soft foldable seal . the blade housing 8 is fixed vertically . the gap between the bottom of the table 20 and the top of the blade housing 8 should be minimal to ensure minimum escape of the saw dust from this gap . when the first air intake ( the blade slot 2 ) is blocked , the gap becomes the second air intake for the blade housing . as illustrated in fig7 , the blade housing 8 comprises a front cover 7 and a back cover 3 . the front cover 7 and the back cover 3 are fixed together using a set of screws . in one embodiment , the front cover 7 and the back cover 3 are u - shaped structures . a horizontal bar 5 is latched onto the two arms of the front cover 7 with appropriate latching mechanism to provide additional stability of the blade housing . the horizontal bar 5 may be removed by hand for installation and changing of the blade 4 . as long as the blade 4 does not come in contact with the blade housing 8 , the gap between the blade housing 8 and the blade body should be minimal . fig8 a and 8b illustrate the blade housing 8 with the blade 4 in different positions . as shown in fig8 a and 8b , the saw teeth under the table 20 are always enclosed in the blade housing 8 . inside the blade housing 8 , a divider 3 a is located between the upper arm of the blade housing 8 and the dust extraction tube 10 . the divider 3 a divides the blade housing 8 into two separate spaces at the junction of the blade housing and the dust extraction tube 10 to divert the air flow generated by the extracting turbine 12 . as a result , the junction from the blade housing 8 to the dust extraction tube 10 is divided to two areas . the ration of these two areas is set to a value that maximizes the extraction . some of existing table saws on the market have some capability of tilting the blade but lack of functionality of raising , lowering the blade ; others use a single handwheel to raise , lower , and tilt the blade , the resulting blade position may not be that accurate . the instant paper discloses a mechanism using two handwheels for adjusting the blade position : a front handwheel for raising / lowering the blade , and a side handwheel for tilting the blade . fig9 - 10 illustrate a mechanism for tilting the blade 4 in accordance with one embodiment . the tilting mechanism includes a vertical plate 22 , a tilting axis 24 , a tilting plate 26 , a tilting screw rod base 28 , a tilting screw rod 30 , and a tilting handwheel 38 . the vertical plate 22 is vertically mounted to the bottom of the table 20 through positioning holes . the vertical plate 22 has a semicircle shaped opening . the tilting plate 26 is pivoted on the vertical plate 22 through the tilting axis 24 in the semicircle shaped opening . the tilting screw rod base 28 is attached to the tilting plate 26 . the handwheel 38 is connected to a base 34 mounted to the table saw frame through a connecting rod 36 . the tilting screw rod 30 pivots to the tilting screw rod base 28 , and connects to the tilting handwheel 38 via the connecting rod 36 via a gimbal joint 32 . turn the tilting handwheel 38 , the connecting rod 36 starts to tilt , then the gimbal joint 32 tilts , and the tilting screw rod 30 tilts , the tiling screw rod base 28 turns slightly , as a result the tilting plate 26 tilts around the center of the semicircle opening on the vertical plate 22 , therefore tilts the blade 4 . fig1 - 12 illustrate a mechanism for raising and lowering the blade in accordance with one embodiment . the raising / lowering mechanism includes a positioning slider 42 , a lifting screw rod 46 , a lifting rod 52 , and a lifting handwheel 54 . the positioning slider 42 connects to the motor base 44 at one side , and mounts to the blade housing 8 at the other side . the motor base 44 may slide freely along the sliding rail ( not shown ) on the tilting plate 26 . the motor base 44 has a set of holes with threads suitable for connecting with the lifting screw rod 46 . one end of the lifting screw rod 46 connects with a driven gear 48 , and bends into the flange hole on the tilting plate 26 . a driving gear 50 is coupled with the driven gear 48 . the driving gear 50 connects with the lifting rod 52 , and the lifting rod 52 connects to the lifting handwheel 54 . turn the lifting hand wheel 54 , the lifting rod 52 tilts , causing the driving gear 50 and the coupled driven gear 48 in motion , and in turn causing the lifting screw rod 46 to tilt , the motor base 44 slides along the sliding rail on the tilting plate 26 , and the blade housing 8 slides along with the motor base 44 . fig1 - 16 illustrate embodiments using a single motor for both blade and the dust extraction . referring now to fig1 - 14 , as shown , a motor 62 , the blade arbor 70 , and the extraction turbine 12 are all mounted to the motor base 44 . the motor 62 has a motor pulley 64 . the motor pulley 64 connects with a blade pulley 68 on the blade arbor 70 via a blade belt 66 . the blade arbor 70 is mounted to the motor base 44 via bearings . one end of the blade arbor 70 connects to the blade 4 . the other end of the blade arbor 70 connects to an extraction driving wheel 72 , which connects to the extraction turbine 12 through an extraction belt 74 . in another embodiment , the motor directly drives the blade 4 , the motor also connects to the extraction turbine 12 through a belt . fig1 - 16 illustrate one embodiment using a gear box 76 to connect the blade 4 and the extraction turbine 12 . the motor 62 connects a driving shaft 84 , which mounts to the gear box 76 via bearing 78 . the middle section of the driving shaft 84 connects with a small helical gear 82 . one end of the blade arbor 70 is mounted to the gear box 76 via bearings 78 . the middle section of the blade arbor 70 connects to a large helical gear 80 . the small helical gear 82 and the large helical gear 80 are coupled to form a set of helical gears . the other end of the driving shaft 84 connects to the extraction turbine 12 . the other end of the blade arbor 70 connects to the blade 4 . fig1 illustrates an embodiment using the motor 62 to drive the blade 4 , and an extraction motor 60 to drive the extraction turbine 12 . as shown , the motor 62 mounted on the motor base 44 has a motor pulley 64 . the motor pulley 64 connects with the blade pulley 68 on the blade arbor 70 via the blade belt 66 . the blade arbor 70 is mounted to the motor base 44 via bearings . one end of the blade arbor 70 connects to the blade 4 . the extraction motor 60 is also mounted on the motor base 44 . the extraction motor 60 connects to the extraction turbine 12 to drive the extraction turbine 12 . referring now to fig1 - 19 , the blade 4 has a pair of positioning holes 4 b in accordance with one embodiment . the vibration of the blade along its axis direction increases the width of the kerf , as a result increases the saw dust . in one embodiment , a pair of bulges and corresponding locking clamps are used to increase the stability of the blade during operation . as shown in fig1 - 19 , the blade 4 has a pair of positioning holes 4 b . during the installation of the blade 4 , inset the bulges 86 into the positioning holes 4 b , clamp the corresponding locking clamps 90 onto the bulges 86 , then use a locking screw 92 to tighten the blade 4 . the bulges 86 and the matching locking clamps 90 may be in various shapes . the positioning holes may also in various shapes . referring now to fig2 and fig2 , one embodiment of an anti - dust blade guard is illustrated . an anti - dust blade guard 102 connects to the table 20 through a connector 104 and a splitter 106 . the anti - dust guard 102 comprises an air intake 102 a , a first barrier 102 b , a second barrier 102 c , and a third barrier 102 d . the anti - dust blade guard 102 may automatically adjust its height according to the depth of the wood 108 and make the bottom of the blade guard fit the wood exactly to create a sealed room . the blade guard air intake 102 a is located at the top front of the blade guard 102 . when the blade 4 cuts the wood board 108 , the anti - dust blade guard 102 can prevent the saw dust from scattering into the working environment . during the wood cutting operation , the saw debris and dusts are produced and scattered into the direction of the spinning . the first barrier 102 b can cut off some of the saw debris and saw dusts . these saw debris and saw dusts may be cut by the blade for the second time and continue scattering into the direction of the spinning . the second barrier 102 c may cut off some of these saw debris and saw dusts . the third barrier 102 d diverts the air flow and cut off the remaining saw dusts . the air flow diverted by the third barrier 102 d and the air flow generated by the spinning blade 4 work together to make the saw dusts remain in the blade guard 102 and let the saw dust go into the blade housing 8 through the kerf of the wood board . referring to fig2 and fig2 , another embodiment of an anti - dust blade guard is illustrated . as shown , the anti - dust blade guard comprises a pair of blade guard side barriers 103 , a blade guard strut 107 , and a hollow blade guard cover 105 . one end of the blade guard strut 107 is fixed to a splitter 106 . a pair of screw holes is located at each end of the blade guard strut 107 . there is a circular hole at each side of the blade guard cover 105 back end , and a groove at each side of the front end of the blade guard cover 105 . each side barrier 103 has a pair of oval grooves , one at each end . during installation , a screw goes through the back end groove of the side barrier 103 , the circular hole at the back end of the hollow blade guard cover 105 , and one of the screw holes at the back end of the blade guard strut 107 . at the front end , a screw goes through the front end groove of the side barrier 103 , the circular hole at the front end of the hollow blade guard cover 105 , and one of the screw holes at the front end of the blade guard strut 107 . this structure allows side barriers 103 to move freely . the blade guard may self - adjust according to the lifting and / or tilting of the blade in order to make the cutting area in a relatively sealed room and prevent the saw dust from scattering into the working environment . although a few embodiments have been shown and described , it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made to these embodiments without changing or departing from their scope , intent or functionality . the terms and expressions used in the preceding specification have been used herein as terms of description and not of limitation , and there is no intention in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof , it being recognized that the invention is defined and limited only by the claims that follow .	1
embodiments of the presently disclosed vascular access assembly and safety device will now be described in detail with reference to the drawings wherein like reference numerals designate identical or corresponding elements in each of the several views . in this description , the term “ proximal ” is generally used to refer to the portion of the device that is closer to a clinician , while the term “ distal ” is generally used to refer to the portion of the device that is farther from the clinician . as used herein , the term “ patient ” should be understood as referring to a human patient or other animal , and the term “ clinician ” should be understood as referring to a doctor , nurse or other care provider and may include support personnel . fig1 - 3 illustrate one embodiment of the presently disclosed vascular access assembly and safety device , hereinafter access assembly , shown generally as 10 . access assembly 10 comprises a catheter assembly including a catheter hub 12 ( fig1 ) and a catheter tube 12 a , a safety device 13 having a housing 14 and a safety clip 15 supported within the housing 14 , and a needle assembly including a needle 18 and a needle hub ( not shown ). in a ready to use position , shown in fig1 , the needle 18 extends from the needle hub , through distal and proximal openings 14 a and 14 b ( fig2 ), respectively , in the safety device housing 14 , and through catheter hub 12 and catheter tube 12 a of the catheter assembly . as shown in fig1 - 3 , the safety clip 15 is formed from a substantially flat , resilient member which includes a distal opening 20 , a central opening 21 , and a proximal opening 22 . in one embodiment , the safety clip 15 is formed from spring steel . alternately , other resilient materials can be used to form the safety clip 15 . in the ready - to - use position or assembled state , the needle 18 is positioned to extend through the distal , central , and proximal openings 20 - 22 , respectively , of the safety clip 15 , to retain the safety clip 15 in a curved , deformed configuration within the housing 14 . in this configuration , holes 20 - 22 of safety clip 15 are aligned with distal and proximal openings 14 a and 14 b of safety device housing 14 and oriented to allow the needle to be withdrawn from the catheter assembly through the safety clip 15 . a distal end of the safety clip 15 includes a hook portion 24 which extends through an opening 26 in the housing 14 . in the ready - to - use position of the access assembly 10 , the proximal , central , and distal openings 20 - 22 of the safety clip 15 are aligned with the openings 14 a and 14 b of the housing 14 and the hook portion 24 of safety clip 15 is engaged with a luer connector 12 a of the catheter hub 12 to releasably secure the housing 14 to the proximal end of the catheter hub 12 . in addition , a proximal end 15 b of safety clip 15 abuts endwall 50 of housing 14 . see fig5 . referring to fig2 , an inner wall of housing 14 defines a ramp 30 which abuts a portion 15 a of safety clip 15 between distal and central openings 20 and 21 . the ramp 30 prevents distal expansion of safety clip 15 in the ready - to - use position of the assembly 10 to retain hook portion 24 of safety clip 15 in contact with catheter hub 12 . referring to fig3 - 5 , when the needle 18 is retracted such that the needle tip 18 a passes through distal opening 20 of safety clip 15 , the distal end of the safety clip 15 , which is no longer constrained by the needle 18 , expands outwardly and upwardly within housing 14 . when this occurs , the portion 15 a of safety clip 15 defined between distal and central openings 20 and 21 rides up ramp 30 of housing 14 to lift hook portion 24 from engagement with catheter hub 12 and to partially cover or obstruct distal opening 14 a of housing 14 . see fig3 . this prevents distal advancement of needle 18 from housing 14 of safety clip 15 . concurrently , safety clip 15 tends to flatten . as the tip 18 a of the needle 18 is withdrawn through central opening 21 , safety clip 15 flattens to change the orientation of opening 22 with respect to needle 18 . this change in orientation causes proximal opening 22 of safety clip 15 to tilt with respect to the longitudinal axis of needle 18 such that the edge of clip 15 defining opening 22 engages needle 18 to prevent further retraction of needle 18 through housing 14 . thus , tip 18 a of needle 18 is safely retained within housing 14 of the safety device 15 . see fig5 . as shown in fig4 and 5 , when needle tip 18 a passes through central opening 21 of safety clip 15 , safety clip 15 expands outwardly and upwardly within housing 14 to block distal opening 14 a . fig6 - 8 illustrate another embodiment of the presently disclosed access assembly shown generally as 100 . access assembly 100 includes a catheter assembly having a catheter hub 112 and a catheter tube 112 a extending distally of the catheter hub 112 , a safety device 113 including a housing 114 and a safety clip 116 , and a needle assembly including a needle 118 and a needle hub 120 supporting a proximal end of the needle 118 . the needle 118 includes a sharpened tip 118 a . in a ready - to - use position , the needle 118 extends through the safety device 113 and the catheter assembly such that the tip 118 a of needle 118 extends from a distal end of the catheter tube 112 a . referring to fig6 and 7 , safety clip 116 is received within a cavity 114 a housing 114 . housing 114 includes a proximal wall 122 defining an opening 124 for slidably receiving needle 118 and an open distal end 126 . a pair of spaced posts 130 are formed in housing 114 for fixedly locating the safety clip 116 within the housing 114 as will be discussed below . safety clip 116 includes a proximal wall 136 defining an opening 136 a for slidably receiving the needle 118 . a resilient leg 140 extends distally from each end of proximal wall 136 . the distal end of each leg 140 supports a substantially l - shaped member 142 ( fig8 ) which includes a longitudinal portion 142 a and a radial portion 142 b ( fig7 ). the longitudinal portion 142 a of each l - shaped member 142 includes a protrusion 144 which is positioned to be received in a recess 146 formed in a proximal end of catheter hub 112 to releasably secure catheter hub 112 to safety clip 116 when the access assembly 100 is in the ready - to - use position . in the ready - to - use position of access assembly 100 , members 142 are spaced from needle 118 to minimize drag on the needle 118 . the radial portions 142 b are dimensioned to overlap ( fig8 ) when the needle tip 118 a of needle 118 is retracted into housing 114 of safety device 113 as will be discussed below . alternately , the radial portions 142 b need not overlap but should be configured to prevent distal movement of the needle 118 when the safety clip 116 moves to a non - deformed configuration . referring to fig8 , needle 118 includes an enlarged diameter portion 150 , which may be formed by providing a crimp in needle 118 . alternatively , enlarged diameter portion 150 may be formed in a variety of different ways including providing an annular protrusion about needle 118 by welding or the like . enlarged diameter portion 150 has an outer diameter larger than the inner diameter of opening 136 a formed in proximal wall 136 of clip 116 . when needle 118 is withdrawn into safety clip housing 114 , enlarged diameter portion 150 engages proximal wall 136 and pulls safety clip 116 ( and housing 114 ) proximally in relation to catheter hub 112 ( fig7 ), which is held stationary by a clinician . as clip 116 is pulled proximally in relation to catheter hub 112 , resilient legs 140 of clip 116 flex outwardly as protrusions 144 are manually disengaged from recesses 146 ( fig6 ) of catheter hub 112 . when legs 140 move proximally over the proximal end of catheter hub 112 , legs 140 return to their non - deformed configuration , wherein radial portions 142 b of legs 140 overlap and / or block distal movement of needle 118 . fig9 - 12 illustrate another embodiment of the presently disclosed access assembly shown generally as 200 . access assembly 200 comprises a catheter assembly including a catheter hub 212 and a catheter tube 212 a , a safety device 213 including a housing 214 and a safety clip 216 , and a needle assembly 217 including a needle 218 and a needle hub 220 . housing 214 defines a distal opening 238 and a proximal opening 254 . in the ready - to - use position of access assembly 200 , needle 218 extends through housing 214 of safety device 213 and catheter hub 212 of catheter assembly such that a needle tip 218 a of needle 218 extends from a distal end of the catheter tube 212 a ( fig9 ). safety clip 216 is supported in housing 214 and has a curved u - shaped configuration ( fig1 ) having a first leg 216 a and a second leg 216 b . in the ready - to - use position , the first leg 216 a is positioned adjacent an inner wall of housing 214 and the second leg 216 b is positioned between the first leg 216 a and the needle 218 . alternately , other configurations are envisioned . safety clip 216 is formed from a resilient material such as spring steel and includes a radially extending tab 226 supported on second leg 216 b . in the ready - to - use position of access assembly 200 , the second leg 216 b is deflected towards the first leg 216 by engagement of radially extending tab 226 with needle 218 . more specifically , the safety clip 216 is compressed between an inner wall of housing 214 and the needle 218 via engagement of tab 226 with needle 218 . in one embodiment , the tab 226 includes rounded end portion 226 a ( fig1 ) positioned to slidably engage the needle 218 . housing 214 of safety device 213 includes a resilient arm 240 having a distal projection 240 a which is received in a recess 242 formed in an outer wall of catheter hub 212 to releasably secure the safety device 216 to the catheter hub 212 . see fig1 . referring to fig1 and 12 , needle 218 includes an enlarged diameter portion 250 . in addition , a bushing 252 is slidably positioned about needle 218 proximally of enlarged diameter portion 250 . bushing 252 has an inside diameter smaller than the outside diameter of enlarged diameter portion 250 and an outside diameter which is larger than the inside diameter of the opening 254 in the proximal end of housing 214 . when the needle 218 is retracted into housing 214 of safety clip 216 and needle tip 218 a passes proximally of radially extending tab 226 , second leg 216 b of clip 216 moves towards a non - deformed or non - compressed position wherein tab 226 moves to a position in front of and distally of needle tip 218 a to prevent distal movement of needle tip 218 from housing 214 . see fig1 . proximal retraction of needle tip 218 a from housing 214 is prevented by engagement of enlarged diameter portion 250 of needle 218 with bushing 252 and subsequently , by engagement of bushing 252 with a proximal wall 260 of housing 214 . see fig1 . fig1 - 15b illustrate an alternate embodiment of the presently disclosed safety device shown generally as 313 . safety device 313 includes a housing 314 having a distal open end 314 a and a proximal opening 314 b ( fig1 ). housing 314 defines a throughbore 316 for slidably receiving a needle 318 having a sharpened tip 318 a and an enlarged diameter portion 318 b . a bushing 320 is positioned about the needle 318 at a location proximal of the enlarged diameter portion 318 b . the bushing 320 has an inside diameter smaller than the outside diameter of the enlarged diameter portion 318 b , and an outside diameter portion larger than the inside diameter portion of the proximal opening 314 b of housing 314 . a disk 330 includes a plurality of proximally angled spring fingers 332 ( fig1 a - 15b ) positioned about a central opening 334 and is secured to an inner wall of housing 314 . in use , due to the orientation of spring fingers 332 , when needle 318 is retracted within housing 314 , fingers 332 will deflect inwardly upon engagement with enlarged diameter portion 318 b of needle 318 to allow enlarged diameter portion 318 b to pass through central opening 334 of disk 330 . in this position , with enlarged diameter portion 318 b positioned between disk 330 and bushing 320 , the needle tip 318 a is positioned safely within housing 314 . continued distal movement of needle 318 with respect to housing 314 is prevented by engagement of enlarged diameter portion 318 b of needle 318 with fingers 332 of disk 330 and continued proximal movement or withdrawal of needle 318 from housing 314 is prevented by engagement of enlarged diameter portion 318 b of needle 318 with bushing 320 and subsequently by engagement of bushing 320 with a proximal wall 340 of housing 314 . referring to fig1 a - 15b , disk 330 may be formed from a resilient material such as spring steel . in one embodiment , fingers 332 of disk 330 are planar and define a frusta - conical recess . in an alternative embodiment , such as shown in fig1 a - 16b , disk 330 ′ and fingers 332 ′ define a spherical recess 333 ′ and disk 330 ′ includes an annular sidewall 340 ′ positioned about disk 330 ′. although not discussed in detail herein , housing 314 supports a resilient arm 350 including a protrusion 350 a for releasably engaging a catheter hub ( not shown ) in a manner similar to that described above with respect to resilient arm 240 and catheter hub 212 . the resilient arm 350 is spaced outwardly of and extends substantially parallel to housing 314 in another alternative embodiment of the presently disclosed safety device shown generally in fig1 as 413 , two disks 430 a and 430 b are mounted in housing 414 . disk 430 a includes proximally angled fingers 432 a and disk 430 b includes distally angled fingers 432 b . fingers 432 a prevent distal advancement of needle 418 when enlarged diameter portion 418 b of needle 418 is positioned between disks 430 a and 430 b and fingers 432 b prevent proximal movement or retraction of needle 418 when enlarged diameter portion 418 b is positioned between disks 430 a and 430 b . in one embodiment , disks 430 a and 430 b are integrally formed and are connected together by a cylindrical wall 434 . fig1 a - 19 illustrate another alternate embodiment of the presently disclosed safety device shown generally as 513 . safety device 513 includes a housing 514 , having an inner wall defining a cavity having a large diameter portion 514 a , a distally facing ramp portion 514 b , a proximally facing shoulder 514 c and a small diameter portion 514 d . a clip 516 includes a proximal wall 520 defining an opening 522 for slidably receiving a needle 518 . clip 516 is formed from a resilient material , e . g ., spring steel , and also includes a leg 524 extending from each side of proximal wall 520 . each leg 524 extends outwardly and distally from proximal wall 520 and includes a radially and proximally extending portion 526 ( fig1 ). one radially extending portion 526 defines a cutout 530 ( fig2 ) for slidably receiving needle 518 therein . in use , when needle 518 is retracted into housing 514 , enlarged diameter portion 518 b of needle 518 will engage and deflect radially extending portions 526 of clip 516 inwardly and , subsequently , move into engagement with proximal wall 520 of clip 516 . because enlarged diameter portion 518 b has a larger diameter than opening 522 , further retraction of needle 518 into housing 514 pulls clip 516 over ramp portion 514 b of housing 514 and into the small diameter portion 514 d of housing 514 between proximally facing shoulder 514 c and a proximal wall 540 of housing 514 . see fig1 b . in this position , proximal wall 540 of housing 514 prevents retraction of needle 518 from housing 514 and shoulder 514 c of housing 514 prevents distal advancement of needle 518 from within small diameter portion 514 d . more specifically , the small diameter portion 514 d of housing 514 is dimensioned to prevent outward deflection of legs 524 of clip 516 . since legs 524 are prevented from deflecting outwardly , the enlarged diameter portion 518 b of needle 518 is prevented from being moved distally past radial portions 526 of legs 524 . it is noted that enlarged diameter portion 518 b is too large to pass through cutout 530 in radially extending portion 526 . fig2 - 23 illustrate another embodiment of the presently disclosed access assembly shown generally as 700 . access assembly 700 comprises a needle assembly 710 including a needle hub 712 supporting a distally extending needle 718 , a safety device 713 including a housing 714 and a biasing member 716 , and a catheter assembly including a catheter hub 720 and a catheter tube 720 a extending distally from the catheter hub 720 . in a ready - to - use position , the housing 714 of the safety device 713 is supported between the needle hub 712 and the catheter hub 720 and the needle 718 extends through the safety device housing 714 and the catheter hub 720 such that a tip 718 a of needle 718 projects from a distal end of the catheter tube 720 a . the safety clip housing 714 defines a distal opening 724 and a proximal opening 726 and includes a distal wall 728 , a proximal wall 730 and sidewalls 732 . the biasing member 716 is supported within housing 714 between a sidewall 732 and needle 718 . see fig2 . in the ready - to - use position of access assembly 700 shown in fig2 - 21 , needle 718 extends through distal and proximal openings 724 and 726 of housing 714 and includes a tip 718 a which extends from catheter tube 720 a . in addition , the biasing member 716 is compressed between sidewall 732 and needle 718 . housing 714 also includes a hook portion 734 ( fig2 ) which is engaged with a luer connector 738 of catheter hub 720 . referring to fig2 - 23 , when needle 718 is retracted to withdraw tip 718 a into housing 714 of safety device 713 , biasing member 716 expands towards a non - compressed position to tilt the housing 714 with respect to needle 718 . when this occurs , the distal opening 724 of housing 718 becomes misaligned with the longitudinal axis of needle 718 and the needle tip 718 a is covered by distal wall 728 of housing 714 . during tilting of housing 714 , hook portion 734 is disengaged from catheter hub 720 to release housing 714 from catheter hub 720 . needle 718 includes a crimp 718 b and a bushing 750 positioned proximally of crimp 718 b . as discussed above with respect to previous embodiments , crimp 718 b and bushing 750 prevent withdrawal of needle 718 through proximal opening 726 of housing 714 to safely retain needle tip 718 a within housing 714 of safety device 713 . in this embodiment , as well as in previous embodiments , the bushing 750 is not necessary and the crimp 718 b can be sized to prevent retraction of the needle through a proximal opening of the safety device housing 714 . persons skilled in the art will understand that the devices and methods specifically described herein and illustrated in the accompanying drawings are non - limiting exemplary embodiments . it is envisioned that the elements and features illustrated or described in connection with one exemplary embodiment may be combined with the elements and features of another without departing from the scope of the present disclosure . as well , one skilled in the art will appreciate further features and advantages of the disclosure based on the above - described embodiments . accordingly , the disclosure is not to be limited by what has been particularly shown and described , except as indicated by the appended claims .	0
in the following , in order to be more concrete , without thereby limiting the scope of the invention , the specific case of a connector of circular cross section , fitted with coaxial contacts and input / output cables which are also coaxial , will be considered . fig1 illustrates , in exploded view , an example of a structure of a standard connector 1 , the body 10 of which is of approximately cylindrical shape , being fastened to a wall 2 of an item of equipment ( not shown ), only a fraction of which has been shown . to give a concrete example , it has been assumed that the connector 1 is fitted with three coaxial contacts ( not visible ) emerging in the front face 101 . these contacts are extended , in the rear face 100 , by three coaxial cables 3 , carrying signals , from and / or to other members ( not shown ) placed inside the item of equipment supporting the connector 1 . within the context of the invention , the term “ standard ” denotes here a connector 1 which does not fulfill the function of grounding between the shielding screen ( not visible in fig1 ) of the coaxial cables 3 and the support wall 2 of the item of equipment . to fasten the connector to the wall 2 , a hole 20 , of shape and size such that the body 10 of the connector 1 may be introduced thereinto , is provided . in the present case , the hole 20 is of circular shape and has a diameter slightly greater than that of the body 10 . the body 10 of the connector 1 is furthermore provided with a peripheral fastening plate 102 which is secured thereto or with a similar member , for example of substantially square or rectangular shape . this plate 102 lies in a plane orthogonal to the axis of symmetry δ of the body 10 and is made integral with the latter , for example by soldering during manufacture . a removable backplate 103 , having a circular central hole 1031 in order to be able to be slipped over the body 10 , is also often provided . the plates 102 and 103 also have fastening holes ( only those of which , 1030 , in the plate 103 are visible in fig1 ), for example placed at the four corners . the wall 2 also has holes or cut - outs 200 intended for fastening the connector 1 , these being made around the periphery of the main hole 20 . these holes or cut - outs 200 are placed in a space , one with respect to the other around the center of symmetry c of the hole 20 , so as to be in registration with the holes , for example 1030 , in the plates 102 and 103 . the connector 1 is finally joined to the wall 2 by inserting its body 10 into the hole 20 up to the point where the plate 102 bears on the wall 2 . all that is then required is to bring the holes in this plate 102 and the holes 210 in the wall 2 , together with those , 1030 , in the plate 103 , into registration and to use conventional members of the screw - nut type ( not shown ) in order to lock the connector 1 to the wall 2 . the backplate 103 may be placed against the plate 102 , as illustrated in fig1 or , in an embodiment not shown , slipped over the body 10 , on the other side of the wall 2 ( by convention , the front face ), before being clamped by the screw - nut members . the wall 2 is then gripped between the plates 102 and 103 . mechanical grounding of the shields of the rear coaxial cables 3 , that is to say coupling between these shields and the wall 2 , assumed to be made of metal , is not intrinsically provided by a standard - type connector . if this function has to be provided , it is then necessary to use a grounding connector , as mentioned , which intrinsically allows this grounding to be accomplished . however , as also mentioned , this type of connector has many drawbacks . an embodiment of a connector according to the invention , and its main production steps , will now be described with reference to fig2 a to 2 e . it should be clearly understood that certain production steps are common with the prior art . the specific steps will be explained in detail . the elements common to the previous figures bear the same reference numbers and will be described again only when necessary . fig2 a illustrates in greater detail an example of a coaxial cable 3 fitted at its end with a coaxial contact 4 intended to be inserted into the body 10 of the connector 1 , as shown in fig2 b . the coaxial cable 3 , as mentioned , usually comprises an outer protective sheath 30 , made of electrically insulating material . this sheath 30 covers the shield 31 , generally consisting of a tightly - meshed metal braid . according to a first characteristic of the invention , the cable 3 is stripped in a region zd at a predetermined distance d from the end of the coaxial contact 4 . this operation constitutes a first step in mounting a connector 1 according to the invention . fig2 b illustrates a standard connector 1 , of the type shown in fig1 . however , on the one hand , the coaxial contacts 4 have not yet been inserted into the body 10 of the connector 1 via its rear face 100 and , on the other hand , according to one of the characteristics specific to the invention , the cables 3 have a stripped region zd . in a subsequent step , the contacts 4 are inserted into longitudinal channels 1000 ( parallel to the axis δ ) which are provided for this purpose and emerge on the rear face 100 of the body 10 of the connector 1 . these channels 1000 , parallel to the axis δ , pass right through the body 10 so as to also emerge on the front face 101 . quite conventionally , the length of the contacts 4 is generally less than the length of the body 10 of the connector 1 . consequently , part of the end of the cables 3 bearing the contacts 4 is also inserted into the channels 1000 . the contacts 4 are shown fully inserted in fig2 c . the backplate 103 may also be slipped over the body 10 . these insertion operations are common , per se , to similar operations necessary for producing a connector according to the prior art ( fig1 ). fig2 c also shows an essential element of a connector 1 according to the invention . to fulfill the “ grounding ” function between the braid 31 and the mechanical structure 2 ( fig1 ) of an item of equipment or apparatus , according to a second very important characteristic of the invention , a metal reinforcement 5 , called a “ foil ”, having an approximately plane rear wall 50 , is used . this rear face 50 is provided with holes 500 having the same spatial configuration as the holes 1000 ( fig2 b ) so that the rear wall 50 can be slipped over the cables . furthermore , the distance d is such that the stripped region zd lies outside the body 10 of the connector 1 , but in the immediate vicinity of the rear face 100 , when the foil is slipped over the cables 3 as shown in fig2 d and 2e . the holes 500 advantageously have a circular cross section , of diameter slightly greater than the external diameter of the sheath 30 . according to another characteristic , the foils 5 are provided with flaps 51 bent rearward by approximately 90 degrees with respect to the wall 50 and having , at their ends , a second bent - over part 52 , bent inward again through 90 degrees . advantageously , the flaps form narrow tabs , for example four tabs at the top and bottom edges of the rear wall 50 on both sides of the latter . the length of the tabs is such that the bent - over end parts 52 hold the fixed plate 102 captive and pass in front of this plate when the foil is fitted ( see fig2 d and 2 e ). fig2 c illustrates the foil 5 before it is fitted , that is to say before it is slipped over the coaxial cables 3 . this figure also shows the fastening holes 1020 in the plate 102 . fig2 d illustrates the “ connector 1 / foil 5 ” assembly mounted . the final operation , before fitting the connector 1 and its foil 5 into the structure 2 , consists in soldering the shields ( the braids 31 ) to the rear face 50 of the foil . this step , also specific to the invention , makes it possible to ensure that there is good electrical continuity between the shields 31 and the foil 5 . this operation may be carried out in a known manner , for example by soldering with the aid of an induction iron . as illustrated more particularly in fig2 e , the body 10 of the connector 1 is inserted into the opening 20 . the wall 2 is then made to bear against the front face of the fastening plate 102 ( position 2 ′: arrow f ). however , it should be clearly understood that this is a relative movement . in fact , it is the connector 1 which is subjected to a translational movement . the final operation , also common , per se , to the prior art , consists in securing the “ connector 1 / foil 5 ” assembly to the wall 2 . as in the case of fig1 any suitable conventional means , for example members of the screw - nut type , are used . the bent - over ends 52 of the tabs 51 are then gripped between the rear of this wall 2 and the front wall 101 of the body 10 . this gripping ensures that there is good electrical continuity between the wall 2 , and therefore the item of equipment of which it forms part , and the foil 5 . consequently , since the latter is soldered to the shields 31 , in the stripping region zd , high - quality mechanical grounding between the structure ( represented by the wall 2 ) and the shields 31 of the coaxial cables 3 , is achieved in a simple manner . in order to ensure that electrical continuity remains over time , it is necessary for the surface of the foil not to oxidize . thus , it is advantageous to carry out an initial surface treatment . to be more specific , a practical embodiment of the foil 5 will now be presented : constituent material of the foil 5 : beryllium copper ( for example , known by the brand name “ ube 2 ”); surface treatment : chemical nickel plating and local tinning by dipping in a material of brand name “ sn15 / cu10 ”, in order to solder the rear face 50 to the shields 31 ; diameter of the holes 500 = diameter of the cables 3 ( sheath 30 )+ 1 mm ; gripping area ( end tabs 52 ), distributed between the fastening points : a minimum of 200 mm 2 ; and distance between the rear face 100 of the body 10 of the connector 1 and the soldering face 50 of the foil : a minimum of 5 mm . as indicated , the invention relates to connectors of various shapes : circular cross section , rectangular cross section , etc . it goes without saying , under these conditions , that the exact shape of the foil 5 and its dimensions also depend on the configuration of the connector in question . this aspect is still within the scope of a person skilled in the art , without there being a need to expand on this any further . having read the foregoing , it may be easily seen that the invention clearly achieves the objectives that it has set itself . comparing costs , a standard connector typically costs 300 f and a special connector of the “ grounding ” type costs 2 000 f , but the additional cost for the foil alone is approximately 200 f . it follows that a connector according to the invention , fitted with its foil , typically costs 500 f , i . e . four times less than a so - called “ grounding ” connector having equivalent characteristics . the materials that can be used to produce the foil are everyday materials . many configurations of standard connectors and many sources of supply are commercially available . a connector according to the invention , based on a standard connector and the metal reinforcement called the foil , therefore does not have the dangers inherent in a connector from a single or almost single source : continuity of supply not guaranteed , risk of running out of stock , etc . the additional volume of the connector according to the invention compared with a standard connector is very small : additional thickness of about 5 mm on the rear face , plus the thickness of the material on the front face ( the bent - over parts of the tabs being placed between the front face of the connector and the rear face of the wall of the item of equipment ), i . e . 2 mm in the example described . finally , implementation is simple . there is no need for specific tooling in order to produce and mount such a connector . however , it must be clearly understood that the invention is not limited merely to the embodiments explicitly described , especially in relation to fig2 a to 2 e . it should especially be pointed out that , although the invention has been described more particularly in the case of connectors of circular cross section , this description in no way limits the scope of the invention . furthermore , the numerical values , for example the geometrical dimensions , were only specified in order to give concrete examples . they essentially depend on the precise application envisioned . finally , there are many materials that can be used to produce the grounding reinforcement , called the “ foil ”, and a person skilled in the art is competent to make a simple technological choice thereof .	7
