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President Obama and Establishment Republicans are pushing for a trade deal with 12 mostly rogue communist Asian Nations called the Trans Pacific Partnership or TPP for short. However only 5 percent of this Treaty has to do with trade. The other 95% has to do with the SOPA and ACTA internet Censorship bill http://boingboing.net/2014/01/29/save-the-internet-stop-fast-t.html ending Generic Drugs as we know it by extending patents and raising prices heavily on brand name drugs http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2013/11/19/could-the-trans-pacific-partner... end MADE IN AMERICA on food products and services and allowing food to be made in Dictatorship countries like Vietnam with NO REGULATIONS on are food and now NO WAY OF TELLING IF THAT FOOD WAS MADE AND MANUFACTURED IN THE USA OR NOT http://www.wnd.com/2014/02/trans-pacific-partnership-free-trade-madness/ and so much more stuff that will end the Sovereignty of the United States of America as we know it. More information can be found about the Tran Pacific Partnership including the creation of NEW COURTS to make the US Constitution NULL AND VOID if the TPP is enacting and signed into law by President Obama who favors this Anti American an US Constitution violating trade treaty.
Now much of the Main Stream Media has been silent about the Trans Pacific Partnership because of the way it would undermined the US Constitution and the checks and balances that keep this nation from total dictatorship if you wish to believe that. However the Trans Pacific Partnership allows NEW COURTS that will make are US Constitution NULL AND VOID and send people to jail for protesting or linking a YOUTUBE VIDEO on this Libertarian forum PLEASE READ > http://www.thenewamerican.com/economy/item/16820-trans-pacific-partnership-takes...
Now Congress especially the Republicans want to use FAST TRACK or Trade Promotion Authority and what this does is removes power from Congress to regulate trade. So that means instead of the usual 67 votes in the Senate to ratify a trade treaty it would only take 51 votes to ratify this treaty in the senate and would take away the rights of the senate to filibuster or change this treaty so Congress is only allowing President Obama and the Corporations to rule and regulate this treaty which defies the US Constitution and takes away ALL SOVEREIGNTY and protections of the US Constitution to the American people and that is the danger of Trade Promotion Authority in regards to the Trans Pacific Partnership.
I urge you all to call Congress at 2022243121 and tell them NO TO THE TRANS PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP and NO TO TRADE PROMOTION AUTHORITY or FAST TRACK.
Please as well use this petition to send a message to the NEW FINANCE CHAIRMAN and the senator that blocked SOPA the last time Democrat Senator Ron Wyden of Oregon.
Last time Senator Wyden blocked the SOPA internet censorship bill in the Senate and now that he is the NEW FINANCE CHAIRMAN we are hoping he can do the same again to keep the internet open and free. Please sign this petition below to tell Senator Wyden HANDS OFF THE FREE AND OPEN INTERNET when it involves this TPP trade treaty where SOPA is being sneaked into this trade treaty. Facebook and Twitter this petition and the 3 others below where it involves the Trans Pacific Partnership and Trade Promotion Authority.
Please help keep the internet and are Country and it's Sovereignty free from lobbyist and rogue nations in mostly Asian Dictatorship countries from ruining the US Constitution and the rights of every American Citizen.
I agree with all this, but Congress has been ratifying treaties in an unconstitutional manner for quite some time now. If I remember correctly, NAFTA did not meet the constitutional two-thirds threshold.
I really don't like fearmongering and the facts dispute the fearmongering in this OP.
Article VI of the US Constitution contains the "Supremacy Clause" that establishes the US Constitution as the supreme law of the land. All laws and treaties made in "Pursuance thereof" are still subject to the authority of the US Constitution.
The United States will never lose it's "sovereignty" as the actual sovereignty of the United States is established by the individual sovereignty of the person in the United States. A nation's sovereignty is not established by "law" but instead is established by the individual sovereignty of the person living within the territory of the nation. The US Constitution merely protects our sovereignty.
The only problem I see related to this is the problem of "standing" related to who can challenge the treaty or law. We do have many laws (and treaties) that apparently can't be challenged because no one has "standing" to present a lawsuit. Of course if any person can show actual harm imposed by a law or treaty then then would have standing to file a lawsuit against it but it must be direct harm that is being caused for which the actions of the court can redress that harm. Standing is always an important issue in addressing the Constitutionality of laws and treaties.
But enough of the fearmongers. Presentation of legitimate objections is encouraged but to claim that the United States will somehow "lose it's sovereignty" is absurd fear-mongering that needs to be discouraged.
I really don't like fearmongering and the facts dispute the fearmongering in this OP.
Article VI of the US Constitution contains the "Supremacy Clause" that establishes the US Constitution as the supreme law of the land. All laws and treaties made in "Pursuance thereof" are still subject to the authority of the US Constitution.
The United States will never lose it's "sovereignty" as the actual sovereignty of the United States is established by the individual sovereignty of the person in the United States. A nation's sovereignty is not established by "law" but instead is established by the individual sovereignty of the person living within the territory of the nation. The US Constitution merely protects our sovereignty.
The only problem I see related to this is the problem of "standing" related to who can challenge the treaty or law. We do have many laws (and treaties) that apparently can't be challenged because no one has "standing" to present a lawsuit. Of course if any person can show actual harm imposed by a law or treaty then then would have standing to file a lawsuit against it but it must be direct harm that is being caused for which the actions of the court can redress that harm. Standing is always an important issue in addressing the Constitutionality of laws and treaties.
But enough of the fearmongers. Presentation of legitimate objections is encouraged but to claim that the United States will somehow "lose it's sovereignty" is absurd fear-mongering that needs to be discouraged.
When our Supreme Court decided to alter the most basic foundations of the U.S. by declaring that the government is Sovereign, not the People, and that the Supreme Court, not the People, has the power to decide what our Constitution means and how it will be applied, we lost our standing to challenge unconstitutional laws. Now, as subjects of a Sovereign government, we need permission from that government to access that Sovereign government's courts.The most fundamental actual harm is done when our government fails to follow the Constitution we created to limit the power of that government.John Jay, who helped fashion the Constitution and served as our first Chief Justice, held that any citizen has standing to challenge any law enacted by Congress as being unconstitutional, and that all questions as to the meaning of our Constitution must be referred back to the People to be decided. That's back when we were still Sovereign and the government was our servant. The good old days of Constitutional government in the U.S.
President Obama and Establishment Republicans are pushing for a trade deal with 12 mostly rogue communist Asian Nations called the Trans Pacific Partnership or TPP for short. However only 5 percent of this Treaty has to do with trade. The other 95% has to do with the SOPA and ACTA internet Censorship bill http://boingboing.net/2014/01/29/save-the-internet-stop-fast-t.html ending Generic Drugs as we know it by extending patents and raising prices heavily on brand name drugs http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2013/11/19/could-the-trans-pacific-partner... end MADE IN AMERICA on food products and services and allowing food to be made in Dictatorship countries like Vietnam with NO REGULATIONS on are food and now NO WAY OF TELLING IF THAT FOOD WAS MADE AND MANUFACTURED IN THE USA OR NOT http://www.wnd.com/2014/02/trans-pacific-partnership-free-trade-madness/ and so much more stuff that will end the Sovereignty of the United States of America as we know it. More information can be found about the Tran Pacific Partnership including the creation of NEW COURTS to make the US Constitution NULL AND VOID if the TPP is enacting and signed into law by President Obama who favors this Anti American an US Constitution violating trade treaty.
Now much of the Main Stream Media has been silent about the Trans Pacific Partnership because of the way it would undermined the US Constitution and the checks and balances that keep this nation from total dictatorship if you wish to believe that. However the Trans Pacific Partnership allows NEW COURTS that will make are US Constitution NULL AND VOID and send people to jail for protesting or linking a YOUTUBE VIDEO on this Libertarian forum PLEASE READ > http://www.thenewamerican.com/economy/item/16820-trans-pacific-partnership-takes...
Now Congress especially the Republicans want to use FAST TRACK or Trade Promotion Authority and what this does is removes power from Congress to regulate trade. So that means instead of the usual 67 votes in the Senate to ratify a trade treaty it would only take 51 votes to ratify this treaty in the senate and would take away the rights of the senate to filibuster or change this treaty so Congress is only allowing President Obama and the Corporations to rule and regulate this treaty which defies the US Constitution and takes away ALL SOVEREIGNTY and protections of the US Constitution to the American people and that is the danger of Trade Promotion Authority in regards to the Trans Pacific Partnership.
I urge you all to call Congress at 2022243121 and tell them NO TO THE TRANS PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP and NO TO TRADE PROMOTION AUTHORITY or FAST TRACK.
Please as well use this petition to send a message to the NEW FINANCE CHAIRMAN and the senator that blocked SOPA the last time Democrat Senator Ron Wyden of Oregon.
Last time Senator Wyden blocked the SOPA internet censorship bill in the Senate and now that he is the NEW FINANCE CHAIRMAN we are hoping he can do the same again to keep the internet open and free. Please sign this petition below to tell Senator Wyden HANDS OFF THE FREE AND OPEN INTERNET when it involves this TPP trade treaty where SOPA is being sneaked into this trade treaty. Facebook and Twitter this petition and the 3 others below where it involves the Trans Pacific Partnership and Trade Promotion Authority.
Please help keep the internet and are Country and it's Sovereignty free from lobbyist and rogue nations in mostly Asian Dictatorship countries from ruining the US Constitution and the rights of every American Citizen.
THANK YOU
unregulated food production like unregulated housing is a GOOD idea
price down quality up and customers naturally walk away from bad service
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Hemodynamic changes induced by laparoscopy and their endocrine correlates: effects of clonidine.
We investigated endocrine correlates of the hemodynamic changes induced by carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum (PNO). We then studied whether clonidine might modulate the hemodynamic changes induced by PNO by reducing release of catecholamines and vasopressin. Both mechanical and neurohumoral factors contribute to the hemodynamic changes induced by carbon dioxide PNO. Several mediators have been proposed, but no study has correlated hemodynamic changes with changes in levels of these potential mediators. We conducted two studies, each including 20 healthy patients scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. In the first study serial measurements of hemodynamics (thermodilution technique) were done during laparoscopy and after exsufflation. Plasma concentrations of cortisol, catecholamines, vasopressin, renin, endothelin and prostaglandins were measured at the same time points. In the second study patients were randomly allocated to receive 8 microg/kg clonidine infused over 1 h or placebo before PNO. Hemodynamics and plasma levels of cortisol, catecholamines and vasopressin were measured during PNO and after exsufflation. Peritoneal insufflation resulted in a significant reduction of cardiac output (18+/-4%) and increases in mean arterial pressure (39+/-8%) and systemic (70+/-12%) and pulmonary (98+/-18%) vascular resistances. Laparoscopy resulted in progressive and significant increases in plasma concentrations of cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine and renin. Vasopressin plasma concentrations markedly increased immediately after the beginning of PNO (before PNO 6+/-4 pg/ml; during PNO 129+/-42 pg/ml; p < 0.05). The profile of vasopressin release paralleled the time course of changes in systemic vascular resistance. Prostaglandins and endothelin did not change significantly. Clonidine significantly reduced mean arterial pressure, heart rate and the increase in systemic vascular resistance. Clonidine also significantly reduced catecholamine concentrations but did not alter vasopressin and cortisol plasma concentrations. Vasopressin and catecholamines probably mediate the increase in systemic vascular resistance observed during PNO. Clonidine before PNO reduces catecholamine release and attenuates hemodynamic changes during laparoscopy.
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Dal Tikki|Baked patty from leftover Dal
Lentils…there are possibly million ways to cook and relish lentils and India is a blessed country, with the sheer variety of lentils grown here, the number of way these get incorporated into our daily diet and the exhaustive combinations of meals that we can make, using split dried lentils or Dal….be it Chana dal, or urad dal, toor dal or humble yellow moong dal ( skinned and split Moong beans)
While Sindhis do use variety of legumes and pulses in their daily food, the yellow Moong Dal stays the favorite. Not only we cannot live without our Dal chaawal, but this dal is also used frequently for making stuffed parathas, fry dal etc.
This time when I cooked stuffed Dal paratha, there were some leftovers.So the leftover dal was put to good use by adding some chickpea flour and spices and making patties.These were baked instead of deep frying and hence a healthy way to consume leftovers, is now being shared with you all 🙂
I used one cup of leftover dal here. So that means 1 cup of cooked dal, which was not mushy. This is what we use to stuff parathas.To make 1 cup of such dal, just boil in an open vessel, 1/2 cup (or tad bit more, depends upon the quality of lentils used) with some salt, turmeric powder, 1-2 green chilly/ies, till tender. Drain out excess water if the dal is cooked before the water evaporates completely. For making parathas, the dal should be dry and fluff. But if you want to make dal tikki, its ok if the dal gets bit mushy, because anyways we are going to add bit of water for making patty.
Dal tikki is a lentil patty, made using leftover Moong Dal and mixed with chickpea flour and Indian spices, baked to make crispy savory snack.
Ingredients
1 cup Yellow moong dal (cooked )
3-4 heaped tbsp Chickpea flour (Besan)
Salt just a little
1small onion chopped
A pinch of Hing (asafoetida)
1 tbsp Cumin seeds
½ tsp Amchoor powder (optional)
Chopped coriander leaves 2-3 tbsp
Mint leaves 4-5 leaves (Optional)
1 tbsp of dried pomegranate seeds or Annardana (optional)
Water 2-3 tbsp more or less
Method
Take the cooked dal, which is cooled properly.Mix all the ingredients and add 2-3 tbsp of water to make a smooth dough like preparation.
Depending upon the consistency of dal you are using, you might need more or less water. The idea is to bring together all the ingredients, and you should be able to take a lump of this mixture and shape it in a patty.
If the dough is too tight, add some water, if too soft, add some more besan
Shape the remaining dough into small patties and arrange these on a greased baking tray maintaining some distance between each patty.
Brush some oil on the surface of each patty and grill/ bake till brown. I grilled these in Grill mode of my Microwave/convection oven for nearly 18 minutes.There wasn't any need to turn over and bake on another side of the patty. The cooking time and temperature may vary from Oven to Oven.)
I believe it’s first time I’m leaving comment here. U got wonderful collection of recipes. Moong dal tikki looks yum. All the things U r doing here with moong are done in my kitchen in almost similar way but with chana dal. But today I’m gonna give it a try with moong, never thought of using moong for tikkis but it will be done today. Will update U. Thanks for sharing the recipe.
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Telegraph banks on news man to reach younger market
Can Martin Newland find a way to get sales back above one million? By Glen Mutel
October 09, 2003
How long?
3-4 minutes
The Daily Telegraph is faced with a complicated challenge. It wants to win over young readers, yet it dare not do so at the expense of its core, conservative audience. Changes may well be needed, but any shift in content will have to be a subtle one. It's a very delicate task. So it's perhaps surprising that it has been entrusted to a man whose nickname is "Knuckles".
This week, Newland emerged from a five-month spell in the journalistic wilderness to pip the respective editors of The Spectator and The Sunday Telegraph to the job of The Daily Telegraph editor.
Newland is now working for The Telegraph's proprietor, Lord Black, for the second time in his career. The two began their working relationship in 1988, when Newland joined The Telegraph to work on the newspaper's diary column, Peterborough. He rose to home editor over the next ten years, before being whisked away by Black to Canada, to launch (as deputy editor) the country's second quality broadsheet, The National Post.
The unsuspecting Canadian newspaper industry was hit by Newland's dogged commitment to hard-hitting news. He now brings these values to The Telegraph, a newspaper that has, under its outgoing editor, Charles Moore, been accused of putting ideology before news, and, as a consequence, falling out of touch with many sections of the newspaper-buying public.
Its circulation recently slipped below the one million mark for the first time in more than a decade. Admittedly, the paper has drastically reduced its bulk sales figure over the past year, but this does not disguise the fact that The Telegraph appears to be in decline.
Newland disagrees, saying: "We are the market leader by a mile; we reach two million readers a day, ABC1, influential people. None of our broadsheet competitors can hold a candle to us."
The paper has also been hit by the advertising downturn. Some observers, such as the OMD managing partner, Tim McCloskey, argue that it suffered more than its rival broadsheets, The Times, The Guardian and The Independent.
"The Telegraph has been hurt very badly by the recession," he explains, "particularly in terms of recruitment advertising.
"The personal finance market has also been poor, so The Telegraph has really been hit by a double whammy."
Earlier this year, The Telegraph tried to address the issue of its ageing readership, with a redesign and relaunch. New sections were introduced, high-profile new recruits such as Irvine Welsh were drafted in, while outdated sections, such as the Peterborough column, were dropped.
It received mixed reactions. While some praised the Monday sports section and the new Saturday package, others criticised the redesign for not going far enough.
The relaunch was supported by a multimedia advertising campaign, which played on the fact that, having survived a price-led assault on its readership by The Times, The Telegraph remains, by some distance, the best-selling UK quality broadsheet.
Newland likes the advertising campaign. He says: "The 'bestseller' campaign is very strong. It cuts to the chase. It is the rock upon which our broadsheet detractors founder when they seek to make out that we are in decline."
The campaign, created by Clemmow Hornby Inge, featured a cast of 30- to 40-year-olds, a demographic not traditionally associated with the title. "The challenge for The Telegraph is that it needs to appeal to young urban customers," the CHI managing partner Johnny Hornby explains.
There's a credible argument that the paper's older readers are so set in their ways that it would be pretty difficult to alienate them.
McCloskey agrees that the paper's target must be younger, first-time readers. "Advertisers do like The Telegraph because it has an older, upscale readership, and whatever anyone tells you, these are the people who buy cars," he admits. "But it should be attracting 30- to 40-year-olds instead of 60- to 70-year-olds, because those buggers are all dying."
Newland says: "I hope to take readers from wherever I can get them. The Times is a sitting duck. The Daily Mail also has possibilities, being middle England and strong in news. Some of its readers might find us a good, if slightly less spittle-flecked, alternative."
Newland is not ruling out a tabloid-sized version of The Telegraph. It is a move that would attract female and Mail readers, and he is watching the progress of the smaller Independent keenly.
In the coverage of his appointment, many dailies pointed out the more obvious differences between Newland and his predecessor. Newland is big and brawny (hence "Knuckles"), he swears a lot and is also a lot more secretive about his own politics.
He takes over the reins of The Telegraph at a time when the days of a guaranteed circulation of one million are gone. However, his flair for using news, rather than ideology, to attract readers should stand him in good stead.
The Newland file
1986 Catholic Herald, reporter
1988 The Daily Telegraph, Peterborough columnist to home editor
1998 The National Post, deputy editor
2003 The Daily Telegraph, editor
If you have an opinion on this or any other issue raised on Brand Republic, join the debate in the Forum here.
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Q:
Git: Make auto-merge files into conflicted ones
I have a github repository that has some code. Another person forked that repository and cloned it. They changed some code. I want to replace all of my code with their code (accept all their changes). I've run
git pull -X theirs https://github.com/epicmanmoo/JavaStudyBuddies.git master
which works fine for conflicted files, it removes my code, leaving theirs.
The issue is it is only so for files with ===== >>>>> <<<< stuff in them (conflicted files).
The problem are files like Column.java which are not marked as conflicted.
Column.java:
package javastudybuddies.discordbots.entities;
public enum Column {
NAME("name", "name", "projects"),
DESCRIPTION("description", "description", "projects"),
STATUS("status", "status", "projects"),
COMPLETED("completed", "completed", "projects"),
DIFFICULTY("difficulty", "difficulty", "projects"),
TYPE("type", "type", "projects"),
USERNAME("username", "username", "users"), LEVEL("level", "level", "users"),
COUNTRY("country", "country", "users"), TIMEZONE("timezone", "timezone", "users"),
AGE("age", "age", "users"), IDSTRING("id_string", "id", "users"), TAGSTRING("tag_string", "tag", "users"),
GOAL("goal", "goal", "users"), TECH("tech", "tech", "users");
public final String databaseLabel;
public final String userLabel;
public final String table;
...
And in
https://github.com/epicmanmoo/JavaStudyBuddies/blob/master/src/main/java/javastudybuddies/discordbots/entities/Column.java
it's
public enum Column {
NAME("name", "name", "projects"),
DESCRIPTION("description", "description", "projects"),
STATUS("status", "status", "projects"),
TYPE("type", "type", "projects"),
COMPLETED("completed", "completed", "projects"),
DIFFICULTY("difficulty", "difficulty", "projects"),
USERNAME("username", "username", "users"), LEVEL("level", "level", "users"),
COUNTRY("country", "country", "users"), TIMEZONE("timezone", "timezone", "users"),
AGE("age", "age", "users"), IDSTRING("id_string", "id", "users"), TAGSTRING("tag_string", "tag", "users"),
GOAL("goal", "goal", "users"), TECH("tech", "tech", "users");
public final String databaseLabel;
public final String userLabel;
public final String table;
...
See the difference? In my version TYPE is the last, in his version TYPE is in the middle, so that doesn't even register as a merge conflict.
For debugging I've run the usual version of git pull (without -X theirs):
git pull https://github.com/epicmanmoo/JavaStudyBuddies.git master
That version, too, does this:
public enum Column {
NAME("name", "name", "projects"),
DESCRIPTION("description", "description", "projects"),
STATUS("status", "status", "projects"),
TYPE("type", "type", "projects"),
COMPLETED("completed", "completed", "projects"),
DIFFICULTY("difficulty", "difficulty", "projects"),
TYPE("type", "type", "projects"),
USERNAME("username", "username", "users"), LEVEL("level", "level", "users"),
COUNTRY("country", "country", "users"), TIMEZONE("timezone", "timezone", "users"),
AGE("age", "age", "users"), IDSTRING("id_string", "id", "users"), TAGSTRING("tag_string", "tag", "users"),
GOAL("goal", "goal", "users"), TECH("tech", "tech", "users");
public final String databaseLabel;
public final String userLabel;
public final String table;
and doesn't include the file in
git diff --name-only --diff-filter=U
(list of conflicted files)
while another file, say, ProjectsBot.java is marked as conflicted
and when I open it, I see this
<<<<<<< HEAD
public class ProjectsBot extends ListenerAdapter {
private enum Command {
=======
public class ProjectsBot extends ListenerAdapter {
private enum Command {
>>>>>>> b858d8ab9c06ee2645a0dda716d9b5e14a6db11d
CREATE_PROJECT("create project \"name\", \"description\", \"difficulty\""),
JOIN_PROJECT("join project 'name\"");
public final String syntax;
<<<<<<< HEAD
Command(String syntax) {
=======
Command(String syntax) {
>>>>>>> b858d8ab9c06ee2645a0dda716d9b5e14a6db11d
this.syntax = syntax;
}
}
So, my problem is, if not for files like Column.java,
git pull -X theirs https://github.com/epicmanmoo/JavaStudyBuddies.git master
would have been the ideal solution - it automatically accepts their changes and I can push them right away. Is there a way to make it work for files like Column.java? Make them look somewhat like this inwardly:
>>>>HEAD
NAME("name", "name", "projects"),
DESCRIPTION("description", "description", "projects"),
STATUS("status", "status", "projects"),
COMPLETED("completed", "completed", "projects"),
DIFFICULTY("difficulty", "difficulty", "projects"),
TYPE("type", "type", "projects"),
=====
NAME("name", "name", "projects"),
DESCRIPTION("description", "description", "projects"),
STATUS("status", "status", "projects"),
TYPE("type", "type", "projects"),
COMPLETED("completed", "completed", "projects"),
DIFFICULTY("difficulty", "difficulty", "projects"),
>>>>theircommit
so that the -X theirs option could replace everything above ===== with everything below it?
A:
The short answer is no, you can't do that.
The long answer is that you can do that, but you must write your own merge strategy: not just a merge driver, and not a strategy option like -X theirs, but a strategy like -s my-new-strategy, which will have Git invoke git-merge-my-new-strategy, which means you have to have a command spelled that way in your $PATH. Writing a strategy is very hard (one way to start would be to clone a copy of Git, and then copy the existing recursive strategy to a new one and write a bunch of new C code in your new strategy, using the recursive strategy as the starting point).
If there are not too many files involved, I would recommend instead using:
git checkout <branch>
git merge --no-commit <options> <commit-specifier>
then resolve each file manually, using whatever technique you find best. The --no-commit means that regardless of whether Git thinks the merge succeeded or not—with -X theirs it will usually think the merge succeeded—the merge will stop as if there had been conflicts, which lets you edit and git add files.
When you're all done—and it's useful to use git diff HEAD or git diff --cached HEAD now and then to compare what you have in the work-tree (first command) or index (second command) to the HEAD commit, to see what will be different in your final merge result—run:
git merge --continue
to commit the merge, or:
git commit
if your Git is too old to support git merge --continue. (The git merge --continue command just runs git commit, but makes there that there is a merge to commit before running git commit, so it acts as a check to make sure nothing else has gone wrong. For instance if you accidentally do a git reset while you're resolving things, you may have removed the merge state. In this case, the final git commit would just make an ordinary non-merge commit, instead of making a merge commit. That's recoverable too, but it's more annoying to fix it than it is to not make the mistake in the first place—so git merge --continue is a good thing.)
|
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"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Q:
Eloquent laravel 6
Estuve buscando la forma de hacer esta consulta con eloquent de laravel
SELECT * FROM `procedures` WHERE `service_id` = 1 AND (`sex` = 'male' OR `sex` = 'all')
No encontré así que solo por continuar con mis practicas lo hice de esta manera
\DB::SELECT("SELECT * FROM procedures WHERE service_id = $id AND (sex = 'male' OR sex = 'all')");
He intentado algunos métodos de la documentación pero no he podido dar con la solución
A:
Si usas Eloquent y tienes el modelo Procedure correspondiente, podrías hacer algo así:
Procedure::whereServiceId($id)
->where(function($q) {
$q->where('sex', 'male')
->orWhere('sex', 'all');
})->get();
En caso que no tengas el modelo, puedes hacerlo con el query Builder:
\DB::table('procedures')
...
|
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"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Are You Man Enough To Read This?
One of the things that disgusts me the most about our society today is the condition of manhood. Men are wimps. Men are perverts. Men are immature. Most of today’s men are the farthest thing from a biblical man as you can get. Even in our “churches.” This article was a challenge to me. Are man enough to read it? Enjoy
How to Honor Your Wife
“Marriage and Men” is, by far, our most popular sermon ever. Preached by Pastor Mark in March 2009 as the tenth part of the Trial series, it is based on 1 Peter 3:7. People know it colloquially for its tone, which is startlingly severe, but, as Pastor Mark says, it’s a sermon for the men and the tone specific for them. The following post is excerpted from that sermon, which was rereleased on the podcast this week as part of our Best of series.
Now, my tone is for the men. We speak to men differently than women. Were this a women’s conference, I would not call you all idiots and imbeciles and fools, that you’re a joke, okay? But you men, this is where it needs to go. You’ve been glad-handed and buddied up and positive thinking and you’re a winner and Jesus loves you and you can do better. And I’m telling you, you’re a joke. And the real men in the room know it and they see it. And maybe there’s one woman that you fooled and she doesn’t see it because like Eve, she’s deceived.
First Peter 3:7, here’s what he has to say:
“Likewise, ye husbands, dwell with them according to knowledge, giving honour unto the wife, as unto the weaker vessel, and as being heirs together of the grace of life; that your prayers be not hindered.”
In the previous verse, 1 Peter 3:6, he said that women, when it comes to marriage are prone toward, what? Fear. Fear. And you know what? Those fears that the women have about marriage are legitimate, they are.
If a woman marries a man, she’s trusting him with the rest of her life that he won’t hit her, cheat on her, that he’ll work hard, that he’ll pay the bills, that he’ll love their children, that he’ll finish the race well, that he’ll walk with Jesus ‘til the end, that if she gets sick, he’ll look after her, that if she is dying, he will be faithful to her.Gentlemen, it is a terrifying thing for a woman to trust a sinful man.
As a man, I don’t think I fully understood this until I had daughters, and now I have some understanding of that fear. The thought of taking one of my daughters and walking them down the aisle and handing them to a man and trusting that he will love them and protect them and serve them and care for them and look after them, it causes me fear, grave concern.
The women have legitimate fears and what Peter is saying is that men need to be a particular way so that those fears are alleviated. And I love his words, “in an understanding way, showing honor.” That’s a man. That’s a man. Now as I say this, many of you guys will nod your head and say, “Yeah, that’s me.” No, you’re not. So let me practically unpack this for you. Every man who hears this, even the best men among us, has areas of repentance and growth that are required. And so I want to talk to you men about some things that your woman will fear.
1. Honor your wife maritally.
What this means is, gentlemen, you’re not looking for a girlfriend if you are single. You’re not looking for a roommate. You’re not looking for a cohabitation partner. You’re looking for a wife. You’re looking for a wife. If he can’t even honor you while dating, that is when he is on his best behavior. I don’t care if he apologizes, does he repent and lead? Being sorry is not enough; being Christ-like is what is necessary. Ephesians 5:25, “Husbands, love your wives, even as Christ also loved the church, and gave himself for it.” Is he selfless or selfish? Does he give himself up for you or does he take from you?
When you get married, men, you are to be a one-woman man. That’s the requirement of an elder and that is the example for all men.
You’re not the flirt guy.
You’re not the female buddies guy.
You’re not the download porn guy.
You’re not the “I got another gal on the side I always keep in case of emergency” guy.
You’re not the wandering eye guy.
If you are, you’re not honoring marriage and you’re not honoring your wife. I know some complete fools, they like to take their wedding ring off when they go out to the sports bar with the boys. Do you honor your marriage covenant? Do you take responsibility as the head of the marriage covenant, take responsibility for the well- being of the woman?
See, a woman has great fear. If you don’t honor marriage, she is statistically going to go into poverty upon divorce. She will become yet another single mother. She’ll have to find a way to explain to the children of why they shouldn’t be embittered against you even though you’re a loser. See, these fears are very legitimate. See the women have seen this so many times that they’re fearful of men.
2. Honor her physically.
Peter says that the woman is the “weaker vessel.” What that means is that generally speaking, if a husband and a wife get in a fistfight, he’ll win. I’ll give you an example. Many of you have seen my wife, Grace. If we get in a fight, it’s not a fair fight. I have an 18-inch neck, she has an 18-inch waist. If someone breaks into our home, I’m not “Go get ‘em, baby. You’re the tough one here. I’ll pray. I’ll pray. I’ll pray. I’ll pray imprecatory prayers in the closet.”
You know what, gentlemen? You are stronger than your woman.
Do you ever hit her?
Do you ever shove her?
Do you ever push her?
Do you ever grab her, restrain her?
Do you ever raise a hand and threaten her?
Do you ever intimidate her with physical violence?Do you give her that look, that pierced, glazed, violent, angry, don’t-push-it-now’s-a-good-time-to-shut-up look?
Do you tell her, “I’m getting very angry, you should just shut up right now. It’s gonna go bad for you”?
Do you get right in her face?
Do you intimidate her with your presence?
Shame on you. A man who picks on a woman, what a joke. What a joke.
Have you ever forced yourself on a woman? You’re a rapist. You’ll say, “She’s my wife.” You’re a rapist.
You know, when someone is attacked, we call it abuse. As horrible as that is, what is even worse is torment. Torment is when you’re abused and you can’t get out. This is like prisoners of war and those who are held captive in slavery. For some women, their version of slavery and captivity and torment is called marriage. Their husband is physically intimidating. She’s afraid of him. She can’t leave, at least that’s what she thinks. She feels stuck, particularly if she’s got children. Some of you guys are tormentors and abusers and rapists and husbands and Christians, and that is absolutely inexcusable.
Most men don’t walk around thinking about their personal safety. I know a lot of women who do. Does she feel safe with you? Ladies, if you’re dating a guy who has ever been physically violent, run for your life, run for your children’s life, run for your grandchildren’s life. If he’s ever even threatened you with violence, there is something profoundly demonic in that man. There is something sincerely wrong in that man. He will then apologize, tell you he is sorry. He will shed a few tears, say it will never happen again and he will subtly shift the blame to you. “You know when you do that, it just makes me really angry. Don’t do that again.” “Oh, okay, it must be my fault.” It’s never your fault. It doesn’t matter what you say or do, if a man hits you, harms you, he’s in sin, no excuse.
And there are some guys, some absolute block-headed idiots who think when the Bible says that you’re the head of the home, that it means you get to be the bully. There’s nothing uglier than a guy who then takes this same disposition toward his children, especially his daughters. The grossest, vilest thing is a man who hits a woman, and the man who hits a woman is willing to hit his own daughter. It’s disgusting.
3. Honor your wife emotionally.
Some of you say, “I’m not emotional, I don’t connect.” You should. Men and women have the same emotions; they express them in masculine and feminine ways. Your wife needs intimacy. She wants you to know her. She wants to know you. She wants you to open up. She wants you to be passionate and loving and honest, and she wants to know you and she wants to be known by you. And the Bible says that Adam was with his wife, Eve, and he, what? He knew her. He knew her.
There are too many guys that turn marriage into a job description. He does his responsibility, she does hers, and there’s no emotional connection whatsoever. And see, those are guys whose sins are sins of omission. “I didn’t hit her, I didn’t yell at her.” Yeah, but you didn’t love her. You didn’t connect with her. You didn’t encourage her. You didn’t pursue her. So ultimately, you failed her.
4. Honor her verbally.
How do you speak to her? Do you have nasty nicknames for her? Do you raise your voice? Do you threaten her? Do you give back-handed comments? Some of you guys would say, “I would never hit a woman.” How about with your tongue? How about with your tongue? Not just speaking to your wife, but about her. Not just speaking to her in her presence, but speaking about her in her absence. When you wife is not there and you’re with the boys, how do you speak of her? What do you say about her? You know what? Your children will pick this up as well. You start saying horrible things about your wife, and the children will be left in this horrible position of choosing between their mother and father and invariably some of the children will despise their own mother and speak evil of her in an effort to remain loyal to their father. See a division in a marriage includes the children, they’re stuck in the middle. They’re casualties of the war.
You men could defuse this and take away this fear by honoring her verbally. Speaking honestly, respectfully, lovingly to her and about her. See, some of you guys, you forget. You say, “Well, Jesus isn’t there. My wife isn’t there. I get to say whatever I want.” No, Jesus is there even when your wife’s not there. God, see God hears everything. God sees everything. God knows everything, and you’re not getting away with anything.
5. Honor your wife financially.
“If a man does not provide for the needs of his family, he’s denied the faith and worse than an unbeliever.” There’s a verse. See, the woman’s curse was her children and submitting to her husband. The man’s curse was providing for his family. And what the weakest, most impish, worthless men among us do is “Oh, my load is heavy. I know yours is heavy, but I need you to carry half of mine too.” Men, you gotta work. You gotta work hard. You’ve gotta out-work the other men if you want to feed your family. That’s your responsibility as a man. If you want any men to respect you, if you want your wife to respect you, if you want your children to respect you, you pay the bills. You make the money, you feed the family.
We live in this day where there are guys telling their wives, “Hey, birth control, abortion,” “We can’t have kids,” “You make too much money,” “I don’t like responsibility.” Shame on you. There’s nothing sadder than a woman who loves Jesus and wants to be a mom, and the husband keeps saying, “I’m the head of the home, no.” What he’s saying is “I’m in charge and I command you to sin,” to deny all of your maternal instincts. Titus 2, “The woman should be homeward in her orientation.”
“We’re a culture that is working hard to protect women and children, and no one has the common sense to beat on the guys who are the cause of so much of the pain.”
And I know that some of you guys are gonna hear this. You’re gonna say, “Oh, but this is outdated.” Yes, and I would say look at the condition of marriages and families in our culture and ask if it’s working. The latest statistics, 40 percent of all children are born out of wedlock. It is now at the point where women aren’t even pretending they’re gonna ever get married. They go to college, get a good job, get pregnant, have a kid. They’ve lost any hope of ever finding a guy who can actually carry the load, and that’s tragic. We’re a culture that is working hard to protect women and children, and no one has the common sense to beat on the guys who are the cause of so much of the pain.
I know guys as well, they’re not generous. I know one guy, he’s such an idiot. This guy makes decent money and he’s totally chintzy with his wife. She gets no spending money, can’t go out to coffee with the girls ‘cause he’s a total control freak and tightwad. Be honoring of your wife financially, and I’m not saying you’re gonna live at this lavish and high level. But what I am saying is this: you live within your means, you make a budget, you tithe, spend, save, invest well. And I know it’s hard to live on one income. I know it’s hard. I know it’s particularly difficult in this economic climate, but for some of you boys, it’s a built-in excuse to be irresponsible.
Statistically as well, if you have children, and put them in day care so mom can work, the other costs that are associated, eating out, take-out, dry cleaning, car, second phone, cell phone, things of that nature, plus the increased tax breaks and costs and burdens… The truth is very rarely does a wife go out and get a job and contribute anything to the bottom line of the family. The taxes alone eat a huge portion of it. MSNBC did a big study on this years ago and they brought the data to the mothers who dropped their kids off at the day care. “You’re providing nothing to the income of the family,” and the women are bawling, having a nervous breakdown on television, saying, “Well, then why am I even going to work?” Good question, because that guy doesn’t even know how to run numbers on taxes. He’s not smart enough to find somebody to figure it out for him. He just says, “Put the kids in day care, get a job, shoulder half of my curse. Oh and by the way, I forgot to run the numbers, come to find it’s not really helping.” Honor her financially.
6. Honor her practically.
Some guys, the house is a wreck. It’s never finished. The furniture’s broken. The car hardly starts. They live far away from community. They don’t have a schedule. They don’t have a budget. They don’t have a plan. She doesn’t know what’s going on. The practical stuff of life, the guy’s just a zoo, just an absolute, disorganized, unplanned, throw-it-together-at-the-last-minute, hope-that-it- works nightmare. Honor her practically. Do you have a budget? Do you have a schedule? Do you have an integrated plan? Do you have a life?
7. Honor her parentally.
Gentlemen, your wife wants you to love the kids. She wants you to help raise them. She wants you to love them, to pursue them. She wants you to get guy time with the boys. She wants you to get daddy dates with the girls. She wants you to do Ephesians 6 and be their pastor. She wants you to read the Bible with ‘em. She wants you to pray with ‘em. And you know what? You should too.
A wife will be so forgiving of so many things if she actually knows that her husband desperately loves their children, that he serves them, that he cares for them, that he’s tender with them, that he’s Pastor Dad for them. So few children actually have a father. So few of those actually have a Christian father and how few of those actually have a dad who’s doing his job.
And I’ll tell you what, guys, this is not something you have to do; it’s something you get to do. This is wonderful. I mean every night, my daughter Alexie, blond hair, blue eyes, looks like Tinkerbell, “Poppa Daddy, I need a piggyback ride and a Bible story.” You know what? I do too. I need that as much as Alexie. I weep thinking of the day that I’m not gonna be giving her piggyback rides, so I give her as many piggyback rides as I can ‘cause it’s a great season and a wonderful opportunity.
What this means, gentlemen, is your priorities will be Christian, husband, father, employee. Those are your first four duties, it’ll take most of your life. You’re not gonna have a lot of time. Probably gonna need to put down your tools, your hobbies, your car, your projects, your golf clubs, your Xbox and probably going to need to put down the remote control and your laptop and your iPod to honor your wife parentally. You’re not gonna have a lot of time for a lot of other things. And gentlemen, your goal is not to stand before God and tell him what level you got to on “World of Warcraft.”
8. Honor her spiritually.
And all of this comes down to this point. There are between 11 and 13 million more Christian women than men. Many women go to church on their own. They have to drag their husband to church, they drag their children to church. It is your job, men, to lead spiritually. You pray with the family. You read the Bible with the family. You pick a good church, become a member of it, submit to it. You pick the community group or midweek class you will be in. You are the one to lead the family spiritually.
Some guys say, “Well, I don’t know what to do.” Just start by praying with your wife. There are women who will hear this sermon and deep down in their heart, this is what they want the most, “If my husband would just pray with me.” There are some of you guys, you pray with all kinds of people, you don’t pray with your wife. Do you pray with your wife? Do you pray with your kids? Do you read the Bible with your wife? Do you talk about Jesus with your wife? Do you talk about Jesus with your kids? Leading spiritually is the foundation of everything else.
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About Aaron
I am a born again child of God, a servant of Christ and seeker of His glory! I'm happily married to a wonderful wife. We have two precious daughters. After serving as Pastor of Iglesia Bautista El Faro in Dawsonville, GA for 4 years, God has now allowed me and my family to be missionaries in Colombia, South America. Follow our story at www.bemagnified.org
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
<?php
namespace Tests\TextAnalysis\Taggers;
use TextAnalysis\Taggers\StanfordNerTagger;
use TextAnalysis\Tokenizers\WhitespaceTokenizer;
use Mockery;
use TextAnalysis\Documents\TokensDocument;
/**
* Tests the stanford ner tagger
* @author yooper
*/
class StanfordNerTaggerTest extends \PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase
{
protected $nerPath = 'taggers/stanford-ner-2015-12-09';
protected $text = "Marquette County is a county located in the Upper Peninsula of the US state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the population was 67,077.";
public function testJarNotFound()
{
$tagger = new StanfordNerTagger("not_available.jar", "not available");
$this->expectException('RuntimeException', 'Jar not found not_available.jar');
$tagger->tag([]);
}
public function testClassiferNotFound()
{
if( getenv('SKIP_TEST') || !getenv('JAVA_HOME')) {
return;
}
$tagger = new StanfordNerTagger(get_storage_path($this->nerPath).'stanford-ner.jar', "classifier.gz");
$this->expectException('RuntimeException', 'Classifier not found classifier.gz');
$tagger->tag([]);
}
public function testTempCreatedFile()
{
$mockTagger = Mockery::mock('TextAnalysis\Taggers\StanfordNerTagger[exec,verify]', ['bogus.jar', 'bogus.classifier'])
->shouldAllowMockingProtectedMethods();
$mockTagger->shouldReceive('exec')
->andReturnNull()
->shouldReceive('verify')
->andReturnNull();
$mockTagger->tag((new WhitespaceTokenizer())->tokenize($this->text));
$this->assertFileExists($mockTagger->getTmpFilePath());
$this->assertEquals(138, filesize($mockTagger->getTmpFilePath()));
}
public function testStanfordNer()
{
if( getenv('SKIP_TEST')) {
return;
}
$document = new TokensDocument((new WhitespaceTokenizer())->tokenize($this->text));
$tagger = new StanfordNerTagger();
$output = $tagger->tag($document->getDocumentData());
$this->assertFileExists($tagger->getTmpFilePath());
$this->assertEquals(138, filesize($tagger->getTmpFilePath()));
$this->assertEquals(['Michigan','LOCATION'], $output[15], "Did you set JAVA_HOME env variable?");
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
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WHAT IS IT ABOUT?
It's Midsummer's weekend in Edinburgh. It's raining. Two thirtysomethings are sitting in a New Town bar waiting for something to turn up.
He's a failing car salesman on the fringes of the city's underworld and she's a high powered divorce lawyer with a taste for other people's husbands. She's out of his league and he's not her type at all. They absolutely should not sleep together. Ever. Ever.
Which is why they do.
Midsummer [a play with songs] is the story of Bob and Helena and a great lost weekend of bridge burning, car chases, wedding bust-ups, bondage miscalculations, midnight trysts and horrible hungover self loathing misery.
Featuring Cora Bissett and Matthew Pidgeon as the ill-advised love match, Midsummer is a quirky, charming love story by one of Scotland's leading playwrights, David Greig and top Edinburgh singer/songwriter, Gordon McIntyre of the band ballboy.
By providing information about entertainment and cultural events on this site,
TheaterMania.com shall not be deemed to endorse,
recommend, approve and/or guarantee such events, or any facts, views,
advice and/or information contained therein.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Curtains have been used as shading means in green-houses successfully a number of years. The green-house curtain, even called the shading web, has replaced this previous common lime painting of the glass surfaces of the green-house, but has also involved other advantages. Thus it can be assured that the fall of cold which occurs when the ventilator doors are opened is eliminated and a continuous ventilation and heat distribution is obtained. Besides, the shading fabric stops the sun shine which is let in through the open ventilator doors. As a result of this the supplying of nutritive liquid to the plants cultivation can be kept more regular and at a lower level, at the same time as the difficult and risky job with the lime painting of the glass surfaces and the removal of the paint can be completely eliminated. It is also important that the green-house curtain is movable, i.e. that it is rollabel and drapable, so that in a simple way it can be pulled across or aside for regulating the inlet of light, at the same time as it when it is rolled up or draped does not require any considerable space.
The high costs for heating green-houses have enforced demands for a better heating insulation, and these wall linings with different type of foils alone or together with ceiling covering of a shading web, which are used up to now, gave almost unassuming heat savings. This mainly depends on the fact that the insulating efficiency of these materials are low.
Insulating is needed on different situations
(a) for strong radiation of sun (field of wave lengths 300-2.800), PA0 (b) for low radiation during cold days to get a "positive balance of energy", i.e. the losses of heat are much higher than the profits of radiation during day time (windy, cloudy and cold days), PA0 (c) the convection losses at night, PA0 (d) heat losses by radiation at nights PA0 (e) ventilating losses at night PA0 (f) condensation losses at night PA0 (g) combination of the above
To manage the above demands conventional textile material are not sufficient.
It is necessary to on one hand use materials which are transparent and/or reflecting for sun light and on the other hand materials which are highly reflecting or low emitting for long wave radiation. The combination of these qualities is not to find in textile materials, but in foils.
A foil is however not suitable for the purpose since it is diffusion proof, gathers water pockets, fractures, decays by sun light and is very stiff for being/draped, which is the established way to apply the fabric in a green-house. Condensing drops are besides formed on the inside, which can not be allowed.
The De-A-2836375 describes a crocheted fabric consisting of a net lik yarn structure, in the open net loops of which are laid strips of a flexible material, for example plastic foil strips. The purpose of this technique is to achieve a greater richness of variation as regards the pattern of the fabric. Thus it is possible to use foil paths with imprinted patterns which before the introduction into the crocheted goods are cut out to strips, so that the completed goods shows the same pattern as the foil path, but optically is open-worked by the textile threads. Such a crotcheted article suits for decoration purposes, such as for curtains in which the main purposes is to be decorative, but can not be used as green-house curtains, since the foil strips are arranged with relatively large spaces therebetween and therefore would allow convectional air streams, radiation and condensing water to pass through the fabric. Furthermore the connection between the foil strips and the textile connecting threads is not such that the relativly smooth strips are fixed against displacement.
Through the Swedish patent publication No. 8001544-9 it is known to design a green-house curtain as an insulating fabric, which between the double parallel textile paths strips of a heat radiation reflective material have been placed. This double insulating fabric has certainly a very good insulating effect and reflecting efficiency, but as it requires double textile paths, which through a special arrangement are connected with each other, the manufacturing price becomes relativly high at the same time as the double paths at the rolling, draping or bringing together sideways requires a relatively large space.
It is also known through the Swiss patent No. 138000 to use metal foil strips for textile purposes, said strips being used in order to bring about effects of applied industrial art, such as through using the strips in twisted form or through wrapping up them about a yarn.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
John James Nolan
John James Nolan (28 December 1888 – 18 April 1952) was an Irish physicist who served as President of the Royal Irish Academy from 1949 to 1952.
He was born near Omagh, County Tyrone and educated at University College Dublin. After graduation in 1909 he carried out research in the Physics Department under Professor John A. McClelland on the electrical charge of rain. He was awarded D.Sc in 1917.
In 1914, he married Hannah "Teresa" Hurley from near Bantry, in County Cork. The couple had five sons, one of whom died at the end of World War II. He was an uncle of abstract painter Evin Nolan.
In 1920, he succeeded McClelland as Professor of Experimental Physics, guiding research into atmospheric electricity and aerosols. Together with his brother, Patrick J. Nolan, and their students, they studied ionization, equilibrium and the relationships of small and large ions in the lower atmosphere. He also, with V. H. Guerrini, developed in 1935 the diffusion battery for measuring the size of aerosol particles.
When the School of Cosmic Physics was established at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies in 1947, John J. Nolan was appointed as its inaugural Chairman. He served until his death in 1952, and was succeeded in this position by Ernest Walton.
In 1950, Nolan successfully nominated Cecil Powell for the Nobel Prize in Physics. Five year earlier, he had nominated Patrick Blackett, who became a Nobel laureate in 1948.
In 1920, he was elected a Member of the Royal Irish Academy, becoming Secretary in 1923 and President from 1949 to 1952. He was also Registrar of University College Dublin from 1940 until his death. In 1952, he died while lecturing a large class at UCD in Earlsfort Terrace. He was succeeded as professor of physics at UCD in 1953 by his former student T. E. Nevin, whose M.Sc. thesis under Nolan was on “The Effect of Water Vapour on the Diffusion Coefficients and Mobilities of Ions in the Air,”
References
External links
Professor J. J. Nolan by P. J. MacLaughlin, Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, Vol. 41, No. 163/164 (Sep-Dec, 1952), pp. 317-322
Category:1888 births
Category:1952 deaths
Category:People from Omagh
Category:Irish physicists
Category:Alumni of University College Dublin
Category:Members of the Royal Irish Academy
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Q:
Can java private data members be accessed from outside the class?
Possible Duplicate:
Is it possible in Java to access private fields via reflection
Is there any way so that we can call the private data members of a class in java, can be accessed outside the class.
I want this for a tricky question banks.
As much my java experience i think this is possible, but i don't know how to do it.
A:
1) You can do it with reflection, if SecurityManager allows
class B {
private int x = 2;
}
public class A {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Field f = B.class.getDeclaredField("x");
f.setAccessible(true);
f.get(new B());
}
}
2) in case of inner classes
class A {
private int a = 1;
class B {
private int b = 2;
private void xxx() {
int i = new A().a;
};
}
private void aaa() {
int i = new B().b;
}
A:
As per the java language specification, 3rd edition:
6.6.8 Example: private Fields, Methods, and Constructors
A private class member or constructor is accessible only within the body of the top level class (§7.6) that encloses the declaration of the member or constructor. It is not inherited by subclasses.
You can use reflection in java to access private fields. Ideally, you should be using public setters and getter methods to access such data from outside the class (as others have posted)
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
West Hempstead, New York
West Hempstead is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in Nassau County, New York, United States. The population was 18,862 at the 2010 census. West Hempstead is an unincorporated area in the Town of Hempstead and is represented by Councilman Edward Ambrosino.
History
West Hempstead first appeared on maps as the name of a Long Island Railroad station in 1893. There are 3 railroad stations within its borders: West Hempstead, Hempstead Gardens, and Lakeview. The line continues to Valley Stream where it joins the Babylon Branch. Halls Pond Park, the main park within West Hempstead, was dedicated by Nassau County in 1961. The smaller Echo Park contains a public indoor pool. Its name is derived from the community's first four little league teams: Eagles, Cardinal, Hawks, and Orioles. In 1956, the West Hempstead Public Library was founded and chartered by the State in 1967. Its present 28,000 square-foot facility was completed in 2007.
In 2001, residents of West Hempstead held a nonbinding referendum on renaming the community. The vote followed a two-year effort by the West Hempstead Civic Association and the West Hempstead Chamber of Commerce to give the community a unique name, distancing itself from the neighboring and urbanized Hempstead. By a 94-vote margin, West Hempstead retained its name over the proposed Mayfair Park.
West Hempstead is easily accessed from the Southern State Parkway at Exit 17N.
The West Hempstead Union Free School District currently operates 5 schools; 1 kindergarten, 2 elementary, 1 middle school and 1 high school.
Geography
West Hempstead is located at (40.696409, -73.652522). It lies on a gently sloping terrain between the Hempstead Plains and the Atlantic Ocean. Pine Stream runs through the center of West Hempstead, feeding into Halls Pond. The community is bound on the east by Hempstead Lake State Park and on the south by the Southern State Parkway.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and (3.64%) is water.
Demographics
2010 Census
As of the 2010 2010 Census, there were 4,867 families residing in the West Hempstead Census Designated Place (CDP) and the population density was 7,039.1 per square mile (2,716.2/km²). There were 6,110 housing units at an average density of 2,298.3/sq mi (886.9/km²).
There were 6,024 households out of which 38.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.3% were married couples living together, 11.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.2% were non-families. 15.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.09 and the average family size was 3.47.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $97,627 and the median income for a family was $102,481. Males had a median income of $52,391 versus $39,871 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $32,732. About 2.4% of families and 3.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.4% of those under age 18 and 3.4% of those age 65 or over.
2017 ACS
As of the American Community Survey of 2013-2017, there were 19,841 people in 6,148 households. The racial makeup of the CDP was 70.8% White, 12.8% African American, 0.5% Native American, 9.5% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 11.3% from other races, and 4.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 20.3% of the population.
In the 2017 ACS, the CDP population was spread out, with 23.4% under the age of 18 and 14.8% age 65 or older. The median age was 40.3 years.
The CDP is 5.1% people under age 5, 5.8% people age 5–9 years old, 7.9% people age 10–14 years old, 7.3% people age 15–19 years old, 7.0% people age 20–24 years old, 11.8% people age 25–34 years old, 11.1% people age 35–44 years old, 16.5% people age 45–54 years old, 7.2% people age 55–59 years old, 5.6% people age 60–64 years old,, 8.1% people age 65–74 years old, 4.1% people age 75–84 years old, and 2.6% people age 85 or older.
In 2017, the West Hempstead CDP population had an approximately even number of males (9,922) and females (9,919). However, there is nuance to this data: for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.2 males, and for every 100 females age 65 or over, there were only 65.7 males.
West Hempstead, along with adjoining Franklin Square has a sizable Orthodox Jewish population that counts seven synagogues and the Hebrew Academy of Nassau County elementary school among its local institutions.
Notable people
Devon Cajuste, National Football League tight end, lived in West Hempstead.
Nathan Englander, American short story writer and novelist, was born and raised in West Hempstead.
Kalomoira, popular Greek singer, was born in West Hempstead.
Lucien Laurin, award-winning horse trainer and Belmont Stakes champion, lived in West Hempstead.
Don McPherson, former National Football League quarterback, went to West Hempstead High School.
Mark Mendoza, bassist of Twisted Sister, was born and raised in West Hempstead.
Andrew Stewart, former National Football League lineman for the Cleveland Browns, attended West Hempstead High School.
Walt Whitman, American poet, essayist and journalist, was the headmaster of the West Hempstead-based District 17 Schoolhouse.
Orville Wright, Inventor of powered flight, lived in West Hempstead in the early 1930s.
Joseph J. Sarcona, coached West Hempstead's Little League team to Long Island's first Little League World Series Championship, in 1962.
Local activities
The West Hempstead Chiefs Soccer Club has girls and boys teams at both the intramural level and the Long Island Junior Soccer Leavue travel division level.
The New York Equestrian Center, Horse Riding & Boarding has horse trails and riding lessons.
Hempstead Lake State Park
West Hempstead Community Support Association
West Hempstead Lions Club
West Hempstead Chamber of Commerce
West Hempstead Kiwanis Club
Boy Scout Troop 240
References
Town
Category:Census-designated places in New York (state)
Category:Hempstead, New York
Category:Census-designated places in Nassau County, New York
|
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|
Q:
How to cycle through colors in a plot for each iteration of a for loop
I am trying to run a for loop that cycles through colours for each iteration of a for loop. I am finding similar questions that cycle through colours but not one that is dependent on a particular for loop. I provide some links below:
How to pick a new color for each plotted line within a figure in matplotlib?
matplotlib.cycler
Color cycler demo
My code is for a simple random walk
# Parameters
ntraj=10
n=20
p=0.4
# Initialize holder for trajectories
xtraj=np.zeros(n+1,float)
# Simulation
for j in range(ntraj):
for i in range(n):
xtraj[i+1]=xtraj[i]+2.0*np.random.binomial(1,p)-1.0
plt.plot(range(n+1),xtraj,'b-',alpha=0.2)
plt.title("Simple Random Walk")
I would like to create a line with a different colour for each j. I apologize if the answer is obvious. I am a novice at python.
A:
As it is now, new colour will be taken for each line. If you want to limit choices and loop through a list you can use itertools.cycle:
from itertools import cycle
colours = cycle(['red', 'green', 'blue'])
# Simulation
for j in range(ntraj):
for i in range(n):
xtraj[i+1]=xtraj[i]+2.0*np.random.binomial(1,p)-1.0
plt.plot(range(n+1),xtraj,'b-',alpha=0.2, color=colours.next())
A:
I added a list of colors. I'm pretty sure they can be RGB or Hex. Then inside the j loop the color will switch to the next index.
colors = ['b','g','r','c','m','y']
# Parameters
# Simulation
for j in range(ntraj):
color = colors[j % len(colors)]
for i in range(n):
xtraj[i+1]=xtraj[i]+2.0*np.random.binomial(1,p)-1.0
plt.plot(range(n+1),xtraj,"{}-".format(color),alpha=0.2)
plt.title("Simple Random Walk")
A:
Choose any colour palette you like from matplotlib.cm
Try:
# Parameters
ntraj=10
n=20
p=0.4
colors = plt.cm.jet(np.linspace(0,1,ntraj))# Initialize holder for trajectories
xtraj=np.zeros(n+1,float)
# Simulation
for j in range(ntraj):
for i in range(n):
xtraj[i+1]=xtraj[i]+2.0*np.random.binomial(1,p)-1.0
plt.plot(range(n+1),xtraj,'b-',alpha=0.2, color=colors[j])
plt.title("Simple Random Walk")
|
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"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
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|
"We have reached the limit. People are tired of making sacrifices because you don't see any improvement whatsoever. Quite the opposite." Marina Padeiro, 36, is one of Portugal's estimated 1.3 million unemployed – a number that has shot up in the past year and a half, as a result of the stinging austerity measures imposed on the country in exchange for a €78bn (£62bn) bailout.
