text
stringlengths 0
7.84M
| meta
dict |
|---|---|
Unmasking of Kx antigen by reduction of disulphide bonds on normal and McLeod red cells.
We have investigated the effect of dithiothreitol (DTT) treatment of human red cells upon the Kx blood group antigen. At low concentrations of DTT (less than or equal to 2 microM) there is enhancement of the Kx antigen concomitant with the complete denaturation of the Jsa and Jsb antigens of the Kell blood system. This unmasking of the Kx antigenic site is near maximal using 2 microM DTT. At this concentration of DTT, only the Jsa and Jsb antigens are completely denatured; all other Kell system antigens tested (K, k, Kpb, Ku) are essentially unaffected. These results argue against the Kx antigen serving strictly as a carbohydrate precursor substance involved in a sequential biosynthetic pathway of Kell blood group antigens. Also, McLeod red cells, after treatment with DTT, were found to contain Kx antigen, although in much lower density than normal red cells, indicating that, although not a typical carbohydrate precursor substance, Kx may, nevertheless, be essential for the serological expression of Kell related antigens. It is hypothesized that the Kx structure and the Kell blood group antigen structure are two separate subunits associated in a quaternary conformation involving at least one interchain S-S bond. Our results should allow for a clearer understanding of the relationship between the serological expression of the Kx antigen and the serologically observed reactivity of the Kell blood group antigens of individuals having normal, Ko and McLeod phenotypes.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
---
author:
- 'T. Laffargue'
- 'P. Sollich'
- 'J. Tailleur'
- 'F. van Wijland'
bibliography:
- './Chaos\_letter.bib'
title: 'Large-scale fluctuations of the largest Lyapunov exponent in diffusive systems'
---
The long history of cross-fertilisation between statistical mechanics and chaos theory has led to the emergence of many subfields where they are deeply intertwined [@Dorfman1999], from the foundation of statistical physics [@Penrose1979; @Gaspard1998a; @Dettmann1999; @Grassberger1999], to the discovery of the fluctuation theorems [@Evans1993; @Gallavotti1995] and the study of random dynamical systems [@Benzi1984; @Arnold1986; @Graham1988; @Paladin1995]. Paramount here is the idea that studying fluctuations of dynamical observables could allow one to extend statistical mechanics from configuration space into trajectory space. Indeed, while the usual statistical mechanics tells us about the phases of a given system, it remains silent about their dynamical nature. Working in trajectory space allows one to answer this question in an elegant way.
Over the past ten years, a number of methods have been found for studying fluctuations directly in trajectory space [@Derrida2004; @Bodineau2004; @Bertini2005; @Bertini2005a; @Imparato2009; @Brunet2010; @Lecomte2010; @Hurtado2011; @Meerson2014; @Garrahan2007; @Turci2011; @Lecomte2012; @Speck2012] whence revealing novel dynamical phase transitions. Perhaps the most salient example is that of glassy systems, whose statics do not differ from their liquid counterpart but whose dynamics display a drastic slowing down. These have recently been studied by classifying trajectories according to their level of dynamic activity [@Merolle2005; @Garrahan2007; @Hedges2009; @Pitard2011]. While the activity is easy to define for lattice-based kinetically constrained models [@Garrahan2007], quantifying it in realistic physical systems such as molecular glasses has always involved a great deal of arbitrariness: the need to distinguish cooperatively rearranging regions from local rattling leads to *ad hoc* constructions based on *a posteriori* knowledge of the dynamic evolution [@Pitard2011; @Speck2012; @Fullerton2013].
A natural path to circumvent this problem is to rely on more fundamental quantities, such as the Lyapunov exponents (LEs) that form the basis of the thermodynamic formalism of Bowen, Ruelle and Sinai [@Ruelle1978]. Connections between the Lyapunov spectrum and transport coefficients have been investigated in the recent past [@Dorfman1999; @Gaspard1998] and suggest that dynamical phase transitions involving the current of some conserved quantity could also be understood in terms of fluctuations of the Lyapunov spectrum. In fact, Lyapunov exponents may well prove to be the unifying concept behind the variety of known dynamical phase transitions. Unfortunately, studying their fluctuations is a notoriously difficult task that, in spite of a large effort from the community, has been carried out mostly in low dimensions [@Bohr1987; @Grassberger1988; @Beck1993] (with some notable exceptions [@Appert1997; @Kuptsov2011; @Pazo2013; @Tailleur2007; @Laffargue2013]). For deterministic systems, computations in high dimensions appear out of reach, beginning with the difficult task to find their SRB measures, which are crucial to properly define averages and fluctuations. Fortunately, many systems of interest effectively have, to an excellent level of approximation, stochastic dynamics. Then ergodic issues are bypassed and fluctuations are easier to access as they correspond to different noise realisations. There are several ways to define LEs for stochastic dynamics depending on context and goals [@Benzi1984; @Arnold1986; @Graham1988; @Paladin1995] but studying their fluctuations in high dimensions remains very challenging, with few results available [@Tailleur2007; @Laffargue2013].
Of course, real condensed matter systems are spatially extended and endowed with interactions; the study of chaotic properties of high-dimensional systems is thus of great interest [@Takeuchi2013; @Yang2009]. When studying collective phenomena, like the glass transition, our interest is not in the individual behavior of single particles but rather in the emergent behavior of the system. In other words, we are interested in collective modes, rather than in microscopic degrees of freedom. Characterising the fluctuations of LEs of collective modes is thus both an important goal and a difficult task.
In this Letter, we show how this program can actually be carried out analytically for a class of many-body interacting systems, whose dynamics is described by diffusive fluctuating hydrodynamics. Such a description applies to systems devoid of long-range interactions (for which special precautions must be taken [@Touchette2006]) and, despite being intuitively appealing, can be mathematically challenging to establish [@Caglioti1996]. For the sake of concreteness, we first introduce a paradigmatic example of such models: the Kipnis-Marchioro-Presutti (KMP) model of heat conduction [@Kipnis1982]. Then, we show how the Macroscopic Fluctuation Theory (MFT) [@Spohn1983; @Bertini2001; @Bertini2002; @Bertini2005; @Bertini2005a; @Tailleur2008; @Imparato2009; @Derrida2009a; @Lecomte2010; @Meerson2014; @Bouchet2014], which has proven successful in the study of current or activity fluctuations, can be extended to calculate the large-deviation function of the largest LE. We validate our MFT-based analytical results using simulations of a lattice model. Finally, we present how our results on the LEs connect, somewhat unexpectedly, to damage spreading and to a two-species pair annihilation reaction-diffusion process.
The KMP model is a chain of $L$ oscillators[^1], in which the energy ${\varepsilon}_i \geqslant 0$ is redistributed stochastically between nearest neighbours at fixed rate $\gamma$ according to:
$$\left( {\varepsilon}_j, \, {\varepsilon}_{j+1} \right) \xrightarrow[]{\text{rate }\gamma} \left( p \left({\varepsilon}_j + {\varepsilon}_{j+1}\right), \, (1-p) \left({\varepsilon}_j + {\varepsilon}_{j+1}\right) \right)$$
where for each event $p$ is sampled from a uniform distribution on $[0,1]$. The total energy is conserved in each update, which accounts for this model being one of the simplest for which Fourier’s law can be proven analytically [@Kipnis1982].
To define the LEs, let us consider two copies of the system, $\{{\varepsilon}_{i}\}$ and $\{{\varepsilon}'_{i}\}$, which evolve with the same noise realisations. In practice this means taking the same redistribution time (given by an exponential law of parameter $\gamma$) for each bond and the same redistribution parameter $p$ at each activation in the two copies. We can then follow the time evolution of the difference between the two copies, $u_{i} = {\varepsilon}'_{i} - {\varepsilon}_{i}$, and define from this the largest (finite-time) LE $\tilde{\lambda}(t)$ as
$$\tilde{\lambda}(t) \equiv \frac{1}{t} \ln \frac{{\left|\mathbf{u}(t)\right|}}{{\left|\mathbf{u}(0)\right|}}\,, \quad \text{with} \quad {\left|\mathbf{u}(t)\right|}^2 \equiv {\sum_{i=1}^{L} u_{i}^{2}(t)}\,.$$
The LE $\tilde{\lambda}(t)$ – we omit the adjective “largest” below – tells us how small perturbations are amplified or eliminated by the dynamics. If $\tilde{\lambda}(t) < 0$, the copies of the systems converge towards identical energy profiles. Conversely, if $\tilde{\lambda}(t) > 0$, the difference between the two copies diverges, and a small perturbation on the initial configuration completely changes its subsequent evolution. Since this system is stochastic, generic initial conditions are quickly forgotten and the LE should not depend on them in the large-time limit.
It would be a formidable task to keep track of the $L$ individual stochastic variables. Since we are interested in the macroscopic properties of our model, we adopt a fluctuating hydrodynamics description, which accounts for the stochastic evolution of collective modes in the large $L$ limit. In this approach, space and time are rescaled by the system length and the diffusive relaxation time of a macroscopic fluctuation: $x=i/L$ and $\tau=t/L^2$. The local energy ${\varepsilon}_{i}(t)$ then turns into a smoothly varying field $\rho(x, \tau)$, which evolves according to a continuity equation
$$\partial_{\tau} \rho(x, \tau) + \partial_{x} \,j(x, \tau) = 0\,.
\label{FH}$$
The current $j(x,\tau)$ comprises a deterministic contribution arising from Fick’s law and a stochastic one accounting for the fluctuations around this typical behaviour:
$$j(x, \tau) = - D(\rho)\,\partial_{x} \rho - \sqrt{\frac{\sigma(\rho)}{L}}\,\xi(x, \tau)
\label{current}$$
where $\xi(x, \tau)$ is a Gaussian white noise with correlations ${\langle\xi(x, \tau) ~\xi(x', \tau')\rangle} = \delta(x-x') ~\delta(\tau - \tau')$. Equation shows the benefit of replacing microscopic variables by a continuous stochastic field: the noise vanishes in the large $L$ limit.