referring to fig1 , a combined heat and power gas motor system 10 is depicted . the system 10 includes a generator 12 operably connected to a dryer 14 . generator 12 is a motor generator that includes an outside combustion air inlet 16 and a fuel ( e . g ., natural gas ) inlet 18 . generator 12 further includes an exhaust gas outlet 20 , coupled with a fan 22 , and an electrical transmission line 24 . the generator 12 can be any conventional generator , but is preferably a combustion - type gas turbine . in a typical gas turbine - driven electrical generating system , an oxidizing gas including air , oxygen or an oxygen rich mixture is fed to a compressor , driven by a gas turbine . the oxidizing gas is compressed and as it exits the compressor into a combustion chamber , it is mixed with a fuel and ignited , producing high pressure hot gases that pass through the gas turbine impacting blades in the turbine , causing them to rotate a shaft that drives the compressor and an electrical generator , thus generating electricity . the high pressure hot gases lose pressure as they expend work on the turbine blades and exit the gas turbine as low pressure or atmospheric pressure hot gases , usually at temperatures described below . the dryer 14 includes an exhaust gas inlet 26 , a wet material inlet 28 , an exhaust gas outlet 30 , and a dried material outlet 32 . the dryer 14 can be most any type of dryer , with a preferred type being a rotary kiln dryer . rotary dryers are slightly inclined cylindrical shells supported by two riding rings running on a set of rollers , and are suitable for drying a wide range of materials because of their ability to process materials having considerable variation in size and composition . a rotary dryer uses lifters mounted in the shell to produce a cascade of particles falling through a hot gas stream . the mechanical lifting of the material allows rotary dryers to be used to dry materials ranging from fine to coarse . it also aids in breaking up lumps , thus promoting a more uniformly dried material . the proper design of a rotary dryer is based upon several factors . the dryer diameter determines the gas velocity . the lifter design determines how the material will fall through the gas stream . the full width of the dryer becomes a shower of material . chains may also be used when processing very wet material to improve heat transfer . dryers are also designed for either co - current or counter - current flow , depending on the particular process and application needs . rotary kiln dryers meeting these requirements are commercially available , such as those sold by metso minerals industries inc . ( danville , pa .). in use , generator 12 would be operated following “ normal ” procedures , using the desired fuel coming into fuel inlet 18 , etc . that is , generator 12 would be run just as it would if it were not operably connected to dryer 14 , as part of the heat and power gas motor system 10 . additionally , the generator 12 will generate electricity can be used for local electrical demand requirements ( e . g ., to power the facility and / or equipment present or near the facility of the system 10 ), or sold back to a utility . the difference in the inventive system 10 is that exhaust gas outlet 20 of generator 12 is connected to a fan 22 , so that it can be metered to exhaust gas inlet 26 of dryer 14 . it will be appreciated that fan 22 will also preferably include an outlet line or vent ( not shown ) that allows it to vent the exhaust to the outside ( similar to the venting that would occur if the generator 12 were not a part of the system 10 ), for situations where it is not desired to transport any or all of the exhaust gas to the dryer 14 . typical gases that will be found in the waste gas emitted from generated 12 include those selected from the group consisting of carbon monoxide , carbon dioxide , oxygen , nitrogen , argon , and mixtures thereof the gas transported out of exhaust gas outlet 20 , and into exhaust gas inlet 26 should have a temperature of at least about 100 ° c ., preferably from about 200 ° c . to about 600 ° c ., and more preferably from about 250 ° c . to about 540 ° c . additionally , the gases should be less than saturated with water . more particularly , the gases should have less than about 6 % by mass water per cubic meter of gas , preferably less than about 4 % by mass water per cubic meter of gas , and more preferably from about 2 % by mass water per cubic meter of gas to about 4 % by mass water per cubic meter of gas , as measured following a standard fischer titration . the gases will typically have a pressure of less than about 1 psig ( and preferably from about 0 . 1 psig to about 0 . 3 psig ), but that pressure can be boosted with the fan 22 , as shown . the flow rate of the gas into the inlet 26 will be dependent on the flow rate of the material to be dried , but typical flow rates will fall in the range of from about 130 , 000 lbs / hour to about 400 , 000 lbs / hour . while hot exhaust gas is being directed into dryer 14 ( in this case a kiln dryer ), the material 34 to be dried is also metered into the dryer . examples of material 34 that can be dried with the present inventive method include minerals , salts , salts , pigments , sands , and clay . ideal salts for use in this method include those selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride , potassium sulfate ( sulfate of potash ), magnesium chloride , potassium chloride , sodium sulfate , ammonium sulfate , ammonium nitrate , and urea . in the system 10 of fig1 , the exhaust gases are fed co - currently to the material 34 , but it will be appreciated that those gases could be fed counter - currently to the material 34 , depending upon the specific dryer design . the material 34 being introduced into inlet 28 of dryer 14 will have a typical moisture content of from about 5 % by weight to about 50 % by weight water , preferably from about 5 % by weight to about 40 % by weight , and more preferably from about 3 % by weight to about 30 % by weight water , based upon the total weight of the wet material 34 taken as 100 % by weight . the flow rate of the material 34 into the inlet 28 is material - and process - dependent , but typical flow rates are from about 0 . 4 tons / min to about 1 . 2 tons / min . the exhaust gas preferably retains essentially the same temperatures described above as it enters the dryer 14 . as the material 34 passes through dryer 14 , the heat from the exhaust gas evaporates the moisture from material 34 , thus drying it . the water vapor and other gases exit the dryer 14 from exhaust gas outlet 30 , where they can be treated , as necessary , using conventional treatment methods . the dried material 34 a exits the dryer 14 through dried material outlet 32 , where it is ready to be packaged , further processed , transported , etc ., depending upon the particular material and its desired final use . advantageously , the dried material 34 a exits outlet 32 with a reduction in moisture content from the initial moisture content of material 34 upon entering inlet 28 . that is , the final moisture content of dried material 34 a is less than about 50 % of the initial moisture content of material 34 , preferably less than about 40 %, more preferably less than about 30 %, and even more preferably from about 10 % to about 20 % of the initial moisture content of material 34 . for example , if material 34 entered the dryer 14 with a moisture content of 50 %, dried material 34 a would exit with a moisture content of about 25 % or less , preferably about 20 % or less , more preferably about 15 % or less , and even more preferably from about 5 % to about 10 %. thus , the dried material 34 a will have a typical moisture content of from about 1 % by weight to about 15 % by weight , preferably from about 1 % by weight to about 10 % by weight , and more preferably from about 1 % by weight to about 5 % by weight , based upon the total weight of the dried material 34 a taken as 100 % by weight . fig2 depicts an alternative embodiment to that shown in fig1 , with like numbering representing similar parts . the sole difference between the embodiments is that dryer 14 , which was previously a rotary kiln dryer , has been replaced with a fluidized bed dryer 14 a . a “ fluidized bed ” refers to a bed of finely divided solids through which a gas is passed , and which is in a state between that of a static bed and one where all the solids are suspended in the gas stream , as in pneumatic conveying . the introduction of an appropriate gas flow into the material bed brings about the onset of fluidization . bubbles of gas pass through the bed of material , creating a condition of rapid mixing . the bed has the appearance of a vigorously boiling liquid , and the bed of material takes on many of the properties of a fluid . it exerts a hydrostatic head , and the material will flow through a hole in the vessel , or over and under a weir within the bed . the boiling action in a fluidized bed brings particles into contact with each other , removing dust that is carried off in the gas stream . the same boiling action ensures very thorough mixing , giving uniform temperature conditions and enabling complete drying to take place without overheating the material . suitable fluidized bed dryers 14 a can be obtained from ventilex usa , inc . ( middletown , ohio ). a further embodiment is depicted in fig3 , where a dispersion dryer 14 b now replaces dryer 14 / 14 a . this dryer 14 b differs the previous embodiments in that wet material 34 enters dryer 14 b at the top 36 via a mechanical feeder 38 , such as a belt conveyor or screw conveyor . the hot exhaust gas enters the dryer 14 b via a tangential inlet 40 at the bottom 42 of the dryer 14 b , creating a circular flow of gas with the dryer 14 b . this flow , coupled with a specially designed perforated plate ( not shown ) to address specific wet process material characteristics , picks up the moist process particles , conveys them up through the dryer 14 b , dries them , and carries them through a combined gas and exhaust outlet 44 on the top 36 of dryer 14 b . the gas and dried process material are separated downstream , typically via a device such as a cyclone separator 46 . suitable dispersion dryers 14 b can be obtained from allgaier process technology ( uhingen , germany ). it will be appreciated that modifications can be made to the above to accommodate certain situations . for example , should that temperature be too high for the material to he dried , or for the dryer being utilized , heat exchanger cooling loops could be included on the gas motor to provide heat to a heat transfer fluid ( e . g ., therminol manufactured by eastman , kingsport tenn . ), which in turn can heat an air stream feeding the dryer . a third option would be to dilute the hot exhaust gases from the gas motor with ambient air to the point that temperature is not an issue for either process material or equipment . this option requires additional auxiliary equipment for air movement and balancing . finally , one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the gas motor is sized based on the amount of heat needed to dry the wet process material completely , with the amount of electricity generated being dependent on the equipment sizing .	8
fig1 depicts a communication system 100 in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure . the communication system 100 may be a distributed system and , in some embodiments , comprises a communication network 104 connecting one or more customer communication devices 108 to a work assignment mechanism 116 , which may be owned and operated by an enterprise administering a contact center in which a plurality of resources 112 are distributed to handle incoming work items from the customer communication devices 108 . in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure , the communication network 104 may comprise any type of known communication medium or collection of communication media and may use any type of protocols to transport messages between endpoints . the communication network 104 may include wired and / or wireless communication technologies . the internet is an example of the communication network 104 that constitutes an internet protocol ( ip ) network consisting of many computers , computing networks , and other communication devices located all over the world , which are connected through many telephone systems and other means . other examples of the communication network 104 include , without limitation , a standard plain old telephone system ( pots ), an integrated services digital network ( isdn ), the public switched telephone network ( pstn ), a local area network ( lan ), a wide area network ( wan ), a voice over internet protocol ( voip ) network , a session initiation protocol ( sip ) network , a cellular network , and any other type of packet - switched or circuit - switched network known in the art . in addition , it can be appreciated that the communication network 104 need not be limited to any one network type , and instead may be comprised of a number of different networks and / or network types . as one example , embodiments of the present disclosure may be utilized to increase the efficiency of a grid - based contact center . examples of a grid - based contact center are more fully described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 12 / 469 , 523 , the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference . moreover , the communication network 104 may comprise a number of different communication media such as coaxial cable , copper cable / wire , fiber - optic cable , antennas for transmitting / receiving wireless messages , and combinations thereof . the communication devices 108 may correspond to customer communication devices . in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure , a customer may utilize their communication device 108 to initiate a work item , which is generally a request for a processing resource 112 . exemplary work items include , but are not limited to , a contact directed toward and received at a contact center , a web page request directed toward and received at a server farm ( e . g ., collection of servers ), a media request , an application request ( e . g ., a request for application resources location on a remote application server , such as a sip application server ), and the like . the work item may be in the form of a message or collection of messages transmitted over the communication network 104 . for example , the work item may be transmitted as a telephone call , a packet or collection of packets ( e . g ., ip packets transmitted over an ip network ), an email message , an instant message , an sms message , a fax , and combinations thereof . in some embodiments , the communication may not necessarily be directed at the work assignment mechanism 116 , but rather may be on some other server in the communication network 104 where it is harvested by the work assignment mechanism 116 , which generates a work item for the harvested communication . an example of such a harvested communication includes a social media communication that is harvested by the work assignment mechanism 116 from a social media network or server . exemplary architectures for harvesting social media communications and generating work items based thereon are described in u . s . patent application ser . nos . 12 / 784 , 369 , 12 / 706 , 942 , and 12 / 707 , 277 , each of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety . the supervisor communication device 128 may correspond to a communication device or collection of devices operated and / or controlled by a contact center supervisor or manager . in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure , a supervisor may utilize the communication device 128 to evaluate or help the servicing of a work item by a resource 112 . the supervisor may utilize the communication device 128 to initiate or respond to interaction regarding work items with the work assignment mechanism 116 , a bot agent module 132 , elements within or outside of the communication network 104 , and to processing resources 112 . in some embodiments , the supervisor communication device 128 may correspond to a resource 112 and / or be connected within a contact center rather than being connected to a contact center via the communication network 104 . the work assignment mechanism 116 may employ any queue - based or queueless work assignment algorithm . examples of queue - based work assignment skill - based algorithms include , without limitation , a fairness algorithm , pacing algorithm ( which inserts rests into the agents work queue ), value - based algorithms , limited algorithms ( such as business advocate ™ by avaya , inc . ), and outsourcing algorithms . other algorithms may consider other types of data inputs and / or may treat certain data inputs differently . the format of the work item may depend upon the capabilities of the communication device 108 and the format of the communication . in particular , work items are logical representations within a contact center of work to be performed in connection with servicing a communication received at the contact center ( and more specifically the work assignment mechanism 116 ). the communication may be received and maintained at the work assignment mechanism 116 , a switch or server connected to the work assignment mechanism 116 , or the like until a resource 112 is assigned to the work item representing that communication at which point the work assignment mechanism 116 passes the work item to a routing engine 124 to connect the communication device 108 to the assigned resource 112 . although the routing engine 124 is depicted as being separate from the work assignment mechanism 116 , the routing engine 124 may be incorporated into the work assignment mechanism 116 or its functionality may be executed by the work assignment engine 120 . in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure , the customer communication devices 108 and the supervisor communication device ( s ) 128 may comprise any type of known communication equipment or collection of communication equipment . examples of a suitable communication device 108 , 128 include , but are not limited to , a personal computer , laptop , tablet , cellular phone , smartphone , telephone , or combinations thereof . in general , each communication device 108 , 128 may be adapted to support video , audio , text , and / or data communications with other communication devices 108 , 128 as well as the processing resources 112 . the type of medium used by the communication device 108 , 128 to communicate with other communication devices 108 , 128 or processing resources 112 may depend upon the communication applications available on the communication device 108 , 128 . in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure , the work item is sent toward a collection of processing resources 112 via the combined efforts of the work assignment mechanism 116 and routing engine 124 . the resources 112 can either be completely automated resources ( e . g ., interactive voice response ( ivr ) units , processors , servers , or the like ), human resources utilizing communication devices ( e . g ., human agents utilizing a computer , telephone , laptop , etc . ), or any other resource known to be used in contact centers . as discussed above , the work assignment mechanism 116 and resources 112 may be owned and operated by a common entity in a contact center format . in some embodiments , the work assignment mechanism 116 may be administered by multiple enterprises , each of which has their own dedicated resources 112 a - n connected to the work assignment mechanism 116 . in some embodiments , the work assignment mechanism 116 comprises a work assignment engine 120 which enables the work assignment mechanism 116 to make intelligent routing decisions for work items and / or bot agents 132 . in some embodiments , the work assignment engine 120 is configured to administer and make work assignment decisions in a queueless contact center , as is described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 12 / 882 , 950 , the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference . more specifically , the work assignment engine 120 can determine which of the plurality of processing resources 112 is qualified and / or eligible to receive the work item and further determine which of the plurality of processing resources 112 is best suited ( or is the optimal processing resource ) to handle the processing needs of the work item . in situations of work item surplus , the work assignment engine 120 can also make the opposite determination ( i . e ., determine optimal assignment of a work item resource to a resource ). in some embodiments , the work assignment engine 120 is configured to achieve true one - to - one matching by utilizing bitmaps / tables and other data structures . the work assignment mechanism 116 can communicate with the bot agent module 132 which may provide contact center manager assistance , including service observing ( so ), active call matching , scanning , and other features . the work assignment mechanism 116 can communicate with a call management system ( cms ) 136 which may provide integrated analysis and reporting on the performance of one agent , a group of agents , a single contact center site , or multiple contact center sites . the bot agent module 132 may additionally integrate cms 136 data and application data for display and use on a user interface of the communication device 128 . applications may work in conjunction with the bot agent module 132 , providing both native functionality and third - party functionality provided by an application programming interface ( api ). fig2 depicts another view of a contact center 200 in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure . the phrase “ contact center ” as used herein refers to a company that manages client correspondence through a variety of mediums , including telephone , fax , email , mail , chat , text , etc . a contact center “ floor ” 204 typically contains resources 112 , one or more supervisors 212 , and one or more displays 208 ( e . g ., wall - mounted light emitting diode ( led ) displays ). the contact center floor 204 can contain one or more large , wall - mounted displays , commonly referred to as wallboards 208 , operable to integrate with data sources . the wallboard 208 may display many types of information , including but not limited to , rss feed data , statistics ( e . g ., key performance indicators — kpis ), metrics , graphs , images , announcements , alerts , thresholds , and messages . the contact center 200 can include more or fewer elements , and elements of the contact center 200 can be arranged differently and interact differently than those shown in fig2 . contact center resources 112 may be agents at workstations and may be seated with a view of one or more wallboards 208 . for example , elizabeth 112 a , lani 112 b , and josh 112 c may be resources 112 for the contact center 200 , operable to receive and complete work items . generally , the agent 112 can have a workstation that includes a telephone , a computer , a smart device , and other communication devices inside the facility or remote from the contact center floor 204 . as can be appreciated , the contact center floor 204 and the agent 112 workstations may comprise more or fewer of the elements listed . one or more supervisors 212 may be available to monitor activities on the contact center floor 204 and to assist , restrain , and train agents 112 . omar 212 , for example , may have a workstation inside the facility or remote from the contact center floor 204 . the supervisor workstation may include a land - line telephone 220 , a computer 216 , a smart device 128 , or other communication devices . in one embodiment , the supervisor 212 may have a communication device 128 . one non - limiting example of the device 128 is a mobile or cordless device that is connected to other contact center components via wireless connections ( e . g ., 802 . 11n )/ 3g / 4g / etc ., and capable of browsing , telephony , and / or location . the device 128 may be a telephone or a tablet . more specifically , the supervisor communication device 128 may be a telephone or tablet , operable to run applications related to the supervision of the contact center floor 204 . the supervisor communication device 128 may be operable to receive calls , short message service ( sms ) texts , pop - ups , and data and operable to communicate with a bot agent module 132 and other elements . fig3 depicts a bot agent interaction with a supervisor workstation 300 in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure . one or more bot agents , operable through the bot agent module 132 , are operable to monitor , receive , alert , transfer , pull , push , and aggregate data and calls from multiple sources to a supervisor workstation 216 and / or the supervisor communication device 128 . the bot agent 132 may monitor and / or join calls in progress 304 . the bot agent 132 may also monitor statistics , metrics , goals , and other administrable values . the bot agent module may provide the information to the supervisor workstation , and the data may be presented at a user interface , including at a computer 216 , and / or on a smart communication device 128 , a wallboard 208 , or any other device capable of presenting the display . as a non - limiting example , omar 212 , the supervisor , may be in charge of a group of agents 112 a - g , responsible for new sales and service calls for a satellite broadcasting service . omar 212 also takes calls , emails , and instant messages as an individual contributor to the team , so omar 212 finds it difficult to actively monitor all of the agents 112 a - g all of the time . the administrator of the communication system 100 has installed a new bot agent module 132 that omar 212 is really excited to try . the bot agent 132 is configured to assist omar 212 in actively monitoring the activities of the agents 112 a - g . omar 212 and the administrator set goals , thresholds , metrics and other particulars of the contact center to display on his supervisor workstation computer 216 and smartphone 128 . once invoked , the bot agent 132 may be configured to work immediately , looking for issues , anomalies , problems , opportunities , etc . based on programming specifically requested by omar 212 . the bot agent 132 receives an alert from the communication system 100 that an agent 112 a on a call 304 a , has been on a service call over the five minute threshold set by the administrator for omar 212 . the bot agent 132 automatically joins the call based on the alert to begin an analysis . one purpose of the analysis is to determine whether or not the agent 112 a needs help . the customer on the call 304 a with the agent 112 a is screaming and using profanity . the communication system 100 is operable to detect , via voice analytics , that the customer has become unacceptably hostile . the bot agent 132 determines that it would be helpful to have the supervisor , omar 212 , join the call . the bot agent 132 marks the call and sends an alert to omar 212 . the supervisor omar 212 gets a pop - up alert letting him know that agent 112 a needs help . omar 212 pushes a button on his display , requesting that the bot agent 132 connect omar 212 to the call 304 a . omar 212 has had special training to deal with particularly nasty customers , and omar 212 doesn &# 39 ; t appreciate the customer attacking one of his agents 112 a . omar 212 sends an instant message to the agent 112 a letting the agent know that he is joining . the agent 112 a acquiesces and omar 212 joins the call . omar 212 uses his training to calm the customer down . once the issues are resolved , omar 212 , the agent 112 a , and the bot agent 132 leave the call . meanwhile , the bot agent 132 gets an alert from agent 112 f on call 304 b . the agent 112 f asks for assistance , and the bot agent 132 responds . the agent 112 f asks for an inventory check and a shipping estimate for three products while entering programming information for the customer . the bot agent 132 is operable to help find this information and doesn &# 39 ; t need to get omar 212 involved . the bot agent 132 queries for this information and returns the quantities and dates to the agent 112 f . the agent 112 f gives the information to the customer on call 304 b . once the order is complete , the bot agent 132 and the agent 112 f terminate the call . while the bot agent 132 was helping the agent 112 f , omar 212 was able to run reports and email them off to his boss , ivan . efficiencies are maintained , and the agents 112 a - g , omar 212 , and ivan are happy . the method 400 for bot agent assistance in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure is shown in fig4 . generally , the method 400 begins with a start operation 404 and runs as a continuous loop . while a general order for the steps of the method 400 are shown in fig4 , the method 400 can include more or fewer steps or the order of the steps can be arranged differently than those shown in fig4 . the method 400 can be executed as a set of computer - executable instructions executed by a computer system and encoded or stored on a computer readable medium . further , the method may also be embodied by a set of gates or other structures in an application specific integrated circuit ( asic ), a field programmable gate array ( fpga ), or other configurable hardware component , module , or system . hereinafter , the method 400 shall be explained with reference to the systems , components , modules , software , data structures , etc . described in conjunction with fig1 - 3 . the method 400 begins at step 404 and continues when a contact center agent , human or bot , logs in , the agent becomes available to process work items ( step 408 ). when the contact center agent , human 112 or bot 132 , has completed processing a work item , the agent 112 , 132 will once again be ready to have a new work item assigned thereto . this change of availability is known as going ready . typically , a bot agent 132 at step 408 can go ready and initiate a monitoring process . the bot agent 132 may go ready without being associated with a terminal . the phantom bot agent 132 may live in the matching portion of the work assignment engine 120 , scanning work . when matching , the bot agent 132 is operable to conference in agents 112 and supervisors 212 . the bot agent 132 may also monitor statistics to see how well agents 112 are handling work items that are being monitored . statistics might include , but are not limited to , average call handle time ( acht ) which may include total talk time and wrap time divided by the total number of calls , service level ( sl %) which may indicate the percentage of calls answered within a certain amount of time ( e . g ., 30 seconds ), abandon rate ( abn %) which may be the number of dropped calls divided by total incoming calls , average speed answer ( asa ) which may be the average number of seconds or minutes it takes to answer a call , longest wait time ( lwt ) and average wait time ( awt ) for incoming calls , and calls in queue ( ciq ) which may indicate how many calls are pending , waiting for agent 112 handling . the bot agent 132 may additionally monitor data from speech analytics and contextual programs to determine how well agents 112 are handling work items . a definition of a low - performing agent 112 can be customized using the work assignment engine 120 . customized strategies are not required to match strategies for incoming customer calls . the customized strategy may be used internally for the supervisor 212 to find low - performing agents 112 . examples of a custom low peak performing agent strategy might compare metrics like recent handling duration times versus best handling duration times and revenue / handling times versus best revenue / handling times . matching and comparison may be automated with a bot agent 132 call . in addition to active monitoring of available data , the bot agent 132 may be available on demand from the agent 112 . in step 412 , the agent 112 may send an alert and / or signal of some kind to the bot agent 132 , requesting assistance . the request may be in a form including , but not limited to , a call , a sequence of tones , an email , a text , a button push on a user interface , etc . in step 416 , a communication system 100 may send an indicator and / or an alert to the bot agent 132 when certain performance indicators ( e . g ., kpis ) exceed a threshold or expected value . based on predetermined matching and comparison values , the bot agent 132 may begin an evaluation as to whether or not the agent 112 needs assistance . if the agent 112 does not need assistance , the process may begin again with the bot agent 132 returning to a ready state ( step 408 ). in step 420 , the bot agent 132 may make a determination that the agent 112 needs assistance . if the answer to the query is yes , the bot agent 132 may mark and / or join the call in step 424 to further evaluate the assistance needed . the supervisor 212 may be alerted by the bot agent 132 and / or the work assignment engine 120 , in step 428 . if the supervisor 212 does not need to join the call , the bot agent may automatically assist the agent 112 without requiring manual input , in step 432 . in response to the need to join the call , the supervisor 212 may check data from the communication system 100 , including a work item ticket , thresholds , statistics , metrics , and / or see the agent &# 39 ; s 112 desktop using native and / or third - party applications . if the supervisor 212 feels that action is warranted , the supervisor 212 may join the call and / or initiate additional service observing features , in step 436 . for example , if josh 112 c has been on a call for ten minutes over the threshold , omar 212 may join the call and listen in . if omar 212 has additional concerns , he may initiate recording , an im session with josh 112 c , and pull up the customer &# 39 ; s account information and history . once omar 212 disconnects in step 440 and the bot agent 132 leaves the call , in step 444 , the process may loop back to the beginning , and the monitoring bot agent 132 may go ready , in step 408 . although the present disclosure describes components and functions implemented in the aspects , embodiments , and / or configurations with reference to particular standards and protocols , the aspects , embodiments , and / or configurations are not limited to such standards and protocols . other similar standards and protocols not mentioned herein are in existence and are considered to be included in the present disclosure . moreover , the standards and protocols mentioned herein and other similar standards and protocols not mentioned herein are periodically superseded by faster or more effective equivalents having essentially the same functions . such replacement standards and protocols having the same functions are considered equivalents included in the present disclosure . the foregoing discussion has been presented for purposes of illustration and description . the foregoing is not intended to limit the disclosure to the form or forms disclosed herein . in the foregoing detailed description for example , various features of the disclosure are grouped together in one or more aspects , embodiments , and / or configurations for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure . the features of the aspects , embodiments , and / or configurations of the disclosure may be combined in alternate aspects , embodiments , and / or configurations other than those discussed above . this method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claims require more features than are expressly recited in each claim . rather , as the following claims reflect , inventive aspects lie in less than all features of a single foregoing disclosed aspect , embodiment , and / or configuration . thus , the following claims are hereby incorporated into this detailed description , with each claim standing on its own as a separate preferred embodiment of the disclosure .	7
fig1 a - 1c show a seating apparatus for treatment of sciatica in accordance with an embodiment of the invention . fig1 a shows front view 100 a of the seating apparatus that includes back portion 101 a and seat portion 103 a . as shown in fig1 a , seat portion 103 a has a seat plate , which prevents encased bladders ( not shown but shown as bladders 109 and 111 in fig1 b and 1c ) from bulging away from a user . thus , the encased bladders bulge only in the direction of the user . back portion 101 a also includes a back plate that similarly prevents bulging of encased bladders 105 a and 107 a in a direction away from the user . ( please note that the same entity may be shown in different views . correspondingly , the same entity is labeled with the same number having different letter subscripts in the different views .) as shown in fig1 a , back portion 101 a contains bladder 105 a and bladder 107 a that are asymmetrically situated with respect to a center axis of back portion 101 a . bladders 105 a and 107 b are typically inflated and deflated in a desired sequence to relieve pressure on the user &# 39 ; s body sciatic nerve due to a static body posture when the user is seated for prolonged periods of time . fig1 b shows side view 100 b of the seating apparatus . back portion 101 b , seat portion 103 b , bladder 105 b , and bladder 107 b correspond to back portion 101 a , seat portion 103 a , bladder 105 a , and bladder 107 a , respectively , as shown in front view 100 a . in addition , 100 b shows bladder 109 b and bladder 111 b that are encased in seat portion 103 b . fig1 c shows top view 100 c of the seating apparatus . back portion 101 c , seat portion 103 c , bladder 109 c , and bladder 111 c correspond to back portion 101 a / 101 b , 103 a / 103 b , bladder 109 b , and bladder 111 b , respectively . bladders 105 and 107 ( not shown ) are encased in back portion 101 c . a seating apparatus , e . g ., the seating apparatus shown in fig1 a - 1c operate with independent bladders that may be controlled electronically or manually to inflate and deflate the bladders sequentially . each bladder may be uniquely shaped in order to inflate into various shapes , e . g ., oval , rectangular , and wedge shapes as viewed from a side profile . a seating apparatus may be manufactured in various sizes and shapes to fit different vehicle seats and to accommodate different body sizes . a seating apparatus may be further integrated into a design of chair , car , train , or airplane seats or may be operated as a portable device and placed in a variety of chair designs used for car , train , airplane , home , and office environments . a seating apparatus may be powered by a range of electrical systems , e . g ., 12 volts ( corresponding to an automobile electrical system , 110 / 120 volts ( corresponding to north american electrical systems ), and 220 / 240 volts ( corresponding to european , australian , and new zealand electrical systems ) according to the required application . in particular , a seating apparatus having one or more pumps and valves may be powered by an electrical system to inflate and deflate the encased bladders . in an embodiment of the invention , inflation and deflation of the encased bladders ( e . g ., bladders 105 - 111 ) are designed to relieve pressure on the sciatic nerve resulting from static body posture when the user is seated for prolonged periods of time . the motion created by the pelvic region by systematic inflation and deflation of the encased bladders typically reduces the constant static pressure on the user &# 39 ; s sciatic nerve . consequently , leg pain , leg aches , and leg numbness may be reduced , minimized , or even eliminated . while the embodiment shown in fig1 a - 1c is directed to the treatment of sciatica , other embodiments may be directed to other ailment types as will be exemplified in fig5 a - 5b , 6 a - 6 c , and 7 a - 7 c . a seating apparatus may be operated by wired or wireless remote control . as will be discussed , the remote control may provide automatic sequencing to inflate and deflate the encased bladders . each bladder fully or partially inflates in a predetermined sequence for a preprogrammed time . at times , only an individual bladder may be inflated . at other times , two or more bladders may be inflated . alternatively , the encased bladders may be inflated and deflated manually to control each bladder independently . fig2 shows a time sequence for inflating bladders 105 , 107 , 109 , and 111 ( as shown in fig1 a - 1c ) in accordance with an embodiment of the invention . inflation 201 , 203 , 205 , and 207 correspond to inflating bladders 105 , 107 , 109 , and 111 , respectively . in an embodiment , one pump inflates one bladder at a selected time interval . while the vertical direction represents time , the time is not scaled but is relative in showing the sequencing of inflating the bladders . as shown in fig2 , bladder 105 , bladder 107 , bladder 109 , and bladder 111 are inflated in that order . some of bladders 105 , 107 , 109 , and 111 may remain inflated during overlapping time intervals . fig3 shows timing diagram 300 for inflating and deflating bladders in accordance with an embodiment of the invention . waveforms 101 , 103 , 105 , and 107 correspond to time sequences for inflating / deflating bladders 105 , 107 , 109 , 111 , respectively . ( while not explicitly shown in fig3 , bladders 105 , 107 , 109 , and 111 may be inflated to different pressures in order to appropriately affect different points of the user &# 39 ; s body .) bladder 105 inflates to a required level of inflation during time duration 301 a ( approximately 10 seconds ) and maintains inflation during time duration 301 b ( approximately 5 minutes ). bladder 105 then deflates during time duration 301 c ( approximately 8 seconds ). ( in timing diagram 300 , the inflation and deflation time durations are not drawn according to scale and have been enlarged for illustrative purposes .) bladder 107 inflates at the end of 301 c to a required level of inflation during time duration 303 a ( approximately 10 seconds ) and maintains inflation during time duration 303 b ( approximately 8 minutes ), and then deflates during time duration 303 c ( approximately 8 seconds ). bladder 109 inflates at the 5 th minute of 303 b &# 39 ; s phase to a required level of inflation during time duration 305 a ( approximately 10 seconds ), maintains inflation during time duration 305 b ( approximately 3 minutes ), and then deflates during time duration 305 c ( approximately 8 seconds ), which is essentially simultaneous with 303 c . bladder 111 inflates to a required level of inflation during time duration 307 a ( approximately 10 seconds ), maintains inflation during time duration 307 b ( approximately 5 minutes ), and then deflates during time duration 307 c ( approximately 8 seconds ). the above sequencing completes one complete cycle . the cycle may be repeated or the treatment may be terminated . fig4 shows an architecture for an apparatus 400 that reduces an effect of an ailment . apparatus 400 may support the treatment of sciatica , as shown in fig1 a - 1c , or may support other types of aliments , e . g ., sacral / coccyx pain ( as shown in fig5 a - 5b ), hip bursitis / tendinitis ( as shown in fig6 a - 6c ), and degenerative disc / joint disease ( as shown in fig7 a - 7c ). moreover , embodiments of the invention may support the treatment of a plurality of ailment types by combining the bladders that are direct to different ailment types . for example , bladders 105 , 107 , 109 , 111 ( as discussed with fig1 a - 1c ), 501 and 503 ( as will be discussed with fig5 a - 5b ), 601 and 603 ( as shown in fig6 a - 6c ), and 701 , 703 , and 705 ( as shown in fig7 a - 7c ) may be encased in a seating apparatus . in order to treat a particular ailment , a subset of bladders is activated to treat the selected aliment type . apparatus 400 includes control component 401 , pumping component 403 , and cushion component 405 . cushion component 405 typically includes a back portion , seat portion , and associated encased bladders ( e . g ., as shown in fig1 a - 1c ). the encased bladders are inflated by a pump contained in pumping component 403 through tubes 409 - 415 . the pump directs compressed air to the appropriate bladder through a valve combination ( not shown ). additionally , the valve combination also supports air release capability to deflate the appropriate bladder . in an embodiment of the invention , control component 401 communicates with pumping component 403 over of communications channel 407 ( e . g ., a wired channel or a wireless channel ) to configure a subset of bladders in response to a selection of the ailment type e . g ., sciatica or a joint disease ) by the user . in order to facilitate entry by the user , control component 401 may support a portable control panel having a portable keyboard through which the user selects an ailment that cushion component 505 will provide treatment to the user . additionally , the user may indicate a time interval during which treatment is provided . consequently , a treatment cycle ( e . g ., the cycle shown in fig3 ) may be repeated for a time interval . fig5 a - 5b shows an apparatus for treating sacral / coccyx pain in accordance with an embodiment of the invention . the apparatus includes seat portion ( seat pan ) 500 and back portion ( back rest ) 550 . bladder 501 is encased in back portion 500 , and bladder 503 is encased in back portion 550 . as previously discussed , bladders may be uniquely shaped in order to inflate into various shapes . for example , as illustrated in fig5 a , bladder 501 inflates into a u - shaped bladder ( as viewed from above ), while bladder 503 inflates into a rectangular - shaped bladder ( as viewed frontally ). fig6 a - 6c shows an apparatus for treating hip bursitis or tendinitis in accordance with an embodiment of the invention . the apparatus includes seat portion 600 a , 600 b and back portion 651 . bladder 601 a , 601 b is encased in seat portion 600 a , 600 b , and bladder 603 is encased in back portion 651 . bladder 601 b has a top view shape as shown in fig6 b . furthermore , fig6 a illustrates that bladder 601 b has a tapered shape when viewed from the side of the seat portion . fig7 a - 7c show an apparatus for treating degenerative disc / joint disease in accordance with an embodiment of the invention . the apparatus includes seat portion ( seat pan ) 700 a , 700 b and back portion ( back rest ) 750 . as shown in fig7 a , seat portion 700 a includes bladders 701 a and 703 a , each bladder having a wedge shape as shown as 701 b , 703 b in side view 700 b . as shown in fig7 c , bladder 705 , which is rectangular - shaped , is encased in back portion 750 . fig8 a - 8b further show a bladder 801 a , 801 b having a wedge shape in accordance with an embodiment of the invention . bladder 801 a , 801 b is encased in back portion 800 a , 800 b . as shown in fig6 a and 7b , a bladder having a wedge shape may also be encased in a seat portion . fig9 shows flow diagram 900 for controlling an apparatus ( e . g ., apparatus 400 ) in treating an ailment in accordance with an embodiment of the invention . a user may select an aliment type ( e . g ., hip bursitis ) through control component 401 in step 901 . consequently , a corresponding subset of bladders is selected for sequenced inflation in step 903 . in the embodiment , the bladders are inflated and deflated in accordance with a predetermined timing diagram ( e . g ., timing diagram 300 ) in step 905 . other embodiments may support a user to manually inflate and deflate the bladders . in step 907 , the inflation and deflation of the bladders may be repeatedly cycled until instructed to end the treatment . as can be appreciated by one skilled in the art , a computer system with an associated computer - readable medium containing instructions for controlling the computer system can be utilized to implement the exemplary embodiments that are disclosed herein . the computer system may include at least one computer such as a microprocessor , digital signal processor , and associated peripheral electronic circuitry . although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and / or methodological acts , it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above . rather , the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims .	0