Sitting in a café in the northern industrial belt of Lisbon, she shrugs. "If there was some sort of hope you may see a decent future … the problem is they are not showing it to us." Her father, a retired lorry driver, says the evidence is on the streets. Out here – far from the capital's pretty, cobbled centre, which still attracts tourists – shops are closed up for good, or open only sporadically.
Marina has been out of work for three years. In 2009, the insurance company she worked for said it would not renew her contract "because of the crisis", one month before she gave birth to her second child. "It was like taking the carpet from under my feet." The family now gets by on €600 a month, their diet supplemented by carrots, onions and fruit from her father's allotment.
She is not the only one to have reached her limit. Two weeks ago, hundreds of thousands marched in the streets of Lisbon and other cities across the country, in the biggest protest since the end of the dictatorship in 1974. The demonstration forced the prime minister into an embarrassing U-turn over social security reform – one of the first times a government tied into austerity as part of a bailout programme responded so decisively to popular revolt.
On Saturday, demonstrators will gather again to march against the spending cuts they believe have pushed their country deeper into recession. Meanwhile, workers have downed tools in protest over changes to working regulations. At Lisbon's usually busy port this week, the cranes were still, the containers stacked high and the lorries parked up, as dock workers staged one of a series of strikes taking place over a five-week period. Graffiti around the town calls for an end to the cuts, a general strike, and even revolution.
The Portuguese are seen to be mild-mannered and accepting compared with their hot-headed Spanish neighbours but, as one trade union veteran noted drily: "We had a revolution, the Spanish had a transition from dictatorship."
Pedro Marques, a politician in the opposition Socialist party, sits on the cross-party budget committee and works with the "troika" – the European Central Bank, the EU and the International Monetary Fund – that bailed out Portugal on condition that it follow a strict programme of budgetary discipline. He wonders how they will respond to the protests in the country previously held up as a poster child for austerity.
"We had that huge demonstration but a week after you had the demonstration in Spain where everyone was arrested. I don't know what impresses the troika more, what is more a sense of despair. We are calm, we abide by the law, but 1 million people in the streets, it is 10% of our population. If they don't see this is a country rising against this approach, what kind of message do we have to give?"
The number of protesters is disputed but, in many ways, the message from Portugal could not be clearer. The rightwing coalition imposed austerity with almost religious zeal. It cut wages, raised taxes, privatised state-owned companies and overhauled labour laws. But still the deficit stays stubbornly high, while the country has sunk into the worst depression since the 1970s.
Many of the measures simply backfired. In January, for example, the government raised VAT in restaurants from 13% to 23%, hitting sales and therefore tax revenues almost immediately. What was previously a regular outing for many became far too expensive for a population that had seen its wages cut. Restaurant owners can now be seen staring mournfully out of empty glass-fronted dining rooms as potential customers hurry past.
Local manufacturers also suffered. Portuguese companies sell almost 70% of their goods to domestic consumers, many of whom no longer have the money for non-essential items. As companies went bust or sales slumped, so did the government's tax receipts.
But the rise in unemployment has been the most shocking. Official figures put the jobless rate at 15.7% but that only accounts for those registered with job centres. Portugal's largest union, the CGTP, says many have given up looking for work and the jobless rate is over 20%, or 1.3 million. That puts a further strain on the public finances, as those who have never been on benefits before become reliant on the state. As a result, many of the savings made through austerity have been wiped out. What's more, Portugal is far from growing its way out of the deficit, with the economy expected to shrink by 3% this year, and another 1% next year.
Marques says: "It's so clear now. In the case of Greece they said that they were not fulfilling their responsibilities. In Portugal they say that we are fulfilling them, but the recession is here anyway. So it is not a problem of the way [austerity is imposed], it is also a problem of the general approach." His Socialist party signed up to the troika agreement but says it would implement it less harshly and would promote growth at the same time. Marques admits it is a good time to be in opposition.
Even outside the mainstream political parties, few are calling for Portugal to default on its debts and drop out of the euro. Over at the offices of the CGTP, there is a buzz ahead of the demonstration. The phones are down and email is not working. "This always happens before a big protest," says one member conspiratorially.
Augusto Praça, international secretary of the union, explains their position. "If you put the question to leave or not to leave the euro, you don't resolve the problem." He says it is a false choice facing the Portuguese, the equivalent of asking someone if they want to die this way, or that way. "You say no, I don't want either. In this crisis, I think there is another way that they are not putting on the table." The CGTP has proposed a package of measures to increase taxes on capital, rather than employees. One of its suggestions is a financial transactions tax of 0.25%, which it says would raise €2.38bn a year.
Praça seems to epitomise the Portuguese reserve. Although apparently a firebrand union leader, he is softly spoken, with a calm, determined manner. The only time he shows a flash of anger is when asked if he feels sorry for the prime minister, Pedro Passos Coelho. "He is a liar," he retorts. "He promised many things he didn't do. He wouldn't raise taxes, wouldn't change salaries, wouldn't create any VAT increases. Nobody believes him today."
There is a sense of complete distrust in politicians from across the political spectrum. During the protests, people chanted "thieves" at the presidential palace and a taxi driver joked that he would take me to "where the burglars are", when asked for the parliament building.
Tucking into a plate of sushi in a restaurant opposite the gleaming white Assembleia da República, Marques agrees that people are fed up with politicians. "It is a worrying situation, of course. I think that people elect politicians to get their problems resolved. And for about a decade people have seen almost no positive result from political activity. It is too much time with no clear response to their problems." But he hails the fact that Portugal has no real far-right party. The extreme left, although strong, is some way from gaining power.
For the time being, it seems that Passos Coelho has averted a political crisis by ceding to the demands of the last protest. The demonstration was triggered by a badly thought-out, badly communicated policy, which met with almost universal opposition. Passos Coelho had proposed to raise employees' social security contributions from 11% to 18% of salaries – equivalent to the loss of a month's pay each year – while cutting the same tax for companies by almost 6%. The idea was to cut employers' costs and make them more competitive. But it was a gift to the unions who immediately claimed the government was "robbing workers to pay their bosses".
Even the employers' federations opposed it, saying it would damage morale and further strangle the economy. Sérgio Silva, 41, who runs his own taxi company, put it bluntly. "If this happens, my worker says, 'Boss you are very lucky, now you will go to the whorehouse with my money.' But actually my clients will disappear."
The question now is whether that protest marked a line in the sand; whether this is the point where the mild-mannered Portuguese say enough is enough. Back in Vialonga, Marina's father thinks, if it has not arrived already, that moment is close. "The thread is pulled very taut at the moment," he says. "It may break very easily – and very quickly."
|
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"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
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// Karma configuration file, see link for more information
// https://karma-runner.github.io/1.0/config/configuration-file.html
module.exports = function(config) {
config.set({
basePath: '',
frameworks: ['jasmine', '@angular-devkit/build-angular'],
plugins: [
require('karma-jasmine'),
require('karma-chrome-launcher'),
require('karma-jasmine-html-reporter'),
require('karma-coverage-istanbul-reporter'),
require('@angular-devkit/build-angular/plugins/karma')
],
client: {
clearContext: false // leave Jasmine Spec Runner output visible in browser
},
coverageIstanbulReporter: {
dir: require('path').join(__dirname, '../../../coverage/ngneat/helipopper'),
reports: ['html', 'lcovonly', 'text-summary'],
fixWebpackSourcePaths: true
},
reporters: ['progress', 'kjhtml'],
port: 9876,
colors: true,
logLevel: config.LOG_INFO,
autoWatch: true,
browsers: [process.env.CI ? 'ChromeHeadless' : 'Chrome'],
singleRun: process.env.CI,
restartOnFileChange: true
});
};
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Q:
Simple DFA using the State Monad
I've been getting to grips with some Monads in Haskell recently, and to get some practice I plucked a Mealy Machine out of thin air and decided to implement it using the State Monad (it's a simple machine and a simple implementation, don't worry).
The input is a string of characters from +, -, n, e.
+, "plus". Output a 1,
-, "minus". Output a -1.
n, "toggle negated". Until "toggled off", flip the sign of the output from + or -.
e, "toggle enabled". Until "toggled back on", output 0 from + or -.
The output is just a sequence of the same length as the input, containing 1, 0, and -1s as outputted by the DFA. In the code below, the output is actually the sum of this sequence, acting as a quick checksum. All states are accepting states.
For example, an input of +-n+-e+e+ would result in [1, -1, 0, -1, 1, 0, 0, 0, -1].
To unambiguously define the behaviour, here's a pretty messy state transition diagram:
If "posate" (as the opposite of negate) isn't a word already, it is now!
The transitions are labelled with the "english name", the symbol used to represent this transition, and the "output" from the machine. All states are accepting states, I left out the conventional double rings.
At last, the code:
import Control.Monad.Trans.State.Lazy
import Control.Monad (foldM)
data Input = Plus | Minus | ToggleNegate | ToggleEnabled
type Emission = Integer
type Accum = [Emission]
type Output = [Emission]
type Negated = Bool
type Enabled = Bool
toInput :: Char -> Input
toInput '+' = Plus
toInput '-' = Minus
toInput 'n' = ToggleNegate
toInput 'e' = ToggleEnabled
toInput _ = error "Invalid input representation"
-- Determine new state of state machine along with transition emission
step :: (Negated, Enabled, Input) -> (Negated, Enabled, Emission)
step (n, e, ToggleNegate) = (not n, e, 0)
step (n, e, ToggleEnabled) = (n, not e, 0)
step (n, False, i) = (n, False, 0)
step (n, e, Plus) = (n, e, if n then -1 else 1)
step (n, e, Minus) = (n, e, if n then 1 else -1)
-- Helper function for "evaluate"'s foldM
mapEmissions :: Accum -> Input -> State (Negated, Enabled) Output
mapEmissions accum input = do
(negated, enabled) <- get
let (negated', enabled', emission) = step (negated, enabled, input)
put (negated', enabled')
return (accum ++ [emission])
-- Process an input string and return the result
-- (False, True) is the start state: (not negated, enabled)
evaluate :: [Input] -> Output
evaluate inputs = evalState (foldM mapEmissions [] inputs) (False, True)
-- Convenience function for output formatting
shouldEqual :: String -> Integer -> IO ()
shouldEqual input expected = do
let actual = (sum . evaluate . map toInput) input
putStrLn $ "Expected " ++ show expected ++ ", got " ++ show actual ++ ": " ++ input
main :: IO ()
main = do
"+-n--n" `shouldEqual` 2
"+e----e++" `shouldEqual` 3
"-n++e++e--+-n++" `shouldEqual` 1
Code online here.
I'm happy to hear any and all critiques and advice, but in particular:
Am I using the State monad idiomatically? Can I write any bits of code more elegantly?
Is this an appropriate use for this monad? This isn't a particularly complex task, but I feel like it makes passing around the DFA's state simpler.
Thanks for taking the time to read, and Happy New Year!
A:
Use traverse instead of foldM + accumulate
In a fold, you usually use a function that reduces (or folds) your input into a single result. You, on the other hand, use fold mapEmissions to create a list from an input list. Both lists will have the same number of elements. That's not a fold. That's a map.
So first of all, let's use traverse instead of foldM:
evaluate :: [Input] -> Output
evaluate inputs = evalState (traverse emit inputs) (False, True)
Next, let's figure out how emit should look like:
emit :: Input -> State (Negated, Enabled) Emission
emit input = do
(negated, enabled) <- get
let (negated', enabled', emission) = step (negated, enabled, input)
put (negated', enabled')
return emission
Almost the same as mapEmission, and we can use emit to implement mapEmission:
mapEmission accum input = (accum ++) <$> emit input
Therefore, we should really replace the foldM by traverse.
Consider already existing interfaces
step can be rewritten with another interface that fits the state interface:
type MMState = (Negated, Enabled) -- Mealy Machine State
step :: Input -> MMState -> (MMState, Emission)
step ToggleNegate (n, e) = ((not n, e ), 0)
step ToggleEnabled (n, e) = (( n, not e), 0)
step _ (n, False) = ((n, False), 0)
step Plus (n, e) = ((n, e ), if n then -1 else 1)
step Minus (n, e) = ((n, e ), if n then 1 else -1)
This makes emit even easier:
emit :: Input -> State MMState Emission
emit input = state (step input)
Note that MMState makes it easier to change the other types, as there is less repetition.
It's completely up to you to write step like this, though.
Encapsulate possible errors in the type (if possible)
In toInput consider Maybe Input or Either String Input instead of error:
toInput :: Char -> Either String Input
toInput '+' = pure Plus
toInput '-' = pure Minus
toInput 'n' = pure ToggleNegate
toInput 'e' = pure ToggleEnabled
toInput c = Left $ "Unrecognised character: " ++ [c]
Use Int instead of Integer if the values are small
Instead of Integer we should use Int as Emission. Integer can be arbitrarily large, but your output values are either -1, 0 or 1. Int is much more suitable for that.
Other comments
Other than that, well done. You followed good practice by including type signatures, and your code is easy to read and to follow. The only real hurdle was foldM instead of traverse.
However, your single instruction type is called Input, whereas your complete output type is called Output. That naming is somewhat unbalanced.
Overall, we end up with:
import Control.Monad.Trans.State.Lazy
data Input = Plus | Minus | ToggleNegate | ToggleEnabled
type Emission = Int
type Output = [Emission]
type Negated = Bool
type Enabled = Bool
type MMState = (Negated, Enabled) -- Mealy Machine State
toInput :: Char -> Either String Input
toInput '+' = pure Plus
toInput '-' = pure Minus
toInput 'n' = pure ToggleNegate
toInput 'e' = pure ToggleEnabled
toInput c = Left $ "Unrecognised character: " ++ [c]
step :: Input -> MMState -> (MMState, Emission)
step ToggleNegate (n, e) = ((not n, e), 0)
step ToggleEnabled (n, e) = (( n, not e), 0)
step _ (n, False) = ((n, False), 0)
step Plus (n, e) = ((n, e), if n then -1 else 1)
step Minus (n, e) = ((n, e), if n then 1 else -1)
emit :: Input -> State MMState Emission
emit input = state (step input)
evaluate :: [Input] -> Output
evaluate inputs = evalState (traverse emit inputs) (False, True)
By the way, we can now use emit on any traversable, so we could relax evaluate's type to
evaluate :: Traversable t => t Input -> t Emission
evaluate inputs = evalState (traverse emit inputs) (False, True)
But that's up to you.
|
{
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|
The effect of preoperative total parenteral nutrition on surgery outcomes.
The effect of preoperative total parenteral nutrition (TPN) on morbidity and mortality was studied in medical records of discharged surgical patients. Patients were classified into two groups on the basis of their ability to meet established criteria for malnutrition and the use of preoperative or postoperative TPN. The control group consisted of 44 patients who received TPN only after surgery or for less than 5 days preoperatively. The experimental group consisted of 26 patients who received treatment for at least 5 days before surgery and/or after surgery. Nutrition parameters measured included serum albumin, total lymphocyte count, hemoglobin, weight, and percent weight loss. Major septic complications (MSC) considered were intra-abdominal sepsis, wound dehiscence, septicemia, and pneumonia. Other complications included respiratory failure, congestive heart failure, fistulas, urinary tract infection, shock, and death. The experimental group showed improvements after surgery in the nutritional parameters listed and had a lower incidence of morbidity and mortality. Deficits in serum albumin, total lymphocyte count, and weight losses greater than or equal to 10% have been significantly (p less than .01) linked to the incidence of MSC. MSC also has been more frequently noted among patients who did not have TPN prior to surgery and who died following surgery. Therefore, preoperative TPN does appear to make a difference in the outcome of surgery.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Rapid and automatic speech-specific learning mechanism in human neocortex.
A unique feature of human communication system is our ability to rapidly acquire new words and build large vocabularies. However, its neurobiological foundations remain largely unknown. In an electrophysiological study optimally designed to probe this rapid formation of new word memory circuits, we employed acoustically controlled novel word-forms incorporating native and non-native speech sounds, while manipulating the subjects' attention on the input. We found a robust index of neurolexical memory-trace formation: a rapid enhancement of the brain's activation elicited by novel words during a short (~30min) perceptual exposure, underpinned by fronto-temporal cortical networks, and, importantly, correlated with behavioural learning outcomes. Crucially, this neural memory trace build-up took place regardless of focused attention on the input or any pre-existing or learnt semantics. Furthermore, it was found only for stimuli with native-language phonology, but not for acoustically closely matching non-native words. These findings demonstrate a specialised cortical mechanism for rapid, automatic and phonology-dependent formation of neural word memory circuits.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Local History
A History of the Collingswood Public Library
On Monday, January 11, 1911 the Collingswood Public Library opened. It was located at the new store building of N.B.T. Roney’s, 725 Haddon Ave., Collingswood. Originally, membership was by paid subscription. A West Collingswood Branch of the Collingswood Public Library was opened on Saturday, February 20, 1913 in the office building of G. Franklin Davis, on the corner of Collings and Richey Avenues. It opened with a collection of 400 books.
On December 15, 1917 the Carnegie funded library building opened on the present site at 771 Haddon Avenue, at the corner of Haddon and Frazer Avenues. Only the site had to be purchased by the Borough Commissioners.
The present Collingswood Public Library building was opened on June 7, 1975.
The Retrospect
Currently the Collingswood Library has searchable, digitized copies of the local newspaper the Retrospect from the year 1902 until 2003.
If you would like to look through any of The Retrospect issues from these years, please contact the reference department at 856-858-0649 or by email.
Collingswood Public Library Photostream on Flickr
A collection of images from the Collingswood Public Library’s New Jersey Collection, along with donations from area volunteers, donors, and historians. Please add comments or tags if you know more about the image than we’ve provided in its description.
Brief History of Collingswood
This passage, presented by the Collingswood website, offers a glimpse into the town as it matured east of the Delaware River. It provides insight into the first settlers of the town, the town’s early formation and struggles, and notes some of the town’s founding fathers and families.
Camden County Cultural and Heritage Commission
Camden County College presents this website and uses it to to “recognize the role the arts, and local history [have] in making our communities dynamic places to live and work.” The commission goes on to list their central beliefs and purposes, as well as events, programs, locations, and social media links.
Camden County Historical Society
This links to the Camden County Historical Society’s official website, and provides users with in-depth information about everything from the founding of the Camden County Historical Society (1899) to programs and tours that they host. They also provide access to extensive historical archives.
Collings-Knight House
The Collings-Knight House is a historical site located on the corner of Collings Avenue and Browning Road. It was built in 1824 by Edward Zane Collings for himself and his widowed sister on farmland that had been passed down within their family since 1682. It is now on the New Jersey Register, as well as the National Register of Historic Places. The website details the building, history, and preservation of the house, as well as future plans for the house and volunteer information.
Collingswood, New Jersey
The official Wikipedia page for Collingswood NJ! Provides detailed statistics and historical information. It also provides a look at the town’s government, politics, education, and community life.
Collingswood, NJ Images
A great page to go to if you are looking for images of historical Collingswood. Provides both color and black-and-white photos of various places around Collingswood, as well as past events like the Flag Raising on Labor Day 1906.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to remote controlled golf caddies and, more particularly, is directed to a steering mechanism for such remote controlled golf caddies.
2. Description of Related Art
One method of carrying golf clubs over the fairways of a golf course has been through the use of a motorized golf caddie. While there exists a variety of types of motorized caddies, including some which the golfer may ride on, those motorized golf caddies which are directed by a remote control have recently been popular. Such remote controlled golf caddies allow the golfer to reap the exercise benefits of walking the golf course without having to carry a heavy bag of golf clubs or worry about manually directing the caddie.
Generally, the remote controlled golf caddies of the type described are directed by means of radio signals sent by the user of the remote control to the caddie. These signals are processed and instruct the caddie to stop or move forward, left or right as desired.
For steering the caddie in a left or right direction, the caddie is equipped with a receiver to process the left and right directional signals sent by the remote control. These signals are transmitted to a steering mechanism which includes a drive motor positively coupled through interlocking gears or linkage to a steering assembly having a steering wheel. The drive motor, depending on the signal received from the remote control, will turn the gears in either a left or right direction. The gears will then turn the steering assembly accordingly.
A major difficulty with the steering mechanisms of the type discussed above is that by positively coupling the motor to the steering wheel assembly, the steering wheel assembly cannot become disengaged from the motor. Thus, when the caddie runs into an obstruction, such as a pothole, a shock is sent through the steering assembly and the gear coupling back to the motor. Indeed, such a shock may reverse the direction of the motor. This can cause great damage to the gears which couple the drive motor and steering assembly, as well as to the drive motor itself. Once the gears and motor have been damaged, the caddie is useless until repairs can be made by a repair shop. These repairs can be very expensive.
Also, remote controlled steering mechanisms of the type described generally will continue to turn in the direction dictated by the user of the remote control until another signal is sent which turns the golf caddie back to a straight course. For example, at the end of a left turn, the user would have to turn the mechanism right until the caddie was brought back to a centered position. Sometimes, continual switching between left and right is required before the caddie is exactly straightened, causing frustration to the golfer operating the remote control.
|
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"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
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Immunological validation of the EpitOptimizer program for streamlined design of heteroclitic epitopes.
One strategy to generate T-cell responses to tumors is to alter subdominant epitopes through substitution of amino acids that are optimal anchors for specific MHC molecules, termed heteroclitic epitopes. This approach is manually error-prone and time-consuming. In here, we describe a computer-based algorithm (EpitOptimizer) for the streamlined design of heteroclitic epitopes. Analysis of two cancer-related proteins showed that EpitOptimizer-generated peptides have enhanced MHC-I binding compared with their wild-type counterparts; and were able to induce stronger CD8+ T-cell responses against their native epitope. These data demonstrate that this approach can serve as the basis of epitope-engineering against cancer and intracellular pathogens.
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Thank you for a very successful holiday party. Debbie and I thoroughly
enjoyed the evening. Your hard work definitely paid-off for our entire
organization.
I would like to host a lunch for the committee, after the holidays, as a way
of thanking you. I will have Cindy coordinate your schedules.
Thanks again,
Stan
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Jammalamadaka
Jammalamadaka is a village in the Macherla mandal in the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh in India. It is located 125 km towards west from District headquarters Guntur.
References
Category:Villages in Guntur district
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(Last Updated On: August 24, 2020)
Welcome to the other side of long term budget traveling…Ready for some traveling realisms?
This series of traveling realisms posts covers, the not so glamorous side, the everyday life, and things long term budget travelers have to deal with. It’s the other side of the coin: the traveling realities
(Find all posts in this traveling realisms series towards the end of this post)
(Please note: The traveling realisms posts in this series mostly applies to those looking to or are budget or solo traveling/backpacking long term. I.E 6 months+. To those only traveling for a few days or a couple of weeks, these posts probably don’t have any relevance to you.)
So what is the truth about long term travel and what are these traveling realities?
The truth about long term travel, especially on the tightest of shoestring budgets is that it can be fucking hard. It’s not like normal travel breaks, or holidays and it’s sure as hell not as glamorous as some Instagrammers might have you believe. There will be testing times, there will be huge bumps in the road, things will go wrong, situation occur, and it will throw…no, sorry, yank you so far out of your comfort zone. It will test you both mentally and physically. You might not like that but that just some backpacker truths.
So why do it then right? Well, because through the hardships, the grind it can be the most fulfilling, satisfying and liberating way to travel. And plus, a lot of us can’t afford to travel any other way.
If you can deal with the crap, you will smell the roses and be left mesmerised that’s for sure. But I’ll be honest the backpacker truth is, not everybody can cope with it.
FIND THE POSTS IN THE TRAVELING REALISMS SERIES POSTS BELOW
Didn’t know about traveling realities
One of the biggest factors in some backpackers not being able to cope with it, is not entirely their fault. They just weren’t made aware of certain things before hand. And that’s why I’m writing this traveling realisms series, to help you be more aware of what you’re walking into.
I’m sure everybody did some planning and researching for a least their first trip away, you might be just doing yours now. But in how much of it have you read or seen about the hardships, the things that will happen on a day to day basis, situations you’ll have to deal with? I’m guessing not that many.
Don’t you notice how most the information we see and read, covers all the awesome things you’ll see, do, eat, stay. For example, you might get information about the amazing night market, but do they mention how you might struggle to communicate. You might have seen posts about just quitting your life to backpack around the world, but what happen when your initial funds run out? When you read about some magical destination, were you told about the back breaking, arduous journey it took to get there? What happens when you’re on the road for so long and you miss home comforts?
These are the traveling realities I wish I knew and been told about before I packed my bags for the first time.
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The truth about long term travel isn’t talked about much because…
Since I’ve been on this side of the screen, I can understand more why people don’t like to mention these traveling realities. Travel blogging, vlogging, is a highly competitive sector, we all need traffic to our websites to keep us going. To get that we need to pump the best material, the most glamorous pictures, and show the spectacle of long term traveling. So all the shit stuff, the inbetween days, the less glamorous side, all gets edited out.
At the same time, there are people who don’t want to see or know about this side of long term traveling, they don’t want to dampen their spirits or have worries niggling before they start living out their dream lives.
If other people are staying away from writing about traveling realities why am I writing a series about it? Because since I started long term budget traveling in 2010 I’ve met countless people who arrive on their first day thinking it will be a walk in the park, only for the traveling realities to smack them in the face hard. It puts people off, people pack their bags and go home. I want you to be aware of them before you start traveling. Fuck the website traffic (well…)
FIND THE POSTS IN THE TRAVELING REALISMS SERIES POSTS BELOW
Don’t be scared though
Remember, I’m not trying to put you off long term budget travel, I’m just trying to make you aware of potential pitfalls and traveling realisms that you may encounter during your journey. Despite learning the truth about long term travel; this is still how I travel to this day.
Being out there on the tightest of budgets, overcoming situations and problems is all part of the fun for me and countless other long term budget travelers.
So, with that being said, below are posts from the Long term budget traveling realism’s series – I hope they help prepare you and help make your future travels smoother.
Long term budget traveling realisms series:
PART 1 PART 4 PART 7 PART 2 PART 5 PART 8 PART 3 PART 6
More traveling realisms series posts coming soon
***
How did you find this latest post from Forever Roaming the World, I’d love to hear you thoughts on it, just pop a comment below. If you enjoyed this post don’t forget to share it around with your friends. Want to continue your journey with Forever Roaming the world but not sure where to go? Simply jump over to the Start here page and I will gladly guide you through the site.
Start here WANT TO JOIN THE COMMUNITY? SIMPLY POP YOUR EMAIL INTO THE SIGNUP FORM BELOW AND RECIEVE YOUR FREE STEP BY STEP BUDGET TRAVEL RESEARCH AND PLANNING AID
Don’t forget to pin Long term budget traveling realities
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From on board MV True North. Koala trouble on Kangaroo Island
Everyone loves koalas. They're cute, furry and oh-so cuddly, but here on Kangaroo Island (KI) they are something of a bother, not the least to themselves.
With True North safely anchored in Ballast Head Harbor(1) at American River, our half-day coach tour aboard SeaLink was ready at 7am to whisk us from the jetty and off into the heartland of Kangaroo Island.
Our first stop is at Hanson Bay Wildlife Sanctuary, a privately run animal refuge covering 20 square kilometres of largely undisturbed mallee and eucalyptus wilderness. Opened in 2011 it mainly protects some 200-400 koalas, with 20 or so visible to visitors at any one time, sitting contentedly in their manna or bluegum trees.
Now there's trouble in paradise because the koalas are beginning to eat themselves out of house and home, exhausting their preferred leafy foodstuff. What I had forgotten was that koalas are not native to KI, instead in 1920 a small troupe of 18 animals was moved to the island from Victoria where they had been savagely hunted for their fur. This act of conservation has been somewhat too successful with numbers reaching around 50,000 today(2). What to do?
Lethal culling has been ruled out, relocation back to the mainland is too stressful for the animals (although trials are still be done in the Adelaide Hills and Blue Mountains), so a program of sterilisation is being undertaken with the hope further population growth can be prevented.
Visitors enjoy Remarkable Rocks (SeaLink)
With our knowledge of local koalas considerably enhanced, we set off again for more routine sites, namely the iconic Remarkable Rocks and Admiral's Arch with its resident fur seal population at the far western end of KI.
There's time for more fishing and local sightseeing in the afternoon before another superb dinner from chefs Luke and Gav.
1. Early Australian spelling used 'harbor' without the 'u' in all South Australian ports, including Victor Harbor, Ballast Head Harbor and even Adelaide's main commercial port, Outer Harbor.
2. modelling done by the University of Adelaide based on 2015 survey data.
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About this bundle
The XCOM® 2 Collection includes the award-winning strategy game XCOM 2, the War of the Chosen expansion, and four DLC packs (Resistance Warrior Pack, Anarchy’s Children, Alien Hunters, Shen’s Last Gift, Tactical Legacy Pack) for a bundled discount.
Aliens rule Earth, promising a brilliant future for mankind while secretly hiding a sinister agenda. As the leader of a guerrilla force facing impossible odds, you must ignite a global resistance to eliminate the alien threat and save the human race from extinction.
The XCOM 2: War of the Chosen expansion adds extensive new content in the fight against ADVENT when additional resistance factions form in order to eliminate the alien threat on Earth. In response, a new enemy, known as the “Chosen,” emerges with one goal: recapture the Commander. The expansion includes new Hero classes to counter the “Chosen”, new enemies, missions, environments and increased depth in strategic gameplay.
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The publisher's final edited version of this article is available free at J Neurochem
Abstract
Varenicline is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist used to treat nicotine addiction but a live debate persists concerning its mechanism of action in reducing nicotine consumption. Although initially reported as α4β2-selective, varenicline was subsequently shown to activate other nAChR subtypes implicated in nicotine addiction including α3β4. However, it remains unclear whether activation of α3β4 nAChRs by therapeutically relevant concentrations of varenicline is sufficient to affect the behavior of cells that express this subtype. We used patch-clamp electrophysiology to assess the effects of varenicline on native α3β4* nAChRs (asterisk denotes the possible presence of other subunits) expressed in human adrenal chromaffin cells and compared its effects to those of nicotine. Varenicline and nicotine activated α3β4* nAChRs with EC50 values of 1.8 (1.2-2.7) μM and 19.4 (11.1-33.9) μM, respectively. Stimulation of adrenal chromaffin cells with 10 ms pulses of 300 μM acetylcholine (ACh) in current-clamp mode evoked sodium channel-dependent action potentials (APs). Under these conditions, perfusion of 50 nM or 100 nM varenicline showed very little effect on AP firing compared to control conditions (ACh stimulation alone) but at higher concentrations (250 nM) varenicline increased the number of APs fired up to 436 ± 150%. These results demonstrate that therapeutic concentrations of varenicline are unlikely to alter AP firing in chromaffin cells. In contrast, nicotine showed no effect on AP firing at any of the concentrations tested (50, 100, 250, and 500 nM). However, perfusion of 50 nM nicotine simultaneously with 100 nM varenicline increased AP firing by 290 ± 104% indicating that exposure to varenicline and nicotine concurrently may alter cellular behavior including excitability and neurotransmitter release.
Graphical Abstract
Varenicline is a nicotinic receptor agonist used to treat nicotine addiction. We assessed nicotine and varenicline's effects on cell excitability via endogenously expressed α3β4 nicotinic receptors in human adrenal chromaffin cells. Therapeutic concentrations of nicotine or varenicline failed to evoke action potentials. However, simultaneous exposure to nicotine in the presence of varenicline evoked robust action potential firing. We propose that the use of varenicline and nicotine concomitantly may contribute to some of the side effects associated with varenicline's use.
Introduction
nAChRs are ligand-gated ion channels that are activated by the neurotransmitters ACh and choline. In the human genome, sixteen different nAChR genes have been identified and are designated α1-α7, α9, α10, β1-β4, δ, ε, and γ (for a review of nAChRs see (Albuquerque et al. 2009)). These subunits can assemble in an impressive number of different combinations with each receptor subtype having distinct pharmacological properties. Most α subunits require co-assembly with either a different α subunit or with a β subunit but some subunits, including α7 and α9, are capable of forming homomeric nAChRs where the receptor is formed from a single gene product (Elgoyhen et al. 1994, Gerzanich et al. 1994).
Varenicline is a nAChR agonist used as a smoking cessation aid. Its mechanism of action for reducing the consumption of nicotine is thought to be mediated by partial agonism of the α4β2 subtype (Rollema et al. 2007). However, it was later shown that varenicline also activates other nAChR subtypes implicated in nicotine addiction including α6β2, α3β4, and α7 (Tammimaki et al. 2012, Mihalak et al. 2006, Capelli et al. 2011). Nicotinic compounds that have activity on off-target subtypes are known to produce significant side effects. This is particularly problematic for compounds that activate the α3β4 subtype due to its prominent expression in ganglionic neurons of the peripheral nervous system (David et al. 2010, Mao et al. 2006, Zhou et al. 2002, Poth et al. 1997, Hone et al. 2012). Notably, the cardiovascular (CV) side effect profile of varenicline suggests that it may be acting on ganglionic α3β4 nAChRs.
Although heterologously expressed α3β4 nAChRs have been shown to be activated by varenicline (Rollema et al. 2014, Stokes & Papke 2012, Mihalak et al. 2006, Campling et al. 2013) sparse information is available concerning its activity on native human α3β4 nAChRs. Thus it would be desirable to evaluate varenicline's effects on a cell population that endogenously expresses α3β4 given this subtype's relevance to nicotine addiction (Slimak et al. 2014, Jackson et al. 2013, George et al. 2012, Dwoskin et al. 2009). The ideal neuronal population in which to study the effects of varenicline may be that of the medial habenula where α3β4 nAChRs are known to be expressed. These neurons are thought to be involved in reward pathways linked to nicotine addiction (Antolin-Fontes et al. 2015, Dani & De Biasi 2013) and thus may be a neuronal population targeted by varenicline. Unfortunately, as with other neuronal populations, medial habenular neurons coexpress multiple nAChR subtypes including α4β2* and α6β2* (Grady et al. 2009, Shih et al. 2014, Scholze et al. 2012) complicating their use for the study of native α3β4 nAChRs in isolation. We recently showed that human chromaffin cells predominantly express the α3β4* subtype and express few, if any, nAChRs with canonical αxβ2 ligand-binding sites (Hone et al. 2015). Importantly, these cells lack α4- and α6-containing nAChRs and thus represent an excellent population in which to assess the effects of varenicline on native α3β4 nAChRs.
A central goal of this study was to address the running debate on whether or not therapeutic concentrations (≤100 nM) of varenicline are capable of altering the response of a cell that expresses α3β4 nAChRs. The results show that in chromaffin cells, concentrations of varenicline ≤100 nM fail to alter affect AP firing and only concentrations >100 nM were capable of increasing AP firing. In contrast, nicotine showed no effects on AP firing at concentrations ≤500nM. However, nicotine (50 nM) in combination with varenicline (100 nM) did increase AP firing. These findings suggest that varenicline alone is unlikely to affect the behavior of cells that express α3β4 nAChRs but may show effects when combined with nicotine. Our results offer important information in the context of nicotine addiction treatment with varenicline and nicotine replacement therapeutics (NRT) and may help guide the development of improved therapy strategies.
Human adrenal chromaffin cell isolation and culture
Human adrenal chromaffin cells were isolated from male and female organ donors and cultured as previously described (Hone et al. 2015). The use of human tissue was approved by the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid's institutional review board and by the review boards of each of the hospitals. Briefly, the cells were isolated by digestion of adrenal medullary tissue using protease type XIV followed by incubation with collagenase type I. The isolated cells were maintained in DMEM culture medium at 37° C in an incubator under an atmosphere of 95% air and 5% CO2 for up to 7 days. The culture medium was changed daily by exchanging approximately 70% of the solution with fresh medium. The age of the male donors was 55.7 ± 7.4 SDM (n=12) years and 47.0 ± 16.8 SDM (n=2) years for the female donors.
Patch-clamp electrophysiology
To conduct electrophysiology experiments, the cells were gravity perfused with an extracellular solution composed of 145 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 2 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgCl2, 10 mM D-glucose, and 10 mM HEPES. The osmolarity was 315 mOsM and the pH was adjusted to 7.4 with NaOH. The flow rate was 1.5 ml/min and was delivered by means of a polyethylene tube with an inner diameter of 0.58 mm. The outlet of this tube was place close to the cell of interest to ensure rapid solution exchange. Patch electrodes were pulled from borosilicate glass capillaries (Kimbal Chase, cat. #3400-99) using a P97 pipette puller (Sutter Instruments, Novato CA, USA). The electrodes had resistances between 1.5 and 3.0 MΩ when filled with an internal electrode solution (145 mM K-glutamate, 10 mM NaCl, 1 mM MgCl2, 10 mM D-glucose, and 10 mM HEPES; pH adjusted to 7.2 with KOH; observed osmolarity 322 mOsM). Under these conditions, the average resting membrane potential (RMP) of the cells was -60.4 ± 0.9 mV (SEM of n=29). To initiate whole-cell recordings, a stock solution of 0.5 mg/ml amphotericin B was prepared daily in dimethyl sulfoxide. Five μl of this stock solution was added to 500 μl of intracellular solution, ultrasonicated, and used to back fill the patch electrodes. All experiments were performed under a sodium lamp for light and at 22-24°C. A HEKA EPC10 amplifier (HEKA Electronik, Lambrect, Germany) was used to record agonist-evoked responses. The signals were sampled at 10 kHz and filtered at 1 kHz through a Bessel filter. The average capacitance of the cells studied was 8.9 ± 3.0 pF (SDM of n=66) and was compensated electronically. Series resistances between 7 and 15 MΩ were obtained and were compensated electronically by 70-80% in voltage-clamp mode. In current-clamp mode, the resistance was compensated by ≥80% using the bridge balance feature of Patch Master. Agonists were applied to the cell in two ways depending on the type of experiment. For all current-clamp experiments, a Picospritzer III (General Valve Corp., Fairfield, NJ, USA) was used to apply ACh to the cell by means of pressure ejection (15 psi) through a glass capillary tube (World Precision Instruments, Sarasota, FL, USA; cat. 1B200F-4) that had been pulled to obtain an opening of 1-2 μm in diameter and filled with extracellular solution containing 300 μM ACh. For agonist studies in voltage-clamp mode, a multi barrel pipette was constructed using polyethylene tubing each with an inner diameter of 0.4 mm. A single polyethylene tube with an inner diameter of 0.28 mm was used for the outlet. The flow rate of the perfusion system was approximately 850 μl/min. The agonist pulses were controlled by a valve controller triggered by the amplifier. For the agonist concentration-response experiments, 500 ms pulses of agonist were applied every 3 min. The cells were first stimulated with 300 μM ACh until steady baseline responses were achieved and then different agonists of interest were applied in ascending concentrations.
Xenopus oocyte electrophysiology
Complete methods for conducting two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology of Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing nAChRs have been previously described (Hone et al. 2009). Briefly, to express α3β4 nAChRs the oocytes were injected with water containing 1 ng of cRNA encoding human α3 and 1 ng encoding β4 subunits. To express α4β2 and α7 nAChRs, 10 ng of cRNA for both α4 and β2 subunits were injected and 41 ng of cRNA for α7. The oocytes were incubated for 1-3 days at 17°C prior to use. To conduct electrophysiology experiments, the oocytes were mounted in a 30 μl perfusion chamber and stimulated with 1 sec pulses of 300 μM ACh once every 60 sec until a steady baseline response was achieved. The control solution was then changed to one containing α-Ctx TxID and the responses to ACh monitored for inhibition. For the evaluation of TxID and BuIA(T5A,P6O) on the α7 subtype, the toxin was applied in a static bath for 5 min and the responses in the presence of the toxin compared to control responses in the absence of toxin. Agonist concentration-response curves were obtained as previously described (Azam et al. 2015).
Data Analysis
Agonist concentration-response analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism (La Jolla, CA, USA). The responses were normalized according to the following procedures: the current amplitudes for ACh-evoked responses for each cell were fit with the Hill equation to obtain the calculated plateau value for activation. The difference between the calculated plateau value and the observed response obtained at 300 μM was ≤ 3% in all cells indicating that 300 μM ACh elicited a maximal response. The observed ACh-evoked responses were then normalized to the calculated plateau value to obtain a percent response. Since 300 μM ACh was determined to produce a maximal response, in subsequent experiments the responses of all other agonists were normalized to those obtained by 300 μM ACh in the same cell. Agonist concentration-response experiments were conducted in the presence of the selective α7 nAChR antagonist α-Ctx ArIB(V11L,V16D) (Innocent et al. 2008, Whiteaker et al. 2007) to ensure that only α3β4* nAChRs were activated.
For the evaluation of the effects of TTX, α-Ctxs, nicotine, and varenicline on ACh-evoked APs in current-clamp experiments, a response was considered an AP when the membrane depolarization exceeded 0 mV, the approximate Erev for nAChR channels (Chavez-Noriega et al. 2000, Stauderman et al. 1998), to distinguish the depolarization component produced by VGICs from that produced by the nAChRs. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a Fischer's least significant difference (LSD) was used to determine statistical significance for the effects of varenicline and nicotine on AP firing and a t-test was used to compare changes in the RMP. Significance was determined at the 95% confidence interval. The numbers of cells per experiment (n) are reported as the SEM unless otherwise indicated. GraphPad Prism was also used to determine the IC50 values for inhibition of the ACh-evoked responses in adrenal chromaffin cells and Xenopus oocytes by TxID.
Results
The EC50 value for activation of heterologously expressed human α3β4 nAChRs by varenicline has been reported to be in the range of 2.0-25.0 μM and 10.0-200.0 μM for nicotine (Campling et al. 2013, Rollema et al. 2014, Tammimaki et al. 2012, Stokes & Papke 2012). We confirmed the activity of varenicline on human α3β4 and α4β2 nAChRs expressed in Xenopus oocytes where it was observed to be more potent but less efficacious on α4β2 than α3β4 nAChRs (Supplemental Fig. 1). The EC50 value for activation of the α4β2 subtype was 54.3 (30.3-97.4) nM but was only 7 ± 0.4% as efficacious compared to ACh. The EC50 value for the α3β4 subtype was determined to be 26.3 (21.0-32.9) μM and showed a 96 ± 4% efficacy relative to ACh. These data confirm varenicline's partial agonism of human α4β2 nAChRs and full agonism of the α3β4 subtype.
Despite a good amount of available information concerning the pharmacology of heterologously expressed human nAChRs, very little information is available for native human α3β4 nAChRs. To determine if human adrenal chromaffin cell α3β4* nAChRs display a pharmacology similar to heterologously expressed α3β4 nAChRs, we assessed the ability of varenicline and nicotine to evoke currents in patch-clamped human adrenal chromaffin cells and compared their potencies to that of ACh. Varenicline was found to be 10-fold more potent and a full agonist (103 ± 7%) relative to ACh (Fig. 1A). Nicotine was only slightly more potent (~2-fold) and behaved as a partial agonist (80 ± 3%) relative to ACh (Fig. 1A). The maximal efficacy of varenicline and nicotine appeared to be limited by open-channel block as evidenced by currents that, in some cells, showed a slight increase in amplitude at the end of the drug application (not shown). Importantly, therapeutically relevant concentrations (100 nM) of both agonists failed to evoke substantial whole-cell currents (Fig. 1A-C). A summary of the data obtained for ACh, nicotine, and varenicline is presented in Table 1.
Varenicline and nicotine evoke whole-cell currents in human adrenal chromaffin cells. Chromaffin cells were subjected to perforated patch-clamp electrophysiology and the EC50 values for ACh, varenicline, and nicotine determined as described in Materials...
Brief pulses of ACh evoke APs in human adrenal chromaffin cells
The experiments shown in Figure 1 provided basic parameters for the potency and efficacy of varenicline and nicotine on native α3β4* nAChRs. Significant whole-cell currents evoked by varenicline and nicotine were only observed at concentrations ≥1 μM. Nevertheless, activation of nAChRs by low concentrations of agonists may alter cell excitability. We therefore sought to determine if lower concentrations of varenicline and nicotine showed effects on AP firing in human adrenal chromaffin cells. A stimulation protocol using brief puffs of ACh to evoke APs was employed to mimic the natural stimulus the chromaffin cell would receive in vivo. This protocol consisted of stimulating the cells with 10 or 25 ms puffs of 300 μM ACh at 0.2 Hz. The perfusion solution outlet was placed as close as possible to the cell such that the ACh response was terminated in ~500 ms. Figure 2A shows the responses evoked by this stimulation protocol in a cell voltage-clamped at -60 mV (near the RMP). Figure 2B shows the responses to the same ACh stimulation protocol but in current-clamp mode at the RMP. This protocol evoked APs that were sodium channel-dependent as evidenced by the fact that the depolarization of the membrane potential triggered by ACh could be reduced to 60 ± 4% (n=4) of control values by the sodium channel antagonist TTX (Figure 2C). Similarly, after washout of the TTX, changes in the depolarization of the membrane could also be reduced and the generation of APs prevented by simultaneous perfusion of the α3β4* nAChR antagonist α-Ctx BuIA(T5A,P6O) (1 μM) and the α7 antagonist ArIB(V11L,V16D) (100 nM) (D). In the presence of the α-Ctxs, the ACh-induced change in membrane potential was reduced to 33 ± 8% (n=4) of control amplitudes. This residual response indicated that a fraction of the nAChRs remained uninhibited. To determine the fraction that was not blocked, we reassessed the actions of BuIA(T5A,P6O) in voltage-clamp mode (Vh= -60 mV) in the same cells. The cells were perfused with extracellular solution for >20 min in order to wash out the α-Ctxs from the previous application. Afterwards, the cells were again exposed to BuIA(T5A,P6O) (1 μM) which inhibited 97 ± 0.3% (n=3) of the ACh-evoked response leaving on average -178 ± 0.7 pA (n=3) of current (Fig. 3). Higher concentrations were not tested due to the amount of BuIA(T5A,P6O) that would have been required. Therefore, to determine if the remaining response was potentially mediated by other nAChRs in addition to α3β4* nAChRs, we tested the recently described α-Ctx TxID. This peptide has been shown to potently inhibit heterologously expressed rat α3β4 but shows essentially no inhibition of α7 nAChRs at 10 μM (Luo et al. 2013). To ensure that this selectivity is conserved between rat and human, we first tested TxID on Xenopus oocytes expressing either human α3β4 or α7 nAChRs. TxID was found to inhibit oocyte expressed human α3β4 nAChRs with an IC50 value of 8.7 (7.8-9.7) nM (n=4, Fig. 4A). In contrast, very little inhibition by TxID of the ACh-evoked response was observed in oocytes expressing α7 nAChRs (Fig. 4A). The α7-mediated responses to ACh were 93 ± 5% (n=5) of control values after a 5 min application of 30 μM TxID. BuIA(T5A,P6O) was also tested on oocytes expressing α7 nAChRs and no inhibition of the ACh-evoked response was observed at 10 μM (99 ± 3 %, n=5; data not shown). Thus, the expectation was that the portion of the whole-cell current mediated by α3β4* nAChRs in human adrenal chromaffin cells would be completely inhibited and any residual currents would be from activation of other non α3β4* subtypes. TxID was tested on human adrenal chromaffin cells and was found to inhibit the ACh-evoked responses with an IC50 value of 24.1 (20.1-28.5) nM (n=4; Fig. 4C). At 1 μM the α-Ctx nearly completely inhibited (99 ± 0.3%, n=4) the ACh-evoked responses (Fig. 4D). The absence of residual currents indicate that under the conditions utilized in this study, the ACh-evoked APs in human adrenal chromaffin cells are mediated by α3β4* nAChRs.
ACh evokes TTX-sensitive APs in human adrenal chromaffin cells. The cells were subjected to perforated patch-clamp electrophysiology and the ability of ACh to evoke APs was assessed as described in Materials and Methods. (A) Representative current traces...
Varenicline and nicotine both inhibit ACh-evoked APs and evoke APs in the absence of ACh stimulation
A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of varenicline and nicotine on AP firing in human adrenal chromaffin cells. The cells were stimulated using the protocol described in Figure 2 with the exception that the duration of the ACh pulse was reduced to 10 ms. Approximate EC50 concentrations of each compound were chosen to determine if intrinsic differences on AP firing could be observed. Under these conditions, perfusion of 4 μM varenicline reduced the number of ACh-evoked APs to 34 ± 10% (n=6) of control values (Fig. 5A). After washout by perfusion with control solution (Fig. 5D), the cells were again exposed to 4 μM varenicline for 1 min (Fig. 5E). In the absence of ACh stimulation, varenicline evoked 8 ± 3 APs in 5 cells and no APs in 1 cell. Next we tested an approximate EC50 concentration of nicotine (20 μM) and observed effects on AP firing similar to those observed with varenicline. Nicotine evoked a burst of APs in 4/6 cells and in all cells completely abolished the ability of ACh to evoke APs after a ~10-15 second exposure (Fig. 6A-C). The number of ACh-evoked APs evoked during the 1 min perfusion with nicotine was reduced to 38 ± 9% (n=6) compared to control conditions (Fig. 6B). Nicotine was also capable of evoking APs in the absence of ACh stimulation in 5/7 cells. In these 5 cells, nicotine elicited 8 ± 2 APs during the 1 min perfusion (Fig. 6E). Interestingly, in both the ACh stimulated and non-stimulated conditions the membrane potential remained depolarized for the 1 min duration of exposure to the agonists. The membrane potential at the end of the 1 min perfusion of 4 μM varenicline was -17 ± 1 mV (n=6; Fig. 5E) and -15 ± 2 mV (n=6) in the presence of 20 μM nicotine (Fig. 6E). In a separate group of cells, we tested nicotine and varenicline in voltage-clamp mode (Vh= -60 mV) and found that 4 μM varenicline reduced the ACh-evoked currents to 8 ± 3% (n=4) of control values and 20 μM nicotine reduced currents to 13 ± 3% after a 1 min perfusion (Fig. 7). These results suggest that activation of only a fraction of the α3β4* nAChRs is required to maintain the membrane in a depolarized state.
EC50 concentrations of varenicline inhibit ACh-evoked APs in human adrenal chromaffin cells. The cells were subjected to perforated patch-clamp electrophysiology and the effects of varenicline on the ACh-evoked APs assessed as described in Materials and...
EC50 concentrations of nicotine inhibit ACh-evoked APs in human adrenal chromaffin cells. The cells were subjected to perforated patch-clamp electrophysiology and the effects of nicotine on ACh-evoked APs were assessed as described in Materials and Methods....
Nicotine and varenicline inhibit ACh-evoked currents in human adrenal chromaffin cells. The cells were subjected to perforated patch-clamp electrophysiology as described in Materials and Methods. The cells were voltage-clamped at -60 mV and stimulated...
In the previous experiments, we found that ~EC50 concentrations of varenicline and nicotine altered the cells ability to fire APs in response to ACh and were capable of evoking APs in the absence of ACh stimulation. However, EC50 concentrations of these compounds are not achieved clinically in the plasma of humans. Concentrations of varenicline achieved in human plasma following a daily 1-2 mg dose are approximately 50-100 nM (Faessel et al. 2006, Kikkawa et al. 2011, Ravva et al. 2009). Nicotine concentrations rise to 50-500 nM in tobacco users but in the clinical setting, only ~90-100 nM concentrations are achieved from the use of nicotine patches (Gorsline et al. 1992, Sobue et al. 2005). To determine if clinically relevant concentrations of varenicline affected the chromaffin cell's response to stimulation with ACh, we perfused the cells first with 50 nM followed by 100 nM of the drug. Higher non-clinical concentrations of 250 nM and 500 nM varenicline were also tested to compare responses obtained with the same concentrations of nicotine. The cells were continuously perfused over the entire range of concentrations and each concentration was perfused for a 1 min duration each. Under these conditions, no significant increases in the number of APs fired were observed in the presence of 50 nM or 100 nM varenicline (125 ± 25%, n=6, P> 0.05, Fig. 8B and 204 ± 99%, n=6, P> 0.05, Fig. 8C, respectively) compared to control conditions (Fig. 8A). However, robust increases were observed in the presence of 250 nM varenicline (436 ± 150%, n=6, ***P< 0.001, Fig. 8D). At a concentration of 500 nM varenicline, the number of APs fired was 225 ± 59% (P> 0.05, Fig. 8E) of control values. These results suggest that therapeutically relevant concentrations of varenicline are unlikely to alter the adrenal chromaffin cells' response to ACh. Nevertheless, in the absence of ACh stimulation, fluctuations in the membrane potential of the cell were observed in the presence of 50 nM and 100 nM varenicline (Fig. 8G, H) indicating that varenicline produced low levels of α3β4* nAChR activation at these concentrations. These fluctuations did not result in a statistically significant number of APs fired (1.8 ± 1.8; P > 0.05, n=6 and 0.25 ± 0.25, P > 0.05, n=6, for 50 nM and 100 nM, respectively, Fig. 8F-H). Additionally, no changes in the RMP were observed in the presence of 50 nM or 100 nM varenicline compared to controls (-62.4 ± 0.9 and -60.6 ± 1.5 vs -65.2 ± 1.4, respectively; P > 0.5; n=5; Fig. 8F-H). However, 250 nM and 500 nM varenicline depolarized the membrane such that the threshold for the firing of APs was achieved. The membrane potential of the cell in the presence of 250 nM and 500 nM varenicline was depolarized to -36.3 ± 3.0 mV (n=6) and -35.3 ± 5.6 mV (n=6) which resulted in the cell firing 130 ± 15 (**P < 0.01, n=6) and 49 ± 16 (P > 0.05, n=6) APs, respectively (Fig. 8I, J).
Therapeutic concentrations of varenicline fail to alter AP firing in human adrenal chromaffin cells. The cells were subjected to perforated patch-clamp electrophysiology and the effects of varenicline on AP firing were assessed as described in Materials...
In contrast to the results observed with varenicline, nicotine showed very little effect on AP firing. No significant increases in the number of APs fired were observed at any of the nicotine concentrations tested (50, 100, 250, and 500 nM; P> 0.05; n=6; Fig. 9A-E) nor changes in the RMP (-62.0 ± 2.3, -61.7 ± 2.5, -58.2 ± 5.2 and -60.2 ± 3.0 vs -61.3 ± 2.7, respectively; P > 0.5; n=6; Fig. 9F-J). Nevertheless, nicotine was not completely without effect as evidenced by fluctuations of the membrane potential observed in the presence of 250 nM and 500 nM nicotine. These fluctuations were particularly evident in traces where nicotine was perfused alone in the absence of ACh stimulation (Fig. 9I, J).
nM concentrations of nicotine fail to alter AP firing in human adrenal chromaffin cells. Cells were subjected to perforated patch-clamp electrophysiology and the effects of nicotine on AP firing were assessed as described in Materials and Methods. (A)...
Therapeutic concentrations of nicotine in the presence of varenicline (100 nM) increase AP firing in human adrenal chromaffin cells. The cells were subjected to perforated patch-clamp electrophysiology and the effects of nicotine on AP firing were assessed...