This description is generic for conserved quantities in diffusive systems and we can recover different microscopic models by appropriate choice of the $\rho$-dependence of $D$ and $\sigma$. The KMP model with $\gamma=2$ has $D(\rho) = 1$ and $\sigma(\rho) = 2 \rho^{2}$. Equations and can also describe the local number of particles in lattice gas models: $D(\rho) = 1$ and $\sigma(\rho) = 2 \rho$ corresponds to free particles performing a symmetric random walk with a unit hopping rate, whereas $D(\rho) = 1$ and $\sigma(\rho) = 2 \rho (1-\rho)$ corresponds to the Symmetric Simple Exclusion Process (SSEP). For the sake of generality, we will keep $D$ and $\sigma$ arbitrary for now. A small perturbation $u(x,\,\tau)$ of the field $\rho(x,\,\tau)$ evolves according to the linearisation of the continuity equation
$$\partial_{\tau} u(x, \, \tau) = \mathbf{A}\, u(x, \, \tau);\:
\mathbf{A} = {\frac{\partial ^{2}}{\partial x^{2}}} D(\rho) + {\frac{\partial }{\partial x}} \frac{\sigma'(\rho)}{2 \sqrt{L \sigma(\rho)}} \xi$$
where $\xi$ is the same noise as in (\[current\]) and the differential operator ${\frac{\partial }{\partial x}}$ applies to everything on its right. Linearising the dynamics amounts to considering two close-by copies of the system $\rho$ and $\rho'$, and to examining the evolution of the difference $u = \rho' - \rho$. In this formalism, the definition of the “same noise” is straightforward: we simply take the exact same realisation of $\xi(x, \, \tau)$ for the two copies of our system. The LE $\lambda$ is then defined as
$$\lambda(\tau) \equiv \frac{1}{\tau} \ln \frac{{\left|u(\tau)\right|}}{{\left|u(0)\right|}}\,, \; \text{with} \; {\left|u(\tau)\right|}^2 \equiv {\int_{0}^{1} {\mathrm{d}}x \, u^2(x, \tau)}\,.$$
We can now introduce the normalised tangent vector $v(x, \, \tau) = \frac{u(x, \, \tau)}{{\left|u(\tau)\right|}}$, which evolves according to
$$\partial_{\tau} v(x, \, \tau) = \mathbf{A}\, v(x, \, \tau) - v(x, \, \tau) \int_{0}^{1} {\mathrm{d}}y \, v(y, \, \tau) \, \mathbf{A} v(y, \, \tau)\,,$$
to obtain an explicit expression for $\lambda(\tau)$ as [@Laffargue2013]
$$\lambda(\tau) = \frac{1}{\tau} \int_{0}^{\tau} {\mathrm{d}}\tau \, \int_{0}^{1} {\mathrm{d}}x \, v(x, \, \tau) \, \mathbf{A} v(x, \, \tau)\,.$$
The LE is a fluctuating quantity that depends on the noise realisation. To characterise its fluctuations, it is convenient to introduce the moment-generating function
$$Z(\alpha, L, \tau) \equiv {\langlee^{\alpha L \tau \lambda(\tau)}\rangle} = \int {\mathrm{d}}\lambda ~P(\lambda, L, \tau) ~e^{\alpha L \tau \lambda(\tau)}$$
instead of trying to directly calculate the probability distribution $P(\lambda, L, \tau)$. In analogy to the canonical ensemble in equilibrium statistical physics the parameter $\alpha$, which is conjugate to the LE, plays the role of an inverse temperature for chaoticity. Taking $\alpha > 0$ favours trajectories with large LE, i.e. abnormally chaotic trajectories, whereas $\alpha < 0$ favours trajectories with small LE that are abnormally stable. Our next step is technical: we carry out the evaluation of the partition function $Z(\alpha)$.
Using standard path-integral methods [@Janssen1976; @DeDominicis1976; @Tailleur2008; @Imparato2009; @Lecomte2010], $Z$ can be expressed as
$$Z(\alpha, L, \tau) = \int {{\cal D}}\left[ \rho, {\bar{\rho}}, v, {\bar{v}}\right] e^{- L S[\rho, {\bar{\rho}}, v, {\bar{v}}]}$$
where the explicit dependence on the noise is replaced by response fields ${\bar{\rho}}$ and ${\bar{v}}$ and the path integral has to be performed over fields that respect the constraints ${\int_{0}^{1} {\mathrm{d}}x \, \rho(x,\tau)}=\rho_0$, with $\rho_0$ the overall density, ${\int_{0}^{1} {\mathrm{d}}x \, v(x,\tau)}=0$, ${\int_{0}^{1} {\mathrm{d}}x \, v^{2}(x,\tau)}=1$ and the periodic boundary conditions (for the fields and their first derivatives). The action $S$ reads $$\begin{gathered}
S = \int_{0}^{\tau} {\mathrm{d}}t \int_{0}^{1} {\mathrm{d}}x \,\Big[
{\bar{\rho}}\, \partial_{t} \rho
+ {\bar{v}}\, \partial_{t} v
+ D \, \partial_{x} \rho \, \partial_{x} {\bar{\rho}}\\
+ \left( \left( I - \alpha \right) v- {\bar{v}}\right) \partial_{x}^{2} \left( D \, v \right)
- \frac{\left( \mathcal{J} + D \, \partial_{x} \rho \right)^{2}}{2 \sigma}
\Big]
\label{eqn:action}\end{gathered}$$ $$\begin{aligned}
\text{where} \qquad I &= \int_{0}^{1} {\mathrm{d}}y \, v(y, \,t) \, {\bar{v}}(y, \, t)\\
\text{and}\qquad \mathcal{J} &= - D \, \partial_{x} \rho + \frac{\sigma'}{2} v \, \partial_{x} \left[ ( I - \alpha) v - {\bar{v}}\right] - \sigma \, \partial_{x} {\bar{\rho}}\end{aligned}$$ have been introduced to make $S$ as compact as possible.
The specific form of the path integral, with system size $L$ factored out in front of the action, gives the gist of the MFT: we may use a saddle-point approximation [@Tailleur2008; @Imparato2009; @Lecomte2010] to compute $Z$ in the large $L$ limit
$$Z(\alpha, \, L, \, \tau) \approx e^{L \tau
\varphi(\alpha)}\,,$$
where $\varphi$ is the dynamical counterpart to a free energy. It allows one to extend the language of phase transitions to dynamical systems [@Gaspard1998] and also yields the cumulants of $\lambda$ in the large $L$ limit since
$${\langle\lambda^{n}\rangle}_{c} = \frac{1}{(L
\tau)^{n-1}} \left. {\frac{\mathrm{d} ^{n} \varphi}{\mathrm{d} \alpha^n}} \right|_{\alpha=0}.$$
Enforcing the constraints with Lagrange multipliers, performing a perturbation expansion in $\alpha$ of the saddle-point equations and looking for stationary solutions, we get
$$\varphi(\alpha) = -4 \pi^2 D(\rho_0)\, \alpha \left[1 - \frac{\alpha}{8} \frac{\kappa'(\rho_0)^2}{\kappa(\rho_0)^3} + \mathcal{O}(\alpha^2) \right] \label{eqn:LDF}$$
where $\kappa = \frac{2 D}{\sigma}$ is basically the compressibility. Note that the saddle-point equations yield $\dot \rho=-\partial_x \mathcal{J}$, showing that $\mathcal{J}$ can be seen as a particle current at the saddle-point level.
The analytical result is the first important result of our work. At this point, we notice that the mean value of the largest LE is negative and equal to $\varphi'(0) = - 4 \pi^{2} D(\rho_0)$, which corresponds to the largest LE of a diffusion equation with diffusity $D(\rho_0)$. All other LEs are thus also negative. This reflects the fact that diffusive dynamics tends to smooth out density profiles, hence eliminating perturbations rather than amplifying them. Taking $\alpha > 0$ in this case first detects less stable trajectories rather than chaotic ones. Equation can be extended, upon painful but systematic algebra, to higher order. For instance, we show here the series up to the 5th order for the case $D=1$:
$$\begin{gathered}
\varphi(\alpha) =
- 4 \pi^2 \alpha
+ \frac{\pi^{2} \, \sigma'(\rho_{0})^{2}}{2 \, \sigma(\rho_{0})} \frac{\alpha^2}{2}
- \frac{9 \pi^{2} \, \sigma'(\rho_0)^{4}}{2^{6} \, \sigma(\rho_0)^2} \frac{\alpha^3}{3!}\\
+ \frac{3 \pi^{2} (55 \, \sigma'(\rho_0)^6 - 72 \, \sigma(\rho_0) \, \sigma'(\rho_0)^4 \, \sigma''(\rho_0) + 8 \, \sigma(\rho_0)^2 \, \sigma'(\rho_0)^2 \, \sigma''(\rho_0)^2 + 32 \, \sigma(\rho_0)^2 \, \sigma'(\rho_0)^3 \, \sigma'''(\rho_0))}{2^{10} \, \sigma(\rho_0)^3} \frac{\alpha^4}{4!}\\
- \frac{15 \pi^2 (309 \, \sigma'(\rho_0)^8 - 512 \, \sigma(\rho_0) \, \sigma'(\rho_0)^6 \, \sigma''(\rho_0) + 256 \, \sigma(\rho_0)^2 \sigma'(\rho_0)^5 \, \sigma'''(\rho_0)} {2^{16} \, \sigma'(\rho_0)^4} \frac{\alpha^5}{5!}
+ {\cal O}(\alpha^{6})
\label{eqn:LDFD1}
\end{gathered}$$
.
We have not been able to infer a generic form of the coefficients from the first few contributions.
Our approach can also be used to visualise how the system develops nontrivial structures to produce a Lyapunov exponent that deviates from its typical value, by calculating the density profiles $\rho(x)$ and tangent vector $v(x)$ – both assumed stationary in time – that extremise $S$ for a given value of $\alpha$. Figure \[fig:profiles\] shows such realisations for $\alpha=0.4$, leading to a $25\%$ increase of the Lyapunov exponent [^2]. For this value, $\rho(x)$ is well approximated by a simple harmonic modulation but this would develop into more complex nonlinear shapes at larger $\alpha$.
Since we have relied on a fluctuating hydrodynamic description, we would like to check whether the LE $\lambda$ calculated within this formalism is identical to the microscopic LE $\tilde{\lambda}$ of the original lattice model. We expect the “discrete” LE $\tilde{\lambda}(t)$ to be related to the “fluctuating hydrodynamics” LE $\lambda(\tau)$ by the relation $\tau\lambda(\tau)=\left. t\tilde{\lambda}(t)\right|_{t=L^{2} \tau}$, i.e. $\lambda=L^2\tilde\lambda$. If this relation is correct, the cumulant of $\tilde\lambda$ should be given by ${\langle\tilde \lambda^{n}\rangle}_{c} = L^{1-3n}\tau^{1-n} \varphi^{(n)}(0)$ in the large-size and large-time limit. We have checked this numerically for the specific choice of the original KMP model. As can be seen in fig. \[fig:KMP\_simu\], the first two cumulants (mean and variance) are in good agreement with this prediction. The mean reaches its long-time limit for $\tau \sim {\cal O}(10^{-2})$ but the variance requires $\tau \sim {\cal O}(1)$. Our calculation of the LE in the hydrodynamic regime is thus fully consistent with the LE measured in the microscopic model. This shows that the MFT can indeed be extended to compute LEs of spatially extended diffusive systems.
In the second part of this Letter, we turn to models with discrete degrees of freedom and show an unexpected connection to damage spreading and annihilation processes. For the sake of concreteness, take a Symmetric Simple Exclusion Process (SSEP), in which particles perform a symmetric random walk with mutual exclusion. We consider a chain of size $L$, with unit hopping rate. In order to define the LE, we consider two copies $A$ and $B$ of this system, and we apply the same noise to both copies. Specifically, we assume that hops are triggered by the environment: when a site tries to expel a particle in one system, it will also expel a particle in the other (if there is one at this site). If $n_{i}^{A}$ and $n_{i}^{B}$ are respectively the occupation numbers at site $i$ in copy $A$ and in copy $B$, the local difference between the two copies is $u_{i} = n_{i}^{A} - n_{i}^{B}$, and we are interested in the evolution of its norm $\left| \mathbf{u} \right| = \sum_{i=1}^{L} \left| u_{i} \right|$. Here we chose the 1-norm because $p$-norms with $p>1$ are singular when studying macroscopic effects as $u_i=0,\pm1$ and thus $\left| u_{i} \right|^{p} = \left| u_{i} \right|$.