in fig1 , reference numeral 130 generally refers to a cellular telecommunication network wherein the present invention may be implemented . at least one mobile unit ( referred to as a user equipment , ue ) 120 may be connected wirelessly to the radio network controller ( rnc ) 100 via one or more base stations 110 a , b , c . if the ue 120 is connected to the rnc via more than one base station 110 a , b , c , one 110 a of the base stations acts as a serving base station and the other 110 b acts as a non - serving base station to the ue 120 . the serving base station 110 a is responsible for scheduling , rate control etc . however , both the serving 110 a and the non - serving base station 110 b send transmit power control ( tpc ) commands to the ue 120 . the present invention will now be discussed by the exemplary embodiments described below . consider a ue 120 which is in sho with a first base station 110 a and a second base station 110 b . the first base station 110 a is the serving base station and the second base station 110 b is the non - serving base station and the ue 120 is transmitting at a certain rate r a . a change in ue transmission rate occurs and a new negotiated higher data rate r b wherein r b & gt ; r a with the first base station 110 a is established . ( in this specification a data rate increase is assumed , but the same principles can be applied in case of a data rate decrease .). the ue 120 transmits then at rate r b . the dpcch transmission power is increased accordingly when transmitting at the higher rate r b . the non - serving base station 110 b has the sir target set to sir targeta . when transmission at rate r b starts , the measured sir meas at the second base station 110 b is compared to the sir targeta which was computed for the lower rate transmission ( r b ) and can be lower than sir meas independently of the quality of the link . the non - serving base station 110 b retrieves information of the transport block size by decoding the e - tfci as illustrated in step 401 of fig4 . the transport block size indicates the data rate and the dpcch target sir may then be scaled according to the amount of dpcch power boosting required for that data rate as shown in step 402 . for each e - tfci , or alternatively for each transport block size , the base station has knowledge of the power offset between e - dpdch and dpcch , and the dpcch sir target . the non - serving base station then computes the difference in dpcch sir between the two rates , δ dpcch — sir ( step 403 ), and corrects the sir target ( step 404 ), i . e . if sir meas & gt ; δ dpcch — sir + sir targeta then a down transmit power command ( tpc ) is transmitted . if sir meas & lt ; δ dpcch — sir + sir targeta then an up transmit power command ( tpc ) is transmitted . the above described embodiment is described assuming that the ue 120 boosts the power of the dpcch according to the granted rate . in the scenario below , the serving base station 110 a has knowledge of the transmitted transport block size and the granted rate , and adjusts the dpcch sir target accordingly . if the ue 120 boosts the dpcch power according to the actual transmission rate rather than according to the granted rate , both the serving 110 a and the non - serving base station 110 b may decode the e - tfci and can then adjust the sir target in accordance with the corresponding transport block ( tb ) size ( i . e . in accordance with the data rate ). this could be performed when all slots in a transmission time interval ( wi ) have been received , which implies a delay of three slots . in accordance with a further alternative , both the serving 110 a and the non - serving base station 110 b may estimate the transmitted tb size from the physical channel power levels and then adjust the sir target in accordance with this tb size . this can already be performed before the entire tti has been received . hence a delay shorter than three slots is possible with this alternative . in accordance with a yet further alternative , it may be assumed that the received tb size , or the e - tfci ) is the same as the one sent in the previous tti . this alternative results in no delay . furthermore , the serving base station may assume that the received tb size is the same as the tb size that the base station has scheduled the ue to transmit with . this implies no delay . a combination of these above described approaches may also be applied . hence , an embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for a radio base station of a mobile telecommunication network for controlling power of a dpcch , used by a ue connected to the radio base station . the radio base station acts as a non - serving radio base station which implies that the ue is also connected to a further radio base station acting as a serving radio base station . the ue is configured to transmit data on one or several e - dpdch and to transmit reference information for channel estimation on a dpcch . the method is illustrated by the flowchart of fig2 a and 2 b and comprises the steps of : 201 . use a first sir target ( sir target a ) for the dpcch power used by said ue . 202 . detect that the ue data transmission rate on the e - dpdch is changed from a first data transmission rate to a second data transmission rate . 203 . adjust the first sir target ( sir target a ) for the dpcch power to a second sir target ( sir target b ) for the dpcch power used by the ue . the sir target is adjusted based on a pre - determined mapping between the new ue data transmission rate , i . e . second data transmission rate , and the sir target . if the e - tfci can be decoded correctly , the step 203 may comprise the further steps of : 204 . determine a transport block size indicative of the data transmission rate for the transmitted data . 205 . map the new transmission rate to the second sir target . it should however be noted that the steps above also are applicable for a radio base station acting as a serving radio base station , which is further described below . in some cases the e - tfci may not be decoded correctly . when the e - tfci is not decoded correctly at the non - serving base station , the step 203 comprises the further steps of : 206 . estimate a transport block size indicative of the data transmission rate for the transmitted data as the transport block size of a previously sent transport block . 207 . map the new transmission rate to the second sir target . in the first alternative , the non - serving base station receives the signal at very low power and is unable to decode e - tfci . in this alternative the measured dpcch sir is lower than the target sir and the non - serving base station will send a tpc command “ up ”. this is not a problem since the serving base station would control the power control loop . in the second alternative , the non - serving base station is unable to decode the e - tfci correctly but the received power is high enough such that the dpcch sir is higher than the sir target . the non - serving base station will send a tpc command “ down ” and destroy the power control loop of the serving base station . furthermore , the following method as illustrated in fig5 may be used to estimate the tb size when the e - tfci is not correctly decoded at the non - serving base station : 502 . set a sir target according to the selected tb size . 503 . compute the dpcch sir and check if the dpcch sir is greater or lower than the sir target . 504 . if the dpcch sir is lower , then a tpc “ up ” command is sent and if dpcch sir is higher , 505 . estimate dpcch power . the estimation may be done based on pilot bits . the quotient between the received power for ( all ) the e - dpdch ( s ) and the received power for the dpcch could be used to estimate the tb size or the e - tfci , since each tb size value corresponds to a quotient between the transmitted power for ( all ) the e - dpdchs and the transmitted power for the dpcch , as specified in the “ setting of the uplink e - dpcch and e - dpdch powers relative to dpcch power ” procedure in 3gpp ts 25 . 214 , “ physical layer procedures ( fdd ) ( release 6 )” and in 3gpp ts 25 . 321 , “ medium access control ( mac ) protocol specification ” and in the “ e - tfc selection ” procedure in 3gpp ts 25 . 321 , “ medium access control ( mac ) protocol specification ” 508 . set sir target according to the estimated tb size or the e - tfci . 509 . compute the dpcch sir and check if the dpcch is greater or lower than sir target . in an alternative embodiment of the invention , when the e - tfci cannot be decoded in the non - serving base station , the received tb size may be assumed to be the same as the one corresponding to the last correctly decoded e - dpcch instead of basing the tb size estimate on power estimates as described in step 507 above . if the e - tfci is not decoded correctly at the serving base station , several alternative actions may be taken : the dpcch sir target may be adjusted according to the granted rate . if the ue is instead transmitting at a different rate , always a lower rate , and the dpcch sir target is not set correctly , the dpcch sir and the e - dpdch will increase to a larger value than intended . it may also be assumed that the received tb size is the same as the one sent in the previous tti . further , it is also possible to do as when the e - tfci was not correctly decoded at the non - serving base station as described earlier . it should be noted that this may cause a renegotiation of the granted rate . accordingly , the embodiments of the present invention solve the problem of maintaining a reliable power control in sho when the dpcch power is boosted according to the data rate . fig3 illustrates a radio base station 110 a ; 110 b according to embodiments of the present invention . the radio base station 110 a ; 110 b comprises at least one computational unit 301 and at least one memory 302 ( volatile and / or non - volatile ). it comprises further a communication interface 303 towards the ue and a communication interface 305 towards the rnc 100 . it further comprises functions / components 304 required by the present invention , wherein the functions / components 304 can interact with the memory 302 , computational unit 301 and interfaces 303 , 305 . the base station is arranged to adjust a signal to interference ratio ( sir ) target depending on the amount of change of power applied . a power control command is sent to the ue 120 and the system processes the power control commands according to standard procedures . there are different ways of taking a decision to adjust the sir target depending on situation . the function / components 304 required by the present invention comprises means for using a first sir target ( sir target a ) for the dpcch power 304 a used by said ue , means for detecting 304 b a change of the ue data transmission rate on the e - dpdch , and means for adjusting 304 c the first sir target ( sir target a ) for the dpcch power to a second sir target ( sir target b ) for the dpcch power used by the ue based on a pre - determined mapping between a new ue data transmission rate and the sir target . the present invention may be implemented as software in a computational unit in the base station or as part of an asic ( application specific integrated circuit ) in the base station . it should be noted that the word “ comprising ” does not exclude the presence of other elements or steps than those listed and the words “ a ” or “ an ” preceding an element do not exclude the presence of a plurality of such elements . it should further be noted that any reference signs do not limit the scope of the claims , that the invention may be implemented at least in part by means of both hardware and software , and that several “ means ”, “ units ” or “ devices ” may be represented by the same item of hardware . the above mentioned and described embodiments are only given as examples and should not be limiting to the present invention . other solutions , uses , objectives , and functions within the scope of the invention as claimed in the below described patent claims should be apparent for the person skilled in the art .	7
referring now to the drawings and to fig1 in particular , an audio control module 10 according to the present invention is shown in a perspective view mounted into a wall 11 having a sheetrock covering 12 . however , it is pointed out that the present invention is also adaptable to other types of wall covering . in a new construction installation the module 10 is mounted into a housing 13 , which is affixed to a stud 14 . details of the module 10 are shown in the exploded view of fig2 wherein like reference numerals identify like parts . the audio control module 10 includes an audio control housing 15 that supports and protects the audio control 10 . the audio control 10 is further provided with a control knob 16 and a trace plate 17 to cover the module once mounted into the wall 12 by means of screws 18 . the housing 13 ( new construction housing ) may be rigidly affixed to the stud 14 by means of a screw or nail 20 or the like in the manner usually employed in the construction industry for mounting electrical boxes in walls . the audio control housing 15 ( retrofit housing ) may include a pair of flex fingers 21 having ridges 21 a for securing it to the housing 13 by engagement of the ridges with cleats 22 . the housing 13 may include a pair of horizontal ribs 23 a and 23 b formed on each of the inside walls thereof . the audio control housing 15 includes a matching set of horizontal ribs 24 a and 24 b formed on each of the outer walls thereof such that the ribs 23 a and 23 b receive and engage the ribs 24 a and 24 b as the audio control housing is being inserted into the wall mounted housing 13 . referring now to fig3 another exploded view of the audio control module 10 is shown in greater detail . again like reference numerals identify like parts . in one embodiment the audio control 10 includes a pc board 40 , which is formed to slidably engage slots 41 and 42 of the audio control housing 15 . the flex fingers 21 ( one on each side and only one is shown in the figure ) are capable of bending inward of the housing 15 in order to clear the cleats 22 while inserting the module 15 . once inserted , the installer releases the flex fingers 21 so that they may engage the cleats 22 . this secures the audio control housing 15 , and thus the audio control module 10 in the housing 13 . the ridges 21 a on the flex fingers 21 are spaced to match the thickness of the wall sheetrock covering . for example , ½ ″ is a standard thickness for most houses and ⅝ ″ is usually used for commercial buildings . the ridges on the flex fingers enable installation of the audio control 10 in these or other sheetrock thicknesses . when installing the audio control 10 and housing into an existing wall ( i . e ., a retrofit installation ), an opening may be formed in the wall covering 12 for receiving the outer rim of the housing 15 . the housing 15 is secured to the wall covering 12 by means of at least one translatable clamp 19 that is translatable after installation into a wall to engage the back ( interior ) side of the wall covering . the housing also includes four stop flanges 27 that engage the front ( outer ) side of the wall covering . retrofit installations do not normally use the housing 13 because it is not feasible to attach it to the stud from the same small opening made in the wall covering . consequently , the present invention may be viewed as a combination of mateable housings ; one suitable for new construction installations , and the other independently suitable for retrofit installations . where a new construction installation is to take place , both housing are used . where a retrofit installation is to take place , only the inner housing is used . a number of screws to be set in place is minimized and variations in wall thicknesses are easily accommodated by simply pushing the inner housing in place until the stop flanges 27 rest against the wall . this greatly simplifies the installation procedure , reduces installation time , and therefore allows an custom installer to reliably install multiple audio controllers throughout a house in a minimal period of time . the use of quick connect connecting blocks on the rear side of the inner module further simplifies the installation process . referring now to fig4 a through 4d , perspective , top , front and side views , respectively , of the housing 13 are shown . the housing 13 is open in the back as distinguished from an electrical wiring box , which is closed . this enables distinction of the housing 13 from electrical boxes on a job site and aids in wiring of the module 10 . brackets 25 and 26 are formed on the top and bottom of the housing 13 for receiving screws or nails to secure the housing to a wall stud . also , in fig4 c both of the cleats 22 are clearly shown on the inner , front rim of the housing 13 . referring now to fig5 a through 5d , perspective , front , side and rear views , respectively , of the inner housing 15 are shown . the flex fingers 21 and ridges 21 a are clearly shown in these figures . stop flanges 27 may be placed at the four corners of the audio control housing 15 to prevent the housing from receding into the wall . that is , when the audio housing is inserted into the wall - mounted housing 13 , the stop flanges 27 abut against the wall surface and stop the inner housing from receding beyond a desired depth . when the audio control housing 15 is inserted at the desired depth , as determined by the stop flanges 27 , the flex fingers engage the cleats 22 . this holds the audio control housing 15 , with the module 10 secured therein , tautly in the wall - mounted housing 13 . threaded screw holes 28 are formed in the top and bottom of the audio control housing 15 for securing the audio control module thereto . moreover , with reference to fig5 d , the rear of the housing 15 maybe closed except for an opening 29 for the passing of low voltage wires ( e . g ., audio signal , power supply , control signals ) to enter the audio control module 10 . referring now to fig6 a through 6d , perspective , front , side and rear views , respectively , of the audio control module 10 are shown . a bracket 30 is attached to the front of the module 10 for use in securing the module to the audio control housing 15 . the bracket 30 extends beyond the top and bottom of the module and includes openings 31 and 32 for receiving screws that secure the module to the housing 15 . electrical connections and other components ( not shown ) of the audio control are assembled onto the pc board 40 . referring now to fig7 a through 7d , perspective , top , front and side views , respectively , of the module 10 inside the audio control housing 15 are shown . in fig7 c and 7 d : screws 34 and 35 may be seen , which screws secure the module 10 within the housing 15 . although the invention has been described with reference to a specific embodiment , this description is not meant to be construed in a limiting sense . various modifications of the disclosed embodiment as well as alternative embodiments of the invention will become apparent to one skilled in the art upon reference to the description to the invention . it is therefore contemplated that the appended claims will cover any modifications of the embodiments that fall within the true scope of the invention .	7
as shown in fig1 , a golf ball 20 has a core 12 , an intermediate layer 16 and a cover 14 . the golf ball 20 may also be a two piece golf ball with only a core 12 and cover 14 . the cover 14 has an aerodynamic pattern 18 and is preferably composed of an ionomer material or a polyurethane material . the core 12 is preferably composed of a polybutadiene material as shown in fig2 , a first coating layer 26 is placed on the surface of the cover 14 . the first coating layer 26 is preferably a paint layer . a first indicia 30 is printed on a surface of the first coating layer 26 . a second coating layer 28 is coated over the first coating layer 26 and first indicia 30 . the second coating layer 28 is preferably a clear coat layer . an alternative embodiment is illustrated in fig3 wherein a second indicia 32 is printed in proximity to the first indicia 30 . the first indicia 30 is composed of a novel metallic ink of the present invention . the second indicia is preferably composed of a non - metallic ink . the following u . s . patents are owned by callaway golf company , the assignee of the present application , and are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety : u . s . pat . no . 5 , 885 , 173 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 179 , 730 ; u . s . pat . no . 5 , 459 , 220 ; u . s . pat . no . 5 , 409 , 233 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 191 , 185 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 638 , 185 ; u . s . pat . no . 5 , 971 , 870 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 419 , 594 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 958 , 020 ; and u . s . pat . no . 6 , 855 , 073 . one embodiment of the ink composition may comprise approximately 5 to 30 % by weight of a metallic dispersion component comprising a dispersion solvent and metallic particles , wherein the metallic particles comprise approximately 5 % to 15 % by weight of the metallic dispersion component ; and approximately 70 to 95 % by weight of a solvent based ink component comprising an ink solvent , said dispersion solvent and said ink solvent being compatible with each other ; wherein the ink composition provides a metallic appearance when evaporatively cured onto a surface of the golf ball . generally , in commercial ink printing operations , the lowest operational costs , the greatest operational efficiencies and the highest ink printing speeds , are obtained by operations that utilize an ultraviolet (“ uv ”) curing process to cure or dry ink compositions onto substrates . for example , in a typical in - line commercial printing operation utilizing uv curing , a particular substrate is printed with a “ uv based ” ink , and transported or conveyed in - line to a uv curing unit where the ink is cured onto the substrate nearly instantaneously by uv radiation . conventional uv curing units are typically one foot in length and the substrates travel through the unit at a speed of about one foot per second or greater . thus , the processing speed of an uv curing unit consuming approximately one foot of in - line processing space is on the order of one unit per second ( 60 units per minute ) or greater . in comparison , in a typical in - line commercial printing operation utilizing an evaporative curing process , the substrate is printed with a solvent based ink and transported or conveyed in - line through a hot air drying oven . the curing time for a solvent based ink depends primarily on the temperature of the drying oven and the evaporation rate of the particular solvent ; however , the curing time is generally significantly slower than that required for uv curing . this in turn requires the processing space or length of the drying oven to be longer than the one foot length of a typical uv curing unit . thus , to achieve processing speeds competitive with those utilizing uv curing , the hot air drying ovens or units for evaporative curing typically consume ten feet or more of in - line processing space . thus , commercial printing operations utilizing evaporative curing requires substantially more in - line processing space than operations utilizing uv curing , thereby resulting in significantly lower space utilization efficiencies . further , commercial printing operations utilizing evaporative curing are subject to increasing governmental regulations regarding the amount , containment and disposal of solvents and solvent emissions used in the printing process . commercial printing operations utilizing uv curing and “ uv based ” inks , are typically subject to significantly fewer , if any , government regulations . thus , for the above reasons , among possible others , uv curing of ink compositions onto substrates has become the preferred curing process for most commercial printing operations . indeed , in the commercial screen printing industry , and various other printing industries as well , operations utilizing evaporative curing have become somewhat of a historical relic . thus , in any new printing application , the primary focus is on uv curing , with little if any attention being given to processes utilizing evaporative curing . in formulating a metallic ink composition and a method for applying a desired metallic appearance to a plastic substrate , it was first discovered that metallic ink compositions behaved quite differently when applied to plastic substrates as when applied to paper or paperboard substrates . specifically , it was unexpectedly discovered that , the desired metallic appearance utilizing certain metallic ink compositions could not be readily obtained with printing operations utilizing uv curing , but could be obtained with printing operations utilizing evaporative curing . more specifically , it was discovered that to obtain the desired metallic appearance , ( 1 ) a minimum period of time was required during the curing process for the metallic particles within the metallic ink compositions described herein to “ cure down ” or settle into a generally horizontal position relative to the plastic substrate , and into a substantially parallel position relative to one another , and ( 2 ) a solvent based ink , as opposed to a “ uv based ” ink , was required for the metallic ink composition to properly adhere to the plastic substrate . in other words , it was unexpectedly discovered that if the curing process cures the metallic ink composition onto the plastic substrate too quickly , such as in a uv curing process , the metallic particles “ cure up ” or settle in a random manner and the desired metallic appearance is not obtained . thus , one aspect of the present invention is the discovery and recognition that the generally accepted and commonly used uv curing process generally will not work in applying a metallic ink composition onto a plastic substrates in accordance with the present invention , with any hope of achieving the desired metallic appearance . in contrast , it has been discovered that the relatively slower curing processes , such as evaporative curing , will achieve not only a metallic appearance , but an unexpectedly shiny and reflective metallic appearance similar to that obtained by hot foil stamping . the solvent based ink component of the process and the metallic ink composition may be generally characterized as follows . the resin of the solvent based ink component should be compatible with the plastic substrate and should also provide adhesion for the metallic printing ink to the plastic substrate . additionally , the solvent of the solvent based ink component should be compatible with the solvent of the metallic dispersion component , which should also be compatible with the plastic substrate . optionally , the solvent based ink component may be comprised of one or more pigments of various colors that act to provide a colored hue to the metallic appearance ultimately obtained . as used herein , the term “ compatible ” or “ compatible with ” is synonymous with solubility or miscibility . in other words , a component which is compatible with a second component means that such component is miscible with or is capable of dissolving in such second component . components that are compatible may be mixed without reacting chemically or interfering with each components characteristics . various solvent based ink components will be acceptable for use in the present invention provided they meet the above qualifications . preferred solvent based ink compositions include the solvent based ink of coates screen , inc . sold under the trademark monocat , the solvent based inks sold by nazdar corporation as the 9600 or the 9700 series , the solvent based inks sold by coates screen , inc . under the trademarks hg 480 series and flexiform series c37 and the solvent based ink sold by summit screen ink under the trademark zephyr - jet . more detailed compositions for some of these inks are set forth in the examples below . the metallic dispersion component of the process and ink composition may be generally characterized as follows . the metallic dispersion component should be comprised of a solvent compatible with the solvent of the ink and the plastic substrate to which it is to be applied . further , the dispersion component should be comprised of a percentage by of metallic particles weight of metallic particles sufficient to achieve the desired metallic appearance . generally , a metallic dispersion component comprised of between about 5 % to 15 % by weight is preferred , with a metallic dispersion comprised of approximately 10 % by weight of metallic particles being most preferred . the metallic particles can be comprised of a variety of metals such as copper , silver and aluminum ; however aluminum is the metal preferred . the metallic particles should preferably have a particle size distribution , defined as the percentage of particles within a range of particle lengths , such that the desired metallic appearance may be ultimately obtained . it has been found that a metallic dispersion component having a particle size distribution of approximately 15 % aluminum particles having a length of 3 . 600 microns to 4 . 900 microns , approximately 18 % aluminum particles having a length of 4 . 908 microns to 7 . 950 microns , approximately 15 % aluminum particles having a length of 7 . 957 microns to 10 . 630 microns , approximately 14 % aluminum particles having a length of 10 . 633 microns to 14 . 208 microns , approximately 19 % aluminum particles having a length of 14 . 209 microns to 18 . 980 microns , approximately 13 % aluminum particles having a length of 18 . 986 microns to 27 . 940 microns , approximately 2 % aluminum particles having a length of 27 . 945 microns to 37 . 340 microns , and approximately 3 % aluminum particles having a length of 37 . 342 microns to 45 . 300 microns , is preferred . similarly , the metallic particles should have an aspect ratio , defined as the ratio of the length of the metallic particles to the width of the metallic particles , such that the desired metallic appearance may be ultimately obtained . it has been found that a metallic dispersion component having an aspect ratio with a minimum of approximately 1 . 0 , a maximum of approximately 5 . 2 with a mean aspect ration of approximately 1 . 507 is preferred . metallic dispersion components manufactured by various sources will be acceptable provided they have a compatible solvent and a metallic particle concentration and size distribution which results in the desired metallic appearance when printed . the metallic printing ink is made by mixing the solvent based ink component and the metallic dispersion component and may be generally characterized as follows . the percentage by weight of the metallic dispersion component to the solvent based carrier component should be such that the desired metallic appearance is ultimately obtained . it has been found that a metallic printing ink comprised preferably of approximately 5 to 30 % by weight , and more preferably 10 to 25 % by weight , of the metallic dispersion component is needed to obtain the desired metallic appearance . generally , metallic printing inks comprised of more than 30 % by weight of the metallic dispersion component results in the appearance of the printed substrate being dark and “ muddy ” and does not provide the desired metallic appearance . metallic printing inks comprised of less than approximately 5 % by weight of the metallic dispersion component results in the appearance being relatively non - metallic and also does not provide the desired metallic appearance . it has also been found that if it is desired that the metallic appearance be a purely metallic or silverish appearance , a metallic printing ink comprising approximately 23 % by weight of the metallic dispersion component is preferred . if , however , a metallic appearance with a colored hue is desired ( e . g ., a reddish metallic appearance ), a metallic printing ink comprising approximately 12 % by weight of the metallic dispersion component is preferred . the viscosity of the metallic printing ink is dictated primarily by the process by which the ink is printed . for the preferred commercial screen printing process , the viscosity of the metallic printing ink should preferably be above about 300 centipoise , less than about 2000 centipoise and most preferably about 1000 centipoise . while the desired metallic appearance may be achieved with metallic printing inks with viscosities around 300 centipoise , in some cases , bubbling of the metallic printing ink on the plastic substrate tends to occur at these viscosity levels . for the reasons explained below , the combined solvents of the metallic dispersion component and the solvent based carrier component should have a boiling point such that substantially all of the solvent is evaporated when exposed to oven temperatures from about 150 to 300 ° f . for about 10 to 15 seconds . a preferred pigment is sdf - 6 series metal pigments available from eckart america of painsville , ohio . another preferred material is eckart aluminum metalure , l055350 . the metalure is mixed with blue uv ink in an amount of 15 parts of the blue uv ink to 3 parts of the metalure . from the foregoing it is believed that those skilled in the pertinent art will recognize the meritorious advancement of this invention and will readily understand that while the present invention has been described in association with a preferred embodiment thereof , and other embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings , numerous changes , modifications and substitutions of equivalents may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention which is intended to be unlimited by the foregoing except as may appear in the following appended claims . therefore , the embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined in the following appended claims .	0
nearly all conventional computer processors , whether or not they provide a fused multiply - add operation , have both floating point multiply instructions and add instructions . an unfused multiply - add operation can be carried out by executing a multiply operation followed by an add operation . as each operation applies a rounding operation , the result obtained is the unfused multiply - add rounding result . herein the symbol “” in an equation , such as a b + c , represents the mathematical operation of multiplication , unless otherwise noted . further , herein the symbol “+” in an equation , such as a * b + c , represents the mathematical operation of addition , unless otherwise noted . additionally , herein the symbol “=” in an equation , such as a * b + c =( a * b )+ c , represents the mathematical expression “ equals ” unless otherwise noted . also , herein the symbol “˜” in an equation , such as (( a * b )+˜ c ), represents the mathematical expression “ complement ”, unless otherwise noted . further herein for purposes of description , operands a , b , and c refer to the mantissa portions of floating point numbers , unless otherwise specified . further , although the operations described herein are primarily described with reference to single precision calculation , e . g ., 24 bit mantissa , those of skill in the art can recognize the embodiments are applicable to double precision , quad precision , or other precision operations as well . in the examples provided herein , floating point values with a mantissa of 24 bits are used ; however , those of skill in the art can recognize that embodiments of the invention are applicable to mantissas of other bit counts , and that the invention is not limited to the examples detailed herein . fig2 illustrates a single fused - unfused floating point multiply - add ( fma ) module 200 which generates both fused multiply - add rounding and unfused multiply - add rounding results in accordance with one embodiment of the invention . in one embodiment , fused - unfused fma module 200 receives operands from a computer processor ( see fig2 ). in one embodiment , when an opcode provided is a fused multiply - add opcode , fused - unfused fma module 200 generates a fused multiply - add rounding result , and when an opcode provided is an unfused multiply - add opcode , fused - unfused fma module 200 generates an unfused multiply - add rounding result . in another embodiment , fused - unfused fma module 200 receives a single opcode with a deterministic mode bit . if the mode bit is set a first way , e . g ., set to one , a fused multiply - add rounding result is generated , and if the mode bit is set a second way , e . g ., set to zero , an unfused multiply - add rounding result is generated . referring now to fig2 , in one embodiment fused - unfused fma module 200 includes : an alignment module 202 , a carry save adder ( csa ) module 204 , and a sticky bit module 212 , which selectively receive input operands . for example , fused - unfused fma module 200 receives an input operand c , an addition term , at input 200 _ 1 , an input operand a , a first multiply term , at input 200 _ 2 , and an input operand b , a second multiply term , at input 200 _ 3 . alignment module 202 receives inputs , such as input operand c , at input 202 _ 1 . alignment module 202 is connected , at output 202 _ 2 , to : an increment module 224 , at input 224 _ 1 ; a mux module 232 , at input 232 _ 2 ; a full adders module 206 , at input 206 _ 1 ; and , a rounding and speculation module 216 , at input 216 _ 1 . increment module 224 is connected , at output 224 _ 2 , to mux module 232 , at input 232 _ 1 . outputs from mux module 232 , at output 232 _ 4 , are input to a normalizer 240 , at input 240 _ 1 . csa module 204 receives inputs , such as input operand a , at input 204 _ 1 , and input operand b , at input 204 _ 2 . csa module 204 is further connected , at output 204 _ 3 , to full adders module 206 , at input 206 _ 2 , and to a product bit module 214 at input 214 _ 2 . csa module 204 is further connected , at output 204 _ 4 , to full adders module 206 , at input 206 _ 3 , and to product bit module 214 , at input 214 _ 1 . csa module 204 is further connected , at output 204 _ 5 , to an early propagate and generate ( p & amp ; g ) module 210 , at input 210 _ 1 ; and , also connected , at output 204 _ 6 , to input 210 _ 2 . early p & amp ; g module 210 is further connected , at output 210 _ 3 , to product bit module 214 , at input 214 _ 3 . sticky bit computation module 212 also receives input of operand a , at input 212 _ 2 , and input of operand b , at input 212 _ 1 . sticky bit computation module 212 is further connected , output 212 _ 3 , to rounding and speculation module 216 , at input 216 _ 5 . full adders module 206 is further connected to half adders module 208 . for example , although not shown , full adders module 206 is connected , at output 206 _ 4 , to half adders module 208 , at input 208 _ 1 , and also connected , at output 206 _ 5 to half adders module 208 , at input 208 _ 2 . half adders module 208 is further connected to carry look - ahead adders ( clas ) 218 , 220 , and 222 , and to rounding and speculation module 216 . more particularly , half adders module 208 is connected , at output 208 _ 3 , to : input 218 _ 1 of cla 218 ; to input 220 _ 1 of cla 220 ; and , to input 222 _ 1 of cla 222 ; and to input 216 _ 6 of rounding and speculation module 216 . further , half adders module 208 is connected at output 208 _ 4 , to : input 218 _ 2 of cla 218 ; to input 220 _ 2 of cla 220 ; and , to input 222 _ 2 of cla 222 ; and to input 216 _ 7 of rounding and speculation module 216 . cla 218 is further connected , at output 218 _ 3 , to mux module 226 , at input 226 _ 1 , and , at output 218 _ 4 to mux module 226 , at input 226 _ 2 . mux module 226 is further connected at output 226 _ 4 to mux module 228 at input 228 _ 3 , and to normalizer 240 at input 240 _ 4 . cla 220 is further connected , at output 220 _ 3 , to mux module 228 , at input 228 _ 1 , and , at output 220 _ 4 to mux module 228 , at input 228 _ 2 . mux module 228 is further connected at output 228 _ 4 to mux module 230 , at input 230 _ 3 , and to normalizer 240 at input 240 _ 3 . cla 222 is further connected , at output 222 _ 3 , to mux module 230 , at input 230 _ 1 , and , at output 222 _ 4 to mux module 230 , at input 230 _ 2 . mux module 230 is further connected at output 230 _ 4 to mux module 232 , at input 232 _ 3 , and to normalizer 240 at input 240 _ 2 . product bit module 214 is further connected to rounding and speculation module 216 . more particularly , in one embodiment , product bit module 214 is connected , at output 214 _ 4 to rounding and speculation module 216 , at input 216 _ 2 . product bit module 214 is further connected , at output 214 _ 5 , to rounding and speculation module 216 , at input 216 _ 3 . product bit module 214 is also connected , at output 214 _ 6 , to rounding and speculation module 216 , at input 216 _ 4 . in one embodiment , rounding and speculation module 216 is connected , at output 216 _ 11 to mux module 226 , at input 226 _ 2 , and also connected at output 216 _ 10 , to mux module 226 , at input 226 _ 1 . rounding and speculation module 216 is connected , at output 216 _ 9 , to mux module 228 , at input 228 _ 2 , and also connected at output 216 _ 8 , to mux module 228 , at input 228 _ 1 . normalizer module 240 is connected at output 240 _ 5 , to rounding module 250 , at input 250 _ 1 . the result of rounding module 250 is output , at output 250 _ 2 , and further output from fused - unfused fma 200 , at output 200 _ 8 . in the present embodiment , fused - unfused fma module 200 receives an input , such as a single unfused multiply - add rounding opcode , which initiates an unfused multiply - add rounding operation , also termed herein an unfused multiply - add rounding mode , or receives an input , such as a single fused multiply - add rounding opcode , which initiates a fused multiply - add rounding operation , also termed herein a fused multiply - add rounding mode . referring now to fig2 , in unfused multiply - add rounding mode , in one embodiment , operand c is input to alignment module 202 , and operand a and operand b are input to carry save adder ( csa ) 204 . for example , in fig2 , operand c , an addition term , is input to alignment module 202 at input 202 _ 1 , operand a , a first multiply term , is input to csa 204 at input 204 _ 1 , and operand b , a second multiply term , is input to csa 204 at input 204 _ 2 . in one embodiment , carry save adder 204 is composed of 4 : 2 compressors , 3 : 2 compressors ( also known as full adders ), 5 : 3 compressors , and / or half adders , and contains either and gates or booth encoders . carry save adders and alignment modules are well known to those of skill in the art and are not further described herein in detail to avoid detracting from the principles of the invention . in csa 204 , the partial products of operand a and b are computed and added until two partial products remain , term s and term t . herein the remaining two partial products are also termed terminal partial products , where term s is the first terminal partial product and term t is the second terminal partial product . term s and term t , if added together , would produce the product of a * b ; however , in unfused multiply - add rounding mode , the terms s and t are not added together , and the product value is not available . from csa module 204 , term s and term t are input to a row of full adders , full adders module 206 . for example , term s is output from output 204 _ 3 of csa 204 and input to full adders 206 at input 206 _ 2 ; and , term t is output from output 204 _ 4 of csa 204 and input to full adders module 206 at input 206 _ 3 . in one embodiment , each full adder in full adders module 206 is a 3 : 2 compressor . full adders are well known to those of skill in the art and not further described herein to avoid detracting from the principles of the invention . concurrently , with the operations of csa 204 , the value of operand c is aligned in alignment module 202 to align the binary point of c with the binary point of the product of operand a and operand b . binary points and the alignment of floating point numbers are terms well known to those of skill in the art and not further described in detail herein to avoid detracting from the principles of the invention . the aligned c value , also termed the aligned addition term and c ( al ), is output from alignment module 202 , for example , at output 202 _ 2 , and the part of the aligned c value that has positions in common with the product of operand a and operand b is input to full adders module 206 , for example at input 206 _ 1 . if operand a and operand b , are values between 1 and 2 , the product of a * b is between 1 and 4 . example 1 shows a representation of terms s and t output from csa 204 , where x represents a bit having a value of 0 or 1 . if the product of a * b is between 1 and 2 , the rounded 24 bit mantissa is located one bit to the right of the rounded 24 bit mantissa if the product of a * b is between 2 and 4 , as shown in example 2 . in one embodiment , term s and term t are truncated in full adders module 206 before being combined with the aligned c term in full adders module 206 . in one embodiment , the truncation is implemented so that later formed terms x and y do not contain data from terms s and / or t that do not contribute to an unfused multiply - add rounding result . in one embodiment , the truncation is implemented by zeroing the last 24 bits , i . e ., the rightmost 24 bits , of term s and term t to produce a truncated term s , also termed herein the truncated first terminal partial product , s ( tr ), and a truncated term t , also termed herein the truncated second terminal partial product , t ( tr ). at the time of the truncation , the value of the most significant bit ( msb ) of the product is unknown . if the product is between 1 and 2 , the msb of the product is 0 ; and if the product is between 2 and 4 , the msb of the product is 1 . in one embodiment , the term s and term t are truncated as if the msb is 1 , as shown in example 3 . if the msb of the product is 1 , then 2 bits need to be added with the truncated s and t terms if the rounded product were to be obtained . the rounded product itself need not be obtained , but the value of the sum of the rounded product and the aligned c term is obtained . hence these two bits do need to be added with the sum of the truncated s and t terms and the aligned c term . herein the 2 bits that need to be added with the truncated values of s and t and the aligned c terms are termed bit k and bit r , as shown in example 4 . bit k is the carry - in from the sum of the 24 bits of terms s and t that were replaced with zeros in truncation . bit r is the rounding bit for the rounded product value . if the product a * b is to be rounded up , instead of truncated down , then the product is incremented if the truncated product is not exact . thus , the function of the bit r is to increment the product , and may be 1 if rounding up or to the nearest . rounding up and rounding to the nearest are rounding conventions well known to those of skill in the art and not further described herein to avoid detracting from the principles of the invention . further , carry - in bits and rounding bits are well known to those of skill in the art and are not further described in detail to avoid detracting from the principles of the invention . since the mantissa of any value is positive ( the sign is kept elsewhere ), if subtraction is called for , there are two cases to obtain a positive mantissa for the final result . in the first case , if a * b & gt ; c , then ( a * b )− c is computed by ( a * b )+˜ c + 1 . however , in the second case , if a * b & lt ; c , then c −( a * b ) is computed . in the second case , note that thus , ( a * b )+˜ c is computed before it is known which of the above cases is correct . the ˜ c is produced in alignment module 202 . when the correct case is determined , i . e ., the first case or the second case , if it is the first case , the value of 1 is added to the result , but if the correct case is the second case , the value of 1 is not added to the result . instead , the result is complemented . the first and second cases for subtraction are also referred to herein as the two subtraction methods , i . e ., the first subtraction method referring to the first case , and the second subtraction method referring to the second case . alternatively , if the msb of the product is 0 , rather than 1 , then 4 bits need to be added with the truncated values of terms s and t if the rounded product is to be obtained . the rounded product itself need not be obtained , but the value of the sum of the rounded product and aligned c term is obtained . hence these four bits do need to be added with the sum of the truncated s and t terms and the aligned c term . herein the 4 bits that need to be added with the truncated values of s and t and the aligned c terms are termed bit w , bit z , bit n , and bit m , as shown in example 5 . bit w is the most significant bit ( msb ) of the portion of the term s that was zeroed out on the assumption that the msb would be 1 , rather than 0 . bit z is the most significant bit ( msb ) of the portion of the term t that was zeroed out on the assumption that the msb would be 1 , rather than 0 . bit n is the carry - in from the sum of the rightmost 23 bits of the 24 bits of terms s and t that were replaced with zeroes in truncation . bit m is the rounding bit , similar to the r bit , except computed for the position one bit to the right of that instance . again , since the mantissa of any value is positive , if subtraction is called for , there are two cases to obtain a positive mantissa for the final result . in the first case , if a * b & gt ; c , then ( a * b )− c is computed by ( a * b )+˜ c + 1 . however , in the second case , if a * b & lt ; c , then c −( a * b ) is computed . note that c −( a * b )=˜(( a * b )+˜ c ). thus , ( a * b )+˜ c is computed before which the actual case is determined . the ˜ c is produced in alignment module 202 . when the case is determined , if it is the first case , the value of 1 is added to the result , but if it is the second case , the value of 1 is not added ; instead , the result is complemented . in determining the unfused multiply - add rounding of the product , a determination is made whether or not one bit is to be added for rounding , i . e ., the r bit ( or m bit ) earlier discussed . more particularly , a determination is made whether the r bit ( or m bit ) is equal to 0 or 1 . to determine the value of the k , r , n , and m bits , all of the values of the terms s and t do not need to be added up ; however , a few of the values of the sum of the terms s and t need to be determined . the value of the most significant bit ( msb ) of the product is determined ; also , the value of the least significant bit ( lsb ) of what would be the truncated sum of the product is determined , herein termed bit l . further , the value of the next lower bit of the product before truncation is determined , referred to as the guard bit , herein termed bit g , and the sticky bit is determined . for 24 bit precision , if the msb bit of the product is 1 , then the representation of the sum of the terms s and t is as shown in example 6 . for 24 bit precision if the msb bit of the product is instead 0 , then the representation of the sum of the terms s and t is as shown in example 7 . in the above examples , the sticky bit is the “ or ” of all the i bits , where i represents bits in less significant positions than the guard bit . sticky bits are well known to those of skill in the art and are usually determined by actually taking the or of the i bits specified above . in the present embodiment , however , that approach would require implementing enough of the adder to determine all the i bits , which otherwise are not needed . thus , the sticky bits are not obtained in the above manner . instead , in one embodiment , the sticky bit for the case where the msb bit is 0 is obtained by adding the counts of the trailing zeros in the operands a and b in module sticky bit 212 . if the sum is large enough , e . g ., 23 or more for single precision and 52 or more for double precision , the sticky bit is 0 ; otherwise , the sticky bit is 1 . the sticky bit for the case where the msb bit is 1 is obtained by oring the sticky bit for the case where the msb bit is 0 and the g bit for the case where the msb bit is 0 . in one embodiment , a portion of a carry lookahead adder for the terms s and t is implemented in early p & amp ; g module 210 and product bit module 214 , in order to obtain the msb bit , the carry - in bits k and n , and the values of bit l and bit g for either value of the msb bit , i . e ., 0 or 1 . these bits are also termed herein respectively j , u , v , and f , where : j represents the most significant bit of the product ; u represents the least significant bit of the product when the msb bits is 1 , i . e ., bit l when the msb bit is 1 ; v represents the guard bit value when the msb bit is 1 , i . e ., bit g , and also the least