Discussion
Nicotine is one of the most widely used drugs of abuse and the ubiquitous expression of nAChRs throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems means that multiple physiological processes may be affected by exposure to this alkaloid. Likewise, these systems may also be affected by administration of smoking cessation therapeutics such as varenicline. Varenicline's mechanism of action for reducing the consumption of nicotine is believed to be mediated by partial agonism of central nervous system α4β2 nAChRs (Coe et al. 2005, Rollema et al. 2010). However, varenicline has also been shown to activate other human nAChR subtypes implicated in nicotine addiction including α6β2β3, α3β4, and α7 (Stokes & Papke 2012, Bordia et al. 2012, Capelli et al. 2011, Campling et al. 2013). The reported potency and efficacy of varenicline on heterologously expressed human α3β4 nAChRs ranges from 2-25μM (Campling et al. 2013, Rollema et al. 2014, Stokes & Papke 2012). We found that varenicline activated native α3β4* nAChRs in human adrenal chromaffin cells with an EC50 of ~2 μM. We also found that varenicline behaved as a full agonist of native α3β4* nAChRs (Fig. 1A, C) similar to the activity reported by others (Campling et al. 2013, Rollema et al. 2014, Jensen et al. 2014) and in this study (Fig. 1) for heterologously expressed α3β4 nAChRs. Other reports suggest that varenicline acts as a partial agonist of α3β4 nAChRs (Stokes & Papke 2012, Arias et al. 2015) and its effects can be influenced by the particular subunit present in the “auxiliary” 5th position of the receptor complex. For example, the presence of an α5 subunit has been reported to reduce efficacy (Rollema et al. 2014, Stokes & Papke 2012, Tammimaki et al. 2012). Reports of nicotine efficacy also vary but it has generally been shown to be a partial agonist of heterologously expressed human α3β4 nAChRs (George et al. 2012, Campling et al. 2013, Stokes & Papke 2012, Wang et al. 1996) in agreement with the results presented here for native α3β4* nAChRs in human adrenal chromaffin cells (Fig. 1A, B). Nicotine's efficacy also can be influenced by the particular subunit present in the 5th position. As with varenicline, the presence of an α5 subunit reduces efficacy while a β2 subunit increases efficacy relative to ACh (Stokes & Papke 2012). Interestingly, α5 and β2 subunit mRNA transcripts have been detected in human adrenal chromaffin cells leading to the possibility that more than one α3β4 nAChR subtype may be expressed by these cells (Hone et al. 2015).
While both varenicline and nicotine activated whole-cell currents in human adrenal chromaffin cells, the concentrations at which these currents were evoked exceeded those that are normally achieved in human plasma during routine administration. Peak nicotine concentrations found in the plasma of smokers can reach ~500 nM (Benowitz et al. 2009, Henningfield et al. 1993, Gourlay & Benowitz 1997) but concentrations of varenicline generally only reach ~50-100 nM. Though unable to evoke substantial whole-cell currents at nM concentrations, low levels of nAChR activation by varenicline and nicotine may lower the threshold for firing APs by increasing the excitability of the cell membrane. We tested this hypothesis by examining the effects of varenicline and nicotine on human adrenal chromaffin cell's ability to fire APs either in response to ACh or by perfusion of the agonists alone. Stimulation of the cells in current-clamp mode by ms puffs of ACh evoked APs that could be inhibited by the sodium channel antagonist TTX or by nAChR antagonists (Fig. 2). These APs were mediated by the α3β4* subtype as evidenced by experiments that showed that the α3β4 nAChR antagonist α-Ctx BuIA(T5A,P6O) inhibited >97% of the ACh-evoked currents in these cells (Fig. 3). Additional experiments were performed using the potent and highly selective α3β4 antagonist α-Ctx TxID. This α-Ctx inhibited ~99% of the ACh-evoked currents in both human chromaffin cells and in oocytes heterologously expressing human α3β4 nAChRs (Fig. 4A-D). These experiments confirmed our previous report that α3β4* nAChR are the predominant subtype expressed by human adrenal chromaffin cells. (Hone et al. 2015)
The effects of low level activation of nAChRs on membrane excitability are not easily measured in whole-cell voltage-clamp experiments. Voltage-clamp experiments measure the amount of current applied by the amplifier to keep the voltage of the membrane constant at an experimentally set value. This is essential for isolating the activation of ligand-gated ion channels from the responses of VGICs. Current-clamp electrophysiology, on the other hand, can measure the response of the cell without artificially setting the voltage of the membrane and allows the cell to respond in a more physiological manner upon exposure to a particular stimulus. The response may include the recruitment of VGICs and may assess more closely the physiological response of the cell compared to whole-cell voltage-clamp experiments. To assess the effects of varenicline and nicotine on membrane excitability, the cells were stimulated with 10 ms puffs of ACh to evoke APs and then perfused with either varenicline or nicotine over a range of concentrations in order to determine if therapeutically relevant concentrations produced an effect. For comparison, we first perfused varenicline or nicotine at high concentrations (~EC50 values) and observed that varenicline and nicotine initially evoked a burst of APs but then inhibited the ability of the cell to fire APs in response to ACh by maintaining the cell membrane at depolarized potentials (Fig. 5 and and6).6). Interestingly, the voltage of the membrane remained substantially depolarized throughout the 1 min exposure to the agonists. In voltage-clamp mode, perfusion of the same concentrations of varenicline or nicotine inhibited the ACh-evoked currents by >90% after a 1 min exposure (Fig. 7). These observations, combined with those in Figs. 2 and and3,3, suggest that activation of less than <10% of the α3β4* nAChRs present in human adrenal chromaffin cells is sufficient to substantially affect membrane potential and aligns with previous results using ACh (Perez-Alvarez & Albillos 2007). Similar effects have been observed in Xenopus laevis oocytes where continuous perfusion of varenicline (1 μM) resulted in steady-state currents mediated by α4β2 nAChRs that lasted for the duration of agonist exposure (Papke et al. 2011).
In general, when therapeutically relevant concentrations (50 nM or 100 nM) of varenicline were perfused, no effect on the adrenal chromaffin cell's response to ACh stimulus was observed (Fig. 8B, C). However, when the cells were exposed to 250 nM varenicline, 83% (5/6) of the cells responded robustly with increased AP firing (Fig. 8D). In contrast, cells perfused with nicotine up to 500 nM generally showed no alteration in their response to ACh (Fig. 9A-E). Nevertheless, nicotine was not completely without effect as evidenced by increased fluctuations of the membrane potential which were particularly pronounced at 500 nM (Fig. 9J). Thus, even in the absence of direct effects on ACh-evoked AP firing, low concentrations of varenicline and nicotine may increase the excitability of the cell membrane via activation of α3β4 nAChRs and may influence different cellular processes. Further experiments were performed to determine if nicotine exposure in the presence of varenicline would produce additive effects on the cells response to ACh. Such a circumstance might occur during concomitant use of varenicline and NRTs such as nicotine patches. We found that perfusion of nicotine (50 nM) in the presence of varenicline (100 nM) increased AP firing relative to control conditions (290 ± 104%) (Fig. 10A, B) but no statistical differences were found when these values were compared to those obtained by perfusion with 100 nM (204 ± 99%) varenicline alone (Fig. 8C).
Overall, the results obtained in this study suggest that at therapeutic concentrations, varenicline alone are unlikely to substantially alter AP firing in chromaffin cells. Concentrations >100 nM (Fig. 8C), however, did evoke a significant number of APs over control conditions (Fig. 8A). This observation seems to correlate with clinical data in that doses of varenicline that produce plasma concentrations >100 nM produce significant side effects. We also note that concentrations >100 nM would produce very little if any increase in α4β2 receptor activation (Supplemental Fig. 1). This observation is supported by data that demonstrate that a single 0.5 mg dose of varenicline produces concentrations in the brain that saturate α4β2 receptor binding sites (Lotfipour et al. 2012). Thus, concentrations >100 nM or the addition of another nicotinic receptor agonist such as nicotine may not have added benefits in terms of α4β2 receptor activity. Furthermore, clinical data examining NRTs such as gum or lozenges containing nicotine or nicotine patches in combination with varenicline are ambiguous with respect to smoking cessation rates (Koegelenberg et al. 2014, Baker et al. 2016).
Meta-analyses of clinical data suggest that varenicline use is associated with increased CV events in a small percentage of patients (Singh et al. 2011, Harrison-Woolrych et al. 2012) but the exact mechanisms by which these side effects are produced remain unknown. We observed that nM concentrations of varenicline caused fluctuations in the membrane potential of adrenal chromaffin cells suggesting an increase in membrane excitability as a result of low levels of nAChR activation. It's tempting to speculate that treatment with varenicline may increase chromaffin cell excitability, and hence catecholamines release, sufficiently to elevate circulating catecholamine levels. Another possibility is that nicotine in combination with varenicline may increase cell excitability sufficiently to increase catecholamine release and thus cause CV side effects. This circumstance may occur in patients who begin treatment with varenicline and continue to use nicotine containing products. However, to our knowledge, direct effects of varenicline in combination with nicotine, either from smoking or NRTs, on circulating catecholamine levels in humans have not been examined. Thus, it is unclear whether potential alterations in the release of catecholamines produced by combination therapy would elevate plasma levels sufficiently to produce CV effects. More data is needed to determine if varenicline use is associated with elevated catecholamine levels and whether or not such increases would be significant enough to produce CV side effects.
Supplementary Material
Supp Fig S1-S2
Acknowledgments
We thank Dr. Paul Whiteaker at the Barrow Neurological Institute for critical review of the manuscript. This work was supported by a Marie Curie Fellowship grant [NRHACC-329966 to A.J.H], and by grants from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología [BFU2012-30997 and BFU2015-69092 to A.A.] and the U.S. National Institutes of Health [GM103801 and GM48677 to J.M.M].
Abbreviations
nAChRs
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
ACh
acetylcholine
NRT
nicotine replacement therapeutic
APs
action potentials
α-Ctx
α-conotoxin
TTX
tetrodotoxin
RMP
resting membrane potential
VGIC
voltage-gated ion channel
Footnotes
ARRIVE guidelines have been followed:
Yes
=> if No, skip complete sentence
=> if Yes, insert “All experiments were conducted in compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines.”
Conflicts of interest: none
=> if ‘none’, insert “The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.”
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Currently on display is the label’s latest men’s and women’s Fall/Winter 2018 collection, as well as the highly coveted Vulcanized Low-Top Sneakers (B9,000), the CST-100 Moto Wrap Sneakers (B28,500), the women’s Mini Black Box Bag (B35,000) and the Canvas Backpack in red (B22,000).
To celebrate the store’s opening, the brand also introduced an exclusive “Bangkok” capsule collection that was only available for die-hard fans to purchase on the opening day. Offering outerwear pieces like hoodies, jackets, T-shirts, flannels, pants and caps, the collection is dominated by the brand’s trademark bold “Barricade Tape” graphics, this time in a black and yellow color scheme.
Off-White is a high-end Italian streetwear label founded by Ghanaian-American creative designer Virgil Abloh in Milan, Italy, in 2012. The brand specializes in men's and women's clothing, with current designs ranging from graphic T-shirts and hoodies to sandals and other accessories featuring the brand’s trademark bold stripes, as well as its name “White.”
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What is the 'true' function of skin?
Conventional textbook wisdom portrays the skin as an organ that literally enwraps whatever each of us stands for as a more or less functional, individual member of the mammalian species, and has it that the skin primarily establishes, controls and transmits contacts with the external world. In addition, the skin has long been recognized to protect the organism from deleterious environmental impacts (physical, chemical,microbiological), and is well-known as crucial for the maintenance of temperature, electrolyte and fluid balance. Now, ever more studies are being published that show the skin to also operate as a huge and highly active biofactory for the synthesis,processing and/or metabolism of an astounding range of e.g. structural proteins, glycans, lipids and signaling molecules. Increasingly, it becomes appreciated that the skin, furthermore, is an integral component of the immune, nervous and endocrine systems, with numerous lines of cross-talk between these systems established intracutaneously (e.g. Ann NY Acad Sci Vol 885, 1999; Endocrine Rev 21:457-487, 2000; Physiol Rev 80:980-1020, 2001; Exp Dermatol 10: 349-367, 2001). All these emerging cutaneous functions beyond the classical image of the skin as a barrier and sensory organ are immediately relevant for many of the quandaries that clinical dermatology, dermatopathology, and dermatopharmacology are still struggling with to-date, and offer the practising dermatologist attractive new targets for therapeutic intervention. Yet, many of these skin functions are not even mentioned in dermatology textbooks and await systematic therapeutic targeting. Following a suggestion by Enno Christophers, the current 'Controversies' feature brings together an unusually diverse council of biologists and clinicians, who share their thought-provoking views with the readers and allow us to peek into the future of research in cutaneous biology, not the least by reminding us of the -- often ignored -- evolutionary and embryonal origins of our favorite organ. Hopefully, this unique discussion feature will foster an understanding of the 'true' skin functions that is both more comprehensive and more profound than conventional teaching on this topic, and will stimulate more than 'skin-deep' reflections on the full range of skin functions.
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Case: 18-11468 Date Filed: 03/06/2019 Page: 1 of 13
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 18-11468
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 9:87-cv-08548-KMM
JUPITER WRECK, INC.,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
versus
THE UNIDENTIFIED WRECKED AND ABANDONED SAILING VESSEL, her
tackle, armament, apparel, and cargo located within 1,000 yards of a point located
at coordinates 26° 56.4' North Latitude, 80° 04.15' West Longitude
Defendant-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
________________________
(March 6, 2019)
Case: 18-11468 Date Filed: 03/06/2019 Page: 2 of 13
Before WILSON, JILL PRYOR, and SUTTON, ∗ Circuit Judges.
WILSON, Circuit Judge:
This appeal concerns the remains of a Spanish Galleon (Vessel) that sunk off
the coast of Florida in the late seventeenth century, and currently lies about 100
yards offshore in the Jupiter Inlet. The underlying case originated in 1987 when
Jupiter Wreck, Inc. filed an in rem action seeking declaratory and injunctive
relief—namely, to acquire title to the Vessel and to enjoin all parties from
interfering with its salvage activities. See Jupiter Wreck, Inc. v. Unidentified,
Wrecked & Abandoned Sailing Vessel, 691 F. Supp. 1377, 1381 (S.D. Fla. 1988)
(Jupiter Wreck I). After Jupiter Wreck moved for a preliminary injunction, the
court granted the motion “to the extent that [Jupiter Wreck sought] relief as against
any persons or entities other than the State” but denied the motion “to the extent
that [Jupiter Wreck sought] relief as against the State.” Id. at 1394. The district
court reasoned that the State of Florida’s Eleventh Amendment immunity from suit
prevented Jupiter Wreck from “gaining title or full possession of the res . . .
without the consent to suit by the State.” Id. at 1383. The district court retained
jurisdiction to administer the distribution of the salvaged treasure on an annual
basis.
∗The Honorable Jeffrey S. Sutton, United States Circuit Judge for the United States Court of
Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation.
2
Case: 18-11468 Date Filed: 03/06/2019 Page: 3 of 13
The instant appeal arises out of the 2014 distribution. Jupiter Wreck sought
a distribution of five salvaged coins and requested a status conference. After the
district court ordered Florida—a nonparty 1—to respond, Florida made a limited
appearance to oppose the status conference. The court granted in part the motion
for distribution and denied the request for a status conference. Jupiter Wreck
appeals, arguing that Florida should not be allowed to challenge the distribution
and oppose the status conference without consenting to suit. After the benefit of
oral argument, we affirm.
I. Facts and Procedural Background
In 1987, Jupiter Wreck filed an in rem action against the Vessel in the
Southern District of Florida. Jupiter Wreck I, 691 F. Supp. 1381. Jupiter Wreck
sought a declaration that it possessed valid title to the Vessel “against all
claimants.” Id. Florida brought an enforcement action against Jupiter Wreck in
state court to enjoin it from “trespassing, damaging, or using State sovereignty
submerged lands without first obtaining the required consent” from the State. Id.
Jupiter Wreck removed the action to federal court, and the cases were
consolidated. See id.
1
This appeal is unusual in that there is no Appellee other than the in rem defendant—the Vessel
itself.
3
Case: 18-11468 Date Filed: 03/06/2019 Page: 4 of 13
Jupiter Wreck moved for a preliminary injunction seeking to prevent Florida
(and all others) from interfering with its salvaging. See id. The district court
granted Jupiter Wreck’s motion for a preliminary injunction to the extent it sought
relief from entities other than Florida, but denied any relief Jupiter Wreck sought
against Florida. Id. at 1394. The Eleventh Amendment, the district court
reasoned, prevented Jupiter Wreck from “gaining title or full possession of the
res . . . without the consent to suit by the State.” Id. at 1383.
After the decision, Jupiter Wreck and Florida entered into an agreement—
the Agreement Regarding Research and Recovery of Archaeological Material
Between Florida Division of Historical Resources and Jupiter Wreck, Inc. (1990
Agreement)—that governs the parties’ rights and liabilities and “recognizes the
yearly distribution . . . of artifacts recovered from the [ ] vessel.” At the parties’
request, the district court dismissed the case and closed it for statistical purposes
but retained jurisdiction to administer the annual distribution of recoveries. Jupiter
Wreck and Florida have renewed the 1990 Agreement—or a slightly modified
version of that agreement—each year. For more than twenty years, Jupiter Wreck
and Florida peacefully abided by those agreements and the district court’s annual
distribution of the salvaged goods.
In 2011, Jupiter Wreck filed a motion for a preliminary injunction against
Florida and a motion to reopen the case. In support of its motions, Jupiter Wreck
4
Case: 18-11468 Date Filed: 03/06/2019 Page: 5 of 13
argued that California v. Deep Sea Research, Inc., 523 U.S. 491, 494–95, 118 S.
Ct. 1464, 1167 (1998), constituted a change in the controlling law, and therefore
the district court should reconsider the 1988 opinion. The district court denied
both motions, concluding that, in order to obtain the relief sought, Jupiter Wreck
would have to file a new lawsuit seeking injunctive relief against Florida because
Florida was not a party to the pending action.
In 2017, Jupiter Wreck filed a motion for distribution, asking the district
court to adjudicate the title to its 2014 recoveries. Jupiter Wreck also filed a
motion for a status conference. According to Jupiter Wreck, the status conference
was necessary because Florida had “impermissibly attempted to usurp” the court’s
admiralty jurisdiction by interfering with its salvage rights, particularly over the
past five years. The district court ordered Florida to respond to the motion for a
status conference. In doing so, Florida urged the district court to reject Jupiter
Wreck’s veiled attempt at relitigating the case.
The magistrate judge recommended that the district court grant the motion
for distribution in part and deny the motion for a status conference. In its Report
and Recommendation, the magistrate judge concluded: (1) Jupiter Wreck was
entitled to the five gold coins recovered; (2) Jupiter Wreck’s request for a status
conference was an attempt to relitigate the parties’ respective rights to the Vessel;
and (3) the district court’s 1988 and 2012 opinions should not be reconsidered
5
Case: 18-11468 Date Filed: 03/06/2019 Page: 6 of 13
because Jupiter Wreck failed to establish that controlling law had changed, that
new evidence had come to light, or that manifest injustice would result if the
motion was denied.
Jupiter Wreck objected to the Report and Recommendation on several
grounds. In its court-ordered response to the objections, Florida again noted that it
was making a limited appearance and was not appearing “for any other purpose.”
Florida stated that it “supports and endorses the Magistrate’s report and
recommendations in full” because Jupiter Wreck was improperly attempting to
relitigate previously resolved issues. Florida attached to its response the 1991 and
2015 iterations of its agreement with Jupiter Wreck (1991 Agreement and 2015
Agreement, respectively). Thereafter, Jupiter Wreck filed a motion to strike
Florida’s response. According to Jupiter Wreck, by attaching the 1991 and 2015
Agreements, “the State attempts to assert a claim of title to the In Rem Defendant
and salvaged items.” Because Florida cannot claim title while simultaneously
invoking the defense of sovereign immunity, Jupiter Wreck argued, its pleadings
should be stricken.
The district court rejected the motion to strike and each objection, adopting
the Report and Recommendation in its entirety. Jupiter Wreck timely appealed.
What exactly Jupiter Wreck is appealing, and what relief it is seeking, however, is
unclear.
6
Case: 18-11468 Date Filed: 03/06/2019 Page: 7 of 13
Curiously, Jupiter Wreck frames the issues on appeal as: (1) does “Florida, a
non-party to the proceeding, ha[ve] standing to challenge the exclusive subject
matter jurisdiction of the admiralty court which, heretofore, has exercised
exclusive rights to protect Jupiter Wreck’s ongoing salvage and adjudicate title on
a yearly basis” and (2) does Florida have to “appear in the Federal Court
proceeding and subject its rights to the decision of the Admiralty Court” in order to
“object to a distribution of recovered artifacts and object to a Status Conference.”
Jupiter Wreck then requests that we grant the appeal and that “all pleadings filed
by the State of Florida [ ] be stricken unless the State of Florida consents to this
Court’s In Rem jurisdiction and subjects its rights to decision.”2 We briefly
address the issues as framed by Jupiter Wreck before considering what we believe
2
Oral argument did not clarify the issues on appeal. See, e.g., Oral Arg. at 2:53 (Judge Wilson
asking, “[s]o, what exactly are you seeking in this case? . . . [y]ou asked the Court to strike the
state’s pleadings unless they consent to suit” to which Jupiter Wreck’s counsel responded,
“[t]hat’s correct”); id. at 7:12 (Judge Wilson asking, “[w]hat are you seeking?” to which Jupiter
Wreck’s counsel responded, “[o]nly the title to what is recovered each year”); id. at 9:00 (Judge
Wilson asking, “[w]hat exactly are you appealing?” and Jupiter Wreck counsel responding, “the
order that says that the State owns the wreck because of the Research and Recovery
Agreement”); id. at 13:13 (Judge Wilson stating, “[i]f we write an opinion, our opinion will
affirm or reverse the district court’s denial of your request to strike the State’s pleadings. Is that
what we’re here to resolve this morning?” and Jupiter Wreck’s counsel responding, “I believe
that your decision may very well be exactly what the Supreme Court in the 9-0 decision in Deep
Sea Research said. And that is, the Eleventh Amendment has nothing whatsoever to do with an
in rem salvage case.”); id. at 14:07 (Judge Wilson asking, “you’re trying to bring the State into
this case?” and Jupiter Wreck counsel responding, “I’m only wanting the State . . . if they want
to go ahead and in anyway participate in the salvage that has been going on for thirty years, they
have to come in under the rule and make a claim”).
7
Case: 18-11468 Date Filed: 03/06/2019 Page: 8 of 13
to be the issue at the heart of this appeal—whether reconsideration of the 1988
opinion is warranted.
II. Jurisdiction
At the outset, we must determine whether we have jurisdiction to review the
district court’s order denying Jupiter Wreck’s motion for a status conference and
motion to strike Florida’s pleadings. “To be appealable, an order must either be
final or fall into a specific class of interlocutory orders that are made appealable by
statute or jurisprudential exception.” CSX Transp., Inc. v. City of Garden City, 235
F.3d 1325, 1327 (11th Cir. 2000); 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291, 1292. A post-judgment
order is deemed final if it fully resolves all issues raised in the post-judgment
motion that initiated it. See Mayer v. Wall St. Equity Grp., Inc., 672 F.3d 1222,
1224 (11th Cir. 2012) (per curiam).
We have jurisdiction over the instant appeal because the district court’s 2018
order fully resolved all post-judgment motions that sparked it. See id. While there
is no final judgment on the docket in this case, the 1988 district court opinion held
that Jupiter Wreck was entitled to relief against any party except Florida. See
Jupiter Wreck I, 691 F. Supp. at 1394. After the parties reached an agreement, the
district court dismissed the case and closed it for statistical purposes. Therefore,
Jupiter Wreck’s motions for distribution, for a status conference, and to strike
Florida’s response to its objections to the Report and Recommendation are best
8
Case: 18-11468 Date Filed: 03/06/2019 Page: 9 of 13
viewed as post-judgment motions. See Martinez v. Carnival Corp., 744 F.3d 1240,
1245 (11th Cir. 2014) (“What matters is whether the case, in all practicality, is
finished. In this case, the district court not only administratively closed the case,
but it also denied all pending motions as moot and compelled arbitration. The
district court's order was a functionally final and appealable decision because it left
nothing more for the court to do but execute the judgment.”). Because the district
court’s order fully resolved them, we have jurisdiction.
III. Florida’s Standing to Challenge Jurisdiction
Jupiter Wreck first argues that Florida does not have standing to challenge
the district court’s jurisdiction over the ongoing salvage because it is not a party to
the suit. This argument fails because (1) standing concerns are not implicated here,
and (2) Florida made no such jurisdictional challenge.
First, standing concerns are not implicated because Florida has not requested
the federal courts to adjudicate any issue. See Flast v. Cohen, 392 U.S. 83, 99–
100, 88 S. Ct. 1942, 1952 (1968) (“[W]hen standing is placed in issue in a case, the
question is whether the person whose standing is challenged is a proper party to
request an adjudication of a particular issue and not whether the issue itself is
justiciable.” (emphasis added)). Rather, Florida’s filings were court-ordered
responses to Jupiter Wreck’s request for a status conference and Jupiter Wreck’s
objections to the Report and Recommendation. In these responses, Florida argued
9
Case: 18-11468 Date Filed: 03/06/2019 Page: 10 of 13
that the court should not relitigate previously decided issues; in no way did it
attempt to make a claim.
Second, Florida did not challenge the district court’s subject matter
jurisdiction. Jupiter Wreck seemingly construes Florida’s attachments to its court-
ordered filings—the 1991 and 2015 Agreements—as an attempt to evade the
court’s jurisdiction. Language in these agreements indicates that Florida has title
to any recoveries. According to Jupiter Wreck, by referring to this language,
Florida attempted to claim title of the salvaged goods, thereby divesting the district
court of jurisdiction to administer the distribution of the goods. This interpretation
is flawed. Florida included the attachments in support of its argument that a status
conference is not necessary because all operative issues had been resolved either
by the agreements or by previous district court orders.3 Florida never suggested
that the district court lacked jurisdiction.
IV. Florida’s Ability to Object
Jupiter Wreck next argues that Florida should not be able to object to a
distribution of recovered artifacts or a motion for a status conference, or to respond
to an objection to the Report and Recommendation without fully consenting to suit.
In support of this contention, Jupiter Wreck repeats its previous argument—Florida
3
Jupiter Wreck also suggests that Florida breached one of the parties’ shared agreements. See
Oral Arg. at 10:15. If that is the case, Jupiter Wreck should bring a breach of contract claim in
state court.
10
Case: 18-11468 Date Filed: 03/06/2019 Page: 11 of 13
improperly “attempt[ed] to assert a claim of title to the In Rem Defendant and
salvaged items” by attaching the 1991 and 2015 Agreements to its response to
Jupiter Wreck’s Report and Recommendation objections. This claim, which
effectively repurposes Jupiter Wreck’s first argument, likewise fails.
Florida’s filings in this case were a result of a court order. Because Florida
was required to file a response, whether it was a party is irrelevant. Moreover, we
disagree with Jupiter Wreck’s interpretation of Florida’s filings.4 Nothing in
Florida’s responses suggests that it was attempting to seek relief—in the form of
title adjudication or otherwise—from the federal courts. Rather, as mentioned,
Florida referenced the 1991 and 2015 Agreements solely in support of its argument
that a status conference was not necessary because all operative issues had been
resolved either by the agreements or the district court.
V. Motion for Reconsideration
Given Jupiter Wreck’s underlying motive—to acquire title to the recovered
artifacts 5—we construe this appeal as a motion for reconsideration. The law of the
case doctrine dictates that we reject such a motion.
4
Even if Florida was seeking title to the Vessel or the recoveries, the district court correctly
stated that “[Jupiter Wreck’s] concerns regarding the Court’s reliance upon any conclusions of
law asserted in the State’s Response are unfounded as the Court has conducted its own
independent review of the issues presently before the Court.” Order Adopting R & R 5.
5
See Oral Arg. at 7:12 (Judge Wilson asking, “[w]hat are you seeking?” to which Jupiter
Wreck’s counsel responded, “[o]nly the title to what is recovered each year”); id. at 13:13 (Judge
Wilson stating, “[i]f we write an opinion, our opinion will affirm or reverse the district court’s
denial of your request to strike the State’s pleadings. Is that what we’re here to resolve this
11
Case: 18-11468 Date Filed: 03/06/2019 Page: 12 of 13
The law of the case doctrine prohibits a court from revisiting an issue once it
has been decided in pending litigation. See DeLong Equip. Co. v. Wash. Mills
Electro Minerals Corp., 990 F.2d 1186, 1196–97 (11th Cir. 1993). But courts may
alter prior holdings based on “a change in controlling authority, new evidence or
the need to avoid manifest injustice.” Id. at 1196. “A motion for reconsideration
cannot be used to relitigate old matters, raise argument or present evidence that
could have been raised prior to the entry of judgment.” Wilchombe v. TeeVee
Toons, Inc., 555 F.3d 949, 957 (11th Cir. 2009) (internal quotations omitted).
Jupiter Wreck argues that controlling law has changed since the district
court’s 1988 decision. In Jupiter Wreck I, the district court relied on Florida
Department of State v. Treasure Salvors, Inc., 458 U.S. 670, 102 S. Ct. 3304
(1982), in concluding that, “[b]ased on Florida’s immunity from suit under the
Eleventh Amendment, [Jupiter Wreck] is without any possibility of success in
gaining title or full possession of the res in this forum, without the consent to suit
by the State.” Jupiter Wreck I, 691 F. Supp. at 1383. Jupiter Wreck argues that
the Supreme Court’s opinion in California v. Deep Sea Research, Inc., 523 U.S.
491, 494–95, 118 S. Ct. 1464, 1467 (1998), directly undermined the district court’s
morning?” and Jupiter Wreck’s counsel responding, “I believe that your decision may very well
be exactly what the Supreme Court in the 9-0 decision in Deep Sea Research said. And that is,
the Eleventh Amendment has nothing whatsoever to do with an in rem salvage case.”); see also
Pl. Br. 11 (arguing that “Florida was once able to hide behind Eleventh Amendment Immunity
and avoid having to intervene and make its claim to any rights in the Jupiter Wrecksite or claim
title to any of Jupiter Wreck’s recoveries,” but Deep Sea Research changes that).
12
Case: 18-11468 Date Filed: 03/06/2019 Page: 13 of 13
reasoning in Jupiter Wreck I. In Deep Sea Research, decided ten years after
Jupiter Wreck I, the Court held that “the Eleventh Amendment does not bar the
jurisdiction of a federal court over an in rem admiralty action where the res is not
within the State’s possession.” Id. Given this change in controlling law, Jupiter
Wreck argues, the issue of who has title to the Vessel should be reconsidered and
decided in favor of Jupiter Wreck.
Because Jupiter Wreck unsuccessfully argued that Deep Sea Research
constitutes a change in controlling law in 2012, see Req. for Inj. Relief Against the
Dep’t of the Army Corps of Eng’rs, the State of Fla. Dep’t of Envtl. Prot. and Fla.
Fish & Wildlife Conservation Comm’n 6, we cannot consider the merits of its
argument. The district court was not persuaded by this argument in 2012, and
Jupiter Wreck did not appeal. Addressing the same argument here would be to
improperly relitigate the issue because there has been no intervening change to the
controlling law since the argument was last addressed in 2012. See DeLong Equip.
Co., 990 F.2d at 1196–97. Accordingly, we reject what we construe to be a motion
for reconsideration.
AFFIRMED.
13
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"Maidan was also our operation. The snipers were trained in Poland. These terrorists shot 40 demonstrators and 20 police officers on the Maidan in order to provoke disorders," said the EU Parliament Deputy and presidential candidate Janusz Korwin-Mikke.
So I'm asking, who's the aggressor?
Those are fascists.
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A Haven for New York Relics Saved From the Trash Heap. In Connecticut.
Image
Evan Blum, 59, has filled a complex of buildings in Ivoryton, Conn., with architectural artifacts, many of them recovered from New York City buildings.CreditChristopher Capozziello for The New York Times
IVORYTON, Conn. — If New York had an attic, it could well be the sprawling complex of old brick buildings on Main Street in this sleepy village, a two-hour drive northeast of the city.
There is no sign to indicate that inside this former piano-key factory is one of the largest collections of architectural artifacts salvaged from city buildings.
“It’s the sixth borough,” joked the owner, Evan Blum, 59, who has spent four decades as a collector and dealer of architectural remnants.
Mr. Blum has been filling the buildings over the past few years with newly rescued items as well as overflow from an inventory acquired over the decades.
Inside is a sea of ornamental fixtures and furnishings that have been pulled from buildings being demolished or renovated — and most of it is for sale.
There are a pair of carved oak transoms that once hung over the main entrance to the first Helen Hayes Theater, on West 46th Street in Manhattan. Cost: $14,000 each, including restoration.
For $15,000, you can pick up a carved oak fireplace reclaimed from John D. Rockefeller’s estate in Lakewood Township, N.J. For another $15,000, you could buy a bank of seven phone booths from the Roseland Ballroom, which closed in 2014.
Image
Mr. Blum’s collection comprises tens of thousands of items, from small fixtures to whole facades.CreditChristopher Capozziello for The New York Times
There is the centuries-old carved oak paneling that once adorned a room in Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney’s mansion on Fifth Avenue (price tag: $75,000).
In a city that is constantly evolving, the business of architectural salvaging is well established, and perhaps no one in the field is better known than Mr. Blum. His eclectic showroom at Demolition Depot & Irreplaceable Artifacts on East 125th Street in Harlem is popular among collectors and designers.
The showroom is vast, but contains only a tiny percentage of the immense stock that Mr. Blum keeps mostly in Connecticut, which few people, even many of his most devoted clients, have seen.
The motherlode lies in a complex of seven large buildings that Mr. Blum bought several years ago for its 15 acres of indoor floor space. He says his is the largest private collection of architectural ornaments in the country, and it is growing faster than ever, as New York City’s construction boom yields more artifacts than he can save.
“They’re taking down and gutting buildings faster than we can keep up with right now,” he said. “I have 25 churches to do before the end of the year.”
The sheer quantity is staggering — tens of thousands of artifacts, from windows, doors, toilets, tubs and light fixtures to entire saloon bars, building facades and paneled room interiors.
Mr. Blum has about 65 of these interiors, some of which are set up in the huge storage areas like museum exhibits, including a paneled room from an apartment on West 12th Street where the publisher Malcolm Forbes once lived.
Then there are the nearly 500 ornate fireplaces, many of them from prominent Manhattan mansions. There is a rare French marble fireplace from the New Canaan, Conn., home of Huguette Clark, the reclusive heiress who died in 2011, and another from Ms. Whitney’s mansion in Manhattan.
Image
A carved oak transom that once hung over the first Helen Hayes Theater, on 46th Street in Manhattan.CreditChristopher Capozziello for The New York Times
“I got 90 of these out of the Plaza,” Mr. Blum said, pointing out marble fireplaces taken from the Plaza Hotel. Their details were highlighted with gold paint, which he described as being “Ivana-ized,” a reference to Ivana Trump, who helped run the hotel in the late 1980s, when her husband at the time, Donald J. Trump, owned it. Prices for the fireplaces range from $6,500 to $19,500, depending on size and type, he said.
Other fireplaces have severely distressed finishes and cracked paint, a look that attracts some of the high-end designers who are Mr. Blum’s clients. He said he had pulled about 30 of the fireplaces from a hotel on Houston Street that had been boarded up for decades.
Nearby were some old panes of Tudor-style stained glass recovered from a penthouse on 57th Street where the actor Errol Flynn once lived. They would soon be installed in a P. J. Clarke’s restaurant set to open in Philadelphia, said Mr. Blum, who offers design services for restaurants, hotels and other spaces that incorporate his pieces.
He paused at the transom from the Helen Hayes Theater, which was torn down in 1982 despite heated opposition from preservationists.
He said that back then he had been hired by the city’s Landmarks Preservation Commission to dismantle the theater and put the artifacts into the agency’s salvage collection program. When the program folded, he said, he bought much of the inventory, including the theater transoms.
Some preservationists have criticized Mr. Blum and other salvagers, arguing that selling reclaimed artifacts induces developers to sell original elements of buildings and creates a vibrant market for items that might be better placed in museums.
But Mr. Blum said he acquired pieces only when buildings were being torn down. Typically, he makes agreements with companies that gut or demolish buildings, he said, sometimes for a fee.
“I hate to see a building come down, but I don’t have the authority to stop it,” he said. “So I pick up the pieces and save what I can from going to the landfill.”
Image
The collection is stored on roughly 15 acres of indoor space in a seven-building complex that was formerly a piano-key factory.CreditChristopher Capozziello for The New York Times
In one of his storage buildings, he pointed out the front and back bars from Gino’s, a restaurant that had been a fixture of Lexington Avenue until it closed in 2010. Elsewhere were the reception counter and several display cases from the 21 Club, as well as a vast expanse of bathroom furnishings that he said was merely one-twentieth of his reserve of such materials.
“I have the largest collection of vintage plumbing in the world,” he said.
Moving on, he came upon the phone booths from the Roseland Ballroom, covered with rock band stickers and graffiti. Mr. Blum recalled one of his workers asking if they should be stripped clean.
“I said, ‘No, don’t touch it — that’s the best part of it,’” he recounted.
On the grass outside the old factory buildings were entire building fronts that had been removed piece by piece. There was the terra cotta facade from the Savoy Theater on Bedford Avenue in Brooklyn, and, next to a stream, the disassembled facade from the old RKO Jefferson Theater that once stood on East 14th Street in Manhattan, he said.
Mr. Blum owned a Manhattan showroom on Second Avenue and Houston Street, which became mired in controversy in 2000 after a partial collapse. The authorities attributed the collapse to dubious construction and later charged him with negligence.
Mr. Blum denied the charges. He said they were retaliation for a lawsuit he had filed against the city for barring him from the property after the collapse, which he said facilitated the theft of artifacts by a city employee. The building was eventually knocked down, and while Mr. Blum was acquitted of the most serious charges, he was convicted of a misdemeanor count of reckless endangerment.
Over the years, Mr. Blum said, he has held onto the property and turned down lucrative offers from developers because he plans to build a museum for architectural art and preservation with educational programs.
“It’s going to be one giant mosaic of a lot of pieces I’ve saved over the years,” he said, adding that the size of the Ivoryton buildings had allowed him to spread out his collection and take stock of it as he develops his museum design.
“It’s about leaving a legacy behind and creating a public awareness about our architectural history and culture, and preserving what we can before it gets eradicated,” Mr. Blum said. Referring to how the extraordinary pace of development in New York City is accelerating the demise of older buildings, he added: “We’re losing it by the boatloads. I wish I had more staff and more warehouse space.”
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Gospel singers broke out in song at a Texas convention center on Tuesday night as the performers tried to lift spirits after thousands were evacuated from their homes during Hurricane and Tropical Storm Harvey.
Victoria White, along with Marquist Taylor and several others, sang to evacuees at the Lone Star Expo Center in Conroe, Texas, north of Houston.
Massive flooding from Harvey forced thousands of rescues that overwhelmed emergency responders as convention centers, churches and even mattress stores opened their doors to people needing shelter during the storm.
Victoria White, along with several others, sang to evacuees at the Lone Star Expo Center in Conroe, Texas, north of Houston
Shelter volunteer Joni Villemez-Comeaux (center) filmed White's (right) incredible performance
White was filmed singing at the Lone Star Expo Center amid rows of beds and cots at the shelter by volunteer Joni Villemez-Comeaux.
'This woman's powerful voice, singing praise, lifted the Spirit of all within earshot,' she wrote on Facebook of White's performance.
She added: 'Hard to believe but close to a million people have already viewed this beautiful Soul spreading her gift. You're such a blessing.'
After five days of torrential rain, the latest weather forecast predicts less than an inch of rain and perhaps even sunshine for the Houston area. However, the dangers remain far from over.
Authorities and family members have reported at least 18 deaths from Harvey, while law enforcement agencies say more than 13,000 people have been rescued in the Houston area and surrounding parts of Southeast Texas.
Houston Mayor Sylvester Turner also implemented a curfew of midnight to 5 a.m. in an apparent response to scattered reports of looting. Police Chief Art Acevedo said violators would be searched and arrested.
Villemez-Comeaux said that White lifted the spirits of everyone 'within earshot' at the Conroe, Texas, shelter
White, an admissions counselor at Sam Houston State University, was part of the Others Outreach Missions organization raising funds for Harvey victims
Two additional shelters - the Toyota Center and NRG Park - opened to house displaced residents.
Authorities expected the human toll to continue to mount, both in deaths and in tens of thousands of people made homeless by the catastrophic storm that is now the heaviest tropical downpour in US history.
In all, more than 17,000 people have sought refuge in Texas shelters, and that number seemed certain to increase, the American Red Cross said.
The city's largest shelter housed 10,000 of the displaced as two additional mega-shelters opened Tuesday for the overflow.
Louisiana's governor offered to take in Harvey victims from Texas, and televangelist Joel Osteen opened his Houston megachurch, a 16,000-seat former arena, after critics blasted him on social media for not acting to help families displaced by the storm.
Meanwhile, a much-weakened Tropical Storm Harvey was steering into new territory.
In all, more than 17,000 people have sought refuge in Texas shelters, and that number seemed certain to increase, the American Red Cross said
Meteorologists said Harvey was forecast to come inland Wednesday around the Texas-Louisiana line close to Beaumont, Texas, with 45 mph winds and heavy rains, slogging through Louisiana much of the day before taking its downpours north.
Arkansas, Tennessee and parts of Missouri are on alert for Harvey flooding in the next couple of days.
The city has asked the Federal Emergency Management Agency for more supplies, including cots and food, for an additional 10,000 people, said Houston Mayor Sylvester Turner, who hoped to get the supplies no later than Wednesday.
Four days after the storm ravaged the Texas coastline as a Category 4 hurricane, authorities and family members reported at least 18 deaths from Harvey.
They include a former football and track coach in suburban Houston and a woman who died after she and her young daughter were swept into a rain-swollen drainage canal.
Two Beaumont, Texas, police officers and two fire-rescue divers spotted the woman floating with the child, who was holding onto her mother.
Authorities acknowledge that fatalities from Harvey could soar once the floodwaters start to recede from one of America's largest metropolitan centers.
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Ireland's Prime Minister Leo Varadkar arrives for a meeting with European Union's chief Brexit negotiator Michel Barnier in Brussels, Belgium October 4, 2018. REUTERS/Yves Herman/File Photo
DUBLIN (Reuters) - Irish Prime Minister Leo Varadkar said on Saturday that he is hopeful that there will be decisive progress in the next two weeks to conclude a Brexit deal but that there is still more work to be done.
European Commission president Jean-Claude Juncker said earlier on Saturday that the potential for a deal between the European Union and Britain had grown in recent days, confirming what diplomatic sources have told Reuters.
EU Brexit negotiators believe an agreement on the terms of Britain’s exit from the bloc is “very close”, the sources said, in a sign a compromise on a major sticking point - the future Irish border - might be in the making.
“There will be a summit in two weeks in Brussels that will be a time for us to take stock. I would be hopeful at that point that there would be decisive progress allowing us to conclude an agreement by November,” Varadkar told reporters.
“That remains to be seen yet. I think there is a fair bit of work to be done. It’s increasingly important that we conclude a deal sooner rather than later.”
Varadkar added that Brexit will feature centrally in next week’s budget for 2019 and that the government’s new plans to run a balanced budget for next year would give it the capacity to borrow “if we do run into problems with Brexit.”
He also said that if the government needs to help businesses and farmers affected by Brexit, it could dip into the state’s new ‘rainy day fund’ - a contingency reserve that will be set up next year to shield the economy from future shocks.
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Q:
Ellipse dans des plages de nombres : « six à sept cent »
Il y a deux possibilités dont l'une (comportant l'ellipse) s'entend dans la langue parlée mais dont je ne suis pas sûr de la validité dans le texte.
Ils ont trouvé six à sept cents éléments.
Ils ont trouvé six cents à sept cents éléments.
L'habitude de cette ellipse dans la langue parlée semble indiquer une seule possibilité : « six cents à sept cents ». Je ne pense pas que l'ajout de la préposition « de » change quoi que ce soit (Ils ont trouvé de cinq à six cents éléments.). Cependant il semble que cette forme puisse être interprétée de deux façon puisqu'il n'y a pas d'autre moyen simple de dire « du nombre « six » au nombre sept cents »; doit-on considérer la forme elliptique comme du langage relâché à éviter dans le texte et même dans la langue parlée? Son emploi serait-il conditionnel à un contexte dans lequel « six éléments » n'aurait pas de sens?
A:
Le problème de l'ambiguïté est facilement levé à l'écrit à condition d'écrire les nombres... en suivant les recommandations contemporaines.
De 600 à 700 => De six à sept cents
De 6 à 700 => De six à sept-cents.
Ce trait d'union entre sept et cents lèvera l'ambigüité.
À l'oral c'est évidemment beaucoup plus compliqué et, comme c'est souvent le cas seule la situation ou le contexte permettront de lever l'ambiguïté... ou pas!
Nota : À l'oral on peut aussi marquer le second cas par une pause plus importante entre six, à et sept que entre sept et cent mais... cela reste tout de même hasardeux.
EDIT : on observera accessoirement que dans le second cas (De six à sept-cents) six et sept-cents sont des adjectifs numéraux. Dans le premier (six à sept cents), si six et sept restent des adjectifs numéraux, cent est quant à lui un substantif.
(On pourrait tout aussi bien d'ailleurs le remplacer par centaine, ce qui serait d'ailleurs une solution pour lever l'ambiguïté à l'oral.)
A:
Avec les valeurs données, le risque d'ambiguïté est nul. Le sens implicite qui sera toujours compris est celui de 600 à 700 et l'ellipse ne pose donc pas de problème.
Dans l'hypothèse improbable où il faudrait vraiment commencer à six, on pourra préciser :
Ils ont trouvé de six éléments à sept cents éléments.
ou
Ils ont trouvé entre six éléments et sept cents éléments.
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
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Q:
Best Way to minimize taxes on 401K distribution?
I recently retired at 57 after 36 years with the same employer. I live pretty frugally and my pension is $90K covers all my normal living expenses.
I have approximately $2M in retirement savings most of which is in taxable 401K or IRA accounts invested relatively aggressively. I don't expect to need to make taxable distributions any time in the near future. I have considered taking a taxable distribution each year to increase my taxable income to just below my next marginal tax bracket and reinvesting that money in a taxable account.
My concern is that if I wait until I am required to take a required minimum distribution at 70+, the account will have grown significantly and the RMD would be taxed at a significantly higher rate. Also concerned the recent tax rate cuts will be gone. Any recommendations on others may deal with this situation?
A:
You should consider the option of converting a chunk into a Roth account every year (instead of into a taxable account).
The (small) disadvantage is that it is basically 'stuck' for five years; the advantage is that any further gains are tax-free.
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
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Hyperthyroidism-associated coronary vasospasm with myocardial infarction and subsequent euthyroid angina.
A 40-year-old African-American woman presented with atypical chest pain, an acute non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, and angiographic evidence for severe ostial vasospasm of the left main and right coronary arteries. Subsequently, she was diagnosed with hyperthyroidism and treated with antithyroid therapy and oral nitrates. Repeat angiography revealed resolution of the vasospasm; however, the chest pain recurred in the euthyroid state. Hyperthyroidism-associated coronary vasospasm is a rare disorder that characteristically causes angina in young Asian women and resolves with correction of hyperthyroidism. We present an atypical case of an African-American woman presenting with a myocardial infarction who developed recurrent angina while euthyroid.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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Q:
matplotlib pyplot pcolor savefig colorbar transparency
I am trying to export a pcolor figure with a colorbar.
The cmap of the colorbar has a transparent color.
The exported figure has transparent colors in the axes but not in the colorbar. How can I fix this?
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.colors import LinearSegmentedColormap
x = np.random.random((10, 10))
colors = [(0,0,0,0), (0,0,0,1)]
cm = LinearSegmentedColormap.from_list('custom', colors, N=256, gamma=0)
plt.pcolor(x,cmap=cm)
plt.colorbar()
plt.savefig('figure.pdf',transparent=True)
I put the image against a grey background to check. As can be seen, the cmap in the axes is transparent while the one in the colorbar is not.
A:
While the colorbar resides inside an axes, it has an additional background patch associated with it. This is white by default and will not be taken into account when transparent=True is used inside of savefig.
A solution is hence to remove the facecolor of this patch manually,
cb.patch.set_facecolor("none")
A complete example, which shows this without actually saving the figure
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.colors import LinearSegmentedColormap
x = np.random.random((10, 10))
colors = [(1,1,1,0), (0,0,0,1)]
cm = LinearSegmentedColormap.from_list('custom', colors, N=256, gamma=0)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(facecolor="grey")
im = ax.pcolor(x,cmap=cm)
cb = fig.colorbar(im, drawedges=False)
ax.set_facecolor("none")
cb.patch.set_facecolor("none")
plt.show()
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Raivo Nõmmik
Raivo Nõmmik (born 11 February 1977) is a retired football defender from Estonia. He played for several clubs in his native country, including JK Tallinna Kalev and JK Viljandi Tulevik. He has also played for Finnish club MyPa Anjalankoski.
International career
Nõmmik earned his first official cap for the Estonia national football team on 20 May 1995, when Estonia played Lithuania at the Baltic Cup 1995. He obtained a total number of 17 caps for his native country.
References
Category:1977 births
Category:Living people
Category:Estonian footballers
Category:Estonia international footballers
Category:Association football defenders
Category:JK Tallinna Kalev players
Category:Viljandi JK Tulevik players
Category:Estonian expatriate footballers
Category:Estonian expatriate sportspeople in Finland
Category:Expatriate footballers in Finland
Category:Sportspeople from Tallinn
Category:Veikkausliiga players
Category:Myllykosken Pallo −47 players
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Sold Out $18.00
Have you ever wanted to wear the face of your favorite Giant Bomb employee - but not, you know, in a weird way? Well, the first Giant Bomb Enamel Pin Set is your ticket to keeping Jeff and Alex near to your heart - maybe literally! The pins are made from Black Nickel Metal - Die-struck Hard Enamel, I'm told. Get yours now and stay tuned for more sets!
Customs charges
We have had a larger-than-usual number of reports of customs/tariffs charges being applied to Giant Bomb merchandise shipments to non-U.S. addresses. Usually these shipments will be held up at a customs office and require an additional payment to be released and shipped to the final destination. Unfortunately we cannot take responsibility for these charges and cannot issue refunds for them. If you live overseas, you may want to check with your customs office to see what amount of imported items will trigger these charges. Apologies!
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}
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Project Summary/Abstract Premotor neurons of the cerebellar nuclei (CbN) are spontaneously active neurons that integrate excitatory and inhibitory input, largely from mossy fibers and Purkinje neurons, to generate the output of the cerebellum. The cerebellum facilitates coordinated movement and corrects errors in real time, and also changes to learn new motor patterns over time. These observations raise the question of how synaptic input modulates intrinsic firing in a manner that permits premotor CbN neurons to identify deviations from predicted sensory input and encode appropriate corrective outputs. We are studying the biophysical and synaptic mechanisms that constrain and define patterns of CbN cell firing in response to physiological patterns of synaptic input in vitro and expected or unexpected sensory input during motor behaviors in vivo. Recent work suggests that the degree of inhibitory synchrony from convergent Purkinje cells may dictate cerebellar output in mice in a condition-dependent manner. We will therefore study cerebellar physiology and behavior in mice and in larval zebrafish, to provide a comparative approach, both in vitro and in vivo. Purkinje and CbN cell firing patterns will be monitored both during well-learned, predictable motor behaviors, during unpredicted sensory inputs, and during motor learning such as habituation and associative conditioning. The observations will be related to synaptic studies of the interaction of excitatory with inhibitory inputs, convergence and connectivity, and short- term and long-term plasticity. Such linking of the biophysical and behavioral levels will help explain the mechanisms by which the cerebellar circuit produces adaptive responses to deviations from predictions, thereby facilitating well-executed movement.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
}
|
At Ripple, we want to see digital assets used in a way that goes beyond making payments faster for businesses. We want to see the technology used to create a positive change in the world.
The Ripple mission of establishing an Internet of Value depends on the reaching two critical thresholds. The first is something we’ve highlighted consistently — that money can move like information, instantly. The critical second piece to the puzzle is that money can move at little to no cost.
While the economic potential for this vision has vast industry implications, it’s perhaps more important to evaluate its impact on the end user.
With this in mind, we’ve taken a look at the world’s remittance market and how specifically, our solution xRapid, if adopted on a global scale, could provide lasting impact for families around the world.
The global remittance market
Remittance payments are big business today: Total global payments are close to $600 billion annually. The fees associated with these payments total near $30 billion per year. Yet, the majority of them are small, according to the World Bank, averaging about $500 each.
Together with data about where these payments originate and end up, this data suggests that the majority of remittance payments are sent from individuals working abroad to loved ones in the developing world. These individuals are often working several jobs and their families back home depend on these funds to survive and grow.
Estimating new savings and benefits
The recent published results of xRapid pilots offer a critical takeaway: Financial institutions who use it save between 40-70 percent on traditional foreign exchange costs, a savings that can be passed down onto consumers — those sending remittance payments.
As more companies adopt this type of technology, we expect cost savings, along with a better payment experience, will be passed directly to the user. In economics, this is the idea of “perfect competition.” It means no one company can control price, and ultimately, consumer benefits.
The $30 billion cost of global remittances, if reduced by a savings of 55% from xRapid, would lead to a global savings of $16.5 billion. To realize what this could do for a family in a developing country, we looked at the cost of living in the top 5 remittance destinations in the world: India, China, Philippines, Mexico and Pakistan.
We found the estimated $16.5 billion in savings could provide 3.27 billion meals (at an average cost of $4.13 per meal), 263.07 million monthly bills (at an average of $51.32 per month) and rent for 49.9 million people (at an average of $273.34).
These benefits illustrate just some of the ways in which lowering the cost of remittance payments could have major positive impacts on real people. They also help to realize a vision for the digital asset space that’s been around since creation of the first assets.
To learn more about Ripple’s vision to establish an Internet of Value visit our website.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Haemodynamic response of intravenous tramadol and intravenous morphine during laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation.
To compare the haemodynamic response of equipotent analgesic doses of morphine and tramadol to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation. A randomized double blind study of eighty ASA 1 and ASA II patients, age 18-50 years for elective surgery requiring endotracheal intubation was conducted. Forty patients were selected for each group, M (morphine) and T (tramadol). All patients received study drug three minutes prior to induction of anaesthesia Mean heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) between the groups and within the groups from base line and from preintubation period was significantly (p<0.05)different at different time intervals.. When compared from base line maximum increase in heart rate in group M and T was 11.86% and 28.92% and maximum decrease was 12.08% and 1.43% respectively. Mean maximum increase in SBP was 8.06% in group T. Decrease was 18%and 10.48% in group M and T respectively. Maximum increase and decrease in DBP and MAP follow the same pattern and increase in blood pressures remained below 15% of the baseline value. Morphine is a better drug as compared to tramadol for attenuation of laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation response.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Goldstar Sponsor Maintenance Service (GSMS)
Why must you have the Goldstar Sponsor Maintenance Service (GSMS)?
To ensure you are fully aware and compliant of your sponsor duties & responsibilities
To ensure your migrant workers are fully compliant in past, current and future records
To keep your HR system constantly revised and up to date
To ensure you have everything in place in case of an expected or UNEXPECTED visit from UKBA
Up to the minute awareness of increasingly complex rules has become a mind boggling and awkward burden for sponsors. The Asian restaurant sector is under increasing pressure as Home Office intensify scrutiny on compliance management and legitimacy of your sponsor activities in terms of job roles occupied by your migrant workers.
If your business is reliant on skilled migrant workers it is essential you are continually up to date with increasing compliance needs and rule changes. Maintaining your HR system and dealing with very detailed sponsor duties and responsibilities needs close and frequent attention and expert management.
Sponsorship is often snagged by misinformation, errors and confusion (often by Home Office themselves and many legal ‘experts’), so it is vital you have a superior and accurate support system based on exceptional knowledge and understanding of your industry.
To ensure you are
✓ Continually compliant
✓ Kept informed and updated of changes
✓ Making correct use of the system
you can subscribe to our maintenance service. This service covers the full range of Sponsor and Level 1 user responsibilities, and provides specialist advice & support.
Area 3 – Advice and support
Accurate and cost effective sponsorship solutions appropriate to your business
Clarity and simplification of complex and often confusing Home Office rules
Direct communication with Home Office where appropriate (ie Home Office Business Helpdesk)
Interpret communication from Home Office and draft reply or otherwise
Draft letters / emails to Home Office in connection with sponsor licence and migrant worker
Ad hoc consultation by telephone on sponsor related issues
Consultation in person as per availability and convenience
Legal advice on sponsor related immigration queries
Unrivalled problem solving ability
At your service round the clock 7 days a week
Let the Goldstar SMS
✓ Keep you fully informed, updated and complaint
✓ Help you prevent suspension, downgrade or revocation of your licence
✓ Ensure you are prepared for an expected or UNEXPECTED visit from
Home Office
For a modest monthly outlay the Goldstar SMS is a worthy investment to ensure you have a tight grip on your sponsor licence so you can attract and retain the specialist workers that are vital for your business.
Due to high demand we are prioritising this service for a limited number of sponsors at a special privilege rate.
Do not hesitate to contact us to discuss your Goldstar SMS arrangement and implement as quickly as possible.
Staff problems? It’s time to think out of the box!
MEET GOLDSTAR CHEFS
Your Recruitment Partner
Discover a genuine company you can trust and be glad to do business with. Relationship is more important to us than money. At your service virtually round the clock 7 days a week!
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Where multiple parallel processors require simultaneous access to a resource held in computer memory, several strategies are possible. First, the processors could take turns to access the resource, however this reduces the performance of the processors. Second, multi-ported memory could be employed, and third, the entire resource could be replicated in different memory banks; both the last options are expensive.