Readers will now realise that the calculation of the LE is closely linked to the issue of damage spreading [@Derrida1987; @Glotzer1991; @Vojta1997]. There, one studies the propagation of a spatial defect, i.e. a small difference between two nearly identical copies of the same system, over time and asks whether this defect spreads or recedes. With the LE, one further looks at the rate at which the defect vanishes or completely changes the subsequent evolution of the system.
Coupled-SSEPs dynamics Effective dynamics for $u_{i}$
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
![Effective dynamics for $\mathbf{u}$ in the two coupled SSEPs. We look at all the cases when particles at a given site try to hop to the right. In the left column, the top chain is copy $A$ and the bottom one copy $B$. In the right column, a red particle represents $u_{i} = +1$ and a blue one $u_{i} = -1$. This is summarised in fig. \[fig:mapping\][]{data-label="fig:detail_mapping"}](mapping_tabular-figure0.pdf "fig:"){width="0.3\linewidth"} ![Effective dynamics for $\mathbf{u}$ in the two coupled SSEPs. We look at all the cases when particles at a given site try to hop to the right. In the left column, the top chain is copy $A$ and the bottom one copy $B$. In the right column, a red particle represents $u_{i} = +1$ and a blue one $u_{i} = -1$. This is summarised in fig. \[fig:mapping\][]{data-label="fig:detail_mapping"}](mapping_tabular-figure1.pdf "fig:"){width="0.3\linewidth"}
![Effective dynamics for $\mathbf{u}$ in the two coupled SSEPs. We look at all the cases when particles at a given site try to hop to the right. In the left column, the top chain is copy $A$ and the bottom one copy $B$. In the right column, a red particle represents $u_{i} = +1$ and a blue one $u_{i} = -1$. This is summarised in fig. \[fig:mapping\][]{data-label="fig:detail_mapping"}](mapping_tabular-figure6.pdf "fig:"){width="0.3\linewidth"} ![Effective dynamics for $\mathbf{u}$ in the two coupled SSEPs. We look at all the cases when particles at a given site try to hop to the right. In the left column, the top chain is copy $A$ and the bottom one copy $B$. In the right column, a red particle represents $u_{i} = +1$ and a blue one $u_{i} = -1$. This is summarised in fig. \[fig:mapping\][]{data-label="fig:detail_mapping"}](mapping_tabular-figure7.pdf "fig:"){width="0.3\linewidth"}
![Effective dynamics for $\mathbf{u}$ in the two coupled SSEPs. We look at all the cases when particles at a given site try to hop to the right. In the left column, the top chain is copy $A$ and the bottom one copy $B$. In the right column, a red particle represents $u_{i} = +1$ and a blue one $u_{i} = -1$. This is summarised in fig. \[fig:mapping\][]{data-label="fig:detail_mapping"}](mapping_tabular-figure2.pdf "fig:"){width="0.3\linewidth"} ![Effective dynamics for $\mathbf{u}$ in the two coupled SSEPs. We look at all the cases when particles at a given site try to hop to the right. In the left column, the top chain is copy $A$ and the bottom one copy $B$. In the right column, a red particle represents $u_{i} = +1$ and a blue one $u_{i} = -1$. This is summarised in fig. \[fig:mapping\][]{data-label="fig:detail_mapping"}](mapping_tabular-figure3.pdf "fig:"){width="0.3\linewidth"}
![Effective dynamics for $\mathbf{u}$ in the two coupled SSEPs. We look at all the cases when particles at a given site try to hop to the right. In the left column, the top chain is copy $A$ and the bottom one copy $B$. In the right column, a red particle represents $u_{i} = +1$ and a blue one $u_{i} = -1$. This is summarised in fig. \[fig:mapping\][]{data-label="fig:detail_mapping"}](mapping_tabular-figure4.pdf "fig:"){width="0.3\linewidth"} ![Effective dynamics for $\mathbf{u}$ in the two coupled SSEPs. We look at all the cases when particles at a given site try to hop to the right. In the left column, the top chain is copy $A$ and the bottom one copy $B$. In the right column, a red particle represents $u_{i} = +1$ and a blue one $u_{i} = -1$. This is summarised in fig. \[fig:mapping\][]{data-label="fig:detail_mapping"}](mapping_tabular-figure5.pdf "fig:"){width="0.3\linewidth"}
The dynamics of $u_i = n_{i}^{A} - n_{i}^{B}$ in the two coupled SSEPs can be mapped onto the same quantity in the two-species pair annihilation reaction-diffusion process ${A + B \rightarrow \varnothing}$ [@Zeldovich1978; @Toussaint1983]. In this two-species models, the $A$ particles perform a symmetric random walk with mutual exclusion, the $B$ particles do the same, and when $A$ and $B$ particles meet at the same site, they immediately annihilate. The mapping arises from the fact that when a site is occupied in both SSEPs, removing the particles in both systems will not affect the subsequent dynamics of $u_i$ (see fig. \[fig:detail\_mapping\] and fig. \[fig:mapping\]). The asymptotics of the ${A + B \rightarrow \varnothing}$ process are fully understood for infinite system size [@Bramson1988], but there are no exact results in finite size for averages let alone fluctuations. Since the SSEP can be described by fluctuating hydrodynamics with $D(\rho) = 1$ and $\sigma(\rho) = 2 \rho (1 - \rho)$, we know from eq. that $\left| \mathbf{u} (t)\right| \approx e^{\tilde \lambda t}$ with $\langle\tilde \lambda\rangle=-\frac{4\pi^2}{L^2}$. Hence, thanks to our mapping, we can predict that in the large-size and large-time limit, the total number $N(t)$ of particles in the ${A+B\rightarrow\varnothing}$ process scales as
$${{\langleN(t)\rangle} \approx e^{- 4 \pi^{2} {t}/{L^{2}}}}.$$
This regime, which was out of reach of previous numerical studies [@Simon1995; @Lee2000], is in perfect agreement with our simulations (see fig. \[fig:AB0\]). Note that we also have predictions for the fluctuations of $N(t)$, from eq. , but confirming these numerically is difficult since the absorbing (empty) state is reached too quickly.
In this letter, we have shown how a generalisation of the MFT can be used to compute analytically the fluctuations of the largest LE of spatially extended systems described by diffusive fluctuating hydrodynamics. The relevance of our approach has been confirmed by direct comparison to a microscopic model. Interestingly, the mapping of the SSEP to ${A + B \rightarrow \varnothing}$ suggests a generic correspondence between damage spreading/LE determination for systems with discrete degrees of freedom and reaction-diffusion processes with absorbing states. This would be an interesting direction to pursue. But perhaps as challenging would be to exploit similar techniques to study suspensions of interacting colloids, which could open the way to identifying slow modes in glass formers. A concrete starting point would be the stochastic evolution equation established by Dean [@Dean1996], for which the strategy deployed in this work would apply, though alternative approximation schemes would have to be adopted. Leaving the realm of glasses for that of dynamical systems, it would be interesting to apply our approach to the recently derived fluctuating hydrodynamics of the FPU chain [@Mendl2013; @Das2014], for which large deviations of the largest LE are associated with the emergence of breathers and solitons [@Tailleur2007; @Laffargue2013].
We warmly acknowledge early discussions with Peter Grassberger and Henk van Beijeren. JT thanks the Galileo Galilei Institute for Theoretical Physics for the hospitality and the INFN for partial support during the completion of this work. FvW acknowledges the support of the Pitzer Center of the UC Berkeley’s Department of Chemistry.
[^1]: Periodic boundary conditions are assumed throughout the entire article.
[^2]: For $\alpha=0.4$, the $\alpha^5$ term shown in eq. amounts to $1\%$ of $\varphi(\alpha)$.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "ArXiv"
}
|
It is quite a real necessity in this day and age to have blood on the hospital shelves when needed, as there continues to be an ever-growing need for blood. Last September, there was a shortage that had enough impact in America to cause elective surgeries to be cancelled or put on hold in at least three major cities within the United States. During that time, in a phone interview with Red Cross President Dr. Bernadine Healy, she stated, “This is one of the worst ones that the Red Cross has seen.”
But what causes blood shortages? Don’t enough people donate already? Their answer is a very bleak, no. In America, what a lot of people do not realize is that three-out-of-four people will at one point in their life need at least one blood transfusion. About one in seven people entering a hospital for care or treatment will need blood on a daily basis. Below you will find a few of the reasons why blood shortages can and do happen.
Why Blood Shortages Occur
There is a growing demand for blood. Donation rates increase at 3% annually, but the demand for blood is increasing at 6% annually.
Higher rates of complex surgeries and treatments are taking place. These can include chemotherapy, organ transplants, and many other major surgeries.
Out of Americans, only 37% are eligible to donate, but less than 10% of those eligible actually do donate.
Blood transfusions can and usually do take more than one pint. A whole blood donation or red cell donation can take up to three pints for just that single successful transfusion.
There currently is no man-made substitute for human blood. It literally is something that has to be given to achieve any sort of supply.
These are just a few of the reasons, but one of the most mind-boggling little bits of information is that if everyone who donated blood just donated one more time a year almost all shortages would be eliminated or greatly alleviated. It certainly makes you think. It makes you think a little more about how crucial the message on those “URGENT! BLOOD DONORS NEEDED!” signs actually are. It makes you think a little more in-depth about how much blood is actually used every day. Hopefully it makes you think a little more about donating again when you are eligible.
Remember that even though you are only donating one pint of blood, you literally are giving part of yourself and that moment of your life in sacrifice so that others may live. In fact, as you might know, one blood donation can save up to three lives or at the very least improve someone’s current physical situation. If you are eligible what is stopping you from donating?
What else do you know that contributes to blood shortages throughout America and Canada?
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Music and neurorehabilitation: Yes, we can!
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Att möta oljeutmaningarna (kortfattad redogörelse)
Talmannen
Nästa punkt är en kortfattad redogörelse för betänkandet av Herbert Reul, för utskottet för industrifrågor, forskning och energi, om förslag till lösning på utmaningarna i samband med oljeförsörjningen.
Herbert Reul
Herr talman, mina damer och herrar! I detta betänkande om oljeförsörjningen talar jag för - och det var också vår överenskommelse i utskottet - att man bör framhålla oljans betydelse för energiförsörjningen i Europa i framtiden. Olja kommer att förbli en mycket viktig primär energikälla i EU även i det medellånga och långa perspektivet.