significant bit of the product when the msb bit is 0 , i . e ., bit l when the msb bit is 0 ; f represents the guard bit when the msb bit is 0 , i . e ., bit g when the msb bit is 0 . the bits j , u , v , and f for products having an msb of 1 and 0 are illustrated in example 8 for msb of 1 and msb of 0 . if more than one precision is to be determined , then each of the bits j , u , v , and f , is obtained for each precision . with the values of j , u , v and f , and the value of the sticky bit , the sign of the product , the rounding mode , the value of bits r and m , the rounding bits , are obtained in accordance with the ieee standard for binary bloating - point arithmetic ( ansi / ieee std 754 - 1985 ). an example of a table for obtaining the value of bits r and m in accordance with the above ieee standard is shown in table 1 ( an asterisk * means the value can be either 0 or 1 in table 1 ). in one embodiment , the process of finding the values of j , u , v , and f begins as soon as part of the values of terms s and t are known . thus , in one embodiment , the values of k , n , j , u , v , and f are determined in parallel with the operations of full adders module 206 and half adders module 208 , which are determining the values x and y , and also in parallel with the early portion of the addition of values x and y in carry look - ahead adders 218 , 220 , and 222 . additionally , in one embodiment , the process of finding the correct sum of the product begins before the value of bits r and m are known . in one embodiment , as further described herein , in order to determine the correct sum from carry - look - ahead adders 218 , 220 , and 222 , the msb bits w and z , as well as the k bit , n bit , r bit , and m bit are computed in rounding and speculation module 216 while full adders module 206 , half adders module 208 , and carry - look - ahead adders 218 , 220 , and 222 , are in progress . example 9 shows truncated term s and truncated term t and the aligned c term prior to combination in full adders module 206 . the arrow indicates the least significant possible non - zero carry out ( lspc ) bit . the resultant sum output and the carry output from full adders module 206 are shown in example 10 . the arrow indicates the least significant possible non - zero carry out ( lspc ) bit . in one embodiment , to avoid too large a carry from where the extra bits are added in , a row of half adders , half adders module 208 is inserted after full adders module 206 and before the values , later termed herein x and y , are passed to carry look ahead adders 218 , 220 , and 222 . half adders are well known to those of skill in the art and not further described herein to avoid detracting from the principles of the invention . further a sum output and a carry output from a full adder are well known to those of skill in the art and are not further described herein to avoid detracting from the principles of the invention . the sum output , sumout , and the carry output , carryout , of full adders module 206 are then output from full adders module 206 ( for example , respectively at outputs 206 _ 4 and 206 _ 5 , not shown ) and input to a half adders module 208 ( for example , respectively , at inputs 208 _ 1 and 208 _ 2 , not shown ) with resultant terms x and y calculated as shown in example 11 . where x represents the sum output and y represents the carry output from half adders module 208 , respectively at outputs 208 _ 3 and 208 _ 4 . the arrow indicates the least significant possible non - zero carry out ( lspc ) bit . note that the position of the least significant possible non - zero carry - out ( lspc ) bit , indicated with an “↑” in examples 9 , 10 and 11 , shifts to the left one bit after processing by full adders module 206 and another bit after processing by half adders module 208 . as shown in fig2 , in the present embodiment , the row of half adders , i . e ., half adders module 208 , eliminates a carry out value of 2 , resulting in a carry out value of at most 1 , from each of the carry look - ahead adder sections 218 and 220 due to the addition of the extra bits k and r , or w , z , n , and m , as further described herein . in one embodiment , the sum output , x , and the carry output , y are obtained and output from half adders module 208 , for example , respectively at outputs 208 _ 3 and 208 _ 4 , and input in sections to respective carry - look - ahead adders 218 , 220 , and 222 . in one embodiment , the terms x and y output from half adders module 208 are divided into three sections as shown in fig2 in order to provide both double and single precision results . in example 12 , the terms x and y are divided into two sections where the numbers over the terms x and y , i . e ., 2 and 1 , indicate the respective section , i . e ., section 2 and section 1 . in one embodiment , section 1 corresponds to the least significant bit sections of terms x and y , and section 2 corresponds to the most significant bit sections of terms x and y . if more than one precision is possible , in one embodiment , more than two sections can be used , as for example in fig2 in which three sections are used because both single and double precision are provided for . thus , in one embodiment , the respective portions of terms x and y identified for section 1 are input to carry look - ahead adder 218 ; the respective portions of the sum output and the carry output identified for section 2 are input to carry look - ahead adder 220 ; and the sum output and the carry output identified for section 3 are input to carry look - ahead adder 222 . the carry - look - ahead adders 218 , 220 , and 222 , each sum a respective section independently , for both a carry - in value of 0 and a carry - in value of 1 . thus , for example , section 1 bits of term y output from half adders module 208 at output 208 _ 4 are input to cla 218 at input 218 _ 1 . section 2 bits of term y output from half adders module 208 at output 208 _ 4 are input to cla 220 at input 220 _ 1 . section 3 bits of term y output from half adders module 208 at output 208 _ 4 are input to cla 222 at input 222 _ 1 . further , section 1 bits of term x output from half adders module 208 at output 208 _ 3 are input to cla 218 at input 218 _ 2 . section 2 bits of term x output from half adders module 208 at output 208 _ 3 are input to cla adder 220 at input 220 _ 2 . section 3 bits of term x output from half adders module 208 at output 208 _ 4 are input to cla 222 at input 222 _ 2 . first , the msb of the output of section 1 , e . g ., the msb output of mux 226 , corresponding to a carry - in of 0 to mux select 226 _ 3 is the carry - in to be used for section 2 , e . g ., cla 220 , by being the mux select input 228 _ 3 to mux 228 . the msb of the output of section 2 , e . g ., the msb output of mux 228 is the carry - in to be used for section 3 , e . g ., cla 222 , by being the mux select input 230 _ 3 to mux 230 . the msb of the output of section 3 , e . g ., the msb output of mux 230 is the carry - in to be used for the last section , e . g ., incrementer 224 , by being the mux select input 232 _ 3 to mux 232 . note that the last section utilizes an incrementer , e . g ., increment module 224 is not a full addition . increment module 224 increments ; if an unincremented value is needed , e . g ., if the msb output of mux 230 is zero , then the unincremented value from alignment module 202 is selected by mux 232 . in one embodiment , the msb output of the last section , e . g ., the msb output of mux 232 , is herein termed value e , the end around carry . if the computation is addition , e = 0 . however , if the computation is subtraction , e = 1 indicates that \| a * b \|& gt ;\| c \|, and ( a * b )+˜ c + 1 is computed . alternatively , if the computation is subtraction , e = 0 indicates that \| a * b \|& lt ;\| c \|, and thus ˜(( a * b )+ c ) is computed . thus , each section is viewed again . this time , the carry - in chosen for section 1 is the value of e . this provides the proposed output for the bits in section 1 except that the three high order bits of the section may yet need k and r , or n , m , w , and z , to be added in if a double precision result is required . if a single precision result is required , no bits are added in for section 1 , but the three high order bits of section 2 may yet need k and r , or n , m , w , and z to be added in . thus , while the operations of full adders 206 , half adders module 208 , and most of the operations of clas 218 , 220 and 222 are being performed , the possible sums for the high order 3 replacement bits are obtained for the precision needed . the 3 high order replacement bits are the three msb bits of the section with k and r , or n , m , w , and z added in . in one embodiment , the replacement values are calculated by rounding and speculation module 216 . the replacement carry out bit is the carry out of the section after k and r , or n , m , w , and z added in . once the carry - in to the three high order positions , which is the carry out of the previous section , are known for the appropriate value of e , then those three high order bits , are replaced with the correct values , i . e ., the replacement values , and their replacement carry - out is then used for the carry - in of the next section , i . e ., the next section is section 2 for double precision and is section 3 for single precision . in order to compute the replacement values for the msb of a carry look - ahead adder section , that is , modules 218 and 220 , in one embodiment , computations are performed in rounding and speculation module 216 as shown in examples 13 - 26 . these examples are for a double precision result where positions 62 is the lsb double precision replacement position , 63 is the middle double precision replacement position , 64 is the msb double precision replacement position , and 65 is the double precision replacement carry - out position . position 61 is the position to the right of position 62 . thus , result [ 64 : 62 ] are the double precision replacement values and result [ 65 ] is the double precision replacement carry - out value . these positions place the lsb of the double precision value for a * b in column 10 , embedded within a 64 × 64 integer multiply array . the corresponding single precision positions would be result [ 93 : 91 ] for the single precision replacement values and result [ 94 ] would be the single precision replacement carry - out value . in examples 13 - 26 , sum [ 63 : 61 ] is the value of carry save adder 218 output 218 _ 4 in columns 61 , 62 , and 63 ; carry [ 63 : 61 ] is the value of carry save adder 218 output 218 _ 3 in columns 61 , 62 , and 63 ; and g represents the carry - in value to position 61 using inputs before full adders 206 and half adders 208 . the replacement bit values generated in rounding and speculation module 216 are output , for example at outputs 216 _ 8 and 216 _ 9 ( for single precision ), or 216 _ 10 and 216 _ 11 ( for double precision ). a sum for a carry in of 0 and a sum for a carry in of 1 are generated and output from cla 222 at outputs 222 _ 3 and 222 _ 4 ; these sums are input to mux 230 at inputs 230 _ 1 and 230 _ 2 . a sum for a carry in of 0 and a sum for a carry in of 1 are generated and output from cla 220 at outputs 220 _ 3 and 220 _ 4 ; these sums and together with the replacement bits from rounding and speculation module 216 ( for unfused rounding single precision only ) are input to mux 228 at inputs 228 _ 1 and 228 _ 2 . a sum for a carry in of 0 and a sum for a carry in of 1 generated and output from cla 218 at outputs 218 _ 3 and 281 _ 4 ; these sums together with the replacement bits from rounding and speculation module 216 ( for unfused rounding double precision only ) are input to mux 226 at inputs 226 _ 1 and 226 _ 2 . the carry - out from mux module 230 is used to select the incremented or unincremented value in mux 232 . the selected sums of each muxs 226 , 228 , 230 and 232 are input to normalizer 240 . for example , in one embodiment , the selected sum generated and output from mux 226 at output 226 _ 4 is input to normalizer 240 at input 240 _ 4 . the selected sum generated and output from mux 228 at output 228 _ 4 is input to normalizer 240 at input 240 _ 3 . the selected sum generated and output from mux 230 at output 230 _ 4 is input to normalizer 240 at input 240 _ 4 . the selected value output from mux 232 at output 232 _ 4 is input to normalizer 240 at input 240 _ 1 . normalizer 240 normalizes the input values , and generates a normalized sum which is the normalized sum of operand c and the rounded value of the product of operand a and operand b . the normalized sum is generated and output from normalizer 240 at output 240 _ 5 and input to rounding module 250 at input 250 _ 1 . rounding module 250 rounds the normalized sum to generate the output unfused multiply - add result . the unfused multiply - add result is output from rounding module 250 at output 250 _ 2 and can be further output from fused - unfused fma module 200 at an output 200 _ 4 . alternatively , in fused multiply - add rounding mode , in one embodiment , operand c is input to alignment module 202 , and operand a and operand b are input to carry save adder ( csa ) 204 . in csa 204 , the partial products of operand a and operand b are formed and summed to produce two terms , term s and term t . early p & amp ; g module 210 , sticky bit module 212 , product bit module 214 , and rounding and speculation module 216 are not used for fused multiply - add rounding . term s and term t , if added together , would form the product of a * b . while the computations of csa 204 are being carried out , operand c is aligned in alignment module 202 to align the binary point of c with the position of the binary point for the product a * b . binary points and the alignment of floating point numbers are terms well known to those of skill in the art and not further described in detail herein to avoid detracting from the principles of the invention . if subtraction is needed , instead of addition , for example , operands a and b are positive and operand c is negative , or as another example , operands a , b , and c are all positive and ( a * b )− c is requested , then the aligned c is complemented . herein the term aligned c is used whether or not c has been complemented . terms s and t are not truncated . terms s , t and the aligned c term are then input to full adders 206 where the aligned c term is summed with the terms s and t to produce two terms , x and y . the terms x and y are then input to half adders module 208 resulting in terms x ′ and y ′, which are the sum output and the carry output of module 208 , respectively . the terms x ′ and y ′ are then input to carry look - ahead adder modules 218 , 220 , and 222 that calculate the sum of ( a * b )+ c for a carry - in of 1 and for a carry - in of 0 . the carry - out of cla modules 218 , 220 , and 222 is used to select the incremented or unincremented value in mux 232 . this result is the end around carry for a sum that is negative . no replacement values are used . the result sum is normalized in normalizer 240 and then rounded in rounding module 250 . in subtraction , if the absolute value of ( a * b ) is greater than the absolute value of c , then ( a * b )+˜ c + 1 is computed . alternatively , if the absolute value of ( a * b ) is less than the absolute value of c , then ˜(( a * b )+˜ c ) is computed . fig3 illustrates a computer system 300 having a computer processor including the single fused - unfused floating point multiply - add ( fma ) module 200 of fig2 in accordance with one embodiment of the invention . in fig3 , host computer system 300 , sometimes called a client or user device , typically includes a central processing unit ( cpu ) 302 , hereinafter processor 302 , an input / output ( i / o ) interface 308 , a memory 306 , and an operating system 304 . host computer system 300 may further include standard devices like a keyboard 310 , a mouse 314 , a printer 212 , and a display device 316 , as well as , one or more standard input / output ( i / o ) devices 316 , such as a compact disk ( cd ) or dvd drive , floppy disk drive , or other digital or waveform port for inputting data to and outputting data from host computer system 300 . in one embodiment , computer processor 302 performs one or more operations on input floating point operands initiated by one or more opcodes generated during the processing of computer code being executed on computer system 300 . in one embodiment , a single opcode , herein termed an unfused multiply - add rounding opcode , input to computer processor 302 is used to initiate an unfused multiply - add rounding operation by single fused - unfused fma module 200 with the generation of an unfused multiply - add rounding result as earlier described herein with reference to fig2 . in one embodiment , a different single opcode , herein termed a fused multiply - add rounding opcode , input to computer processor 302 is used to initiate a fused multiply - add rounding multiply - add operation by single fused - unfused fma module 200 with the generation of a fused multiply - add rounding result as earlier described herein with reference to fig2 . in another embodiment , a single opcode with a deterministic mode bit is input to computer processor 302 to indicate generation of a fused multiply - add rounding result or an unfused multiply - add rounding result . if the mode bit is set a first way , e . g ., set to one , a fused multiply - add rounding result is generated , and if the mode bit is set a second way , e . g ., set to zero , an unfused multiply - add rounding result is generated . this disclosure provides exemplary embodiments . the scope of the various embodiments described herein is not limited by these exemplary embodiments . numerous variations , whether explicitly provided for by the specification or implied by the specification or not , may be implemented by one of skill in the art in view of this disclosure .	6
methods and apparatus described can use a number of programmed components to determine awards based on a multiplicity of game outcomes . the features described can be applied to a wide variety of computer program applications in which awards can be based on multiple game outcomes . examples of these applications include , but are not limited to , applications for computer - implemented card games and slot games . these applications can be executed on a stand - alone device and / or a networked device . fig1 shows a method 100 for providing an award based on a multiplicity of game outcomes . a game device performing method 100 accepts one or more wagers from a player ( step 102 ). more than one wager is accepted when rules of the game permit the player to place more than one wager for a game . the device initiates a current game ( step 104 ). the game initiated can be one selected by the player when there are multiple games provided by the device . the device determines and displays one or more current game outcomes ( step 106 ). a game outcome is provided for each wager placed by the player . a game outcome can depend on one or more results of a random outcome generator . examples of a random outcome generator include a deck of cards , a roulette wheel , dice , and a computer program driven by an engine that generates random or pseudo - random numbers . for each game outcome , the device determines whether the game outcome satisfies a first set of criteria for winning an award ( step 108 ). the award is usually , but not necessarily , money . the award can be , for example , a credit for playing the game . criteria can be , for example , having a particular combination of cards or a particular combination of reel symbols on a pay line . if at least one of the game outcomes satisfies criteria for winning an award , then the device gives the player an appropriate award ( step 110 ). if none of the game outcomes satisfies criteria for an award , then the device retrieves previous game outcomes that the player obtained ( step 112 ). the previous game outcomes can be stored on the device itself or , alternatively , a database accessible to the device . optionally , the device obtains game outcomes of other players ( step 114 ) the game outcomes of other players can be previous and / or current game outcomes . obtaining game outcomes of other players is typically required in a game where multiple players compete for a common award , for example , race poker ( described below ) or where players play distinct main games but compete for a common bonus award , for example , a common progressive jackpot . the device determines whether an additional award is to be given based on a multiplicity of game outcomes ( step 116 ). the multiplicity of game outcomes usually includes the one or more game outcomes determined in step 106 , the game outcomes retrieved in step 112 , and optionally the game outcomes retrieved in step 114 the determination is made based on a set of criteria that is different from the first set of criteria . the additional award can be , for example , a bonus award that is based on criteria for giving bonus awards . if the device determines that the additional award is to be given , then the device gives the player the additional award ( step 118 ). the additional award can be an advancement of a bonus award accumulator . optionally , the device resets a count being maintained for the additional award ( step 120 ). the count can be a count for a bonus award accumulator . if the device determines that no additional award is to be given to the player , then the device stores the current game outcome ( step 122 ) and ends the game ( step 124 ). fig2 - 8 are screen shots of an example of computer - implemented game that provides an award based on a multiplicity of game outcomes . the outcome of the game ( i . e ., the game outcome ) is a set of three matching symbols revealed by the player . ( at the start of the game all symbols are hidden . the player reveals a hidden symbol by selecting the symbol .) the player reveals symbols until there are three matching symbols . if the three matching symbols form a combination for which there is an award , the player is given the award . the award is indicated by the number of the matching symbols . if the three matching symbols are the chimp symbols or the ape symbols , this is normally a losing game outcome . however , such a game outcome has the secondary effect of changing the player &# 39 ; s bonus standing . in this game , there is a bonus accumulator , depicted as spots along the palm tree in the left of the game screen . if the player collects five or more of the same losing game outcomes , either five or more chimp game outcomes ( a chimp game outcome is one that includes three chimp symbols ) or five or more ape game outcomes ( an ape game outcome is one that includes three ape symbols ), the player is eligible for a bonus award . the rules of the game require that the five losing outcomes all be of the same type , for example , all chimps , with none of the other losing type occurring . winning game outcomes do not affect the bonus standing . fig2 shows a screen shot a game where the bonus accumulator is empty . fig3 shows a screen shot of a subsequent game where the player matches three chimp symbols , which is a non - paying game outcome . however , this game outcome does lead to a chimp symbol being added to the accumulator . fig4 shows a screen shot of a subsequent game in which the player matches three “ 1 ” symbols leading to a payout of , 1 credit . a winning outcome , in this game , does not affect the bonus accumulator for the player . the single chimp from the game of fig3 remains in the bonus accumulator . only losing game outcomes affect the bonus accumulator . fig5 shows a screen shot of a subsequent game in which the player matches another three chimp symbols . because there is already a chimp in the bonus accumulator , another chimp is added to the accumulator . the player now needs only three more chimp outcomes , without any intervening ape outcomes , to qualify for a bonus . fig6 shows a screen shot of a subsequent game in which the player matches three ape symbols . the game outcome here causes the two chimps in the accumulator shown in fig5 to be replaced by a single ape . fig7 shows a screen shot of a subsequent in which the player has had four losing ape outcome without an intervening losing chimp outcome . there are thus four ape symbols in the accumulator . fig8 shows a screen shot of a subsequent game in which the player matches another three ape symbols , making this game outcome his fifth - in - a - row losing ape outcome without an intervening losing chimp outcome . the player has now earned a bonus opportunity . in this example game , the games rules are defined to allow the player to collect his bonus award or to risk it try for a higher award . a different game can be defined where the player is simply awarded a bonus award for each level he attains with no decision or risk involved . fig9 shows a method for executing the above - described game . a device executing the game receives a wager from the player ( step 820 ) and initiates a current game ( step 821 ). an outcome for the current game , i . e ., a current game outcome , is generated and displayed ( step 822 ). the device determines whether the current game outcome is a direct winner ( step 823 ). if the current game outcome is a direct winner , the player is paid accordingly ( step 830 ). if the current game outcome is not a direct winner , the device determines whether the current game outcome advances the bonus status ( step 824 ). if device determines that the current game outcome does not advance the bonus status , then the current game is over ( step 840 ). if device determines that the current game outcome advances the bonus status , the bonus status is updated accordingly ( step 831 ). the device determines whether the advancement causes the bonus status to advance sufficiently , for example , reach a threshold ( step 832 ). if the advancement does cause the status to advance sufficiently , a bonus event occurs leading to a bonus award being paid ( step 833 ) and the bonus status is reset ( step 834 ). if the advancement was insufficient , then the game is over ( step 840 ). fig1 shows a method for executing an alternative of the above - described game . in this alternative , the player is only allotted a certain number of tries to attain the bonus . for every game , the bonus attempt count is updated . the device executing the game receives a wager from the player ( step 920 ) and initiates a current game ( step 921 ). an outcome for the current game , i . e ., a current game outcome , is generated and displayed ( step 922 ). the device determines whether the current game outcome is a direct winner ( step 923 ). if the current game outcome is a direct winner , the player is paid accordingly ( step 930 ). otherwise , the player is not . paid . the bonus attempt count is updated ( step 924 ). the device determines whether the game outcome advances the bonus status ( step 925 ). if the device determines that the game outcome advances the bonus accumulator , then the device advances the bonus accumulator ( step 931 ) and determines whether a bonus award threshold has been reached ( step 932 ). if yes , then the device activates and pays the player the bonus award ( step 933 ) and rests the bonus accumulator and bonus attempt count ( step 934 ). if the bonus award has not been reached , then the device ends the game . if the device determines that the game outcome does not advance the bonus status ( no branch of step 925 ), then the device determines whether a maximum has been reached for the bonus attempt count ( step 926 ). if yes , the device resets the bonus accumulator ( step 927 ). if no , the device ends the game without resetting the bonus accumulator . fig1 shows a method for executing another alternative of the above - described game . the alternative is similar to the process of fig1 . instead of having to achieve the bonus within a certain number of tries , however , the player in this game merely has to advance the bonus within a certain number of tries . the methods described in fig9 - 11 can also apply to games that have a plurality of independent bonuses . for example , fig1 shows a method for executing an alternative that has two or more bonuses . after the main game outcome is evaluated in step 1122 and any main game award is paid in step 1130 , the device independently evaluates the bonuses . steps 1124 - 1129 each evaluate one of the one or more bonuses . evaluation of the bonuses can be performed as described above . fig1 shows a method for executing an alternative of the above - described game where there is a plurality of interdependent bonus accumulators . if one accumulator reaches a threshold , which causes a bonus event to be activated , then all bonus accumulators are reset . each bonus evaluation includes a step ( e . g ., steps 1225 , 1227 , and 1229 ) in which the device determines if a bonus award has been activated . if there has been a bonus award activated , then all bonus accumulators are reset ( step 1231 ) and the game ends ( 1240 ). the above described methods can also apply to networked games where a plurality of players shares the same bonus accumulator and , when appropriate , they may share the same bonus try counter . the following paragraphs describe other games that provide an award based on a multiplicity of game outcomes . in one or more of the following implementations , methods and apparatus are designed to provide for a viable casino game . viability can require , for example , that the overall payback not exceed one hundred percent , the payback being the overall amount returned to players . viability can also require , for example , that : the overall payback must comply with regulatory requirements of the jurisdiction in which the game is offered ; the overall payback is acceptable in view of the marketplace ( e . g ., 88 % to 96 % for an initial target market ); the game provides sufficient hit frequency , i . e ., the rate of awards given to a player ( e . g ., every 2 to 5 minutes of play for small awards of 2 × to 20 ×, or every 5 to 10 minutes for large awards of 15 × to 50 ×, where x is the denomination ); and the game provides sufficiently high awards to attract players , for example , awards of 50 × to 100 ×. one aspect of the invention can be implemented in the context of network casino gaming . for example , in a networked video poker game where the person who gets the 10th 3 of a kind outcome across all players wins a bonus . in one implementation , a bonus game or round can be initiated upon achieving n consecutive winning outcomes instead of , or in addition to , the bonus award . another implementation provides bonus awards or bonus round activation when a player achieves n outcomes in n + k tries , where k is some number greater than or equal to zero . for example , a player can receive a bonus award or round if seven of the previous ten plays produced eligible outcomes . in this implementation , the n outcomes need not be consecutive . eligible outcomes can be winning outcomes or based on some other criteria . one implementation bases an award or bonus round activation upon attaining n outcomes prior to some particular event occurring . in this implementation , the n outcomes do not need to be consecutive . for example , in the blackjack context , a bonus award or round can be earned if a player achieves n blackjack hands before the dealer gets one blackjack . in another example , a bonus award or round can be earned when the player achieves three hands totaling twenty - one before the dealer gets two blackjacks . in another example , multiple pays can be included such that getting three totals of twenty - one prior to the dealer getting two blackjacks , as in the previous example , results in a certain bonus award or round but each additional total of twenty - one attained prior to the dealer getting a blackjack results in an additional bonus award or round . another implementation of the invention allows for k independent awards that a player is vying for , xl , x 2 , . . . xk , based on whether the player achieves nl , n 2 , . . . nk outcomes ol , o 2 , . . . ok . for example , in a video poker game there are several different possible hands or outcomes , each having a different relative value based on the probability of achieving that hand . in this implementation , each hand or outcome will have a certain associated n value representing the number of times that outcome must be achieved in order to win the award associated with that outcome . the n value must be reached before the n value associated with the other outcomes . whichever n value is reached for a particular outcome first , the bonus award or round associated with that outcome is attained . for example , if the n value of the outcome of two pairs is 50 , a player must get two pairs 50 times before achieving the required n level for any of the other entries to win the bonus award or round associated with two pairs . ( the count represents the number of times a player has received a particular outcome .) in one implementation , reaching the award level for one outcome resets the count in all outcome events to zero such that bonus opportunities start anew for each outcome event . alternatively , only the count for the achieved event is reset to zero and the counts for each other outcome event remain as they were prior to the achieved count . for example , if upon reaching 50 two - pair outcomes a player also has twenty three - of - a - kind outcomes , the award is given for the 50 two - pair outcomes , the count for the two - pair outcomes is reset , and the count for the three - of - a - kind outcomes stays at twenty . the player can , thus , continue advancing the three - of - a - kind count towards its n value , which can be , for example , thirty . in one implementation , independent counts can be maintained towards different outcomes as in the previous example , except that the outcomes can overlap . for example , a full house would also be counted as a three - of - a - kind , and if the pair in the full house were jacks or better , then jacks or better would also be credited as another outcome . thus , the count in each outcome of full house , three - of - a - kind , and jacks or better would increase by one . where gaming is implemented over a network , players can compete against each other to reach n outcomes in order to attain a bonus award or bonus round play . for example , in the implementation where a player gets a bonus award or round for reaching n outcomes before the dealer attains a particular event or combination of events , there can be competition between other players to reach n first . if twenty players are in a pool playing blackjack there can be some n number of blackjacks that a player must attain prior to the dealer getting some number y of blackjacks . the players compete against each other to be the first to reach n and , thus , win a bonus award or round before the dealer reaches y blackjacks . for a further example , the compete feature can also be implemented in the case of independent awards . if twenty players are within a pool playing video poker , there is an n value for outcomes such as a full house . the twenty players in the pool compete to reach the n value for any outcome prior to the other players . in one implementation , games provide variable outcome bonuses . a player is allowed to purchase a chance to win one or more bonus awards . that is , the player is allowed to purchase bonus award opportunities . for example , where wagering one to five coins provides a player with normal play , wagering a sixth coin provides play with one or more bonus award opportunities . alternatively , opportunities for bonus awards can be provided if a maximum wager amount is placed ( e . g ., five coins wagered in the above described five coin game ) or as a result of a normal wager ( e . g ., one to five coins wagered in the above described five coin game ). buy - a - pay match poker , accumulated win poker , and multi - strike poker are examples of games that provide variable outcome bonuses . the games mentioned above and their variations are described below . buy - a - pay match poker provides additional bonus award opportunities when an additional coin is wagered . for example , where wagering one to five coins provides a player with normal play , a sixth coin wagered provides play with , for example , a bonus multiplier for a winning outcome ( two pairs , three of a kind , a flush , and so forth ). accumulated win poker counts the number of time a player achieves a particular winning outcome and provides a bonus award when the count ( i . e ., the bonus accumulator ) reaches a certain threshold number . accumulated win poker can include bonus accumulators for multiple and different winning outcomes . for example , a bonus accumulator can be provided for each of a flush outcome and a two pair outcome . the bonus award can be given when one or any combination of bonus accumulators reach their respective threshold count ( i . e ., the accumulators are filled ). the bonus award can be a fixed payout amount , a random payout amount , a payout amount that is based on the outcome , a multiplier of a non - bonus award , a bonus round , advancement to a bonus round , an increase in an accumulated awards such as a jackpot , and any combination of the examples of bonus awards described . for the disposition of the game after a bonus award is given , all bonus accumulators is reset after any bonus awards given . alternatively , the game can reset only the bonus accumulator that has been filled and maintain the count in the other bonus accumulators the game can provide an indication of the progress of a bonus accumulator by , for example , displaying a count next to the winning outcome . the bonus opportunities can be provided when a maximum wager is placed . alternatively , the bonus opportunities can be provided when a wager amount above the maximum amount for normal play is placed . in multi - strike star poker , if a player achieves a particular outcome better than or equal to a threshold outcome ( e . g ., flush or better ), then the particular outcome is assigned a certain number of stars . every time another winning outcome occurs , one of the stars is taken away . if the player hits the particular outcome again before all the stars are taken away , then the player is given a bonus award . alternatively , 2 × symbols can be displayed instead of stars . should the particular winning outcome re - occurs before all of the 2 × symbols are taken away , the player receives an award multiplier that is the product ( or alternatively the sum ) of the remaining 2 × symbols . for the above described games that provide variable outcome bonuses , a bonus award can be a fixed payout amount , a random payout amount , a payout amount that is based on the outcome , a multiplier of a non - bonus award , a bonus round , advancement to a bonus round , an increase in an accumulated awards such as a jackpot , and any combination of the examples of bonus awards described . furthermore , the size or type of bonus award can vary based on the winning outcome . for example , the bonus award for a royal flush can be greater than the bonus award for a three of a kind . the bonus award can vary from wager to wager ( i . e ., from proposition to proposition ). the bonus award can be based on previous outcomes . the invention can be implemented as a traditional table game , or in digital electronic circuitry , or in computer hardware , firmware , software , or in combinations of them . apparatus of the invention can be implemented in a computer program product tangibly embodied in a machine - readable storage device for execution by a programmable processor ; and method steps in the invention can be performed by a programmable processor execution a program of instructions to perform functions of the invention by operating on input data and generating output . the invention can be implemented advantageously in one or more computer programs that are executable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor coupled to receive data and instructions from , and to transmit data and instructions to , a data storage system , at least one input device , and at least one output device . each computer program can be implemented in a high - level procedural or object - oriented programming language , or in assembly or machine language if desired ; and in any case , the language can be a compiled or interpreted language . suitable processors include , by way of example , both general and special purpose microprocessors . generally , a processor will receive instructions and data from a read - only memory and / or a random access memory . generally , a computer will include one or more mass storage devices for storing data files ; such devices include magnetic disks , such as internal hard disks and removable disks ; magneto - optical disks ; and optical disks . storage devices suitable for tangibly embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of non - volatile memory , including by way of example semiconductor memory devices , such as eprom , eeprom , and flash memory devices ; magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks ; magneto - optical disks ; and optical disks . any of the foregoing can be supplemented by , or incorporated in , asics ( application - specific integrated circuits ). to provide for interaction with a user , the invention can be implemented on a computer system having a display device such as a monitor or lcd screen for displaying information tot eh user and a keyboard and a pointing device such as a mouse or trackball by which the user can provide input to the computer system . the computer system can be programmed to provide a graphical user interface though which computer programs interact with users . the computing system can include clients and servers . a client and server are generally remote from each other and typically interact through a communication network . the relationship of client and server arises by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client - server relationship to each other . this can , for example , include an internet - based implementation . a number of implementations of the invention have been described . nevertheless , it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . for example , the steps for the methods can be performed in a different order . the criteria for main game awards and bonus awards can be defined in a same pay model or in separate pay models .	6
a hair appliance ( 10 ) according to the present invention comprises an upper handle portion ( 11 ), a lower handle portion ( 12 ), and a hinge ( 13 ) connecting the respective portions ( 11 , 12 ). an upper heat plate ( 14 ) is attached to the upper handle portion ( 11 ) and a lower heat plate ( 15 ) is attached to the lower handle portion ( 12 ), each in a position such that they are facing each other and can be pressed into contact with each other when the handle portions ( 11 , 12 ) are pivoted about the hinge ( 13 ) toward each other . an internal plate heating assembly ( 16 , 17 ) is associated with each plate ( 14 , 15 ) to deliver heat thereto , said heating assemblies being electrically - powered as is know to those skilled in the art . a power cord ( 18 ) delivers electricity from an external source . a fan and heater assembly ( 19 ) resides in a chamber internally in the upper handle portion ( 12 ) to provide heated , flowing air in a manner known to those skilled in the art . a display panel ( 20 ) is provided for displaying operating information such as temperature or settings , and it may be a light emitting diode ( led ). lcd , or other known type of display . a metal panel ( 21 ) having textured dimples for enhanced grip is provided . the use of metal for the panel ( 21 ) provides a very durable , corrosion - resistant , scratch - resistant and easily cleaned surface . a set of raised ridges ( 22 ) are provided as a gripping element that will prevent slippage of the appliance ( 10 ) relative to the hand by serving as a stop if the appliance ( 10 ) slips to the point of contacting a user &# 39 ; s thumb or finger while the appliance ( 10 ) is gripped on the panel ( 20 ). side vents ( 23 ) provide an external air intake for the fan assembly ( 19 ). distal end gripping ridges ( 24 ) are provided for additional gripping ability . control buttons ( 25 , 26 ) are provided for increasing or decreasing temperature or setting when the power switch button ( 27 ) is activated . a hot air button ( 28 ) is provided to independently activate the fan and heater assembly ( 19 ). an internal contact switch ( 29 ) is provided so that when the hot air button ( 28 ) is activated , upon closing the handle portions ( 11 , 12 ) together , the internal contact switch ( 29 ) switches the fan and heater assembly ( 19 ) on to cause heated air to flow out of airflow openings ( 30 ) in the heat plates ( 14 , 15 ). the heat plates ( 14 , 15 ) are identical , so only one ( 14 ) is featured in the view of fig1 g . venting openings ( 31 ) are provided on the back side of each of the handle portions ( 11 , 12 ) and they are in communication with the interior of each handle portion ( 11 , 12 ) and the airflow openings ( 30 ) to prevent pressure buildup inside of the handle portions ( 11 , 12 ) if , for example , a tuft of hair closed between the heat plates ( 14 , 15 ) obstructs flow from the airflow openings ( 30 ). another intake vent ( 32 ) is provided on the lower handle portion ( 12 ), as well as a set of raised ridges ( 33 ) are provided on the lower handle portion ( 12 ) to prevent slippage from a user &# 39 ; s hand . a swivel mechanism ( 34 ) enables the power cord ( 18 ) to be rotatably mounted . a comb attachment ( 36 ) may be provided to assist in styling . in operation , the appliance ( 10 ) is held in a user &# 39 ; s hand and is initially in an opened position as shown in fig1 f . by depressing the power button ( 27 ), the user can then select a heat setting using the control buttons ( 25 , 26 ). the user may then place a tuft of the user &# 39 ; s hair between the heat plates ( 14 , 15 ) and close the handle portions ( 11 , 12 ) together as shown in fig1 c by pivoting them about the hinge ( 13 ). if desired , the user can activate the hot air function by depressing the hot air button ( 28 ). in this mode , hot air will be emitted from the openings ( 30 ) when the plates ( 14 , 15 ) are close together or touching , as shown in fig1 c , but hot air will cease to be emitted when the plates ( 14 , 15 ) are apart as in the opened position as shown in fig1 f . while the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been herein described , various modification may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention .	0