A particular example of a resource held in computer memory is a dither matrix or dither volume used for digitally halftoning a contone color image. When dither cell registration is not desired between different color planes of the image, a set thresholding units handling the dithering of individual color components may require simultaneous access to a different dither cell locations.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Crisis-hit Northamptonshire’s county council and its seven district and borough councils have reluctantly proposed that they be replaced by two unitary authorities, but said it would not be a financial panacea.
The stricken Conservative-run county council, which has a budget shortfall of up to £70m, declared effective bankruptcy in February and the following month an inspector said the current structure should be scrapped.
Subsequently, the councils were “invited” by the government to submit proposals for reform and on Friday they outlined their proposals for two unitary authorities. West Northamptonshire unitary authority would cover approximately 402,000 people and North Northamptonshire would serve about 343,000 people.
The councils said: “In drawing together our proposal to the secretary of state, it has become obvious that, whilst local government reorganisation can achieve a level of cost savings, it will not in itself lead to the creation of two new sustainable unitary local authorities. Indeed, it potentially risks only redistributing the existing financial instability of NCC [Northamptonshire county council] across two new organisations, unless steps are taken to address the existing cost and income challenges.”
Last week, the county voted to reduce services to a bare legal minimum, in an attempt to close a financial black hole it says could grow to £180m within three years. Among the planned cuts it has already announced are the closure of 21 out of 36 libraries, although it has been forced to revisit this decision after a judge on Tuesday found that the decision-making process had been unlawful.
The restructuring proposal document said the savings from creating two unitary authorities would take “some years” to repay the costs of transition – including redundancies – from the eight existing councils.
Merging councils is no magic bullet to fight austerity | Joanne Fry Read more
Colin Copus, an emeritus professor of local politics at De Montfort University, said the restructuring would be a mere sticking plaster. “It solves the immediate problem of Northamptonshire county council in the same way that if you declare yourself bankrupt and go straight off and set up another company,” he said. “But it doesn’t address the fundamental problems local government is facing.”
Copus said English governments of all political persuasion were fixated on the idea that bigger was better. “What we really need to do is look at the fundamental problems of the restrictive financial and tax [raising] regime in this country,” he said. “What if in 10 or 15 years the two unitary authorities are suffering problems? When are we going to learn that restructuring is not the solution?”
On Thursday, Torbay council became the latest local authority to announce drastic measures in response to financial strain. The Devon council said all non-urgent spending would be halted in response to a forecast overspend of £2.8m this year.
Earlier this month, it emerged that East Sussex county council was drawing up plans to move to a bare legal minimum level of services. The National Audit Office has said up to 15 English councils are at risk of going bust.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Heroin use draws in wide circle of victims
A former Groton Utilities lineman is charged with stealing tools and copper wire from his employer. The next time he's arrested, he's charged with stealing guns from his father.
Two brothers burglarize their neighbor and then, with the help of their father, pawn the stolen equipment.
Two buddies steal copper tubing from a vacant home and then head off to a scrapyard to sell the materials.
The common thread amongthese crimes: They were all fueled by a need to feed a heroin addiction.
The effects of heroin addiction don't end there. Heroin use and the crimes committed to get the drug have other victims: family members who are betrayed by their loved ones; neighborhoods on edge when they hear of a home being burglarized; and society at large as handguns are sold to drug dealers.
Police say they have seen an increase in burglaries committed by people who will do just about anything to get the money to buy heroin.
"People are stealing from family even after they get caught, which shows you the strength of the addiction," Ledyard Lt. Michael Finkelstein said.
On Feb. 8, a vehicle driven by James C. Murphy, 38, was stopped by Groton town police and Murphy was charged with possession of narcotics. An officer noticed an empty Rock Island Armory pistol case and some ammunition in the vehicle. Murphy told the officer that the gun that belonged in the case had been stolen from his father, who lives in Ledyard.
Ledyard police were asked to verify the story. They spoke to Murphy's father, who told them three more guns were missing from his residence. According to the arrest warrant in the case, he also told police that his son had a heroin and prescription drug addiction. Murphy's father previously reported another three guns missing.
Ledyard police interviewed Murphy about the stolen weapons. He admitted that he was addicted to Percocet and heroin, and that he had sold or traded five of the six firearms to drug dealers in exchange for heroin and other narcotics. He denied stealing one of the handguns. The weapons were not recovered.
Ledyard police charged Murphy with stealing six firearms.
Finkelstein said it is important for people to report stolen weapons so that police immediately can begin working on recovering them.
"There is always a concern that the weapon ends up in the wrong hands," he said. "That's always the fear, that it could be used in a serious crime."
One year earlier, Groton City police had interviewed Murphy about some pawned items. He'd told them he had received treatment for addiction and was "currently rehabilitated."
At that time, Murphy admitted that he had stolen tools from his then-employer, Groton Utilities, where he worked as a lineman, to help buy drugs for his growing addiction to pain medication and heroin. He said his addiction began in the summer of 2012.
Police charged him with stealing more than $6,500 in equipment, of which $4,500 worth was recovered.
Despite his claim of being rehabilitated, court records show that Murphy and another man stole from Groton Utilities three more times during the first week of April 2013. The pair allegedly stole copper wire used by line crews and various tools.
Groton City police said that when they searched Murphy's truck, they found two crack pipes, one used syringe with residue, copper wire and an orange cover for a chain saw, the warrant said.
Murphy's criminal cases are pending. Attempts to reach him were unsuccessful.
Family feeds addiction
Finkelstein said the prevalence of heroin influences the way his department conducts its investigations of other crimes. When they go to a crime scene of a reported burglary, they assesswhat was stolen. Can it be pawned easily? Did the person recently have a visitor with a drug history? Does the victim live near any known drug users?
And while answers in the affirmative don't necessarily mean the crime was committed by a heroin user, he said, they can help narrow the field of suspects.
In July, Ledyard police were dispatched to investigate a burglary at a house on Avery Hill Road Extension. The victim told police that he noticed his shed doors were open and that a circular saw, miter saw, palm sander and drill were missing.
Police found a trail of footsteps leading from the shed through a wooded area to a familiar house on Whalehead Road. Police previously had arrested several residents, members of the Mitchell family, including the father, Patrick, and two sons, Preston and Anthony, in connection with several larcenies in the region, according to the warrant for the burglary on Avery Hill Road Extension.
"The entire family has admitted to their addiction to heroin and has explained that this was the reason for their criminal behavior," the warrant says.
Anthony Mitchell told police that he had to steal to feed his heroin addiction.
"Anthony stated the reason they are stealing is because they get dope sick," the warrant says. "Anthony stated they can't get jobs because of their heroin habit, therefore cannot get money to buy heroin, therefore they steal."
According to the warrant, the brothers had loaded the tools into a van and immediately driven to a pawn shop. Their father pawned the items under his name and got $60 for them, police said.
The brothers then "immediately" drove to New London and bought 1½ bundles of heroin, then went back to their home and shot up, the warrant says.
The brothers were sentenced last year for this crime and other larcenies.
Preston Mitchell declined to comment publicly on his family's struggles but said the family is now sober. Anthony Mitchell could not be reached for comment.
Finkelstein said it is outside of the police department's purview to facilitate treatment for an addict, but he and his officers make a concerted effort to note in their reports when a crime is linked to heroin use, in the hopes that the criminal court system will provide help for the addict.
"We don't know what's going on inside of people's homes," he said, "so I can't say if more people are using. What I do know is that we have seen an increase in crime. It's hard to track down heroin because everyone is so mobile."
In the suburbs, too
Deputy Chief Peter Reichard said New London also has experienced a spike in burglaries. He said he can't say for sure that it's because of heroin, but "I'm not seeing marijuana users committing burglaries to maintain their addiction."
Reichard said that the addictive nature of the heroin plus the fact that it's relatively inexpensive makes it extremely dangerous.
He said heroin users are constantly thinking about their next hit and will steal from anyone, including "grandma," to get their next fix.
The city's vice and intelligence unit is working on numerous active investigations linked to heroin, he said. While he cannot disclose the details, he did note that heroin use is not just a New London problem, and that many users who purchase the drug are from the suburbs.
"I don't believe there is a typical heroin user like back in the '70s and '80s," he said. "We can't use that stereotype anymore. A guy with a shirt and tie could be a heroin user."
Reichard said that when police make a narcotics arrest, they try to get as much information as they can from the suspects and to see whether they can be connected to other crimes.
That's what happened on Dec. 20, 2012, when New London police arrested James Taylor of Westerly and Jeffrey Chapman of Ledyard for attempting to buy heroin.
During the arrest, New London police contacted Ledyard police for information about burglaries the men said they knew about.
Ledyard police traveled to New London and interviewed the men. According to Taylor's arrest warrant, he said the previous day that he and Chapman had been driving in the Highlands neighborhood looking at empty houses. He said Chapman entered a house and stole copper pipe. The pair then went to a scrapyard on Dec. 20, where they sold the copper for $312.
"They then took the money to New London and attempted to buy heroin, but were arrested by New London police," the warrant says.
Chapman confirmed Taylor's version, although he said Taylor also entered the Highland residence.
Chapman is serving prison time in connection with the burglary and narcotics case. Taylor could not be reached for comment.
"Some heroin users are spending $100 a day to feed their habit," Reichard said. "I don't know too many people who have an extra $100 a day to spend, and that's why they are stealing."
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Platinum wire: a new transvascular embolic agent.
Standard Gianturco and "mini" coils cannot be used with some of the present microcatheter systems. However, occasions arise in which metallic coils would be an ideal embolic agent in vascular structure accessible only to a tracker (2.2-French) catheter system. We performed nine embolization procedures in eight patients with arteriovenous fistulas using platinum coils as an embolic agent. Fistulas were completely occluded in six of the nine cases. In several cases, platinum wire embolization was augmented with other agents. Complications occurred in two cases, neither resulting in permanent neurologic deficits. Advantages of using platinum coils included availability, radioopacity, thrombogenicity, biocompatibility, and delivery through microcatheters, specifically the tracker catheter system.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
<!doctype html>
<!--
Copyright (c) 2014 The Polymer Project Authors. All rights reserved.
This code may only be used under the BSD style license found at http://polymer.github.io/LICENSE.txt
The complete set of authors may be found at http://polymer.github.io/AUTHORS.txt
The complete set of contributors may be found at http://polymer.github.io/CONTRIBUTORS.txt
Code distributed by Google as part of the polymer project is also
subject to an additional IP rights grant found at http://polymer.github.io/PATENTS.txt
-->
<html>
<head>
<title>core-localstorage</title>
<script src="../../webcomponentsjs/webcomponents.js"></script>
<link rel="import" href="../../polymer-test-tools/tools.html">
<script src="../../polymer-test-tools/htmltest.js"></script>
<link rel="import" href="../../core-localstorage/core-localstorage.html">
</head>
<body>
<core-localstorage id="localstorage" name="polymer-localstorage-test"></core-localstorage>
<script>
document.addEventListener('polymer-ready', function() {
var s = document.querySelector('#localstorage');
var m = 'hello wold';
window.localStorage.setItem(s.name, m);
s.load();
assert.equal(s.value, m);
s.value = 'goodbye';
assert.equal(window.localStorage.getItem(s.name), m);
done();
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Racism
The novel, How it Went Down, has as one of its main themes that of racism. The novel starts with assumptions being made about T, the victim, simply because he was a intercity black youth. Wearing a dark hoodie, pulling it up over his face, and moving quickly from the store, many people assumed that he must have stolen something.
In fact, the police, after the shooting had occurred, kept trying to get Rocky, the store's owner, to tell them that T had a gun, that he was a gang member, and that he had stolen items from his store. Rocky refused to tell them that, but the newspapers didn't want to print the truth, so they wrote in ambiguous terms which made T look like the stereotypical dangerous black gang member.
The shooter, Jack Franklin, assumed that T started the confrontation with Brian, and he...
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
You’ve seen Mike Lawrence on television before. He’s done standup on the now defunct John Oliver’s New York Stand-Up Show, Conan, and he’s even had his own half hour on Comedy Central. Lawrence is based in New York where he performs at several clubs from time to time. He released an album, Sandamantium, to positive reviews. Now, the bearded comedian will be touring with Barack Obama’s new best friend, Marc Maron. This is a part of the Maronation Tour. From 6/25 to 6/28, the two will be going around the New York area spreading the comedy fever:
6/25- Port Chester, NY @ The Capitol Theatre
6/26- Brooklyn, NY @ BAM
6/27- Huntington, NY @ The Paramount
6/28- Red Bank, NY @ Count Basie Theatre
I spoke with Lawrence about his career and the things he likes:
I read that your mother was a standup comedian.
Yeah.
Does she still do that today?
No, she quit recently.
Did you learn the tricks and the trade from her?
I learned more that [comedy] was a possible thing. It just seemed like this untouchable thing you see on TV. That definitely helps making it an attainable goal.
You started at a pretty young right? In 1998?
I started doing poetry in 1998 and then I got into comedy in 2005. It’d be ten years in November.
What made you want to start?
I was doing poetry and getting more laughs in the poems. [I started] realizing there was no money or anything in poetry, so I figured I’d get into comedy.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
var assert = require('tap');
var t = require('./lib/util');
assert.equal(t.isArray([]), true);
assert.equal(t.isArray({}), false);
assert.equal(t.isBoolean(null), false);
assert.equal(t.isBoolean(true), true);
assert.equal(t.isBoolean(false), true);
assert.equal(t.isNull(null), true);
assert.equal(t.isNull(undefined), false);
assert.equal(t.isNull(false), false);
assert.equal(t.isNull(), false);
assert.equal(t.isNullOrUndefined(null), true);
assert.equal(t.isNullOrUndefined(undefined), true);
assert.equal(t.isNullOrUndefined(false), false);
assert.equal(t.isNullOrUndefined(), true);
assert.equal(t.isNumber(null), false);
assert.equal(t.isNumber('1'), false);
assert.equal(t.isNumber(1), true);
assert.equal(t.isString(null), false);
assert.equal(t.isString('1'), true);
assert.equal(t.isString(1), false);
assert.equal(t.isSymbol(null), false);
assert.equal(t.isSymbol('1'), false);
assert.equal(t.isSymbol(1), false);
assert.equal(t.isSymbol(Symbol()), true);
assert.equal(t.isUndefined(null), false);
assert.equal(t.isUndefined(undefined), true);
assert.equal(t.isUndefined(false), false);
assert.equal(t.isUndefined(), true);
assert.equal(t.isRegExp(null), false);
assert.equal(t.isRegExp('1'), false);
assert.equal(t.isRegExp(new RegExp()), true);
assert.equal(t.isObject({}), true);
assert.equal(t.isObject([]), true);
assert.equal(t.isObject(new RegExp()), true);
assert.equal(t.isObject(new Date()), true);
assert.equal(t.isDate(null), false);
assert.equal(t.isDate('1'), false);
assert.equal(t.isDate(new Date()), true);
assert.equal(t.isError(null), false);
assert.equal(t.isError({ err: true }), false);
assert.equal(t.isError(new Error()), true);
assert.equal(t.isFunction(null), false);
assert.equal(t.isFunction({ }), false);
assert.equal(t.isFunction(function() {}), true);
assert.equal(t.isPrimitive(null), true);
assert.equal(t.isPrimitive(''), true);
assert.equal(t.isPrimitive(0), true);
assert.equal(t.isPrimitive(new Date()), false);
assert.equal(t.isBuffer(null), false);
assert.equal(t.isBuffer({}), false);
assert.equal(t.isBuffer(new Buffer(0)), true);
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
in ascending order.
-2585, -466, 5
Sort -552, -466, -4 in increasing order.
-552, -466, -4
Put 1/2, 1/5, 4/3, 166 in descending order.
166, 4/3, 1/2, 1/5
Sort -0.1, -361, 5/4, 18.
-361, -0.1, 5/4, 18
Sort 2.7, -2/21, -0.3, -37/5 in descending order.
2.7, -2/21, -0.3, -37/5
Sort 5, 1, 358442 in decreasing order.
358442, 5, 1
Sort -176, 83, 0, 3 in descending order.
83, 3, 0, -176
Sort 1026, 3, -37 in increasing order.
-37, 3, 1026
Sort -2/7, 1/7, -23/26, 5/4 in increasing order.
-23/26, -2/7, 1/7, 5/4
Sort -7/30, -0.5, 2, -6, 4/5, -2/9.
-6, -0.5, -7/30, -2/9, 4/5, 2
Put 0.2, -722, -787 in descending order.
0.2, -722, -787
Put -3, 17, 8, 28, 2, -4 in descending order.
28, 17, 8, 2, -3, -4
Put -1/2, -2/9, -1.12, -1/5, -2/17 in decreasing order.
-2/17, -1/5, -2/9, -1/2, -1.12
Sort 2/13, 0.6, -2/11, 1, -0.5.
-0.5, -2/11, 2/13, 0.6, 1
Sort 147, -0.36, 5, -2/11.
-0.36, -2/11, 5, 147
Put 963, 5, -5, 1, -2 in increasing order.
-5, -2, 1, 5, 963
Sort 0.1, -6, -0.1, -0.4, 1, -0.332 in ascending order.
-6, -0.4, -0.332, -0.1, 0.1, 1
Sort -1/2, 7, 2/15, -1/11, -1, 2.6 in descending order.
7, 2.6, 2/15, -1/11, -1/2, -1
Put -0.064, -2, -8, 14 in descending order.
14, -0.064, -2, -8
Put -110, -2/3, -164 in ascending order.
-164, -110, -2/3
Put -0.12, 3, -0.1, 2/5, -265 in descending order.
3, 2/5, -0.1, -0.12, -265
Put -10, -9.5, 2, -5, 0.1 in increasing order.
-10, -9.5, -5, 0.1, 2
Put 2, 798, 281, 4 in decreasing order.
798, 281, 4, 2
Put 1/7329, 5/11, -2/11 in descending order.
5/11, 1/7329, -2/11
Put -2, -252, -7 in increasing order.
-252, -7, -2
Sort -16, 1713, 2 in decreasing order.
1713, 2, -16
Sort -2, 4, 446, 5, 1, 0 in descending order.
446, 5, 4, 1, 0, -2
Put 1, -12, 12, -419, 4, -3 in ascending order.
-419, -12, -3, 1, 4, 12
Sort 6725, -4, 2/11, -31.
-31, -4, 2/11, 6725
Sort 2, 145892, -1, 5.
-1, 2, 5, 145892
Sort -83, 3.4, 10, 2/11 in descending order.
10, 3.4, 2/11, -83
Sort 45, 7.04, 0.4, 7 in decreasing order.
45, 7.04, 7, 0.4
Sort 1/3, 4, -4, -0.03, 5, -0.3 in ascending order.
-4, -0.3, -0.03, 1/3, 4, 5
Sort 4, -18, -66 in increasing order.
-66, -18, 4
Put 7, -12, 22, -2, 0 in ascending order.
-12, -2, 0, 7, 22
Put 5, 0, -4, 100, 2 in ascending order.
-4, 0, 2, 5, 100
Put 2, 1034, -5, -0.07 in decreasing order.
1034, 2, -0.07, -5
Put -4, -1, -480, -50 in ascending order.
-480, -50, -4, -1
Put 68, -455, -4 in ascending order.
-455, -4, 68
Sort 6, 1, -3, 1.8, -35 in descending order.
6, 1.8, 1, -3, -35
Sort -4, 2617, -9.7, -2/7 in descending order.
2617, -2/7, -4, -9.7
Sort -1.2, 183, 17, -2 in descending order.
183, 17, -1.2, -2
Put -0.4, 36344, 2, -0.5 in descending order.
36344, 2, -0.4, -0.5
Sort 28, 4, 291, 2, -3.
-3, 2, 4, 28, 291
Sort -19, -2, -1, 135 in descending order.
135, -1, -2, -19
Sort -0.5, -1/3, -63, -2, 3, 171 in descending order.
171, 3, -1/3, -0.5, -2, -63
Sort 2/7, 0.922, 40 in descending order.
40, 0.922, 2/7
Sort -14, 7, 1, -1, -7, -2 in decreasing order.
7, 1, -1, -2, -7, -14
Sort -3, 3, 5/6, 84, -1, 5.
-3, -1, 5/6, 3, 5, 84
Sort 0.4, -0.2, 5/14, 0.5 in decreasing order.
0.5, 0.4, 5/14, -0.2
Put 765, -2/3, 3, -24, -0.5, -2/7 in decreasing order.
765, 3, -2/7, -0.5, -2/3, -24
Put 0.3, -12/19, -52 in decreasing order.
0.3, -12/19, -52
Put -51, -13, -1, -3, -2 in decreasing order.
-1, -2, -3, -13, -51
Put 3, -3332, -28 in descending order.
3, -28, -3332
Sort -6, -1, 3, -4, 12 in increasing order.
-6, -4, -1, 3, 12
Put 2, 24, -3, 103, -5, -18 in ascending order.
-18, -5, -3, 2, 24, 103
Sort 50, 2, 1, 1/3, 20.
1/3, 1, 2, 20, 50
Sort -0.4, 0.02, 0.5, -6.121 in decreasing order.
0.5, 0.02, -0.4, -6.121
Put -3, -102, 2, -1/3, -0.2 in decreasing order.
2, -0.2, -1/3, -3, -102
Put 0, 3, -2, 376, -30 in increasing order.
-30, -2, 0, 3, 376
Put -5, -5077, -1, -2, 2 in descending order.
2, -1, -2, -5, -5077
Put 0, 3, -24, 4, -12/11, 2 in descending order.
4, 3, 2, 0, -12/11, -24
Sort 24, 222, -3 in decreasing order.
222, 24, -3
Put 4, -8, -13, 2, 27 in increasing order.
-13, -8, 2, 4, 27
Put -4398, -5, 1 in ascending order.
-4398, -5, 1
Sort -6, -2, 10, -5, 0.
-6, -5, -2, 0, 10
Put 2201, -24, -1 in decreasing order.
2201, -1, -24
Put -55/3, -1, 2/3, 4 in increasing order.
-55/3, -1, 2/3, 4
Sort 2, -5, 183, -47, 3 in descending order.
183, 3, 2, -5, -47
Put -6, -16/53, 5 in decreasing order.
5, -16/53, -6
Put 0, -1912, 1, -11, 3, -5 in increasing order.
-1912, -11, -5, 0, 1, 3
Sort 2, -220, 5, 281, -5 in ascending order.
-220, -5, 2, 5, 281
Put 2, 3, -9, 2.2 in decreasing order.
3, 2.2, 2, -9
Sort 0, -37, -1, -3731, -3 in descending order.
0, -1, -3, -37, -3731
Sort 0, 35, 1179, 4.
0, 4, 35, 1179
Put -1, 2234, 5, -3 in increasing order.
-3, -1, 5, 2234
Sort 2, 36749, 5, 4.
2, 4, 5, 36749
Sort -2, 583, 57 in increasing order.
-2, 57, 583
Put 4, 5, 2634, 2 in ascending order.
2, 4, 5, 2634
Sort 252, -0.6, -0.4, -1, 5 in descending order.
252, 5, -0.4, -0.6, -1
Sort 10, 23337, -0.8, 0.4.
-0.8, 0.4, 10, 23337
Sort -16, 11, -1, -2, 41 in increasing order.
-16, -2, -1, 11, 41
Sort 3, -1329, 1, 4.
-1329, 1, 3, 4
Sort 4, 5, 0, -0.3.
-0.3, 0, 4, 5
Sort -20, -3/196, 2/33, 4, -3 in decreasing order.
4, 2/33, -3/196, -3, -20
Sort -11.86, 23, 0.2 in ascending order.
-11.86, 0.2, 23
Sort 8, -4, -6023 in decreasing order.
8, -4, -6023
Put 4, -6/19, -2/3, 60, -0.4 in descending order.
60, 4, -6/19, -0.4, -2/3
Put 25, 6.1, 5 in descending order.
25, 6.1, 5
Sort 314, -3, 1, -5, -6, -20.
-20, -6, -5, -3, 1, 314
Sort -0.07, -19, -0.95 in decreasing order.
-0.07, -0.95, -19
Sort -3, 3, -41451.
-41451, -3, 3
Put -4.7, 0.179, 9, -1/2 in decreasing order.
9, 0.179, -1/2, -4.7
Sort -5/4, -1.8, 0.4, -3, -1 in ascending order.
-3, -1.8, -5/4, -1, 0.4
Put -782, 3, -3, -0.1, 0.1, 2 in increasing order.
-782, -3, -0.1, 0.1, 2, 3
Put -0.4, 0.213, 1/4, 8, -5 in descending order.
8, 1/4, 0.213, -0.4, -5
Sort -2, -24, -5, -65, 5.
-65, -24, -5, -2, 5
Put -31, 118, 0.1 in increasing order.
-31, 0.1, 118
Sort 2, -54, 4, -1, -3 in increasing order.
-54, -3, -1, 2, 4
Sort 9, 8, -343.
-343, 8, 9
Sort 5667, -3, 2 in ascending order.
-3, 2, 5667
Put 0.017, -27, 37 in descending order.
37, 0.017, -27
Sort 1471, 0, -12 in decreasing order.
1471, 0, -12
Put 0, 11, 2/9, 11/23, -0.2, -2 in decreasing order.
11, 11/23, 2/9, 0, -0.2, -2
Sort 1, -15, -5, -4, 19, -3 in decreasing order.
19, 1, -3, -4, -5, -15
Sort 1, -17, 155.
-17, 1, 155
Sort -4, -2, 3, 6, 41 in ascending order.
-4, -2, 3, 6, 41
Sort 2/11, 5, 1/6, -33/8, -209.
-209, -33/8, 1/6, 2/11, 5
Put 1994, 8, 13 in increasing order.
8, 13, 1994
Put -2360, -5, -4, 0 in ascending order.
-2360, -5, -4, 0
Sort 0, -3, 3, 53313 in ascending order.
-3, 0, 3, 53313
Put -5, 1, -6888, 19 in increasing order.
-6888, -5, 1, 19
Sort 32435, -1/5, -5.
-5, -1/5, 32435
Sort -4, 1, -1848, 0.
-1848, -4, 0, 1
Sort 20, 3, -20, 7 in descending order.
20, 7, 3, -20
Sort 4, -0.2, 1/2, -19/67.
-19/67, -0.2, 1/2, 4
Sort 7, -5, -4, -1016.
-1016, -5, -4, 7
Sort 4, -2, 823361 in increasing order.
-2, 4, 823361
Put 4, -9, -5, -44 in decreasing order.
4, -5, -9, -44
Sort 3, -45, 11.
-45, 3, 11
Put 1, 3, -1, -3, 4, -29077 in descending order.
4, 3, 1, -1, -3, -29077
Put -421, 3, -5, 4, 30 in descending order.
30, 4, 3, -5, -421
Sort 90, 4, 5, 2, -13, -7 in increasing order.
-13, -7, 2, 4, 5, 90
Sort 5, 3194, 11 in decreasing order.
3194, 11, 5
Sort 4, 144, 80 in descending order.
144, 80, 4
Put -1/8, 328, -1 in increasing order.
-1, -1/8, 328
Sort 5, -3, -161 in ascending order.
-161, -3, 5
Sort -297, -2, 30, -1 in ascending order.
-297, -2, -1, 30
Sort 1, 5, 0, 2, -6, -478.
-478, -6, 0, 1, 2, 5
Put 1, 5, 4, 0, 579 in decreasing order.
579, 5, 4, 1, 0
Put 0, 15952, -190 in decreasing order.
15952, 0, -190
Sort 0.016, -1/18, -2/165, -0.3 in descending order.
0.016, -2/165, -1/18, -0.3
Put -1, -11, 1113, 2 in descending order.
1113, 2, -1, -11
Put -3/7, -75.007, 2/13 in descending order.
2/13, -3/7, -75.007
Sort -1/18, 4, -193 in descending order.
4, -1/18, -193
Sort -2, 0, 26, 33.
-2, 0, 26, 33
Sort 13, -5, 5, 1019.
-5, 5, 13, 1019
Sort 2, -4, -9, 539, -5 in ascending order.
-9, -5, -4, 2, 539
Put -1, 93, 1, -989 in decreasing order.
93, 1, -1, -989
Sort 0, -221072, 1.
-221072, 0, 1
Put 41, -120, 4, 5, 1, -4 in descending order.
41, 5, 4, 1, -4, -120
Put
|
{
"pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics"
}
|
Q:
Verb "to be" agreement
Which one is correct:
"A popular approach is the so-called immersed interface methods."
"A popular approach are the so-called immersed interface methods."
In Portuguese, the second one would be correct, because the verb "to be" sometimes agrees with the object instead of the subject. I was wondering if in English such exception also exists, of if the verb "to be" always agrees with the subject no matter what.
A:
A modification of the first option:
A popular approach is the so-called immersed interface method.
English does not have any exception to the rule that to be should agree with the subject. Furthermore, idiomatic English would use the singular method rather than methods in this sentence, so the problem doesn't even apply.
A:
It depends on the meaning of "immersed interface methods." If it is to be considered a a whole, a single thing, then singular is correct, if it represents many different methods consider individually, then the subject should be plural.
Let me give you an example that might help clarify. I live in the USA. I might say:
a popular country is the United States.
"States" is technically plural, so this doesn't seem to fit, but "United States" is considered idiomatically a single entity.
To give another example:
On the football squad, a popular topic of conversation is girls.
Again "girls" is plural, but it is considered just one thing for the subject of this sentence.
So for you, you have two options:
A popular approach is the so-called "immersed interface methods."
To emphasize the unified nature of the methods, I have quoted it, which helps a lot in understanding. The qualifier "so-called" adds to this a lot, indicating that it is called that as a common idiomatic construction. Or alternatively:
Popular approaches are the the so-called immersed interface methods.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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Get 2,000 Gold per first Daily Commander Victory, this weekend only! View this email in your browser Ludi Victoriae Caesaris Earn 2,000 Gold for each Commander's First Daily Victory This weekend Total War: ARENA is celebrating the Ludi Victoriae Caesaris, a historical annual games event established by Julius Caesar in 45 BC. To honour these popular ancient Romans events, victorious players will receive extra battle rewards! Play Total War: ARENA this weekend and get 2,000 Gold for each Commander’s first battle victory, each day. Bonus Gold will be awarded for battles played from Saturday 25th July 00:01 UTC to Monday 27th 23:59 UTC. Win with all six commanders on all three days, and you'll earn a total of 36,000 Gold throughout the weekend. That's enough to purchase a high-level premium unit or two months of premium account! To victory... Patch 9 Just released
In case you missed it, we just released Patch 9 on Thursday 23 July, which brought an improved minimap and tactical map to the game, amongst other things. You can still read the full patch notes to catch up. Sign up or invite your friends
If you're receiving this email but you haven't got a Steam Key to install the game yet, simply sign up on this website: https://playarena.totalwar.com Play as one of the greatest commanders of the ancient world! And here's a sneak peek of a new map that we're working on!
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
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We’ve been covering Guillermo Del Toro’s ever-expanding Peter Rabbit adaptation for a while now. Hey, Guillermo, how about a set visit?
A significant portion of our cautious excitement for Episode VII comes from the people involved: Mr. John Williams, Screenwriter Lawrence Kasdan, and the big three themselves: Ford. Fisher, and, delightfully, Hamill.
Here’s why I like Mark Hamill: you listen to the dude talk, you realize; he’s just as into this stuff as we are. He’s one of us! Gooba-gabba, one of us!
Legend has it that while Harrison Ford took the biggest payday he could negotiate for the original Star Wars, Mark Hamill received one of every tie-in item. That’s a lot of Star Wars merchandise. Like, a lot. Like, even accounting for donating some to worthy causes, selling some, and giving some to your kids, dude still has a sith-ton of merch just there, for his enjoyment.
Hamill was recently on Rob Paulsen’s Talkin’ Toons podcast, and naturally talk turned to his career-defining role (yes, even more than Luke Skywalker at this point) as The Joker. Hamill talked about how, when he heard a Batman animated series was in the works, lobbied his agent to get him an audition. Not even for The Joker, he wanted to read for a one-off character. Just because he loves Batman. And loving Batman has been very good for Mark Hamill.
When you’re casting Star Wars, I’m not saying that loving Batman is a prerequisite. But it certainly can’t hurt.
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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Kure Project
The Kure Project was a welfare, counseling and educational program run by International Social Service Japan (ISSJ) in the city of Kure, Hiroshima Prefecture, between 1960 and 1977 for the mixed-race offspring of Allied servicemen and Japanese women born during and soon after the postwar Occupation of Japan.
Background
Kure had been the headquarters of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force (BCOF) between 1946 and 1952 and continued to be used by the British Commonwealth Forces Korea until 1956. Servicemen from Australia, the U.K., New Zealand, India and (from 1950) Canada were either based at or used facilities in Kure.
Origins and funding
The Kure Project was initially funded from private sources including American and Australian Christian churches concerned by the plight of the children, many of whom had been abandoned by their fathers and were suffering from poverty and discrimination. In the decade from 1962 about half the annual budget was met from grants made by the Australian Government. A further important source of revenue was the A. J. Ferguson Memorial Fund established in 1964 in honour of a Melbourne businessman, Alex Ferguson, who had done much to bring the issue before the Australian public.
Results
It has been estimated around 10,000 mixed-race children were left in Japan after the Occupation. The Kure Project provided long-term assistance to 127 clients. Social workers organised group activities to help the children overcome social prejudice resulting from their disadvantaged backgrounds, obvious physical differences and negative community attitudes to women who were involved with occupation troops. Scholarships and living allowances enabled some individuals to continue their studies through to senior high school and university, a result rare for other mixed-race children born in similar circumstances elsewhere in Japan.
The Kure Project and inter-country adoption
In the decade following the end of the Occupation in 1952, more than 2,000 mixed-race children were adopted abroad from Japan. Most had been born in or near Tokyo, Osaka and Yokohama where the bulk of the U.S. military forces were based. ISSJ also arranged 15 inter-country adoptions from Kure between 1958 and 1965, in all but one case to families in the United States. The Australian Government refused to allow the entry of the half-Japanese children to Australia because of the country's restrictive immigration ("White Australia") policy, which was not abolished until 1972.
References
Category:Children in war
Category:Child-related organizations in Japan
Category:Organizations based in Hiroshima prefecture
Category:American diaspora in Asia
Category:Multiracial affairs in the United States
Category:Australian diaspora in Asia
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{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
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Valentine’s Day: The Rasa of Romance
The very first moment I beheld him, my heart was irrevocably gone….
—Jane Austen, Love and Friendship
Since time immemorial, humankind has known the feeling of love and the flavour of romance. The collection of romance literature in every language across all cultural communities testifies to the strength of this universal emotion. Western classics like Charles Dickens’s A Tale of Two Cities, Great Expectations; Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice; Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre; Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights; E.M. Forster’s A Room with a View; Leo Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina; F.Scott. Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby; D.H. Lawrence’s Lady Chatterley’s Lover; and Romeo and Juliet and Antony and Cleopatra by the evergreen Shakespeare have become household names. And then, we can always turn homeward seeking the rasa (taste/flavour) of romance as we hail from India, where literature treasures love and romance in every nook and corner.
The tale-within-a-tale-within-a-tale format of the great epics of Mahabharata and the Ramayana lodges many love legends. Then there are the charming love stories of Hindu gods and goddesses, and the well-known works like Kalidasa’s Meghadutam and Abhijnanashakuntalam, and Surdasa’s lyrical rendition of the legends of Radha, Krishna and the gopis of Vraj. Set in a land of great natural beauty, where the lord of love picks his victims with consummate ease, these stories celebrate the myriad aspects of the many-splendoured emotion called love.
In the context of love and romance, speaking about the day of love which is celebrated annually on 14 February—Valentine’s Day—becomes imperative. Also called Saint Valentine’s Day or the Feast of Saint Valentine, it originated as a Western Christian liturgical feast day honouring one or more early saints named Valentinus, and is recognized as a significant cultural and commercial celebration in many places around the world. Particularly on or around this day, compelled by human nature as well as social trends, we feel an urge to indulge in some quality experience on the romantic fore. While candlelight dinners and movie dates with your loved ones are clichéd ways to observe this ritual, the company of a heart-warming romantic novel would always enrich your celebration of the day of love or make a meaningful gift for your loved one! So this Valentine’s Day, I strongly recommend these engaging reads:
White Crane, Lend me your Wings: A Tibetan Tale of Love and War
Set in the breathtakingly beautiful Nyarong Valley in Eastern Tibet, White Crane, Lend me your Wings is a historical fiction (published posthumously) that offers you a riveting tale of vengeance, warfare and love unfolded through the life story of two young boys and their family and friends.
Emilie and Subhas: A True Love Story
This book sheds light on Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose’s relationship with his wife, Emilie Schenkl, one of the least-known aspects of the leader’s life. Illustrated with 48 photographs from archives and family albums, this book is a unique record of the love story of Emilie and Subhas.
My Red Butterfly: A Passionate Journey of Love Emotions & Compassion
My Red Butterfly, a tale of unparalleled romance, is the enchanting story of an innocent boy, Rohit, struck by cupid when barely 16, with aspirations to be a doctor and win his love. This love story is one to relive and remember—from an era when love was not alloyed with materialism and practicalities, and relationships were not tortuous but straight and heartfelt.
Parineeta, the Betrothed
Originally composed in Bengali by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay, Parineeta, the Betrothed, is the love story of Shekharnath and Lalita, set in early twentieth-century Bengal. With the narrative revolving mainly around the bantering relationship between the two, twist is added to the plot with the arrival of Girin, an eligible bachelor who is attracted to Lalita. Come, delve into this classic romance in English, translated by Niyogi Books.
Durgeshnandini
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay’s first Bengali novel, Durgeshnandini, which revolutionised Bengali prose writing, is a layered tale of romance between a young Rajput commander of the Mughal army and the daughter of a minor ruler, and a charming Pathan princess who also falls in love with the male protagonist. Set in the sixteenth century during the reign of the Mughal emperor Akbar, the novel indirectly questions the prevailing social norms of the time that bar love across different castes and religions. Translated into English by Niyogi books, this narrative offers an engaging reading experience.
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Arunima Ghosh is a Junior Editor at Niyogi Books. With a masters degree in English literature, a PG Diploma in Book Publishing Studies from Calcutta University, and two internship experiences with Orient Blackswan and SAGE, she has recently joined the book publishing industry pursuing her ardent passion for literature and books. Apart from penning down her emotions in amateur poems and reading fiction as hobbies, Arunima loves chasing cats randomly on the street to cuddle them.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
Reactive Observable Subscription: Stop Subscription and Renew Subscription
I have a Observable from BlockCollection that i use like a queue
IObservable<ProcessHoldTransactionData> GetObservable()
{
_queue.GetConsumingEnumerable().ToObservable(TaskPoolScheduler.Default);
}
and subscribe to him:
void StartSubscription()
{
_subscription = = GetObservable().Subscribe(
data => OnNextSubscribe(data),
ex => _logger.Error("Error"),
() => _logger.Warn("Complete"));
}
now I have another Observable:
var timer = Observable.Interval(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(60));
_subscriptionTimer = timer.Subscribe(tick =>
{
OnTimerNextSubscribe();
});
I would like when the OnTimerNextSubscribe start to STOP the subscribe of _subscription and renew it when the OnTimerNextSubscribe finish.
What the best paractice to that?
Should I dispose the _subscription and call StartSubscription()
A:
There's basically two alternatives: One is to dispose then restart, the other is to create some sort of on/off signal observable, then filter _subscription accordingly:
void StartSubscription(Observable<bool> onOffSignal)
{
_subscription = = GetObservable()
.WithLatestFrom(onOffSignal, (s, b) => b ? Observable.Return(s) : Observable.Empty(s))
.Merge()
.Subscribe(
data => OnNextSubscribe(data),
ex => _logger.Error("Error"),
() => _logger.Warn("Complete")
);
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
The effect of depth on the target strength of a humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae).
Marine mammals are very seldom detected and tracked acoustically at different depths. The air contained in body cavities, such as lungs or swimbladders, has a significant effect on the acoustic energy backscattered from whale and fish species. Target strength data were obtained while a humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) swam at the surface and dove underneath a research vessel, providing valuable multi-frequency echosounder recordings of its scattering characteristics from near surface to a depth of about 240 m. Increasing depth dramatically influenced the backscattered energy coming from the large cetacean. This study is tightly linked to the ultimate goal of developing an automated whale detection system for mitigation purposes.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
export * from './array'
export * from './collection'
export * from './object'
export * from './string'
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
This Foundation Zip features quality buffalo leather, a YKK Zipper, Dublin footbed with EVA cradle for comfort and moisture control. The rubber outsole is designed for grip, endurance and stability. Comes with a punched toe cap and branded nylon pull tab and features the classic Dublin footbed for all-day comfort.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
How do I split a string using a regular expression that excludes an escaped version of my token?
In Java, I'm using the String split method to split a string containing values separated by semicolons.
Currently, I have the following line that works in 99% of all cases.
String[] fields = optionsTxt.split(";");
However, the requirement has been added to include escaped semicolons as part of the string. So, the following strings should parse out to the following values:
"Foo foo;Bar bar" => [Foo foo] [Bar bar]
"Foo foo\; foo foo;Bar bar bar" => [Foo foo\; foo foo] [Bar bar bar]
This should be painfully simple, but I'm totally unsure about how to go about it. I just want to not tokenize when there is a \; and only tokenize when there is a ;.
Does anyone out there know the magic formula?
A:
try this:
String[] fields = optionsTxt.split("(?<!\\\\);");
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Tuesday, August 12, 2008
Russia Ends Its Invasion..After Swallowing One Fifth Of Georgia
The Russians have stopped their invasion of Georgia after a meeting with French President Sarkozy and announced their conditions for peace, and they're fairly brutal.
The Russians will absorb one fifth of Georgia, annexing Abkhazia and South Osettia. While the Russians had troops stationed there before, they never had total control over these territories, which were internationally recognized as part of Georgia. In addition, they want a 'buffer zone' in which Georgian security forces would be forbidden to enter, and a treaty guaranteeing that Georgia will never use force to recapture them. What that amounts to is 'legalization' to Moscow's land grab.
And the Russians left the door open to future attacks, at a time of their choosing.
Russia's president Dmitri Medvedev said, "I've decided to finish the operation to force the Georgian authorities to peace. The safety of our peacekeeping forces and civilian population has been restored. The aggressor has been punished, having sustained considerable losses. Its armed forces have been disorganised.
But Medvedev ordered his defence minister, Anatoliy Serdukov, to respond to any Georgian attempt to fight back. "Should centres of resistance or other aggressive attempts arise, you must take the decision to destroy them."
Medvedev also reiterated his call for Georgia's president Saakashvili to be removed, referring to him as a 'lunatic' and saying that it was now "up to Georgia" to accept Russia's terms.
For his part Saakashvili made a speech at a defiant rally attended by tens of thousands of people in Tbilisi yesterday. He accused Russia of trying to conquer Georgia and vowed to uphold the nation's independence. "Georgia will never surrender," he said.
Now that the Russians have the enclaves they wanted all along and and have sent the message they wanted to the former members of their empire, look for further attempts on Georgia's independence by Russia at the first pretext for renewed hostility
2 comments:
B.Poster
said...
First, I don't pretend to "know" what should be done here. This is simply what I think should be done. I think there is no doubt that many Georgians will not take this lying down. I suspect theire will pockets of reistance. The US should support this resitance in any and all ways that are possible. I think we have done this before. If the Georgian resistance is successful, we amy be able to turn this into a strategic defeat for Russia. In fact, we may be able to turn this into "Putin's Afghanistan" as one commentator put it. In additon to this, NATO membership should be fast tracked for Ukraine and other Soviet Republics. At this point, we will probably need to convince them that we can be trusted and will not betray them. In additon to this, we need to make it clear to the Russians that we are willing and able to reopen the Cold War.
Lets see how Russia does when they have to go up against the US. After all right now Russia is essentially fighting one against zero. When you are going one against none its fairly easy to win. If the US is prepared to actually challenge Russia, the Russians may find things are not quite so easy for them.
Challenging Russia is a VERY RISKY propostion. Of course any thing worth doing is going to be risky. Also, the more risky something is generally the more rewarding success is. If we are going to do this properly, we will need to increase the size and capabilities of the armed forces of the US and other NATO countries. I would begin by upgrading the nuclear arsenal. The main area of focus should be the ICBMs.
Also, any kind of assertive American response to aggressive/assertive Russian actions will face an EXTREMELY hostile response from the Aemrican and international news media. In otehr words, it is generally the opinion of the Aemrican and international news media organizations that the Americans should simply capitualte to whatever demands Russia has. To stand against this, would require leadership that has incredible character. It will be VERY difficult.
Frankly I'm not sure which leaders are up to it. Is Barack Obama up to it? I don't know. The democratic party base is extremely hostile to any assertive Aemrican actions. It seems unlikely that he could stand up to the pressure. Hopefully I'm wrong.
Us Jojn McCain up to it? I don't know. In his defense, he does have a history of taking stances that are unpopular with the so called Republican party base.
Also, the power of the president in the US is extremely limited. We need strong and courageous leadership all the way around.
Finally, if we don't want to be a major power, we may be able to just withdraw and let the former Soviet Republics fall back under Russian control. Maybe the Russians would leave us alone, if they don't see us as a threat to their positon as the dominant power. Of coruse this would mean we fought the Cold War for nothing. Such an outcome would be truly sad.
Perhaps the biggest problem we have is we, in the US and Western Europe, have largely abandoned our Judeo-Christian heritage. While there are still vestiges of it within America that still remain, it has largely been abandoned. When we conducted our affairs based on a Judeo-Christian world view, it was reasonable to expect G_d to bless us. Unless we return to this heritage that made us great expecting G_d to continue to bless us is problematic at best. We should return to this heritage before we do anything else.
|
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11 F.Supp.2d 793 (1998)
Bobbie M. DUGAN, Plaintiff,
v.
Helen I. CHILDERS, and United States Army, Defendants.
No. CIV. A. 98-348.
United States District Court, E.D. Virginia, Alexandria Division.
June 3, 1998.
E. Blair Brown, Alexandria, VA, for Plaintiff.
Barry Dale Grant, Abbey & Arquilla, PC, Springfield, VA, for Helen I. Childers.
Helen F. Fahey, U.S. Atty., Thomas Ray Asst. U.S. Atty., Alexandria, VA, for U.S. Army.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
HILTON, District Judge.
This matter comes before the Court on Defendant Helen I. Childers' motion to dismiss or for a more definite statement. In this Complaint, the plaintiff, Bobbie M. Dugan, alleges that she married Marvin Childers in 1951 and that they were divorced by the Circuit Court of Fairfax County, Virginia in 1987. Plaintiff further alleges Mr. Childers, as part of his military retirement, named Plaintiff as the beneficiary of his retirement in the event that he predeceased her and that Mr. Childers, as part of the Property Settlement Agreement (PSA), agreed to continue Plaintiff as the survivor beneficiary of his *794 military retirement. That agreement was ratified, affirmed and incorporated into the Final Decree of Divorce in accordance with Virginia law.
In her pleadings, Plaintiff contends that Mr. Childers married Helen Childers in May 1994 and changed his retirement benefits to name Helen Childers as the survivor beneficiary. On September 27, 1996, the Circuit Court of Fairfax County found Mr. Childers in civil contempt of court and directed him to change the survivor beneficiary back to Plaintiff. However, Plaintiff alleges, Mr. Childers died on July 27, 1997, having never changed his survivor beneficiary and since Mr. Childers' death, Helen Childers has been receiving benefits as the survivor beneficiary of Marvin Childers.
Plaintiff has filed this suit for declaratory judgment and injunctive relief, requesting this Court to interpret the Property Settlement Agreement which was made a part of the Order entered by the Circuit Court of Fairfax County and determine the rights of the parties with respect to the survivor benefits.
Under the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, with the exception of habeas corpus actions, federal district courts lack the jurisdiction necessary to sit in direct review of state court decisions. See District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462, 103 S.Ct. 1303, 75 L.Ed.2d 206 (1983); Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co., 263 U.S. 413, 44 S.Ct. 149, 68 L.Ed. 362 (1923). In Rooker, the Supreme Court held that they were the only federal court empowered to review state court judgments. See Rooker, 263 U.S. at 416, 44 S.Ct. 149. The Court noted that federal district courts are conferred only original jurisdiction unless otherwise provided by statute and that any rule that allowed district courts to review claims previously adjudicated in state court would require district courts to exercise appellate jurisdiction. See id.
The Fourth Circuit has interpreted the Rooker-Feldman doctrine as divesting district courts of jurisdiction if considering the claim would be equivalent to "`an appellate review of [the state court] order.'" Jordahl v. Democratic Party of Virginia, 122 F.3d 192, 202 (4th Cir.1997) (quoting FOCUS v. Allegheny County Court of Common Pleas, 75 F.3d 834, 840 (3d Cir.1996)) (alteration in original). Therefore, the controlling factor in determining the applicability of the Rooker-Feldman doctrine is whether the litigants seek to have the federal court assess the merits of a state court decision. See Feldman, 460 U.S. at 483-84 n. 16, 103 S.Ct. 1303; Jordahl, 122 F.3d at 202; Ritter v. Ross, 992 F.2d 750, 754 (7th Cir.1993). Additionally, federal district courts lack jurisdiction to hear constitutional claims that are "inextricably intertwined with the merits of a state court judgment." Feldman, 460 U.S. at 486-87, 103 S.Ct. 1303; See Suarez Corp. Indus. v. McGraw, 125 F.3d 222, 228 (4th Cir.1997); Leonard v. Suthard, 927 F.2d 168 (4th Cir.1991).
In this case, the Court is not directly asked to assess the merits of the state court decision. However, as any decision this Court makes determining the rights of the parties with respect to the survivor benefits would impact upon the Order entered by the Circuit Court of Fairfax County, this Court is being asked to hear a claim that is inextricably intertwined with the merits of the state court's judgment.
The claim for relief in this case essentially asks the Court to enforce a court order which arose from a domestic relations case and federal courts have traditionally abstained in such matters. See Ohio ex rel. Popovici v. Agler, 280 U.S. 379, 50 S.Ct. 154, 74 L.Ed. 489 (1930); McCarty v. McCarty, 453 U.S. 210, 220, 101 S.Ct. 2728, 69 L.Ed.2d 589 (1981). The United States Supreme Court has noted, "the whole subject of domestic relations of husband and wife ... belongs to the laws of the States and not to the laws of the United States." In re Burrus, 136 U.S. 586, 593-94, 10 S.Ct. 850, 34 L.Ed. 500 (1890). "State family and familyproperty law must do major damage to clear and substantial federal interests before the supremacy clause will demand that state law be overridden." Hisquierdo v. Hisquierdo, 439 U.S. 572, 581, 99 S.Ct. 802, 59 L.Ed.2d 1 (citing United States v. Yazell, 382 U.S. 341, 352, 86 S.Ct. 500, 15 L.Ed.2d 404 (1966)).
*795 As long as the remedies provided by a state court are constitutional, federal court may not interfere with these remedies in areas of particular state concern. See Caswell v. Lang, 757 F.2d 608, 610 (1985). This matter arose from a court order in a domestic relations matter, an area of particular state concern and there is no constitutional issue in this case.
As detailed above, this Court does not have the authority to sit in appellate review of state court decisions and should not be involved in state court remedies unless there is a constitutional issue. There is no constitutional issue in this case. Further, this Court should not be involved in modifying state court orders. Therefore, this Court refrains from asserting jurisdiction over this matter and this case is dismissed without prejudice.
An appropriate order shall issue.
ORDER
This matter comes before the Court on Defendant Helen I. Childers' motion to dismiss or for a more definite statement. For reasons stated in the accompanying memorandum opinion, it is hereby
ORDERED that this case is DISMISSED without prejudice.
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|
Pumhart von Steyr
The Pumhart von Steyr is a medieval large-calibre cannon from Styria, Austria, and the largest known wrought-iron bombard by caliber. It weighs around 8 tons and has a length of more than 2.5 meters. It was produced in the early 15th century and could fire, according to modern calculations, an 80 cm stone ball weighing 690 kg to a distance of roughly 600 m after being loaded with 15 kg of gunpowder and set at an elevation of 10°.
The bombard is today on display in one of the artillery halls of the Heeresgeschichtliches Museum at Vienna.
Besides the Pumhart von Steyr, a number of 15th-century European large-calibre weapons are known to have been employed primarily in siege warfare, including the wrought-iron Mons Meg and Dulle Griet as well as the cast-bronze Faule Mette, Faule Grete and Grose Bochse.
Footnotes
See also
List of the largest cannon by caliber
References
External links
Category:800 mm artillery
Category:Individual cannons
Category:Medieval artillery
|
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|
Kindness Is the New Rock and Roll
Kindness Is the New Rock and Roll is the third studio album by British indie rock band Peace, released on 4 May 2018. Kindness Is the New Rock and Roll was produced by Simone Felice.
Critical reception
Kindness Is the New Rock and Roll received generally positive reviews upon release, gaining a score of 8/10 with NME, and 8/10 from The Independent, and positive reviews from DIY, who stated that Harry Koisser was "the ideal frontperson: a head mix of swaggering bombast, fashionable loucheness and your mate down the local spewing inspirational Tumblr quotes at closing time". However, Q gave the album a more mixed review of 6/10, saying that they "occasionally slip into boilerplate territory". Most reviewers believed it was a return to form for the band.
Track listing
Personnel
Harrison Koisser – lead vocals, guitar
Samuel Koisser – bass guitar, backing vocals
Douglas Castle – lead guitar
Dominic Boyce – drums, backing vocals
References
Category:Peace (band) albums
Category:2018 albums
|
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Nucleotide sequence of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene of the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans.
Nucleotide sequence of the open reading frame (ORF) for the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene (ppc) of the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans was determined. The ORF consists of 3159 bp and codes for 1053 amino acid (aa) residues. The codon usage of the ppc of A. nidulans is not so markedly different from that of the Escherichia coli ppc, yet, in A. nidulans the preferred codons are AAG for lysine and CCC for proline, whereas those are seldom used in the E. coli ppc.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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@ issues.length
res10: Int = 272
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{
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Emotions killing your intellectual productivity - joeyespo
http://lemire.me/blog/archives/2009/01/20/emotions-killing-your-intellectual-productivity/
======
wslh
I love emotions and they challenge my intellectual sense of productivity. I
don't see research without handling (but having) frustration. Emotions are
good flight instruments.
Since I love to find intellectual boundaries, it will be sad to have
boundaries without emotions.
|
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"pile_set_name": "HackerNews"
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TSN To Launch Three New Sports Channels In Wake Of Losing NHL Rights
Canadian sports fans will "soon have more options in their television lineup, with the launch of three new TSN channels this fall," as provider Bell Media yesterday announced plans for TSN3, TSN4 and TSN5, according to David Friend of the CP. The additional channels will "allow the broadcaster to air multiple versions of its SportsCentre news show for various time zones and give it more leeway in real-time coverage of live events." The announcement comes as Bell Media "reworks its sports programming strategy in the wake of losing out to competitor Rogers Media," who paid C$5.2B for the broadcast rights of NHL games. Meanwhile, high ratings for the Raptors' playoff series against the Nets "caught TSN’s attention." TSN Dir of Communications Greg McIsaac said, "We are most definitely looking to offer more choice, more live events, and more NBA content overall to better serve Canadian basketball fans." Bell President & CEO George Cope said that the company has "no intention of giving it up its leadership position in the sports business." He later said that customers "won’t have to pay more on their cable bill for the extra channels." TSN said that with more channels it will "have extra space to air programs from U.S. sports network ESPN, and live coverage of events from various sports leagues." TSN also has rights to "certain NHL hockey games that don’t fall under Rogers’ national agreement with the league" (CP, 5/6). TSN President Stewart Johnston yesterday said, "Really, what this is, it's the evolution of where TSN has been tracking. We have been frustrated over the last few years with the lack of space we have to fully leverage our programming assets." TSN2 was launched six years ago, and the company "acquired The Score two years ago, and then re-branding it Sportsnet 360" (NATIONAL POST, 5/7).
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Tuning the Work Function of Printed Polymer Electrodes by Introducing a Fluorinated Polymer To Enhance the Operational Stability in Bottom-Contact Organic Field-Effect Transistors.