Vi har nu sett en kraftig ökning av efterfrågan på grund av den ekonomiska tillväxten och befolkningstillväxten och också på grund av önskemål om individuell rörlighet. Under de senaste månaderna och åren har vi på olika sätt intresserat oss för - och även i betänkandet koncentrerar man sig i stor utsträckning på detta - den logiska frågan som uppstår när det gäller hur man ska minska förbrukningen, hur man ska minska efterfrågan. Hur kan vi sänka vår förbrukning eller täcka den med andra energikällor också?
I detta betänkande försöker man ta upp vad vi politiker borde fundera över, om och hur vi kan öka resurserna, utbudssidan, och vad vi kan göra i detta avseende. Tre eller fyra punkter nämns. För det första behövs en omfattande investering för att producera och utnyttja den tillgängliga oljan: 350 miljarder US-dollar per år är den siffra som alltid citeras i detta sammanhang.
För det andra måste det påpekas att vi behöver vara mycket mera aktiva på området för teknisk förnyelse. Vi behöver också överväga hur vi ska utnyttja alla tillgängliga resurser så effektivt som möjligt. Detta leder fokus inte bara till frågor om teknik och markens användbarhet, utan naturligtvis också mycket snabbt till utrikespolitiska överväganden. I detta avseende försöker man också i betänkandet, i ett antal punkter som jag inte grundligt kan gå igenom här, framhäva att vi måste öka våra ansträngningar att göra okonventionella oljeresurser kommersiellt gångbara, t.ex. genom att bidra till diversifiering, besvara frågan hur transportvägar också kan ändras och ta upp frågan om vad utrikespolitiken kan bidra med för att stärka förbindelserna och det ömsesidiga beroendet och den ömsesidiga tilliten mellan EU och de oljeproducerande länderna.
I detta betänkande försöker man inte besvara alla frågor som rör olja, utan man söker snarare undersöka ett antal frågor som inte har stått i centrum tidigare. Man bortser från alla effektivitets- och energisparfrågor, inte därför att de är oviktiga utan därför att de behandlas i andra sammanhang. Ett antal nya frågor bör tas upp i detta sammanhang - vi bör till och med exempelvis överväga om tillräckligt många unga förmågor ägnar sig åt teknikområdet - unga människor som är beredda att engagera sig för teknik och söka nya lösningar.
Det var en kort sammanfattning av innehållet i detta betänkande.
Jacques Barrot
kommissionens vice ordförande. - (FR) Herr talman! Jag vill på kommissionens vägnar tacka Herbert Reul för att ha utarbetat betänkandet om förslag till lösning på utmaningarna i samband med oljeförsörjningen. Jag vill också tacka de ledamöter i de olika utskotten som har framlagt synpunkter på frågorna för deras värdefulla bidrag till denna viktiga debatt.
De ekonomiska förhållandena har i hög grad förändrats sedan kommissionens meddelande från juni 2008, ”Åtgärder för att bemöta de stigande oljepriserna”. Vid den tidpunkten nådde råoljan upp till 140 US-dollar per fat med stora konsekvenser för den allmänna ekonomin och för enskilda personer i EU. Sedan dess har priset på råolja sjunkit med drygt 100 US-dollar till under 40 US-dollar per fat.
Den översyn som kommissionen då gjorde är fortfarande tillämpbar för oljemarknadernas strukturella förhållanden, för världens energibehov på medellång och lång sikt och för betydelsen av EU:s energi- och klimatförändringspolitik. Alla dessa faktorer kommer att förändra våra produktions- och konsumtionsformer och vårt beteende.
Många av dessa frågor diskuterades i detalj i den andra strategiska energiöversynen, som antogs i november 2008 och som har varit ämne för debatt vid andra tillfällen i parlamentet. Dessutom var det förslagspaket om energin och klimatförändringen som antogs av rådet och parlamentet i december 2008 ett stort steg mot resoluta åtgärder för våra framtida energibehov, särskilt när man fastställde målet att använda 20 procent förnybar energi i all energikonsumtion år 2020.
Kommissionen mottar med glädje de flesta av de punkter som Herbert Reul tar upp i sitt betänkande. Vi noterar stödet för nya investeringar i ersättande energikällor, som förnybar energi, och prioriteringen av energieffektiva varor och tjänster. Dessa punkter las fram av kommissionen i Ekonomisk återhämtningsplan för Europa.
Vi välkomnar naturligtvis den vikt man tillmäter intensifieringen av dialogen med producentländerna för att hitta praktiska lösningar på de problem som vi möter. Det är tydligt att vi, på grund av det växande sambandet mellan energi och utrikespolitik och behovet av att trygga energiförsörjningen, måste verka för goda förbindelser med producentländerna för att de internationella marknaderna ska fungera på ett mer förutsebart sätt
Frågan om öppenhet om oljereserverna måste tas upp i detta sammanhang. När det gäller öppenheten om oljelagren började denna fråga dryftas vid tiden för den andra strategiska översynen. I denna fråga undersöks för närvarande möjligheten att varje vecka offentliggöra information om kommersiella lager.
I frågorna om att spara energi och diversifiera energikällorna noterar vi de resonemang som framförts om möjligheten att spara energi i byggnadssektorn och vi avvaktar med intresse avslutningen av debatterna om ändringen av direktivet om byggnaders energiprestanda.
När det gäller de delar som rör behovet av att diversifiera energikällorna i transportsektorn och utnyttja möjligheten med energieffektiva fordon noterar jag att återhämtningsplanen inbegriper ett initiativ för gröna bilar.
Som avslutning vill jag fästa er uppmärksamhet på kommissionens meddelande för att ytterligare utveckla åtgärderna för alla de frågor som tagits upp i samband med oljepriserna. Dessa frågor utgör en del av den allmänna energi-, klimat- och forskningspolitiken.
Vi gläder oss åt att få fortsätta vårt samarbete med parlamentet på alla dessa områden och jag tackar än en gång Herbert Reul för att ha gett oss information och förklaringar som blir en mycket värdefull vägledning för vår framtida energipolitik.
Talmannen
Punkten är härmed avslutad.
Omröstningen kommer att äga rum på onsdag.
Skriftliga förklaringar (artikel 142)
Constantin Dumitriu
Herbert Reuls betänkande är oerhört viktigt i samband med den nuvarande ekonomiska krisen och de utmaningar som är knutna till klimatförändringen.
Som ledamot av utskottet för jordbruk och landsbygdens utveckling har jag konsekvent stött linjen att vi inte får förringa betydelsen av investeringar i ren teknik och förnybar energi som lösningar för att minska oljeberoendet, skära ned på koldioxidutsläppen och, sist men inte minst, som lösning för att skapa nya arbetstillfällen och stimulera den ekonomiska tillväxten.
Jag välkomnar att man i detta betänkande nämner biobränslen som en resurs som inte har utnyttjats tillräckligt och jag hoppas att kommissionen tar hänsyn till rekommendationen om att underlätta marknadstillträdet för dem. Användningen av biobränslen erbjuder ett reellt ekonomiskt och socialt alternativ för landsbygdens utveckling och miljöskydd.
Samtidigt gläder jag mig åt den ökade uppmärksamhet som ges energieffektivitet i byggnader, som har införts som en prioritering i den ekonomiska återhämtningsplanen för Europa och som nämns i Herbert Reuls betänkande som en lösning för att minska efterfrågan på fossila energiresurser. Energieffektivitet har den fördelen att den också kommer att minska storleken på konsumenternas räkningar vid en tidpunkt då den ekonomiska krisen får en allt större negativ effekt på dem.
Anni Podimata
skriftlig. - (EL) Nu mer än någonsin behöver EU en gemensam europeisk energipolitik som främjar energisäkerhet och energisolidaritet och samtidigt stöder genomförbara energival. I dag är olja den viktigaste energikällan i Europa, huvudsakligen på grund av dess omfattande användning i transportsektorn. Som ett belysande exempel har man konstaterat att år 2030 förväntas EU:s beroende av olja nå 95 procent. Vi får inte bortse från att importen i stort sett kommer från länder där politisk osäkerhet råder och därför inte kan anses tryggad.
Dessutom står EU i dag inför tre utmaningar: ekonomi-, energi- och miljöutmaningarna, som oundvikligen begränsar våra val. Oljan är en förlegad energikälla. Kostnaden har fördubblats sedan 2005, priset fluktuerar ständigt och den medför höga koldioxidutsläpp. Omorienteringen i energipolitiken är därför den enda vägen att gå. Att stödja kärnkraften eller nya gruvor i Afrika är inte lösningen. Lösningen är att stödja europeiska och nationella åtgärder för att främja energieffektivitet och investera i projekt som begagnar sig av förnybara energikällor.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "EuroParl"
}
|
About Us
mothers milk DHA Fish Oil DHA Supplement is safe for pregnant and breastfeeding women. At mothers milk DHA, we strongly believe in the positive aspects of breastfeeding. As parents, we have followed the steadily increasing scientific support for this nutritional and nurturing choice. As Omega experts within the nutritional field, we witnessed the Omega revolution take place as scientific studies delved deeper and deeper into the positive aspects of the ingredient and how and why it supports the human body. Over the last few years, mothers milk DHA has witnessed the scientific linking of the nutritional benefits of breast feeding with the new and developing science of Omegas.
History and science shows that the human body, through hundreds of thousands of years of evolution and advancement, has developed the most efficient and beneficial methods to absorb and utilize nutrients. This is even more pronounced in the case of pregnant and breast feeding mothers passing on nutrients to their children. Scientists have found and clearly determined that fish and algae based Omega DHA products are fundamentally and molecularly different than those found in human breast milk. It was found that these fish and algae based DHA molecules are less readily absorbed and as a result are less nutritious and have less positive impact on the body as compared to the DHA that a mother passes to her child.
As a display of the brilliance of nature, it has been clinically shown that a breast feeding mother absorbs fish and algae based DHA and then molecularly rearranges it so that her infant can reap the benefits. As a result the DHA molecule found in breast milk is in the form that the baby needs and utilizes.
In 1999 a company was formed in Spain whose sole focus was to naturally create the Omega DHA found in breast milk. Over an eight-year time span, this company started with a high quality high concentrated fish oil and recreated the process a mother naturally produces. This DHA was clinically tested and proven to be a high quality pharmaceutical DHA comparable to that found in breast milk. It is the only company in the world that can naturally produce a DHA as found in breast milk. At mothers milk DHA, it is our goal to provide our mothers and their babies a DHA product of the highest quality that can powerfully benefit both mother and child.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Rechargeable dry cell batteries are widely used as reliable sources of power to provide for portability of electrical tools, lighting equipment, electronic computer games and toys and the like. With the use of rechargeable batteries having extra long life, the costs of a rechargeable system are considerably less than using replaceable batteries when they become discharged. In many situations, there is little if any constraint with respect to the amount of time which may be allotted to recharging the smaller variety rechargeable dry cell batteries, particularly of the nickel cadmium type. Hence, heat generated during the charge cycle of the battery can be dissipated without seriously overheating and affecting the recharged battery's performance. However, there are circumstances where it is desirable to recharge the batteries as quickly as possible. Particularly with larger rechargeable batteries, this can result in the generation of excessive amounts of heat as the battery begins to reject portions of the charging current applied to the battery as it gets closer and closer to its maximum charge.