a novel fluorination method using several novel aminosulfur trifluorides is presented in this invention . these compositions have been shown to be very efficient and useful for effecting deoxofluorination of alcohols and ketones . in addition , thermal analysis studies indicate that they should be much safer to use in the present fluorination method than the currently available dialkylaminosulfur trifluorides ( dast ). the simplicity of the method used for preparing the new aminosulfur trifluorides , as described hereafter , combined with their relative safety in use in the present invention should make this fluorination method attractive for large scale production of fluorinated products . the compositions useful in the present fluorination method are identified as follows by several general classes , including : diaryl systems , alkoxyalkyl aminosulfur trifluorides and arylalkylaminosulfur trifluorides . where ar and ar ′ are the same or different aryl groups ( i . e ., mixed compositions ). the aryl groups can be mono or polynuclear , the latter encompassing isolated ring or fused - ring groups and each contemplates substituted aryl groups . for example , when both groups are derived from benzene , the general formula is : a ) r 1 and r 2 represent one or more substituents ( like or different ). examples provided ( table 1 ) for r 1 , r 2 = h , p - cl , p - och3 , p - ch3 . these groups may be para or meta to the nsf 3 group . r 1 , r 2 can additionally be or ( r = alkyl or aryl ), br , i , f , alkyl or aryl groups , cf 3 , no 2 , so 3 r ( r = alkyl or aryl ), nr 2 ( r = alkyl or aryl ). these groups may be ortho , meta or para to the nsf 3 group . furthermore , oligomeric or polymeric analogues may be used in which aromatic units are linked via the nitrogen of the nsf 3 group , such as : wherein r 3 is an aryl radical of c 6 to c 10 , n = 1 - 5 , r 1 and r 2 are individually h or alkyl c 1 - 10 and x = zero to three ring element substitutions at any available position on the ring of o or nr 4 where r 4 = h , normal or branched alkyl c 1 - 10 . wherein r 1 and r 2 = individually h or normal or branched alkyl c 1 - 10 . n = 1 - 5 and x = zero to three ring element substitutions at any available position on the ring of o or nr 3 where r 3 = h , normal or branched alkyl c 1 - 10 . one of the aromatic ring groups attached to the n — sf3 group may be 5 - membered or greater and contain heteroatoms such as o ( 1 - 3 ) or n ( 1 - 3 ). the heteroatom - containing ring may be branched from the n — sf3 group or fused to the other aromatic ring ( ar ). alkyl = normal or branched c 1 - 10 . alkoxyalkyl =( a ) — r 1 — o — r 2 , where r 1 is c 2 - 10 normal or branched alkyl and r 2 is c 1 - 10 normal or branched alkyl or ( b ) —( r 3 — o ) n — r 2 , where r 2 is c 1 - 10 normal or branched alkyl and r 3 is c 2 - 3 normal or branched alkyl and n = 1 - 10 . wherein r 1 and r 6 are individually normal or branched alkyl c 1 - 10 , r 2 - 5 , are individually h or normal or branched alkyl c 1 - 10 , m = 1 - 10 , n = 1 - 10 , and p = 1 - 10 . wherein r 1 and r 6 are individually normal or branched alkyl c 1 - 10 , r 2 - 5 , are individually h , or normal or branched alkyl c 1 - 10 , m = 1 - 10 , n = 1 - 10 , and p = 1 - 10 , and x = a ring element substitution at any available position of the ring of o or nr 7 where r 7 = h , normal or branched alkyl c 1 - 10 . where m = 1 - 10 , n = 1 - 10 , r 1 and r 2 = individually h , or normal or branched alkyl c 1 - 10 , r 3 = normal or branched alkyl c 1 - 10 and x = a ring element substitution at any available position of the ring of o , nr 4 where r 4 = normal or branched alkyl c 1 - 10 . ( r 1 )( r 2 )( r 3 ) co ( r 4 ) n ( sf 3 )( r 5 ) oc ( r 6 )( r 7 )( r 8 ) wherein r 1 - 3 , 6 - 8 are individually h , normal or branched alkyl c 1 - 10 or aryl c 6 - 10 and r 4 - 5 are normal or branched c 2 - 10 . a more specific class of preferred deoxofluorination reagents has the general structure : wherein r 3 and r 6 are individually c 1 to c 10 normal or branched chain , r 4 - 5 are c 2 - 10 normal or branched alkyl . more specifically the deoxofluorination reagent has the specific structure : for the purpose of this invention the following definitions are provided . alkyl shall mean normal and branched carbon radicals up to ten carbons . aryl shall mean six and ten member carbon rings having aromatic character . fused aryl shall mean aromatic rings containing two common carbon atoms . linked aryl shall mean aromatic rings joined together by a bond from a carbon atom of one ring to a carbon atom of another ring . heteroatoms shall mean oxygen and / or nitrogen in a carbon membered radical . para - substitution on an aryl ring shall include h , p - cl , p - och3 , p - ch3 , or ( r = alkyl c 1 - 10 or aryl c 6 - 10 ), br , i , f , alkyl c 1 - 10 or aryl c 6 - 10 groups , no 2 , so 3 r ( r = h , alkyl c 1 - 10 or aryl c 6 - 10 ), nr 2 ( r = h , alkyl c 1 - 10 or aryl c 6 - 10 ). alkoxyalkyl typically means an oxygen bridging two alkyl groups , but it is also contemplated to include polyethers , such as : — o (— ro ) n r ′ where r and r ′ are c 1 - 3 alkyl and n = 1 - 10 . to develop thermally stable aminosulfur trifluorides for the fluorination method of the present invention , the inventors considered compositions which would not produce gaseous by - products on decomposition . the production of hf via abstraction of acidic protons in the vicinity of the n — sf 3 group by fluoride ion is believed to be one factor which contributes to the instability of the dialkylaminosulfur trifluorides . consequently , compositions lacking such protons are attractive candidates for the present invention , although compositions with such protons can be useful . in order to circumvent the thermal instability which results from molecular disproportionation of dialkylaminosulfur trifluoride , the inventors prepared compositions which possess sterically demanding groups attached to the n — sf 3 function . aminosulfur trifluorides with a highly electron deficient nitrogen bonded to the sf 3 group are also appropriate since molecular disproportionation will be less significant in these compositions . the diaryl , arylalkyl and alkoxyalkylaminosulfur trifluorides fulfill most of the structural requirements for a thermally stable product for a fluorination method , such as deoxofluorination . the preparation and reactions of these compositions are described below . an attempted synthesis of diphenylaminosulfur trifluoride by the conventional reaction route of the n - trimethylsilyl derivative of diphenylamine with sf 4 proved to be difficult . only a small amount of product (& lt ; 10 % yield ) was obtained in a reaction carried out at room temperature . a synthetic route to dialkyl and arylalkylaminosulfur trifluorides described in russian inventor &# 39 ; s certificate no . 433 , 136 was used in which a secondary ( 2 °) amine is reacted with sf 4 in ethyl ether containing triethylamine for the preparation of several novel diarylaminosulfur trifluorides . this simple one - step process ( as opposed to the two - step method via a silyl amine ) afforded a virtual quantitative yield of products at temperatures ranging from − 10 ° c . to room temperature . table 1 summarizes the diaryl compositions which were prepared by this method . the procedure proved to be particularly useful for the preparation of diarylaminosulfur trifluorides bearing both electron withdrawing and electron donating groups at the para position of the aromatic rings . the sterically hindered n - phenyl - n - naphthyl - amine was successfully converted to the diarylaminosulfur trifluoride at room temperature . however , the preparation of diarylaminosulfur trifluorides bearing substituent groups at the ortho position of the aromatic ring proved to be more difficult . none of the desired products were obtained in reactions carried out at − 10 ° c . or room temperature with either 2 , 2 ′- dimethyl - diphenylamine or 2 , 2 ′- dimethoxy - diphenylamine . instead only starting material was recovered after several hours ( 3 - 24 h ) of reaction time . the steric hindrance imposed by the adjacent substituent groups on the aromatic ring seems to be significant in these compositions . aminosulfur trifluorides derived from relatively electron deficient diarylamines were found to be relatively unstable . in an attempted preparation of 4 , 4 ′- dichloro - diphenyl aminosulfur trifluoride , the amine was reacted with sf 4 in ethyl ether / triethylamine ( et 2 o / tea ) at 0 ° c . after work - up a light yellow solid was isolated . this solid product darkened considerably on standing at room temperature (& lt ; 1 h ) forming 4 - chlorophenyl iminosulfur difluoride as the principal decomposition product . the aminosulfur trifluoride is synthesized by reaction of a secondary amine with sf 4 in a non - aqueous solvent that will not react chemically with sf 4 or the aminosulfur trifluoride product . examples include ethers , e . g ., ethylether ( et 2 o ), tetrahydrofuran ( thf ), halogenated hydrocarbons , e . g ., ch 2 cl 2 , freons , hydrocarbons , e . g ., toluene , hexane , tertiary amines , liquid so 2 and supercritical co 2 . the reaction can be carried out at temperatures ranging from − 90 ° c . or the freezing point of the solvent to the boiling point of the solvent . the secondary amine is represented by r 1 r 2 nh . r 1 = alkyl ( cyclic or non - cyclic , with or without heteroatoms ), aryl , or alkoxyalkyl . r 2 = alkyl ( cyclic or non - cyclic , with or without heteroatoms ), aryl or alkoxyalkyl . r 1 may or may not be the same as r 2 . the tertiary amine is represented by r 1 r 2 r 3 n . r 1 , r 2 or r 3 = alkyl ( cyclic or non - cyclic , with or without heteroatoms ), or aryl . this includes tertiary amines which contain the n - atom in a ring , e . g ., n - methylpiperidine or in a chain , e . g ., triethylamine . it also includes tertiary amines which contain the n - atom at a bridge - head , e . g ., quinuclidine or triethylene diamine and in fused rings , e . g ., diazabicycloundecane ( dbu ). compounds containing & gt ; 1 , tertiary amine group in the molecule can also be used . the tertiary amine could also function as the reaction solvent . examples of specific amines employed for the synthesis of r 2 nsf 3 reagents should also be effective for the in situ process described below . no aminosulfur trifluoride product was obtained when pyridine or 3 - methylpyridine was used instead of a tertiary amine ; however , more basic pyridines than the latter are expected to be useful . no aminosulfur trifluoride product was obtained when naf or csf was used instead of a tertiary amine . thus , its utilization in the process beyond simply acting as an hf acceptor is an essential feature of the invention . the substrate for fluorination may be an alcohol , an aldehyde , ketone , carboxylic acid , aryl or alkyl sulfonic acid , aryl or alkyl phosphonic acid , acid chlorides , silyl chlorides , silyl ethers , sulfides , sulfoxides , epoxides , phosphines and thiophosphines . water or a low molecular weight alcohol ( ch 3 oh , c 2 h 5 oh , etc .) may be added to hydrolyze the intermediate sulfinyl fluoride for disposal and to generate the starting secondary amine . the fluorinated product may be separated from the aqueous acidic mixture by extraction into a water immiscible organic solvent . the desired product may be distilled and thus isolated from the crude reaction mixture . saturated indoles ( 26 , 28 , table 2 ) afford good yields of the corresponding aminosulfur trifluorides on reaction with sf 4 in et 2 o / tea at − 78 ° c . these compounds which appeared to be stable on initial preparation decomposed rapidly on storage (& lt ; 3 days ). russian inventor &# 39 ; s certificate no . 433 , 136 reported the preparation of n - ethyl - n - phenylaminosulfur trifluoride in 78 % yield by reaction of n - ethyl - n - phenylamine with sf 4 in et 2 o containing tertiary ( 3 °) amines . the present inventors confirmed these results and extended the method to the preparation of the n - methyl analog ( table 3 ). the arylalkyl amines were much more reactive towards sf 4 than the diarylamines and the reactions were completed at − 78 ° c . with quantitative formation of products . the n - ethyl - n - phenyl aminosulfur trifluoride was not identified as a fluorinating agent . however , the present inventors found that this compound and related arylalkylaminosulfur trifluorides are very advantageous in deoxofluorination reactions , as set forth below . it has been further determined that dialkylaminosulfur trifluorides that contain an oxygen atom in the vicinity of the sf 3 group possess enhanced thermal stability . the aminosulfur trifluorides with the highest reported decomposition temperatures are n - morpholinosulfur trifluoride and ( s )- 2 -( methoxyethyl ) pyrrolidin - 1 - yl - sulfur trifluoride . the increased thermal stability of these compounds may result from coordination of the electron - rich oxygen atom with sulfur affording a conformationally rigid structure . however , the inventors found that ( s )- 2 -( methoxyethyl ) pyrrolidin - 1 - yl - sulfur trifluoride was a poor fluorinating reagent for deoxofluorination of cyclooctanol , as reported below , and n - morpholino sulfurtrifluoride decomposes with the evolution of large quantities of gas ( i . e ., explosively ). see table 5 . the preparation of aminosulfur trifluorides by reaction of the amine with sf 4 in et 2 o / tea was successfully applied to the preparation of several alkoxyalkylaminosulfur trifluorides ( table 4 ). these include compositions bearing one or two methoxy groups . the reactions of the precursor amines with sf 4 were quite rapid at − 78 ° c . affording high yields of products . thermal analysis studies of the newly synthesized aminosulfur trifluorides and dialkylaminosulfur trifluorides ( dast ) were performed on a radex instrument , available from systag of switzerland . the instrument is similar to astm e476 - 87 . the instrument operates at a constant heating rate ( 0 . 5 to 2 . 0 ° c ./ min .) and measures heat flux into or out of a sample , in the form of a temperature difference between sample and inert reference and also the system &# 39 ; s total internal pressure . this provides a measure of the onset of exothermic decomposition . the results of these studies provide useful information about the relative thermal stabilities of these compositions . the decomposition temperature and the quantity of gas ( resultant gas pressure ) produced on decomposition are important indicators of the safety in use of the compositions . table 5 summarizes the results of the radex thermal analysis studies and provides a listing of decomposition temperatures , pressure gain and gas produced on two bases for the decomposition of diaryl , dialkyl , arylalkyl , and alkoxyalkylaminosulfur trifluorides ( 300 mg ). higher decomposition temperatures were recorded for the dialkyl compositions . among the newly synthesized compositions , the alkoxyalkylaminosulfur trifluorides decomposed at higher temperatures than the arylalkyl and diaryl compositions . a comparison of the pressure gain on decomposition indicates that the dialkyl aminosulfur trifluorides produced a significantly larger quantity of gas as compared to the other compositions . most of the diaryl compositions produced a relatively small quantity of gas . however , n - 4 - chlorophenyl - n - phenylaminosulfur trifluoride was found to be remarkably stable in this regard producing no gas on decomposition . the arylalkyl compositions produced some gas on decomposition , but the alkoxyalkylaminosulfur trifluorides evolved essentially no gas at the conditions of these tests . however , the most significant factor demonstrated by the data in table 5 is the amount of gas produced per mmol of deoxofluorination reagent tested . this is a measure of the potential for dangerous results based upon explosion of the reagent for a normalized amount of each reagent for comparison purposes . the reagents of the present invention showed significant improvement over the prior art compositions . these results indicate that the novel aminosulfur trifluorides prepared should be much safer to use than the previously known dast compounds . the more stable n - 4 - chlorophenyl - n - phenylaminosulfur trifluoride and the alkoxyalkylaminosulfur trifluorides should be especially suitable for scale - up and large scale use . nmr spectra were obtained on a bruker cp - 300ft spectrometer operating at 282 . 4 mhz ( 19 f ), 300 . 13 mhz ( 1 h ). chemical shifts were referenced to neat cfcl 3 ( 19 f ) and chcl 3 ( 1 h ). g . c . m . s . spectra were recorded on a hp 5890 series 11 g . c . and 5972 series mass selective detector with a hp - 1 column . all compositions in subparagraphs ( 1 ) through ( 10 ) of the summary of the invention are novel . there is one example in the literature of a composition that exemplifies subparagraph ( 11 ): n - ethyl - n - phenyl aminosulfurtrifluoride . it was prepared by l . n . markovskii , et al ( ussr patent , 1974 , no ( ii ) 433136 ), but it was never used , or suggested for use , as a fluorinating agent . other members of this class ( e . g ., the n - methyl - n - phenyl analog ) were prepared and used . ( s )- 2 -( methoxymethyl ) pyrrolidin - 1 - yl - sulfur trifluoride ( compound 39 in table 5 ) was reported in the literature . it was only employed in the fluorination of silylethers . no indication or suggestion was given that the compound should be generally useful for the replacement of certain oxygen atoms in organic compounds , i . e ., for the deoxo - fluorination of alcohols , ketones , aldehydes , etc . in fact , in the experimental work of the present invention , the deoxofluorination of alcohols by this compound afforded much less yield than is obtained by fluorination using our new compositions of aminosulfurtrifluorides . for example , only a 17 % yield of cyclooctyl fluoride was obtained on fluorination of cyclooctanol with compound 39 . in contrast yields in excess of 70 % were obtained on fluorination of cyclooctanol with the novel aminosulfur trifluorides under the same reaction conditions . it is expected that the fluorination of a silyl ether ( which proceeds via the formation of a reactive oxygen anion , r — o − ) will be more facile than reaction of the corresponding alcohol roh with the — sf 3 compound . the known n , n - dialkylaminosulfurtrifluorides , r 2 nsf 3 , ( e . g ., ( c 2 h 5 ) 2 sf 3 ( dast ), and including those which contain o as a heteroatom such as n - morpholino sulfur - trifluoride , as well as the , bis ( n , n - dialkylamino )- sulfur difluorides , are well known , useful reagents for effecting the replacement of certain oxygen and halogen ( cl , br , i ) atoms in various classes of organic compounds with fluorine . the present inventors have found that the aminosulfur trifluoride compounds of subparagraphs ( 1 ) to ( 11 ) are generally safer to use , and can perform the oxygen and halogen replacement chemistry with significant improvements in reaction selectivity and yield of the desired fluoro product . all compositions under subparagraphs ( 1 ) to ( 11 ) of the summary of the invention , are safer to use than the dialkylaminosulfurtrifluorides , on the basis of quantifiable thermal decomposition criteria , set forth in table 5 . these are : onset temperature of self - heating , and rate and extent of pressure increase , as measured by radex instrumentation , and in some cases by accelerated rate calorimetry ( arc ) measurements . it is believed that the most discerning criterion for safety in use is the pressure gain of volatiles upon decomposition , which may be qualitatively related to potential explosivity . note that the dialkylaminosulfur - trifluorides ( first 3 entries in table 5 ) have far larger values of pressure gained , as compared to compounds in subparagraphs ( 1 ) to ( 11 ). in general , with compounds of subparagraphs ( 1 ) to ( 11 ), higher yields and selectivities to the desired fluoroproducts were realized , for alcohol and ketone substrates , as compared to those realizable under the same conditions with the dialkylaminosulfurtrifluorides . for the fluorination of cyclooctanol ( a model alcohol ) with dast , w . m . middleton reported , for the formation of cyclooctyl fluoride , a yield of 70 % and 30 % of a cyclooctene elimination product . ( ref . j . org . chem . 40 , 574 ( 1975 )). the data of the present invention on this reaction of cyclooctanol , done under the same conditions , is in table 6 . for diphenylaminosulfurtrifluoride ( first entry in table ), the yield and selectivity are comparable to those of dast . however , all the other reagents defined in subparagrahs ( 1 ) to ( 11 ) of the summary of the invention offer significantly higher yields of the desired fluoro products , and higher selectivities ( less elimination products ). for the fluorination of 4 - t - butylcyclohexanone , a model ketone , with dast a 67 % yield of 1 , 1 - difluoro - 4 - t - butylcyclohexanone was obtained . the remainder , ( 33 %) consisted of many other fluorinated by - products including the vinyl fluoride : 1 - t - butyl - 4 - fluoro - 3 - cyclohexene . data for the same ketone fluorination reaction conducted with compounds of subparagraphs ( 1 ) to ( 11 ) are presented in table 7 . for all these compounds , the only products seen ( by nmr ) are the 1 , 1 - difluoro - 4 - t - butylcyclohexane and the vinyl fluoride compound . the reactions were remarkably ( and surprisingly ) clean . the desired difluoro compound is always produced in a higher yield than was seen for dast , the remainder being only the vinyl fluoride . the difluoro to vinyl fluoride ratio , e . g ., 96 : 4 for ph 2 nsf 3 cited in table 7 , is thus equivalent to a 96 % yield of the required difluoro product ). synthesis of the novel and more stable fluorinating reagent compositions used in the fluorination method of the present invention will now be set forth with regard to the following examples . a 3 - neck , 250 ml round - bottom flask was equipped with a magnetic stirring bar , a n 2 inlet tube attached to dry ice condenser , a sf 4 gas inlet tube connected to a metal vacuum line manifold and a pressure equalized dropping funnel . the solvent ( et 2 o or thf , 75 ml ) was introduced into the flask via the dropping funnel and a 2 ° amine , corresponding to the products as specified below ( 25 . 0 mmol ), dissolved in the solvent ( et 2 o or thf , 25 ml ) and triethylamine ( 3 . 50 ml , 25 . 0 mmol ) were added to the dropping funnel . the condenser was cooled to − 78 ° c . with dry ice / acetone and the solvent was cooled in like manner . a 1 liter ballast in the manifold was filled with sf 4 from a metal cylinder to produce a pressure of 18 psia and sf 4 ( 13 psia , 37 mmol ) was introduced into the flask . the residual sf 4 in the ballast was pumped through a soda - lime trap . the solution of 2 ° amine in et 2 o / tea was then added dropwise to the sf 4 solution and stirred . the − 78 ° c . bath was replaced by a − 10 ° c . bath and the mixture was stirred for 3 h . after cooling to − 78 ° c ., excess sf 4 was pumped out of the solution through a soda - lime trap and the solution was brought to room temperature . when et 2 o was used as solvent , an h - tube was attached to the flask and the solvent decanted into one arm of the h - tube . this was followed by filtration of the solution to remove precipitated tea - hf . the filtrate was then evaporated in - vacuo . after the solvent was completely removed , the h - tube was taken into a dry - box and the product was transferred to a teflon bottle . when thf was used as solvent , an in - vacuo evaporation of the solvent was first carried out and the residue was redissolved into et 2 o and further processed as above 1 h and 19 f nmr of samples were done in teflon nmr tubes . the following compositions were obtained via this procedure : diphenylaminosulfur trifluoride ( 2 ), 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ7 . 5 - 7 . 3 ( m , 10h ), 19 f nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ69 . 5 ( d , 2f ), 31 ( t , 1f ). 4 , 4 ′- dimethyl - diphenylamino - sulfur trifluoride ( 4 ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ7 . 35 - 7 . 10 ( m , 8h ), 2 . 35 ( s , 6h ). 19 f nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ68 . 25 ( d , 2f ), 32 . 0 ( t , 1 f ). 4 , 4 ′- dimethoxy - diphenylaminosulfur trifluoride ( 6 ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ7 . 25 ( d , 4h ), 7 . 35 ( d , 4h ), 3 . 8 ( s , 6h ). 19 f nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ68 . 5 ( s , br , 2f ), 31 . 75 ( s , br , 1f ). n - 4 - chlorophenyl - n - phenylaminosulfur trifluoride ( 8 ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ7 . 5 - 7 . 25 ( m , 9h ), 19 f nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ70 ( d , 2f ), 31 ( t , 1f ). n - naphthyl - n - phenyl - aminosulfur trifluoride ( 10 ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ8 . 4 ( d , 0 . 66h ), 8 . 15 ( d , 0 . 34h ), 7 . 9 - 6 . 8 ( m , 11h ), 19 f nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ71 , 66 . 5 ( 2 ( d ) 0 . 66f ), 70 , 67 . 5 ( 2 ( d ), 134f ) 33 ( t , 1f ). indolineaminosulfur trifluoride ( 27 ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ7 . 4 ( d , 1h ), 7 . 2 ( dd , 2h ), 7 . 0 ( d , 1h ), 4 . 3 ( t , 2h ), 3 . 1 ( t , 2h ). 19 f nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ60 ( br , s , 2f ), 20 ( br , s , 1f ). 3 , 4 - dihydro - 2h - 1 , 4 - benzoxazinesulfur trifluoride ( 29 ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ7 . 3 - 7 . 1 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 8 - 7 . 1 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 5 - 4 . 3 ( t , 2h ), 4 . 2 - 3 . 9 ( t , 2h ). 19 f nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ63 ( br , s , 2f ) 11 ( br , s , 1f ). n - methyl - n - phenylamionsulfur trifluoride ( 31 ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ7 . 5 - 7 . 3 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 3 - 7 . 0 ( m , 2h ) 3 . 4 ( s , 3h ) 19 f nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ64 ( 2f ) δ26 ( 1f ). n - ethyl - n - phenyl aminosulfur trifluoride ( 33 ) 25 . n - 2 - methoxyethyl - n - phenylaminosulfur trifluoride ( 35 ) 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ7 . 5 - 7 . 35 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 35 - 7 . 20 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 1 - 3 . 9 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 7 - 3 . 5 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 30 ( s , 3h ) 19 f nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ63 ( br , s , 2f ), 31 . 5 ( br , s , 1f ). n - 2 - methoxyethyl - n - methylaminosulfur trifluoride ( 37 ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ3 . 8 - 3 . 3 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 15 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 95 ( s , 3h ) 19 f nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ56 ( s , br , 2f ), 23 ( s , br , 1f ). ( s )- 2 -( methoxymethyl ) pyrrolidin - 1 - yl sulfur trifluoride ( 39 ) 26 . bis ( 2 - methoxyethyl ) aminosulfur trifluoride ( 41 ) 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ). δ3 . 5 ( t , 4h ), 3 . 15 ( t , 4h ), 3 . 05 ( s , 6h ) 19 f nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ55 ( s , br , 2f ) 28 ( s , br , 1f ). the fluorination reactions of target compounds with the aminosulfur trifluorides are conducted by charging the reaction vessel with the substrate first then adding the aminosulfurtrifluoride or charging the vessel first with the aminosulfur trifluoride then adding the substrate . alternatively , both may be charged simultaneously . solvents may or may not be used . solvents include materials which will not react with the aminosulfur trifluoride or substrate . these include hydrocarbons e . g . hexane , halocarbons e . g ., ch 2 cl 2 , ethers , such as diethyl ethe , r nitriles , such as acetonitrile , nitro compounds e . g . nitromethane . the fluorination reactions are usually conducted under anhydrous conditions in metal , glass , plastic or ceramic vessels . the fluorination reaction temperature is conducted at any temperature between the freezing point of the solvent and the boiling point of the solvent . pressure is usually not necessary and reactions are mostly carried out at ambient or autogeneous pressure . the fluorination products can be separated from the reaction mixture and then purified by standard methods including distillation , chromatography , solvent extraction and recrystallization . in general , with the aminosulfurtrifluoride compositions of the present invention higher yields and selectivities to the desired fluoroproducts were realized , for alcohol and ketone substrates , as compared to those realizable under the same conditions with the dialkylaminosulfurtrifluorides . fluorination of the 1 ° alcohol , phenethanol was also easily accomplished . for example reaction of this compound with ph 2 nsf 3 and ( meoch 2 ch 2 ) 2 nsf 3 produce phenethyl fluoride in 60 and 68 % yield respectively . fluorination of the 3 ° alcohol , ethyl - 2 - hydroxybutyrate with ph ( me ) nsf 3 afforded a 90 % yield of ethyl - 2 - fluorobutyrate . similar results were obtained with bismethoxyethyl aminosulfur trifluoride . with the 3 ° alcohol , acetone cyanohydrin a 66 % yield of 2 - fluoro - 2 - methylpropionitrile was obtained on reaction with ph ( me ) nsf 3 . aldehydes and ketones react with the aminosulfur trifluorides to effect a replacement of the oxygen atom by two fluorine atoms . for example benzaldehyde reacted with either ph 2 nsf 3 or ( meoch 2 ch 2 ) 2 nsf 3 to produce benzal fluoride ( phchf 2 ) in quantitative yields . the dialdehyde , terephthaldehyde reacted with ph ( me ) nsf3 to afford a 95 % yield of 1 ,′ 1 ,′ 4 ,′ 4 ′- tetrafluoro - p - xylene after 16 h at room temperature in ch 2 cl 2 . this product was obtained in 98 % yield on reaction with ( meoch 2 ch 2 ) 2 nsf 3 in refluxing ch 2 cl 2 after 5 h while an 86 % yield was obtained on reaction with ph ( me ) nsf 3 in ch 2 cl 2 at room temperature after 69 h . other ketones also afforded the corresponding gem - difluoro product on reaction with the aminosulfur trifluorides . for example 4 - carboethoxy cyclohexanone react with ph ( me ) nsf3 and n4 - chlorophenyl - n - phenyl aminosulfur trifluoride to produce 1 - carboethoxy - 4 , 4 - diflurocyclohexanone in ch 2 cl 2 in 70 % and 95 % yields respectively . also a 30 % yield of difluorocyclooctane was obtained on reaction of cyclooctanone with ph 2 nsf 3 at room temperature after 7 days in ch 2 cl 2 . when the compound is a ketone , at least a catalytic amount of hf can be added to the fluorination . the hf may be added as the neat liquid or gas or as an adduct with a base , as with hf . pyridine . carboxylic acids react with aminosulfur trifluorides to produce carboxylic acid fluorides . for example benzoic acid reacts with ph 2 nsf 3 to produce benzoyl fluoride in quantitative yield . carboxylic acid chlorides react with aminosulfur trifluorides to produce acid fluorides . for example ( meoch 2 ch 2 ) 2 nsf 3 react with benzoic acid to generate benzoyl fluoride in quantitative yield . sulfoxides react with aminosulfur trifluorides to afford a - fluorosulfides . for example phenyl methyl sulfoxide gave fluoromethyl phenyl sulfide in 70 % yield on reaction with ( meoch 2 ch 2 ) 2 nsf 3 . epoxides react with aminosulfur trifluorides to produce the corresponding vicinal difluoride . for example cyclohexene oxide reacts with bis ( 2 - methoxyethyl ) aminosulfur trifluoride in ch 2 cl 2 containing a catalytic quantity of hf to afford 1 , 2 - difluorocyclohexane in 33 % yield . it was found that the deoxofluorination of ketones by ph ( me ) nsf 3 are considerably accelarated in the presence of lewis acids as catalysts . no such rate increase was observed with et 2 nsf 3 ( prior art dast ). for example in the synthesis of 1 - t - butyl - 4 , 4 - difluorocyclohexane from 4 - t - butylcyclohexanone and ph ( me ) nsf 3 a quantitative yield was obtained in the presence of 0 . 1 equivalent of bf 3 . oet 2 after 16 h . in the absence of bf 3 . oet 2 the reaction took 69 h for complete conversion of the starting material to product . a similar accelaration of this reaction was observed with znl 2 and ticl 4 . no increase in rate with added lewis acids was observed when the fluorination of 4 - t - butylcyclohexanone was carried out with et 2 nsf 3 ( prior art dast ). these results indicate that ph ( me ) nsf 3 may be useful for fluorinating unreactive ketones . in an examplary fluorination of the present invention , deoxofluorination of cyclooctanol with diarylaminosulfur trifluorides proceeds rapidly at − 78 ° c . in ch 2 cl 2 to produce cyclooctylfluoride and cyclooctene with the former predominating ( table 6 ). differing ratios of fluoride to olefin were observed with the various aromatic substituted trifluorides . the sterically hindered n - naphthyl - n - phenylaminosulfur trifluoride reacted quite slowly affording only a 10 % conversion of starting material to products after 16 h at room temperature . a rapid conversion to the monofluoride was obtained with n - methyl - n - phenylaminosulfur trifluoride . among the alkoxyalkyl compositions 35 - 41 ( table 4 ), the phenyl substituted aminosulfur trifluoride ( 35 ) proved to be the most reactive affording fluorination at − 78 ° c . in 1 h as compared to the methyl and bisalkoxyalkyl compositions ( 37 , 41 , respectively ) which required longer reaction times (˜ 3 hr ) at − 78 ° c . to effect the same conversion . a solution of cyclooctanol ( 128 mg , 1 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 3 . 0 ml ) was added to a solution of aminosulfur trifluoride per table 6 ( 1 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 2 . 0 ml ) at − 78 ° c . under n 2 in a 3 - neck flask equipped with n 2 inlet , septum , and a magnetic stirring bar . the reaction was monitored by g . c . m . s . for disappearance of the starting material . on completion , the mixture was poured into satd . nahco 3 ( 25 ml ) and after co 2 evolution ceased , it was extracted into ch 2 cl 2 ( 3 × 15 ml ), dried ( na 2 so 4 ), filtered and evaporated in vacuo to obtain the product as a mixture of cyclooctyl fluoride and cyclooctene . flash chromatography on silica gel in hexane afforded the pure products . the aminosulfur trifluoride is synthesized by reaction of a secondary amine with sf 4 in a non - aqueous solvent that will not react chemically with sf 4 or the aminosulfur trifluoride product . examples include ethers , e . g ., ethylether ( et 2 o ), tetrahydrofuran ( thf ), halogenated hydrocarbons , e . g ., ch 2 cl 2 , freons , hydrocarbons , e . g ., toluene , hexane , tertiary amines , liquid so 2 and supercritical co 2 . the reaction can be carried out at temperatures ranging from − 90 ° c . or the freezing point of the solvent to the boiling point of the solvent . the secondary amine is represented by r 1 r 2 nh . r 1 = alkyl ( cyclic or non - cyclic , with or without heteroatoms ), aryl , or alkoxyalkyl . r 2 = alkyl ( cyclic or non - cyclic , with or without heteroatoms ), aryl or alkoxyalkyl . r − 1 may or may not be the same as r 2 . the tertiary amine is represented by r 1 r 2 r 3 n . r 1 , r 2 or r 3 = alkyl ( cyclic or non - cyclic , with or without heteroatoms ), or aryl . this includes tertiary amines which contain the n - atom in a ring , e . g ., n - methylpiperidine or in a chain , e . g ., triethylamine . it also includes tertiary amines which contain the n - atom at a bridge - head , e . g ., quinuclidine or triethylene diamine and in fused rings , e . g ., diazabicycloundecane ( dbu ). compounds containing & gt ; 1 , tertiary amine group in the molecule can also be used . the tertiary amine could also function as the reaction solvent . examples of specific amines employed for the synthesis of r 2 nsf 3 reagents should also be effective for the in situ process described below . no aminosulfur trifluoride product was obtained when pyridine or 3 - methylpyridine was used instead of a tertiary amine ; however , more basic pyridines than the latter are expected to be useful . no aminosulfur trifluoride product was obtained when naf or csf was used instead of a tertiary amine . thus , its utilization in the process beyond simply acting as an hf acceptor is an essential feature of the invention . the substrate for fluorination may be an alcohol , an aldehyde , ketone , carboxylic acid , aryl or alkyl sulfonic acid , aryl or alkyl phosphonic acid , acid chlorides , silyl chlorides , silyl ethers , sulfides , sulfoxides , epoxides , phosphines and thiophosphines . water or a low molecular weight alcohol ( ch 3 oh , c 2 h 5 oh , etc .) may be added to hydrolyze the intermediate sulfinyl fluoride for disposal and to generate the starting secondary amine . the fluorinated product may be separated from the aqueous acidic mixture by extraction into a water immiscible organic solvent . the desired product may be distilled and thus isolated from the crude reaction mixture . in contrast to the superior deoxofluorination of cyclooctanol for the reagents reported in table 6 , ( s )- 2 -( methoxyethyl ) pyrrolidin - 1 - yl - sulfur trifluoride was a poor deoxofluorination reagent for cyclooctanol . in a reaction carried out at − 78 ° c . in ch 2 cl 2 for 8 h only 17 % cyclooctyl fluoride was produced and 6 % cyclooctene , as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance . table 6 summarizes the results obtained on fluorination of 4 - t - butyl cyclohexanone with the aminosulfur trifluorides . all of the compositions examined except n - naphthyl - n - phenylaminosulfur trifluoride converted the ketone to a mixture of 4 - t - butyl - difluorocyclohexane and 4 - t - butyl - 1 - fluorocyclohexene , with the former predominating . the fluorination of this ketone was much slower than observed for the fluorination of cyclooctanol . a complete conversion to the fluorinated products required several days at room temperature in ch 2 cl 2 . however , addition of a catalytic amount of hf ( generated in - situ from etoh ) accelerated the rate of reaction considerably . the reaction time was reduced from several days to ˜ 16 h when the diaryl , arylalkyl , and n - methoxyethyl - n - phenylaminosulfur trifluorides were reacted with 4 - t - butylcyclohexanone in the presence of hf . the effect of hf on reaction rate was , however , less pronounced with the alkoxyalkyl aminosulfur trifluorides 37 and 41 . a reasonable reaction time ( 40 h ) for complete fluorination of the ketone with bis ( methoxyethyl - aminosulfur trifluoride ( 41 ) was obtained when the reaction was carried out at 40 ° c . a solution of 4 - t - butylcyclohexanone ( 1 . 0 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 3 . 0 ml ) contained in a 25 ml teflon vessel equipped with a swagelok stopper , n 2 inlet tube , and stirring bar was treated with a solution of aminosulfur trifluoride per table 7 ( 1 . 8 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 2 . 0 ml ) at room temperature . etoh ( 11 mg , 14 μl , 0 . 2 mmol ) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature . the progress of the reaction was monitored by a g . c . m . s . on completion , the solution was poured into satd . nahco 3 and after co 2 evolution ceased , it was extracted into ch 2 cl 2 ( 3 × 15 ml ), dried ( na 2 so 4 ), filtered , and evaporated in vacuo to afford a mixture of 4 - t - butyl - difluorocyclohexane and 4 - t - butyl - 1 - fluorocyclohexene . a convenient and economically attractive method for deoxofluorination of the alcohol ( cyclooctanol ) and ketone ( 4 - t - butylcyclohexanone ) was achieved by conducting the reaction in the medium used for preparation of the reagent , i . e ., without isolating the aminosulfur trifluoride . a solution of diphenylamine ( 25 mmol ) in thf ( 25 ml ) containing triethylamine ( 3 . 48 ml , 25 mmol ) was added dropwise to a solution of sf 4 ( 37 mmol ) in thf ( 75 ml ) contained in a 3 - neck flask equipped with a stirring bar , n 2 inlet tube , dry ice condenser , and sf 4 inlet tube ( as described above ) at − 78 ° c . the mixture was brought to − 10 ° c . and kept for 3 h . it was again cooled to − 78 ° c . and excess sf 4 was removed in - vacuo . the mixture was then treated with a thf ( 10 ml ) solution of cyclooctanol ( 3 . 20 g , 25 . 0 mmol ) and stirred at − 78 ° c . for 1 h . the reaction was quenched with 5 ml h 2 o and the solvents were evaporated in - vacuo , treated with satd . nahco 3 ( 200 ml ), extracted into etoac , dried ( mgso 4 ), filtered , and evaporated in - vacuo to obtain the product as a mixture of cyclooctyl fluoride and cyclooctene ( 70 : 30 ratio ). a solution of diphenylaminosulfur trifluoride ( 25 mmol ) in thf ( 100 ml ) prepared as above was treated with a thf solution ( 10 ml ) of 4 - t - butylcyclohexanone ( 3 . 85 g , 25 mmol ) at room temperature and stirred for 7 days . after work - up as described for the alcohol above , a product was obtained which was a mixture of 4 - t - butyl - difluorocyclohexane and 4 - t - butyl - 1 - fluorocyclohexene ( 96 : 4 ratio ). additional examples of the fluorination method of the present invention with various target compounds to be fluorinated are set forth below . a solution of phenethanol ( 122 mg , 1 mmol ) in ch2cl2 ( 5 . 0 ml ) was added to diphenylaminosulfur trifluoride ( 308 mg , 1 . 2 mmol ) at − 78 ° c . ; under n2 ; then brought to room temperature and stirred for 16 h . after work - up and purification as above phenethyl fluoride ( 75 mg , 60 %) was obtained . 1 h nmr in cdcl 3 d 7 . 7 - 7 . 4 ( d , 2h ), 7 . 3 - 7 . 1 ( t , 2h ), 7 . 1 - 7 . 0 ( t , 1 h ). 19 f ( cdcl 3 ) d − 215 ( 2f ). a solution of phenethanol ( 122 mg , 1 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 5 . 0 ml ) was added to bismethoxyethyl aminosulfur trifluoride ( 265 mg , 1 . 2 mmol ) at − 78 ° c . ; under n 2 ; then brought to room temperature and stirred for 16 h . after work - up and purification as above phenethyl fluoride ( 85 mg , 68 %) was obtained . 1 h nmr in cdcl 3 d 7 . 7 - 7 . 4 ( d , 2h ), 7 . 3 - 7 . 1 ( t , 2h ), 7 . 1 - 7 . 0 ( t , 1h ). 19 f ( cdcl 3 ) d − 215 ( 2f ). a solution of ethyl - 2 - hydroxybutyrate ( 397 mg , 3 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 5 . 0 ml ) was added to n - methyl - n - phenylaminosulfur trifluoride ( 877 mg , 4 . 5 mmol ) at − 78 ° c . ; under n 2 and stirred for 16 h . after work - up and purification as above ethyl - 2 - fluorobutyrate ( 362 mg , 90 %) was obtained . 1 h nmr in cdcl 3 d 4 . 3 - 4 . 1 ( q , 2h ), 1 . 55 ( d , 6h ), 1 . 3 - 1 . 1 ( t , 3h ). 19 f ( cdcl 3 ) d − 148 ( 1f ). a solution of ethyl - 2 - hydroxybutyrate ( 397 mg , 3 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 5 . 0 ml ) was added to bis ( methoxyethyl ) aminosulfur trifluoride ( 994 mg , 4 . 5 mmol ) at − 78 ° c . ; under n 2 and stirred for 16 h . after work - up and purification as above ethyl - 2 - fluorobutyrate ( 362 mg , 90 %) was obtained . 1 h nmr in cdcl 3 d 4 . 3 - 4 . 1 ( q , 2h ), 1 . 55 ( d , 6h ), 1 . 3 - 1 . 1 ( t , 3h ). 19 f ( cdcl 3 ) d − 148 ( 1f ). a solution of acetone cyanohydrin ( 87 mg , 1 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 10 . 0 ml ) was added to n - methyl - n - phenylaminosulfur trifluoride ( 292 mg , 1 . 5 mmol ) at − 78 ° c . ; under n 2 ; then brought to room temperature and stirred for 16 h . after work - up and purification as above 2 - fluoro - 2 - methylpropionitrile ( 59 mg , 90 %) was obtained . 1 h nmr in ( cdcl 3 ) d 1 . 75 ( d , 6h ). 19 f ( cdcl 3 ) d − 138 ( 1f ). a solution of 4 - carboethoxycyclohexanone ( 170 mg , 1 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 5 . 0 ml ) was added to n - methyl - n - phenylaminosulfur trifluoride ( 390 mg , 2 . 0 mmol ) at − 78 ° c . ; under n 2 ; then brought to room temperature and stirred for 16 h . after work - up and purification as above 1 - carboethoxy - 4 , 4 - difluorocyclohexanone ( 134 mg , 70 %) was obtained . 1 h nmr in cdcl 3 d 5 . 3 - 5 . 1 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 3 - 4 . 0 ( q , 2h ), 2 . 7 - 1 . 6 ( m , 8h ), 1 . 25 ( t , 3h ). 19 f ( cdcl 3 ) d − 94 ( 1f , dd ) − 100 . 5 ( dd , 1f ). a solution of 4 - carboethoxycyclohexanone ( 170 mg , 1 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 5 . 0 ml ) was added to n - phenyl - n - 4 - chlorophenyl aminosulfur trifluoride ( 584 mg , 2 . 0 mmol ) at − 78 ° c . ; under n 2 ; then brought to room temperature and stirred for 16 h . after work - up and purification as above 1 - carboethoxy - 4 , 4 - difluorocyclohexanone ( 134 mg , 70 %) was obtained . 1 h nmr in cdcl 3 d 5 . 3 - 5 . 1 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 3 - 4 . 0 ( q , 2h ), 2 . 7 - 1 . 6 ( m , 8h ), 1 . 25 ( t , 3h ). 19 f ( cdcl 3 ) d − 94 ( 1f , dd ) − 100 . 5 ( dd , 1f ). a solution of cyclooctanone ( 3 . 20 g , 25 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 5 . 0 ml ) was added to diphenylaminosulfur trifluoride ( 6 . 43 g , 25 mmol ) at room temperature under n 2 ; and stirred for 7 days . after work - up as above difluorcyclooctanone was obtained in 30 % yield ( by g . c .) 19 f ( cdcl 3 ) d − 99 . 5 ( 2f ). a solution of benzaldehyde ( 106 mg , 1 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 5 . 0 ml ) was added to diphenyl aminosulfur trifluoride ( 386 mg , 1 . 0 mmol ) at − 78 ° c . ; under n 2 ; then brought to room temperature and stirred for 16 h . after work - up and purification as above benzal fluoride ( 128 mg , quantitative yield ) was obtained . 1 h nmr in cdcl3 d 7 . 65 ( d , 2h ), 7 . 4 ( t , 1h ), 7 . 3 ( t , 2h ). 19 f ( cdcl 3 ) d − 110 ( 2f ). a solution of benzaldehyde ( 106 mg , 1 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 5 . 0 ml ) was added to bis ( methoxyethyl ) aminosulfur trifluoride ( 332 mg , 1 . 5 mmol ) at − 78 ° c . ; under n 2 ; then brought to room temperature and stirred for 16 h . after work - up and purification as above benzal fluoride ( 128 mg , quantitative yield ) was obtained . 1 h nmr in cdcl 3 d 7 . 65 ( d , 2h ), 7 . 4 ( t , 1h ), 7 . 3 ( t , 2h ). 19 f ( cdcl 3 ) d − 110 ( 2f ). a solution of benzoic acid ( 122 mg , 1 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 5 . 0 ml ) was added to diphenylaminosulfur trifluoride ( 771 mg , 3 . 0 mmol ) under n 2 and stirred for 16 h at room temperature . after work - up as above benzoyl fluoride ( 124 mg , quantitative yield ) was obtained . the product was identified by g . c . m . s . m + = 124 a solution of benzoyl chloride ( 141 mg , 1 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 5 . 0 ml ) was added to bis ( methoxyethyl ) aminosulfur trifluoride ( 567 mg , 3 . 0 mmol ) under n 2 and stirred for 16 h at room temperature . after work - up as above benzoyl fluoride ( 124 mg , quantitative yield ) was obtained . the product was identified by g . c . m . s . m + = 124 a solution of methyl phenyl sulfoxide ( 140 mg , 1 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 5 . 0 ml ) was added to bis ( methoxyethyl ) aminosulfur trifluoride ( 332 mg , 1 . 5 mmol ) under n 2 and stirred for 16 h at room temperature . after work - up as above fluoromethyl phenyl sulfide ( 70 % yield as determined by nmr ) was obtained . 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) d 7 . 5 - 7 . 0 ( m , 5h ), 3 . 3 ( d , 2h ). 19f 20 mmol of cyclohexene oxide and 24 mmol of deoxofluor were charged to a 100 ml three neck , round bottom flask equipped with a stir bar , a condenser , a glass stopper , a gas inlet adapter and a septum . 4 mmol of ethanol was added to generate hf in - situ . the flask was heated to 60 - 70 c . for 30 h under n2 . the reaction mixture was diluted in chloroform washed with saturated bicarbonate , dried na2so4 ), filtered and evaporated in vacuo . gc - ms indicated & gt ; 95 % conversion of the starting material to products . two major products were observed in the 19 f nmr . a multiplet was observed at − 193 ppm and another multiplet at − 182 ppm . these signals agree with literature values for 1 , 2 difluorocyclohexane and bis ( fluorocyclohexyl ) ether respectively . integration of peaks indicate a product ratio of 1 : 2 difluoride / difluoroether fluorination of 4 - t - butylcyclohexanone by diethylaminosulfur trifluoride ( dast ) and n - ethyl - n - phenylaminosulfur trifluoride ( a comparison ) a solution of 4 - t - butylcyclohexanone ( 308 mg , 2 . 0 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 10 . 0 ml ) was added to diethylaminosulfur trifluoride ( 483 mg , 3 . 0 mmol ) at room temperature under n 2 . bf 3 . oet 2 ( 100 ml ) was added and the mixture was stirred for 6 h at room temperature . the mixture was washed with saturated nahco 3 , dried ( na 2 so 4 ), filtered and evaporated in vacuo . proton and fluorine nmr with 4 - fluoroanisole ( 2 mmol ) as internal standard showed that a 67 % yield of 1 , 1 - difluoro - 4 - t - butylcyclohexane was obtained . a solution of 4 - t - butylcyclohexanone ( 308 mg , 2 . 0 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 10 . 0 ml ) was added to n - ethyl - n - phenylaminosulfur trifluoride ( 627 mg , 3 . 0 mmol ) at room temperature under n 2 . bf 3 . oet 2 ( 100 ml ) was added and the mixture was stirred for 6 h at room temperature . the mixture was washed with saturated nahco 3 , dried ( na2so4 ), filtered and evaporated in vacuo . proton and fluorine nmr with 4 - fluoroanisole ( 2 mmol ) as internal standard showed that a 99 % yield of 1 , 1 - difluoro - 4 - t - butylcyclohexane was obtained . a reaction of 4 - t - butylcyclohexanone ( 2 mmol ) with n - methyl - n - phenylaminosulfur trifluoride ( 3 . 0 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 10 ml ) at room temperature gave a 99 % conversion to 1 , 1 - difluoro - 4 - t - butylcyclohexane after 69 h . as determined by nmr ( 4 - fluoroanisole as internal standard ) a reaction of 4 - t - butylcyclohexanone ( 2 mmol ) with n - methyl - n - phenylaminosulfur trifluoride ( 3 . 0 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 10 ml ) containing bf 3 . oet 2 ( 0 . 3 mmol ) at room temperature gave a 99 % conversion to 1 , 1 - difluoro - 4 - t - butylcyclohexane after 6 h . as determined by nmr ( 4 - fluoroanisole as internal standard ) a reaction of 4 - t - butylcyclohexanone ( 2 mmol ) with n - methyl - n - phenylaminosulfur trifluoride ( 3 . 0 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 10 ml ) containing znl 2 ( 0 . 3 mmol ) at room temperature gave a 67 % conversion to 1 , 1 - difluoro - 4 - t - butylcyclohexane after 3 h . as determined by nmr ( 4 - fluoroanisole as internal standard ) a reaction of 4 - t - butylcyclohexanone ( 2 mmol ) with n - methyl - n - phenylaminosulfur trifluoride ( 3 . 0 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 10 ml ) containing ticl 4 ( 0 . 3 mmol ) at room temperature gave a 67 % conversion to 1 , 1 - difluoro - 4 - t - butylcyclohexane after 3 h . as determined by nmr ( 4 - fluoroanisole as internal standard ). reaction of diethylaminosulfur trifluoride with 4 - t - butylcyclohexanone ( with and without lewis acids ) a reaction of 4 - t - butylcyclohexanone ( 2 mmol ) with diethylaminosulfur trifluoride ( 3 . 0 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 10 ml ) at room temperature gave a 99 % conversion of starting material to products and a 67 % yield of 1 , 1 - difluoro - 4 - t - butylcyclohexane after 6 h . as determined by nmr ( 4 - fluoroanisole as internal standard ). a reaction of 4 - t - butylcyclohexanone ( 2 mmol ) with diethylaminosulfur trifluoride ( 3 . 0 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 10 ml ) containing bf3 . oet2 ( 0 . 3 mmol ) at room temperature gave a 99 % conversion of starting material to products and a 67 % yield of 1 , 1 - difluoro - 4 - t - butylcyclohexane after 6 h . as determined by nmr ( 4 - fluoroanisole as internal standard ). a reaction of 4 - t - butylcyclohexanone ( 2 mmol ) with diethylaminosulfur trifluoride ( 3 . 0 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 10 ml ) containing znl2 ( 0 . 3 mmol ) at room temperature gave a 99 % conversion of starting material to products and a 67 % yield of 1 , 1 - difluoro - 4 - t - butylcyclohexane after 6 h . as determined by nmr ( 4 - fluoroanisole as internal standard ). a reaction of 4 - t - butylcyclohexanone ( 2 mmol ) with diethylaminosulfur trifluoride ( 3 . 0 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 10 ml ) containing ticl 4 ( 0 . 3 mmol ) at room temperature gave a 99 % conversion of starting material to products and a 67 % yield of 1 , 1 - difluoro - 4 - t - butylcyclohexane after 6 h . as determined by nmr ( 4 - fluoroanisole as internal standard ). the present invention provides a high yielding , preferably one - step , process for the preparation of a number of classes of novel aminosulfur trifluoride compounds . these novel aminosulfur trifluoride compounds have been shown to have unique performance for effecting deoxofluorination of alcohols and ketones as demonstrated by the presently reported thermal analysis studies indicating that they are safer to use than the currently available dialkylaminosulfur trifluorides ( dast ), see the data in table 5 for gas pressure generated per millimole of reagent decomposed , and more effective at fluorinating alcohols than ( s )- 2 -( methoxyethyl ) pyrrolidin - 1 - yl sulfur trifluoride , see table 6 for the efficiency of fluorination showing poor fluorination by the latter compound in contrast to the compounds of the present invention . the simplicity of the method used for preparing the new aminosulfur trifluorides combined with their safety and simplicity in use should make these compounds attractive for large scale commercial production and use , providing unexpected improvement in fluorination technology in contrast to the industry avoidance of dast for such fluorinations . the present invention has been set forth with regard to several preferred embodiments , but the full scope of the present invention should be ascertained from the claims which follow .	2