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is a promising electrode material for organic electronic devices due to its high conductivity, good mechanical flexibility, and feasibility of easy patterning with various printing methods. The work function of PEDOT:PSS needs to be increased for efficient hole injection, and the addition of a fluorine-containing material has been reported to increase the work function of PEDOT:PSS. However, it remains a challenge to print PEDOT:PSS electrodes while simultaneously tuning their work functions. Here, we report work function tunable PEDOT:PSS/Nafion source/drain electrodes formed by electrohydrodynamic printing technique with PEDOT:PSS/Nafion mixture solutions for highly stable bottom-contact organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). The surface properties and work function of the printed electrode can be controlled by varying the Nafion ratio, due to the vertical phase separation of the PEDOT:PSS/Nafion. The PEDOT:PSS/Nafion electrodes exhibit a low hole injection barrier, which leads to efficient charge carrier injection from the electrode to the semiconductor. As a result, pentacene-based OFETs with PEDOT:PSS/Nafion electrodes show increased charge carrier mobilities of 0.39 cm2/(V·s) compared to those of devices with neat PEDOT:PSS electrodes (0.021 cm2/(V·s)). Moreover, the gate-bias stress stability of the OFETs is remarkably improved by employing PEDOT:PSS/Nafion electrodes, as demonstrated by a reduction of the threshold voltage shift from -1.84 V to -0.28 V.
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DreamHack Masters comes to Stockholm – DreamHack partners with Stockholm Live and City of Stockholm
DreamHack Masters comes to Stockholm – DreamHack partners with Stockholm Live and City of Stockholm
November 28, 2017
Stockholm, Sweden
DreamHack Masters, established in 2016 as DreamHack’s ultimate esports arena experience, will be heading to Stockholm and Ericsson Globe for 2018.
Today DreamHack is proud to announce that in partnership with City of Stockholm and Stockholm Live, that the capital of Sweden will be a host city of DreamHack Masters going forward. This is the first edition to be hosted in Stockholm, and DreamHack Masters Stockholm 2018 is planned to take place September 1-2, with a group stage to be held prior to the main event between August 29 – 31.
To date DreamHack Masters has hosted three editions of the tournament series, including some of the most memorable esports events of all time. Those include Ninjas in Pyjamas winning with the ultimate underdog story on home soil at DreamHack Masters Malmö 2016, as well as Virtus.pro taking home an explosive victory at DreamHack Masters Las Vegas 2017.
Thus far all editions of DreamHack Masters have featured Counter-Strike: Global Offensive as the main title, prize pools of $250,000 or more, and 16 teams competing live for the prize. This will continue and DreamHack plans to continue to innovate and make sure that the DreamHack Masters series continues to be the most viewed independent tournaments.
Sweden and Stockholm in particular has a rich history in esports and has for many been the go to location for either getting the proper training or breaking through. The legacy dates back to the old guard and the early days of esports, today the city is home to both old and new-born stars, as well as Major champions.
“We are tremendously excited to head to Stockholm with DreamHack Masters,” said Marcus Lindmark, CEO & President of DreamHack AB, “Stockholm is the home of the DreamHack headquarters and Stockholm Live has some of the best facilities available globally, so we are going to have everything at our fingertips to produce the best esport event and experience possible, for both viewers onsite and online..”
”DreamHack, as pioneers within the esport community, is truly a great partnership for us at Stockholm Live”, says Marie Lindqvist CEO of Stockholm Live. “We are very honored to host the DreamHack Masters in Stockholm next year, and also see this as an important strategic event in our desire to develop the esport event scene even further in Sweden”.
“It feels exciting and natural that DreamHack chooses Stockholm as a host city. Stockholm is one of the world’s most important tech cities, and we have established ourselves as a prominent event city. We have a long tradition of esports that we are now building on.” says Karin Wanngård (S), Mayor of Stockholm City.
Tickets to DreamHack Masters Stockholm will go on sale the 28th of February 2018, 10am CET on axs.com. More news about DreamHack Masters Stockholm will follow in the coming weeks. Be sure to stay tuned to dreamhack.com/masters/stockholm and sign up to our newsletter for the earliest heads up about coming announcements, as well as follow DreamHack on Twitter and Facebook. Partnership inquiries can be directed to sales(at)dreamhack.com.
ABOUT DREAMHACK
DreamHack is the world’s largest computer festival. DreamHack’s core, and origin is the LAN party, with the two major festivals in Sweden, DreamHack Summer in June and DreamHack Winter in November. DreamHack also arranges festivals, events and competitions in several locations in Europe and North America.
The events are a platform for esport, knowledge and creative competitions, music acts, lectures by game developers, Internet and game culture, cosplay, the fair DreamExpo and much more. DreamHack is also a production company with a focus on gaming, esports, music and arena productions for both traditional TV and the Internet.
During 2016 DreamHack had 233,000 visitors to its events and more than 135 million viewers who followed the live broadcast online. More information is available on company.dreamhack.com. DreamHack is a part of the leading international digital entertainment group MTG. More information is available on MTG.com.
ABOUT STOCKHOLM LIVE
Stockholm Live runs the most visited venues in the Nordics which are the Ericsson Globe, Hovet, Annexet, Tele 2 Arena, the SkyView attraction/experience in Johanneshov and Friends Arena located in Solna. Every year roughly three million people visits the Stockholm Live venues and the 330 sports and entertainment event they host. Stockholm Live is a part of AEG, Anschutz Entertainment Group, a globally spearheading company within sports and entertainment events. To learn more, visit www.stockholmlive.com and www.aegworldwide.com
ABOUT CITY OF STOCKHOLM
Stockholm Business Region, with its subsidiaries Invest Stockholm and Visit Stockholm, is the official investment and tourism promotion agency for the Stockholm region. Stockholm is one of Europe’s most dynamic sustainable regions. Stockholm Business Region is fully owned by the City of Stockholm. Our common brand is Stockholm – The Capital of Scandinavia.
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Q:
Is there a more attractive alternative to a drop ceiling that allows easy access to the space above it?
Are there any ways of installing a basement ceiling that is seamless and does not look like a drop ceiling, but which can still be somehow disassembled?
Alternatively, are there more subtle forms of drop ceiling technology available?
My subjective opinion is that drop ceilings look ugly. But as I need to access the area above in my basement, at least until all my re-wiring-the-house tasks are done, I don't want to put up drywall, unless I can rig up some panes that I can later remove (which is one option I am considering). I could also just put up drywall, and cut holes in it, and patch it later.
What would you do? Put up with a drop ceiling? Make holes later? Third alternative?
A:
You may be able to hang birch- or maple-faced plywood. You can screw it to joists and then unscrew a panel when you need to get in to change stuff.
My neighbor used this as a floor, with a urethane coating, but you may be able to skip the finish.
I haven't tried this approach myself. YMMV.
A:
The big question is -- what's ugly? the tracks, or the panels?
If it's the tracks, I'd go with Jay's answer.
If it's the panels, consider putting something other than your standard acoustic tile in. For instance, you could cut down luan into the necessary panel sizes (although I don't know if you'd need to do something to dampen sound with them), or Armstrong makes ceiling panels that have a more pressed-tin look to them.
...
The next question is what sort of wiring are you doing, and where?
If it's all low-voltage, and you're running it along basement walls I'd tack all of the cables up in the corners of the ceiling, and then put up crown molding large enough to cover it once you're done.
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
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Q:
Java static context
I am using a package that has a method call that is non-static.
It will not let me call this method from a static context.
I can't change the non-static method, how can I call this method?
A:
Create an object out of that class and call the method on the object?
import com.acme.myclass;
...
MyClass obj = new MyClass();
obj.nonStaticMethod();
If the package you're using has any documentation, be sure to look through it to see how you're expected to use that class and its non-static method. You may also want to read up more on static versus non-static in object-oriented programming in general, to get a better idea of the differences.
A:
In order to call a non-static method, you must call the method on an instance of an object.
Given the following class:
public class MyClass {
public void nonStaticMethod();
}
You would call the method like so:
new MyClass().nonStaticMethod();
Or, if you need to call that method more than once, you can save it into an object.
MyClass instance = new MyClass();
instance.nonStaticMethod();
...
instance.nonStaticMethod();
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Q:
getch() in Python displaying wrong output
I tried running this code in python
from msvcrt import getch
while True:
char = getch()
print char
but this is displaying the character 'ÿ' infinitely.
Can anyone help me with this
Thanks in advance
A:
It just works fine when I run the same program via command line.
I believe you are trying in an IDE? If you are using pycharm, the same query has been posted to them and it is unanswered for like a year.
Link : Using getch() in pycharm
Pls try the same code in command prompt and let us know.
Updated answer :
getch() requires a working "console" window, and when you run Idle you don't get one as its set to use pythonw.exe. Thus, it's technically not able to process any keystrokes and returns immediately. You could try to verify that by starting Idle from the command line with the standard python. (But you may have to be in that console window to trigger the getch() to return)
I personally verified your program by launching IDLE from command line. Well it does not return that character indefinitely atleast. It doesnt return anything for that matter.
Just out of curiosity , do you really need to use IDLE for this program? Wouldn't the regular command line suffice? If yes, am sorry I couldnt be of much help for this question.
To launch idle from command prompt : python C:\Python27\Lib\idlelib\idle.py
Source for the answer : IDLE does not return getch() characters
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
INTRODUCTION
============
Today, the non-communicable chronic diseases represent an important public health problem worldwide, since they are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality and high costs to public health systems.^([@B1],[@B2])^ Type 2 *diabetes mellitus* (DM2) gets attention because of its chronic nature and high incidence worldwide. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) reported there were approximately 382 million people with DM2 in 2013 all over the world, and that this number was expected to increase to 592 million by 2035.^([@B3])^
The objective of DM2 treatment should be to achieve adequate metabolic control, thus preventing long-term chronic complications, which are the main cause of mortality among these individuals.^([@B1]--[@B3])^ DM2 is a complex condition, and effective management depends on self-care activities and on patient\'s barriers to implement capillary glucose monitoring and insulin therapy.^([@B4],[@B5])^
Self-management of DM2, patients\' concerns about their health condition, and the possibility of developing complications may lead to emotional stress, a condition referred to as diabetes-related distress.^([@B6],[@B7])^ This is defined as an emotional reaction to the various situations the patient must deal with on an everyday basis, which may have a temporary or permanent negative impact, in the form of negative feelings, such as irritability, sadness, and fear related to the difficulty in controlling the disease.^([@B6],[@B8],[@B9])^
Diabetes-related distress may have a significant influence on glycemic control. Distress may act directly to deregulate stressor hormones or indirectly, as a higher emotional burden reduces compliance with *diabetes mellitus* (DM) treatment regimes.^([@B6],[@B10],[@B11])^ This means that patients may be exposed to a higher risk of hyperglycemia, and a poor glycemic control may lead to severe complications and development of comorbidities.
Diabetes-related distress is often confused with depression, but although it is closely related to depression, it is important to distinguish between them if adequate treatment is to be provided.^([@B6])^ It has been reported that nearly a quarter of all individuals diagnosed with DM2 suffer from depressive symptoms or emotional stress related to DM2, and about 18 to 45% of DM2 patients are diagnosed with diabetes-related distress.^([@B1],[@B12],[@B13])^ Both depression and diabetes-related distress may interfere with glycemic control and result in elevated glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels. Some studies indicate that diabetes-related distress is a better predictor of hyperglycemia than depression, but evidence is not clear.^([@B14],[@B15])^ Diabetes-related distress is also considered a risk factor for depression, which is associated with increased morbidity and mortality.^([@B16])^ Behavioral interventions showed to be promising as a means of enabling patients to manage the emotional burden inherent to DM2, hence improving psychological well-being and diabetes-related health outcomes.^([@B17])^
The American Diabetes Association recommends routine monitoring of diabetics for psychological problems, such as diabetes-related distress.^([@B1])^ Emotional well-being is important in managing diabetes, because social and psychological problems may impair the ability of the patient and his or her family to treat the DM2, thus having greater negative influence on health status.^([@B18]--[@B20])^ Clinicians treating DM2 patients should, therefore, monitor patients\' psychosocial status so that they can offer interventions as necessary.
Healthcare professionals should have a good understanding of diabetes-related distress to be capable of recognizing the condition and offering affected patients better support so that they are better able to cope with their disease.
OBJECTIVE
=========
To evaluate the relation between diabetes-related distress and the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of type 2 *diabetes mellitus* patients.
METHODS
=======
Study design and patient selection
----------------------------------
This cross-sectional study was undertaken in an outpatient center specialized in DM, arterial hypertension, and obesity at a teaching hospital in the city of São Paulo (SP), Brazil. The outpatient clinic and provides services to patients with complex needs, seen by the *Sistema Único de Saúde* (SUS) \[Brazilian Unified Health System\]. The participants were recruited consecutively between May and October 2012. The sample comprised 140 men and women, aged 18 years or over, who had been diagnosed as DM2 at least 1 year before, and were on oral antidiabetic agents and/or insulin. The participants were required to have sufficient verbal skills to answer the questionnaires. Exclusion criteria were patients on hemodialysis or with amaurosis.
Data collection
---------------
Data were collected through individual interviews, which took place in a private environment. Social and demographic data (age, sex, schooling level, marital status, employment situation, and individual monthly income), and clinical data (time since diagnosis, comorbidities, treatment, and HbA1c level) were gathered. Later, the Brazilian version of the Diabetes Distress Scale (B-DDS) was applied.
Measurements
------------
The Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS) was developed in the United States, in 2005, from three other scales: the Measurement of Emotional Adjustment in Diabetic Patients (ATT39), the Questionnaire on Stress in Patients with Diabetes\--Revised (QSPD-R) and the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) scale.^([@B7])^ A Brazilian version of DDS was produced in 2011 and validated in 2015.^([@B21],[@B22])^ The final Brazilian version consists of 17 items, divided into four subscales: emotional burden (5 items), physician-related distress (4 items), regimen-related distress (5 items) and interpersonal distress (3 items).
Patients responded the items on the B-DDS using a 6-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (non-problem) to 6 (serious problem), to indicate how much diabetes-related stress they had experienced over the previous month. Item scores are averaged to a total score between 1 and 6, thus higher values indicate greater distress and subscale scores are the averages of scores for the items making up that subscale. Scores of 3 or more indicate that the respondent is suffering from diabetes-related distress. Total scores of 3 or higher are considered to reflect clinically meaningful distress levels.^([@B7],[@B21],[@B22])^
Statistical analysis
--------------------
Qualitative variables were reported as frequencies and percentages, and descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were calculated. We also prepared five multiple linear regression models, with B-DDS subscale scores as dependent variables, and the other investigated variables as independent ones.^([@B23])^ In these models, the Stepwise criterion was applied, as well as the Box-Cox transformation with the dependent variables. We calculated regression coefficients, the related confidence intervals and p values. We also calculated the R^2^ coefficient value for each of the adjusted models. Cohen suggested the following criteria for evaluating R^2^: 0.1 to 0.29 as weak; 0.3 to 0.49 as moderate; \>0.5 as strong.^([@B24])^ A significance level of 5% was applied to all tests. Analyses were carried out with Statistical Analysis System (SAS) statistical software, version 9.4.
Ethical considerations
----------------------
The participants were informed as to the objective, procedures, risks and benefits of this study. This project was approved by the local Ethics Committee, under protocols number 1.169.686, and CAAE: 46860015.8.0000.5404; all participants signed a written Informed Consent Form. Our study complies with the Declaration of Helsinki on medical research involving human subjects.
RESULTS
=======
A total of 140 DM2 were recruited. Ten patients were excluded after preliminary data analysis because of missing values; hence, the final sample had 130 patients. The sociodemographic and clinical profile of the sample is presented on [table 1](#t1){ref-type="table"}. More than half the participants were at least 60 years old (52.3%), living with a partner (66.9%), had 4 years or less of schooling (64.6%), and had a monthly income of less than two minimum wages (41.5%). A large majority of the sample (70.8%) had had DM2 for more than 5 years, 55.4% were on insulin, and 55.4% had three or more comorbidities. Just over three quarters of the participants (76.9%) reported that they engaged in regular physical exercise and followed a healthy diet.
###### Social, demographic, and clinical characteristics of patients
Sociodemographic and clinical variables n (%)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------ ------------
Sex
Female 72 (55.4)
Male 58 (44.6)
Age, years
Mean (SD) 60.4 (9.4)
Individuals \<60 62 (47.7)
Individuals ≥60 68 (52.3)
Marital status
Without a life partner 43 (33.1)
With a life partner 87 (66.9)
Schooling level, years
≤4 84 (64.6)
5--8 18 (13.9)
≥9 28 (21.5)
Employment status
Active 48 (36.9)
Retired 61 (46.9)
Non active 21 (16.2)
Household income (number of minimum monthly wages)[\*](#TFN1){ref-type="table-fn"}
Mean (SD) 3.1 (2.4)
≤2 54 (41.5)
\>2 e ≤4 41 (31.5)
\>4 35 (27.0)
Time since diagnosis, years
≤5 38 (29.2)
\>5 92 (70.8)
HbA1C
Mean (SD) 8.6 (1.9)
\<7 31 (23.8)
≥7 99 (76.2)
Comorbidities
\<3 58 (44.6)
≥3 72 (55.4)
BMI
Normal 30 (23.1)
Overweight 45 (34.6)
Obese 55 (42.3)
Use of diet and physical exercise to manage disease (self-reported)
No 30 (23.1)
Yes 100 (76.9)
Use of oral antidiabetic agents
No 22 (16.9)
Yes 108 (83.1)
Use of insulin
No 58 (44.6)
Yes 72 (55.4)
Number of medicines taken
\<5 28 (21.5)
≥5 102 (78.5)
Experienced a hypoglycemic episode during the last month
No 81 (62.3)
Yes 49 (37.7)
US\$ 300.00.
SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; HbA1C: hemoglobin A1c.
Brazilian version of the Diabetes Distress Scale and subscales
--------------------------------------------------------------
The prevalence of diabetes-related distress (B-DDS score ≥3) was 31.5%. The mean total B-DDS score was 2.6 (standard deviation 1.07); the domain that attracted the highest mean score was "emotional burden" ([Table 2](#t2){ref-type="table"}). [Table 3](#t3){ref-type="table"} presents the demographic and clinical variables associated with one or more B-DDS domains. "Emotional burden", "regimen-related distress", and "interpersonal distress" were related to use of insulin therapy (p=0.0010), marital status (p=0.0110) and presence of three or more comorbidities (p=0.0175), respectively. The total B-DDS score was associated with marital status (p=0.0230), use of diet and physical activity to manage the disease (p=0.0180) and use of insulin therapy (p=0.0030).
###### Average score of Brazilian version of the Diabetes Distress Scale
B-DDS Mean (SD)
---------------------------- ------------
Emotional burden 3.2 (1.45)
Physician-related distress 2.0 (1.35)
Regimen-related distress 2.5 (1.38)
Interpersonal distress 2.0 (1.41)
Total score 2.6 (1.07)
B-DDS: Brazilian version of the Diabetes Distress Scale; SD: standard deviation.
###### Factors associated with diabetes-related distress
--
--
DISCUSSION
==========
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to use the B-DDS in a clinical context, in an effort to provide new information about the relation between diabetes-related distress and various social, demographic, and clinical variables in DM2 patients. Our sample consisted of patients attending a tertiary care outpatient center. Most participants were senior citizens, lived with a partner, had limited education and a low income, and had been diagnosed with DM2 more than 5 years before the study.
The prevalence of diabetes-related distress in the sample was 31.5%, which is within the range of rates reported in other studies (10 to 45%).^([@B1],[@B4],[@B12],[@B13])^ We found that use of insulin therapy was correlated with the score on the emotional burden subscale of the B-DDS, but the results from the linear regression analyses showed that its variables were very weak predictors of diabetes-related distress (R^2^=0.13). A prior study found that the need to begin insulin therapy had very negative connotations for people with DM2.^([@B25])^
Patients who use insulin require frequent monitoring of capillary glycemia, food fractioning may restrict their daily activities, and management of these factors demands that the individual\'s complex competence level be good. Changes in emotional distress may be better explained by changes in subjective variables such as coping style and perceived support than by changes in clinical characteristics.^([@B26])^
Regimen-related distress was significantly associated with living with a life partner, but proved a weak predictor of diabetes-related distress. The presence of a life partner may influence the daily self-care regime of patients, as they may be subjected to more supervision and be warned frequently by their partner about the need to pay attention to their disease, thus generating higher levels of diabetes-related distress.^([@B27])^ It is also possible that partners may deal with the DM2 patient\'s health condition in a more caring way, and try to hide or disguise their concerns about the progress of the patient\'s disease and his or her condition. This strategy could have a negative impact on self-management of the disease.^([@B28])^
The presence of three or more comorbidities was significantly associated with interpersonal distress in DM2 patients; nonetheless, this was a weak predictor of diabetes-related distress. The presence of comorbidities, which are very common, was negatively associated with quality of life in patients with DM2.^([@B29])^ Another study reported that diabetes-related distress as measured with the DDS was negatively associated with quality of life.^([@B30])^
Although the independent variables "insulin treatment", "living with a life partner", and "presence of three or more comorbidities" were not strong predictors of scores on any of the B-DDS subscales, the evaluation of diabetes-related distress showed high distress prevalence in people with DM2, corroborating the previous studies.^([@B1],[@B4],[@B12],[@B13])^
Additionally, we have found that most patients are overweight or obese and that HbA1C was higher than \>7.0%, even though most patients self-report as following a diet and engaging in physical exercise to manage disease. Our results suggest that compliance with dietary guidelines or physical exercise is poor, and the misperception perhaps happens because patients understand that weight and physical exercise management is important for their health. Few studies have investigated associations between diabetes-related distress and self-management behaviors of diet and physical exercise; a recent study demonstrated that distress or depressive symptoms are associated with worse self-management behaviors in diabetic patients, and attention of the healthcare professionals to mental health status helps improve compliance with diet and physical exercise recommendations.^([@B31])^
In spite of the fact that DDS17 is not a short scale, the use of this tool contributed to screening and assessing diabetes-related emotional distress in clinical practice. Another possibility is to use DDS2 in clinical consultations, with a short form of DDS17. A study showed that the DDS2 is easier for addressing psychological issues, but this scale does not have as strong a relation with glycemia control as DDS17.^([@B32])^
The limitations of this study should be taken into account when interpreting the results. First, we used secondary data from previous research with a small sample. Cohort studies should be conducted in order to better explore demographic and clinical variables in diabetes-related distress. Second, the study was based on a sample of DM2 patients treated in a general adult outpatient center, and our sample may not be representative of the population of diabetics. Our participants may have been generally more severely affected by the disease than patients treated in primary care settings. Third, the study did not collect data on the incidence of chronic complications, which predict diabetes-related distress.
Our findings confirm that there is a correlation between the diabetes-related distress and DM2, which is a challenge for healthcare systems. The healthcare providers should organize to offer support and education on self-care addressing healthy lifestyle, use of medications, strategies for emotional stress and behavior change, aiming to maintain optimal metabolic control. Using specific scales to evaluate diabetes-related distress may improve overall disease management by enabling individual stress factors to be identified in a timely manner; this would enable appropriate intervention to be offered more promptly.
CONCLUSION
==========
Our study provided new information about the connection between diabetes-related distress and social, demographic, and clinical variables in adult type 2 *diabetes mellitus* patients. These variables are relatively weak predictors of diabetes-related distress as measured by the Diabetes Distress Scale. The mean Diabetes Distress Scale total score in our sample showed moderate patient distress, and the emotional burden domain had the highest scores (which indicate greater distress). Health professionals should put forth more effort to identify patients in whom type 2 *diabetes mellitus* has a negative psychological impact, help them with the self-management of their disease, and refer them to programs that can offer the support necessary.
The study participants, for their involvement in this research project, and Marcos Sérgio Zanchetta Jr., for the translation of this article.
[^1]: Conflict of interest: none.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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<#@ template language="C#v3.5" debug="False" hostspecific="True" #>
<#@ output extension=".vb" #>
<#@ include file="SQLServer.ttinclude" #>
<#
var tables = LoadTables();
#>
Imports System
Imports System.Data
Imports System.Linq
Imports System.Linq.Expressions
Imports SubSonic.DataProviders
Imports SubSonic.Extensions
Imports SubSonic.Linq.Structure
Imports SubSonic.Query
Imports SubSonic.Schema
Imports System.Data.Common
Imports System.Collections.Generic
NameSpace <#=Namespace#>
Public Partial Class <#=DatabaseName#>DB
Implements IQuerySurface
Private _dataProvider As IDataProvider
Private _provider As DbQueryProvider
Public ReadOnly Property TestMode As Boolean
Get
Return _dataProvider.ConnectionString.Equals("test", StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase)
End Get
End Property
Public Sub New()
_dataProvider = ProviderFactory.GetProvider("<#=ConnectionStringName#>")
Init()
End Sub
Public Sub New(connectionStringName As String)
_dataProvider = ProviderFactory.GetProvider(connectionStringName)
Init()
End Sub
Public Sub New(connectionString As String, providerName As String)
_dataProvider = ProviderFactory.GetProvider(connectionString,providerName)
Init()
End Sub
Public Function FindByPrimaryKey(pkName As String) As ITable
Return _dataProvider.Schema.Tables.SingleOrDefault(Function(x) x.PrimaryKey.Name.Equals(pkName, StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase))
End Function
Public Function GetQuery(Of T)() As Query(Of T) Implements IQuerySurface.GetQuery
Return New Query(Of T)(provider)
End Function
Public Function FindTable(tableName As String) As ITable Implements IQuerySurface.FindTable
Return _dataProvider.FindTable(tableName)
End Function
Public ReadOnly Property Provider As IDataProvider Implements IQuerySurface.Provider
Get
Return _dataProvider
End Get
End Property
Public ReadOnly Property QueryProvider As DbQueryProvider
Get
Return _provider
End Get
End Property
Private _batch As BatchQuery = Nothing
Public Sub Queue(Of T)(qry As IQueryable(Of T))
If _batch Is Nothing Then _batch = New BatchQuery(Provider, QueryProvider)
_batch.Queue(qry)
End Sub
Public Sub Queue(qry As ISqlQuery)
If _batch Is Nothing Then _batch = new BatchQuery(Provider, QueryProvider)
_batch.Queue(qry)
End Sub
Public Sub ExecuteTransaction(commands As IList(Of DbCommand))
If Not TestMode Then
Using connection = commands(0).Connection
If connection.State = ConnectionState.Closed Then connection.Open()
Using trans = connection.BeginTransaction()
For Each cmd in commands
cmd.Transaction = trans
cmd.Connection = connection
cmd.ExecuteNonQuery()
Next cmd
trans.Commit()
End Using
connection.Close()
End Using
End If
End Sub
Public Function ExecuteBatch() As IDataReader
If _batch Is Nothing Then Throw New InvalidOperationException("There's nothing in the queue")
If Not TestMode Then Return _batch.ExecuteReader()
Return Nothing
End Function
<#
//################################################ IQueryable #######################################
#>
<# foreach(Table tbl in tables){
if(!ExcludeTables.Contains(tbl.Name))
{
#>
Private _<#=tbl.QueryableName#> As Query(Of <#=tbl.ClassName#>)
Public Property <#=tbl.QueryableName#> As Query(Of <#=tbl.ClassName#>)
Get
Return _<#=tbl.QueryableName#>
End Get
Set(value As Query(Of <#=tbl.ClassName#>))
_<#=tbl.QueryableName#> = value
End Set
End Property
<#
}
}
#>
<#
//################################################ Aggregates and Queries #######################################
#>
#Region " Aggregates and SubSonic Queries "
Public Function SelectColumns(ParamArray columns As String()) As [Select]
Return New [Select](Provider, columns)
End Function
Public ReadOnly Property [Select] As [Select] Implements IQuerySurface.Select
Get
Return New [Select](Me.Provider)
End Get
End Property
Public ReadOnly Property Insert() As Insert Implements IQuerySurface.Insert
Get
Return New Insert(Me.provider)
End Get
End Property
Public Function Update(Of T As New) As Update(Of T) Implements IQuerySurface.Update
Return New Update(Of T)(Me.Provider)
End Function
Public Function Delete(Of T As New)(column As Expression(Of Func(Of T, Boolean))) As SqlQuery Implements IQuerySurface.Delete
Dim lambda As LambdaExpression = column
Dim result As SqlQuery = New Delete(Of T)(Me.Provider)
result = result.From(Of T)()
Dim c As Global.SubSonic.Query.Constraint = lambda.ParseConstraint()
result.Constraints.Add(c)
Return result
End Function
Public Function Max(Of T)(column As Expression(Of Func(Of T, Object))) As SqlQuery Implements IQuerySurface.Max
Dim lambda As LambdaExpression = column
Dim colName As String = lambda.ParseObjectValue()
Dim objectName As String = GetType(T).Name
Dim tableName As String = Me.Provider.FindTable(objectName).Name
Return New [Select](Me.Provider, New Aggregate(colName, AggregateFunction.Max)).From(tableName)
End Function
Public Function Min(Of T)(column As Expression(Of Func(Of T, Object))) As SqlQuery Implements IQuerySurface.Min
Dim lambda As LambdaExpression = column
Dim colName As String = lambda.ParseObjectValue()
Dim objectName As String = GetType(T).Name
Dim tableName As String = Me.Provider.FindTable(objectName).Name
Return New [Select](Me.Provider, New Aggregate(colName, AggregateFunction.Min)).From(tableName)
End Function
Public Function Sum(Of T)(column As Expression(Of Func(Of T, Object))) As SqlQuery Implements IQuerySurface.Sum
Dim lambda As LambdaExpression = column
Dim colName As String = lambda.ParseObjectValue()
Dim objectName As String = GetType(T).Name
Dim tableName As String = Me.Provider.FindTable(objectName).Name
Return New [Select](Me.Provider, New Aggregate(colName, AggregateFunction.Sum)).From(tableName)
End Function
Public Function Avg(Of T)(column As Expression(Of Func(Of T, Object))) As SqlQuery Implements IQuerySurface.Avg
Dim lambda As LambdaExpression = column
Dim colName As String = lambda.ParseObjectValue()
Dim objectName As String = GetType(T).Name
Dim tableName As String = Me.Provider.FindTable(objectName).Name
Return New [Select](Me.Provider, New Aggregate(colName, AggregateFunction.Avg)).From(tableName)
End Function
Public Function Count(Of T)(column As Expression(Of Func(Of T, Object))) As SqlQuery Implements IQuerySurface.Count
Dim lambda As LambdaExpression = column
Dim colName As String = lambda.ParseObjectValue()
Dim objectName As String = GetType(T).Name
Dim tableName As String = Me.Provider.FindTable(objectName).Name
Return New [Select](Me.Provider, New Aggregate(colName, AggregateFunction.Count)).From(tableName)
End Function
Public Function Variance(Of T)(column As Expression(Of Func(Of T, Object))) As SqlQuery Implements IQuerySurface.Variance
Dim lambda As LambdaExpression = column
Dim colName As String = lambda.ParseObjectValue()
Dim objectName As String = GetType(T).Name
Dim tableName As String = Me.Provider.FindTable(objectName).Name
Return New [Select](Me.Provider, New Aggregate(colName, AggregateFunction.Var)).From(tableName)
End Function
Public Function StandardDeviation(Of T)(column As Expression(Of Func(Of T, Object))) As SqlQuery Implements IQuerySurface.StandardDeviation
Dim lambda As LambdaExpression = column
Dim colName As String = lambda.ParseObjectValue()
Dim objectName As String = GetType(T).Name
Dim tableName As String = Me.Provider.FindTable(objectName).Name
Return New [Select](Me.Provider, New Aggregate(colName, AggregateFunction.StDev)).From(tableName)
End Function
#End Region
Private Sub Init()
_provider = New DbQueryProvider(Me.Provider)
<#
//################################################ QUERIES ####################################### #>
' Query Defs
<#
foreach(Table tbl in tables)
{
if(!ExcludeTables.Contains(tbl.Name))
{
#>
<#=tbl.QueryableName#> = New Query(Of <#=tbl.ClassName#>)(_provider)
<#
}
#>
<#
}
#>
<#//################################################ SCHEMAS ####################################### #>
' Schemas
If _dataProvider.Schema.Tables.Count = 0 Then
<#
foreach(Table tbl in tables)
{
if(!ExcludeTables.Contains(tbl.Name))
{
#>
_dataProvider.Schema.Tables.Add(New <#=tbl.CleanName#>Table(_dataProvider))
<#
}
}
#>
End If
End Sub
End Class
End NameSpace
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
My freezer coils are caked up with ice and frost. It happenes every 2 weeks or so. Service guy says my heater and thermostat are fine, but the problem keeps happening. I've been reading lots of posts on here and it seems like every problem can be unique. Is there any solid advice I can get on this particular model and problem? Any help would be greatly appreciated. Thanks.
The content on this web site is for informational purposes only and is not intended to replace an on-site diagnosis from a qualified appliance service technician. By reading any content on this site you agree to AppliancePartsPros.com , Inc. disclaimer and Terms of Use.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Last year at CES, Neutrogena introduced an iPhone accessory — the Skin360 — that scans users’ faces to assess their skin condition and moisture levels. At this year’s show, the company is building off that device to create custom face masks through a new iOS app called MaskiD.
The Skin360 isn’t necessary to use the app, although Neutrogena says it’ll give a more accurate assessment of users’ skin needs. However, the app does rely on the TrueDepth camera in the iPhone X, XS, and XR to take a 3D image of users’ faces, the idea being that every mask is customized to fit each person. The eye slits match up with an individual user’s eyes, for example, as does the mouth opening.
The company will offer five main ingredients to start with: stabilized vitamin C, purified hyaluronic acid, niacinamide, feverfew, and N-Acetylglucosamine. Every mask has six zones, including the forehead, eye area, cheeks, nose, chin, and chin-to-cheek lines, and the ingredients in each area can be chosen based on users’ concerns. For example, if your cheeks are particularly dull, you might opt to use stabilized vitamin C in that area. The masks are colored for now, to show off the different zones, but that could change before the app and masks are widely released.
People with the Skin360 can also monitor their skin’s moisture levels and lines on a deeper level to see if the mask is improving their condition. Neutrogena hasn’t announced the masks’ price yet, but says they’ll go on sale in Q3 of this year.
Generally, it’s not surprising to see Neutrogena continue to focus on personalization. It’s been a priority for beauty companies, as we saw last year at CES, with products like shampoo and conditioner being made to address a customer’s specific hair concerns. Neutrogena sells thousands of products, and the Skin360 was designed to help consumers make sense of the company’s massive lineup — which in turn, sells more product. The MaskiD, on the other hand, gives customers a better sense and more control over what they’re putting on their faces.
The company eventually wants to use artificial intelligence to detect when skin is changing and make recommendations based on its condition, according to Michael Southall, research director and global lead of beauty tech at Neutrogena. But to do that, Neutrogena will need lots of user data, which it’s slowly amassing through apps like Skin360 and MaskiD.
The company says it encrypts users’ data and photos, but also harnesses that data to improve its products. The company might not be forcing users into buying and relying on a Skin360, but it would certainly prefer they use one — not only for better recommendations, but also for the data it supplies.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Of drainage water such as rainwater flowing into a sewerage system laid in an urban area, part is stored in or discharged into the earth by facilities for storing or infiltrating rainwater, while the rest is discharged to rivers. Solids such as sediment, a variety of garbage, papers, and fallen leaves are mixed in the rainwater drainage flowing in the sewerage system after dropping onto the ground surface and flowing on the ground surface, and if those solids are discharged to the rivers, they will cause water contamination; if they flow into the rainwater storing-infiltrating facilities, it will become necessary to frequently perform maintenance of the facilities; therefore, they will cause disadvantage in terms of cost. Furthermore, rainwater is temporarily stored underground without removal of solids in a rainwater storage tank or the like for flood countermeasures against torrential rain, and the stored rainwater needs to be pumped up during fine weather to be discharged to a river; on that occasion, however, the solids are also simultaneously discharged to the river, so as to cause the river water contamination and environment pollution problem. As means to avoid the water contamination and environment pollution, a separator of drainage water to separate the solids is provided in part of the sewerage system.
It is common practice to use a screen or a filter as a device for separating and removing the solids in drainage water, but they are likely to be clogged by solids, to cause a maintenance problem thereof. A solution to this problem is a separator configured to generate a horizontal swirling flow (swirl) by energy of the drainage water influent into a separation tank, without use of power such as electricity, and to separate the solids by the swirling flow, and the known separator of this type is, for example, trade name FliudSep available from UFT Inc., Germany. However, while the separator permits easy maintenance because of no use of the filter or screen, it is difficult for the separator to perform secure separation and capture of floating and fine solids of size to be removed.
On the other hand, Patent Literature 1 describes a separator as a combination of the swirling flow generating method and the screen separation method. The separation tank in Patent Literature 1 is configured as follows: a cylindrical screen is disposed in the lower part of the separation tank with a circular plane cross section, drainage water is supplied in a tangent direction from the upper part of the separation tank to generate a swirling flow in the tank, solids are separated by the screen disposed in the lower part, and only the drainage water is made to pass to the outside of the screen.
Patent Literature 1: Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 8-141326
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Q:
Variadic template template arguments
The following code does not compiles using clang 3.0, is this because I have done it wrongly? Because it is not allowed in c++11 or because it is not supported in clang?
template<int OFFSET>
struct A {
enum O { offset = OFFSET };
};
template < template <int T> class Head, typename... Tail>
struct C : public Head<1>, private C<Tail> { };
int main()
{
C< A, A > c1;
return 0;
}
Compiler error:
test3.cxx:99:42: error: template argument for template template parameter must be a class template or type alias template
struct C : public Head<1>, private C<Tail> { };
^
test3.cxx:103:15: error: use of class template A requires template arguments
C< A, A > c1;
^
test3.cxx:94:12: note: template is declared here
struct A {
^
2 errors generated.
A:
Three issues:
Tail is to be a variadic list of templates, not of types. Hence it should be
template<int> class... Tail
instead of
typename... Tail
and you need to explicitly expand the parameter pack with private C<Tail...> instead of private C<Tail>.
And you'll need to implement the base case, for when Tail... is empty:
// base case
template < template <int> class Head>
struct C<Head> : public Head<1> { };
(This is compiling for with Clang 3.0)
The entire piece of code now:
template<int OFFSET>
struct A {
enum O { offset = OFFSET };
};
template < template <int> class Head, template<int> class... Tail>
struct C : public Head<1>, private C<Tail...> { };
template < template <int> class Head>
struct C<Head> : public Head<1> { };
int main()
{
C< A, A > c1;
return 0;
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Are you one of those people who’s sick of having so much stuff? Yeah, we know the feeling. With her best-selling book on cleaning out clutter and simplifying life, Marie Kondo has inspired headlines about the “cult of tidying up.” That’s great news for Fast Company senior editor Erin Schulte, whose desk could use some serious… well, let’s just call it tidying up. Still clinging to that promotional prison jumpsuit, Erin? Really?! Watch the video to see a magical work-space transformation from terrifying to super tidy.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Gawker's Numbers Tanking - tgrass
http://therawfeed.com/gawkers-redesign-is-killing-the-network
======
thechangelog
I can explain part of it: the hash based URLs are completely broken in Canada
(and presumably elsewhere). Any link I follow (e.g. gawker.com/#12345)
redirects to ca.gawker.com. The hashes aren't preserved on redirect, and I'm
not interested enough in the content to go searching.
~~~
corin_
Same for me in the UK, can't remember the last time I clicked a Gawker link
and ended up reading the content.
------
ghshephard
It's interesting - I'm down in Sao Paulo, Brazil right now, and I spent the
better part of 15 minutes trying to read a story there. Every time I tried to
enter the URL it kicked me into a .br page and I was unable to find the
original story.
I eventually just gave up.
------
aphistic
Is this any surprise considering their new design? The only way I can read any
Gawker site is via an RSS feed and even then I can't stand to read past that
and actually visit the site.
~~~
duke_sam
I know a number of people who fell back on using the mobile version but it was
so much hassle they just found alternative sources. I used to hit Kotaku and
io9 multiple times per day but the new design meant I spent more time trying
to find stories than actually reading. Was a pity to lose sources that were
usually pretty solid.
------
jokermatt999
I stopped visiting Lifehacker not just because of the redesign, but also
because the noise began to drown out the signal. They post a ridiculous amount
a day, and I just wasn't interested in most of it. I'd rather follow something
with fewer posts and much better quality than be overwhelmed by their
firehose.
Of course, that's just for browsing by RSS. I suppose the "tons o content"
model is geared towards people that visit occasionally over the course of a
day. But with the hideous design, why would you want to?
------
mattcurry
Also they F-ed up the RSS feeds. Take a look at this one for the top stories
on Deadspin: <http://deadspin.com/tag/top/index.xml>
Barely anything since Feb. Before then there were 4-5 items per day.
~~~
z2amiller
They've F-ed them up worse than that, a few months ago I got a full feed of
Fleshbot in the place of my Gizmodo feed. Fortunately I closed my laptop in
time, or it could have been a much more interesting meeting at work (No doubt
followed by one with HR)
------
eli
With their AJAXy interface, I wonder if perhaps page views are not being
counted properly. Put another way, I'd like to see a chart of ad impression
numbers.
I'm sure the redesign cost them, but I'm surprised it's such a big hit.
------
3pt14159
I love how designers and product visionaries absolutely refuse to test major
redesigns. Hey guys, why not fork 1% of the traffic to your major redesign and
see how it performs? Millions of dollars on the line that could have been
saved with about $5k worth of developer time.
------
patrickk
Lifehacker's numbers are conspicuously absent. I've read through other sources
that their pageviews took at a bit of a hit but remained relatively steady. I
guess that piece of information didn't fit nicely with the story.
<http://techcrunch.com/2011/02/17/gawker-redesign/>
EDIT: link
~~~
eli
<http://lifehacker.com/stats-month> shows lifehacker pageview declining pretty
significantly this year and a _dramatic_ decline in "new visitors." (Somewhat
fittingly, the buttons on the stats pages don't work quite right for me)
~~~
TillE
I said at the time that the redesign would hurt Gawker, especially when they
responded to the backlash with "well, everybody complains when Facebook
changes" - not realizing the power of Facebook's social stickiness. But that's
quite shocking even to me. Their own stats show visitors cut to _a third_ of
what they were in January.
I guess UI matters, huh?
------
hugh3
I discovered last week that the redesign isn't so bad if you go to "Blog
view". I don't know when that got introduced between the day I stopped reading
gawker sites due to the redesign and last week, but it's reasonably
inoffensive.
Still, every gawker site has a less-annoying competitor, and I'm guessing that
most of the folks who used to read the gawker version are now reading another
version with the same damn stories. Once people have been driven into the arms
of a competitor it's tricky to get 'em back.
------
brianbreslin
One of the commenters mentioned the geo-redirects. I'm assuming this doesn't
affect the individual domain's traffic count (since the source measures entire
domain?). Now what if they are charging substantially higher rates to the
advertisers though, since they are keeping the time shown of an ad up.
------
jarin
I don't really mind the redesign since I usually get linked to individual
articles instead of browsing around their sites, but that grey line at the
"fold" really bugs me. Anyone else get that?
------
maxharris
This is just fine with me. I still won't read Gawker sites because of what
they did with the iPhone 4.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "HackerNews"
}
|
Alfred Savill
Alfred Savill (1829 - 1905) was the founder of Savills, one of the United Kingdom's largest estate agents.
Career
Born in Chigwell, Essex, Alfred Savill became a land agent, surveyor and auctioneer. He opened the first office of Savills in the City of London in 1855.
He commissioned the building of Chigwell Hall in 1876. He was a supporter of various charitable causes giving land away to allow the construction of a chapel at Squirrels Heath near Hornchurch in 1884. He died in 1905.
Family
Savill's practice, then known as Alfred Savill & Sons, continued to be managed by his sons and later became Savills, one of the country's largest estate agents. His grandson Sir Eric Savill, also a chartered surveyor, worked for the Crown Estate as manager of Windsor Great Park and was the creator of Savill Garden located within the park.
References
Category:1829 births
Category:1905 deaths
Category:English businesspeople
Category:People from Chigwell
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Graft central thickness measurement by rotating Scheimpflug camera and ultrasound pachymetry after penetrating keratoplasty.
To assess agreement between rotating Scheimpflug camera and ultrasound pachymetry in measuring graft central thickness, and compare reproducibility/repeatability of these methods in corneal grafts and normal corneas. Experimental study. Sixty-five patients with corneal grafts after penetrating keratoplasty and 20 controls with normal corneas (1 eye per patient). In 45 eyes with clear grafts after penetrating keratoplasty, graft central thickness measurements were compared between the 2 methods (examiner 1). In another 20 eyes with clear grafts after penetrating keratoplasty and in 20 normal corneas, 2 independent examiners (1 and 2) each employed both methods in a first session to assess interexaminer reproducibility; measurements were then repeated by examiner 1 alone in a second session, and differences with his first session measurements used to assess intraexaminer repeatability. Paired t test, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and 95% limits of agreement (95% LoA) were calculated to assess differences, correlation, and variability of methods, examiners, and first-second measurements. Graft central thickness measurements by 2 methods. Difference of measurements by 2 examiners; and difference of first-second measurements by 1 examiner, in corneal grafts and normal corneas with both methods. Mean graft central thickness measurement was 556.9+/-41.8 microm with the rotating Scheimpflug camera and 561.8+/-40.8 with ultrasound pachymetry (P = 0.012). There was a significant linear correlation in graft central thickness measurement between the 2 methods (r = 0.93; P<0.001) and 95% LoAs were -34 to +23.4 microm. Interexaminer and intraexaminer correlations were high with both methods: ICCs were > or = 0.94 in corneal grafts and > or = 0.98 in normal corneas. Interexaminer and intraexaminer variability was slightly higher with the rotating Scheimpflug camera than with ultrasound pachymetry, and in corneal grafts than in normal corneas. Measurements of graft central thickness with the rotating Scheimpflug camera, although slightly lower, were comparable to those with ultrasound pachymetry. The reproducibility and repeatability of these methods in corneal grafts are only slightly lower than in normal corneas.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
---
abstract: 'Continuous-wave (CW) gravitational waves (GWs) call for computationally-intensive methods. Low signal-to-noise ratio signals need templated searches with long coherent integration times and thus fine parameter-space resolution. Longer integration increases sensitivity. Low-Mass X-ray Binaries (LMXBs) such as Scorpius X-1 (Sco X-1) may emit accretion-driven CWs at strains reachable by current ground-based observatories. Binary orbital parameters induce phase modulation. This paper describes how resampling corrects binary and detector motion, yielding source-frame time series used for cross-correlation. Compared to the previous, detector-frame, templated cross-correlation method, used for Sco X-1 on data from the first Advanced LIGO observing run (O1), resampling is about $20\times$ faster in the costliest, most-sensitive frequency bands. Speed-up factors depend on integration time and search set-up. The speed could be reinvested into longer integration with a forecast sensitivity gain, $20$ to $125$ Hz median, of approximately $51\%$, or from $20$ to $250$ Hz, $11\%$, given the same per-band cost and set-up. This paper’s timing model enables future set-up optimization. Resampling scales well with longer integration, and at $10\times$ unoptimized cost could reach respectively $2.83\times$ and $2.75\times$ median sensitivities, limited by spin-wandering. Then an O1 search could yield a marginalized-polarization upper limit reaching torque-balance at 100 Hz. Frequencies from 40 to 140 Hz might be probed in equal observing time with $2\times$ improved detectors.'
author:
- 'G.D. Meadors'
- 'B. Krishnan'
- 'M.A. Papa'
- 'John T. Whelan'
- Yuanhao Zhang
bibliography:
- 'bibliography.bib'
title: 'Resampling to accelerate cross-correlation searches for continuous gravitational waves from binary systems'
---
Introduction\[introduction\]
============================
New gravitational-wave (GW) source types await sensitive analyses. Transient signals such as GW150914 [@GW150914LIGO] can reach strain amplitudes $h_0$ of approximately $10^{-21}$. Yet-unseen continuous-wave (CW) signals, from sources such as non-axisymmetric neutron stars (NSs) [@Brady1998], are constrained to be significantly weaker: for Scorpius X-1 (Sco X-1), the brightest Low Mass X-ray Binary (LMXB), the best $95\%$-confidence marginalized-polarization upper limit reaches $2.3\times10^{-25}$ [@ScoX1CrossCorr2017ApJO1]. Accretion-driven torque-balance could drive GW emission from LMXBs: infalling matter’s angular momentum is predicted to be balanced by that radiated gravitationally [@PapaloizouPringle1978; @Wagoner1984]. Sco X-1 attracts attention [@Bildsten1998] as the brightest persistent X-ray source [@Giacconi1962]. Emission might be expected at a GW frequency $f_0$ equal to $2 \nu$, for an NS spin frequency $\nu$, assuming that the compact object in the system is an NS radiating *via* the $l=m=2$ mass quadrupole moment. An NS could also emit *via* $r$-mode (Rossby) oscillations [@Shawhan2010; @Owen2010], depending on the equation of state and dissipative mechanisms [@Andersson1998; @Friedman1998; @Owen1998]. Its spin frequency is unknown, so an $f_0$ range must be searched.
In this paper, we discuss how to accelerate and increase the sensitivity of a broadband search for Sco X-1. CW analyses are computationally demanding. Long coherent integration times $T_\mathrm{coh}$, for low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) signals, induce a steep metric [@Brady1998] on the parameter space, increasing the matched-filtering template density. While an optimal statistic [@Jaranowski1998] can maximize out *amplitude parameters*, the *Doppler parameters* need explicit templating. Sensitivity, which grows from longer integration, conflicts with computational cost, which grows faster. Semicoherent methods [@HierarchicalBrady2000] tune this balance: an observing run of data is subdivided into coherent segments. Summing statistics from segments increases total sensitivity, while the metric depends mainly on the coherent-segment length. Sensitivity benefits from both total observing time $T_\mathrm{obs}$ and $T_\mathrm{coh}$. Whole observation runs are typically used, with coherent segments as long as resources permit. Speed frees resources to be invested in coherent integration time. *Resampling* [@Jaranowski1998; @Patel:2009qe] techniques can accelerate the cross-correlation methods (CrossCorr) [@Dhurandhar2008; @Chung2011; @ScoX1CrossCorr2015PRD] that have to date shown the most sensitive results for Sco X-$1$ in simulation [@ScoX1MDC2015PRD] and Advanced LIGO data [@ScoX1CrossCorr2017ApJO1]. After over a decade of GW investigations into Sco X-$1$ [@AbbottScoX12007; @AbadieStoch2011; @GoetzTwoSpectResults2014; @Sammut2014PRD; @Sideband2015; @MeadorsS6ScoX1PRD2017; @O1Radiometer2017; @O1Sideband2017], the nominal torque-balance level is near. Discovery may yield new astrophysics.
Detection becomes more likely as the GW strain amplitude $h_0$ sensitivity approaches torque-balance (TB). LMXB accretion torque could recycle NSs to higher $\nu$ [@PapaloizouPringle1978]. If spin-up torque balances GW spin-down [@Wagoner1984], the apparent speed limit on millisecond pulsars slightly over 700 Hz [@Chakrabarty2003] may be explained. Sco X-1 and similar LMXBs could radiate GWs from NS asymmetries. By Bildsten Equation 4 [@Bildsten1998], with characteristic strain $h_c$ related by $h_c/h_0 = 2.9/4.0$, for an LMXB with flux $\mathcal{F}_\mathrm{X-ray}$,
$$h_c \approx 4\times10^{-27}\left[\frac{300\mathrm{~Hz}}{\nu_s} \times \frac{\mathcal{F}_\mathrm{X-ray}}{10^{-8}\mathrm{~erg~cm}^{-2}\mathrm{~s}^{-1}}\right]^{1/2}.
\label{torque_bal_eq}$$
High X-ray flux ($3.9 \times 10^{-7}$ erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ [@Watts2008]), assuming a nominal 1.4 solar mass, 10 km radius NS of unknown spin frequency, implies Sco X-1’s $h_0$:
$$h_0 \approx 3.5\times 10^{-26} [600~\mathrm{Hz}]^{1/2} f_0^{-1/2}.$$
Advanced LIGO Observing Run 1 (O1) data was searched [@ScoX1CrossCorr2017ApJO1] with the cross-correlation method [@ScoX1CrossCorr2015PRD], setting a 95%-confidence marginalized-polarization upper limit at 175 Hz of $2.3\times 10^{-25}$, or $8.0\times 10^{-26}$ assuming optimal, circular polarization, respectively $3.5\times$ and $1.2\times$ above torque-balance. This analysis spanned 25 to 2000 Hz, with the detector noise curve and computational cost reducing the depth of the upper limits.
As Advanced LIGO [@ALIGOStandardRef], Advanced Virgo [@AVirgoStandardRef], and KAGRA [@KAGRAStandardRef] observatories improve, sensitivity varies linearly with noise amplitude spectral density(ASD), $S_H^{1/2}(f)$, for fixed $T_\mathrm{obs}$. *Sensitivity depth* $D^C(f_0)$ [@BehnkeGalacticCenter2015; @LeaciPrixDirectedFStatPRD] factors away this noise floor, to characterize analyses:
$$D^C(f_0) \equiv S_H^{1/2}(f_0)[h_0^C(f_0)]^{-1}.$$
Depth should be specified at a confidence $C$, such as $D^{95\%}(f_0)$, based on a strain upper limit $h_0^C$. *Coherent SNR* is proportional to $h_0\sqrt{T_\mathrm{obs} / S_H}$; deeper methods find lower SNR signals.
Methods vary [@Riles2013] for finding CWs from NS in binary systems. Isolated CW techniques [@Jaranowski1998; @HoughTransformKrishnan2004; @LSCPulsarS4; @LSCPowerFlux2009; @PowerFluxMethod2010; @PowerFluxAllSky2012] inform searches at unknown sky location, as well as for known ephemerides [@DupuisWoan2005; @AasiPulsarInitialResults2014], and also for the *directed* case of known sky location but uncertain ephemerides. Sco X-1 searches are directed (Table \[scox1\_table\_params\]). Five Doppler parameters arise from the binary orbit. New techniques address these parameters’ computational cost [@Messenger2007CQG; @Sammut2014PRD; @SidebandMarkovModelSuvorova2016; @GoetzTwoSpectMethods2011; @MeadorsDirectedMethods2016; @Ballmer2006CQG; @AbadieStoch2011; @2010JPhCS.228a2005V; @Dhurandhar2008; @ScoX1CrossCorr2015PRD], with more in development [@LeaciPrixDirectedFStatPRD]. The cross-correlation method found all simulations in a 2015 Mock Data Challenge (MDC) [@ScoX1MDC2015PRD] and sets O1 upper limits 3 to 4 times more stringent than others [@O1Radiometer2017; @O1Sideband2017]. The *resampled* cross-correlation method could surpass these limits.
Resampling was proposed [@Jaranowski1998] and detailed [@Patel:2009qe] for isolated-star $\mathcal{F}$-statistic calculations. Strain $h_0(t)$ is interpolated from the detector frame, where Earth and source motion introduce phase modulation, to the source frame. In the source frame, the statistic simplifies (with normalization factors determined by the detector antenna functions) to frequency bin power. Although interpolation is costly, subsequent computations can be faster than interpolating across time-varying frequency bins. We adapt the cross-correlation method for resampling. Speed-up and sensitivity performance projections are estimated from implemented code tested with simulated data. Deeper, resampled cross-correlation methods could bring CW analyses of Sco X-1 and similar LMXBs to the brink of detection.
Section \[crosscorr\_method\] details the cross-correlation method, Section \[resampling\] explains resampling, and Section \[resamp\_cost\] measures the cost and benefits. Figures \[projected-ul\] and \[projected-sens-depth\] show predicted astrophysical reach. Section \[conclusion\] concludes.
[r r r r r]{} Sco X-1 parameter & Ref. & Value & Uncertainty & Units\
\
Right ascension ($\alpha$) & [@2mass06] & 16:19:55.067 & $\pm 0.06'' $ & —\
Declination ($\delta$) & [@2mass06] & $-15^\circ 38'25.02''$ & $\pm 0.06''$ & —\
Distance ($d$) & [@Bradshaw1999] & $2.8$ & $\pm0.3$ & kpc\
X-ray flux at Earth ($\mathcal{F}_\mathrm{X-ray}$) & [@Watts2008] & $3.9\times10^{-7}$ & — & erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$\
Orbital eccentricity ($e$) & [@ScoX1MDC2015PRD; @Galloway2014] & $< 0.068$ & $(3 \sigma)$ & —\
Orbital period ($P$) & [@Galloway2014] & $68023.70 $ & $\pm 0.04$ & s\
Orbital projected semi-major axis ($a_p$) & [@WangSteeghsGalloway2016; @ScoX1CrossCorr2017ApJO1] & $1.805$ & $\pm 1.445$ & s\
Compact object time of ascension ($T_\mathrm{asc}$) & [@Galloway2014; @ScoX1MDC2015PRD] & $897753994$ & $\pm100$ & s\
Companion mass ($M_2$) & [@2002ApJ...568..273S] & $0.42$ & — & $M_\mathrm{sol}$\
Cross-Correlation Method\[crosscorr\_method\]
=============================================
Detecting a sinusoid should be simple. Low SNR, amplitude- and phase-modulated sinusoids are hard. The ‘CrossCorr’ cross-correlation method [@Dhurandhar2008; @ScoX1CrossCorr2015PRD] intersects two paths to this problem: the stochastic radiometer [@Allen1999; @Ballmer2006CQG] and the multi-detector $\mathcal{F}$-statistic [@Jaranowski1998; @CutlerMulti2005; @BStatPrix2009]. This cross-correlation method computes a statistic, $\rho$, which approaches the others in limiting cases. We summarize $\rho$ to clarify, and to explain how resampling [@Jaranowski1998; @Patel:2009qe], designed for the $\mathcal{F}$-statistic, is transferable. The principle remains – a semicoherent matched filter using a signal model for continuous, modulated GWs, then a frequentist statistic proportional to the power, $(h_0)^2$.