Heat generation particularly becomes a problem when the battery cells are enclosed in a sealed casing or the like which cannot readily dissipate the heat generated during the charging. In addition, heat generation in circumstances where a fast charge is require is a problem with large amp-hour rated batteries of the nickel cadmium type. In addition, electronic components, which may be used in the controlling of the recharging of such batteries, also generate heat which may not be readily dissipated during the charging cycle. All of these aspects then lend to heat generation either within the battery or in its immediate surroundings which can appreciably affect the maximum level of charge which can be placed on the battery. In accordance with recent studies, it has been determined that a battery, which appears to be fully charged at a temperature of 40.degree. C., is effectively only 80 percent charged when it cools down to room temperature for use. There have, therefore, been many attempts to control charging current during the battery charging cycle in a way which does not appreciably overheat the batteries. In many instances where time is not of the essence, slow charging phases can be adopted to preclude overheating of the battery during the final phases of battery charging. U.S. Pat. No. 3,626,270 discloses the use of charge/discharge cycles in the recharging of a battery. This approach provides for a rapid charging of rechargeable dry cell batteries. During charging intervals, charge current pulses are applied to the battery and subsequently by use of alternating current voltage, a charge/discharge current is applied to the battery. The system charging may be terminated upon sensing a maximum temperature for the battery and then switching to a trickle charge to maintain the battery charge.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,394,612 contemplates fast charging circuits and has the capability of charging batteries at a charging current of four times the "C" rating of the battery. Provision is made for sensing the transformer temperature. Upon attaining a predetermined temperature, fast charging of the batteries is terminated and interval trickle charge is applied to maintain the charge on the battery. In each of these situations, it is assumed that once the battery has attained a predetermined temperature or voltage regardless of the temperature, it is assumed that the battery is fully charged and hence is switched to trickle charging. However, it has been discovered that when the battery cools its extent of charge may be reduced by as much as twenty percent, compared to its apparent charge level when the battery is overheated.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,614,584 discloses pulse charging of rechargeable dry cell batteries. During the high rate of charge, current pulses are applied through a rectifying device for the AC charging current. Control is provided to reduce current flowing through the rectifying device as a selected terminal characteristic of the battery, such as voltage or temperature increases as charge progresses and stopping all current flow after attainment of either the sensed terminal battery voltage or terminal temperature. A silicon controlled rectifier is used in rectifying the AC charging current. A regenerative effect then takes place, due to the decreasing current causing the SCR to fire later in each cycle because of decreased gate sensitivity. A thermistor is used to sense battery temperature. A decrease in thermistor resistance, due to battery temperature increase, causes the SCR to fire later in each cycle. As a consequence, a point is reached where the SCR will no longer turn on and charging of the battery is terminated. When the battery voltage falls after termination of charge, the SCR will commence conducting on an infrequent basis to apply a trickle charge to the battery. Therefore, this device compensates for increased battery temperature and provides some cooling for the battery during the final stages of charging. However, the battery does not effectively cool during the latter stages of the charging, because charging current is maintained on the battery, albeit reduced, but still sufficient to cause heating of the battery due to tne battery's rejection of at least a portion of the charging current applied. It is, therefore, very difficult to achieve a reduced battery temperature during the final stages of charging, so that when the battery is removed from the charger and then is allowed to cool to ambient, the maximum possible charge is not provided in the battery.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
package bsh.interpreter;
import bsh.*;
import bsh.ast.BSHAssignment;
import bsh.ast.SimpleNode;
/**
* This file is a part of ZOOLA - an extensible BeanShell implementation.
* Zoola is based on original BeanShell code created by Pat Niemeyer.
* <p/>
* Original BeanShell code is Copyright (C) 2000 Pat Niemeyer <[email protected]>.
* <p/>
* New portions are Copyright 2012 Rafal Lewczuk <[email protected]>
* <p/>
* This is free software. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
* terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free Software
* Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
* version.
* <p/>
* This software is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
* WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
* FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
* details.
* <p/>
* You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
* along with ZOOLA. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*/
public class BshInterpreterUtil {
public static boolean evaluateCondition(
SimpleNode condExp, BshEvaluatingVisitor visitor)
throws EvalError
{
CallStack callstack = visitor.getCallstack();
Interpreter interpreter = visitor.getInterpreter();
Object obj = condExp.accept(visitor);
if(obj instanceof Primitive) {
if ( obj == Primitive.VOID )
throw new EvalError("Condition evaluates to void type",
condExp, callstack );
obj = ((Primitive)obj).getValue();
}
if(obj instanceof Boolean)
return ((Boolean)obj).booleanValue();
else
throw new EvalError(
"Condition must evaluate to a Boolean or boolean.",
condExp, callstack );
}
/**
*/
public static int getIndexAux(
Object obj, BshEvaluatingVisitor visitor,
SimpleNode callerInfo )
throws EvalError
{
if ( !obj.getClass().isArray() )
throw new EvalError("Not an array", callerInfo, visitor.getCallstack() );
int index;
try {
Object indexVal =
((SimpleNode)callerInfo.jjtGetChild(0)).accept(visitor);
if ( !(indexVal instanceof Primitive) )
indexVal = Types.castObject(
indexVal, Integer.TYPE, Types.ASSIGNMENT);
index = ((Primitive)indexVal).intValue();
} catch( UtilEvalError e ) {
Interpreter.debug("doIndex: "+e);
throw e.toEvalError(
"Arrays may only be indexed by integer types.",
callerInfo, visitor.getCallstack() );
}
return index;
}
public static Object operation(BSHAssignment node, Object lhs, Object rhs, int kind )
throws UtilEvalError
{
/*
Implement String += value;
According to the JLS, value may be anything.
In BeanShell, we'll disallow VOID (undefined) values.
(or should we map them to the empty string?)
*/
if ( lhs instanceof String && rhs != Primitive.VOID ) {
if ( kind != ParserConstants.PLUS )
throw new UtilEvalError(
"Use of non + operator with String LHS" );
return (String)lhs + rhs;
}
if ( lhs instanceof Primitive || rhs instanceof Primitive )
if(lhs == Primitive.VOID || rhs == Primitive.VOID)
throw new UtilEvalError(
"Illegal use of undefined object or 'void' literal" );
else if ( lhs == Primitive.NULL || rhs == Primitive.NULL )
throw new UtilEvalError(
"Illegal use of null object or 'null' literal" );
if( (lhs instanceof Boolean || lhs instanceof Character ||
lhs instanceof Number || lhs instanceof Primitive) &&
(rhs instanceof Boolean || rhs instanceof Character ||
rhs instanceof Number || rhs instanceof Primitive) )
{
return Primitive.binaryOperation(lhs, rhs, kind);
}
throw new UtilEvalError("Non primitive value in operator: " +
lhs.getClass() + " " + node.tokenImage[kind] + " " + rhs.getClass() );
}
public static String getTypeDescriptor( Class clas )
{
if ( clas == Boolean.TYPE ) return "Z";
if ( clas == Character.TYPE ) return "C";
if ( clas == Byte.TYPE ) return "B";
if ( clas == Short.TYPE ) return "S";
if ( clas == Integer.TYPE ) return "I";
if ( clas == Long.TYPE ) return "J";
if ( clas == Float.TYPE ) return "F";
if ( clas == Double.TYPE ) return "D";
if ( clas == Void.TYPE ) return "V";
// Is getName() ok? test with 1.1
String name = clas.getName().replace('.','/');
if ( name.startsWith("[") || name.endsWith(";") )
return name;
else
return "L"+ name.replace('.','/') +";";
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
/*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
* contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
* this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
* The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
* (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
* the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.apache.jackrabbit.spi2davex;
import org.apache.jackrabbit.spi.AbstractSPITest;
import org.apache.jackrabbit.spi.Batch;
import org.apache.jackrabbit.spi.ItemInfo;
import org.apache.jackrabbit.spi.NodeId;
import org.apache.jackrabbit.spi.NodeInfo;
import org.apache.jackrabbit.spi.RepositoryService;
import org.apache.jackrabbit.spi.SessionInfo;
import org.apache.jackrabbit.spi.commons.conversion.DefaultNamePathResolver;
import org.apache.jackrabbit.spi.commons.conversion.NamePathResolver;
import org.apache.jackrabbit.spi.commons.name.NameConstants;
import org.apache.jackrabbit.spi.commons.namespace.AbstractNamespaceResolver;
import org.apache.jackrabbit.spi.commons.namespace.NamespaceResolver;
import javax.jcr.RepositoryException;
import java.util.Iterator;
/**
* <code>CopyTest</code>...
*/
public class CopyTest extends AbstractSPITest {
private final String testPath = "/test";
private NamePathResolver resolver;
private RepositoryService rs;
private SessionInfo si;
private SessionInfo sInfo;
private NodeId copiedId;
@Override
protected void setUp() throws Exception {
super.setUp();
rs = helper.getRepositoryService();
si = helper.getAdminSessionInfo();
NamespaceResolver nsResolver = new AbstractNamespaceResolver() {
public String getURI(String prefix) {
return ("jcr".equals(prefix)) ? "http://www.jcp.org/jcr/1.0" : prefix;
}
public String getPrefix(String uri) {
return ("http://www.jcp.org/jcr/1.0".equals(uri)) ? "jcr" : uri;
}
};
resolver = new DefaultNamePathResolver(nsResolver);
try {
rs.getNodeInfo(si, getNodeId(testPath));
} catch (RepositoryException e) {
Batch b = rs.createBatch(si, getNodeId("/"));
b.addNode(getNodeId("/"), resolver.getQName("test"), NameConstants.NT_UNSTRUCTURED, null);
rs.submit(b);
}
}
@Override
protected void tearDown() throws Exception {
try {
if (si != null) {
Batch b = rs.createBatch(si, getNodeId("/"));
b.remove(getNodeId(testPath));
rs.submit(b);
}
if (sInfo != null && copiedId != null) {
Batch b = rs.createBatch(sInfo, getNodeId("/"));
b.remove(copiedId);
rs.submit(b);
}
} catch (RepositoryException e) {
// cleanup failed... ignore.