the following describes the details of the automatic focusing device of this invention through an embodiment thereof with reference to the accompanying drawings : fig1 shows in a block diagram the invented automatic focusing device as applied to a video camera or the like . referring to fig1 a focusing lens 10 is arranged to be used for focusing . a motor 12 is arranged for driving the focusing lens 10 in the direction of the optical axis thereof . an image sensor 14 which is a ccd or the like is arranged to photo - electrically convert into a video signal the image of an object formed on its image sensing plane through the focusing lens 10 and to output the video signal . a preamplifier 16 is arranged to amplify up to a given level the video signal output from the image sensor 14 . a processing circuit 18 is arranged to perform processes of varied kinds including a gamma correction process , a blanking process , a synchronizing signal adding process , etc ., on the video signal output from the preamplifier 16 to convert it into a standard tv signal . the standard tv signal is then output from a video output terminal . a band - pass filter ( bpf ) 20 is arranged to extract from the video signal output from the preamplifier 16 a high - frequency component necessary for focus detection . a gate circuit 22 is arranged to gate the output of the bpf 20 in such a way as to pass only a part of the video signal corresponding to a specifically designated area of the image sensing plane . a gate pulse generating circuit 24 is arranged to set the above - stated designated area within the image sensing plane by opening and closing the gate circuit 22 . in accordance with the gate pulses of the gate pulse generating circuit 24 , the gate circuit 22 passes only a part of one field amount of the video signal that corresponds to the designated area . by this , the embodiment is enabled to set a focus detecting area in any desired part of the image sensing plane from which the high - frequency component is to be extracted for focus detection . a first peak detecting circuit 26 is arranged to detect the high - frequency component of the part of the video signal which corresponds to the inside of the focus detecting area and which is extracted by the gate circuit 22 . the first peak detecting circuit 26 then holds and outputs the peak value of its input signal every time one horizontal scanning is performed in the focus detecting area . a sample - and - hold circuit 28 is arranged to sample and hold the output of the peak detecting circuit 26 for every one of horizontally divided blocks obtained by equally dividing the image sensing plane into an m number of blocks in the vertical direction and into an n number of blocks in the horizontal direction thereof as shown in fig2 . the sampling frequency to be used for the sample - and - hold ( hereinafter referred to as s / h ) circuit 28 is set at a clock frequency nfh which is n times as much as a horizontal synchronizing signal frequency fh and thus corresponds to the number of the horizontally divided blocks . a comparison circuit 30 is arranged to compare the output of the peak detecting circuit 26 with the output of the s / h circuit 28 and to produce a pulse signal when any difference arises between them . for this purpose , the comparison circuit 30 makes computing comparison at a point of time which is later by a given length of time than the timing of sampling performed for every block by the s / h circuit 28 . therefore , until the output level of the gate circuit 22 reaches its peak , the output of the peak detecting circuit 26 changes before the comparing computation of the comparison circuit 30 after the sampling action of the s / h circuit 28 . as a result , the two inputs of the comparison circuit 30 differ from each other . after a peak point , the output of the peak detecting circuit 26 becomes constant , and , accordingly the output of the s / h circuit 28 becomes equal thereto . the output of the comparison circuit 30 thus changes across the peak point in one horizontal scanning line to give a pulse signal . a counter 32 is arranged to count the clock frequency nfh and to be cleared every time horizontal scanning begins . a data holding circuit 34 is arranged to hold the counted value of the counter 32 and to renew data held there in response to the pulse signal output from the comparison circuit 30 . the value held by the data holding circuit 34 indicates one of the n number of horizontally divided blocks for which the output of the peak detecting circuit 26 changes ( the peak of the output of the bpf 20 ). in other words , it indicates the location in the horizontal direction of one of block columns for which the peak value of the output of the bpf 20 is obtained . a second peak detecting circuit 36 is arranged to receive the output of the first peak detecting circuit 26 and to hold the peak value of it obtained in the vertical direction within the focus detecting area . an s / h circuit 38 and a comparison circuit 40 are arranged , like the s / h circuit 28 and the comparison circuit 30 , to form a signal indicating a point of time at which the output of the peak detecting circuit 36 changes and reaches its peak . the sampling frequency for the s / h circuit 38 is set at a clock frequency mfv which is m times as much as a vertical synchronizing signal frequency fv and thus corresponds to each of the m number of vertically divided blocks ( see fig2 ). the output of the peak detecting circuit 36 is thus arranged to be sampled for every one of the m number of blocks . therefore , the output of the comparison circuit 40 indicates one of the vertically divided blocks for which the output level of the peak detecting circuit 36 has changed . in other words , it shows a peak arrival point in the vertical direction . a counter 42 is arranged to count the clock frequency mfv and to be cleared every time vertical scanning begins . a data holding circuit 44 is arranged to hold the counted value of the counter 42 for the purpose of renewing , in response to the pulse signal output from the comparison circuit 40 , the data held there up to that time . this held value indicates one of the m number of vertically divided blocks for which the output of the peak detecting circuit 36 has changed ( to show the peak of the output of the bpf 20 ). in other words , the value held by the data holding circuit 44 indicates one of the vertical columns of blocks from which the peak value of the output of the bpf 20 is obtained . the peak detecting circuits 26 and 36 are arranged to be cleared when vertical scanning begins . a logic control part 46 consists of a microcomputer , etc ., and is arranged to perform overall control for the operation of the invented automatic focusing device . the logic control part 46 receives , for each field , the counted values of the horizontal and vertical counters 32 and 42 ; the horizontal position data obtained by the horizontal scanning data holding circuit 34 ; and the vertical position data obtained by the data holding circuit 44 . then , the horizontal and vertical positions of the peak of the high - frequency component for the applicable field are determined . the logic control part 46 stores data of these horizontal and vertical positions of the peak points obtained for two fields preceding the current field . the peak position for the next field is predicted by performing a computing operation on the stored data of these positions together with the horizontal and vertical position data of the current field . this computing operation is performed by a combination of the so - called shift averaging method and an exponential averaging method . the logic control part 46 supplies a control signal to the gate pulse generating circuit 24 for setting the focus detecting area in a position where the computed peak point obtained through the above - stated computing operation is located virtually in the center of the area . the gate pulse generating circuit 24 sends gate pulses to the gate circuit 22 in such a way as to cause the gate circuit 22 to pass a part of the video signal corresponding to the set focus detecting area . the focus detecting area thus can be set within the image sensing plane always in a position where the peak value is located always in the central part of the focus detecting area . the horizontal synchronizing frequency fh and the vertical synchronizing frequency fv are supplied to the logic control part 46 for the purpose of controlling each of circuit elements in synchronism with the synchronizing signals of the tv signal . to accurately set the focus detecting area on the image sensing plane , the synchronizing signals are used as reference signals for accurately adjusting the gate pulse generating timing of the gate pulse generating circuit 24 to the timing of scanning in each direction . further , the output level of the peak detecting circuit 36 indicates focused degree of the object image formed within the image sensing plane and is used as a focus signal . an in - focus state is obtained when the focus signal is at a maximum level . therefore , the output level of the peak detecting circuit 36 is sampled by the s / h circuit 48 according to the vertical synchronizing signal frequency . in other words , it is sampled for every field . the output level thus sampled is supplied to the logic control part 46 . then , a motor driving circuit 50 is controlled to drive the focusing lens 10 in the direction in which the level of the focus signal increases . for this purpose , various focus adjusting control actions are performed including control over the rotating direction and speed and the rotation and stopping of the motor 12 . the details of the computing operation of the logic control part 46 for obtaining the peak position data , i . e ., for setting the position of the focus detecting area are as described below : fig4 shows a case where an object such as a person is moving . sections provided below the drawing indicate the number of field periods which has elapsed accordingly as the object moves . fig5 ( a ) shows the shifting locus of the focus detecting area obtained by the conventional method , whereby : the horizontal and vertical positions of the peak point of the high - frequency component obtained for each field by the data holding circuits 34 and 44 are used as they are in setting the focus detecting area for every field , and the focus detecting area thus set is shifted to trace the image of the moving object such as a person . in fig5 ( a ), a reference numeral 100 denotes the horizontal and vertical positions of the peak point obtained for each field . a numeral 101 denotes the focus detecting area set within the image sensing plane . in the case of an object having a low degree of contrast like a person , many peak points of similar values are often detected from the high - frequency component . in such a case , the peak position vigorously fluctuates for every field even if the object is not moving . the movement of the object then causes more vigorous fluctuations . therefore , when the peak value is detected as a feature point of the object and the focus detecting area is allowed to trace the movement of the object according to the feature point , the position of the focus detecting area also vigorously fluctuates as shown in fig5 ( a ). as a result , it becomes impossible to stably trace the object and the object tracing accuracy also degrades accordingly . in cases where the focus detecting area is arranged to be displayed on a monitor screen such as an electronic viewfinder , the display of the focus detecting area excessively vibrates to seriously degrade the quality of picture . in the case of this invention , the fluctuation in the position of the peak point within the object image is first removed by averaging the peak positions obtained for every three fields by obtaining the centroids of the coordinates of the horizontal and vertical positions for the three fields . further , the peak position fluctuations resulting from the movement of the object are removed by the so - called exponential averaging method . the exponential averaging method is a kind of the shift averaging method . in accordance with this method , weight attached to data is reduced in a exponential functional manner to a greater degree accordingly as the sampled time of data is more precedent . it is an advantage of this method that the data can be smoothened without storing the past peak position coordinates . this can be expressed by the following formula : ## equ1 ## wherein n : number of times designated ( number of fields ) referring to fig6 the above - stated computing operation is explained as follows : in fig6 a reference symbol ( xi , yi ) denotes horizontal and vertical peak position coordinates of the current field . a symbol ( xi - 1 , yi - 1 ) denotes the peak position coordinates stored within the logic control part 46 for a field preceding the current field by one field period . a symbol ( xi - 2 , yi - 2 ) denotes the peak position coordinates stored for a field preceding the current field by two field periods . the centroid position coordinates ( xi , yi ) of the above - stated three positions are first obtained by the following formulas : ## equ2 ## further , the computed peak position coordinates ( phi , pvi ) to be used for setting the focus detecting area of the current field are obtained in the following manner on the basis of the above - stated coordinates ( xi , yi ), the peak position coordinates ( phi - 1 , pvi - 1 ) which are computed by the exponential averaging method for the preceding field and stored in the memory of the logic control part 46 and formula ( 1 ) above : ## equ3 ## in formulas ( 3 - 1 ) and ( 3 - 2 ), &# 34 ; n &# 34 ; represents the number of designating times used for formula ( 1 ). however , in this instance , &# 34 ; n &# 34 ; indicates a weight attaching degree . the greater the value n , the more the sampled time of data is precedent . this gives a greater averaging effect . however , the delay time of the operation also increases . the value n is variable according to the aperture value , the focal length , the degree of focus , etc . of the camera , so that the object can be more adequately traced . the focus detecting area is thus set by placing in the central part thereof the horizontal and vertical peak position coordinates ( phi , pvi ) which are obtained in the above - stated manner . with the focus detecting area set in this manner , the focus detecting area can be smoothly and stably shifted while tracing the movement of the object as shown in fig5 ( b ) without such vigorous fluctuations that take place in the case of fig5 ( a ). fig3 is a flow chart showing the control operation of the logic control circuit 46 . referring to fig3 the flow of control operation begins at a step s1 . at a step s2 : the counter k which is arranged to detect the number of times for which initial setting data is taken in is cleared . at a step s3 : the peak position coordinates ( xi , yi ) of the current field are taken in . at a step s4 : the counted value of the counter k is incremented by one (+ 1 ). at a step s5 : a check is made for the counted value of the counter k . at a step s6 : the peak position coordinates ( xi , yi ) are stored in a memory which is disposed within the logic control part 46 until the counted value of the counter k is found to be &# 34 ; 3 &# 34 ; at the step s5 . in other words , there is no data of the peak position coordinates for two consecutive preceding fields immediately after the start of the operation . therefore , the peak position coordinates for these consecutive fields are taken in by means of the counter k . with the counted value of the counter k having reached 3 , the data of the peak position coordinates ( xi - 1 , yi - 1 ) of a previous field and that of the peak position coordinates ( xi - 2 , yi - 2 ) of a field preceding the previous field are stored in the memory . after that , the flow proceeds to a step s7 . at the step s7 : the object centroid position coordinates ( xi , yi ) of the past three fields are obtained by performing a computing operation according to the formulas ( 2 - 1 ) and ( 2 - 2 ) by using the peak position coordinates ( xi , yi ) of the current field together with the peak position coordinates of the two fields immediately preceding the current field . at a step s8 : a computing operation is performed according to the formulas ( 3 - 1 ) and ( 3 - 2 ) by using the exponential averaging method of formula ( 1 ) and the object centroid position coordinates ( xi , yi ) to obtain the peak position coordinates ( phi , pvi ). in performing computation by the formulas ( 3 - 1 ) and ( 3 - 2 ), the peak position coordinates ( phi - 1 , pvi - 1 ) obtained last time must be used . however , no computed values are available for this purpose when this computing operation is performed for the first time . therefore , the logic control part 4 is arranged to substitute , in that instance , the object centroid position coordinates ( xi , yi ) for the previous peak position coordinates ( phi - 1 , pvi - 1 ). after completion of the computation , the flow proceeds to a step s9 . at the step s9 : a focus detecting area is set in a position where the peak position coordinates ( phi , pvi ) are located in the center of the area by controlling the gate pulse generating circuit 24 . after renewal of the focus detection area , the flow comes to a step s10 . at the step s10 : the current peak position coordinates ( xi , yi ) and the peak position coordinates ( phi , pvi ) are stored in the memory within the logic control part 46 . the flow then comes back to the step 3 to repeat the above - stated computing operation all over again by newly taking in the peak position coordinates ( xi , yi ) within a next field image plane . the flow of control operation described above enables the embodiment to stably keep the object image located within the focus detecting area without being affected by the fluctuations of the high frequency component of the image , the movement of the object and other noises which otherwise cause the position of the focus detecting area to fluctuate on the image plane . therefore , the lens can be continuously focused on a moving object . as indicated by the formulas ( 2 - 1 ) and ( 2 - 2 ), the embodiment described is arranged to compute the object centroid position coordinates by the method of obtaining the centroid coordinates from three peak detecting points . however , it is not always necessary to remove the fluctuations of the peak position by using the centroid position coordinates of the three points . the arrangement may be changed to more suitably trace the state of the object according to the variations , i . e ., the degree of disturbance , taking place in the peak position coordinates . in other words , the degree of peak position coordinate variations decreases accordingly as the disturbed degree of the image plane decreases . in cases where the image plane disturbance occurs to a small degree , therefore , a sufficient degree of accuracy is attainable by reducing the number of times for which the peak position is to be sampled . in such a case , the object tracing capability and the efficiency of use of the memory can be enhanced by reducing the number of sampling times . the above - stated &# 34 ; degree of disturbance &# 34 ; is defined as follows : generally , the degree of disturbance tni is obtained by dividing the squared average speed of the variation component of a physical quantity by an average speed . the disturbed degree of the decrease of this is quantitatively expressed . with this definition applied to this invention , the degree of disturbance tni can be expressed as follows : ## equ4 ## wherein xi , yi , xi and yi are the same as those described in the foregoing with reference to fig6 . the object tracing capability and the memory using efficiency can be enhanced by constantly computing the degree of disturbance of horizontal and vertical peak position coordinates and by adjusting the number of sampling times ( number of fields ) of the formulas ( 2 - 1 ) and ( 2 - 2 ) to the result of computation . fig7 shows in a flow chart the control operation of another embodiment of this invention which operates on the concept described above . referring to fig7 the flow of the control operation begins at a step s101 . at a step s102 : the counter k which is arranged to detect the number of sampling times for which the initial setting data is taken in is cleared . at a step s103 : the peak position coordinates ( xi , yi ) are taken in . at a step s104 : the counted value of the counter k is incremented by one . at a step s105 : a check is made to find if the counted value of the counter k has reached a value ni . at a step s106 : an ni - 1 number of peak position coordinates are stored in a memory disposed within the logic control part 46 for a number of consecutive fields , because : no data of past peak position coordinates is available for two consecutive previous fields during a period immediately after the start of the control operation . during this period , therefore , the peak position coordinates is taken in for consecutive fields by using the above - stated counter k . after the data of peak position coordinates for an ni - 1 number of fields is stored with the counted value of the counter k having reached the value ni , the flow proceeds to a step s107 . at the step s107 : the degree of disturbance tni is computed on the basis of the above - stated formula ( 4 ) from the object centroid coordinates ( xi , yi ) which are obtained from the peak position coordinates ( xi , yi ) of the current field and those of the past ni number of fields . at a step s108 : the degree of disturbance tni is compared with a given threshold value th . if the value tni is larger than the value th , the flow comes to a step s109 . at the step s109 : the number of sampling times ( the number of fields ) for sampling the peak position coordinates is increased by setting the value ni at a larger value and by carrying out a computing operation according to the formulas ( 2 - 1 ) and ( 2 - 2 ) which is provided for obtaining the above - stated centroid position . if the disturbance degree tni is found not exceeding the threshold value th at the step s108 , the flow comes to a step s110 . at the step s110 : the number of sampling times is reduced by setting the value ni at a smaller value . the arrangement described above enables the embodiment to accurately detect the moving positions of the picture - taking object by increasing the number of times for sampling the peak position when the feature point of the object varies to a great degree or when the object moves to a great degree . in cases where the feature point of the object does not vary much or where the object does not much move , on the other hand , the computing workload of the logic control part 46 is lightened by lessening the number of peak position sampling times . the movement of the object thus can be accurately detected by increasing the number of peak position sampling times when either the feature point of the object greatly varies or the object moves to a great degree and by decreasing it to lighten the computing workload of the logic control part 46 when the feature point does not much vary or the object moves to a less degree . as regards the increasing and decreasing ranges of the threshold value th and the number of sampling times ni at the steps s108 , s109 and s110 , these ranges can be suitably selected according to the normal varying degree of the object , a permissible delay time , etc . after these steps , the flow comes to a step s111 . at the step s111 : the object centroid position coordinates for the ni number of past fields are computed on the basis of the number of sampling times ni renewed at the above - stated steps s109 and s110 . at a step s112 : the peak position coordinates are computed and obtained in accordance with the exponential averaging method . at a step s113 : the focus detecting area is set on the image sensing plane in a position where the peak position coordinates obtained at the step s112 is located in the central part of the area . at a step s114 : the peak position coordinates ( xi , yi ) of the current field and the peak position coordinates ( phi , pvi ) are stored in the memory disposed within the logic control part 46 . the flow then comes back to the step s103 to repeat the above - stated computing operation all over again by newly taking in the peak position coordinates ( xi , yi ) for the next field image plane . as described in the foregoing , the focus detecting area which is apposite to the state of the object can be set on the image sensing plane and the accuracy of the object tracing action can be enhanced by detecting the degree of disturbance of the image plane and by adjusting the number of times for which the peak position coordinates are sampled for computing the centroid position coordinates of the object . in addition to that , the efficiency of use of the memory of the logic control part 46 can be improved . further , in accordance with the above - stated method , the peak position can be computed with a sufficient degree of accuracy without adopting such an exponential averaging method as represented by the formulas ( 3 - 1 ) and ( 3 - 2 ) the computing operation thus can be simplified . in cases where the degree of disturbance is very small , the object image can be traced solely in accordance with the exponential averaging method . the computing methods described are , therefore , adoptable in combination in varied manners . as apparent from the foregoing description , the automatic focusing device of the kind continuously performing a focusing action by causing a focus detecting area to trace the movement of a picture - taking object is arranged according to this invention as follows : the position of the focus detecting area is set by smoothing a history of changes taking place in the object , the fluctuations of the feature point of the object and changes taking place in the position of the object . the object tracing accuracy and the focusing accuracy of the device are never affected and lowered by variations of the feature point of the object and vigorous movement or vibrations of the focus detection area resulting from vigorous changes of the position of the object . this arrangement , therefore , ensures a stable and accurate object tracing action of the embodiment . further , in cases where the focus detecting area must be displayed on a display screen , the invented device ensures , unlike the conventional device , a smooth and stable display as the focus detecting area never vigorously and irregularly moves to degrade the quality of the picture as displayed .	7
controller 8 is shown in the block diagram of fig1 as a conventional engine controller having microcomputer 10 which includes : microprocessor unit 12 ; input ports 14 ; output ports 16 ; read - only memory 18 , for storing the control program ; random access memory 20 for temporary data storage which may also be used for counters or timers ; keep - alive memory 22 , for storing learned values ; and conventional data bus 24 . controller 8 also includes electronic drivers 26 and other conventional engine controls well - known to those skilled in the art such as exhaust gas recirculation control and ignition control . various signals from sensors coupled to engine 28 are shown received by controller 8 including ; measurement of inducted mass airflow ( maf ) from mass airflow sensor 32 ; manifold pressure ( map ), commonly used as an indication of engine load , from pressure sensor 36 ; engine coolant temperature ( t ) from temperature sensor 40 ; and indication of engine speed ( rpm ) from tachometer 42 . controller 8 receives two - state ( rich / lean ) signal egos from comparator 38 resulting from a comparison of a reference value to exhaust gas oxygen sensor 44 . in this example , exhaust gas oxygen sensor 44 is coupled to exhaust manifold 56 upstream of catalytic converter 50 . and , in this example , signal egos is a positive predetermined voltage such as one volt when the output of exhaust gas oxygen sensor 44 is greater than the reference value and a predetermined negative voltage when the output of sensor 44 switches to a value less than the reference value . under ideal conditions , with an ideal sensor and exhaust gases fully equilibrated , signal egos will switch states at a value corresponding to stoichiometric combustion . those skilled in the art will recognize that other sensors may be used to advantage such as proportional exhaust gas oxygen sensors . intake manifold 58 of engine 28 is shown coupled to throttle body 59 having primary throttle plate 62 positioned therein . throttle body 59 is also shown having fuel injector 76 coupled thereto for delivering liquid fuel in proportion to the pulse width of signal fpw from controller 10 . fuel is delivered to fuel injector 76 by a conventional fuel system including fuel tank 80 , fuel pump 82 , and fuel rail 84 . although a fuel injected engine is shown in this particular example , the invention claimed later herein may be practiced with other engines such as carbureted engines . it will also be recognized that conventional engine systems are not shown for clarity such as an ignition system ( typically including a coil , distributor , and spark plugs ), an exhaust gas recirculation system , fuel vapor recovery system and so on . the liquid fuel delivery routine executed by controller 8 for controlling engine 28 is now described beginning with reference to the flowchart shown in fig2 . an open loop calculation of desired liquid fuel ( signal of ) is calculated in step 300 . more specifically , the measurement of inducted mass airflow ( maf ) from sensor 32 is divided by a desired air / fuel ratio ( afd ) which , in this example , is correlated with stoichiometric combustion . a determination is made that closed loop or feedback control is desired ( step 302 ), by monitoring engine operating parameters such as temperature t . desired fuel quantity , or fuel command , for delivering fuel to engine 28 is generated by dividing feedback variable fv into the previously generated open loop calculation of desired fuel ( signal of ) as shown in step 308 . fuel command or desired fuel signal fd is then modulated by modulation signal mod as shown in step 312 . the modulated fuel command is then converted to pulse width signal fpw ( step 316 ) for actuating fuel injector 76 . the air / fuel feedback routine executed by controller 8 to generate fuel feedback variable fv is now described with reference to the flowchart shown in fig3 . signal egos is read , after determining that closed loop air / fuel control is desired in step 410 . when signal egos is low ( step 416 ), but was high during the previous background loop of microcontroller 8 ( step 418 ), preselected proportional term pj is subtracted from feedback variable fv ( step 420 ). when signal egos is low ( step 416 ), and was also low during the previous background loop ( step 418 ), preselected integral term δj , multiplied by gain value g1 , is subtracted from feedback variable fv ( step 422 ). gain value g1 is provided as described later herein with particular reference to fig4 a - 4b to reduce any air / fuel transient . similarly , when signal egos is high ( step 416 ), and was also high during the previous background loop of controller 8 ( step 424 ), integral term δj , multiplied by gain value g1 , is added to feedback variable fv ( step 426 ). when signal egos is high ( step 416 ), but was low during the previous background loop ( step 424 ), proportional term pi is added to feedback variable fv ( step 428 ). an air / fuel modulation control routine is now described with reference to the subroutine shown in fig4 a - 4b . after closed loop air / fuel feedback control is determined ( step 500 ), the time since last change in state of signal egos is determined in step 502 . if this time is greater than predetermined time t 1 ( step 506 ), the previous state of signal egos is sampled during step 508 . if the previous state of signal egos was rich , then the subroutine continues with steps 510 - 538 . however , if the previous state of signal egos was lean , then the routine continues with steps 610 - 638 . it is recognized by those skilled in the art that steps 610 - 638 are substantially the same as corresponding steps 510 - 538 wherein like numbers refer to like steps . because the two routines are substantially the same , it is only necessary to describe the routine with respect to steps 510 - 538 . continuing on with steps 510 - 538 , modulation signal mod is held at an output state opposite that of signal egos at time t 1 . in this particular example , signal mod is held at its lean output state ( step 510 ). gain value g1 is increased by predetermined amount δ1 as shown in step 514 to increase the responsiveness of feedback air / fuel control to correct for the air / fuel transient detected in step 506 . similarly , holding modulation signal mod at a level opposite of the previous state of signal egos also decreases the detected air / fuel transient . for reasons described later herein , a loop counter is reset during step 516 . after signal egos switches back to its lean output state ( 520 ), the time required for the next two switches of signal egos is determined in step 522 . essentially , a determination is thereby made of the switching frequency of signal egos for future determination of whether the air / fuel transient has ended . to accomplish such determination , engine speed and load are read during step 524 and a desired or normal cycle period for signal egos read from memory during step 526 for the particular rpm and load of engine 28 . if the time period for the last two egos switches is less than the cycle period looked up in step 526 plus an additional time δ2 , then the transient period has ended ( see step 528 ), and modulation signal mod is deactivated . in this example , modulation signal mod is set to zero . further , gain value g1 is returned to a normal value ( step 532 ). after a delay time determined by engine speed and load ( step 536 ), modulation signal mod is reactivated during step 538 . in this particular example , modulation signal mod is reactivated in its rich direction . on the other hand , if the time period for the last two ego switches is less than the cycle period plus time δ2 , the detected air / fuel transient has not ended ( step 528 ). the loop counter is then incremented ( step 540 ). if the loop counter exceeds three ( step 544 ), gain value g1 is returned to its normal value ( that is value δ1 is set to zero ) during step 546 . thereafter , this subroutine is exited and an ego sensor monitoring check commenced ( step 548 ). while preferred embodiments of the invention have been shown and described herein , it will be understood that such embodiments are provided by way of example only . numerous variations , changes , and substitutions will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention . for example , the time period or number of transitions in output state of the ego sensor may be varied to determine the beginning and end of an air / fuel transient period . further , other forms of modulation may be shown in addition to the one described in this particular example . the invention claimed later herein is equally applicable to modulation schemes wherein the feedback variable , for example , is modulated . accordingly , it is intended that the appended claims cover all such variations as fall within the spirit and scope of the invention .	5
fig1 schematically shows a block diagram of an electronic driver 1 for driving a gas discharge lamp 2 . the driver 1 comprises a controllable current source 3 , controlled by a controller 4 . a gas discharge lamp 2 has opposing lamp electrodes 21 , 22 . the driver 1 has output terminals 11 , 12 for connecting to the lamp electrodes 21 , 22 . the driver 1 further comprises measuring means 5 for measuring the distance between the lamp electrodes 21 , 22 . in a convenient embodiment , as shown , the measuring means 5 is implemented as a voltage sensor having input terminals 51 , 52 coupled to the driver output terminals 11 , 12 , and an output terminal 53 coupled to an input 41 of the controller 4 . the controller 4 has an output terminal 43 coupled to a control input 34 of the controllable current source 3 . the controllable current source 3 has output terminals 31 , 32 coupled to driver output terminals 11 , 12 . the controllable current source 3 is supplied from a suitable power source , for instance mains , but this is not illustrated for sake of simplicity . fig2 is a graph schematically illustrating the waveform of the lamp current . the horizontal axis represents time t , the vertical axis represents current i . the lamp current is a commutating dc current , which means that the current magnitude is substantially constant at all times but the direction is regularly reversed . during a first time period t 1 , the current has a first direction ( positive in the figure ); during a second time period t 2 , the current has a second direction opposite to the first . a current period t is defined as t = t 1 + t 2 . a duty cycle δ is defined as δ = t 1 / t . a current frequency f is defined as f = 1 / t . fig3 schematically shows , on an enlarged scale , the end portion of a lamp electrode 22 . the electrode 22 is shown as a cylindrical rod having a hemispherical end . during operation , a tip 61 is formed on the electrode end . at a , the figure shows that an arc 23 engages the tip 61 rather than the original electrode end . depending on circumstances , the tip 61 may grow in the axial direction to form a long and narrow tip 62 ( shown at b ), or the tip may grow in the axial direction to form a relatively wide tip 63 ( shown at c ). it should be clear to a person skilled in the art that the growing tip effectively reduces the arc length and hence decreases the lamp voltage sensed by the sensor 5 and communicated to the controller 4 . wo - 2006 / 016335 discloses that the tip formation depends on current frequency f . when the current frequency f is relatively low , in the range from 20 to 200 hz , a relatively wide tip 63 will appear , whereas when the current frequency f is relatively high , in the range from 300 to 1000 hz , a relatively narrow tip 62 will appear . the document discloses that a relatively wide tip has disadvantages , while also a relatively high current frequency has disadvantages . to solve this dilemma , the document discloses that a relatively high frequency is alternated with a relatively low frequency . however , changing the current frequency may be undesirable . for instance , in the case of a lamp used in a display device , it is preferred that the current frequency has a fixed relation to the frame rate of the image device , so it is preferred that the current frequency is constant . therefore , the present invention aims to provide a method for driving a gas discharge lamp offering the same or similar advantages as wo - 2006 / 016335 but where the current can be maintained constant . further , the present invention aims to provide a method for driving a gas discharge lamp capable of not only stimulating the growth of a wide tip or of a small tip , as desired , but also capable of destroying tips . in a method according to the present invention , the controller 4 is capable of operating in three different modes . in a first operative mode , the controller 4 controls the current source 3 such that it provides a commutating dc current with a duty cycle δ = 0 . 5 and a fixed commutation frequency f . fig4 a is a graph comparable to fig2 illustrating the corresponding current waveform . the frequency f is selected such that the growth of a thin tip is stimulated in this mode . thus , this frequency may be selected in the range from 300 to 1000 hz . in a satisfying experimental set - up , the frequency was 360 hz . in a second operative mode , the controller 4 controls the current source 3 such that it provides a commutating dc current with a duty cycle δ differing from 0 . 5 and the same fixed commutation frequency f as in the first operative mode . the duty cycle δ is also modulated . during a first phase p 1 , the duty cycle δ has a first fixed value δ 1 . during a second phase p 2 , the duty cycle δ has a second fixed value δ 2 = 1 − δ 1 . the first and second phase are alternated . the duration of the second phase p 2 is equal to the duration of the first phase p 1 , so that on average the current has no preferred direction . preferably , the duration of the first phase p 1 and of the second phase p 2 is an integer multiple of the current period t . fig4 b is a graph comparable to fig4 a illustrating the corresponding current waveform . alternating the duty cycle between δ 1 and δ 2 will be indicated as “ duty cycle switching ”, which is done at a “ duty cycle switching frequency f δ ”. in this second operative mode , the duty cycle and the duty cycle switching frequency are selected such that the growth of a wide tip is stimulated in this mode . in said satisfying experimental set - up , the duty cycle was δ 1 = 0 . 7 and the duty cycle switching frequency was f δ = 60 hz . in a third operative mode , the controller 4 controls the current source 3 in a similar way as in the second operative mode , but now the duty cycle and the duty cycle switching frequency are selected such that tips are destroyed . in said satisfying experimental set - up , the duty cycle was δ 1 = 0 . 8 and the duty cycle switching frequency was f δ = 20 hz . it is noted that the actual form of the tip depends on said commutation parameters . in general , by increasing the duty cycle δ 1 or by increasing the duty cycle switching frequency , the tips are more easily destroyed . with lower duty cycle δ 1 or lower duty cycle switching frequency , the growth of wide tips is favored . without duty cycle switching , the growth of narrow tips is favored . in principle , there is some freedom in selecting the duty cycle switching frequency . in the case of image panels , it is preferred that the duty cycle switching frequency is synchronized with the panel frequency . assume that the controller 4 is operating in the first operative mode , i . e . δ 1 = 0 . 5 . thin tips are growing on the electrode ends , reducing the arc length , which causes the sensor input signal at sensor input 41 of the controller to decrease . the controller 4 compares this sensor signal with a first predetermined reference level . if the sensor signal reaches the predetermined reference level , the controller switches to the third operative mode , to destroy the tips . the arc length is growing again , and the sensor signal is increasing . the controller 4 compares this sensor signal with a second predetermined reference level higher than the first predetermined reference level . if the sensor signal reaches the second predetermined reference level , the controller switches back to the first operative mode . thus , the tips alternatively grow and are destroyed . at the long term , the tips have an average length fluctuating around an average value . likewise , the arc voltage has a value fluctuating around an average value . fig5 is a graph showing the results of an experiment , showing lamp voltage ( vertical axis ) as a function of time ( horizontal axis ). in the left - hand portion of the graph , between time zero and about t = 20 h , the above operation is executed . the graph shows that the lamp voltage is fluctuating between approximately 85 v and approximately 89 v . the second predetermined reference level may be higher than the first predetermined reference level , but these two values may be close to each other or may even be equal : due to “ inertia ” of the lamp , i . e . a relatively slow response on the changing operative mode , the growth or destruction of a tip will continue for some time after changing the operative mode . in the example of fig5 , both the second and first predetermined reference levels were equal to somewhat more than 85 v , illustrated by a horizontal line . assume that the controller 4 is operating in the second operative mode . on the electrode ends , wide tips are growing in the axial direction , reducing the arc length , which causes the sensor input signal at sensor input 41 of the controller to decrease . the controller 4 compares this sensor signal with a third predetermined reference level . if the sensor signal reaches the third predetermined reference level , the controller may switch to the third operative mode , to destroy the tips , as described above . the arc length will increase , thus the sensor input signal at sensor input 41 of the controller will increase , and the controller may switch back to the second operative mode if the sensor signal reaches a fourth predetermined reference level . this operation is illustrated in the right - hand portion of the graph of fig5 , between about t = 30 h and about t = 70 h . the graph shows that the lamp voltage is fluctuating between approximately 88 . 