Signal model\[signal\_model\]
-----------------------------
Continuous waves from NS in binary systems are defined by a signal model in amplitude and Doppler parameters. Amplitude parameters $\bar{\mathcal{A}}^i$ [@Jaranowski1998], are factored out: reference phase $\Phi_0$, polarization angle $\psi$, NS inclination angle $\iota$ (with respect to the line of sight), and strain amplitude $h_0$. Sky location is in right ascension $\alpha$ and declination $\delta$.
The Doppler parameters $\lambda$ for an isolated system include frequency $f_0$ and higher-order Taylor-expanded *spindown* (or *spinup*) terms $f^{(1)}$, $f^{(2)}$, *etc*. Assuming an NS source spinning at frequency $\nu$, GW $f^{(k)} \equiv (\sigma d^k \nu(\tau)/d\tau^k | \tau = t_\mathrm{ref})$, with emission time in the source frame $\tau$, evaluated at arbitrary reference time $t_\mathrm{ref}$ (conventions follow [@LeaciPrixDirectedFStatPRD]). For quadrupole emission, $\sigma = 2$. Assuming torque-balance, LMXB searches have set spindown terms to zero and instead consider *spin-wandering* [@MukherjeeSpinWandering2016], an unmodeled stochastic drift about $f_0$. For an isolated system without spindown, the measured frequency in the solar system barycenter (SSB) will be constant.
For a binary system, the $\lambda$ parameters further include $(a_P,P,T_\mathrm{asc},T_\mathrm{p},e)$. Orbital projected semi-major axis, in time units, is $a_p \equiv (a \sin i) / c$ ($a$ measured in light-seconds). Orbital period is $P$. Time of ascension is $T_\mathrm{asc}$, when the compact object crosses the ascending node, heading away from an SSB observer. Because only the companion’s inferior conjunction time $T_0$ [@Galloway2014] is known, the compact object $T_\mathrm{asc} = T_0 - P/4$ [@ScoX1MDC2015PRD] (stated in SSB GPS seconds). Time of periapsis passage is $T_\mathrm{p}$. Orbital eccentricity is $e$. When $e = 0$, $T_\mathrm{p} = T_\mathrm{asc}$ by convention. For Sco X-1, $\alpha$ and $\delta$ are precise enough that one point covers uncertainty.
### Strain and amplitude parameters
Strain amplitude $h(t)$ is measured; GW phase $\Phi(t;\lambda)$ is key to its signal model:
$$\begin{aligned}
h(t)
&=&
\left[F_+ (t; \alpha, \delta), F_\times (t; \alpha, \delta) \right]
\left[ \begin{array}{c} A_+ \cos \Phi(t;\lambda) \\ A_\times \sin \Phi(t;\lambda) \end{array}\right],\end{aligned}$$
where $t$ is detector GPS time measured; $F_+$ and $F_\times$ are called *beam-pattern functions*. The amplitude model factors loosely depend on time and sky location *via* the detector response in the *antenna functions* $a(t; \alpha, \delta)$ and $b(t; \alpha, \delta)$ [@Jaranowski1998; @Dhurandhar2008]. Since we discuss known sky location targets, $(\alpha,\delta)$ will be implicit in $a(t)$, $b(t)$:
$$\begin{aligned}
\left[ \begin{array}{c} F_+ (t) \\ F_\times (t) \end{array} \right] &=& \left[ \begin{array}{c} a(t) \cos 2\psi + b(t) \sin 2 \psi \\ b(t) \cos 2 \psi - a(t) \sin 2\psi \end{array} \right],\\
\left[ \begin{array}{c} A_+ \\ A_\times \end{array} \right] &=& h_0 \left[ \begin{array}{c} \frac{1+\cos^2 \iota}{2} \\ \cos \iota \end{array} \right].\end{aligned}$$
Amplitude parameters can be projected into four new coordinates which affect the waveform linearly [@Jaranowski1998; @CutlerMulti2005; @PrixMultiMetric2007; @BStatPrix2009; @WhelanNewAmplitude2014CQG]. These *canonical* coordinates $\mathcal{A}^\mu$ satisfy, for basis functions $h_\mu(t; \lambda)$,
$$\begin{aligned}
h (t;\lambda) &=& \sum_{\mu=1}^{4} \mathcal{A}^\mu h_\mu (t;\lambda).
\label{decomposition-projection-f}\end{aligned}$$
Maximization, or marginalization, over $\mathcal{A}^\mu$ leads to approximately Neyman-Pearson optimal statistics (respectively $\mathcal{F}$, $\mathcal{B}$) [@BStatPrix2009]. The cross-correlation method obtains a similar statistic $\rho$ with different motives [@Dhurandhar2008] (see Section \[crosscorr-stat\]).
### Doppler parameters
The $\Phi(t;\lambda)$ model is defined with source time $\tau$ as a function of $t$, *via* SSB time $t_\mathrm{SSB}$. In the spindown-free source frame, $\Phi(\tau) = 2\pi f_0 \tau$, so $\Phi(t;\lambda) = 2\pi f_0 \tau(t_\mathrm{SSB}(t;\alpha, \delta);\lambda)$. One can find the barycentric time $t_\mathrm{SSB}$ from $(\alpha, \delta)$, *via* the vector $\vec r(t)$ pointing from the SSB to the detector and the unit vector $\vec n$ pointing from the SSB to the source. The latter vector is defined as $\vec n(\alpha, \delta) = (\cos \alpha \cos \delta, \sin \alpha \cos \delta, \sin \delta)$ [@LeaciPrixDirectedFStatPRD]. With GW unit wavevector $\vec k = -\vec n$ in the far-field approximation,
$$t_\mathrm{SSB}(t; \alpha,\delta) = t + \frac{\vec r(t) \cdot \vec n(\alpha, \delta) }{c}.
\label{t-ssb-equation}$$
The relativistic $t_\mathrm{SSB}$ is corrected for Shapiro and Einstein delays, in addition to the Earth orbital and rotational Roemer delays encoded by $\vec r$ [@LeaciPrixDirectedFStatPRD]. The binary orbital Roemer delay comes from the projected radial distance $R$ along the line of sight. Following conventions [@BlandfordBinary1976; @LeaciPrixDirectedFStatPRD],
$$\tau(t_\mathrm{SSB};\lambda) = t_\mathrm{SSB} - \frac{d}{c} - \frac{R(t_\mathrm{SSB};\lambda)}{c},
\label{tau-equation}$$
wherein larger $R$ signifies greater distance from the binary barycenter (BB) along the line of sight, away from the observer. Source distance will affect $h_0$ and cause an overall time shift $d/c$ equivalent to changing $\Phi_0$, and inertial motion effects an overall constant Doppler shift to $f_0$. As $d$ would also affect electromagnetic observations and is indistinguishable from other parameters, we now drop $(d/c)$, in effect equating the SSB with the BB.
Kepler’s equations involve a constant argument of periapse $\omega$ (the angle from the ascending node to periapsis in the direction of motion, dependent on $T_\mathrm{p}$ and $T_\mathrm{asc}$) and a time-varying eccentric anomaly $E$ (implicit in $\tau$ [@LeaciPrixDirectedFStatPRD]). These equations describe system dynamics:
$$\begin{aligned}
\tau &=& T_\mathrm{p} + \frac{P}{2 \pi} (E - e \sin E),\label{solve-for-E}\\
\frac{R}{c} &=& a_p \left[ \sin \omega (\cos E - e) + \cos \omega \sin E \sqrt{1-e^2}\right].\label{Kepler-equation}\end{aligned}$$
Sco X-1’s orbit is near-circular ($e < 0.068$ at $3\sigma$), so we will focus on $e=0$, though resampling can handle elliptical orbits. Sco X-1’s $a_p$ is four orders of magnitude less than $P$, so we approximate $E(\tau) = E(t)$. Let $\Omega \equiv 2 \pi/P$. In this circular case [@ScoX1CrossCorr2015PRD],
$$\begin{aligned}
\frac{R(t;\lambda)}{c} &=& a_p \sin \left(\Omega [t - T_\mathrm{asc}] \right),\\
\phi(t;\lambda) &=& 2 \pi f_0 \left[ t_\mathrm{SSB}(t;\alpha, \delta) - \frac{R(t;\lambda)}{c} \right],\label{time-varying-phase-eq}\\
\Phi (t; \lambda)
&=& \Phi_0 + \phi(t;\lambda). \label{phase-model-eq}\end{aligned}$$
Phase modulation induces an effective frequency modulation depth, $\Delta f_\mathrm{obs}$. This modulation adds to Doppler shift from detector velocity, $\vec v = d \vec r/dt$ (dominated by Earth’s orbit $v_\mathrm{Earth}$), when calculating the total physical frequency bandwidth $\Delta f_\mathrm{drift}$ through which the signal can drift:
$$\begin{aligned}
\Delta f_\mathrm{drift} &=& 2\times\left(\frac{\max{(\vec v \cdot \vec n)}}{c} + \Delta f_\mathrm{obs} \right), \label{f-drift-eq}\\
\Delta f_\mathrm{obs} &=& a_p \Omega f_0.\label{delta-f-obs}\end{aligned}$$
With $|\vec v| \approx v_\mathrm{Earth}$, $\mathrm{max}(v / c) \approx 10^{-4}$ (lower off-ecliptic).
For an unmodulated signal, $d\Phi/dt = 2\pi f_0$, reducing to a Fourier transform [@Brady1998]. For modulated signals, $\phi(t)$ must be tracked to maintain coherence. Given Equation \[phase-model-eq\], the cross-correlation method tracks a CW signal as the signal changes instantaneous frequency.
Mismatch in Doppler parameters can lead to false dismissal. The phase mismatch metric [@Brady1998] ([@ScoX1CrossCorr2015PRD] for the cross-correlation method) sets the parameter-space density required for Doppler parameters. A mismatch in the phase-model Roemer delay of about a half-cycle of $f_0$ between the beginning and end of each integration time $T_\mathrm{coh}$ will lose the signal. (A $100$ Hz signal accumulates $\mathcal{O}(10^2)$ cycles over $a_p$ of Sco X-1 and $\mathcal{O}(10^5)$ cycles over 2 AU). The computational cost stems from the parameter-space density needed for the long $T_\mathrm{coh}$ that low-SNR signals require.
We define detection statistics for these signals. This paper will show that resampling is a more efficient way to compute the cross-correlation method’s $\rho$ statistic.
Cross-correlation statistic\[crosscorr-stat\]
---------------------------------------------
The goal is to calculate the statistic, $\rho$, as efficiently as possible. See Figure \[cost\_per\_template\_figure\] for a cost per template comparison of the previous ‘demodulation’ and resampled methods.
Let us define $\rho$ as in Whelan *et al* [@ScoX1CrossCorr2015PRD]. (In Appendix \[relationships-to-other-optimal-statistics\] we compare $\rho$, like Dhurandhar *et al* [@Dhurandhar2008], with the $\mathcal{F}$-statistic [@Jaranowski1998] and radiometer [@Allen1999; @Ballmer2006CQG]). Data start by being parcelled into short Fourier transforms (SFTs) [@AllenMendellSFT2004], each of duration $T_\mathrm{sft}$. The total data set spanning $T_\mathrm{obs}$ for $Q$ detectors may contain up to $N_\mathrm{sft} \leq Q T_\mathrm{obs}/T_\mathrm{sft}$ SFTs.
The *cross-correlation* in our method is made between pairs of SFTs: the first component of the pair is indexed by $K$, the second component by $L$. In the Whelan *et al* construction, $K$ and $L$ span all detectors, meaning they both can range from $0$ up to $N_\mathrm{sft}$. (Particulars are discussed in Section \[pair-selection-for-resampling\], where $K$ and $L$ are redefined). The sets of SFTs $\{K\}$ and $\{L\}$ are defined by an allowable lag-time, $T_\mathrm{max}$, the difference between start times of given SFTs $K$ and $L$. It is common to require $K \neq L$ (to avoid auto-correlation). SFT pairs $KL$ in the set $\mathcal{P}$ are *cross-correlated.*
A time series $x_K(t) = h_K(t) + n_K(t)$, signal $h$ and noise $n$, has one-sided power spectral density (PSD) $S_K$. Analyze the Fourier transform $\tilde{x}$ (using Equation 2.1 [@ScoX1CrossCorr2015PRD] conventions), with sampling time $\delta t$, SFT mid-time $t_K$:
$$\begin{aligned}
\tilde{x}_{Km} = \sum_{j=0}^{N-1} x_K (t_K - T_\mathrm{sft}/2 + j \delta t) e^{-\mathrm{i} 2\pi j m \delta t / T_\mathrm{sft}} \delta t,
\label{fourier-transform-def}\end{aligned}$$
so normalized data $z_{K m}$ in frequency bin $m$ ($k$ in [@ScoX1CrossCorr2015PRD] and our appendices) is,
$$z_{K m} = \tilde{x}_{K m} \sqrt{\frac{2}{T_\mathrm{sft} S_K}}.
\label{normalized-z-bin}$$
SFT bin frequency is $f_m$, but the signal instantaneous frequency is $f_K$; these must not be confused. The discrepancy, to the nearest bin from the instantaneous frequency, is $\kappa_{K m}$,
$$\begin{aligned}
f_m &=& \frac{m}{T_\mathrm{sft}},\\
\kappa_{K m} &=& m - f_K T_\mathrm{sft}.\end{aligned}$$
Multiple bins in a set $\mathcal{K}_K$ are part of the *Dirichlet kernel*, discussed around Equation 6.5 of [@Allen2002]. The signal contribution to each bin is found by the normalized *sinc* function, $\mathrm{sinc} \alpha = \frac{\sin{\pi \alpha}}{\pi \alpha}$. The total data vector $\textbf{z}$ has elements $z_K$, which are the Fourier-transformed data. Each element is summed from all bins that could contain a signal at a frequency $f$ (implicitly specified by the set $\mathcal{K}_K$ and the $f_K$ model in $\kappa_{K m}$), then indexed by SFT $K$,
$$\begin{aligned}
\Xi_K &\equiv& \sqrt{\sum_{m'\in \mathcal{K}_K} \mathrm{sinc}^2(\kappa_{K m'})},\\
z_K &=& \frac{1}{\Xi_K} \sum_{m\in\mathcal{K}_K} (-1)^m \mathrm{sinc} (\kappa_{K m}) z_{K m} . \label{total-data-eq}\end{aligned}$$
The cross-correlation method constructs $\rho$ with a *filter*, Hermitian weighting matrix $\textbf{W}$. It uses the conjugate transpose $\dag$. With matrix entries $KL$ that correlate elements $K$ from the SFT vector $\textbf{z}$,
$$\rho = \textbf{z}^\dag \textbf{W} \textbf{z},
\label{abstract-rho-matrix}$$
or in explicit notation, $\rho = \sum_K \left(\sum_L z_L^* W_{KL}\right) z_K$. Equation \[abstract-rho-matrix\] depends, *via* $\textbf{W}$, on the point in $\lambda$ parameter space (including frequency $f$) of the signal model.
A near-optimal $\textbf{W}$ is the geometrical factor $\hat \Gamma^\mathrm{ave}_{KL}$ (chosen for $\psi$-independence, Whelan *et al* Equation 2.33 [@ScoX1CrossCorr2015PRD]). Let a hat symbol indicate noise-weighted normalization, *e.g.,* $\hat a^K \equiv \sqrt{2 T_\mathrm{sft}/S_K} a^K$. Taking $a^K$ ($a(t)$ at the (mid-)time of SFT $K$) and likewise $a^L$, $b^K$, $b^L$, we can find $\hat \Gamma^\mathrm{ave}_{KL}$. With overall normalization $N$ (*ibid.* Equation 3.6),
$$\begin{aligned}
\hat \Gamma^\mathrm{ave}_{KL} &=& \frac{1}{10}\left(\hat a^K \hat a^L + \hat b^K \hat b^L \right), \label{geometric-filter}\\
N &=& \left(2 \sum_{KL\in\mathcal{P}} \Xi_K^2 \Xi_L^2 (\hat \Gamma_{KL}^\mathrm{ave})^2\right)^{-1/2}.\label{norm-cc}\end{aligned}$$
Another weight, $\hat \Gamma^\mathrm{circ}_{KL} = \frac{1}{10}(\hat a^K \hat b^L - \hat b^K \hat a^L)$, is also $\psi$-independent. Combining $\hat \Gamma^\mathrm{ave}$ and $\hat \Gamma^\mathrm{circ}$ can fix $\iota$.
To obtain $\rho$, Equation 2.36 of [@ScoX1CrossCorr2015PRD] (analogous to Equation 4.11 of [@Dhurandhar2008]), we cross-correlate with the paired data in SFTs $L$ indexed by bin $n$. We unite Fourier bins using the filter, complex conjugation $*$, and the signal model phase difference between SFTs, $\Delta \Phi_{KL} = \Phi_K - \Phi_L$:
$$\begin{aligned}
\rho = &N& \sum_{KL\in\mathcal{P}} \hat \Gamma^\mathrm{ave}_{KL} \sum_{m\in\mathcal{K}_K} \sum_{n\in\mathcal{K}_L} (-1)^{m-n} \label{textbook-cc-rho}\\
&\times& \mathrm{sinc}(\kappa_{K m}) \mathrm{sinc}(\kappa_{L n}) \nonumber\\
&\times& (e^{\mathrm{i}\Delta\Phi_{KL}} z^*_{K m} z_{L n} + e^{-\mathrm{i}\Delta\Phi_{KL}} z_{K m} z^*_{L n} ). \nonumber\end{aligned}$$
Implicit in $\Phi_K$ is $f_K$, hence all Doppler parameters: $\rho$ must be calculated for each $\lambda$ template. Since billions [@ScoX1CrossCorr2017ApJO1] of templates are common, efficiency is paramount. Thanks to links between $\rho$ and the $\mathcal{F}$-statistic that are explored in Appendix \[relationships-to-other-optimal-statistics\], resampling speeds the search.
Resampling\[resampling\]
========================
Many signals can be resampled into the source frame. (Compact binary coalescences were contemplated first [@SchutzCBCResamp2017]). This paper focuses on CWs [@Jaranowski1998] and adheres in notation to code documentation [@LALAppsRepo; @PrixTimingModel2017]. Resampling abstractly moves phase demodulation from **W** onto **z**.
Delay causes phase modulation: Equation \[time-varying-phase-eq\] is Roemer-delayed by Earth and source binary motion. We want to sample $\phi(t;\lambda) = 2\pi f_0 \tau$, but in equally-spaced $\tau$ (source frame) instead of equally-spaced $t$ (detector frame). Although they consider spindown rather than binary parameters, $\tau \sim t_b$ in [@Patel:2009qe]; calculating Equation \[t-ssb-equation\] and Equation \[tau-equation\] (with numerical solutions to Equations \[solve-for-E\] and \[Kepler-equation\]), $\tau(t;\lambda)$ can be found.
Because $x(t)$ is discrete, sampling $x(\tau)$ requires interpolation. The sinc function interpolates between time-domain samples, paralleling frequency-domain use [@Allen2002]. As it is computationally-prudent to analyze small frequency bands $f_\mathrm{band}$ independently, data are heterodyned, by selecting the band of interest from a Fourier transform, then inverse Fourier transforming into a downsampled, complex time series, then interpolating. Since this procedure differs from [@Patel:2009qe], we describe it.
A time series $x(t)$ sampled at $\delta t$ has a Nyquist frequency of $f_N = 1/(2\delta t)$. Each SFT $K$ contains its own set of time indices $j$ ranging from $0$ to $N-1$, so $j$ implicitly refers to $K$. With respect to an arbitrary reference time, $t = t_K - T_\mathrm{sft}/2 + j \delta t$. Given a set of $M = T_\mathrm{obs}/T_\mathrm{sft}$ SFTs indexed by $K$, each with frequency bins $k$, spaced by $\delta f = 1/T_\mathrm{sft}$, with $N = T_\mathrm{sft}/(\delta t)$ samples, $x(t)$ can be reconstructed by the inverse FFT:
$$\begin{aligned}
x_K(t_K - T_\mathrm{sft}/2 + j\delta t) &=& \sum_{k=0}^{N-1} z_{Kk} e^{i 2 \pi j k \delta t / T_\mathrm{sft}} \delta f.
\label{inverse-fft-eq}\end{aligned}$$
Time series segments and frequency bands can be selected by indices.
Equation \[inverse-fft-eq\] can be simplified by using the index $q_K \equiv (t_K - T_\mathrm{sft}/2)/(\delta t) + j$ in its argument. The $q_K$ is the index with respect to the start of $T_\mathrm{obs}$. A new sampling interval $\delta t'$ and corresponding index $q_K'$ for some time $t = q_K' \delta t'$ can define a downsampled time series. This time series (heterodyne frequency $f_h$) is $x' (q' \delta t')$ and is produced as in Appendix \[downsampling-and-heterodyning\].
Resampling theory\[resampling-theory\]
--------------------------------------
### Interpolation
When data is unaliased and approximately stationary during each SFT, $x'(q'\delta t')$ is a complete representation. Sinc-interpolation allows us to interpolate $x'(\tau)$. The Shannon formula as implemented [@LALAppsRepo] states that for integer $D$ Dirichlet elements, integer index $j$ and $j^* \equiv \mathrm{round}(t/(\delta t))$, $j0 \equiv j^* - D$, and a window $w_j$ (here, Hamming with length $2D + 1$),
$$\begin{aligned}
\delta_j &\equiv& \frac{t-t_j}{\delta t},\\
x(t) &\approx&
%\sum_{j = j^* - \mathrm{D}}^{j^* + \mathrm{D}} x_j w_j \frac{\sin\left(\pi \delta_j\right)}{\pi \delta_j},
%\\
% &=&
\frac{\sin{\left( \pi \delta_{j0} \right)}}{\pi} \sum_{j=j^* - \mathrm{D}}^{j^* + \mathrm{D}} (-1)^{(j-j0)} \frac{x_j w_j}{\delta_j},\label{shannon-interp-formula}\end{aligned}$$
converging when $D\rightarrow \infty$. A typical $D=8$, minimizing costs of sinc-interpolation (linear in $D$) plus subsequent FFTs (linear in Appendix \[downsampling-and-heterodyning\]’s $\Delta f_\mathrm{load}$).
### Resampling into the source frame
Let our source-frame time series be indexed by $r$ with constant spacing $\delta t'$: $\tau = r \delta t'$. We use the function $t(\tau;\lambda)$, the functional inverse of the function $\tau(t;\lambda)$ from Equation \[tau-equation\]. Over timescales $T_\mathrm{sft}$ when the signal stays in one frequency bin, $(d^2\tau/dt^2) T_\mathrm{sft}^2 f_0 \ll 1$, Taylor approximation is valid around $t_0$:
$$\begin{aligned}
\tau(t;\lambda) &\approx& \tau(t_0;\lambda) + \left[\frac{d\tau(t)}{dt}|_{t=t_0}\right] t,\\
t(\tau;\lambda) &\approx& t(\tau_0;\lambda) + \left[\frac{d\tau(t)}{dt}|_{t=t_0}\right]^{-1} \tau,\end{aligned}$$
making computations practical.
Translating from detector time to source time introduces a timeshift $\Delta t^* = r \delta t' - t(r \delta t';\lambda)$ to $x(t)$. The discrete source-frame time series is $x'(r\delta t') = \exp{(-i2\pi f_h \Delta t^*)} x'(t(r \delta t';\lambda))$:
$$\begin{aligned}
\delta_{q'} &\equiv& \frac{t(r\delta t';\lambda)-q' \delta t'}{\delta t'},\label{delta-q-eq}\\
{r}^* &\equiv& \mathrm{round}\left(\frac{t(r\delta t';\lambda)}{\delta t'}\right),\label{q-prime-eq}\\
x'(r \delta t') &\approx&
%e^{-2\pi f_h [r \delta t' - t(r\delta t';\lambda) ]}
% && \times\sum_{q' = {r}^* - \mathrm{D}}^{{r}^* + \mathrm{D}} x_{q'}' w_{q'} \frac{\sin\left(\pi \delta_{q'}\right)}{\pi \delta_{q'}}, \nonumber\\
% &=&
\frac{\sin{\left( \pi \delta_{q0'} \right)}}{\pi} e^{-2\pi f_h [r \delta t' - t(r \delta t';\lambda)]} \nonumber\\
&&\times \sum_{q'={r}^* - \mathrm{D}}^{{r}^* + \mathrm{D}} (-1)^{(q'-q0')} \frac{x_{q'}' w_{q'}}{\delta_{q'}}.
\label{resampled-time-series-q-eq}\end{aligned}$$
Then $x_r' \equiv x'(r\delta t')$ is the complex, heterodyned, downsampled, discrete time series that equally samples the source frame $x(\tau)$.
Roemer delays vanish in $x(\tau)$, if the Doppler parameters $\lambda$ are accurate. Mismatch results in residual phase modulation. No finite lattice of $\lambda$ can perfectly sample the space. The required resolution is determined by the phase mismatch metric $g$ [@Brady1998].
Derivatives $d/d\lambda$ for $\lambda \in (f, a_p, T_\mathrm{asc}, P)$ have been calculated for the cross-correlation method’s metric [@ScoX1CrossCorr2015PRD]. In the similar $\mathcal{F}$-statistic metric [@LeaciPrixDirectedFStatPRD], $e$ and $T_\mathrm{p}$ are discussed. The metric is computed in software over the phase mismatch $\Delta \Phi_{\alpha,i}$ for the cross-correlation method’s pairs indexed by $\alpha = KL$ and Doppler parameters indexed by $i$,
$$\begin{aligned}
g_{ij} &\approx&
%\frac{1}{2} \langle \Delta \Phi_{\alpha, i} \Delta \Phi_{\alpha,j} \rangle_\alpha,
%\\
% &=&
\frac{1}{2} \left\langle \left(\frac{\partial (\Phi_K - \Phi_L)}{\partial \lambda^i} \right)\left( \frac{\partial(\Phi_K - \Phi_L)}{\partial \lambda^j} \right) \right\rangle_\alpha,
\label{phase-derivs-metric}\end{aligned}$$
extending to any Doppler parameters in the phase model. (Metric vielbeins represent the natural units of distance for a parameter-space vector).
Given the metric, a lattice is calculated with the spacing in each dimension set by the allowed mismatch, $\lambda_\mu$. Mismatch is a tunable choice about the statistic’s acceptable *fractional loss:* $\mu_\lambda = (\textrm{max}(\rho) - \rho)/\textrm{max}(\rho)$. A simple cubic lattice grid for a diagonal metric has spacings $\delta \lambda^i$,
$$\delta \lambda_i = \sqrt{\frac{\mu_{\lambda_i} }{g_{ii}} }.\label{metric-spacing-eq}$$
However, the metric is only a local approximation [@Brady1998]. The total derivative $d\tau$ contains many approximate degeneracies, for example when frequency mismatch $df$ equals modulation depth mismatch $d\Delta f_\mathrm{obs}$ arising from offset $a_p$ or $T_\mathrm{asc}$ (see Appendix \[stat-interp-rho\]). Mismatch studies are thus needed to verify the loss and chose spacings. Each lattice point in orbital parameter space must have its own resampled $x(\tau)$.
Resampling interpolation yields $x(\tau)$ so that a putative signal is concentrated at a single frequency $f_0$. Next, taking the Fourier transform [@Jaranowski1998; @Patel:2009qe] generates $\rho$.
Resampled cross-correlation method implementation\[implementation\]
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Source-frame $x(\tau)$ speeds Section \[crosscorr-stat\]’s $\rho$ calculation. Supplied with $T_\mathrm{obs}$, we divide data into semicoherent segments with a shortest timescale of $T_\mathrm{short}$, replacing $T_\mathrm{sft}$. This $T_\mathrm{short}$ is the duration we will take from each $K$ side of a pair of the cross-correlation method. The $L$ side of the pair will be composed of all other $T_\mathrm{short}$ intervals with start times up to a *maximum lag-time* $T_\mathrm{max}$ before or after. A total, cross-detector, coherent integration duration of $T_\mathrm{coh}$ includes a central $T_\mathrm{short}$ plus $T_\mathrm{max}$ on both sides:
$$\begin{aligned}
|\tau_K - \tau_L| &\leq& T_\mathrm{max},\label{lag-time-constraint}\\
T_\mathrm{coh} &=& 2 T_\mathrm{max}+T_\mathrm{short}.\end{aligned}$$
For same-detector correlations, only $T_\mathrm{max}$ on one side is typically used, to avoid auto-correlation and double-counting, but we preserve the above definition of $T_\mathrm{coh}$ to keep frequency resolution the same.
Times $\tau_K$ and $\tau_L$ evenly divide the resampled time series if calculated in the source frame, though this means that slightly unequal amounts of detector data go into $T_\mathrm{short}$. As $|\tau_K - t_K| \leq |\vec r \cdot \vec n /c + a_p|$, the difference between an interval start time in detector and source frame is bounded by the Roemer delay. We neglect these effects because relative inequality from one interval to the next is proportional to $d\tau/dt \leq 2\times 10^{-4}$. Based on prior experience [@LeaciPrixDirectedFStatPRD], these delays do not affect the metric estimation. For the cross-correlation method’s metric [@ScoX1CrossCorr2015PRD], the goal is to constrain the (pair-averaged) phase mismatch over $T_\mathrm{max}$ from offset $\delta \lambda_i$, which grows linearly proportionally to $T_\mathrm{max}$, so it is negligible from the phase mismatch over $(1+d\tau/dt)T_\mathrm{max}$.
Nor are average noise weightings affected much by resampling, because the normalization $N$ is a sum over $T_\mathrm{obs}$. However, weightings are based on average noise per SFT. To find the weights, we average noise for each $T_\mathrm{short}$ interval by interpolating with Equation \[shannon-interp-formula\]. Terms $T_\mathrm{sft}$ in Section \[crosscorr-stat\] become replaced with $T_\mathrm{short}$.
The current implementation zero-pad gaps instead of skipping them. These gaps contribute nothing to $\rho$, and, because the noise-weighted antenna functions $\hat a(t)$ and $\hat b (t)$ give gaps zero weight, they contribute nothing to $N$.
Compared to the non-resampling cross-correlation method [@ScoX1CrossCorr2015PRD], resampling yields two benefits. First, $T_\mathrm{short}$ supercedes $T_\mathrm{sft}$, the latter being limited by modulation moving the signal out of bin. Increasing $T_\mathrm{short}$ reduces the number of (new) pairs, $N_\mathrm{pairs} \approx N_\mathrm{det}^2 T_\mathrm{max} T_\mathrm{obs} T_\mathrm{short}^{-2}$ (replacing $T_\mathrm{sft}$ from Equation $3.27$ in [@ScoX1CrossCorr2015PRD]). Because sensitivity is, to zeroth order, proportional to $h_0^\mathrm{sens} \propto (N_\mathrm{det}^{2} T_\mathrm{obs} T_\mathrm{max})$, independent of $T_\mathrm{sft}$, but cost is linearly proportional to the number of templates times the number of pairs, it is optimal to minimize the number of pairs by maximizing $T_\mathrm{short}$.
Second, the number of frequency templates required is automatically supplied by an FFT. An FFT over a time period $T_\mathrm{coh}$ is spaced at $1/T_\mathrm{coh} \propto T_\mathrm{max}^{-1}$. This scaling comes from the metric element $g_{ff}$ for that lag-time, indepedent of $T_\mathrm{sft}$ and resampling. Rather than needing to repeat this fine frequency grid for every SFT, resampling allows all the data to be gathered into one FFT with time $T_\mathrm{FFT} \geq T_\mathrm{coh}$. (For finer sampling, the FFT can be zero-padded; for coarser, its output can be decimated).
### Pair selection for resampled statistic\[pair-selection-for-resampling\]
Resampled $x'(\tau)$ as given by Equation \[resampled-time-series-q-eq\] must be divided into pairs to calculate the $\rho$ statistic.
The set of pairs $\mathcal{P}$ must be constructed. Taking $Q$ detectors, they are indexed by $X$ for the first component of the cross-correlation method’s pair and $Y$ for the second component. These $X,Y$ indices range from $0$ to $Q-1$. An option exists to exclude same-detector correlations, as in the stochastic radiometer. Here, we allow same-detector correlations, except same-detector same-time correlations, that is, the auto-correlation. We reuse indices $K$ and $L$ from previous sections but restrict the range of each to a single detector. Indexing $T_\mathrm{short}$ intervals is marked by $K$ for detector $X$ and $L$ for detector $Y$. Indices $K,L$ range from $0$ to $M = T_\mathrm{obs}/T_\mathrm{short}$, regardless of any gaps. Approximating Equation \[lag-time-constraint\] in the detector frame, such that
$$\begin{aligned}
\{L|K\} &:& |K T_\mathrm{short} - L T_\mathrm{short}| \leq T_\mathrm{max},\\
\implies && \{K - T_\mathrm{max}/T_\mathrm{short},\ldots,K + T_\mathrm{max}/T_\mathrm{short}\},\nonumber\end{aligned}$$
which is straightforward when $T_\mathrm{max}$ is an integer multiple $R$ of $T_\mathrm{short}$. (Performance is best in practice when $T_\mathrm{short} = T_\mathrm{max}$). This set $\{L|K\}$ contains $M_L = 2R+1$ elements for cross-detector correlations and $R$ for same-detector correlations, to avoid double-counting.
Detector-time pairing is predictable, and it is acceptable because $K$ to $K+1$ differences are of order $d\tau/dt \approx 2\times 10^{-4}$. Yet the resampled time series do not start at precisely the same source frame time. Let $(\tau_X = \tau_K|K=0)$, $(\tau_Y = \tau_L|L=0)$. They can differ by $(\vec r_X - \vec r_Y)\cdot \vec n/c$, which for ground-based detectors is of order $10$ ms at most. This $\Delta \tau_{XY}$ is still a full cycle at $100$ Hz, and it must be accounted for, by timeshifting the resampled time series to the same starting epoch. The correct factor is the physical frequency $f_0$. Differences $\tau_K - \tau_L$ require a further timeshift at the heterodyned frequency, $f_0 - f_\mathrm{het}$, as they are internal to the resampled time series.
### Fourier transform size and phase shift
The above definitions separate $\mathcal{P}$ pairs into intervals and detectors. To construct $\rho$ from resampled data in these pairs using an FFT, we require the number of FFT samples, $N_\mathrm{FFT}$. The metric resolution answers this question. Then we will substitute the pair definition into $\rho$ to make an explicit quadruple sum.
The metric spacing $\delta \lambda_f$ will be achieved by an FFT of duration $1/(\delta \lambda_f)$. For typical mismatch $\mu_f$, Equation \[metric-spacing-eq\] and Equation 4.31a of [@ScoX1CrossCorr2015PRD] yield $\delta \lambda_f < 1/T_\mathrm{coh}$. Specifically, Equation 4.33 [@ScoX1CrossCorr2015PRD] becomes $(3/4)T_\mathrm{max}^2$ on the right-hand side in the case $T_\mathrm{max} = T_\mathrm{short}$,
$$\delta \lambda_f = \sqrt{\frac{6\mu_f}{\pi}}\frac{1}{T_\mathrm{coh}},$$
which provides $\delta \lambda_f T_\mathrm{coh} < 1$ up to $\mu_f \approx 0.52$. This is a high value of mismatch. Any FFT with that mismatch or finer frequency spacing is automatically long enough to include all the data in $T_\mathrm{coh}$. (For coarser mismatch, decimation by a ratio $\nu_D \equiv \mathrm{ceil}(\delta \lambda_f \times T_\mathrm{coh})$ after the FFT can select the frequencies of interest). Conversely, if $\mu_f = 0.1$, $\delta \lambda_f$ implies FFT duration $\geq 2.3 T_\mathrm{coh}$. Dirichlet frequency interpolation is replaced by zero-padding to the metric resolution.
The recovered fraction of spectral power is known from Equation 3.18 [@ScoX1CrossCorr2015PRD], $\langle \Xi^2\rangle$ (to which $\rho$ is linearly proportional): for Dirichlet interpolation with $m$ bins,
$$\langle \Xi^2 \rangle = 2 \int_0^{m/2} \mathrm{sinc}^2 \kappa d \kappa.$$
In that paper, $m = 2$ was recommended to capture $0.903$ of $\rho$. The function $\delta_{T_\mathrm{sft}}(f-f')$ is a continuous function determined by data; only $\kappa_{Kk}$ are discrete. Zero-padding from $T_\mathrm{coh}$ to $T_\mathrm{FFT}$ (and taking only $1$ bin of the FFT, so $m=1$) gives,
$$\langle \Xi^2 \rangle_\mathrm{resamp} = 2 \int_0^{1/2} \mathrm{sinc} \left(\frac{T_\mathrm{coh}}{T_\mathrm{FFT}} \kappa\right) \mathrm{sinc} \left(\frac{T_\mathrm{short}}{T_\mathrm{FFT}} \kappa\right) d \kappa.$$
Hence ($T_\mathrm{coh} = 3 T_\mathrm{short}$), $\langle \Xi^2\rangle \approx 0.861$ when $T_\mathrm{FFT} = T_\mathrm{coh}$, the minimal possible by design. More typically, $\langle \Xi^2\rangle \approx 0.963$ when $T_\mathrm{FFT} = 2 T_\mathrm{coh}$, or $\approx 0.983$ when $T_\mathrm{FFT} = 3 T_\mathrm{coh}$. This is sufficient to forego the cost of Dirichlet interpolation in the frequency domain. Any desired improvement in $\langle \Xi^2 \rangle_\mathrm{resamp}$ can be obtained by requesting smaller $\mu_f$.
Practical considerations mean that FFT speed is most predictable when $N_\mathrm{FFT}$ is an integer power of $2$. Our resampled time series has a fixed $\delta t'$, so the only way to increase the number of samples is to zero-pad further in time. Starting with the required $N_\mathrm{FFT0}$,
$$\begin{aligned}
N_\mathrm{FFT0}
&=& \frac{\Delta f_\mathrm{load}}{\delta \lambda_f} \mathrm{ceil}(\delta \lambda_f \times T_\mathrm{coh}),\\
N_\mathrm{FFT} &=& 2^{\mathrm{ceil}\left( \log_2 N_\mathrm{FFT0} \right)}.
\label{n-fft-final}\end{aligned}$$
In time, $T_\mathrm{FFT} = \delta t' N_\mathrm{FFT}$. The extension from $N_\mathrm{FFT0}$ to $N_\mathrm{FFT}$ causes over-sampling in the frequency domain. From this we decimate by rounding down to the nearest bin with a real-valued ratio $\nu_R$,
$$\begin{aligned}
\nu_R = (\delta \lambda_f)(\delta t') N_\mathrm{FFT},\end{aligned}$$
To maximize recovered power, we use bin-centered frequency. Bin offset ($f_h \approx \bar f_h$ in Equation \[heterodyne-shift-approx\]) is solved with a shift $f_r^*$ to the nearest FFT bin:
$$\begin{aligned}
\mathrm{remainder}(a,b) &\equiv& a - \frac{a}{|a|}\mathrm{floor}\left(\frac{|a|}{|b|}\right),\\
f_r^* &=& \mathrm{remainder}\left( -f_\mathrm{band}/2 , T_\mathrm{FFT}^{-1} \right).\end{aligned}$$
We will multiply $a_r$ and $b_r$ each by $\exp{(-i2\pi f_r^* \tau)}$. Preceeding time shifts using $f_h$ remain valid. The smallest FFT frequency $f_\mathrm{FFT}$, at $k_0$, causes the smallest output frequency $f_\mathrm{min} = f_h - f_\mathrm{band}/2$ to be found at bin $k_0$:
$$\begin{aligned}
% = f_h + f_r - \Delta f_load * T_FFT/2
f_\mathrm{FFT} &=& f_h + f_r^* - \frac{1}{2} f_\mathrm{band} T_\mathrm{FFT},\\
k_0 &=& \mathrm{lround}\left(\frac{f_h - f_\mathrm{band}/2 - f_\mathrm{FFT} }{ T_\mathrm{FFT}^{-1} }\right),\end{aligned}$$
where the $\mathrm{lround}$ function rounds to the integer less than its argument.
### Antenna function weighting \[antenna-function-weighting\]
Equation \[resampled-time-series-q-eq\] expresses a discrete time series $x_r' = x'(r\delta t')$ of $x'$ in $\tau = r \delta t'$. Time series accounting for amplitude modulation by antenna functions $a$ and $b$ are returned. The noise-weighted $\sqrt{2/(T_\mathrm{sft}S_h)} x_r'$ are multiplied by the noise-normalized $\hat a$,$\hat b$ antenna function time series. This hat symbol equals multiplication by $\sqrt{2T_\mathrm{sft}/S_h}$.
In the following paragraphs, let us outline some practical considerations, because the implementation may otherwise be ambiguous. When computed, elements $a_r$, $b_r$ should be normed to order unity for numerical stability [@PrixFStatModel2011]. A noise-normalization $\mathcal{S}_a = \sqrt{2T_\mathrm{sft}/S_h}\langle a\rangle$ should be used. Multiplication by $\mathcal{S}_a$ can subsequently restore $\hat a$, $\hat b$ for the resampled time series. An error-prone point is that we must use a factor of $\mathcal{S}_a \sqrt{T_\mathrm{short}/T_\mathrm{sft}}$ in the implementation of $\hat \Gamma^\mathrm{ave}_{KL}$ (because we have written new indices $K$,$L$ in terms of $T_\mathrm{short}$). As the statistic contains factors of $a^2$, $b^2$, we track the ratio $T_\mathrm{short}/T_\mathrm{sft}$. This choice preserves the correct normalization factor and ensures numerical stability at each stage. (A clean-slate code implementation could be more straightforward). The physically-meaningful values $a$, $b$ remain unchanged throughout.
The product of the normalizations equals $2/S_h$ (for $S_h$ approximated by the nearest SFT). The kernel timestep is $\delta t'$ (in implementation, after the FFT). Multiplication by the requisite frequency shift $f_r^*$ obtains $a_r$,$b_r$:
$$\begin{aligned}
a_r &\equiv& \frac{2 \delta t' }{S_h} a(r \delta t') x'(r \delta t') e^{-\mathrm{i}2\pi f_r^* \tau}, \label{norm-a-eq}\\
b_r &\equiv& \frac{2 \delta t' }{S_h} b(r \delta t') x'(r \delta t') e^{-\mathrm{i}2\pi f_r^* \tau}.\end{aligned}$$
Here $a(t)$ and $b(t)$ are real-valued amplitude modulations with period of one sidereal day. They are not heterodyned. (Their period is also greater than the maximum Roemer delay, giving $a(r \delta t') \approx a(t(r \delta t'))$, $b(r \delta t') \approx b(t(r \delta t'))$). Antenna functions are effectively constant over $T_\mathrm{sft}$. Multiplying $a(t)$ and $b(t)$ by $x(t)$ prepares the optimal filter for the $\mathcal{F}$-statistic [@Jaranowski1998] as well as for our inner product.
### Phase shifts after Fourier transform
Subsequent shifts are labeled $\Phi_\mathrm{out}$ and $\Phi_\mathrm{in}$. $\Phi_{\mathrm{out}_K}$ is the shift at the physical frequency of bin $k$, $f = f_h - f_\mathrm{band}/2 + k(\delta \lambda_f)$, due to start time (epoch) for that detector’s ($X$ for $K$, $Y$ for $L$) resampled time series. $\Phi_{\mathrm{in}_K}$ is the shift at the heterodyned frequency of bin $k$, $[k_0 + \mathrm{floor}(\nu_R k)] T_\mathrm{FFT}^{-1}$, from different start times $K T_\mathrm{sft}$ within the resampled time series. $$\begin{aligned}
\Phi_{\mathrm{out}_K}(k) &=& 2\pi [f_h - f_\mathrm{band}/2 + k (\delta \lambda_f)] (\tau_X), \label{phi-out-eq}\\
% Yes, this is fBand and not fLoad -- see the code, it uses FreqOut0 = f_h - fBand/2
\Phi_{\mathrm{in}_K}(k) &=& 2\pi [k_0 + \mathrm{floor}(\nu_R k)] T_\mathrm{FFT}^{-1} K T_\mathrm{short}.\end{aligned}$$
Considerations include the antenna-weighted, phase-model corrected frequency-domain data $\hat a^K \zeta_K$. The $\zeta_K$ term equals the product $\Xi_K z_K \exp{(-\mathrm{i} \Phi_K)}$. This term is explored in Appendix \[relationships-to-other-optimal-statistics\], Equation \[from-here-resamp\]; in contrast with Equation \[fourier-transform-def\], $k$ refers to a frequency bin, instead of $m$. In the Appendix, the index $m \equiv j - T_\mathrm{sft}/(2 \delta t)$ is introduced for a time-domain sample.
Let us now reconstruct $\hat a^K \zeta_K$ with resampling: $\delta t$ becomes $\delta t'$, $T_\mathrm{sft}$ becomes $T_\mathrm{short}$. The index $m$ increases with $r$. Precisely, $t_m = t_K + m\delta t$ is the overall time, analogous to $r \delta t'$. So $m$ becomes $r - t_K/(\delta t')$.
We look at the time-domain limits of the data $\hat a^K \zeta_K$ as defined in Equation \[from-here-resamp\]. The lower limit, $m = -T_\mathrm{sft}/(2\delta t')$, becomes $r = (t_K - T_\mathrm{short}/2)/(\delta t')$. The upper limit becomes $r = (t_K + T_\mathrm{short}/2)/(\delta t')$. We call them (non-integer) $r_{B,K}$ and $r_{U,K}$. The discrete sum must round them. No samples are missed when $r_{U,K} = r_{B,K+1}$. As long as the ideal sample number, $N'_\mathrm{ideal} = T_\mathrm{short}/(\delta t')$, is $N'_\mathrm{ideal} \gg 1$, rounding is tolerable. We will soon replace $r_{U,K}$ with the zero-padded $r_{B,K} + N_\mathrm{FFT}$.
The term $a^K x_K(t_m)$ contains $t_m = r \delta t'$. Allowing $r_k \equiv \mathrm{round}(t_K/(\delta t'))$, then $r = m + t_K/(\delta t')$ is simply $r = m + r_K$. So $a^K x_K(t_M)$ translates to $a_{m + r_K}$. This is the $a_r$ weighted in Equation \[norm-a-eq\].
Substitute the above into $\hat a^K \zeta_K$:
$$\begin{aligned}
\hat a^K \zeta_K
%&=& \sum_{r=r_{B,K}}^{r=r_{U,K}} a_r e^{-\mathrm{i} (2\pi f_K [r \delta t' - t_K] + \Phi_K)},
&=& \sum_{r=r_{B,K}}^{r=r_{U,K}} a_r e^{-\mathrm{i} 2\pi f_K r \delta t'},\label{fft-inklings}\end{aligned}$$
observing that $\Phi_K = f_K t_K$ (source-frame frequency is constant). Equation \[fft-inklings\] foretells a Fourier transform from $r$ into $k$. Heterodyning has $f_K = f_0 - f_h$, discretely indexed as $k = f_K T_\mathrm{FFT}$. Raise $r_{U,K}$ to $r_{B,K} + N_\mathrm{FFT}$. Zero-padding (mathematically, using the Heaviside step function $H$) keeps the sum constant:
$$\begin{aligned}
\hat a^K \zeta_K
%&=& \sum_{r=r_{B,K}}^{r=r_{B,K} + N_\mathrm{FFT}} \frac{H(r_{U,K} - r) a_r}{ \exp{(\mathrm{i} 2\pi k r \delta t'/ T_\mathrm{FFT})} },\\
&=& \sum_{r=r_{B,K}}^{r=r_{B,K} + N_\mathrm{FFT}} \frac{H(r_{U,K} - r) a_r}{ \exp{(\mathrm{i} 2\pi k r / N_\mathrm{FFT})} },\end{aligned}$$
In practice, an FFT starts at $s = r - r_{B,K}$. Re-indexing,
$$\begin{aligned}
\hat a^K \zeta_K &=& \sum_{s=k}^{N_\mathrm{FFT}} \frac{H(r_{U,K} - r_{B,K} - s) a_{s +r_{B,K}}}{ \exp{(\mathrm{i} 2\pi k [s + r_{B,K}] / N_\mathrm{FFT})} },\end{aligned}$$
wherein $r_{B,K}$ factors in the kernel:
$$\begin{aligned}
\frac{2\pi k r_{B,K} }{ N_\mathrm{FFT} }
%&=& 2\pi (f_0 - f_h) t_{B,K},\\
&=& 2\pi \frac{k_0 + (k-k_0)}{T_\mathrm{FFT}} K T_\mathrm{short},\end{aligned}$$
expressing $k$ in terms of distance from a minimum $k_0$. If we pick bins $\bar k$ above $k_0$ at a continuous decimation rate $\nu_R$,
$$\begin{aligned}
\frac{2\pi \bar k r_{B,K} }{N _\mathrm{FFT}}
% &=& 2\pi \frac{ k_0 + \mathrm{floor}(\nu_R \bar k ) }{ T_\mathrm{FFT} } K T_\mathrm{short},\\
&=& \Phi_{\mathrm{in}_K}(\bar k).\end{aligned}$$
Finally, as in Equation \[phi-out-eq\], $\Phi_{\mathrm{out}_K}$ corrects an overall time shift in the resampling epoch, $\tau_X$. When the heterodyning starts at epoch $\tau_X$ after reference time $\tau_0$,
$$\begin{aligned}
\frac{ 2\pi k [s + r_{B,K}]}{N_\mathrm{FFT}} &=& 2\pi \Phi(\tau-\tau_0),\\
\Phi(\tau-\tau_0) &=& f_0 \tau H([\tau_0+\tau_X] - \tau) \\
&& + (f_0 - f_H) \tau H(\tau - [\tau_0+\tau_X]),\nonumber\end{aligned}$$
expanding the first Heaviside function into a Boxcar $B$,
$$\begin{aligned}
%B(\tau_0, \tau_0 + \tau_X) &=& H(\tau_0 - \tau) - H([\tau_0 + \tau_X] - \tau),\\
H(\tau_0 + \tau_X - \tau) &=& H(\tau_0 - \tau) + B(\tau_0, \tau_0 + \tau_X),\end{aligned}$$
so during $\tau_0$ to $\tau_X$, $f_0 \tau_X$ cycles are accumulated, justifying $\Phi_{\mathrm{out}_K}$. (The second Heaviside function is null, because $r \delta t'$ starts at $\tau_X$).
### Frequencies returned from Fourier transform
With a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) from time samples $s$ into frequencies $k$ being the operation $\mathcal{F}^s_k$,
$$\begin{aligned}
\mathcal{F}^s_k y_s &=& \sum_{s=k}^{N_\mathrm{FFT}} e^{-(\mathrm{i} 2\pi k s / N_\mathrm{FFT})} y_s,\\
(a^K \zeta_K)_k &=& e^{-\mathrm{i}2\pi[\Phi_{\mathrm{in}_K} + \Phi_{\mathrm{out}_K}](k) },\\
&& \times \mathcal{F}^s_k \left(H(r_{U,K} - r_{B,K} - s) a_{s +r_{B,K}} \right),\nonumber\end{aligned}$$
DFTs return a frequency *vector* indexed by $k$, rather than a scalar as in the previous demodulation search [@ScoX1CrossCorr2015PRD]. We select the set of frequencies $\bar k$. Mathematically, we represent this as a selection function $\delta_{\bar k}^k$ that reduces to the Dirichlet delta function when $\nu_R = 1$, so
$$(a^K \zeta_K)_{\bar k } = \delta_{\bar k}^k (a^K \zeta_K)_k.$$
In the case of $\{L|K\}$, where $M_L$ multiple, often consecutive, $T_\mathrm{short}$ intervals are present at a single detector, we can do one Fourier transform, because $T_\mathrm{FFT}\geq T_\mathrm{coh}$. Call the sum $S^{(L|K)}_{\bar k}$:
$$\begin{aligned}
S^{(L|K)}_{\bar k}
%&=& \delta_{\bar k}^{k} \sum_{L=L_0}^{L_0+M_L} (a^L \zeta_L)_{k},\\
% &=& \delta_{\bar k}^{k} \sum_{L=L_0}^{L_0 + M_L}e^{-\mathrm{i}2\pi[\Phi_{\mathrm{in}_L} + \Phi_{\mathrm{out}_L}](k) }, \nonumber\\
% && \times \mathcal{F}^s_{k} \left(H(r_{U,L} - r_{B,L} - s) a_{s +r_{B,L}} \right),\nonumber\\
&=& \delta_{\bar k}^{k} e^{-\mathrm{i}2\pi[\Phi_{\mathrm{in}_{L_0}} + \Phi_{\mathrm{out}_{L_0}}](k) }\\
&& \times \mathcal{F}^s_k \left(H(r_{U,(L_0 + M_L)} - r_{B,L_0} - s) a_{s +r_{B,L_0}} \right),\nonumber\end{aligned}$$
so the whole sum can be done in a single FFT. This is because $\Phi_{\mathrm{out}_L}$ depends only on $L$ for its detector time epoch ($\tau_Y$), and $\Phi_{\mathrm{out}_L}$ is proportional to $L T_\mathrm{short}$, which is absorbed into the Fourier transform kernel.
If $S_{(L|K)}$ skips some term, *e.g.,* auto-correlation where $L=K$ in the same detector, this is handled, both in theory (by subtracting a Boxcar function) and practice (by skipping that time and putting the next $T_\mathrm{short}$ at the following place in the zero-padded time series). Segment $L$ depends implicitly on its detector $Y$.
### Statistic in resampled data and physical meaning
Taking a look at $\rho$ from Equation \[textbook-cc-rho\], we see it can be phrased in terms of $\hat a^K \zeta_{K}$ in the Appendix \[relationships-to-other-optimal-statistics\], Equation \[staged-to-turn-to-fafb\]. We will break it into explicit pairs over $Q$ detectors (first cross-correlation pair component indexed by $X$, second by $Y$), each of which has $M \equiv T_\mathrm{obs}/T_\mathrm{short}$ (zero-padded gapless) data segments, as in Section \[pair-selection-for-resampling\]. A data segment index $K$ for the first component of a pair is matched by $M_L$ terms of the second component, starting from $L_0$. Eliding $b$ terms,
$$\begin{aligned}
\rho &=& \frac{N}{5} \Re \sum_{X=0}^Q \sum_{K=0}^M \hat a^K \zeta_{K}^* \sum_{Y=0}^Q \sum_{L=L_0}^{M_L} \hat a^L \zeta_{L} + \ldots,\end{aligned}$$
so we insert the Fourier transforms to get the vector $\rho_{\bar k}$,
$$\begin{aligned}
\rho_{\bar k} &=& \frac{N}{5} \Re \sum_{X=0}^Q \sum_{K=0}^M (\hat a^K \zeta_{K})_{\bar k}^* \sum_{Y=0}^Q S^{(L|K)}_{\bar k}+ \ldots,\end{aligned}$$
A commonly-used projection of the in-phase data onto $a(t)$, the sub-interval integral $F_{a_I}$ (as in Appendix \[relationships-to-other-optimal-statistics\], Equation \[the-grand-id\]) motivates us to name the key quantities:
$$\begin{aligned}
\bar F_{a_{K,\bar k}} &=& (\hat a^K \zeta_{K})_{\bar k},\\
\bar F_{a_{L,\bar k}} &=& S^{(L|K)}_{\bar k}.\end{aligned}$$
Note: unlike terms $F_a$ and $F_b$ in Appendix \[relationships-to-other-optimal-statistics\], the above quantities include noise normalization. Overall normalizations $\hat A^2_\mathcal{P}$, $\hat B^2_\mathcal{P}$, $\hat C^2_\mathcal{P}$ are the sums over pairs of $(\hat a^K \hat a^L)^2$, $(\hat b^K \hat b^L)^2$, and $(\hat a^K \hat b^L \hat a^L \hat b^K)$, respectively. Then the resampled $\rho$ statistic parallels Equation \[well-formatted-rho\]:
$$\begin{aligned}
\rho_{\bar k} &=& \frac{\sqrt{2}
}{\sqrt{ \hat A_\mathcal{P}^2 + 2 \hat C^2_\mathcal{P}+ \hat B_\mathcal{P}^2 }} \times \ldots
\label{final-formatted-rho}
\\
&&
\Re \sum_{X=0}^Q \sum_{K=0}^M \sum_{Y=0}^Q \left[ \bar F_{a_{K,\bar k}} \bar F_{a_{L,\bar k}} + \bar F_{b_{K,\bar k}} \bar F_{b_{L,\bar k}} \right] \nonumber
.\end{aligned}$$
Equation \[final-formatted-rho\] holds in any reference frame. Dependence on detector and source motion has been absorbed by resampling, so the remaining formula is manifestly invariant. This formula for $\rho$ is a semicoherent matched filter assuming a sinusoidal waveform. In the (non-physical) case of zero Roemer delay, frequency is constant and no resampling is needed, so Equation \[final-formatted-rho\] exactly equals Equation \[well-formatted-rho\]. Resampling is elegantly interpreted as a shift to a frame with zero Roemer delay, where the frequency is effectively constant (up to the accuracy of the resampling parameters and numerical precision). It is unsurprising but reassuring that the result is independent of the original frame.