} finally {
if (sInfo != null) {
rs.dispose(sInfo);
}
if (si != null) {
rs.dispose(si);
}
super.tearDown();
}
}
private NodeId getNodeId(String path) throws RepositoryException {
return rs.getIdFactory().createNodeId((String) null, resolver.getQPath(path));
}
public void testCopy() throws RepositoryException {
NodeId nid = null;
try {
NodeId srcId = getNodeId(testPath);
NodeId destParentId = getNodeId("/");
rs.copy(si, si.getWorkspaceName(), srcId, destParentId, resolver.getQName("destname"));
nid = getNodeId("/destname");
NodeInfo nInfo = rs.getNodeInfo(si, nid);
Iterator<? extends ItemInfo> it = rs.getItemInfos(si, nid);
assertTrue(it.hasNext());
NodeInfo nInfo2 = (NodeInfo) it.next();
assertEquals(nInfo.getId(), nInfo2.getId());
assertEquals(nInfo.getNodetype(), nInfo2.getNodetype());
} finally {
if (nid != null) {
Batch b = rs.createBatch(si, getNodeId("/"));
b.remove(nid);
rs.submit(b);
}
}
}
public void testCopyAcrossWorkspaces() throws RepositoryException {
// todo: retrieve second wsp-name from config
sInfo = rs.obtain(si, "test");
NodeId srcId = getNodeId(testPath);
NodeId destParentId = getNodeId("/");
rs.copy(sInfo, si.getWorkspaceName(), srcId, destParentId, resolver.getQName("destname"));
copiedId = getNodeId("/destname");
NodeInfo nInfo = rs.getNodeInfo(sInfo, copiedId);
Iterator<? extends ItemInfo> it = rs.getItemInfos(sInfo, copiedId);
assertTrue(it.hasNext());
NodeInfo nInfo2 = (NodeInfo) it.next();
assertEquals(nInfo.getId(), nInfo2.getId());
assertEquals(nInfo.getNodetype(), nInfo2.getNodetype());
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
INTRODUCTION
============
Pathological or traumatic processes that cause rotational changes to the forearm bones, particularly the radius, may result in persistent pain, limitation of motion and instability at the distal radioulnar joint.[@b1-cln_65p1093],[@b2-cln_65p1093] This occurs with malunited fractures that usually result in limited forearm rotation and can lead to degeneration and arthrosis of the wrist and elbow[@b2-cln_65p1093],[@b3-cln_65p1093] as well as articular dislocations and subluxations.[@b4-cln_65p1093]
A precise measurement of the radial torsion angle may assist in the proper treatment of fractures and when performing a precise surgical correction for a possible malunion. Measuring rotational deviation is a difficult task, regardless of the method employed. In 1945, Evans proposed comparing radiographs between the fractured and contralateral forearm in standardized positions by focusing on the proximal portion of the radius, where the shape of the radial tubercle could be identified. By comparing radiographs of the two bones, it was possible to determine the approximate rotation of the fractured radius. The distal segment was then positioned according to the position of the proximal segment.[@b5-cln_65p1093] However, this method requires various radiographic expositions and does not permit precise evaluations or standardization.
More recently, Bindra et al. described a computed tomography method for measuring rotation based on a measurement of the angle formed by an axis traced tangentially to the radial tubercle on the proximal metaphysis of the radius and another axis traced along the largest width along the distal radius.[@b6-cln_65p1093] The tomographic sections containing the traced axes are then superimposed, and the angle between them is measured ([Figure 1](#f1-cln_65p1093){ref-type="fig"}). This method is similar to that used to measure the torsion angle of the tibia and femoral head and has the advantages of low doses of ionizing radiation, accuracy and, allegedly, easy reproducibility.[@b6-cln_65p1093]
However, our personal experience when attempting to reproduce the method of Bindra et al. was that it is not always easy to trace the axis tangential to the radial tubercle because the flattened medial surface of the tubercle on which the biceps tendon rests is not always sufficiently flat to permit the exact apposition of the proximal axis without outward or inward deviation.
The objective of the present study was to present a modification of the method of Bindra et al. in order to develop an alternative technique for measuring the radial torsion angle by means of computed tomography. In addition, we evaluated the interobserver and intraobserver reliability of measurements obtained using this new method.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
====================
This study was approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Committee at our University Hospital (Protocol 344/2007).
First, radial torsion angles were obtained in 12 pairs of denuded radii ([Figure 2](#f2-cln_65p1093){ref-type="fig"}) selected from skeletons stored in the Forensic Medicine Institute affiliated with the Medical School. The selected bones were well preserved, including a fully preserved bone structure. The bones were made available for this study with the caveat that they would be returned without any violation of their physical integrity.
In the second step, the authors studied the radial torsion angles of both the right and left radii of 58 healthy volunteers ([Table 1](#t1-cln_65p1093){ref-type="table"}). All subjects signed a written informed consent to participate and answered a questionnaire with information about gender, age, hand dominance and their profession. Only volunteers without a history of previous fractures of the upper limbs were included. Thirty‐two of the 58 volunteers were men (55.17%), and 26 were women (44.94%), resulting in a mean age of 34.18 years (range: 19‐77 years). In addition, 51 were right handed (87.93%). The study population was distributed into six age ranges. Most volunteers (74.12%) were in the 21 to 40 year age range, with a high prevalence (N = 31, 53.44%) of subjects aged 21 to 30 years.
All tomographic exams were performed with the same equipment (SIEMENS, SOMATON Emotion model, Forchheim, Germany). The volunteers were positioned in the prone decubitus position on the exam table with both upper limbs positioned with maximal extension of shoulder and with the forearms attached by Velcro straps to a wooden positioning device and with the hands clasping vertically positioned pins ([Figure 3](#f3-cln_65p1093){ref-type="fig"}). The images were obtained in the transverse plane of the forearm with 120 kV, 160 mA and 1 second of rotation. Along the proximal third of the radius, the sections included a 2 cm segment of bone centered on the radial tubercle. Distally, images were obtained at the epiphysis and included the subchondral bone of the distal articular surface.[@b6-cln_65p1093] The radial torsion angle was measured using the E‐film program, version 2.1.1.
A reference line (line A) was traced on the volar rim of the distal radius, as recommended by Dumont et al.[@b7-cln_65p1093] Another line, called line B, was traced on a diametrical path perpendicular to the most prominent point of the radial tubercle on the proximal radius ([Figure 4](#f4-cln_65p1093){ref-type="fig"}). The diameter was related to the best circumference that fit the radius cross section; the insertion of the biceps tendon was visible within the soft tissue window and served as a reference that helped to find the proper point on the radial tubercle.
The radial torsion angle was measured twice and independently by three different examiners with a one‐week interval between measurements. Two of the examiners were fully licensed, experienced orthopedic surgeons; the third examiner was a 2^nd^ year orthopedic resident.
Each examiner selected the most adequate tomographic section, recognized the predefined parameters, drew the appropriate lines, superimposed the sections and measured the angles independently of the primary examiner. A mean value was calculated for the two measurements for each radius and each examiner, and the difference between the two sides for both the denuded bones and the volunteers was also calculated. Finally, a general mean value was calculated for each side as well as for the difference between sides.
Data underwent inter‐ and intraexaminer statistical analysis using a nonparametric Wilcoxon test and nonparametric Spearman correlation to determine the degree of correlation between measurements. Data for the volunteers (mean values for the right and left sides and difference between them) were also analyzed with regard to gender, hand dominance and age using a nonparametric Mann‐Whitney test for the first two items and a non‐parametric Kruskal‐Wallis test for the last item. A nonparametric Wilcoxon test for paired samples was used to compare the measurements obtained on each side in each exam by each observer. The correlation between the inter‐ and intraobserver values was also determined with a nonparametric Spearman correlation test. The confidence interval adopted was 95% (p\<0.05).
RESULTS
=======
The overall results are illustrated and summarized in [Tables 2](#t2-cln_65p1093){ref-type="table"} through [](#t3-cln_65p1093){ref-type="table"}[](#t4-cln_65p1093){ref-type="table"}[5](#t5-cln_65p1093){ref-type="table"}. Differences between the right and left radii were not statistically significant for either the denuded bones (p = 0.62) or for volunteers (p = 0.58). There was also no significant difference between gender (p = 0.96 and p = 0.85 for the right and left radius, respectively) or hand dominance (p = 0.72 and p = 0.90 for the right radius and left radius, respectively). No significant difference was found between measurements in the cadaveric bones and in volunteers (p = 0.08). There was also no correlation between age and the radial torsion angle (p = 0.73 and p = 0.76 for the right and left radius, respectively).
In denuded bones, the mean radial torsion angle (RTA) was 1.48° (‐6° ‐ 9°) on the right and 1.62° (‐6 ° ‐ 8°) on the left, with a mean difference between the right and left sides of 1.61° (0° ‐ 8°). In volunteers, the mean RTA was 3.00° (‐17° ‐ 17°) on the right and 2.91° (‐16°‐ 15°) on the left, with a mean difference between sides of 1.58° (0° ‐ 7°).
The interobserver correlation coefficient for the measurements performed in the denuded bones was 0.84 (range: 0.77 -- 0.90) and 0.83 (range: 0.75 -- 0.89) for the right and left radius, respectively. For volunteers, the interobserver correlation was 0.84 (0.77 ‐ 0.90) and 0.83 (0.75 ‐ 0.89) for the right and left radius, respectively.
The intra‐observer correlation coefficient between the first and the second measurement for the first observer, who was less experienced, was 0.65 and 0.28 for the right and left radius, respectively. For the second examiner, these values were 0.85 and 0.82 for the right and left radius, respectively, and for the third examiner, these values were 0.91 and 0.88 for the right and left radius, respectively.
DISCUSSION
==========
There is a close correlation between bone shape and function. As a result, the primary objective of fracture treatment should be the restoration of anatomy to permit the preservation of range of motion. A frequent complication of radius fractures is malunion associated with angular changes, rotational changes and shortening, which almost always results from inadequate conservative treatment. With surgical treatment, angular changes and shortening can be fully corrected with an open reduction and internal fixation. Nevertheless, a rotational deviation may persist, particularly in the case of multi‐fragmented fractures where the deformity may be difficult to detect by direct visualization. The persistence of rotational deviation almost always reduces the amount of forearm rotation around its longitudinal axis and may result in an important blockade of pronation or supination.
Angular deformities of the forearm bones are easily diagnosed both clinically and radiologically, in contrast to rotational deformities, which are frequently underestimated.[@b2-cln_65p1093],[@b8-cln_65p1093] Identifying the origin of a forearm rotational deficit may be difficult due to the lack of any accurate and reproducible method that has been validated in population studies. The existence of such a method would permit more faithful surgical planning and adequate correction by osteotomy.
Methods previously proposed to quantify rotational deviations include serial Evans radiographs, the method of Bindra et al., magnetic resonance imaging and fluoroscopy with a goniometer. All have drawbacks ranging from a high exposure of ionizing radiation to the relatively high costs associated with MRI. In addition, none of the existing methods is sufficiently accurate to identify rotational deviations of the radius of less than 35°. However, rotational deviations less than 35° have been described as important in the reduction of forearm rotation.[@b7-cln_65p1093],[@b9-cln_65p1093]-[@b12-cln_65p1093]
The study by Bindra et al. is based on computed tomography measurements and is potentially precise; it also has the advantage of limited ionizing radiation because the exam focuses exclusively on the proximal and distal ends of the radius over a short segment, implying a relatively low cost.[@b6-cln_65p1093],[@b11-cln_65p1093] However, the application of this method at our institution revealed significant difficulty in properly identifying the plane contiguous to the radial tubercle because 33.3% of our cadaveric radii and 60.34% of volunteer radii had a radial tubercle with rounded contours on axial sections. This may reflect a racial or ethnic difference between populations.