5 v and approximately 92 v . again , the fourth predetermined reference level may be equal to the third predetermined reference level , but in any case higher than the first and second predetermined reference levels . in the example of fig5 , both the third and fourth predetermined reference levels were equal to 90 v , illustrated by a horizontal line . however , destroying the wide tips is relatively difficult . it is preferred that the controller first switches to the first operative mode , to make narrow tips , before switching to the third operative mode to destroy the tips . thus , by alternating operative modes , it is possible to manipulate the length of the tips and hence the arc voltage , which alternatively increases and decreases , in such a way that the arc voltage has a value fluctuating around an average value , so that , at the long term , on average , the arc voltage is constant . summarizing , the present invention provides a driver 1 which comprises a controllable current source 3 and a controller 4 for controlling the current source 3 , and which further comprises measuring means 5 for measuring the distance between the lamp electrodes 21 , 22 , preferably a voltage sensor for sensing lamp voltage . the controller controls the current source 3 such as to generate a commutating lamp current with a predefined current frequency f and a duty cycle δ . the controller is capable of operating in a modulated duty cycle mode in which the duty cycle has a first value δ 1 during a first phase p 1 alternated with a second value δ 2 equal to one minus the first value δ 2 = 1 − δ 1 during a second phase p 2 , wherein the second phase p 2 and first phase p 1 have mutually equal duration , and wherein switching between the second phase and first phase and vice versa occurs at a predefined duty cycle switching frequency f δ . while the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description , it should be clear to a person skilled in the art that such illustration and description are to be considered illustrative or exemplary and not restrictive . the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments ; rather , several variations and modifications are possible within the protective scope of the invention as defined in the appending claims . for instance , although it is preferred that the current frequency is maintained constant , this is not essential for implementing the invention . the importance in this respect is more that the present invention makes it is possible to keep the current frequency constant . further , in the above , examples are described where switching from one operative mode to another is done on the basis of the arc voltage reaching a certain level . this requires a voltage sensor , a reference level , and a comparator . it is also possible that the controller is designed to switch from one operative mode to another on the basis of a simple time measurement . the controller may be designed to operate in one mode , for instance the first operative mode , for a first fixed amount of time , then operate in the third operative mode for a second fixed amount of time , and then switch back to the first operative mode . this repeated switching of operative mode will result in de arc voltage fluctuating around a certain average value . the first and second fixed amounts of time may depend on , for instance , lamp type and arc current , and suitable values may be determined empirically , anywhere in the range from 1 sec to several hours . further , instead of switching from one operative mode to another on the basis of the arc voltage reaching a certain level , it is also possible to monitor the time - derivative of the arc voltage . it should be clear that the arc voltage corresponds to arc length and therefore corresponds to tip length , and that the time - derivative of the arc voltage corresponds to tip growth speed . it has been found that initially the tip growth speed is relatively high but that the tip growth speed reduces as the tip becomes longer . thus , the tip growth speed can be seen as an indicator for tip length , which means that the time - derivative of the arc voltage can be seen as an indicator for tip length . thus , it is for instance possible for the controller to operate in the first operative mode , to measure arc voltage , to calculate the time - derivative of the arc voltage based on subsequent voltage measurements , to compare the calculated time - derivative with a reference value , and to switch over to the third operative mode if the reducing time - derivative becomes equal to the reference value . combinations of decision parameters are also possible . for instance , it is possible that a tip is grown until reaching a certain arc voltage and that subsequently the system operates in the tip destruction mode for a certain time duration . other variations to the disclosed embodiments can be understood and effected by those skilled in the art in practicing the claimed invention , from a study of the drawings , the disclosure , and the appended claims . in the claims , the word “ comprising ” does not exclude other elements or steps , and the indefinite article “ a ” or “ an ” does not exclude a plurality . a single processor or other unit may fulfill the functions of several items recited in the claims . the mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage . a computer program may be stored / distributed on a suitable medium , such as an optical storage medium or a solid - state medium supplied together with or as part of other hardware , but may also be distributed in other forms , such as via the internet or other wired or wireless telecommunication systems . any reference signs in the claims should not be construed as limiting the scope . in the above , the present invention has been explained with reference to block diagrams , which illustrate functional blocks of the device according to the present invention . it is to be understood that one or more of these functional blocks may be implemented in hardware , where the function of such functional block is performed by individual hardware components , but it is also possible that one or more of these functional blocks are implemented in software , so that the function of such functional block is performed by one or more program lines of a computer program or a programmable device such as a microprocessor , microcontroller , digital signal processor , etc .	7
the process of the present invention is particularly useful for the manufacture of specific sugar esters , designed especially for the control of soft - bodied arthropod pests such as aphids and whiteflies . this invention describes the preparation of lower molecular weight aliphatic acid sugar esters of defined biological activity against whiteflies and tobacco aphids . the described novel method for synthesizing specific sugar esters is important because it allows large quantities of the compounds to be produced in a relatively short period of time as compared to the labor intensive method of extracting sugar esters from leaves of green plants , as described in the background of the invention section of this application . the term sugar ester refers to a combination of carboxylic acids and a sugar molecule . the term sugar is meant to include any mono -, di -, or tri - saccharide and any of their reduced or oxidized forms that still possess hydroxyl groups . non - limiting examples of saccharides include , for example , fructose , glucose , sucrose , rhamnose , galactose , lactose , arabinose , glucuronic acid , maltose , and raffinose . carboxylic acids , for the purpose of this application , include , for example , low molecular weight c 6 to c 12 aliphatic acids and their unsaturated , alkylated , substituted , oxidized , or hydroxylated derivatives such as , for example , caproic acid , caprylic acid , 3 - methylvaleric acid , 4 - methylvaleric acid , hexanoic acid , 4 - methylhexanoic acid , 5 - methylhexanoic acid , heptanoic acid , 5 - methylheptanoic acid , octanoic acid , nonanoic acid , capric acid , and lauric acid . substituents on the aliphatic chain may include aryl groups , amino groups , formyl groups , ester groups , or other heteroatom groups . as saccharides possess numerous free hydroxyl groups , the potential exists for the formulation of one or more ester linkages between one molecule of the saccharide and one or more carboxylic acids . thus , for example , the esterification of sucrose with octanoic acid could result in the formation of the following 8 groups of sucrose esters ( se ): mono - octanoyl sucroses , dioctanoyl sucroses , trioctanoyl sucroses , tetraoctanoyl sucroses , etc . all the way up to octa - octanoyl sucroses . the novel compounds produced by the method of the present invention have the following sucrose structures : wherein r groups are either h ( hydrogen ) or acyl groups of straight chain or branched aliphatic acids , their unsaturated or hydroxylated derivatives , having six to twelve carbon atoms . the synthesized compounds possess either one acyl moiety and 7 free hydroxyls , two acyl moieties and 6 free hydroxyls , 3 acyl moieties and 5 free hydroxyls , 4 acyl moieties and 4 free hydroxyl groups , etc . up to 8 acyl substituents and no free hydroxyls . sucrose esters containing only one acid belong to group 1 se . as there are 8 hydroxyl groups in sucrose , esterifications yield 8 isomers of monoacyl sucrose . group 2 se , which have 2 acids esterified to 2 hydroxyls have a large number of isomers ( 27 ), due to the various combination of two positions . similarly , group 3 se have a large number of isomers , all of which have 3 acyl groups at various positions . the most potent pesticides have been determined to be the group 2 sucrose esters . gas chromatography and mass - spectrometry have been used to characterize these se and to show that the most predominant group 2 isomer has one acyl moiety on the glucose ring and one acyl moiety on the fructose ring . for dioctanoyl sucroses the major isomer is probably 6 , 6 ′- dioctanoyl sucrose . it has now been discovered that sugar esters which exhibit pesticidal activity against whiteflies and aphids can be synthesized at low temperatures of 60 - 65 ° c ., by reacting sucrose , dissolved in dimethylformamide and pyridine , with acid chlorides dissolved in acetonitrile . this allows for kilogram quantities of sucrose esters to be prepared in relatively short periods of time ( 2 days for 1 lab technician ) compared to the labor intensive extraction of sugar esters from the mixture of cuticular components of green leaves of specific plants . broadly , the process of the present invention comprises the step of reacting a sugar in an aprotic polar solvent with an aliphatic acid chloride in a solvent , at a temperature below the decomposition temperature of the sugar ester , to form the resulting sugar esters having a degree of substitution from 1 to 8 . it is important that the acid chloride be added as a solution , otherwise degradations of products will be observed . also , the other product of the reaction , hydrochloric acid , must be neutralized . it occurs as a complex with pyridine and this pyridine - hydrochloride is neutralized with sodium bicarbonate to prevent any possible degradation of the se products by hcl . next , the sugar esters solution is dried , filtered , and evaporated on a rotary evaporator to remove all solvents . the reaction product can then be dissolved in a suitable solvent and can be purified by column chromatography or can be used directly in a pesticide formulation . suitable organic solvents for dissolving the sugar are aprotic polar solvents such as , for example , dimethylformamide ( dmf ), dimethylsulfoxide ( dmso ), or pyridine . for sucrose , the preferred solvent is dmf and sucrose readily dissolves , with heating , in a ratio of 1 g of sucrose per 2 ml of dmf . suitable organic solvents for adding the acid chloride to the sugar solution are slightly polar solvents which do not react with the acid chloride such as , for example , acetonitrile and acetone . acid chlorides must be added as solutions in a suitable solvent , such as acetonitrile ( 1 : 1 , w : v ), as the direct addition of acid chlorides results in the partial degradation of the sugar esters ( se ) product . an important criterion of the reaction is the molar ratio of sugar to acid chloride . it has been determined that the most active se products result from the reaction of 1 mole of sugar with 2 . 5 moles of acid chloride . higher molar ratios lead to the formation of increased quantities of group 4 - 8 sugar esters , containing 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , or 8 acyl moieties per sugar molecule . bioassay tests , described later , have indicated that group 2 sugar esters ( having 2 specific acids per sugar molecule ) are the most active pesticides . thus , for example , for a 2 . 5 : 1 molar reaction ratio of octanoyl chloride to sucrose , the se mixture in the reaction product is generally composed of about 25 - 35 % monoacyl sucroses , about 35 - 45 % diacyl - sucroses , about 10 - 25 % triacyl - sucroses , and about 5 - 10 % of tetra - acyl - sucrose esters , as determined by gas - chromatography ( gc ). for column chromatographic separation into individual sugar ester groups , the total reaction product of sugar esters dissolved in chloroform is applied to a silica gel chromatography column prepared with methylene chloride . a solvent system of increasing percentages of methanol in methylene chloride is used to elute the various groups of sugar esters , that are collected in a series of fractions . the fractions are concentrated to dryness on a rotary evaporator , with a bath temperature of about 35 ° c . the residue is redissolved in a solvent such as acetone , acetonitrile , isopropanol or methanol for further gc analyses , acetone is preferred . small aliquots are removed for characterization by gas chromatography , in order to determine which sugar ester groups are in each fraction . the sucrose ester reaction products as well as the individual groups of sucrose esters may be used as a pesticide . aqueous disperions of sugar fractions are generally used in a concentration range of from approximately about 0 . 040 % to approximately about 0 . 30 %. a more preferred range is from approximately about 0 . 050 % to approximately about 0 . 25 %. the dried concentrated se products are dissolved in acetone , methanol , or mixtures of methanol and acetone in a ratio of approximately about 1 methanol : 10 acetone , volume to volume , and at most a ratio of approximately about 1 methanol : 1 acetone , volume : volume , to form a solution having a concentration of from approximately about 1 % to approximately about 5 %. the solution is added to stirred water to form a concentration of from approximately about 0 . 040 % to approximately 0 . 30 %, with a more preferred range of from approximately 0 . 050 % to approximately about 0 . 25 %. this forms a stable dispersion . the aqueous dispersions may be applied in high volume by a conventional sprayer at ambient temperature . it may be applied directly to the leaf surface . the following examples illustrate the invention using the preparation of sucrose esters . they are intended to further illustrate the invention and are not intended to limit the scope as defined by the claims . to maximize the formation of group 2 sucrose esters , 1 mole of sucrose is reacted with 2 . 5 moles of acid chloride . sucrose is dissolved in dimethylformamide at a concentration of 54 . 8 grams ( 0 . 16 moles ) of sucrose per 100 ml of dmf ( in a 1 liter erlenmeyer flask ) with heating and stirring on a magnetic stirrer / hot plate , until the sucrose is dissolved . after complete dissolution of sucrose , approximately about 40 ml of pyridine are added and the solution is cooled to 60 ° c . the flask is returned to a magnetic stirrer plate , a thermometer is inserted into the flask , and the solution is stirred vigorously , as the acid chloride solution is added . 0 . 4 moles of acid chloride ( such as octanoyl chloride , heptanoyl chloride , nonanoyl chloride , decanoyl chloride , dodecanoyl chloride , etc .) is dissolved in approximately 100 - 150 ml of acetonitrile , contained in a separatory funnel , and the solution is added at a fast drop rate to the sucrose solution , while stirring vigorously . the reaction temperature is maintained at approximately about 60 - 65 ° c ., with cooling of the flask in a water bath as needed . the drop rate is adjusted so that it takes about 45 minutes to add the acid chloride solution . the reaction mixture is allowed to cool at room temperature and is then diluted with a double volume of acetone ( acetonitrile or chloroform can also be used ). about 40 grams of sodium bicarbonate and 20 ml of water are added for each 0 . 4 mole of acid chloride used in the reaction in order to decompose the pyridine hydrochloride by - product . magnetic stirring produces the evolution of gaseous carbon dioxide from the reaction of the bicarbonate and hydrochloric acid . after about 15 minutes , the evolution of gas ceases and anhydrous , crystalline sodium sulfate is added to absorb the water . at this point , the reaction mixture should be clear and pale yellow or honey - colored . any traces of brown color , caused by excessive heating or impure acid chlorides , can be removed by charcoal . the reaction mixture is then filtered through a medium porosity sintered glass funnel and evaporated to dryness on a rotary evaporator with the water bath temperature at approximately 45 ° c . a vacuum pump is required to evaporate off the dimethyl formamide . the se product can be dissolved in a suitable solvent for subsequent insect bioassays ( acetone ) or for further chromatographic separations ( chloroform ). standard workup procedures for purifying sugar esters by heating the reaction product with aqueous solutions of sodium carbonate or bicarbonate and then extracting with ethyl acetate or chloroform are not applicable with the method of the present invention , as the low - molecular weight sugar esters ( group 1 and group 2 ) may dissolve in water and would be lost . the reaction products , dissolved in chloroform , are separated on activated silicic acid ( sa ) using a solvent system of increasing percentages of methanol in methylene chloride . about 300 grams of 100 - 200 mesh silicic acid ( unisil sa from clarkson chemical co . or 100 mesh silicic acid from sigma chemical co .) is required to separate 15 - 20 grams of reaction product . the silicic acid , slurried in methylene chloride , is packed into a glass column ( 90 × 4 cm ) equipped with a 500 ml reservoir and a ball joint at the top of the reservoir to allow the use of air pressure and clamps . the reaction product is added to the top of the sa column and air pressure at 2 psi is used to push the solvents more rapidly through the column . the column is eluted with 500 ml of 1 % methanol in methylene chloride , followed by 500 ml each of 2 %, 2 . 5 %, 3 %, 3 . 5 %, 4 %, 4 %, 5 %, 5 %, 5 . 5 %, 6 %, 6 %, 6 . 5 %, 7 %, 7 %, 7 . 5 %, 8 %, 10 %, 12 %, 14 %, and 16 % methanol in methylene chloride . the small increases in the percentages of methanol are required to separate the individual groups of sucrose esters . the resulting chromatographic fractions are concentrated to dryness on a rotary evaporator at 35 ° c . in round bottom flasks . 5 - 6 ml of acetone are added to redissolve the residue and 2 - 3 μl are removed for gas chromatographic analysis . as an example , the sa separation of the octanoyl se preparation yielded the fractions detailed in table i below , with the distributions of the se groups in each fraction having been determined from gas chromatograms . the success of the sa separation can be judged from gas chromatograms . the gas chromatogram of the total preparation is shown in fig1 a , while the gas chromatogram of the 7 % methanol fraction , containing only group 2 se , is given in fig1 b . for bioassays , similar fractions are combined , evaporated to dryness on a rotary evaporator and then the sugar esters are redissolved in acetone for addition to a defined volume of water to produce the needed concentrations of insect spray solutions . a fractions from elution of 500 ml volumes of given solvent mixture . b calculated from peak areas of gc data for each fraction . the sucrose esters obtained in the sa fractions as well as in the original reaction products are characterized by gc of their trimethylsilyl ( tms ) ether derivatives . to form the volatile gc derivatives , sugar esters are derivatized by reacting them with n , o - bis - trimethyl silyl - trifluoroacetamide ( bstfa ) and dimethylformamide ( dmf ) in gc autosampler vials , which are then sealed and heated at 75 ° c . for 1 hour ( severson et al ., j . agric . food chem . 32 : 566 , 1984 which is herein incorporated by reference ). one microliter samples are injected into a 0 . 32 mm × 30 m glass capillary gas chromatographic column coated with a 0 . 1 μm of db 5ht ( j & amp ; w scientific co .). the gc oven is programmed from 200 ° c . to 400 ° c . at 3 ° c ./ min ., the injection part of the instrument ( hewlett packard 5890 ) was set at 350 ° c ., the detector at 300 ° c ., and the carrier gas ( h 2 ) at 35 cm / sec . sugar esters result from the esterification of the free alcoholic hydroxyl groups by acids . thus for the sucrose molecule , esterification by one molecule of acid will yield a monoester , by two acids a diester , etc . for esterification by one to eight acid groups , there will remain respectively , from seven to zero free hydroxyl groups which are amenable to tms derivatization . in sucrose , acids can attach to the hydroxyls at the 6 , 4 , 3 , or 2 carbon positions of glucose or at the 1 ′, 3 ′, 4 ′ or 6 ′ carbons of fructose . thus , there are 8 possible monoesters , which compose the group 1 sucrose esters , also called mono - acylsucroses . similarly , group 2 sucrose esters contain different di - acyl sucroses ; with about 27 isomers possible for sucrose with two acyl groups at different positions . evaluation of gc data for the total reaction product of an aliphatic acid chloride with sucrose in the 2 . 5 : 1 molar ratio indicates that groups 1 , 2 , and 3 are predominantly formed and that each group contains one or two major isomers and numerous ( 4 or more ) less abundantly occurring se isomers . these points are illustrated in a typical gas chromatogram for an octanoyl se preparation ( see fig1 a ). bioassays of the total se reaction products as well as of the individual groups of se were conducted using the tobacco aphid , myrzus nicotiana blackman , the greenhouse whitefly , trialeurodes vaporariorum westwood , and the sweetpotato whitefly , bemisia tabaci gennadius . aqueous dispersions of sugar ester fractions , obtained from the column chromatographic step or the total reaction se products were tested generally at a concentration of 1 mg / ml of water . to prepare the sprayable aqueous mixtures , a small amount of methanol ( approximately about 20 μl per 10 mg of dried test compound ) is added to the dried test compound . this is agitated gently . then acetone is added to the methanol mixture to yield a concentration of approximately about 0 . 05 g / ml . this is shaken gently . to obtain a final , sprayable concentration of approximately about 1 mg sucrose ester / ml , about 10 ml of water are added to the mixture . this is then placed into an ultrasonic bath for 20 minutes . the resulting solution is ready to spray . green - house reared apterous ( wingless ) aphids , that colonized a green tobacco plant , were removed with a leaf , sprayed , and kept in a closed petri dish . percent mortality was determined after 24 hours . in a similar manner , bioassays against the green house whitefly or sweetpotato whitefly are conducted by spraying sucrose ester dispersions at 1 mg / ml of water onto whiteflies , trapped on a sticky surface , and determining percent mortality after 2 - 24 hours . tables ii and iii below show the percent mortality of aphids treated by the individual sucrose ester groups and the total se reaction products . the results in table ii indicate that diheptanoyl - and dioctanoyl - sucrose esters produced the highest percent mortality when sprayed onto aphids . sucrose esters of hexanoic acid ( not shown ) gave low percent mortality at about 23 - 43 % mortality , while sucrose esters of higher fatty acids ( c 9 , c 10 , c 12 ) produced progressively lower mortalities . in table iii , it is most interesting to see that the total reaction se products derived from the heptanoyl and octanoyl sucrose esters were also highly active . thus , heptanoyl and octanoyl se preparations as well as their group 2 se are potent pesticides against tobacco aphids . similar tests of group 2 sucrose esters against greenhouse whiteflies were conducted with group 2 se isolated from total reaction products prepared at different times . see table iv below . it can be seen that 100 % whitefly mortality was achieved with sucrose esters for the composition range of diheptanoyl to didodecanoyl sucrose esters . when total reaction se products for the c 7 to c 12 se were tested against the greenhouse whiteflies , similar dramatic results were obtained as shown in table v below . it is thus apparent that the total se reaction products , ranging from the c 7 to c 10 se and containing group 1 to group 3 sucrose esters , are powerful whitefly pesticides . thus , the total se reaction products , while only containing about 40 % of the group 2 se , are still potent pesticides . as bioassay tests with the total se mixtures against the greenhouse whitefly were successful , similar tests of the total se reaction products were also conducted against the adult sweetpotato whitefly as shown in table vi below . after only 2 hours , assay results indicate high biological activity for all of the total sucrose ester reaction products . the one step reaction method described above produces total se mixtures that are active against whiteflies . thus , the synthetic method yields . large quantities of se in a rapid manner and the simplicity of the developed procedure indicates that it should be readily adapted to commercial production . a tested at 1 mg se / ml aqueous spray solution , average values for number of tests shown a at 1 . 0 mg / ml spray solution , average value for number of tests shown the foregoing description is for the purpose of illustration . such detail is solely for that purpose and those skilled in the art can make variations therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention .	2
in one embodiment , the thermodynamic properties of the alloy are calculated using the calphad method . a preferred embodiment uses the thermo - calc software to perform these calculations . in one embodiment , all of the carbide , boride , and boro - carbide phases are primary carbides . thus , they are thermodynamically stable at the relatively high temperatures as defined previously . an alloy which possesses this thermodynamic profile is more resistant to cracking than conventional hardfacing materials . as an alloy of this type is initial deposited in the form of a weld bead , the primary carbides begin to precipitate and grow during the initial solidification of the material . typically , a large fraction of primary carbides precipitate prior to the solidification of the matrix . this solidification is advantageous for improving crack resistance , in that the existing primary carbides do not inflict high stresses on solidifying austenite or during the transformation of austenite to ferrite . the formation of primary carbides effectively reduces the total carbon in the solidifying austenite such that is less likely for the iron - based matrix to become super saturated with carbon . this aids in final structure of the metal being ferritic as opposed to austenitic , and aids in the resistance of cracking during re - heating . in conventional hardfacing materials , the iron - based matrix is often super saturated with carbon . upon re - heating , the carbon is allowed to diffuse throughout the microstructure and form carbides . as the matrix transforms to austenite and the grain size increases , these newly form carbides cause stresses on the microstructure of the material , which can lead to cracking in the hardfacing material . in the described embodiment where all carbides , borides , and boro - carbide phases are primary carbides this described cracking mechanism is avoided . upon re - heating in the described embodiment , the matrix does not form new carbides and thus stresses are avoided as the matrix transforms and grows . an example alloy [ alloy 2 ], fe ba1 b 1 . 45 c 0 . 91 cr 4 . 82 mn 1 . 01 mo 3 . 22 nb 6 si 0 . 59 ti 1 v 0 . 54 , that demonstrates this phenomenon is shown in fig2 . this diagram shows the solidification of the liquid ( phase 7 ) into austenite ( phase 6 ), which ultimately transforms to ferrite ( phase 2 ). this is the common feature of the equilibrium solidification pathway for most steels . the unique components of this alloy are the solidification of the borides , carbides , and borocarbides ( phases 1 , 3 , 4 , and 5 ). all of these phases can be defined as primary carbides as they form at high temperatures close to the solidification temperature of the austenite phase . in this preferred embodiment , the primary carbides are tib2 ( phase 1 ), cr2b ( phase 3 ), nbc ( phase 4 ), and ( fe , cr ) 3b2 ( phase 5 ). in one embodiment the reheat temperature range is 800 ° c . to 1300 ° c . in a preferred embodiment the reheat temperature range is 900 ° c . to 1200 ° c . in a still preferred embodiment the reheat temperature range is 1000 ° c . to 1100 ° c . in another embodiment , the mole fraction of all the carbide phases remain thermodynamically stable within the temperature range defined as the re - heat zone . in a preferred embodiment , stability is defined as a mole fraction which does not vary by more than 25 %; in a still preferred embodiment stability is defined as a mole fraction which does not vary by more than 10 %, in a still preferred embodiment , stability is defines as a mole fraction does not vary be more than 5 %. carbides which are thermodynamically stable within the re - heat zone are beneficial for the purposes of creating an alloy which is resistant to re - heat cracking . in the case of a cracking prone alloy , the re - heating of the alloy can cause the precipitation and / or growth of additional carbide or the dissolution and shrinking of existing carbides . growing or re - precipitation of carbides causes stresses in the matrix as described previously . the dissolution of carbides can also be detrimental as it increases the carbon and / or boron in the iron - based matrix . this increase in carbon in the matrix can cause other carbides to precipitate or grow causing stresses in different regions of the microstructure , or it can lead to supersaturation of carbon in the matrix which can make the material prone to re - heat cracking . fig2 depicts the thermodynamics of an alloy which possess the carbides which have a mole fraction that is thermodynamically stable within the reheat zone . as shown , there are no phase transformations or large phase mole fraction variations within the reheat zone . the primary carbide phases ( 1 , 3 , 4 , and 5 ) are all stable from the austenite solidification temperature to temperatures below the reheat zone . when an alloy of this phase structure is re - heated , the carbides are stable and do not grow or dissolve . this prevents additional stress in the weld and cracking can be avoided . in another embodiment , all of the secondary carbides are only thermodynamically stable below the reheat zone . an alloy which possesses the thermodynamics of this embodiment is resistant to cracking in the re - heat zone . the solidification routine of such an alloy when initially deposited is similar to previously described : the fe - based matrix and primary carbides solidify to form the microstructure . the secondary carbides are kinetically unable to form due to the rapid cooling of the process , leaving the fe - based matrix supersaturated with carbon and / or boron . however , as the temperature of the material is increased into the reheat zone , the secondary carbide phase is not thermodynamically stable so it does not form . the material then cool rapidly down to room temperature , and the secondary carbide phase is once again unable to precipitate due to sluggish kinetics . a preferred embodiment , alloy fe ba1 b 1 . 45 c 0 . 91 cr 4 . 82 mn 1 . 01 mo 3 . 22 nb 6 si 0 . 59 ti 1 v 2 , is shown in fig3 . as shown , phase 8 , is a secondary carbide phase which is only thermodynamically stable below the reheat zone . phase 8 is unlikely to form during the original deposition of the weld bead , and unlikely to form as the material is reheated . this embodiment allows the alloy to be supersaturated with carbon , increasing hardness , but still maintains crack resistance . in another embodiment , a selection of the carbides don &# 39 ; t contain more than 50 % fe . during reheating in the weld bead , the fe - rich carbides can form much easily than other carbide . this phenomenon occurs because the matrix is fe - rich and carbon has a much higher likelihood of diffusing into a region of the microstructure where fe is free to react and precipitate new carbides . furthermore , as the newly precipitated carbides or existing carbides are driven to grow in the alloy , the ability to utilize the large availability of fe as opposed to lower concentration alloying elements will increase the growth rate of such carbides . carbides which are more likely to precipitate and capable of growing rapidly in the re - heated alloy will make the alloy more susceptible to re - heat cracking . fig4 shows the variation of the mole fraction of each element in nbc , which is a common carbide in the presented hardfacing alloys . the nbc phase contains primarily nb and c with a slight amount of v , but trace concentrations of fe . such a carbide will be unlikely to grow any larger during the reheating of the weld , because both nb and v will be relatively scarce around the local region of the carbide . in one preferred embodiment , all of the secondary carbide phases don &# 39 ; t contain more than 50 % fe . in a second preferred embodiment , all of the primary carbide phases don &# 39 ; t contain more than 50 % fe . in a still preferred embodiment , the carbide phases precipitating in the alloy consist of at least one of tib 2 , crb 2 , nbc , wc , mob 2 , and / or vc . in another embodiment , the alloy is designed such that the fcc austenite / bcc ferrite transition temperature is not within the rz . avoiding this significant phase transformation at the rz can minimize the stress in the microstructure and make the alloy less prone to reheat cracking . by avoiding the fcc to bcc transition upon re - heating , the alloy will be more capable of handling the stresses created by newly precipitated carbides or growth of existing carbides . fig5 demonstrates how the transition temperature of the hardfacing alloy can be controlled by compositional variation . in another embodiment , the rz is shifted by adjusting the welding parameters used in the weld process in order to avoid the fcc austenite / bcc ferrite transition temperature in a particular alloy . the fcc austenite / bcc ferrite transition is the biggest phase transformation in the steel and can introduce significant stress causing cracking . fig5 shows the relationship between the fcc austenite / bcc ferrite transition temperature vs . carbon content . we can know what kind of microstructure ( ferrite , austenite or martensite ) will occur after welding by calculating the fcc austenite / bcc ferrite transition temperature . we can also adjust the fcc austenite / bcc ferrite transition temperature by changing some elements , then obtain the optimum microstructure . in another embodiment , carbides do not form in the austenitic zone of the alloy during re - heating . carbides which become stable in the austenitic zone can precipitate and / or grow upon reheating of the alloy when the matrix is austenitic . when the alloy is in the austenite phase grain growth is typical and carbides typically precipitate along the previous grain boundaries of the initially deposited ferrite matrix . therefore , the carbides which have precipitated in the austenite are now located in the center regions of the matrix grains . as the alloy cools and transforms back to ferrite , the newly grown carbides in the center of the grains can cause stress on the microstructure and create cracks . an alloy which avoids the precipitation of carbides in the austenite zone is shown in fig6 . the vc , phase 3 , is not thermodynamically stable in the austenite region ( phase 6 ). thus , any precipitation of vc do to the re - heating of the weld occurs after the alloy has transitioned from bcc to fcc upon heating and back to bcc upon cooling . therefore , the newly formed carbide is not present during the potentially stress - inducing , and thereby crack prone , solid state transition . in a one embodiment , the hardfacing alloy is fe - based containing one or more of the following alloying elements b , c , cr , mn , mo , nb , si , ti , w , and v with additional impurities known to be present due to manufacturing procedures and possesses one of the preferred non - cracking traits described in this disclosure . in a preferred embodiment , this hardfacing alloy is in the form of a cored welding wire . in another preferred embodiment the hardfacing alloy composition , as defined by the composition of the feedstock material or the deposited coating , is given in weight percent by the following range : fe ba1 c 0 . 5 - 4 b 0 - 3 mn 0 - 10 al 0 - 5 si 0 - 5 ni 0 - 5 cr 0 - 30 mo 0 - 10 v 0 - 10 w 0 - 15 ti 0 - 10 nb 0 - 10 in a still preferred embodiment the hardfacing alloy composition , as defined by the composition of the feedstock material or the deposited coating , is given in weight percent by the following range : fe ba1 c 1 - 2 b 1 - 2 . 5 mn 1 - 2 al 0 - 0 . 5 si 0 - 1 . 5 ni 0 - 0 . 2 cr 0 - 10 mo 0 - 3 . 5 v 0 - 2 . 5 w 0 - 0 . 15 ti 0 - 2 nb 2 - 6 in a still preferred embodiment the hardfacing alloy composition is given in weight percent by one or a combination of the following compositions : fe ba1 b 1 . 45 c 0 . 91 cr 4 . 82 mn 1 . 01 mo 3 . 22 nb 4 . 54 si 0 . 59 ti 0 . 39 v 0 . 54 [ alloy 1 ] fe ba1 b 1 . 45 c 0 . 91 cr 4 . 82 mn 1 . 01 mo 3 . 22 nb 6 si 0 . 59 ti 1 v 0 . 54 [ alloy 2 ] fe ba1 b 1 . 45 c 0 . 91 cr 4 . 82 mn 1 . 01 mo 3 . 22 nb 6 si 0 . 59 ti 1 v 2 [ alloy3 ] fe ba1 b 1 . 45 c 0 . 91 cr 4 . 82 mn 1 . 01 mo 3 . 22 nb 4 . 5 si 0 . 59 ti i v 0 . 54 [ alloy 4 ] fe ba1 c 1 . 2 b 2 mn 1 si 1 . 1 ni 0 . 07 cr 8 . 33 mo 3 . 33 v 0 . 5 w 0 . 07 ti 1 . 83 nb 4 [ alloy 5 ] fe ba1 c 1 b 2 . 5 mn 2 si 1 . 1 ni 0 . 1 cr 8 . 73 mo 1 v 0 . 03 w 0 . 03 ti 1 . 91 nb 4 . 47 [ alloy 6 ] one of the purposes of designing alloys which possess the non - cracking traits described within this disclosure is to create a hardfacing material which exhibits very high hardness and wear resistance but is not prone to re - heat cracking . two alloys which exhibit both high hardness and resistance to re - heat cracking are alloys 5 and 6 . alloys 5 and 6 where produced in the form of welding wires and welded onto a standard 6⅝ ″ o . d . tool joint in a manner customary to the hardband process used in the oil and gas industry . the feedstock wires were also melted into small ingots in an arc - melter , for the purposes of measuring un - diluted hardness and examining microstructure . the results of the hardness measurements for both ingot form and weld bead form are shown in table 1 . both alloys exhibit high hardness 60 hrc or above , a region which is not typical for crack resistant hardfacing alloys . the microstructures of alloy 5 and 6 are shown in fig7 a - b . both alloys show a high frequency of carbides within the microstructure which provides good hardness and wear resistance , but is typically an indicator for the alloy being prone to cracking . however , both alloys were deposited via a process typically used in hardbanding as three consecutive bands and were free of any cracks . the hardbanding process used reheats existing bead deposits , and is known to generate both dip cracks and circumferential cracks in crack prone alloys of lesser hardness .	1