### Summary of resampling implementation
Resampling has been ported from the $\mathcal{F}$-statistic computation into the cross-correlation method. The implementation differs in that $\mathcal{F}$ needs no concept of $T_\mathrm{short}$: its coherence time is the FFT time, and because each segment is resampled individually without being subdivided into pairs, $\Phi_\mathrm{in} = 0$. The $\mathcal{F}$-statistic includes auto-correlation, and there is no extra overlap. (Some inefficiency in recalculating the same overlapping pairs in the cross-correlation method could be reduced by caching partial terms $F_a$, $F_b$ from Appendix \[relationships-to-other-optimal-statistics\]).
For the $\mathcal{F}$-statistic, resampling has already accelerated long $T_\mathrm{coh}$ searches. Resampling should also speed-up the cross-correlation method. Considering Equation \[abstract-rho-matrix\], we have offloaded phase-correction from the $\textbf{W}$ matrix onto the $\textbf{z}$ vector, turning a quadratic operation into a linear one. That the remaining matrix can be evaluated by an FFT is a further improvement. In the next section, we measure computational speed and sensitivity.
Computational cost and sensitivity\[resamp\_cost\]
==================================================
The computational speed and cost of resampling for the cross-correlation method is to be measured. A first comparison (Figure \[cost\_per\_template\_figure\]) takes overall run times of the demodulation and resampling techniques for a given number of templates. The relative speed-up, in Figure \[ratio\_of\_runtimes\_figure\], governs how much can be re-invested in search depth. Deeper understanding helps predict the computational cost in time required for conceivable use cases: the *timing model*.
Demodulation timing model
-------------------------
First, define the timing model for the demodulation search. Let each dimension have spacing $\delta \lambda$ determined by the metric, requiring $N_\lambda$ templates be searched in each dimension to cover a range $\Delta \lambda = N_\lambda \delta \lambda$. Using a simple cubic lattice,
$$N_\mathrm{template} = \prod_{\lambda} \frac{\Delta \lambda}{\delta \lambda}.$$
Take a test case for a single point in orbital parameter space. With $n_\mathrm{bin} = 2$ Dirichlet interpolation bins, $N_\mathrm{template} = 55488$, $T_\mathrm{max} = 22800$ s, $T_\mathrm{obs} = 3.0\times 10^{6}$ s, $T_\mathrm{sft} = 1440$ s ($N_\mathrm{det} =2$) this case is measured to take a total time of $T_\mathrm{demod} = 159.80$ s. (Single-threaded without SIMD instructions on an Intel Core i7-4980HQ at 2.8 GHz). Normalizing these parameters into a single timing constant, $\tau_\mathrm{demod}$ for two detectors, and with scalings taken from [@ScoX1CrossCorr2015PRD], we have a timing function,
$$\begin{aligned}
N_\mathrm{pairs} &\approx& \frac{N_\mathrm{det}(N_\mathrm{det}+1)}{2} T_\mathrm{max} T_\mathrm{obs} T_\mathrm{sft}^{-2},\\
T_\mathrm{demod} &=& \tau_\mathrm{demod} n_\mathrm{bin} N_\mathrm{template} N_\mathrm{pairs}.
\label{demod-timing-eq}\end{aligned}$$
Using this measurement, $\tau_\mathrm{demod}$ is about $1.5 \times 10^{-8}$ s.
Note that this single measurement is based on gapless data. In the presence of gaps, the demodulation search can easily skip to the next SFT (at present, resampling cannot skip gaps).
Template count $N_\mathrm{template}$ depends on every parameter’s $\delta \lambda$. Because $\delta \lambda$ depends on $T_\mathrm{max}$ for all four Doppler parameters, the computational cost increases with longer lag-time. Each $\delta \lambda$ is proportional to the inverse square root of the corresponding metric element $g_{\lambda \lambda}$ as in Equation \[metric-spacing-eq\]. Whelan *et al* [@ScoX1CrossCorr2015PRD] note that the metric element $g_{ff}$ increases with $T_\mathrm{max}^2$, while the orbital parameter elements also increase as $T_\mathrm{max}^2$ for $T_\mathrm{max} \ll P_\mathrm{orb}$ before asymptoting as $T_\mathrm{max}$ approaches the $P_\mathrm{orb}$. Uncertainty in $P_\mathrm{orb}$ is low enough that a single template is enough to cover it for short $T_\mathrm{max}$, but not generally at high $T_\mathrm{max}$. So the computational cost scaling for demodulation has $1+2+1 = 4$ powers of $T_\mathrm{max}$: it is $T_\mathrm{demod} \propto T_\mathrm{max}^4$ for short lag-time. After the orbital period resolves and also asymptotes for long lag-time, the scaling is $\propto T_\mathrm{max}^2$, with a larger coefficient. Contrast this case with resampling.
Resampling timing model
-----------------------
[r | l l | l l]{} Coefficient & Low $N_\mathrm{FFT}$ value \[s\] & Low $N_\mathrm{FFT}$ uncertainty \[s\] & High $N_\mathrm{FFT}$ value \[s\] & High $N_\mathrm{FFT} $ uncertainty \[s\]\
\
$\tau_{0,\mathrm{CCbin}}$ & $1.01 \times 10^{-7}$ & $\pm1.10 \times 10^{-8}$ & $1.34 \times 10^{-7}$ & $\pm2.25 \times 10^{-8} $\
$\tau_{0,\mathrm{bary}}$ & $1.62 \times 10^{-7}$ & $\pm7.48 \times 10^{-10}$ & $1.62 \times 10^{-7}$ & $\pm3.20 \times 10^{-9}$\
$\tau_{0,\mathrm{FFT}}$ & $5.27 \times 10^{-10}$ & $\pm5.19 \times 10^{-11}$ & $1.40 \times 10^{-9}$ & $\pm6.00 \times 10^{-11}$
Better *scaling* is sought from the resampling timing function. Longer lag-times are theoretically easier to achieve with resampling. It is the measurements of the coefficients that determine whether the overall computational cost is affordable.
The resampling timing function is complicated: it involves three timing constants. Table \[timing-coefficient-table\] lists these constants. First is the timing constant $\tau_{0,\mathrm{CCbin}}$ for per-template (per-bin) operations, such as multiplying, adding, copying, and phase-shifting results to and from the FFT. Second is the timing constant $\tau_{0,\mathrm{bary}}$: the cost for barycentering for each point in orbital parameter space. Third and last is the timing $\tau_{0,\mathrm{FFT}}$: the cost of the FFT operation (using the *FFTW* library) for each template. This division into three parts is motivated by a pre-existing timing model for the $\mathcal{F}$-statistic [@PrixTimingModel2017].
The $\tau$ constants are measured using Atlas, the cluster at AEI Hannover, Germany. A typical cluster node uses an Intel Xeon E3-1220v3 at 3.1 GHz; a smaller set of E3-1231v3 (3.4 GHz) and E5-1650v2 (3.5 GHz) CPUs are also in use. Approximately 120 configurations, varying frequency band ($f_\mathrm{band}$), observing time ($T_\mathrm{obs}$), lag-time ($T_\mathrm{max}$), number of observatories ($N_\mathrm{det}$), starting frequency ($f_h - f_\mathrm{band}/2$), projected semi-major axis ($a_p$), allowed frequency mismatch ($\mu_f$) in the statistic, and number of Dirichlet kernel terms ($D$), are tested and fit to the three search parameters. This fit minimizes the discrepancy between predicted and measured time, as shown in Figure \[timing-constants-resamp\].
Time $T_\mathrm{resamp}$ is predicted as follows. It is most efficient to take $T_\mathrm{max} = T_\mathrm{short}$. We divide the analysis into bands of $\Delta f_\mathrm{load}$ (Equation \[delta-f-load\]). We next separate $N_\mathrm{template} = N_\mathrm{orb} N_f$, into orbital $N_\mathrm{orb}$ and frequency $N_f$ template counts. The FFT size is $N_\mathrm{FFT}$ (by Equation \[n-fft-final\]). A ‘triangular’ function accounts for detector pairings,
$$\mathrm{triang}(N) = 1 + \frac{N+1}{2}.$$
Taking a prefactor of $5$ for the FFT logarithmic term is based on [@PrixTimingModel2017], from which the basic scheme of our model is motivated. Absorbing a typical number, $D=8$, into $\tau_{0,\mathrm{bary}}$, is efficient. The total time is then $T_\mathrm{resamp}$:
$$\begin{aligned}
T_\mathrm{resamp} &=& N_\mathrm{orb} N_\mathrm{det} (T_\mathrm{obs} / T_\mathrm{max}) [\ldots \\
&& \tau_{0,\mathrm{CCbin}} N_f \mathrm{triang}(N_\mathrm{det}) +\ldots \nonumber \\
&& \tau_{0,\mathrm{bary}} \left(2 \Delta f_\mathrm{load} \times T_\mathrm{max} \times (D/8) \right) + \ldots \nonumber \\
&& \tau_{0,\mathrm{FFT}} N_\mathrm{FFT} \times 5 \mathrm{log}_2(N_\mathrm{FFT}) \times \mathrm{triang}(N_\mathrm{det}) \nonumber ]
\label{resampTimingModelEq}\end{aligned}$$
Observe that $N_\mathrm{FFT}$ is proportional, albeit through power-of-two steps, to $N_f$, and $N_f$ is proportional to $T_\mathrm{max}$ as before. At low lag-time, $N_\mathrm{orb}=2$, so the resampling time scales $T_\mathrm{resamp} \propto T_\mathrm{max}^2 \mathrm{log} T_\mathrm{max}$. At high lag-time, after the number of orbital templates has asymptoted and period dimension resolved, it is, with a larger coefficient, $T_\mathrm{resamp} \propto \mathrm{log} T_\mathrm{max}$. The improvement stems from two parts of the new code: the ‘SFT gain’ by reducing the number of pairs saves a factor of $T_\mathrm{max}$, and the ‘FFT gain’ by converting the $\mathbf{W}$ weights matrix into an FFT operator effects $T_\mathrm{max}^2 \rightarrow T_\mathrm{max} \log T_\mathrm{max}$.
*Caveats:* the *FFTW* functions for FFTs alert us to a $3\times$ increase in $\tau_\mathrm{0,FFT}$ for $N_\mathrm{FFT}$ above about $2^{18}$. This behavior is observed and is why Table \[timing-coefficient-table\] is divided into low and high $N_\mathrm{FFT}$ sections. Our prediction for $T_\mathrm{resamp}$ applies a factor of $3$ multiplier when $N_\mathrm{FFT}$ is predicted to be in this slow regime. A key *caveat* is that the precise $N_\mathrm{FFT}$ is difficult to calculate *a priori*. (The *post hoc* $N_\mathrm{FFT}$ is used to make $\tau$ estimates more accurate). This difficulty comes from the metric calculation depending on the true phase derivatives instead of a simpler diagonal approximation (as explained in [@ScoX1CrossCorr2015PRD]). Slight misprediction in metric-derived spacing can be amplified by power-of-2 rounding in $N_\mathrm{FFT}$. Future improvement in $T_\mathrm{resamp}$ estimation can be expected from reusing the exact code used for metric calculation in the timing predictor.
Sensitivity of optimized set-up\[sensitivity\_gain\]
----------------------------------------------------
[r r | r r | r r ]{} $\min f_0$ \[Hz\] & $\max f_0$ \[Hz\] & $\max T_\mathrm{max}$ \[s\] & $\min T_\mathrm{max}$ \[s\] & $f_\mathrm{band} [Hz]$ & $T_\mathrm{sft}$ \[s\]\
\
25 & 50 & 25920 & 10080 & 0.050 & 1440\
50 & 100 & 19380 & 8160 & 0.050 & 1080\
100 & 150 & 15120 & 6720 & 0.050 & 720\
150 & 200 & 11520 & 5040 & 0.050 & 720\
200 & 300 & 6600 & 2400 & 0.050 & 540\
300 & 400 & 4080 & 1530 & 0.050 & 540\
400 & 600 & 1800 & 360 & 0.050 & 360\
600 & 800 & 720 & 360 & 0.050 & 360\
800 & 1200 & 300 & 300 & 0.050 & 300\
1200 & 2000 & 240 & 240 & 0.050 & 240\
Sensitivity depth $D^C$ for the semi-coherent cross-correlation method search scales $T_\mathrm{max}^{1/4}$ [@ScoX1CrossCorr2015PRD], up to an uncertain time where spin-wandering makes longer integration incoherent. The demodulation technique gives an effective scaling of $D^C \propto (T_\mathrm{demod})^{1/16}$ for low lag-time $T_\mathrm{max}$, compared to $P_\mathrm{orb}$, or $\propto (T_\mathrm{demod})^{1/8}$ for high lag-time. Resampling, dropping the logarithmic term, offers $D^C \propto T_\mathrm{resamp}^{1/8}$ for low lag-time or $D^C \approx \mathrm{(constant)}$ for high.
Once the computational cost reaches the orbital parameter metric plateau and asymptotes, additional sensitivity is nearly cost-free with resampling. Surprisingly, in the frequency dimension, the number of templates continues to increase $\propto T_\mathrm{max}$, but because $T_\mathrm{short} = T_\mathrm{max}$, the number of semicoherent segments decreases linearly as $T_\mathrm{max}$ increases, so there are longer but fewer FFTs to do. Small cost increases do continue, in the logarithmic FFT term. Two caveats: the number of period templates still depends on $T_\mathrm{obs}$, and power-law scalings assume a large number of semicoherent segments. The conceivable case of $T_\mathrm{max} = 10$ days, $T_\mathrm{obs} = 3$ months may be close to the limit where this approximation holds, and excluding the auto-correlation means that the ratios of $T_\mathrm{obs}/T_\mathrm{max} < 5$ (approximately) may exclude some data. (The latter is partly-solvable by decoupling $T_\mathrm{short}$ from $T_\mathrm{max}$). Nevertheless, the ease of high $T_\mathrm{max}$ with resampling helps both future searches and follow-ups.
Gains in search sensitivity depend on the measured timing constants. We iteratively estimate the maximum $T_\mathrm{max}$ possible with the resampling code for the same computing resources made available, in a given band, as to the demodulation O1 search [@ScoX1CrossCorr2017ApJO1]. For future searches, the distribution across bands can be re-allocated to maximize detection probability.
For now, we consult Figures \[03-days-spin-wander-gains\] and \[10-days-spin-wander-gains\]. These figures show, using the $D^C \propto T_\mathrm{max}^{1/4}$ assumption, the forecast sensitivity gain from resampling’s speed-up relative to demodulation. The exact same test set-ups are run for both resampling and demodulation and the run time is measured. Then Equation \[resampTimingModelEq\] is used to predict the run time of resampling with longer $T_\mathrm{max}$, iteratively increasing $T_\mathrm{max}$ by $1\%$ until the original demodulation cost is predicted to be reached. The quarter root of the final $T_\mathrm{max}$ is taken as the forecast gain. (If resampling already takes as least as long as demodulation for a given set-up, this gain defaults to unity). Gains depend on the test bands’ set-ups (Table \[search-setup-table\]). Figure \[03-days-spin-wander-gains\]’s right side contrasts empirical sensitivity gains with predictions. The actual relative gain, given by the square root of the ratio of the $\rho$ statistic with given $T_\mathrm{max}$, tends to be less than the power-law prediction. Sensitivity forecasts in Figures \[projected-ul\] and \[projected-sens-depth\] should thus be read as cautiously optimistic.
Long lag-times benefit the most from resampling. Figure \[ratio\_of\_runtimes\_figure\] illustrates that resampling is only faster than demodulation for bands of $T_\mathrm{max} \gtrsim 2000$ to $5000$ s, which Table \[search-setup-table\] shows to be in frequency bands less than roughly $200$ to $400$ Hz in the O1 setup. These $T_\mathrm{max}$ allocations [@ScoX1CrossCorr2017ApJO1] were designed to maximize detection probability by investing integration time in high-probability regions of orbital parameter space and frequencies near the torque balance level. Where $T_\mathrm{max}$ is already large, resampling offers more acceleration, thus more computing to be reinvested, and Figures \[03-days-spin-wander-gains\] and \[10-days-spin-wander-gains\] show bigger gains. In principle, the cost allocation is a global problem: we want to maximize the detection probability of the entire search, not one band. This problem has been addressed not only in [@ScoX1CrossCorr2017ApJO1] but also [@MingSetup2015]. In the future, these methods can be turned to the complicated task of re-optimizing the resampling cost allocation to maximize detection probability. For this paper, forecasts are based on the O1 allocation. Also note that we assume that the sensitivity gains $\propto T_\mathrm{max}$ will uniformly scale the detection efficiency curves that set upper limits. Taking this product of averages is only approximate: the true sensitivity is an average constructed from the products of gains in each band. As the $\rho$ statistic ratio from long $T_\mathrm{max}$ is less than predicted, a systematic study is needed about the sensitivity gain from computational reinvestment. In the future, we expect our assumptions to be tested by a second Mock Data Challenge (following [@ScoX1MDC2015PRD]).
At present, results are suggestive. Figure \[projected-ul\] shows the projected upper limits that are forecast based on O1 results [@ScoX1CrossCorr2017ApJO1], divided by the sensitivity gain estimated for each band. Figure \[projected-sens-depth\] shows these upper limits divided by the noise ASD of the detector, to show sensitivity depth $D^C$, which is easier to compare with other methods. Both figures refer to results marginalized over $\cos \iota$, as the inclination angle of Sco X-1 is unknown. Long $T_\mathrm{max}$ bands at low frequencies can potentially double to triple in sensitivity. Given equal cost allowance and the assumption of $T_\mathrm{max}$ limited to $3$ days by spin-wandering, the gain is limited: from $20$ to $125$ Hz, the median gain is $51\%$, and from $20$ to $250$ Hz, it is only $11\%$, with minimal benefit at higher frequencies. The sensitivity depth varies between the mid-$30$s and mid-$60$s Hz$^{-1/2}$, depending on position in orbital parameter space. Given tenfold resources and the assumption of $T_\mathrm{max}$ limited to $10$ days, the gains are respectively $2.83\times$ and $2.75\times$ over O1. This sensitivity depth is approximately $100$ Hz$^{-1/2}$. Given O1 noise, the latter scenario would just touch the torque-balance level at $100$ Hz. Given twofold detector improvement, the upper limits would scale linearly, and resampling could potentially reach below torque balance from approximately $40$ to $140$ Hz. Longer observing runs should improve sensitivity with the usual $T_\mathrm{obs}^{1/4}$ scaling [@ScoX1CrossCorr2015PRD].
Future computational enhancements in the cross-correlation method, such as GPU acceleration for the barycentering and FFT operations, may make the tenfold gain in cost allowance realistic, as may access to larger computing resources. For example, one *Einstein@home* Month (EM) of computing power assumes 12 thousand cores [@MingSetup2015], or roughly $8.64$ million CPU hours. Depending on CPU performance compared to the Atlas cluster, multi-EM allocations could extend the cross-correlation method’s depth. It may be possible to use Bessel functions, as in [@SidebandBessel2017], or a loosely-coherent approach [@PowerFluxMethod2010], to accelerate moving through the orbital parameter space: the phase modulation can in principle be ‘resampled’ in the frequency domain as well as our time-domain approach, and some fusion of the two may be faster. Even now, resampling can accelerate longer lag-time follow-ups (progressive $4\times$ increases in $T_\mathrm{max}$ for search candidates [@ScoX1CrossCorr2017ApJO1]) and improve the low-frequency search.
The ‘CrossCorr’ cross-correlation method is not the only method that may reach such performance. The ‘Sideband’ method [@SidebandMarkovModelSuvorova2016] is under active development, and a binary-oriented, resampled $\mathcal{F}$-statistic code [@LeaciPrixDirectedFStatPRD] has offered even greater sensitivity depth. The latter predicts that torque-balance could be reach up to $160-200$ Hz for conservative assumptions about eccentricity or $500-600$ Hz if eccentricity is assumed to be well-constrained. (By assuming the eccentricity to be circular, our result of $140$ Hz is comparable to the latter case). Predictions are highly sensitive to the timing function and cost allowances of the final code, as well as to assumptions about spin-wandering. Here we have presented our estimates based on working search code and extrapolations from the finished O1 search using the cross-correlation method.
Conclusions\[conclusion\]
=========================
Resampling accelerates the deepest current search for Sco X-1 and similar LMXBs, the cross-correlation method [@ScoX1CrossCorr2017ApJO1]. By calculating the cross-correlation method’s $\rho$ statistic using barycentric interpolation to the source frame, followed by an FFT, speed-up is possible for long coherent integration lag-times. Because of the plateauing of the binary orbital parameter space, this acceleration can drive the cross-correlation method’s forecast sensitivity to the torque-balance level in conceivable scenarios. In the most optimistic case with O1-like data, it may graze this level at 100 Hz; with a detector twice as sensitive (closer to Advanced LIGO design sensitivity), this range may extend from 40 to 140 Hz. Re-optimization of the computational cost distribution across parameter space [@MingSetup2015] can focus resources where detection is most probable. Reaching torque-balance might then be possible without large increases in computing power. Future improvement may allow it to compete up to higher frequencies, as might other proposed methods [@LeaciPrixDirectedFStatPRD]. The cross-correlation method with resampling works already. This success is possible thanks to the deep similarity between the $\mathcal{F}$-statistic and $\rho$-statistic and the shared codebase of the *LIGO Applications Library*, which allowed the importation of large portions of the resampling algorithm, once the mathematics were understood. Future improvements to any of this family of methods might be transplanted to benefit all.
Many unknowns remain in Sco X-1. The depicted torque-balance level assumes a $10$-km radius and $1.4$-solar mass for a NS that itself has not been confirmed in the system; the level varies with the object’s moment of inertia. Expectation has held that Sco X-1’s luminosity makes it a promising target. Other systems may prove promising alternative targets, particularly if they have a known spin frequency. Known frequency, or much more precise orbital parameters, could reduce the cost of the cross-correlation method and similar semicoherent searches by many orders of magnitude. Then a sensitivity limited only by spin-wandering might be easily reached, regardless of location on the spectrum. Until then, computational optimizations will play a pivotal role in broadband searches. We see potential in applying this proven method to Advanced LIGO searches – gravitational waves from Sco X-1 have never been closer to detection.
This work was partly funded by the Max-Planck-Institut. JTW and YZ were supported by NSF grants No. PHY-1207010 and No. PHY-1505629. JTW acknowledges the hospitality of the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute) in Hannover. These investigations use data and computing resources from the LIGO Scientific Collaboration. Further thanks to the Albert-Einstein-Institut Hannover and the Leibniz Universität Hannover for support of the Atlas cluster, on which most of the computing for this project was done. Many people offered helpful comments, especially R. Prix for extensive knowledge on the resampling code implementation, K. Wette for familiarity with the LIGO Applications Library, along with V. Dergachev, A. Mukherjee, K. Riles, S. Walsh, S. Zhu, E. Goetz, M. Cabero-Müller, C. Messenger, C. Aulbert, H. Fehrmann, C. Beer, O. Bock, H.-B. Eggenstein and B. Maschenschalk, L. Sun, E. Thrane, A. Melatos, B. Allen, B. Schutz, and all members of the AEI and LIGO Scientific Collaboration-Virgo continuous waves (CW) groups. We also thank our referee for helpful reading and comments. This document bears LIGO Document Number DCC-P1600327.
Relationships to other optimal statistics\[relationships-to-other-optimal-statistics\]
======================================================================================
Terms called $F_a$ and $F_b$ [@Dhurandhar2008] relate $\rho$ to the $\mathcal{F}$-statistic, already amenable to resampling [@Patel:2009qe]. These $F_a$ and $F_b$ are the components of the statistic that are respectively projections of data along the $a$ and $b$ time series. To investigate these components, we will look at the phase-model corrected frequency-domain data, $\zeta_K$. (Precisely, $\zeta_K = \Xi_K z_K \exp{(-i\Phi_K)}$ for $z_K$, $\Xi_K$ from Equation \[total-data-eq\]). We can arrange the data $z_{Kk}$, indexed by frequency bin $k$, to include phase shift $\exp{(-\mathrm{i}\Phi_K)}$,
$$\zeta_{K} \equiv \sum_{k\in\mathcal{K}_K}(\mathrm{i})^{2k} \mathrm{sinc}(\kappa_{Kk}) z_{Kk} e^{-\mathrm{i}\Phi_K},$$
and likewise $\zeta_{L}$, substituting (real-valued) Equation \[geometric-filter\] into $\rho$ ($\Re$ denoting the real part) and grouping terms:
$$\begin{aligned}
\rho &=& \frac{N}{5} \Re \sum_{KL\in\mathcal{P}} \left[(\hat a^K \zeta_{K})^* \hat a^L \zeta_{L} + (\hat b^K \zeta_{K})^* \hat b^L \zeta_{L} \right],
\label{staged-to-turn-to-fafb}\end{aligned}$$
which merits inspection of $\hat a^K \zeta_K$. Insert $\hat a^K$ and Equation \[fourier-transform-def\], noting $(-1)^{k-l} = (-1)^{l-k}$, $(\mathrm{i})^{2k} = \exp(\mathrm{i} \pi k)$: $$\begin{aligned}
\hat a^K \zeta_K
%= &&\hat a^K \sum_{k\in\mathcal{K}_K}(\mathrm{i})^{2k} \mathrm{sinc}(\kappa_{Kk}) \\
% &\times& \tilde{x}_{Kk} \sqrt{\frac{2}{T_\mathrm{sft} S_K}} e^{-\mathrm{i}\Phi_K}, \nonumber\\
%= &&\sqrt{\frac{2 T_\mathrm{sft}}{S_K}} a^K \sum_{k\in\mathcal{K}_K}(\mathrm{i})^{2k} \mathrm{sinc}(\kappa_{Kk}) \nonumber\\
% &\times& \sum_{j=0}^{N-1} x_K (t_K - T_\mathrm{sft}/2 + j \delta t) \nonumber \\
% &\times& e^{-\mathrm{i} 2\pi j k \delta t / T_\mathrm{sft}} \delta t \sqrt{\frac{2}{T_\mathrm{sft} S_K}} e^{-\mathrm{i}\Phi_K},\nonumber\\
= &&\frac{2}{S_K} a^K \sum_{k\in\mathcal{K}_K} \mathrm{sinc}(\kappa_{Kk}) \\
&\times& \sum_{j=0}^{N-1} x_K (t_K - T_\mathrm{sft}/2 + j \delta t) \nonumber \\
&\times& e^{-\mathrm{i} 2\pi k (j \delta t - T_\mathrm{sft}/2) / T_\mathrm{sft}} \delta t e^{-\mathrm{i}\Phi_K},\nonumber\end{aligned}$$
Whereas $a(t)$, $b(t)$ amplitude modulations have a period on the order of a sideral day, as in Section \[antenna-function-weighting\], the $a^K$, $S_K$ terms vary much more slowly than $f_K$, So we take $m \equiv j - T_\mathrm{sft}/(2\delta t)$, $t_j \equiv t_K - T_\mathrm{sft}/2 + j \delta t$, $t_m \equiv t_K + m \delta t$, moving the antenna functions inside the sum over $m$,
$$\begin{aligned}
\hat a^K \zeta_K = && \sum_{m=-T_\mathrm{sft}/(2\delta t)}^{m=T_\mathrm{sft}/(2\delta t)-1} \delta t \frac{2}{ S_K} a^K x_K (t_m) \label{slowly-varying-a-zeta}\\
&\times& \sum_{k\in\mathcal{K}_K}\mathrm{sinc}(\kappa_{Kk}) e^{-\mathrm{i} (2\pi k m \delta t / T_\mathrm{sft} + \Phi_K)}.\nonumber\end{aligned}$$
Instead of including all frequency bins $k$ for $z_K$ of Equation \[total-data-eq\], the SFT signal-resolution can be zero-padded (see Equation 9.3 of [@Allen2002]). Zero-padding $k$ brings the nearest bin closer to $f_K$, approaching $\kappa_{Kk}\approx 0$, $$\begin{aligned}
\hat a^K \zeta_K \approx \sum_{m=-T_\mathrm{sft}/(2\delta t)}^{m=T_\mathrm{sft}/(2\delta t)-1} && \delta t \frac{2}{S_K} a^K x_K (t_m) \label{from-here-resamp}\\
&\times& e^{-\mathrm{i} (2\pi (f_K T_\mathrm{sft}) m \delta t / T_\mathrm{sft} + \Phi_K)}.\nonumber\end{aligned}$$
Statistic in conventional quantities
------------------------------------
Proceeding to continuous time, Equation 5.10 of [@Dhurandhar2008] has sub-interval integral $F_{a_I}$,
$$\begin{aligned}
F_{a_I} &=& \int_{T_I - \Delta T/2}^{T_I + \Delta T/2} a(t) x(t) e^{-\mathrm{i} \varphi (t)} dt,\\
\label{crosscorr-fa-i}
F_{a} &=& \sum_I F_{a_I}.
\label{f-stat-fa}\end{aligned}$$
Treating sums as integrals, $\delta t \rightarrow dt$, $T_\mathrm{sft} \rightarrow \Delta T$, $a_K \rightarrow a(t)$, $x_K (t_m) \rightarrow x(t)$, and $\exp{(-\mathrm{i} [2\pi (f_K T_\mathrm{sft}) m \delta t / T_\mathrm{sft} + \Phi_K] )} \rightarrow \exp{(-\mathrm{i} \varphi(t))}$. Observe that with $2 \pi f_K = (d\Phi_K / dt | t= t^K)$, $t = m\delta t$, $\varphi$ is a Taylor approximation of $\Phi$:
$$\begin{aligned}
%\varphi(t) &=&
% 2 \pi f_K m \delta t + \Phi_K,\\
% &=& \left(\frac{d\Phi_K}{ dt} | t= t^K \right) t + \Phi(t^K), \nonumber\\
% &\approx& \Phi(t), \nonumber \\
\hat a^K \zeta_K &=& \frac{2}{S_K} F_{a_K}.\label{the-grand-id}\end{aligned}$$
Taking $T_0 \rightarrow T_\mathrm{sft}$ in Equation 42 of [@Jaranowski1998], we write an inner product,
$$(x || y) \equiv \frac{2}{T_0}\int_{-T_0 / 2}^{T_0/2} x(t) y(t) dt,
\label{jks-double-inner-product}$$
so $F_{a_K} = [T_\mathrm{sft} / 2] ( a\cdot x || \exp{(-\mathrm{i}\varphi)} )$ can be viewed as a projection of the amplitude-modulated data onto the phase-model basis. A reader may wonder whether this is not a Fourier transform. Not quite: $\varphi(t)$ is phase-modulated and does not increase linearly in evenly-sampled detector time $m \delta t$. Before addressing this problem with resampling (Section \[resampling\]), we connect $\rho$ to related statistics.
Using $F_{a_K}$ in Equation \[staged-to-turn-to-fafb\],
$$\begin{aligned}
\rho &=& \frac{N}{5} 4\Re \sum_{KL\in\mathcal{P}} \left[ \frac{F_{a_K}^*}{S_K} \frac{F_{a_L}}{S_L} + \frac{F_{b_K}^*}{S_K} \frac{F_{b_L}}{S_L} \right].\end{aligned}$$
In the bin-centered limit (Equation 3.18 in [@ScoX1CrossCorr2015PRD]), $\langle \Xi^2 \rangle \approx 1$. Establishing $N$ without $\Xi$ but with,
$$\begin{aligned}
\hat A^2_\mathcal{P} &\equiv& \sum_{KL\in\mathcal{P}} (\hat a^K \hat a^L)^2, \\
\hat B^2_\mathcal{P} &\equiv& \sum_{KL\in\mathcal{P}} (\hat b^K \hat b^L)^2, \\
\hat C^2_\mathcal{P} &\equiv& \sum_{KL\in\mathcal{P}} (\hat a^K \hat b^L \hat a^L \hat b^K),\end{aligned}$$
we obtain, $$\begin{aligned}
N &=& \frac{10}{\sqrt{2}} \left[ \hat A_\mathcal{P}^2 + 2 \hat C_\mathcal{P}^2+ \hat B_\mathcal{P}^2\right]^{-1/2},\end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned}
\rho &=& \frac{4\sqrt{2}\Re \sum_{KL\in\mathcal{P}} \left[ \frac{F_{a_K}^*}{S_K} \frac{F_{a_L}}{S_L} + \frac{F_{b_K}^*}{S_L} \frac{F_{b_L}}{S_L} \right] }{\sqrt{ \hat A_\mathcal{P}^2 + 2 \hat C^2_\mathcal{P}+ \hat B_\mathcal{P}^2 }}
.
\label{well-formatted-rho}\end{aligned}$$
Compare $\rho$ to the $\mathcal{F}$-statistic in a specific case. Take $Q$ detectors indexed by $X$, $Y$, each with $M\equiv T_\mathrm{obs}/T_\mathrm{sft}$ SFTs. Assume a frequency-dependent, stationary noise PSD $S_h(f)$. Allow all pairs $\mathcal{P}$, so the sum expands into a double sum of a double sum seen in Equation \[f-stat-fa\],
$$\begin{aligned}
\rho = && 4\sqrt{2} \left(
S_h^2(f) \sqrt{\hat A_\mathcal{P}^2 + 2 \hat C^2_\mathcal{P}+ \hat B_\mathcal{P}^2 }
\right)^{-1} \label{explicit-detector-rho-comparison}\\
&\times& \Re \left[ \sum_X^Q \sum^M_{K(X)} F_{a_{K(X)}}^* \sum_Y^Q \sum^M_{L(X)} F_{a_{L(Y)}} \ldots \right. \nonumber \\
&& \left. + \sum_X^Q \sum^M_{K(X)} F_{b_{K(X)}}^* \sum_Y^Q \sum^M_{L(Y)} F_{b_{L(Y)}} \right]
,\nonumber\end{aligned}$$
As the index $I$ in Equation \[f-stat-fa\] is detector independent,
$$\begin{aligned}
\sum_X^Q \sum^M_{K(X)} F_{a_{K(X)}}^*
%&=& \sum_K^{QM} F_{a_K}^*,\\
&=& F_a^*,
%\nonumber\end{aligned}$$
so too for the $L$ index and $b$ terms, allowing (self-) *auto-correlations.* Normally, the cross-correlation method does not allow auto-correlations [@ScoX1CrossCorr2015PRD], but it can [@Dhurandhar2008], such that,
$$\begin{aligned}
\rho &=& 4\sqrt{2}\frac{|F_a|^2 + |F_b|^2 }{S_h^2(f) \sqrt{\hat A_\mathcal{P}^2 + 2 \hat C^2_\mathcal{P}+ \hat B_\mathcal{P}^2 }}
,\end{aligned}$$
Simplifying the denominator, $$\begin{aligned}
\hat A^2_\mathcal{P}
%&=& \sum_X^Q \sum_{K(X)}^M \left(\hat a^{K(X)}\right)^2 \sum_Y^Q \sum_{L(Y)}^M \left(a^{L(Y)}\right)^2,\\
% &=& \sum_K^{QM} (\hat a^K)^2 \sum_L^{QM} (a^L)^2,\nonumber\\
&=& \left(\sum_I^{QM} (\hat a^I)^2 \right)^2,
\\
\hat A_\mathcal{P} &=& \frac{1}{T_\mathrm{sft}} \sum_I^{QM} \hat a^I \hat a^I T_\mathrm{sft},\end{aligned}$$
which Riemann integrates for $a(t)$, $b(t)$ that vary slowly compared to $T_\mathrm{sft}$ (faster than $T_\mathrm{obs}$, so an overall shift is negligible and $T_0 \rightarrow T_\mathrm{obs}$ in Equation \[jks-double-inner-product\]),
$$\begin{aligned}
\hat A_\mathcal{P} &\approx &
%\frac{1}{T_\mathrm{sft}} \sum_I^Q \int_{0}^{T_\mathrm{obs}} \hat a^I(t) \hat a^I(t) dt, \\
% &\approx & \frac{1}{T_\mathrm{sft}} \frac{2 T_\mathrm{sft}}{S_h (f)} Q \int_{0}^{T_\mathrm{obs}} a(t) a(t) dt,\nonumber\\
% &=&
\frac{Q T_\mathrm{obs}}{S_h (f)} (a || a)
%\nonumber.\end{aligned}$$
Forming norms $A\equiv (a||a)$, $B\equiv (b||b)$, $C\equiv(a||b)$ [@Jaranowski1998]:
$$\begin{aligned}
\rho = 4 \sqrt{2} \frac{|F_a|^2 + |F_b|^2}{S_h(f) Q T_\mathrm{obs} \sqrt{A^2 + 2C^2 + B^2}}.\end{aligned}$$
Comparison to the $\mathcal{F}$-statistic
-----------------------------------------
The $\mathcal{F}$-statistic is a maximum-likelihood (ML) estimator. Values of $\mathcal{A}^\mu$ are chosen where the likelihood ratio is a maximum, $\Lambda_\mathrm{ML}$. Composing frequency-integrated projections $x_\mu$ onto the basis $h^\mu$ in Equation \[decomposition-projection-f\], with $\mathcal{M}^{\mu\nu}$ the ML projections of $h^\mu$ onto $h^\nu$ [@Jaranowski1998; @CutlerMulti2005; @BStatPrix2009; @Patel:2009qe; @WhelanNewAmplitude2014CQG]:
$$\begin{aligned}
\Lambda_\mathrm{ML} &=& e^\mathcal{F},\label{abstract-fstat}\\
\mathcal{F} &\equiv& \frac{1}{2} x_\mu \mathcal{M}^{\mu\nu} x_\nu,\\
&=& \frac{4}{S_h(f) T_0}\frac{B|F_a|^2 + A|F_b|^2 - 2C\Re(F_a F_b^*)}{A\cdot B - C^2}. \nonumber
\label{the-fstat}\end{aligned}$$
Both $\rho$ and $\mathcal{F}$ are dimensionless. As after Equation 5.15 in [@Dhurandhar2008], $\rho$ and $\mathcal{F}$ are proportional when $A\approx B$, $C \ll A,B$:
$$\begin{aligned}
\rho &\approx& 4\sqrt{2} \frac{|F_a|^2 + |F_b|^2}{S_h(f) Q T_\mathrm{obs} \sqrt{2 A^2}},\end{aligned}$$
equating $\mathcal{F}$ with $T_0 = Q T_\mathrm{obs}$,
$$\begin{aligned}
\mathcal{F} &\approx& \frac{4}{S_h(f) T_0}\frac{|F_a|^2 + |F_b|^2}{A}.\end{aligned}$$
Even for multiple detectors, (all-pairs) $\rho$ can converge to the (fully-coherent) $\mathcal{F}$-statistic. Illustrating the crossover is now possible.
Dhurandhar *et al* [@Dhurandhar2008] introduce the cross-correlation method starting from two data streams, like the stochastic radiometer [@Ballmer2006CQG], instead of the multi-detector $\mathcal{F}$-statistic [@CutlerMulti2005]. The weight matrix $\textbf{W}$ of Whelan *et al* [@ScoX1CrossCorr2015PRD] can merge these viewpoints. Any SFT, from any detector, is a dimension in $\textbf{z}$ (‘flattening’ SFTs over the Greek indices also represented as boldface in [@CutlerMulti2005] to represent different detectors). Cutler & Schutz Equation 3.8 [@CutlerMulti2005] has $2\mathcal{F} = \sum_{a,d}(\Gamma^{-1})^{ad} (\mathbf{x}|\mathbf{h}_\mathbf{a})(\mathbf{x}|\mathbf{h}_\mathbf{d})$: $a,d$ are the waveform components $\mu,\nu$ in our Equation \[abstract-fstat\]. Their inner products of $\mathbf{x}$ with the waveforms $\mathbf{h}_{\mathbf{a}},\mathbf{h}_\mathbf{d}$ are scalar-valued vectors indexed by $a$ and $d$, equivalent to summing $F_a$ or $F_b$ from multiple detectors. Only then is $\mathcal{F}$ computed. The sum of fully-coherent single-detector $\mathcal{F}$ does not equal the *fully*-coherent multiple-detector $\mathcal{F}$, which takes into account the cross-detector terms and converges with the ideal cross-correlation method.
Divergence can occur with *semi*-coherent methods [@CutlerSemi2005; @PrixShaltev2012]. Semicoherent calculations with $T_\mathrm{coh} < T_\mathrm{obs}$ are more efficient, having higher sensitivity at fixed computational cost, than fully-coherent methods [@HierarchicalBrady2000; @CutlerSemi2005; @PrixShaltev2012]. The sum of $\mathcal{F}$-statistics over $T_\mathrm{obs}/T_\mathrm{coh}$ segments of $\mathcal{F}$-statistics is computed, albeit with reduced sensitivity compared to the much more expensive fully-coherent search. Joint- and single-detector $\mathcal{F}$ can both be computed for each $T_\mathrm{coh}$. (Comparison between joint and single is the basis of the $\mathcal{F}$-statistic consistency veto [@EinsteinHomeS52013]). The main difference between the cross-correlation method and the semicoherent $\mathcal{F}$-statistic is that the former, distinguishing $K$ and $L$, helps to exclude auto-correlations.
Examine the optimal amplitude parameters in $\mathcal{M}^{\mu\nu}$ and weights $\textbf{W}$. Despite Equation \[abstract-rho-matrix\]’s resemblance to Equation \[the-fstat\], $\textbf{W}$ and $\mathcal{M}^{\mu\nu}$ are matrices over different spaces. $\textbf{W}$ (implicit indices) is of SFTs, whereas $\mathcal{M}^{\mu\nu}$ (explicit indices) is of four amplitude parameters. The amplitude-parameter space metric is $\mathcal{M}^{\mu\nu}$, so $2\mathcal{F} = x^\mu x_\nu$ [@BStatPrix2009]. In principle, $\rho_\mathrm{ideal}$ might not use $\hat \Gamma^\mathrm{ave}_{KL}$ (chosen to avoid specifying $\cos \iota$ and $\psi$ [@ScoX1CrossCorr2015PRD]), but instead $\Gamma$ based on maximization or marginalization [@BStatPrix2009] of $\mathcal{A}^\mu$. A start would be projections, $\textbf{z}_\mu$, of $\textbf{z}$ onto the $h_\mu$ basis. Each $\textbf{z}$ (a data vector, implicitly indexed, *e.g.*, by SFTs) can be projected to extract the components along the $4$ amplitude-parameter space dimensions, producing the $N_\mathrm{sft}\times 4$ matrix, $\textbf{z}_\mu$. Schematically,
$$\rho_\mathrm{ideal} = \frac{1}{2} \mathcal{M}^{\mu\nu}\textbf{z}_\mu^\dag \textbf{W} \textbf{z}_\nu.$$
Hence $\textbf{z}_\mu$ absorb $\Phi$ and can be thought of as Fourier transforms of source-frame data. The matrix $\mathcal{M}$ absorbs $\Gamma$ from $\textbf{W}$, leaving $\textbf{W}$ a binary-valued index of which SFTs to pair. Such a statistic would echo the likelihood ratio mentioned in Section V of [@Dhurandhar2008]. Recall, $\rho$ and $\mathcal{F}$ converge when $A\approx B$ and $C \ll A,B$, *i.e.,* when $\mathcal{M}$ is proportional to the identity matrix. So, when amplitude space is flat and auto-correlations are included, $\rho \approx \mathcal{F}$.
One impetus for cross-detector correlation is that only signal should be coherent. This ground underlies stochastic searches: GW strains between detectors are related, but the noise is statistically independent (see Section III of [@Allen1999]). Appendix \[glitch-merits-of-crosscorr\] will revisit the robustness and merits of pairing choices for $\textbf{W}$.
Comparison to the stochastic search
-----------------------------------
The stochastic search [@Allen1999; @Ballmer2006CQG; @ThraneStochastic2009] is built on same-time cross-correlation of multiple detectors [@ChristensenStochastic1992], whereby sensitivity depends on an overlap reduction function [@FlanaganStochastic1993]. In stochastic literature, $S$ often indicates detector strains and $P$ indicates noise PSDs. To keep consistency in this paper, $S$ will be replaced by $X$ for strain and $P$ by $S$ for noise. For the stochastic radiometer $Y$-statistic [@FlanaganStochastic1993; @Ballmer2006CQG],
$$Y = \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} d f \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} df \delta_T (f - f') X_1^* (f) Q(f') X_2 (f'),$$
where $\delta_T$ is a finite-time Dirac delta function approximation, $X_1$, $X_2$ are Fourier-transformed detector strains, and $Q$ is an optimal filter. For sky direction $\hat \Omega ' = \hat \Omega$,
$$Y_{\hat \Omega '} = (\lambda T) \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} df \frac{\gamma^*_{\hat \Omega '} H}{S_1 S_2} X_1^* X_2.
\label{radiometer-directed-y}$$
Expanding, with normalization factor $\lambda$, measurement duration $T$, and $S_1$ and $S_2$ the noise PSD, as well as $H(f)$ the strain power of the stochastic background, with overlap reduction function $\gamma_{\hat \Omega '}$ and polarizations $A\in \{+,\times\}$ and detector separation vector $\Delta \vec x$:
$$\begin{aligned}
\gamma_{\hat \Omega '} &=& \frac{1}{2} \sum_A e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi f \hat \Omega \cdot \frac{\Delta \vec x}{c}} F_1^A (\hat \Omega)F_2^A (\hat \Omega ).\end{aligned}$$
This $Y$ is effectively a case of the simultaneous cross-correlation method’s $\rho$ restricted to different detectors [@ScoX1CrossCorr2015PRD]. Notationally, $\hat \Omega = \vec n$. Radiometer $\Delta x$ is $c$ times detector arrival time difference $\Delta d_{KL} \equiv (\vec r_K(t) - \vec r_L(t)) \cdot \vec n /c $, stemming from Equation \[t-ssb-equation\]. Then, the radiometer phase difference $2\pi f \hat \Omega \cdot (\Delta \vec x /c)$ equals $\Delta \Phi_{KL}$ in Equation \[textbook-cc-rho\] and is $2\pi f_0 \Delta d_{KL}$. Because $10 \Gamma^\mathrm{ave}_{KL} = F_+^K F_+^L + F_\times^K F_\times^L$ [@ScoX1CrossCorr2015PRD],
$$\gamma_{\hat \Omega'} = 5 \frac{\sqrt{S_K S_L}}{2 T_\mathrm{sft}} e^{i \Delta \Phi_{KL}} \hat \Gamma_{KL}^\mathrm{ave}.$$
To be exact [@MitraRadiometer2008], where $\tilde Q(\hat \Omega, t, f; H) = Q(f')$, $\Delta t = T_\mathrm{sft}$ is time segment length and $\gamma^*(\Omega, t, f) = \gamma_{\hat \Omega'}$,
$$\begin{aligned}
\tilde{Q}(\hat \Omega, t, f; H) &=& \lambda(\Omega, t) \frac{H(f) \gamma^* (\Omega, t,f)}{S_1(t; |f|) S_2(t;|f|)},\end{aligned}$$
and $\lambda(\Omega,t) = \lambda T$, absorbing $\lambda$ in Equation \[radiometer-directed-y\].
Absent a $\Phi$ model, radiometer must equally sum frequency bin contributions over $\Delta f \geq \Delta f_\mathrm{obs}$ (Equation \[delta-f-obs\]). This width means $\Xi \approx 1$ and $X_1 = \sum_K \sum_k \tilde{x}_{Kk}$, $X_2 = \sum_L \sum_l \tilde{x}_{Ll}$ (referring to Equation \[normalized-z-bin\]; this is imprecise when radiometer uses overlapping, windowed bins [@ThraneStochastic2009] and the cross-correlation method uses non-overlapping rectangular bins). Moreover, $S_1 = S_K$, $S_2 = S_L$, $T = \Delta t$.
Compare to looking for an isolated point with no other sources and refer to the discussion following Equation 3.36 of [@MitraRadiometer2008]. If the stochastic background is taken as constant in frequency, $H^2(f)=1$, $\lambda$ simplifies (integrating over frequency and substituting Equation 3.34 of [@MitraRadiometer2008] as directed for network power $P_{NW}^2$),
$$\begin{aligned}
\lambda(t) &\approx& [\Delta t P^2_{NW}(t)]^{-1},\end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned}
[\lambda(\Omega, t)\Delta t]^{-1}
&\approx&\frac{5}{T_\mathrm{sft}} \frac{1}{\sqrt{S_K S_L}} \hat{\Gamma}^\mathrm{ave}_{KL},
\\
\lambda(\Omega, t) &=& \frac{\sqrt{S_K S_L}}{5}\frac{1}{\hat \Gamma^\mathrm{ave}_{KL}},\\
N
&=& \frac{5}{\sqrt{2}} \bar \lambda(\Omega),\end{aligned}$$
where $N$ is the cross-correlation method’s normalization and $\bar \lambda (\Omega)$ is harmonic root mean square radiometer normalization.
In that case, after all substitutions and considering the cross-correlation method’s $\rho$ evaluated over all bins and only between the same SFT pairs as radiometer,
$$\begin{aligned}
\rho
&\approx& 4\sqrt{2} \Re \left(Y_{\Omega '}\right),\end{aligned}$$
by taking sums over cross-correlation method indices $K$ and $L$ to produce radiometer $S_1$ and $S_2$. Exact equality results for a single pair, such as the fully-coherent, cross-detector-only $\rho$. This conclusion bolsters Whelan *et al* [@ScoX1CrossCorr2015PRD] (notably Section III.D), stating that the cross-correlation method is similar to the radiometer with a phase model to allow different-time correlations.
The cross-correlation method, the radiometer, and the $\mathcal{F}$-statistic, which all are described as near-*optimal* under different conditions, do converge in certain limits. Understanding the cross-correlation method’s intersections aids theory and practice.
In theory, viewing $\mathcal{F}$ as approximating the Bayesian $\mathcal{B}$-statistic [@BStatPrix2009] informs $\rho$ as an approximate function of the likelihood ratio [@Dhurandhar2008]. This perspective might facilitate Bayesian model selection for vetoes using alternative line hypotheses to compare against the signal hypothesis [@KeitelRobust2014]. It may also link search set-up optimization for detection probability to rigorous statements about posterior probability [@MingSetup2015]. Radiometric techniques might generate a deconvolved sky map of future detections [@MitraRadiometer2008; @ThraneStochastic2009].
This paper should resolve confusion about the cross-correlation method. It does not use cross-detector data as its template. The cross-correlation method is a matched-filter-based semicoherent search, with the template corresponding to the signal model with chosen amplitude parameters, searched over the Doppler parameters. It differs in which filtered data are conjugated in the real-valued statistic.
In practice, at present, ties between the statistics help bring resampling from the $\mathcal{F}$-statistic into the cross-correlation method. Resampling solves the problem that $\Phi(t)$, particularly the time-varying $\phi(t)$, is not increasing at uniform frequency $f_0$, because of the time-varying Doppler shifts. If Doppler modulation were constant, then a Fourier transform could supply $F_a$ (or the cross-correlation method’s components $F_{a_K}$ and $F_{a_L}$) and $F_b$, providing an entire frequency band. The data must be moved into the *source frame*, in which velocity with respect to the source is constant.
Downsampling and heterodyning\[downsampling-and-heterodyning\]
==============================================================
Section \[resampling\] is done with downsampled data, heterodyned downwards in frequency by $f_h$. Consider a bandpass-limited sample (subscript $p$) of Short Fourier Transform data for SFT $K$, equivalent to a rectangular frequency-domain window with starting bin $k_a$ and ending bin $k_b$. Gaps in the set of SFTs are zero-padded to yield $M = T_\mathrm{obs}/T_\mathrm{sft}$ . Equation \[inverse-fft-eq\] says that the time index with respect to SFT start time is $j$, and with respect to the observation run is $q_K$.
The $q_K$ are non-overlapping integers from $0$ to $MN -1$, whereas $j$ (implicitly depending on $K$) range from $0$ to $N-1$. Start times and SFT durations are integer multiples of the sampling time, $t_K - T_\mathrm{sft}/2 \equiv K T_\mathrm{sft}$, and $j \delta t = q_K \delta t - t_K + T_\mathrm{sft}/2$.
The ideal *bandpassed* data $x_{K,p}$ from an inverse Fourier transform of the whole $T_\mathrm{obs}$ would be,
$$\begin{aligned}
x_{K,p}(q_K\delta t) &\equiv& \sum_{k=k_a}^{k = k_b} e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi q_K \delta t \frac{k}{T_\mathrm{sft} } }\frac{z_{Kk}}{T_\mathrm{sft}},\\
& = & \sum_{k=k_a}^{k = k_b} e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi j \delta t \frac{k}{T_\mathrm{sft} } }\frac{z_{Kk}}{T_\mathrm{sft}},\nonumber\end{aligned}$$
because $t_K - T_\mathrm{sft}/2$ is an integer. When $k_a = 0$, $k_b = N-1$, $x_{K,p}$ is equivalent to $x_K$ in Equation \[inverse-fft-eq\]. Yet we want not simply bandpassed data, but downsampled, heterodyned data. Since $M>1$, we handle the sum over $K$. The difficulty is keeping phase coherence between inverse Fourier transforms.
*Heterodyne frequency* $f_h$ is in the center of the band, near central bin $k_h \equiv (k_a + k_b)/2$. For discrete bins, the nearest frequency $\bar f_h \equiv k_h T_\mathrm{sft}^{-1}$. The frequency $\bar f_h = f_h - f_r$ is of the nearest integer bin to the ideal heterodyne $f_h$, where $f_r$ is the remainder.
Let $l \equiv k - k_h$, so $k = l + k_h$:
$$\begin{aligned}
x_{K,p}(q_K\delta t)
&=& \sum_{(l+k_h)=k_a}^{(l+k_h) = k_b} e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi j \delta t \frac{(l+k_h)}{T_\mathrm{sft} } }\frac{z_{K(l+k_h)}}{T_\mathrm{sft}} \label{bandpassed-data-eq}\\
%&=& \sum_{l=k_a-k_h}^{l = k_b - k_h} e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi j \delta t \frac{(l+k_h)}{T_\mathrm{sft} } }\frac{z_{K(l+k_h)}}{T_\mathrm{sft}} \nonumber \\
&=& e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi j \delta t \frac{k_h}{T_\mathrm{sft} } } \sum_{l= k_a - k_h}^{l = k_b - k_h} e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi j \delta t \frac{l}{T_\mathrm{sft} } }\frac{z_{K(l+k_h)}}{T_\mathrm{sft}}\nonumber.\end{aligned}$$
The sum contains all information on $[k_a,k_b]$. Call it $x^h_K$:
$$\begin{aligned}
x^h_K (q_K \delta t) &\equiv&
\sum_{l= k _a - k_h}^{l = k_b - k_h } e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi j \delta t \frac{l}{T_\mathrm{sft} } }\frac{z_{K(l+k_h)}}{T_\mathrm{sft}}, \label{freq-shifted-eq}\\
x_{K,p}(q_K\delta t) &=& e^{i 2\pi j \delta t \frac{k_h}{T_\mathrm{sft}}} x^h_K(q_K\delta t),\label{up-to-phase-het-corr}
%x_{K,p}(q_K\delta t) &=& e^{i 2\pi f_h j \delta t} x_K'(q_K\delta t),\label{up-to-phase-het-corr}\end{aligned}$$
expressing bandpassed $x_{K,p}$ in terms of the desired, frequency-shifted $x^h_K$. In continuous time, Equation \[up-to-phase-het-corr\] is the expression $x_{K,p}(t) = \exp{(i2\pi f_h t)} x^h_K(t)$, where $x_{K,p}$ is the bandpassed data (frequency content at $f$) and $x^h_K$ is the heterodyned data (frequency content at $f-f_h$). Many derivations stop here, but we need the phase corrections for heterodyning a set of SFTs.