We observed in this series that it was possible to consistently identify the most elevated point of the radial tubercle by passing a line through it on a diametral path ([Figure 4](#f4-cln_65p1093){ref-type="fig"}). At the distal end of the radius, we also found that it was easy to draw a line along the palmar margin of the distal articular surface.
Previous studies have shown a wide variation in the absolute values of the radial torsion angle, resulting in a very wide range of normal values.[@b6-cln_65p1093],[@b7-cln_65p1093] The parameters adopted in the present study for the measurement of the radial torsion angle differed from those employed in other studies, resulting in considerably different absolute values compared to previously reported data but a substantially lower variation between sides for both denuded bones and volunteers. The highest variation in absolute values for the right and left denuded bones was 8°, with a mean radial torsion angle of 1.48° on the right and 1.62° on the left.
Some authors have stated that the most important and reliable finding for an evaluation is the difference between sides.[@b6-cln_65p1093],[@b7-cln_65p1093] Former investigators have obtained a mean difference between sides of 4.9°, with a range from 0.01° to 18.1° [@b6-cln_65p1093]. In another study a maximum difference of 30° between sides was found using a method based on nuclear magnetic resonance and a maximum difference of 34.5° was obtained using the method of Bindra et al.[@b7-cln_65p1093] They concluded that the diagnosis of a malunited fracture should be made only if the difference between sides was more than 35°, which was an indication of a corrective osteotomy.
In the present study, the mean difference between the right and left radii was 1.61°, with a considerably smaller range (that is, 0° to 8°). Following the same line of reasoning as former investigators, this method would diagnose a malunited fracture with a difference of more than 8°; the need for a corrective osteotomy would depend on other factors.
Variables such as gender, age and hand dominance were assessed and correlated with radius angulation. The differences between the right and left radii were significantly greater among women than among men (p = 0.03). However, there was no significant difference between men and women with respect to measurements of the right and left radii.
Neither age nor hand dominance seemed to modify the radial torsion angle in any significant way. Furthermore, the differences across age ranges and between the right and left radii were insignificant. Thus, in either case, the method reported here can be applied without fear of erring above or below normal values. There was high interobserver consistency for all the observers and high intraobserver reliability for the two more experienced observers.
CONCLUSION
==========
The method described here for the measurement of the radial torsion angle using computed tomography is an alternative to the method proposed by Bindra et al. In addition, the method presented here is easy to execute and reproducible across observers; thus, it has the potential for clinical application in the evaluation of rotational deformities of the radius.
{#f1-cln_65p1093}
{#f2-cln_65p1093}
{#f3-cln_65p1093}
{#f4-cln_65p1093}
######
Distribution of the volunteers according to age group.
Age group N \%
----------- ---- --------
19‐30 32 55.17
31‐40 12 20.69
41‐50 5 8.62
51‐80 9 15.52
Total 58 100.00
######
Overall average values for the angles as measured by the three examiners.
Side Median 1st qt 3rd qt Average SD
------- -------- -------- -------- --------- ------
right 3.25 1.33 5.08 3.01 4.42
left 2.50 1.00 5.50 2.91 4.51
Z = 0.55; p = 0.58; qt: quartile; SD: Standard Deviation
######
Differences between the right and the left radii according to gender.
Gender Median 1st qt 3rd qt Average SD
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------- ------
Female 1.67 1.29 2.25 1.84 0.74
Male 1.50 1.00 1.79 1.40 0.52
Z = 2.18; p = 0.03\*; qt: quartile; SD: Standard Deviation
######
Differences between the right and left radii according to hand dominance.
Dominance Median 1st qt 3rd qt Average SD
----------- -------- -------- -------- --------- ------
Right 1.50 1.17 2.00 1.65 0.63
Left 1.67 1.00 2.42 1.70 0.92
Z = 0.30; p = 0.98; qt: quartile; SD: Standard Deviation
######
Distribution of the overall average values according to age group.
Age group Median 1st qt 3rd qt Average SD
----------- -------- -------- -------- --------- ------
19‐30 1.33 1.00 1.83 1.42 0.55
31‐40 1.67 1.50 2.08 1.81 0.61
41‐50 2.17 1.17 3.00 2.10 0.99
51‐80 1.33 1.17 2.08 1.61 0.75
X^2 = ^5.33; p = 0.15; qt: quartile; SD: Standard Deviation
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
|
---
title: LocalForage
excerpt: a fast and simple storage library for JavaScript
---
# localForage
**Offline storage, improved.**
[localForage](https://mozilla.github.io/localForage/#localforage) is a JavaScript library that improves the offline experience of your web app by using an asynchronous data store with a simple, `localStorage`-like API. It allows developers to store many types of data instead of just strings.
localForage includes a localStorage-backed fallback store for browsers with no IndexedDB or WebSQL support. Asynchronous storage is available in the current versions of all major browsers: Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, and Safari (including Safari Mobile).
**localForage offers a callback API as well as support for the** [ES6 Promises API](/_glossary/PROMISE.md), so you can use whichever you prefer.
## Installation
To use localForage, [download the latest release](https://github.com/mozilla/localForage/releases) or install with npm:
```sh
npm install localforage
```
or bower:
```sh
bower install localforage
```
Then simply include the JS file and start using localForage:
```html
<script src="localforage.js"></script>.
```
You don’t need to run any init method or wait for any `onready` events.
## How to use localForage
### Callbacks
Because localForage uses async storage, it has an async API. It’s otherwise exactly the same as the [localStorage API](https://hacks.mozilla.org/2009/06/localstorage/).
```js
// In localStorage, we would do:
var obj = { value: 'hello world' };
localStorage.setItem('key', JSON.stringify(obj));
alert(obj.value);
// With localForage, we use callbacks:
localforage.setItem('key', obj, function(err, result) {
alert(result.value);
});
```
Similarly, please don’t expect a return value from calls to `localforage.getItem()`. Instead, use a callback:
```js
// Synchronous; slower!
var value = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem('key'));
alert(value);
// Async, fast, and non-blocking!
localforage.getItem('key', function(err, value) { alert(value) });
```
Callbacks in localForage are Node-style (error argument first) since version `0.9.3`. This means if you’re using callbacks, your code should look like this:
```js
// Use err as your first argument.
localforage.getItem('key', function(err, value) {
if (err) {
console.error('Oh noes!');
} else {
alert(value);
}
});
```
You can store any type in localForage; you aren’t limited to strings like in localStorage. Even if localStorage is your storage backend, localForage automatically does `JSON.parse()` and `JSON.stringify()` when getting/setting values.
### Promises
Promises are pretty cool! If you’d rather use promises than callbacks, localForage supports that too:
```js
function doSomethingElse(value) {
console.log(value);
}
// With localForage, we allow promises:
localforage.setItem('key', 'value').then(doSomethingElse);
```
When using Promises, `err` is **not** the first argument passed to a function. Instead, you handle an error with the rejection part of the Promise:
```js
// A full setItem() call with Promises.
localforage.setItem('key', 'value').then(function(value) {
alert(value + ' was set!');
}, function(error) {
console.error(error);
});
```
localForage relies on native [ES6 Promises](/_glossary/PROMISE.md), but [ships with an awesome polyfill](https://github.com/jakearchibald/es6-promise) for browsers that don’t support ES6 Promises yet.
### Storing Blobs, TypedArrays, and other JS objects
localForage supports storing all native JS objects that can be serialized to JSON, as well as ArrayBuffers, Blobs, and TypedArrays. Check the [API docs](https://mozilla.github.io/localForage/#setitem) for a full list of types supported by localForage.
All types are supported in every storage backend, though storage limits in localStorage make storing many large Blobs impossible.
### Configuration
You can set database information with the `config()` method. Available options are `driver`, `name`, `storeName`, `version`, `size`, and `description`.
Example:
```js
localforage.config({
driver : localforage.WEBSQL, // Force WebSQL; same as using setDriver()
name : 'myApp',
version : 1.0,
size : 4980736, // Size of database, in bytes. WebSQL-only for now.
storeName : 'keyvaluepairs', // Should be alphanumeric, with underscores.
description : 'some description'
});
```
**Note**: you must call `config()` before you interact with your data. This means calling `config()` before using `getItem()`, `setItem()`, `removeItem()`, `clear()`, `key()`, `keys()` or `length()`.
### Multiple instances
You can create multiple instances of localForage that point to different stores using `createInstance`. All the configuration options used by [`config`](https://github.com/mozilla/localForage#configuration) are supported.
```js
var store = localforage.createInstance({
name: 'nameHere'
});
var otherStore = localforage.createInstance({
name: 'otherName'
});
// Setting the key on one of these doesn’t affect the other.
store.setItem('key', 'value');
otherStore.setItem('key', 'value2');
```
### RequireJS
You can use localForage with [RequireJS](/_glossary/REQUIREJS.md):
```js
define(['localforage'], function(localforage) {
// As a callback:
localforage.setItem('mykey', 'myvalue', console.log);
// With a Promise:
localforage.setItem('mykey', 'myvalue').then(console.log);
});
```
### Browserify and Webpack
localForage 1.3+ works with both Browserify and Webpack. If you’re using an earlier version of localForage and are having issues with Browserify or Webpack, please upgrade to 1.3.0 or above.
If you’re using localForage in your own build system (e.g. browserify or webpack) make sure you have the [required plugins and transformers](https://github.com/mozilla/localForage/blob/master/package.json#L24) installed (e.g. `$ npm install --save-dev babel-plugin-system-import-transformer`).
### Framework Support
If you use a framework listed, ther’s a localForage storage driver for the models in your framework so you can store data offline with localForage. We have drivers for the following frameworks:
- [AngularJS](https://github.com/ocombe/angular-localForage)
- [Backbone](https://github.com/mozilla/localForage-backbone)
- [Ember](https://github.com/genkgo/ember-localforage-adapter)
### Custom Drivers
You can create your own driver if you want; see the [`defineDriver`](https://mozilla.github.io/localForage/#definedriver) API docs.
There is a [list of custom drivers on the wiki](https://github.com/mozilla/localForage/wiki/Custom-Drivers).
----------
*Source:*
- [mozilla/localForage](https://github.com/mozilla/localForage)*. Official GitHub repo.*
- [localForage API Reference](https://mozilla.github.io/localForage/)*.*
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
New suites construction begins: Ponoka Stampede’s Wild West Suites construction started Nov. 15. Eagle Builders has been hired to construct the executive suites, which are expected to be ready for the 2019 edition of the Ponoka Stampede. The association unveiled its plans to construct the new suites at its WPCA tarp auction this year.
Photo by Jeffrey Heyden-Kaye
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
# Mimic the sqlite3 console shell's .dump command
# Author: Paul Kippes <[email protected]>
# Every identifier in sql is quoted based on a comment in sqlite
# documentation "SQLite adds new keywords from time to time when it
# takes on new features. So to prevent your code from being broken by
# future enhancements, you should normally quote any identifier that
# is an English language word, even if you do not have to."
def _iterdump(connection):
"""
Returns an iterator to the dump of the database in an SQL text format.