[ 0043 ] fig4 illustrates a conceptual diagram of an exemplary apparatus capable of performing scrambling the information bits of control message transmitted on a control channel , e . g ., an f - pdcch , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention . the 21 bits of input data 402 , comprising the content of control message , are provided into block 404 . the block 404 scrambles the input data 402 by a 21 - bit sequence , provided by a sequence generator 422 . the sequence generator 422 can comprise e . g ., a hash function , a linear function , or any other means known to one skilled in the art , which provides a 21 bit long pseudo - random sequence in response to the input . in one embodiment , the block 404 performs scrambling by a bit - wise exclusive - or of the input data 402 with the sequence 422 . the scrambled sequence ; therefore , comprises 21 bit and is provided to block 406 . the block 406 concatenates the scrambled sequence with 8 error detection encoder bits in block 406 . the bit stream is further concatenated with 8 encoder tail bits in block 408 , and encoded in block 410 . in one embodiment , the encoder is a convolutional encoder , well known in the art , with constraint length 9 and rate ½ , ⅓ , or ¼ . depending on the slot - format a particular encoding rate is selected , i . e ., ½ rate for the one - slot format , ⅓ rate for the two - slot format , and ¼ rate for the four - slot format . the encoded symbols are provided to block 412 , which adjusts length of the encoded symbols for further processing by puncturing / repeating some symbols to generate 48 symbols for the one - slot format , 96 symbols for the two - slot format , and 192 symbols for four - slot format control message . the remaining symbols are provided to a block interleaver 414 . the interleaved symbols are then provided to a quadrature - phase shift keying ( qpsk ) modulator 416 . the in - phase ( i ) and quadrature - phase ( q ) outputs of the qpsk modulator 416 are spreaded by a walsh code ( w ) in spreaders 418 ( i ) and 418 ( q ) and provided to a transmitter ( not shown ). as described above , the purpose of scrambling the input data 402 should prevent occurrence of repetitive incorrect determination of control message content . because the content of the control message can be repetitive , so can be the content of the input data 402 . consequently , to prevent occurrence of repetitive incorrect determination of control message content , the scrambling sequence must be time varying . consequently , in the illustrated embodiment , block 420 provides a metric of a system time . system time is a reference time that base stations and mobile stations both refer to so that they can keep synchronized in time . in one embodiment , the system time metric is expressed in units of slot , ( i . e ., the slot number of the control message slot — referred to as a slot index ) which is to be transmitted by the base station next as illustrated in fig5 . at time t 1 , the base station determines that a data to a mobile station will be scheduled for transmission next , and another control message 404 is to be sent . taking into an account processing time necessary to compose the control message 504 and the f - pdch , the base station determines that the control message can be sent at time t 2 . the base station then determines the number of slots between the times t 1 and t 2 and calculates the slot index of the first slot 506 ( 1 ) of the message 504 . referring back to fig4 block 420 provides the slot index of the next slot to a sequence generator 422 , which generates the 21 - bit long scrambling sequence . the sequence generator 422 can comprise e . g ., a hash function , a linear function , or any other means known to one skilled in the art , which provides a 21 bit long pseudo - random sequence in response to a number . an exemplary embodiment of the sequence generator is illustrated in fig5 . as illustrated in fig6 the slot index of the next slot is provided to a mapping function 602 , which generates a 21 bits long sequence in response . the mapping function 602 can comprise e . g ., a hash function , a linear function , or any other means known to one skilled in the art , which provides a 21 bit long pseudo - random sequence in response to the input . at the beginning of a slot , the switch 604 is closed and the 21 bits long sequence is then copied to a 21 bit long buffer / shift register 606 . one of ordinary skills in the art understands that switch 604 represents a concept only , and any means accomplishing copying of the scrambling sequence to the buffer / shift register 606 is contemplated . when the base station provides an indication that a first slot of a control message is to start , e . g ., slot 606 ( 1 ) of fig5 therefore , the scrambling is to be performed , the buffer / shift register 606 is clocked and its output is provided to block 404 of fig4 . the mobile station processing is described in reference to a timing diagram as illustrated in fig7 . upon receiving the f - pdcch , the mobile station uses an inverse of the f - pdcch processing as described in reference to fig3 under the hypothesis that a one - slot 702 control message has been sent to recover the 29 bits comprising the scrambled information bits and the quality indicator bits of the control message . the mobile station then performs the crc test . if the crc test is positive , the mobile station unscrambles the slot in time interval 710 . ( part a of fig7 .) if the crc test fails , the mobile station uses an inverse of the f - pdcch processing as described in reference to fig3 under the hypothesis that a two - slot 702 , 704 control message has been sent and recovers the 29 bits comprising the scrambled information bits and the quality indicator bits . the mobile station then performs the crc test . if the crc test is positive , the mobile station unscrambles the information bits in time interval 710 . ( part b of fig7 .) if the crc test fails , the mobile station uses an inverse of the f - pdcch processing as described in reference to fig3 under the hypothesis that a four - slot 702 - 710 control message has been sent . the mobile station then recovers the 29 bits sequences comprising the scrambled information bits and the quality indicator bits . the mobile station then performs the crc test under the hypothesis that a four - slot control message has been sent . if the crc test is positive , the mobile station unscrambles the information bits in time interval 710 ( part c of fig7 .) if the crc test fails , the mobile station declares that no valid control message is identified and waits till the next slot and repeat the above process . the apparatus of generating the unscrambling sequence depends on the result of crc test . in one embodiment , the unscrambling sequence generation is described in reference to fig8 . referring to fig8 at the beginning of a slot , the mobile station determines the time slot index 802 of the previous slot and inputs the determined time slot index into a sequence generator 804 . the sequence generator 804 comprises the same mapping function 806 as the sequence generator at the base station . the mapping function 806 generates a 21 bits long pseudo - random sequence in response . once the sequence is generated , the switch 808 is closed and the 21 bits long sequence is then copied to an 84 bit long buffer / shift register 810 . one of ordinary skills in the art understands that switch 808 represents a concept only , and any means accomplishing copying of the scrambling sequence to the buffer / shift register 810 is contemplated . once the mobile station determines number of slot comprising the control message , the bit selector 814 provides an indication , which bits are to be copied from the buffer / shift register 810 to a 21 bit long buffer / shift register 812 . thus , if the mobile station determines that the control message comprises the 1 - slot format , the 1 st - 21 st bits from the buffer / shift register 810 left ( i . e ., the newest 21 bits ) are copied to the buffer / shift register 812 . if the control message comprises the 2 - slot format , the 22 nd - 42 nd bits from the buffer / shift register 810 left ( i . e ., the next newest 21 bits ) are copied to the buffer / shift register 812 . if the control message comprises the 4 - slot format , 64 th - 84 th bits from the buffer / shift register 810 left ( i . e ., the oldest 21 bits ) are copied to the buffer / shift register 812 . when the mobile station provides an indication that the information bits comprising the control message 818 are provided to block 816 , the buffer / shift register 812 is clocked and its output is also provided to block 816 . block 816 performs an inverse operation of bock 404 of fig4 thus unscrambling the information bits of the control message . one of ordinary skills in the art understands that the embodiment of the sequence generator , referred to in fig8 was given for illustration purposes only . consequently , other embodiments , assuring that a proper slot index is used to generate the unscrambling sequence are contemplated . thus , one skilled in the art could contemplate embodiment illustrated in fig9 . as illustrated in fig9 once the mobile station ascertains number of slot comprising the control message , the mobile station determines which slot index is to be provided from the block 902 to a mapping function 904 . the mapping function 904 comprises the same mapping function as the sequence generator at the base station . one skilled in the art recognizes that block 902 may comprise any storage device , a shift register , or an accumulator , capable of performing the described function . thus , if the mobile station determines that the control message comprises the 1 - slot format , the slot index of the slot preceding the current slot is provided to the mapping function 904 . if the control message comprises the 2 - slot format , the slot index of the slot preceding the current slot by two slots is provided to the mapping function 904 . if the control message comprises the 4 - slot format , the slot index of the slot preceding the current slot by fours slots is provided to the mapping function 904 . the mapping function 904 , generates a 21 bits long sequence in response . once the 21 bits sequence is generated , the switch 906 is closed and the 21 bits long sequence is then copied to a 21 bit long buffer / shift register 908 . one of ordinary skills in the art understands that switch 906 represents a concept only , and any means accomplishing copying of the scrambling sequence to the buffer / shift register 908 is contemplated . when the mobile station provides an indication that the scrambled information bits 912 of the control message are provided to block 910 , the buffer / shift register 908 is clocked and its output is provided to block 910 . block 910 performs an inverse operation of bock 404 of fig4 thus unscrambling the information bits of the control message . the description of base station processing referred to the slot index of the first slot of the next message to be sent as the slot index used to determine the scrambling sequence . for consistency reason , the description of mobile station processing referred to the same slot index for deriving the unscrambling sequence . however , one of ordinary skills in the art understands , that any slot of the message can be utilized , as long as both the base station and the mobile station share the knowledge , which slot was used . consequently , use of any slot of the message is contemplated . one of ordinary skills in the art understands that a particular embodiment of the f - pdcch has been described for tutorial purposes . consequently , other embodiments are contemplated . in particular , other encoders , interleavers , modulators , spreading codes known to one of ordinary skills in the art can be used . one skilled in the art will appreciate that although the flowchart diagrams are drawn in sequential order for comprehension , certain steps can be carried out in parallel in an actual implementation . furthermore , unless indicate otherwise , apparatus steps can me interchanged without departing form the scope of the invention . those of skill in the art would understand that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques . for example , data , instructions , commands , information , signals , bits , symbols , and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages , currents , electromagnetic waves , magnetic fields or particles , optical fields or particles , or any combination thereof . those of skill would further appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks , modules , circuits , and algorithm steps described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware , computer software , or combinations of both . to clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software , various illustrative components , blocks , modules , circuits , and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality . whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system . skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application , but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present invention . the various illustrative logical blocks , modules , and circuits described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor , a digital signal processor ( dsp ), an application specific integrated circuit ( asic ), a field programmable gate array ( fpga ) or other programmable logic device , discrete gate or transistor logic , discrete hardware components , or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein . a general purpose processor may be a microprocessor , but in the alternative , the processor may be any conventional processor , controller , microcontroller , or state machine . a processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices , e . g ., a combination of a dsp and a microprocessor , a plurality of microprocessors , one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a dsp core , or any other such configuration . the steps of a apparatus or algorithm described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware , in a software module executed by a processor , or in a combination of the two . a software module may reside in ram memory , flash memory , rom memory , eprom memory , eeprom memory , registers , hard disk , a removable disk , a cd - rom , or any other form of storage medium known in the art . an exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor such the processor can read information from , and write information to , the storage medium . in the alternative , the storage medium may be integral to the processor . the processor and the storage medium may reside in an asic . the asic may reside in a user terminal . in the alternative , the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal . the previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention . various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art , and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention . thus , the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein . a portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection . the copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure , as it appears in the patent and trademark office patent file or records , but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever .	7
network bandwidth is always at a premium so techniques that will make the best use of available bandwidth are valuable . there are two effects that result in wasted bandwidth : ( 1 ) some messages sent within local networks are internally redundant , with low data density , wasting bandwidth . one example is a message whose data includes large blocks of zeros or other constant or repeating data ; and ( 2 ) there is a certain amount of overhead per frame on ethernet links and some other types of links . this overhead does not convey any useful data . it is needed to separate and identify frames , synchronize the transmission , and the like . as the average frame size gets smaller this overhead generally occupies an increasing fraction of the bandwidth on a link , since the overhead is typically a constant amount per frame . in particular , for ethernet there is normally a seven byte preamble followed by a one byte start frame delimiter , followed by the destination and source media access addresses ( 6 bytes each ), then the actual useful data , and ending with a two byte frame check sequence and an inter - frame gap during which nothing is transmitted , typically for longer than it would take to send 9 bytes of data . thus the minimum overhead per frame is the equivalent of 31 bytes of data . for many local network communications applications , effective throughput can be increased with frame aggregation and lossless data compression techniques as well as with header compression . frame aggregation combines multiple short frames , saving all but one occurrence of the per frame overhead at the expense of a small amount of added information to permit the aggregated frames to be split apart . the inventor has appreciated that there are advantages to being able to compress data and aggregate frames on a hop - by - hop basis using the rbridge options feature . for example , it may be that compression or aggregation at line speed requires hardware assist and that two adjacent transit rbridges have such hardware while the ingress and / or egress rbridges handling a frame do not . one - hop separated rbridges are shown in fig6 . while it is usually not useful to apply compression to already compressed data , existing aggregated frames can be further aggregated if they will still fit within the maximum transmission unit size of the link . adjacent rbridges may inform each other that they support hop - by - hop compression and / or frame aggregation and may inform each other of the particular algorithms supported in the same way other hop - by - hop option information is conveyed : through information included in the hello messages they exchange . when they have confirmed that they both support the same options and compatible algorithms , then , depending on local policy and the particular frame involved , the options and algorithms may be applied to encapsulated data frames being sent between them . the application of the option to a frame would be indicated in the options section of the rbridge encapsulation header of that frame . compression may start after the rbridge header so that the receiver can understand the indication that the remainder of the frame is compressed . one example of a type of compression that may be used is lossless data compression using an algorithm adapted to high data rates , such as move - to - front coding based compression . move - to - front encoding is described in greater detail in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 384 , 568 , which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety . it may not be possible for any particular compression algorithm to compress all possible frames . thus , in some embodiments , compression may only be used for those frames where it results in savings and where those savings exceed the small additional space taken up by the header option indication that the frame is compressed . in other cases the frame may be sent uncompressed . frames that are aggregated may be those with the same handling priority , to avoid giving low priority frames any undue handle from their being aggregated with a high priority frame . the aggregation of multiple short frames can increase the logical frame arrival rate at the receiver beyond it capabilities ; as a result , it is generally safer to only aggregate mixtures of short and longer frames such that the average data length of the aggregated frames is not significantly shorter than a minimum size frame plus the per frame overhead for the link . if both lossless data compression and aggregation are being done , it is generally better to aggregate first because longer sets of data are normally more compressible . fig7 is a block diagram an illustrative computing device 1100 that may be used to implement any of the above - discussed computing devices . computing device 1100 may be a client computer , an rbridge , or any other suitable type of computing device . the computing device 1100 may include one or more processors 1101 and one or more tangible , non - transitory computer - readable storage media ( e . g ., memory 1103 ). memory 1103 may store , in tangible non - transitory computer - readable storage media computer instructions that implement any of the above - described functionality . processor ( s ) 1101 may be coupled to memory 1103 and may execute such computer instructions to cause the functionality to be realized and performed . computing device 1100 may also include a network input / output ( i / o ) interface 1105 via which the computing device may communicate with other computers ( e . g ., over a network ), and , in some embodiments . may also include one or more user i / o interfaces , via which the computer may provide output to and receive input from a user . the user i / o interfaces may include devices such as a keyboard , a mouse , a microphone , a display device ( e . g ., a monitor or touch screen ), speakers , a camera , and / or various other types of i / o devices . the above - described embodiments of the present invention can be implemented in any of numerous ways . for example , the embodiments may be implemented using hardware , software or a combination thereof . when implemented in software , the software code can be executed on any suitable processor or collection of processors , whether provided in a single computer or distributed among multiple computers . it should be appreciated that any component or collection of components that perform the functions described above can be generically considered as one or more controllers that control the above - discussed functions . the one or more controllers can be implemented in numerous ways , such as with dedicated hardware , or with general purpose hardware ( e . g ., one or more processors ) that is programmed using microcode or software to perform the functions recited above . in this respect , it should be appreciated that one implementation of various embodiments of the present invention comprises at least one tangible , non - transitory computer - readable storage medium ( e . g ., a computer memory , a floppy disk , a compact disk , and optical disk , a magnetic tape , a flash memory , circuit configurations in field programmable gate arrays or other semiconductor devices , etc .) encoded with one or more computer programs ( i . e ., a plurality of instructions ) that , when executed on one or more computers or other processors , performs the above - discussed functions of various embodiments of the present invention . the computer - readable storage medium can be transportable such that the program ( s ) stored thereon can be loaded onto any computer resource to implement various aspects of the present invention discussed herein . in addition , it should be appreciated that the reference to a computer program which , when executed , performs the above - discussed functions , is not limited to an application program running on a host computer . rather , the term computer program is used herein in a generic sense to reference any type of computer code ( e . g ., software or microcode ) that can be employed to program a processor to implement the above - discussed aspects of the present invention . various aspects of the present invention may be used alone , in combination , or in a variety of arrangements not specifically discussed in the embodiments described in the foregoing and are therefore not limited in their application to the details and arrangement of components set forth in the foregoing description or illustrated in the drawings . for example , aspects described in one embodiment may be combined in any manner with aspects described in other embodiments . also , embodiments of the invention may be implemented as one or more methods , of which an example has been provided . the acts performed as part of the method ( s ) may be ordered in any suitable way . accordingly , embodiments may be constructed in which acts are performed in an order different than illustrated , which may include performing some acts simultaneously , even though shown as sequential acts in illustrative embodiments . use of ordinal terms such as “ first ,” “ second ,” “ third ,” etc ., in the claims to modify a claim element does not by itself connote any priority , precedence , or order of one claim element over another or the temporal order in which acts of a method are performed . such terms are used merely as labels to distinguish one claim element having a certain name from another element having a same name ( but for use of the ordinal term ). the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting . the use of “ including ,” “ comprising ,” “ having ,” “ containing ”, “ involving ”, and variations thereof , is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and additional items . having described several embodiments of the invention in detail , various modifications and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art . such modifications and improvements are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the invention . accordingly , the foregoing description is by way of example only , and is not intended as limiting . the invention is limited only as defined by the following claims and the equivalents thereto .	7
fig1 is a schematic view illustrating an aircraft flap actuator system which includes primary and secondary drive trains . more specifically , fig1 illustrates a fragmentary portion of an aircraft fuselage 11 and the aircraft &# 39 ; s wings 13 . suspended from the wings , for example , are a plurality of jet engines 15 . located along the rear edge of the wings 13 are a pluarlity of flaps 17 . a primary control unit 19 is connected via a primary drive train formed of a pair of primary torque tubes 21 to a plurality of flap actuators 23 , one associated with each flap 17 . that is , a primary torque tube 21 extends outwardly into either wing . as used herein , the term torque tube refers to torque tubes , drive shafts and like elements for transferring rotational power . each primary torque tube is connected to a plurality of flap actuators , as is well known in the art . in addition , the primary control unit through a main secondary torque tube 25 and a coupling unit ( gear box ) 27 drives a pair of wing secondary torque tubes 29 forming a secondary drive train . more specifically , a wing secondary torque tube extends outwardly into either wing . both wing secondary torque tubes are coupled to the primary control unit ( power supply ) via a coupling unit 27 and a main secondary torque tube 25 . the remote ends of the related wing secondary torque tubes 29 and the primary torque tubes 21 are coupled together via cross coupling units ( gear boxes ) 31 . in the foregoing manner drive loops are created whereby the flap actuators 23 can be driven by either the primary drive train or the secondary drive train . the gearing of the various coupling units is such that the transmission of power through either set of torque tubes ( primary or secondary ) will create the same direction actuator force for a particular directional output of the primary control unit . more specifically , when it is desired to apply power to the flap actuators , both the primary and secondary drive trains are driven by the primary control unit 19 so as to generate actuator power in the same direction . unless and until a failure occurs the primary drive train creates the actual driving power , the secondary drive train in essence being idle , although being driven . should a primary torque tube fail , such as at point a illustrated in fig1 its associated wing secondary torque tube 29 through its associated cross - coupling unit 31 will compensate for the failure and apply power to the flap actuators located beyond the failure i . e ., to the two rightmost flap actuators illustrated in fig1 . this action occurs automatically in response to the failure at point a . failures at other points in the primary drive train will cause corresponding actions on the part of the secondary drive trains . it will be appreciated from the foregoing description that , normally , the wing secondary torque tubes 29 are idle . that is , they are , in essence , driven at both ends by the primary control unit 19 . more specifically , the main secondary torque tube 25 and the coupling unit 27 drive the wing secondary torque tubes at one end . the other ends of the wing secondary torque tubes 29 are driven by the primary control unit 19 via the primary torque tubes and the cross - coupling units 31 . thus , until a failure occurs , the wing secondary torque tubes are idle from a driving point of view i . e ., they apply no driving power to the flap actuators . the invention takes advantage of this loop arrangement by including one or more free motion zones in the secondary drive train and detecting and indicating when one or both of the free motion zones is crossed . it will be appreciated that because of the idle state of the secondary drive train , the free motion zones will only be crossed when the primary drive train fails . thus , the method of the invention generally comprises the steps of : creating a free motion zone in the secondary drive train ; sensing when the free motion zone has been crossed ; and , providing an indication that the free motion zone has been crossed . the apparatus of the invention is directed to carrying out the method of the invention . five preferred embodiments of apparatus formed in accordance with the invention are hereinafter described . however , it is to be understood that other apparatus can be formed in accordance with the teachings of the invention . hence , the invention is not to be construed as limited to these embodiments . fig2 is a cross - sectional view of a first preferred embodiment of the invention and includes : a coupling unit 27 , modified in accordance with the invention ; the associated end of the main secondary torque tube 25 ; and , the associated ends of the wing secondary torque tubes 29 . the coupling unit 27 includes a main bevel gear 41 and two secondary bevel gears mounted so that the main bevel gear drives the secondary bevel gears 43 and 45 . the main bevel gear 41 is affixed to the associated end of the main secondary torque tube 25 in the manner hereinafter described . the two secondary bevel gears 43 and 45 mesh with the main bevel gear 41 and are affixed , on a one - to - one basis , to the associated ends of the wing secondary torque tubes 29 . more specifically splines are formed in an undercut region 47 located at the ends of the wing secondary torque tubes 29 . the secondary bevel gears 43 and 45 include suitable spline apertures into which the splines fit in a non - rotatable manner . axial washers 49 and nuts 51 , threaded onto coaxial threaded ends 53 formed in the tips of the wing secondary torque tubes , press the bevel gears against the shoulders formed by the undercut regions 47 to prevent axial movement of the bevel gears 43 and 45 . the main bevel gear 41 is affixed to the main secondary torque tube 25 in a manner that creates a free motion zone . more specifically , as illustrated in fig3 the main bevel gear 41 includes a cylindrical central aperture 55 having two inwardly projecting integral keys 57 . the keys 57 are arrayed in keyways 59 formed in the end of the main secondary torque tube 25 . the keys 57 are substantially narrower in width than are the keyways 59 whereby a free motion zone , defined by the angle a , is formed on either side of the keys 57 when the keys are centered in the keyways . as will be better understood from the following description , this centering condition exists when the primary drive train is operating without failure . a longitudinal cylindrical aperture 61 is formed in the end of the main secondary torque tube 25 . located near the inner end of the longitudinal cylindrical aperture 61 is a slightly larger cylindrical aperture 63 . the slightly larger cylindrical aperture 63 is generally aligned , longitudinally , with the keys 57 and keyways 59 . a pair of aligned , transverse cylindrical apertures 67 intersect the slightly larger cylindrical aperture 63 . each transverse cylindrical aperture 67 houses a pin 69 having a semispherical outer tip . the pins 69 project outwardly so that their tips lie in longitudinal v - shaped apertures 71 formed in the cylindrical central aperture 55 of the main bevel gear 41 . the pins and v - shaped apertures 71 also lie along an axis that is generally orthogonal to the axis defined by the keys 57 and keyways 59 , as viewed in fig3 . the inner ends of the pins 71 are connected together by two links 73 and 75 . the links 73 and 75 are rotatably pinned together on one end , and each to one of the pins 69 at their other ends . the links 73 and 75 are formed so as to articulate upwardly and press against the enlarged head 79 of an actuator shaft 77 , when the pins are mounted in their respective transverse cylindrical apertures so as to lie in their associated v - shaped apertures . that is , the junction point between the pins 73 and 75 is adapted to press against the enlarged head 79 of the actuator shaft 77 when the link pin assembly is formed and mounted in the manner described above . mounted about the actuator shaft 77 , above its enlarged head 79 ( as viewed in fig2 ), is a coil spring 81 . the upper end of the coil spring presses against a threaded collar 83 mounted in a cylindrical aperture 89 coaxial with and slightly larger than the longitudinal central aperture 61 . thus , the threaded collar 83 surrounds the actuator shaft 77 and is screwed into the end of the main secondary torque tube . a threaded ring 97 is screwed onto the outer periphery of the end of the main secondary torque tube 25 . the lower surface of the threaded ring 97 coacts with a flange 98 to prevent longitudinal movement of the main bevel gear 41 . the upper end of the actuator shaft 77 impinges on a downwardly projecting springloaded actuator element 99 . the spring loaded actuator element 99 is aligned with a switch terminal , or actuator , 101 that forms a portion of a micro switch 103 . the alignment is such that when the actuator shaft 77 is moved upwardly as viewed in fig2 it moves the actuator element 99 upwardly which action causes the micro switch 103 to change states -- from open to closed or vice versa . the invention can be formed such that the actuator element 99 and the actuator 101 form a pair of switch contacts , or such that the actuator element mechanically moves to cause a switching action through switch elements not illustrated . turning now to a description of the operation of the embodiment of the invention illustrated in fig2 and 3 ; normally , the outer tips of the pins 69 lie in the v - shaped apertures 71 as illustrated in fig3 . under this condition , the free motion zone , defined by the angle a , exists between the keys 57 and the keyways 59 . as discussed above , when the primary drive train fails for one reason or another , power is applied through the secondary drive train to flap actuators located beyond the point of failure . thus , one of the wing secondary torque tubes 29 becomes loaded at its outer end . this loading causes the main secondary torque tube shaft 25 to move with respect to the main bevel gear 41 through the free motion zone . the direction of relative movement , of course , depends upon the direction of rotary motion existing when failure occurs . in any event , when such relative movement occurs , the pins 69 are forced inwardly . the inward movement of the pins 69 causes the links 73 and 75 to articulate further upwardly against the force provided by the coil spring 81 . the further upward articulation of the link drives the actuator shaft 77 upwardly into contect with the actuator 99 to cause actuation of the micro switch 103 . the change in switch state created by this action is used to control a suitable indicator 104 connected to the switch 103 . the indicator , thus , provides an indication of primary drive train failure . the indicator can be visual or audio , as desired . fig4 , and 6 illustrate an alternative embodiment of the invention which comprises a worm gear 101 , driven by the main secondary torque tube 25 ( not illustrated ), and a worm wheel 103 driven by the worm gear . the worm wheel 103 rotates about a central longitudinal axis 105 coaxial with axis of rotation of the wing secondary torque tubes 29 , and is affixed thereto in a &# 34 ; free motion zone &# 34 ; manner . more specifically , the worm wheel 103 includes threaded collars 107 which project outwardly from either side , about its axis of rotation . coaxial with the axis of rotation of the worm wheel 103 , and passing through the worm wheel and the threaded collars 107 , is a central aperture 109 . the ends of the wing secondary torque tubes 29 are mounted in the central aperture 109 in a manner such that a free motion zone having a distance of movement , defined by an angle designated b ( fig5 ), is created . more specifically , as illustrated in fig5 the cross - sectional configuration of the central aperture 109 is such that it includes a pair of opposed keyways 111 within which lie keys 113 formed as in integral part of the ends of the wing secondary torque tubes 29 . the arcuate width of keyways 111 is substantially greater than is the arcuate width of the keys 113 . the free motion zone angle b is equal to one - half the difference between these arcuate widths . mounted on the threaded collars 107 of the worm wheel 103 are indicator control nuts 115 . formed in the peripheral outer ends 117 of the indicator control nuts 115 are spaced flanges 121 . the flanges 121 define a peripheral cylindrical aperture 119 . in addition , the outer ends of the indicator control nuts are formed such that they include central apertures which allow them to be spline connected to their associated wing secondary torque tubes 29 . the spline connection is formed in a manner such that relative rotational motion between the indicator control nuts and the secondary torque tubes is prevented ( fig6 ) while longitudinal movement therebetween is not prevented . mounted in each peripheral cylindrical aperture 119 defined by the spaced flanges 121 of the indicator control nuts 115 is a switch trigger element 120 . the switch trigger elements 120 are connected by arms 123 to switches 125 . as illustrated in the figures , the arms 123 can be moved either to the right or to the left . turning now to a description of the operation of the embodiment of the invention illustrated in fig4 - 6 ; normally , as described above , the wing secondary torque tubes 29 are idle i . e ., they are driven when the flaps are extended or retracted but do not apply power to the flap retractors . thus , the keys 113 lie generally in the center of the keyways 111 . when the primary drive train fails , the secondary drive train is required to power flap actuators located beyond the failure point . this requirement causes the free motion zone to be crossed in one direction or the other ( depending upon whether the flaps are being extended or retracted when the failure occurs ). crossing of the free motion zone causes one of the indicator control nuts 115 to move either outwardly or inwardly along its associated secondary torque tube 21 . this movement causes one or the other of the flanges 121 forming a portion of the thusly moved nut to impinge on the related switch trigger element 120 and move its attached arm 123 . this action changes the state of the associated switch 125 causing an indication to be provided . the indication may be audio or visual and indicates that a failure of a primary drive train has occurred . be selectively sensing the state of the two swtiches 125 , the side of the aircraft on which the failure occurred is readily determined . fig7 - 9 illustrate another alternative embodiment of the invention wherein power is transferred from the main secondary torque tube 25 to the wing secondary torque tubes 29 via a bevel gear coupling mechanism . a main bevel gear 131 is spline connected in a non - rotatable manner to the main secondary torque tube 25 . a threaded stud 137 projects outwardly from the main secondary torque tube 25 , and forms part of it . a washer 140 and a nut 141 are affixed to the outer threaded end of the stud such that the washer and nut prevent the longitudinal movement of the bevel gear 131 . the main bevel gear 131 meashes with second and third bevel gears 133 and 135 . the second and third bevel gear 133 and 135 are attached on a one - to - one basis , to the ends of the wing secondary torque tubes 29 in a free motion zone manner . more specifically , as illustrated in fig8 the tips of the wing secondary torque tubes 29 include integral keys 145 formed in an undercut region 143 . the integral keys 145 lie in keyways 147 formed in central apertures located along the axis of rotation of the second and third bevel gear 133 and 135 . the arcuate width of the keys is substantially less than is the arcuate width of the keyways 147 whereby a free motion zone , defined by the angle c ( fig8 ), is formed on either side of the keys 145 when they are centered in the keyways 147 . the key ends 143 of the wing secondary torque tubes 29 are substantially wider than the thickness of the second and third bevel gears 133 and 135 . tightly affixed to the tips of the wing secondary torque tubes are single lobe cams 149 . more specifically , as illustrated in fig9 the single lobe cams include central apertures 146 . the central apertures include keyways 148 equal in arcuate width to the width of the keys 145 formed in the tips of the wing secondary torque tubes 29 . thus , the single lobe cams 149 are affixed to the tips of the wing secondary torque tubes in a non - rotatable manner . as illustrated in fig9 the single lobe cams 149 include single lobes 151 . normally , these lobes are aligned . however , as will be better understood from the following description , when a primary torque tube failure occurs , the lobes become misaligned whereby one achieves the solid position illustrated in fig9 and the other achieves the dotted position . the arcuate misalignment is defined by an angle designated d . the embodiment of the invention illustrated in fig7 - 9 includes two switches 153 and 155 . each switch includes a cam follower 157 which is adapted to move upwardly and downwardly as viewed in fig7 as the single lobe cams 149 are rotated . each time a lobe 151 impinges on one of the cam followers 157 , it moves that cam follower upwardly . this action changes the state of its associated switch 153 and causes a pulse to be generated . the thusly generated pulses are applied to an asymetry detector 157 . turning now to a description of the operation of the embodiment of the invention illustrated in fig7 - 9 ; normally , both wing secondary torque tubes 29 are idle i . e ., regardless of whether they are rotating or non - rotating they are not applying power to any flap actuators . thus , the keys 145 are aligned in the keyways 147 and the cam lobes 151 are aligned . because the cam lobes are aligned , the switches 153 and 155 generate synchronous pulses . when the primary drive train fails , one of the wing secondary torque tubes 29 crosses an associated free motion zone c , as power is transferred from the main secondary torque tube 25 to the wing secondary torque tube 29 related to the failure location . crossing of one of the free motion zones creates a cam lobe misalignment . thus , the pulses generated by the switches 153 and 155 become asynchronous . this condition is sensed by the asymmetry detector 157 which in turn causes a suitable indication to be created on an indicator 158 connected to the asymmetry detector . as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art and others , the asymmetry detector can be designed such that it will perform a discrimination function i . e ., it will determine which of the wing flap control systems has failed , by sensing the leading / lagging nature of the received pulses . thus , not only is a failure indication provided , but an indication of the location of the failure is also provided by the invention . fig1 - 13 illustrate a further alternative embodiment of the invention wherein power is also transferred via a bevel gear coupling mechanism . the main bevel gear 161 is attached to the main secondary torque tube 25 in a free motion zone manner as hereinafter described . second and third bevel gears 163 and 165 are tightly splined in a non - relative rotational manner to the ends of the wing secondary torque tubes 29 about their axes of rotation . the main bevel gear meshes with the second and third bevel gears in a conventional manner . as best illustrated in fig1 , the main secondary torque tube 25 includes keys 167 located near its tip . the keys 167 lie in keyways 169 formed in a central aperture located in a collar 171 . the collar 171 forms an integral part of the main bevel gear 161 . the arcuate width of the keys 167 is substantially less than is the arcuate width of the keyways 169 whereby a free motion zone , defined by the angle e , is formed on either side of the keys 167 when they are centered in the keyways 169 . longidutinal movement of the main bevel gear 161 with respect to the main secondary torque tube 25 is prevented by a stud 173 , which projects outwardly , and a washer 177 and a nut 179 . the nut 179 is mounted on the stud 173 and presses the washer 177 against the collar 171 . located above the keyed end of the main secondary torque tube 25 , as viewed in fig1 , is a region 181 which appears to be in the shape of a &# 34 ; four leaf &# 34 ; clover ( fig1 ), when viewed in cross - section . thus , four equal spaced indentations 183 exist in this region . lying in each indentation 183 is the tip of a pin 185 . the pins extend outwardly along two orthogonal axes through an inner collar 187 . the inner collar 187 is integral with the main bevel gear 161 and located in the opposite side of the gear from keyway collar 171 . the pins 185 are undercut where they emerge from the inner collar 187 , when the pin tips lie in the indentations 183 . thus , each pin includes a shoulder . the center of a leaf spring 189 impinges on each such shoulder . the outer tips of the leaf springs 189 press against an outer collar 191 coaxial with and spaced from the inner collar 187 . thus , the leaf springs are adapted to press the pin tips into the indentations 183 . affixed to , or integrally formed with , the outer ends of the pins 185 are a pair of spaced flanges 193 . the spaced flanges rest against the outer surface of the outer collar 191 when the tips of the pins lie in the indentations 183 , and are each pinned by pins 193 to two outwardly diverging arms 195 and 197 . the arms in turn are pinned by pins 201 to flanges 199 attached to the elements of a four element split ring 203 . each of the elements of the split ring join their associated elements via a male / female junction 205 as seen in fig1 . the junctions lie between the diverging arms 195 and 197 . when the pin tips lie in the indentations 183 , the male portions 207 of the split rings lie entirely within the female portions 209 . this is the solid line state of the split ring illustrated in fig1 . pressing against the split ring 203 is a roller 211 which is connected by a flange 213 to an arm 215 adapted to coact with a switch contact or actuator 217 forming part of a switch 219 . turning now to a description of the operation of the embodiment of the invention illustrated in fig1 - 13 ; when the wing secondary torque tubes are not adapted to deliver power to the flap actuators ( i . e ., no failure exists ), the pins 185 lie in the indentations 183 , the split ring is collapsed ( solid line position - fig1 ) and the roller 211 is in its outer position ( solid line - fig1 ). when a primary drive train failure occurs , a free motion zone defined by the angle e is crossed . this action causes section 181 ( the four leaf clover section ) to rotate with respect to the main bevel gear 161 . this relative rotation forces the pins 185 outwardly against the force of the leaf springs . the outward movement of the pins 185 moves the split ring 203 outwardly i . e ., to the dotted line position illustrated in fig1 . the split ring movement , in turn , moves the roller 211 to its dotted line position , also illustrated in fig1 . movement of the roller moves the arm 215 against the switch contact or actuator 217 thereby changing the state of the switch 219 . the switch 219 state change in turn , controls an indication which provides an indication of the failure of the primary drive train . fig1 - 16 illustrate a final embodiment of the invention wherein power , is also transferred via a bevel gear coupling unit . a main bevel gear 231 is non - rotatably affixed , via keys and keyways , to the main secondary torque tube 25 . longitudinal motion between the main bevel gear 231 and the main secondary torque tube is prevented by an end locking arrangement comprising a stud 237 , a flat washer 239 and a nut 241 . the stud is part of , and extend outwardly from , the end of main secondary torque tube 25 . the washer and nut are mounted on the outer end of the stud and press the main bevel gear 231 against a shoulder 238 formed where the keys end . the wing secondary torque tubes 29 are keyed in a free motion zone manner to second and third bevel gears 233 and 235 , as illustrated in fig1 . that is , keys 243 are formed near the ends of the secondary torque tubes 29 . the keys 243 lie in keyways 245 formed in a central aperture located about the axis of rotation of the second and third bevel gears 233 and 235 . longitudinal movement of the second and third bevel gears 233 and 235 is prevented by lock rings 246 which coact with flanges 248 formed in the secondary torque tubes 29 in the region where the keys 243 start to form . as with the previously described embodiments of the invention , the arcuate width of the keys 243 is substantially less than is the arcuate width of the keyways 245 whereby a free motion zone , defined by an angle f , is created on either side of the keys 243 . a small set of keys 247 are formed in an undercut region 249 located in the outer tips of the secondary torque tubes 29 . the small keys 247 lie in keyways formed in flange plates 251 . the connection is such that the flange plates are prevented from rotating with respect to the secondary torque tubes . the flange plates are formed and located such that they face the second and third bevel gears 233 and 235 in a one - to - one relationship . the flange plates 251 are connected to their associated bevel gears 233 and 235 in a manner which allows a slight rotational movement therebetween to occur when the free motion zone defined by the angle f is crossed . more specifically , a plurality of springloaded bolts 253 , illustrated as four in number , pass through each flange / bevel gear combination . the springloaded bolts pass through circular holes 255 in the bevel gears and arcuate slots 257 in the flange plates 251 . the slots 257 are best illustrated in fig1 . the springloaded bolts 253 include heads 259 and semi - spherical washers 261 which lie in semi - spherical apertures formed in the outer sides of the flange plates 251 . in addition , semi - spherical washers 263 lie in semi - spherical apertures formed in the outer surfaces of the second and third bevel gears 233 and 235 . moving outwardly from the bevel gear semi - spherical washers 263 , along the length of the springloaded bolts , are found first flat washers 265 , coil springs 267 , second flat washers 269 and nuts 271 . the compression of the coil springs 267 , obviously , provides a force which tends to press the flange plates 251 toward their associated bevel gears 233 and 235 . located intermediate the springloaded bolts 253 are further arcuate slots 273 . the further arcuate slots 273 include center v - shaped regions 275 and are formed in both the bevel gears 233 and 235 and their associated flange plates 251 , in spaced aligned ( facing ) relationship . located in the further arcuate slots , normally in the center v - shaped regions , are ball bearings 277 . that is , under normal operation ( no failure of the primary drive train ), the ball bearings are centered in the further arcuate slots . upon failure of the primary drive train , flap actuator power is transferred from the main secondary torque tube 25 , through the bevel gear coupling to the wing secondary torque tube 29 related to the failure . this transfer of power causes the associated second or third bevel gears to cross its associated free motion zone and cause a misalignment between the second or third bevel gear and its associated flange plate 251 . this misalignment causes the ball bearings 275 to move out of one or both of the v - shaped slots of their related further arcuate slots and move the associated flange plate 251 and bevel gear apart against the force created by the coil springs 267 . when this movement occurs , the associated flange plate 251 , in turn , moves an arm 279 associated with one of two switches 281 . movement of the arm causes the switch state to change ( from closed to open or vice versa ). change of the state of the associated switch results in the creation of an indication that the primary drive train has failed . it will be appreciated from the foregoing description that the invention provides an uncomplicated method of and apparatus for detecting and indicating the failure of the primary drive train of a flap actuation system that includes primary and secondary drive trains . in general , when the primary drive train fails , a free motion zone is crossed . this crossing action is sensed and the data sensed is used to create an indication . thus , the indication is related to primary drive train failure . in addition , the data sensed can include location information i . e ., whether or not the failure occurred in the right or left wing . while preferred embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described , it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art and others that various changes can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . for example , while the keys have been illustrated and described as forming an integral part of their associated component , they could be separate items , if desired , as is well known to those skilled in the art . moreover , various other devices and apparatus , other than that described , can be used to attach the various gears to their associated torque tubes . hence , the invention can be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein .	8

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