To represent *complex, downsampled* data in a frequency band $f_\mathrm{band}$ without aliasing, we need a total bandwidth of $\Delta f_\mathrm{load}$. Note that $\Delta f_\mathrm{load}$ must cover not only all frequencies of interest but also frequency modulation’s Doppler wings, $\Delta f_\mathrm{drift}$, with additional bins to account for spectral leakage, including $D$ ‘Dirichlet terms’. The total width $\Delta f_\mathrm{load}$ is [@PrixTimingModel2017],
$$\Delta f_\mathrm{load} = \left(1+\frac{4}{2 D +1} \right)\left(f_\mathrm{band} + \Delta f_\mathrm{drift} + \frac{16}{T_\mathrm{sft}}\right).
\label{delta-f-load}$$
Then we find the new sampling time interval is not $\delta t$ but rather $\delta t' = 1/\Delta f_\mathrm{load}$. The old number of samples in an SFT is $N = T_\mathrm{sft}/(\delta t)$ and the new number is $N' = \Delta f_\mathrm{load} T_\mathrm{sft}$; $N' \leq N$. ($N'$ can be rounded up to ensure it is an integer). Create the new coordinate $q_K'$, so $t = q_K' \delta t'$. The Fourier transform kernel must contain an integer, and $q_K' \approx (t_K - T_\mathrm{sft}/2 + j \delta t)/(\delta t')$ is not generally an integer. Additional phase corrections thus arise. Note,
$$\begin{aligned}
%j' &=& 2 f_\mathrm{band} j \delta t,\\
%j' k / N' &=& (j \delta t) k / T_\mathrm{sft},
q_K' &=& \Delta f_\mathrm{load} q_K \delta t,\\
q_K' k / N' &=& (q_K \delta t) k / T_\mathrm{sft},\end{aligned}$$
Meanwhile we can choose $k_a$ and $k_b$ with a difference $k_b - k_a = \Delta f_\mathrm{load} T_\mathrm{sft}$, ergo $k_b - k_a = N'$:
$$\begin{aligned}
k_a &=& \left(f_h - \frac{1}{2} \Delta f_\mathrm{load}\right) T_\mathrm{sft},\\
k_b &=& \left(f_h + \frac{1}{2} \Delta f_\mathrm{load}\right) T_\mathrm{sft}.\end{aligned}$$
In practice, we will use the minimum frequency of interest, $f_a = f_\mathrm{min}$, to choose a heterodyne frequency $f_h = f_\mathrm{min} + \frac{1}{2} f_\mathrm{band}$.
As $t = q_K \delta t$, we can substitute $q_K' \delta t'$ into the argument of $x_{K,p}(q_K \delta t)$ as defined in Equation \[bandpassed-data-eq\]. Using $N'$, $$\begin{aligned}
x_{K,p}(q_K' \delta t') &=& \sum_{l=k_a - k_h}^{l=k_b - k_h} e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi q_K' \frac{l+k_h}{2 \Delta f_\mathrm{load} T_\mathrm{sft} } }\frac{z_{K(l + k_h)}}{T_\mathrm{sft}}, \label{first-shift-approx}\\
%&=& \sum_{l=-N'/2}^{l=N'/2 - 1} e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi j' (l + k_h) / N' } \frac{z_{K(l+k_h)}}{T_\mathrm{sft}}, \nonumber\\
%&=& \sum_{l=k_a - k_h}^{l=k_b - k_h} e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi \frac{(t_K - T_\mathrm{sft}/2)}{\delta t'} \frac{l+k_h}{N'}} \nonumber\\
%&& \times e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi j' (l + k_h) / N' } \frac{z_{K(l+k_h)}}{T_\mathrm{sft}}, \nonumber\\
%&=& e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi j' k_h / N' } \sum_{l=-N'/2}^{l=N'/2 - 1} e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi j' l / N' } \frac{z_{K(l+k_h)}}{T_\mathrm{sft}}, \nonumber
&=& e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi q_K' k_h / N' } \sum_{l=k_a - k_h}^{l=k_b - k_h} e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi q_K' l / N' } \frac{z_{K(l+k_h)}}{T_\mathrm{sft}}, \nonumber\end{aligned}$$
We need to break apart $q_K'$ in the sum:
$$\begin{aligned}
q_K' /N'
%&=& \frac{t_K - T_\mathrm{sft}/2 + j \delta t}{2 f_\mathrm{band} T_\mathrm{sft} /(2 f_\mathrm{band})}\\
&=& \frac{t_K - T_\mathrm{sft}/2}{ T_\mathrm{sft}} + \frac{j \delta t}{ T_\mathrm{sft} },\end{aligned}$$
where again, because $(t_K - T_\mathrm{sft}/2)$ is always an integer multiplied by integer $l$, the first term evaluates to unity in the sum exponent. In $q_K' k_h/N'$, however, though $k_h$ is also integer, we leave the term so we can see the effect of approximating $\bar f_h$. We find,
$$\begin{aligned}
x_{K,p}(q_K' \delta t')
%&=& e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi q_K' k_h / N' } \sum_{l=k_a -k_h}^{l=k_b - k_h}
% && \times e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi j \delta t \frac{l}{T_\mathrm{sft}} } \frac{z_{K(l+k_h)}}{T_\mathrm{sft}}, \nonumber\\
% &=& e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi q_K' k_h / N' } x_K^h(q_K \delta t), \nonumber \\
&=& e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi q_K \delta t \frac{k_h}{T_\mathrm{sft} }} x_K^h(q_K \delta t).
\label{eq-with-broken-sum}\end{aligned}$$
This result concords with Equation \[up-to-phase-het-corr\]. Considering $\bar f_h$,
$$\begin{aligned}
x_{K,p}(q_K' \delta t')
%&=& e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi q_K \delta t k_h / T_\mathrm{sft} } x_K^h(q_K \delta t),\\
% &=& e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi q_K \delta t \bar f_h } x_K^h(q_K \delta t),\nonumber\\
&=& e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi q_K \delta t (f_h - f_r)} x_K^h(q_K \delta t),\end{aligned}$$
where an approximation is used for this Appendix,
$$\begin{aligned}
x_{K,p}(q_K' \delta t')
&\approx& e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi q_K \delta t f_h } x_K^h(q_K \delta t).
\label{heterodyne-shift-approx}\end{aligned}$$
Generally the code will have access to $f_h$ but not $k_h$; the remainder $f_r$ is fixed by later by rounding to the nearest bin (in the paper body, $f_r^*$).
Next, we seek $x_K^h$ in downsampled time. Our goal is $x^h$ covering all the observing time, but we must go through $x_{K,p}$ to preserve the phase shifts between SFTs. For the single-SFT case, we could just substitute $q_K' \delta t'$ into the argument for $x_K^h$ and be done.
Notice that $k_a - k_h = -N'/2$, $k_b - k_h = +N'/2 - 1$ (for an even number of samples including 0). For any point in time, comparison with Equation \[freq-shifted-eq\] shows,
$$\begin{aligned}
x_K^h (q_K \delta t)
%&=&
%\sum_{l=-N'/2}^{l=N'/2 - 1} e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi j \delta t \frac{l (2 \Delta f_\mathrm{load})}{N'} } \frac{z_{K(l+k_h)}}{T_\mathrm{sft}},
&=& \sum_{l=-N'/2}^{l=N'/2 - 1} e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi j (\delta t/\delta t') \frac{l}{N'} } \frac{z_{K(l+k_h)}}{T_\mathrm{sft}},
\label{sum-for-heterodyne}\end{aligned}$$
we could define the generally non-integer $j' = j (\delta t/\delta t')$; fortunately, $j'/N' = j/N$. The exponent is then $\exp{(\mathrm{i} 2 \pi j' l /N)}$.
For a detour, note that $x_K^h$ is almost fit for a Fourier transform, but it requires an index shift. Periodicity in the Fourier transform means that any substitution $j k \rightarrow j k + Q N$ for a transform with time steps $j$, frequency steps $k$, and number of samples $N$, by integer $Q$, leaves the result invariant. For half-integer $Q$, the substitution moves positive frequencies into negative frequencies (increasing in the same direction as before) and vice versa. Choose new index $m \equiv l + N'/2$, so $l = m - N'/2$:
$$\begin{aligned}
%&=& \sum_{m=0}^{l=N' - 1} e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi j' (l-N'/2) / N' } \frac{z_{K(m+k_h-N'/2)}}{T_\mathrm{sft}},\\
x_K^h (q_K \delta t)
% &=& \sum_{l=-N'/2}^{l=N'/2 - 1} e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi \frac{ j' (m-N'/2)}{N'} } %\frac{z_{K(l+k_h)}}{T_\mathrm{sft}},
%\\
%&=& e^{-\mathrm{i} \pi j'} \sum_{m=0}^{m=N' - 1} \nonumber \\
%&& \times e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi j' m / N' } \frac{z_{K(m+k_h-N'/2)}}{T_\mathrm{sft}},\nonumber\\
&=& (-1)^{-j'} \sum_{m=0}^{m=N - 1} B(0,N') \nonumber \\
&& \times e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi j m / N } \frac{z_{K(m+k_h-N'/2)}}{T_\mathrm{sft}},\label{shifted-for-fft}\end{aligned}$$
where, for illustration, $B(0, N')$ is the Boxcar function, acting as a bandpass. This $x^h_K$ is at the full sampling rate and is only theoretical. The sum term is a straightforward inverse Fourier transform, from $m$ to $j$, of the $z_K$ data from frequency bins $k_h - N'/2$ to $k_h + N'/2 -1$. In practice, the $(-1)^{-j'}$ factor (the move from positive to negative frequencies) depends into the conventions of Fast Fourier Transform programs. Care is required to ensure the right convention. For us, the interface with the *FFTW* library absorbs this factor. We will use this Fourier transform after constructing the time series.
To construct the full time-series for the entire observing run, use the time-shift Equation \[heterodyne-shift-approx\] for $x_{K,p}$ and Equation \[sum-for-heterodyne\] for $x_K^h$, noting that $\bar f_h \approx f_h$:
$$\begin{aligned}
%\exp{(i2\pi f_h j' \delta t')} &=& e^{i2\pi f_h [t_K - T_\mathrm{sft}/2 + j'\delta t']},\\
\exp{(i2\pi f_h q_K \delta t)}
%&=& e^{i2\pi f_h [t_K - T_\mathrm{sft}/2 + j\delta t]},\\
&\approx& e^{i2\pi f_h [t_K - T_\mathrm{sft}/2 + j' k_h/N']},
%\nonumber
%x_{K,p}(q_K'\delta t') &=& e^{i2\pi f_h[t_K - T_\mathrm{sft}/2]} \\
%x_{K,p}(q_K' \delta t') &=& e^{i2\pi f_h[t_K - T_\mathrm{sft}/2]} \sum_{l=-N'2/2}^{l=N'/2 - 1} \\
%&& \times e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi (j' l / N' + f_h j \delta t) } \frac{z_{K(l+k_h)}}{T_\mathrm{sft}},\nonumber\end{aligned}$$
whereby the *frequency-shifted, heterodyned, downsampled* $x_K^h(q_K' \delta t')$ has the SFT start time phase shift with respect to $x_K^h(q_K \delta t)$:
$$\begin{aligned}
x_K^h(q_K' \delta t') = e^{-i2\pi f_h [t_K - \frac{T_\mathrm{sft}}{2} + \frac{j' k_h}{N'}]} x_{K,p}(q'_K \delta t').\end{aligned}$$
The $j' k_h/N'$ can be absorbed into the bandpassing by a change of index, providing a quantity amenable to an FFT. Returning to Equation \[bandpassed-data-eq\] for $x_{K,p}(q_K \delta t)$, which equals $x_{K,p}(q_K' \delta t')$ at equal times $t$:
$$\begin{aligned}
%e^{-i2\pi \frac{ j' k_h}{N'}} x_{K,p}(q'_K \delta t') &=& \sum_{l=-N'/2}^{l=N'/2+1} e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi (q_K' l + q_K' k_h + j' k_h)/N'},\\
x_K^h(q_K \delta t) i
%&=& e^{-i2\pi f_h [t_K - \frac{T_\mathrm{sft}}{2}]} \\
% &&\times\sum_{l=-N'/2}^{N'/2+1} e^{-\mathrm{i} 2\pi \frac{j' k_h}{N'}} e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi \frac{j (l+k_h)}{N}} \frac{z_{K(l+k_h)}}{T_\mathrm{sft}},\nonumber\\
&=& e^{-i2\pi f_h [t_K - \frac{T_\mathrm{sft}}{2}]} \\
&&\times\sum_{l=-N'/2}^{N'/2+1} e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi \left(\frac{j' (l+k_h)}{N'} - \frac{j' k_h}{N'}\right)} \frac{z_{K(l+k_h)}}{T_\mathrm{sft}}.\nonumber\end{aligned}$$
Invoking Equation \[shifted-for-fft\],
$$\begin{aligned}
x_K^h(q_K' \delta t') &=& e^{-i2\pi f_h [t_K - \frac{T_\mathrm{sft}}{2}]} (-1)^{-j'} \\
&& \times \sum_{m=0}^{N'-1} e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi j' m / N'} \frac{z_{K(m+k_h - N'/2)} }{T_\mathrm{sft}} \nonumber\end{aligned}$$
While for arbitrary $q_K$, $j'$ is not an integer, the downsampled time-series $q_K'$ is specifically chosen for times where it is. Then the sum is indeed an inverse discrete Fourier transform of bandpassed data (which by itself is $x_{K,p}$), but also shifted by $k_h$. Including the negative-frequency sign convention with $(-1)^{-j'}$, call this $x_{K,s}$:
$$\begin{aligned}
x_{K,s}(q'_K \delta t') &\equiv& (-1)^{-j'} \\
&& \times \sum_{m=0}^{N'-1} e^{\mathrm{i} 2\pi j' m / N'} \frac{z_{K(m+k_h - N'/2)} }{T_\mathrm{sft}} \nonumber\\
x_K^h(q_K' \delta t') &=& e^{-i2\pi f_h [t_K - \frac{T_\mathrm{sft}}{2}]} x_{K,s}(q_K' \delta t').\end{aligned}$$
This result for the exponent depends on the heterodyne frequency $f_h$ and SFT mid-time $t_K$ but not the index $q_K$. In comparison with Equation \[heterodyne-shift-approx\], the index $j \delta t$ has been absorbed. So it is generally true of any time $t = q_K \delta t$, including $t = q_K' \delta t'$. Carefully note, however, that $x_K^h$ is *still* heterodyned in the sense that a Fourier transform will yield the spectrum shifted by $f_h$. All the correction has done is shift the phase so that different SFTs are in-phase. We now use this alignment to construct the complete time series from the SFTs.
Since $q_K$ is distinct for the entire time series, that series of $x_{q'}^h\equiv x^h(q'\delta t')$ is the sum (neglecting windowing),
$$\begin{aligned}
x^h(q' \delta t')
%&=& \sum_{K=0}^M x_{K}^h(q_K' \delta t'),
&=& \sum_{K=0}^M e^{-\mathrm{i}2\pi f_h [t_K - T_\mathrm{sft}/2]} x_{K,s}(q_K' \delta t').
\label{long-time-series-het-corrected}\end{aligned}$$
In practice, the quantity $x_{K,s}(q_K' \delta t')$ is computed from the inverse Fourier transform of a band of data centered around $f_h$ with bandwidth $f_\mathrm{band}$, so Equation \[long-time-series-het-corrected\] is the simplest construction of the complete downsampled time series. Again, any signal at frequency $f_0$ in $x$ is at $f_0 - f_h$ in $x'$. Downsampling also reduces the computation cost of interpolating into the BB frame.
Interpretation and degeneracies of statistic\[stat-interp-rho\]
===============================================================
Several properties of the $\rho$ statistic should be noted that do not neatly fit into the main text. In the fully-coherent limit, just as the $\mathcal{F}$-statistic is proportional to the log-likelihood ratio of a sinusoidal waveform hypothesis compared to Gaussian noise [@Jaranowski1998], so too should the $\rho$ statistic be interpreted. In this limit, the set of output $\rho(f_0,\lambda)$ from a search constitutes a sampling of the likelihood surface. This likelihood surface is amenable to composite hypothesis testing, as well as Bayesian interpretation [@BStatPrix2009].
Locally, the ‘likelihood surface’ of $\rho$ is well-described by the metric approximation [@ScoX1CrossCorr2015PRD]. Globally, long-range degeneracies appear. Degeneracies step mainly from surfaces of $d\Phi = 0$ in the phase model, Equation \[phase-model-eq\]. In the $(f_0, a_p, T_\mathrm{asc})$ space, these degeneracies form a cone along the $f_0$ axis, with the vertex at the maximum $\rho$. The surface of the cone arises from the largest component of the set of sidebands from residual phase modulation when $(a_p, T_\mathrm{asc})$ are offset from their true values. This surface has been noted elsewhere in cross-section as a 2-dimensional $X$ shape, for example in the $(f_0, a_p)$ plane [@SidebandMarkovModelSuvorova2016; @MeadorsDirectedMethods2016]. Because this extended surface correlates neighboring templates, naïve division by a trials factor equal to the number of templates (Bonferroni correction) may yield an overly-conservative $p$-value. The metric may also be too conservative for high values of mismatch [@WettePRD2016].
Semicoherent statistics such as $\rho$ grow proportionally to $(T_\mathrm{obs} T_\mathrm{max})^{1/4}$, and they also grow proportionally to $h_0^2$. This is in contrast to fully-coherent statistics, which take $T_\mathrm{max} = T_\mathrm{obs}$ and therefore grow proportionally to $T_\mathrm{obs}^{1/2}$. However, another class of power-based statistics, such as the ‘TwoSpect’ method [@GoetzTwoSpectMethods2011], also grows as $T_\mathrm{obs}^{1/4}$ but, differently from the semicoherent case, as $h_0^4$. GW phase coherence is not used over timescales longer than one SFT in these power-based statistics, and the final statistic depends on the power of a second FFT, over the orbital cycle.
The cross-correlation method’s code must calculate $\rho$ as efficiently as possible in a sample of the likelihood surface that does not miss its peak. Viewed as semi-coherent choice of the weights matrix $\textbf{W}$, the goal is the calculate the largest number of elements of the weights matrix for the lowest cost. Skipping the auto-correlation in our code comes at the cost of the statistic contribution from that element. Avoidance of auto-correlation is natural from the standpoint of the *Radiometer*, which only permits same-time correlations and has no signal model. For the radiometer, auto-correlation would contaminate the search with the noise of the detector. From the standpoint of the $\mathcal{F}$-statistic, it is conversely natural to include the auto-correlation, because it fits in the middle of an FFT. Capturing the adjacent elements of the weights matrix from the cross-correlation method with an FFT requires additional overlap of a factor of $T_\mathrm{coh}/T_\mathrm{short} \geq 3$. It should be determined whether the cost of this overlap is worth the exclusion of noise (and signal) contributions from the auto-correlation.
Merits of the cross-correlation method in noisy data\[glitch-merits-of-crosscorr\]
==================================================================================
The cross-correlation method, unlike the $\mathcal{F}$-statistic but like the *Radiometer* method, avoids auto-correlation by default. Consider the presence of some sine-Gaussian glitch in the data that might justify this avoidance:
$$g(t) = A e^{-(t-t_0)^2/(2\sigma^2)} \sin{\omega t - \phi_0}.$$
In the Fourier domain in which the cross-correlation method computes its statistic, the Fourier transform of $g(t)$, $\tilde{g}(f)$, is the convolution of the Fourier transforms of the Gaussian and sinusoidal terms, which are respectively also Gaussian and a Dirac delta function. The glitch does contribute noise in a Gaussian frequency distribution around the frequency $\omega$, with amplitude proportional to $A$. By removing the auto-correlation, such glitches will never correlate with themselves. Assuming that $\omega$ and $t_0$ are randomly-distributed, they will be unlikely to correlate with other glitches at different times. Therefore, the noise background of the cross-correlation method could conceivably be lower. Empirically, values of $\rho$ and $\mathcal{F}$ appear similar for comparable noise and signal strength. Whether the theoretically lower background of the cross-correlation method holds in real data is an important test. If the two statistics recover signals comparably well for the same coherent integration time, then whichever calculates a given coherence time most efficiently is best. This paper has established a path between the two methods.
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52" wright stander only 200 hours
52 stander for sale. Only 200 hours. 23 kawisaki motor. Oil changed every 40 hours. Clean machine but does have few normal scratches on cutting deck and a few trailer scratches. Greeat mower reseon for selling is to buy a bigger ztr for new contracts.
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Competition, Mutuality, and Ambiguity: Women’s Erotics in Sappho Song 1 and 94
Katherine Cottrell
Anne Carson and Ellen Greene offer disparate theories of the erotics at work in Sappho’s surviving corpus. Carson maintains that Sappho’s erotics are in line with those of the dominant culture that frames lovers and beloveds as occupying two drastically different roles in a pederastic, homosexual relationship, viz. as active and passive lovers. Greene offers an alternative read of Sappho’s women’s erotics as one of mutuality based on her analysis of fragment 94 that runs counter to Carson’s analysis of the erotics of Sappho’s songs. Greene uses the results of her argument concerning this fragment to engage Carson’s take on Song 1. The answer, competition or mutuality, is not as exclusive as these two papers might suggest. Instead, inspired by Lisa Maurizio’s work on the ambiguity of the Pythias at Delphi, it is possible to imagine that Sappho purposely played into the ambiguity between the two possible readings. After an examination of Carson and Greene’s arguments, respectively, I will attempt to reconcile the two arguments to show that the respective readings do not have to be mutually exclusive. In fact, I find them complementary in a way that attests the songstress’s deft poetic talent.
Anne Carson offers an interpretation of Sappho’s Song 1 that hinges on a grammatical insight made in the sixth stanza of the song. [1]
For if she flees, shortly she will pursueIf she does not accept gifts, rather she will giveIf she does not love, shortly she will love,even being unwilling.
Sappho 1.21–24
This stanza is Aphrodite’s judgment after Sappho’s pleas in the earlier parts of the song. Sappho invites Aphrodite to come to her aid in matters of unrequited love. Aphrodite appears in a moment of epiphany both to the character Sappho within the poem itself and to the audience by speaking through the performer(s).
Once Aphrodite makes her appearance she asks Sappho who is wronging her. Carson notes that there is a disjunction between the end of the fifth stanza and the beginning of the sixth. Sappho never answers Aphrodite’s question. Instead, Aphrodite continues to share her divine sentence. The controversy Carson wishes to address is whom the girl will pursue, to whom she will give gifts, and whom she will love. There are two basic camps in this debate: those who believe Aphrodite is implying that the young girl will return Sappho’s affections and those who believe Aphrodite is suggesting that soon enough (ταχέως) the young girl will suffer as Sappho is now while chasing after a different, fleeing young girl. Carson argues for the latter category of the young girl growing up and suffering a similar fate to Sappho’s current suffering, i.e. she will become like the Sappho character and will unrequitedly pursue her beloved. There is, of course, a collection of slight variations of each of these interpretations. For example, in the first option the young girl and Sappho could switch the directionality of their interests. The young girl could become the pursuer of the fleeing Sappho. [2] Another option in this interpretation is that the girl will return Sappho’s love and the two will enter into a state of mutual pursuit. This version is argued for by Greene and will be discussed below.
The suffering of the same fate in a later time according to Carson is the justice of Aphrodite that Sappho is calling for when she invites Aphrodite back again to help her. Carson writes, “she [the character of Sappho] is not daydreaming about imaginary reversals but looking forward to a concrete and inevitable revenge.” [3] Aphrodite assures the character of Sappho that the young girl, her beloved, will soon grow older and become a lover herself. She will then suffer as the character of Sappho does in the original performance of the song.
The key turn in Carson’s argument is that the sixth stanza lacks a direct object for διὠξει, δώσει, or φιλήσει. She notes that Aphrodite does not promise the character of Sappho that her beloved will do any of these things for Sappho. Without the explicit promise of happy returns, Carson argues that the jilted lover in this song, like many other pining lovers in Greek erotic poetry, is praying for a certain kind of revenge. She wants her beloved to know how it feels to be rejected. Carson expects that a Greek audience familiar with the typical balance of power in pederastic relationships would hear this stanza and assume the sort of delayed revenge for which she argues. She writes, “Aphrodite’s tone, then, is one of brisk and reassuring dismissal, as the goddess of love disclaims the possibility that Sappho’s beloved, no matter who she is, will remain an object of desire forever.” [4] Time is on the character of Sappho’s side, while her young beloved will soon fall prey to the passage of time, passing from beloved to lover. [5]
Ultimately, Carson offers her interpretation of this sixth stanza as the resolution to a variety of approaches ranging from close readings of grammar, cohesion of the meaning of the stanzas, and integration into larger structures of Greek erotic verse. She emphatically believes that Sappho is not asking for reconciliation, instead “she is praying for justice.” [6] The character Sappho is asking for the goddess to enact erotic justice on her behalf.
In stark contrast to Carson’s reading, Ellen Greene offers a cohesive theory of women’s erotics that is entirely against the grain of the larger structures of Greek erotic verse and understandings of the power dynamics in relationships. Greene argues that in fragment 94 specifically Sappho offers “an erotic practice and discourse outside of patriarchal modes of thought.” [7] In a moment of full disclosure, I will admit that I am partial to Greene’s larger project of using alternate methodologies to reimagine the nature of erotics presented in Sappho’s songs. [8] However, as will be discussed below, I do not find her argument entirely convincing. Her article is a means to challenge Carson’s reading of women’s erotics in Sappho’s songs in order to highlight the multitude of understandings that can arise from the meager fragments still remaining.
At first blush, the disagreement between Carson and Greene looks almost like the confusion Socrates has in the Symposium concerning the nature of Eros. Just after her account of the birth of Eros, Diotima tells Socrates that it is not surprising that he thought of Eros as he did given that he conceived of love as “being loved,” not as “being a lover” (Plato Symposium 204c1–7). The nature of Eros, for Diotima, is that he is a lover, not a beloved and ought to be seen as such. If we, like Page via Carson, understand this switch to mean that the young girl has become Sappho’s lover, then all is well. However, in the mortal realm, this sort of direct switching of roles between ἐραστής and ἐρώμενος does not seem to work. Not at least within the Symposium itself, as Alcibiades fails miserably in his increasingly desperate attempts to court Socrates.
The ἐραστής and ἐρώμενος relationship is the fundamental relationship discussed within the Symposium. It culminates in Diotima’s speech concerning the correct progression of τὰ ἐρωτικά, the rites of love. Within Diotima’s speech, the character Socrates and the author Plato offer a new sort of eroticism that eschews the standard processes of pederastic love. Diotima offers a story of ascent that begins with the love between two who are pregnant in mind, but insists that this love must transcend this level of personal love (Plato Symposium 207a–212b). I digress here. But I wish to point out that the following theory put forth by Greene might not be as outlandish at it seems. Sappho was composing well before Plato wrote. But, surely, Plato was not the only thinker to posit a different erotics. [9]
While Greene is in the camp that Sappho is asking Aphrodite not for delayed divine justice, but instead for the young girl to return her favor more immediately, she is not advocating for this clear reversal. Instead, Greene uses the lack of direct object as a proof that Sappho the poet is not willing to make either the beloved or the lover objects of the other’s affection. Instead, they both exist as subjects. Greene is making a fine point here. She believes that Sappho, the character, is entreating Aphrodite to allow both her and the girl to exist in a space outside this traditional ἐραστής and ἐρώμενος relationship.
Greene writes, “Aphrodite’s question to Sappho in lines 18–19 … seems to imply that Sappho wants Aphrodite’s help in turning the girl’s love in Sappho’s direction.” [10] Greene argues against Carson that given the framing of the song, Sappho would have no need of a repeated decrying of divine, universal justice. During any given performance of this song, it is not the first time the character of Sappho has called upon Aphrodite. The consistent use of the particle δηὖτε calls attention to this. [11] If the character Sappho had been assured of this justice once, Greene does not believe that she would need to repeatedly call on Aphrodite for reassurance, especially if this assurance is based on a universal truth.
The crux of Greene’s argument, though, lies outside her specific critiques of Carson. For her argument—that Sappho is not calling for erotic justice in the conventional sense, but also is not asking for the girl to become ἐραστής to the character Sappho—to work necessarily requires a non-conventional erotics (for archaic Greece). Her disagreement with Carson’s reading is a continuation of her line of discussion concerning fragment 94, apostrophe, intersubjectivity, and a counter-understanding to the hierarchical structure of ἐραστής and ἐρώμενος relationships.
Greene’s analysis of fragment 94 utilizes Benjamin’s concept of intersubjectivity. Greene explains that this theory is, “a mutuality between lover and beloved based on a subject position for women that defies cultural norms and furnishes an alternate basis for categorizing female experience.” [12] Women, and other marginalized groups, are able to posit these sorts of alternatives because they fall outside the dominant discourses. This is not to say that they do not participate in dominant structures, but that they have a different position in relation to them. The idea is that by being marginalized women are asked to participate in the dominant, hierarchical modes of love, but they also have opportunities to create alternatives specifically because they recognize the dominant view as constructed.
Greene uses Benjamin’s theory to analyze the way Sappho the poet creates this mutual subject position within fragment 94. It relies on both the progressive grammar and the poet’s use of apostrophe. First, apostrophe is a way that the erotic self both constitutes itself and constitutes the absent beloved. Since it is doing both at once the objectivity of the other is called into question. In some sense the self and the other are co-created in a way that dissolves the distinction between the two.
A key sentence from Greene’s article summarizes how she thinks fragment 94 works to create this enclave of mutuality. She writes, “The speaker’s erotic fulfillment comes not from making the beloved a beautiful object of contemplation, but by drawing the beloved to her by making the beloved a part of the lover’s interior world of memory and imagination.” [13] Greene argues that Sappho the poet does this by using the apostrophe. In using apostrophe, the speaker invites the absent beloved into her memory and is able to constitute both her erotic self and the beloved in that imagined space. That space, as Greene points out, is full of poetic imagery and seems to exist in a detemporalized and unmoored space. [14]
Greene does not rely on apostrophe alone to suggest this subject-object breakdown. She also considers the performer’s progression from third-person narrative to second-person imperative, to the first-person “we.” She notes that the song as it exists starts with a third-person narrative of separation. It then moves to imperatives where the speaker addresses her beloved. Then, in line 8 πεδήπομεν appears. Greene writes, “The ‘we’ of πεδήπομεν initiates a shift from reported speech to a detemporalized mode of discourse in which individual voices of the two lovers are no longer clearly differentiated.” [15] So not only does the apostrophic structure of the fragment suggest a collapsing of self and other, but the grammar does the same.
Overall, I find Greene’s argument compelling. I think it is possible in this fragment to see how the conventional hierarchical structure breaks down. Her critique of Carson’s analysis of stanza six in Song 1 is also plausible. However, as stated above, I do not think it is then the exclusive truth. Similarly, I do not think that Carson is incorrect in reading stanza six of Song 1 in the way that she does. I would like to address in the rest of this paper the question of how these two seemingly exclusive readings can coexist in a both/and relationship as opposed to an either/or as they suggest is necessary.
First, I would like to discuss who comprises the assumed audience of these songs for Carson and Greene, respectively. Carson does not explicitly state whom she imagines as the audience for Song 1. She does not talk about this song as it is performed. The presumed audience, however, includes men. Carson is aware that the written tradition of Sappho was guarded by scholiasts and other literate individuals which, given the society, suggests men. This, like her interpretation, is true within its limitations.
On the other hand, Greene assumes an exclusively female audience. [16] For Greene, Sappho must have written and performed her work (or had it performed) within the confines of female only spaces. It seems that this is the only way that the alternative erotics could have arisen according to her. I do not believe that Sappho needed an only female organization to create the work she did. In fact, I fundamentally disagree with this. Given the acts of preservation by males, there must have been something recognizable for them as well. How could she be so acclaimed still? Greene says, “many scholars believe that her fragments were performed either by Sappho herself or by a chorus of women to an audience comprising a community of other women.” [17] While Sappho’s songs are indeed choral, there is nothing that says exclusively female choruses performed them for exclusively female audiences. Sappho could compose from her female standpoint in a way that had a dual awareness that would not necessitate the complete absence of males in any part of the performance. [18] Greene writes about the bilingual ability with respect to Winkler’s work. She, however, thinks Winkler does not go far enough in his analysis. She wants to situate Sappho well outside the masculine. [19] This move is one of my main breaks from Greene’s argument.
Sappho composed these songs to be sung, not just once but repeatedly. The repeated performance of Sappho’s songs is the crucial aspect of my argument, which allows for both Carson’s and Greene’s reading of women’s erotics in Sappho 94 and Sappho 1. Here, I would like to introduce Gregory Nagy’s argument that Sappho’s songs were meant to be performed and his observations about the importance of understanding Sappho diachronically. I am borrowing directly from Nagy in his usage of the terms ‘synchronic’ and ‘diachronic’. Synchronic refers to a singular geographically and temporally situated instance of a song; diachronic refers to that song as it changes across time. [20]
Nagy deploys a similar argument in “Once Again This Time in Song 1 of Sappho” to the one I am proposing. He is working to settle the debate between the conflicting possible goals of the praying character Sappho in Song 1. He, too, uses Carson’s argument for divine justice or revenge (from Bennett) but contrasts it with Petropoulos’s argument from love spells, as the character Sappho wishes her beloved to love her back. Nagy argues that it does not have to be an either/or decision. [21] At any given synchronic moment, the character Sappho could be praying to Aphrodite to grant her the requited love of her beloved. But, if you put together different synchronic moments as a set (and thus view the performance of Sappho’s poetry diachronically) the beloved of the first performance could later perform the song herself with the goal of obtaining the affections of her own new beloved. [22]
While my tactics are similar and admittedly borrowed, I am aiming to deploy them with regard to a slightly different, yet still related, subject matter, i.e. the nature of women’s erotics as presented in Sappho’s fragments. I posit that Sappho the poet composed her songs in such a way that, when viewed diachronically, both Greene and Carson can be correct in their readings of her fragments. In one time, Song 1 is sung in a male symposium and Carson’s erotic justice is the correct understanding. In another, a pining female sings snippets of fragment 94 quietly after having heard it at a festival on Lesbos. In this instance she could be wishing for the intersubjective mutuality of Greene. I am looking at these two songs specifically as potentially paradigmatic for viewing Sappho’s fragments as a whole diachronically.
The key here is intentional ambiguity. Lisa Maurizio adds a second buttress to my argument. [23] Maurizio is concerned with reinscribing the authority of the Pythias as they wielded it. Maurizio writes, “how to interpret Delphic oracles as women’s speech nonetheless poses many difficulties because the Pythias were interrogated by exclusively male clients, and their oracles were transmitted orally and then recorded in writing by men.” [24] This is a similar project to interpreting Sappho’s speech as women’s speech. Maurizio discusses ambiguity as a site of negotiation of social expectation. [25] She argues that the Pythias used ambiguity to bolster their authority, to highlight the need for interpretation of all language, and to serve their clients. [26] Sappho’s ambiguity works similarly. She shows a command of traditional poetic forms, [27] but also moves those forms forward by introducing ambiguity. In the case of Song 1, one example of that ambiguity is in the lack of direct object in stanza six.
If the Pythias—actual women, not characters in songs—capitalized on the power of ambiguity, then it is feasible that Sappho would have as well. In her conclusion Maurizio writes, “the Pythias tethered their mantic authority to their mantic ambiguity and forged a way to accommodate their male clients, Apollo and themselves.” [28] Sappho the poet seems to have done the same. She tethered her poetic authority to her poetic ambiguity in order to accommodate her male audience, her female audience, the Muses, and herself.
This paper began as an exploration of two interpretations of women’s erotics in Sappho. Analyzing both Carson’s argument for a traditional hierarchical, and competitive interpretation of Song 1 and Greene’s argument for an intersubjective mutuality as the basis of female erotics in Sappho highlighted the dangers of being so far removed from the songstress and her culture while undertaking the task of interpretation. Introducing Nagy’s suggestion of the necessity of viewing Sappho diachronically and not synchronically opened a door to multiple possibilities. Borrowing Maurizio’s concept of the authority of ambiguity in women’s speech reinforced the portrait of Sappho as a powerful and playful poet.
Bibliography
Bergren, Anne. 1983. “Language and the Female in Early Greek Thought.” Arethusa 16:69–95.
[ back ] 8. Similarly, Marilyn Skinner’s work is also appealing. Her chapter “Woman and Language in Archaic Greece, or, Why is Sappho a Woman?” (Skinner 1996) falls outside the limited scope of this paper, but it follows a methodology of French feminist theory which opens new possibilities of understanding Sappho’s resonance for the modern reader.
[ back ] 9. Interestingly this alternative erotics is presented by a female character, Diotima. Her femininity, of course, has been written about at length. Sadly, this line of inquiry also falls outside the limits of this paper at present.
[ back ] 11. As Nagy (2015b) discusses, these instances of δηὖτε do more work than just noting that, even on the debut of this song, the character of Sappho has previously called upon Aphrodite for aid.
[ back ] 18. I am sure that many people have written on this topic. I was introduced to it first through the chapter “Playfulness, ‘World’-Traveling, and Loving Perception” by María Lugones (1996). Since then she has been my touchstone on the dual literacy of those from marginalized groups.
Publications
CHS Greece
Who We Are:
The CHS is dedicated to the reassertion of the humanism of the ancient world, centering on Hellenic civilization in its widest sense. Today, it stands as a premier research facility, cultivating a repository of materials that attracts scholars, researchers, and students from all over the world...
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Q:
Compiler macro to test difference between uint64_t and unsigned long long int
I have C++11 code that is failing to compile because an overloaded function is redefined with the same types as arguments:
char const* foo(uint64_t) { return "%" PRIu64; }
char const* foo(unsigned long long int) { return "%llu"; }
Is there a compiler macro I can add to check equality between these two primitives, and then excise the second if it is equivalent, before compilation?
There are other functions that return character pointers for other types. For instance, adding this does not cause me any trouble, even though a signed and an unsigned long long int use the same number of bytes:
char const* foo(long long int) { return "%lld"; }
So it seems insufficient to check how much memory a type uses. What are other approaches?
A:
You can inspect the maximum values of these type using the definitions from climits and cstdint:
#include <climits>
#include <cstdint>
char const* foo(uint64_t) { return "%" PRIu64; }
//ULLONG_MAX defined in climits, UINT64_MAX in cstdint
#if ULLONG_MAX != UINT64_MAX
char const* foo(unsigned long long int) { return "%llu"; }
#endif
It would probably be a better long-term solution however to create a system using templates.
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1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to electrical interconnections. More particularly, the present invention relates to electrical interconnections that are formed using particle enhanced joining of metal surfaces.
2. Description of the Art
Interconnect technology has not kept pace with microminiaturization in the electronics industry. Thus, component packages and the connectors used to form an electrical and/or mechanical interface between various components and assemblies in electronic products are now the most expensive portion of such products. Component packages, connectors, sockets, plugs, and the like are also the bulkiest and heaviest portion of such products.
Conventional interconnect technology complicates the electronic equipment design and manufacturing processes by introducing special considerations into such processes with regard to component placement, heat generation, power loss, and signal propagation delay. In this way, potential gains in performance, realized by new and emerging technologies, are not fully exploited. Rather, such advances are negated or held back by such considerations as are mentioned above.
Conventional interconnect technology provides different approaches to interconnecting electronic components (each approach having variations that do not need to be discussed herein): the use of solder reflow to make permanent, low-ohmic connections; the use of wiping contacts to make temporary, medium-ohmic connections; the use of filled adhesives to make permanent, medium to high ohmic connections; and the use of sheet materials and other exotics to make medium to high ohmic connections. Each of these technologies is either approaching obsolescence in view of the continual production of improvements in electronic components, such as integrated circuits, or it has certain shortcomings that render its use limited or unreliable.
Solder reflow technology produces a metallic contact of moderate strength, but requires that the bonded surfaces (and surrounding areas) be subjected to high heat. Such thermal stress tends to weaken or damage the components joined and therefore results in higher initial and long term failure rates. Solder bonds are easily fractured under moderate stress and, if the bonds are not formed under strictly controlled conditions, they are subject to producing cold (i.e. high ohmic, low mechanical integrity) connections.
To form a bond using solder reflow it is necessary to prepare the surface to be bonded with highly corrosive and environmentally hazardous fluxes. After the bond is formed, such fluxes must be cleaned from the surface of the electronic assembly.
Although solders are known that do not require cleaning after a bond is formed, such solders either require special atmospheric conditions to be used, or they must be used in conjunction with special fluxes. Thus, such alternative soldering approach is both expensive and of uncertain reliability.
Solder bonds cannot be formed in a uniform fashion. For example, voids often occur within the bond. Thus, solder bonds must be visually inspected after the bond is made. If the bond is inadequate, it must be reworked, if possible. Such rework is a labor intensive activity that runs the risk of damaging the circuit board and neighboring components on the circuit board.
To use solder reflow technology it is also necessary to purchase and maintain several large pieces of expensive machinery and test equipment. Accordingly, solder reflow technology requires several process steps and implementing equipment, adding to the expense of manufacturing electronic products, while unnecessarily limiting plant throughput.
A solder bond is a permanent bond, and reworking a circuit assembly to remove and replace a defective component subjects the entire assembly, and especially the area around the defective component, to elevated temperatures, which results in additional thermal stress. The solder contacts themselves take up significant space on a circuit board and thus artificially limit the absolute component density that would otherwise be possible, for example on a circuit board. As the solder used in solder reflow is only available in a limited number of materials, the continuing introduction of incompatible materials means that there are fewer designs to which solder reflow can be applied.
Wiping action interconnect technology (e.g. sockets, plugs, needle pins ect.) forms a temporary electrical interconnection and thus readily allows the remating of various components and assemblies (for example, when replacing a defective component). A problem with using such technology is that it is subject to the persistent formation of oxides along a contacting surface, which increases contact resistance. In time, these oxides build up, hastening connection failure and thus equipment failure.
Wiping action technology is only available in the form of various connectors and sockets, etc. These devices usually provide a contact surface formed from a limited range of special metals, alloys, and other expensive materials as are suitable for maintaining a sliding connection. The devices themselves have interfering electrical properties due to their size, orientation on a circuit board, etc. and thus degrade signal propagation through the interconnect (by introducing resistive, capacitive, and inductive components into the signal path).
Wiping action technology provides high ohmic connections that produce excessive and unwanted heat, and therefore contribute to equipment failure while wasting energy. The wiper mechanism, for example a socket, requires significant space on a circuit board. Thus, potential circuit operating speeds are degraded due to propagation delays (i.e. the time it takes a signal to traverse a greater distance). Sockets, plugs, and the like are only available in a limited number of configurations and materials. Thus, the evolution of electronic technology is constrained by the limitations wiper interconnects impose upon a designer.
Additionally, wiper interconnects are highly unreliable. A punishing environment, for example one subject to intense vibration, temperature extremes, and/or high levels of contamination (e.g. that in which a laptop computer is used), tends to disrupt the continuity of connections made at a wiper interconnect. As wiper interconnects are mechanical devices they corrode and are subject to wear. Thus, they only have a limited useful life.
Filled adhesives generally provide a binder and a conductive filling, such as silver or gold. These materials are unsuitable for most interconnect applications because they form permanent medium to high ohmic connections.
Sheet materials and other exotic interconnect media are largely untested in most interconnect applications. Accordingly, the reliability of such materials is questionable. Typically, a sheet material provides an elastic matrix having the ability to form spaced conductive pathways therethrough. Conduction in such materials is provided by a string of conductive particles, microwires, and the like. Such materials are expensive, show temperature induced changes in physical properties (i.e. they are rigid when cold and soften when heated), are prone to shorting and therefore unreliable, and they typically provide only medium to high ohmic connections.
Examples of such exotic interconnect technology include the following: 3M Corporation of Minneapolis, Minn. provides a material consisting of diamond particles in a polyamide binder; Nitto Denko Company of Japan provides a circuit board material having conductive bumps on either side which are interconnected by vias and which form a connection under conditions of extremely high pressure; and Digital Equipment Corporation of Maynard, Massachusetts provides silicon backed polyamide thin film deposited metal circuit boards.
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Blue Dogwood Public Market in Chapel Hill opened in June, and prides itself on offering a wide variety of gluten-free, soy-free and vegan options.
Food halls have finally come to the Triangle, but when Kelly Taylor first dreamed up Blue Dogwood Public Market three years ago, no one else was thinking about this new national food craze.
Taylor, the managing partner at Blue Dogwood and owner of Pizzelle Bakery, was seeking a location for an Italian bakery in the Triangle. She loved the space she found near West Franklin Street, but realized it was too big for just her. She met Jeff Boak, owner of the building, and the pair came up with the plan for the market.
The cooperation did not stop there; almost all of the vendors in the food hall own their stalls, and they all collaborate with one another.
“We wanted to make it so we would all help each other,” Taylor said.
Blue Dogwood opened in June, making it the first food hall in the Triangle. Morgan Street Food Hall & Market in Raleigh opened shortly after. Transfer Co. Food Hall in Raleigh has delayed its opening until 2019, and Durham Food Hall has also delayed its opening after relocating from a spot in Lakewood to 530 Foster St.
Taylor is well-acquainted with food halls: She spent time in Seattle and frequently visited Pike Place, one of the most famous markets in the United States. But the concept of a lot of stalls in one place is catching on across the country.
“You can go with a bunch of people and not have everyone eat the same thing,” Taylor said.
Taylor said food halls are a new concept to a lot of visitors, but after people come to the market, they keep coming back for more.
“I think people are tired of eating sit down dinners,” Taylor said.
Recess reviewed each of the vendors at Blue Dogwood, which features many vegetarian, gluten-free and soy-free options without minimizing taste.
The Bar
A drink from The Bar at Blue Dogwood is a great complement to any meal from one of the other market vendors. Following the theme of locally sourced foods, The Bar is unique in its selection of local and regional beers and ciders; it only imports its wines. From Cameron to Rocky Mount, The Bar's Beer and Cider partners provide a taste of the region, often with interesting flavors – a sweet potato lager and a jalapeño saison were on tap last Sunday. The hard cider on tap was surprisingly crisp and fresh, with just enough sweetness to cover the alcohol.
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Rumi Persian Cafe
Featuring a seasonal menu of gluten-free food, Rumi presents vegetarian and non-vegetarian cuisine unlike anywhere else in Chapel Hill. While the meat options are grass-fed and flavorful – the beef ghormeh sabzi was seasoned well and the vegan fesenjoon stole the show. Traditionally a pomegranate-flavored stew made with poultry, the fesenjoon was given a complete makeover with Rumi's creative take. Featuring jackfruit rather than meat, the dish perfectly balanced the line between sweet and savory without being too powerful. While I was skeptical at first due to the dish's chicken-like appearance, I was excited to find it to be an original, nutritious meat alternative.
Pizzelle Bakery
Taylor markets her bakery as the only gluten-free bakery and possibly the first Italian bakery in the Triangle. But neither of these achievements make for subpar food. The cherry pound cake and citrus olive oil cake were moist and decadent, and packed a lot into a small serving size. The name of Taylor’s bakery comes from the word “pizze,” meaning round and flat. The bakery features a wide array of small, circular cookies, or pizzelles, that can be eaten plain, dipped in chocolate or turned into a cannoli.
Chocolatay Confections
Chocolatay Confections won a Good Food award for its sunflower crunch cup, a peanut-free take on a Reese’s Peanut Butter Cup. The dark chocolate sea salt caramel was just a little sweet with plenty of sea salt on top, and gooey caramel in every bite. Its rich flavor makes it impossible to eat more than one. The shop has chocolate available in every shape, size and flavor, including vegan, peanut-free and gluten-free options.
Left Bank Butchery
Left Bank Butchery features a wide array of cuts, with fresh meat coming in every Wednesdays. The shop gets its meat from two local farms, Cane Creek Farm in Saxapahaw and Braeburn Farm in Snow Creek. Blue Dogwood is the butchery’s second location; they also operate a butchery in Saxapahaw. Aside from raw meat, the butcher sells a variety of sandwiches. They also sell cheese and flowers from other local farms.
Soul Cocina
Soul Cocina is plant-based and rooted in Latin American culture, offering tamales and arepas. The plantain, zucchini and black bean arepa filling was piping hot and cooked to perfection, and the arepa itself was fluffy and filling.
Vegan Flava Cafe
Vegan Flava Cafe was the stand-out vendor at the market. Yah-I Ausar Tafari Amen and his wife came up with the concept when promoting his wife’s book. They had plant-based diets, but others took an interest in what they were eating. The Cafe opened in 2011 off of U.S. 15-501, but closed the store in anticipation of Blue Dogwood opening.
“We wanted to remove the stigma associated with vegan food,” Yah-I said.
After realizing customers had more food sensitivities than just being vegan, Yah-I started to minimize the soy and gluten in his food.
Most of the customers are not vegan, and there’s no need to be: The Daiya cheese grits and black beans with a walnut topping were good, and the vegan pancake, made with tapioca, sorghum, cinnamon, nutmeg and vanilla was show-stopping.
Blue Dogwood has already hosted a drum circle and has plans to start cooking classes in the next few weeks. Taylor envisions it as a community space with rotating art displays. The venue will host part of Chapel Hill Art Walk in a few weeks.
Taylor said she thinks food halls provide high quality food without necessitating an hour-long sit-down dinner. The market’s focus on collaboration and locally-sourced food makes it unique from other places on Franklin Street.
“It’s a different kind of place,” Taylor said.
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Biological treatment of wastewater by selected aquatic plants.
Pollutant-removal efficiency of certain macrophytes and algae, such as Eichhornia crassipes, Microcystis aeruginosa, Scenedesmus falcatus, Chlorella vulgaris and Chlamydomonas mirabilis, has been tested in laboratory conditions to evaluate their potential role in wastewater treatment. Sewage of Varanasi city, mixed with the effluents of about 1200 small-scale industries, was used for the tests. The investigation was performed in three stages i.e. a water hyacinth culture followed by an algal culture, and finally a second water hyacinth culture. For the first water hyacinth culture, 10 water hyacinth plants were grown in a tank of wastewater with 15 days' retention time. In the second stage, algal species were cultured in the treated wastewater for 5 days, whilst in the third stage, water hyacinth plants were again grown for further treatment of the wastewater for 9 days. This three-stage aquaculture resulted in very high reductions of BOD (96.9%), suspended solids (78.1%), total alkalinity (74.6%), PO(4)-P (89.2%), NO(3)-N (81.7%), acidity (73.3%), NH(4)-N (95.1%), COD (77.9%), hardness (68.6%) and coliform bacteria (99.2%). An increase in the concentration of dissolved oxygen (70%) was also observed.
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{
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Medical Student Stress, Burnout and Depression in Trinidad and Tobago.
Health-care workers in developed nations are well known to experience high levels of burnout and psychiatric morbidity, but little information is available from the Caribbean and other less well-developed regions. This study sought to explore the prevalence of stress, burnout, and depressive symptoms and associated risk factors among medical students in Trinidad and Tobago, the southernmost Caribbean island. A cross-sectional survey design was used to sample students. Data was collected utilizing standardized questionnaires that assess stress, burnout, and depressive symptoms. Demographic data and information pertaining to potential risk factors was also gathered. Overall, 450 questionnaires were distributed and analysis was performed upon 381 completed surveys (response rate 85%). Students demonstrated high levels of stress and a significant prevalence of burnout (52%) and depressive symptoms (40%). Final year students demonstrated higher levels of burnout and depressive symptoms. Students who (i) felt they lacked emotional support, (ii) had little opportunity for relaxation and exercise, and (iii) did not feel they had control of their daily schedule all demonstrated higher levels of burnout and depressive symptoms. However, students who practiced from a faith base and considered their religion important demonstrated lower levels of both. Medical students in Trinidad and Tobago are experiencing high levels of stress with a large proportion suffering from burnout and depressive symptoms. These data suggest that immediate interventions are necessary to help students cope with the challenges faced during medical school. Additionally, more research is needed to explore the potential causal links between burnout and depression during medical school and the effectiveness of tailored interventions especially within the context of developing nations.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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Tiotropium increases PPARγ and decreases CREB in cells isolated from induced sputum of COPD patients.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by progressive airflow limitation and chronic inflammation of airways and lung parenchyma. Our aim was to assess two important elements of intracellular signaling involved in regulation of inflammation in COPD in patients subjected to long-acting beta2-agonist or long-acting beta2-agonist plus long-acting antimuscarinic: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) protein, which has antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory properties and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and activated (CREB-P) protein which has histone acetyltransferase activity and increases histone acetylation and transcriptional activation of chromatin. Twenty one stable COPD patients (18 males and 3 females, mean age 65 years) receiving 12 μg B.I.D formoterol were assayed before and after 3 month add-on therapy, consisting of 18 μg Q.D. tiotropium. In all patients, sputum induction, spirometry, lung volumes, and DLCO were performed before and after therapy. Sputum cells were isolated and processed to isolate cytosolic and nuclear fractions. PPARγ, CREB, or CREB-P proteins were quantified in subcellular fractions using Western blot. Tiotropium add-on therapy improved respiratory parameters: FEV1 and lung volumes. After therapy mean expression of PPARγ in cell nuclei was significantly increased by about 180%, while CREB and phosphorylated CREB levels in cytosol and nuclei were decreased by about 30%. Our data show that the mechanism whereby tiotropium reduces exacerbations may be associated not only with persistent increase in airway functions and reduced hyperinflation mediated by muscarinic receptors, but also with possible anti-inflammatory effects of the drug, involving increased PPARγ and decreased CREB signaling.
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{
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This morning Damon Albarn revealed that Gorillaz’ new album Humanz will be released on April 28, featuring the likes of Noel Gallagher, Grace Jones, Beth from Savages and numerous others.
But interestingly, a press release issued shortly after by the label credits Aussie actor Ben Mendelsohn with providing the narration for interludes featured on the record.
Mendelsohn’s Aussie drawl will be familiar to many, especially after his 2012 turn in the Dark Night Rises, but he is in the middle of a purple patch at the moment, with a recent unhinged, Emmy-winning performance in Netflix series Bloodline followed an appearance in last year’s Rogue One: A Star Wars Story. This will no doubt be another successful venue.
“Simply put, we’re in transition, we’re turning into something else,” Albarn told the BBC this morning. “The album kind of came from this dark fantasy. Just imagine, the weirdest, most unpredictable thing that changes everything in the world. How would you feel on that night? Would you go and get drunk? Would you stay at home? Just watch TV? Would you talk to people?”
Find out more about the new album here, and listen to three tracks from it, below.
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Minuscule 128
Minuscule 128 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 304 (Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 13th century. It has marginalia.
Description
The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels on 370 parchment leaves (size ). The text is written in one column per page, 18 lines per page. Parchment is white, ink is brown, the initial letters in red. The handwriting is like that in minuscule 80.
The text is divided according to the (chapters), whose numbers are given at the margin, and their (titles of chapters) at the top of the pages.
It contains prolegomena, Argumentum, tables of the (tables of contents) before each Gospel with a harmony, subscriptions at the end of each Gospel, and numbers of . There is room for pictures.
Text
The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Hermann von Soden classified it to the textual family Kr. Aland placed it in Category V.
According to the Claremont Profile Method it belongs to the textual family Kr in Luke 1, Luke 10, and Luke 20. It creates textual cluster 128.
The text of the Pericope Adulterae (John 7:53-8:11) is marked as a doubtful.
History
The manuscript was examined by Birch (about 1782), who dated it to the 11th century. Gregory saw it in 1886.
It is currently housed at the Vatican Library (Vat. gr. 356), at Rome.
See also
List of New Testament minuscules
Biblical manuscript
Textual criticism
References
Further reading
External links
Category:Greek New Testament minuscules
Category:13th-century biblical manuscripts
Category:Manuscripts of the Vatican Library
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Cash turnover situation in the Kyrgyz Republic in the 1 quarter of 2020
Total amount of active money аs of April 1, 2020 constituted 102 519,2 million soms, 5 816,2 million soms out of the sum belonged to cash departments of commercial banks, the rest belonged to the extra-bank system (in comparison with the corresponding period of the past year this sum increased by 11.5 percent which is equal to 9 983,9 million soms).
In the 1 quarter of 2020, 483 162,6 million soms entered the cash departments of commercial banks. In comparison with the 1 quarter of 2019, this sum increased by 10.6 percent which is equal to 46 464,1 million soms.
Change of cash inflows into the cash departments of commercial banks’ institutions is presented in the chart No.1:
Chart 1.Cash inflow to the commercial banks cash departments
In the 1 quarter of 2020, 483 031,4 million soms were paid from the cash departments of commercial banks. In comparison with the 1 quarter of 2019, this sum increasedby 10.6 percent which is equal to 46 264,7 million soms.
Change of cash payments from the cash departments of commercial banks in presented in the chart No.2:
Chart 2.Cash funds issuance by commercial banks cash departments
In the 1 quarter of 2020, cash repayment to the cashdepartments of commercial banks constituted 100.0 percent (this index has remained unchanged in comparison with the corresponding period in 2018).
Change of cash repayment to the cashdepartments of commercial banks of the third 1 quarter of 2020 in the sectional view of regions is presented in the table No.1:
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