Used to produce an SQL dump of the database. Useful to save an in-memory
database for later restoration. This function should not be called
directly but instead called from the Connection method, iterdump().
"""
cu = connection.cursor()
yield('BEGIN TRANSACTION;')
# sqlite_master table contains the SQL CREATE statements for the database.
q = """
SELECT "name", "type", "sql"
FROM "sqlite_master"
WHERE "sql" NOT NULL AND
"type" == 'table'
ORDER BY "name"
"""
schema_res = cu.execute(q)
for table_name, type, sql in schema_res.fetchall():
if table_name == 'sqlite_sequence':
yield('DELETE FROM "sqlite_sequence";')
elif table_name == 'sqlite_stat1':
yield('ANALYZE "sqlite_master";')
elif table_name.startswith('sqlite_'):
continue
# NOTE: Virtual table support not implemented
#elif sql.startswith('CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE'):
# qtable = table_name.replace("'", "''")
# yield("INSERT INTO sqlite_master(type,name,tbl_name,rootpage,sql)"\
# "VALUES('table','{0}','{0}',0,'{1}');".format(
# qtable,
# sql.replace("''")))
else:
yield('%s;' % sql)
# Build the insert statement for each row of the current table
table_name_ident = table_name.replace('"', '""')
res = cu.execute('PRAGMA table_info("{0}")'.format(table_name_ident))
column_names = [str(table_info[1]) for table_info in res.fetchall()]
q = """SELECT 'INSERT INTO "{0}" VALUES({1})' FROM "{0}";""".format(
table_name_ident,
",".join("""'||quote("{0}")||'""".format(col.replace('"', '""')) for col in column_names))
query_res = cu.execute(q)
for row in query_res:
yield("%s;" % row[0])
# Now when the type is 'index', 'trigger', or 'view'
q = """
SELECT "name", "type", "sql"
FROM "sqlite_master"
WHERE "sql" NOT NULL AND
"type" IN ('index', 'trigger', 'view')
"""
schema_res = cu.execute(q)
for name, type, sql in schema_res.fetchall():
yield('%s;' % sql)
yield('COMMIT;')
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Q:
Angularjs Autosave input
I want to auto save my text area control 5 seconds after last change and to display the dirty flag status too.
So when I start typing the dirty flag should be true and if I stop typing for 5 seconds, I should send the latest value to the back-end code and change dirty flag to false.
I am aware of ng-model-option and the debounce option. It is a good solution for me except that would not change the dirty flag. The ng-change triggers after the timeout of 5 secs not at the beginning of the change.
A perfect solution for me would be a delay (debounce) inside ng-change not before so I can catch the change state.
Any idea how I can handle that?
A:
I tried creating a directive that might help you. Please check the code below.
angular.module('myApp', []).controller('myController', ['$scope',
function($scope) {
$scope.myModel = 'Model';
}
])
.directive('delayBind', ['$timeout',
function($timeout) {
return {
scope: {
ngModel: "="
},
restrict: "A",
require: 'ngModel',
link: function(scope, element, attrs, ctrl) {
scope.timeout;
var parser = function(value,oldValue) {
scope.value=value;
if (scope.timeout) {
$timeout.cancel(timeout);
}
timeout = $timeout(function() {
scope.ngModel=scope.value;
ctrl.$setPristine();
scope.$apply();
}, 5000);
return ctrl.$modelValue;
}
ctrl.$parsers.push(parser);
}
}
}
])
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.2.23/angular.min.js"></script>
<div ng-app='myApp'>
<div ng-controller='myController'>
<form name='MyForm'>
{{myModel}}
<br/>
<input name='MyModel' type="text" delay-bind ng-model="myModel" />
<br>
{{MyForm.MyModel.$dirty}}
</form>
</div>
</div>
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
or some reason, Starlight's pose and extended hoof makes me think of her holding Twilight at gun or blade-point. If she were bipedal, I could picture her carrying a sawed-off shotgun (probably named Equalizer) or something similar, if she didn't want to rely on magic to defend herself.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
insights
challenges and opportunities 2014
Randstad Canada’s Women Shaping Business program aims at exploring the challenges and
opportunities for today’s Canadian women in the workplace. We conduct annually a nationwide survey
in collaboration with Ipsos Reid, asking Canadian women how they feel the country has progressed
toward more equal workplaces. Over a thousand working women (including 303 managers and
executives) were interviewed online. Here are a few highlights:
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
grilled onigiri in a green tea broth
(Ochazuke with Yaki-Onigiri)
If you’ve never eaten plum onigiri in ochazuke this might seem like an odd grouping of flavours. And words. Some ingredients here are mild, some punchy, salty, sweet but the overall result is a warm, soothing dish–in texture too. This recipe requires you to perhaps get one or two ingredients that you might not always have in your kitchen, though substitutions are welcome. But before we get to that let’s say hello to onigiri.
Onigiri are balls of rice made with freshly cooked, starchy, sushi rice or other glutenous, short-grain rice, and they often hide a little treat in the middle. Tuna, seaweed and, as in the case here, omeboshi (pickled plum) paste, are common fillings, and onigiri are often triangular in shape. Here’s how to make them and here’s why mine are rectangular:
Cook your rice.
While the rice is hot, use wet or oiled hands to form your shape, or better yet, an onigiri mold. Create an indent in which to add a tiny amount of filling, then enclose the filling with rice and work the shape while the rice is still hot, otherwise the grains will not stick to each other well or be easily mailable.
Hot rice is too hot to handle! Having no onigiri mold, I tortured myself for as long as it took to make two onigiri and they were less of a triangular shape and more shaped like the outline of searing pain. I couldn’t bear to work the shape long enough and when they cooled to just punishingly hot, the grains were no longer cooperating. Thus, I turned to the smallest little yet deep-enough mold I could find to accommodate a 1-cup scoop of rice, and that ended up being a rectangle plastic container. Yours might be a measuring cup, single-serving yogurt container or you may go out and get an onigiri mold. In any case, make sure to oil your mold so you can tap the packet of rice out easily.
If you are running out to get seaweed, just the right tea or that onigiri mold (take me with you) for this recipe, please do get omeboshi paste. I’ve gone on about its sharp, deep, briny flavour which I love, and combined with that subtle, warming tea, salty seaweed and those caramelized shallots and scallions… for me it’s the only way to go with this dish.
This story and the recipe that goes with it can be found in “SOUPS”, ISSUE 014 of Le Sauce Magazine! Get it here: http://www.lesauce.com/app
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
MCAA Social Media
Masters in Coaching & Athletics Administration
Griffith, Nicole
MCAA Staff
Nicole enthusiastically joined the MCAA team as the Administrative Assistant in the summer of 2013. She grew up in Murrieta, CA, and then moved to San Luis Obispo to attend California Polytechnic State University. While attending, she worked for the Office of the Registrar where she helped students with registration, transcripts, graduation requirements, and records. Within 3 years, she received her bachelor’s degree in Sociology and a minor in Women’s Studies. After graduating, she moved to San Francisco to work at Sterne School as the Office Administrator and Assistant Registrar. Through her experiences, she has learned a lot about education and school administration. Nicole has now relocated to Huntington Beach, and she is engaged to get married next year. She is thrilled to be a part of Concordia University, and a member of the MCAA team!
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Tag: improve your blog
Here are some super simple tips to make your blog or website more readable and easier to follow, decrease your bounce rate and increase your ad clicks. I have personally implemented ALL of the tips below and saw an almost instant improvement with my average time on site, page views and bounce rate stats in Google Analytics. Continue reading “7 Things You Can Do To Improve Your Website RIGHT NOW”
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
using Util.Datas.Queries.Criterias;
using Util.Tests.Samples;
using Xunit;
namespace Util.Tests.Datas.Queries.Criterias {
/// <summary>
/// 测试与查询条件
/// </summary>
public class AndCriteriaTest {
/// <summary>
/// 测试获取查询条件
/// </summary>
[Fact]
public void TestGetPredicate() {
var criteria = new AndCriteria<AggregateRootSample>( t => t.Name == "a",t => t.Name != "b" );
Assert.Equal( "t => ((t.Name == \"a\") AndAlso (t.Name != \"b\"))", criteria.GetPredicate().ToString() );
}
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
An Award-Winning Bed & Breakfast Inn, Canyon Villa was uniquely designed to showcase views of Bell Rock and Courthouse Butte, two famous Red Rock icons of Sedona, AZ. Start each day with a gourmet breakfast in our world renowned private B&B Inn which was designed for adventurous and seasoned travelers. Canyon Villa has been listed 3 of the past 5 years in Trip Advisor's Traveler's Choice Awards for "Best B&Bs and Inns in the U.S", and was also awarded a high "World" ranking in 2012.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Lewis,A_OH5_005
Abstract: This is an oral history of Adele Bryan Lewis. It was conducted February 12, 2007 and concerns her recollections of the history of the Marriott-Slaterville area.
AL: My husband was James H. Lewis. We have always lived at 1597 South 1200 West, between the railroad tracks and the river. We bought our house in about 1950 from Ken DeFriez and Ruth. My husband was working at the railroad as an electrician and doing a little electrical work on the side. He worked and studied until he could take out his contractor’s license. He became an electrical contractor.
Our business was in the city of Ogden but we still lived in Marriott. We lived in the old Wecker place, an original pioneer, two-room brick building. They had a lean-to type room on the back over a half-cellar for the boys in their family. They had a pioneer orchestra who furnished music for the church dances. Every summer we would be visited by some very strange people who just descended on us and wanted to take pictures of this old house. We had remodeled the house and they were somewhat put out when they came by to take pictures for their family books of remembrance. They even acted a little rude that we would do such a thing as remodel the place.
Perhaps what I can tell you most about is Marriott, as I saw it, after I moved here. Our church was on 12th street. It was very badly in need of repair and the ward members did not want to repair it. They finally called a new bishop to build a new ward [building] and that is when we joined the Slaterville ward in the new building. This bishop was named Brother Buck. The old building is what I remember first about coming to Marriott. They had the ward reunions there and the Relief Society was called upon to serve the food and wash the dishes. They had an old washing machine that they used to fill with water so that we would have water to wash the dishes. One corner of the basement had water in it and they had a wooden slat floor built over it. The first time I saw this I was very disturbed, because my children were going to a Junior Sunday School in part of this basement. I understand they used to have dances up on the second floor. When they had the dances the whole building would shake. It was badly in need of repair.
I have joined the Daughters of the Pioneers after a few years of living out here. Our camp was named after Susan Marriott who was one of the original settlers of Marriott. Her husband was John, and the best thing he did for our town was to fall in the water. I understand he did much of the labor himself of digging the irrigation ditches. There were two main irrigation ditches that took water out of the river. The original pioneers were very forward looking on filing on the water so that it could not be taken away from us. They formed this irrigation company which is in service even to this day. John Marriott was a very strong fellow. He told stories about how strong he was, that he could pick up a thrasher and move it if it needed moving. He was quite a rugged man and very influential in our town.
This Daughters of the Pioneers camp has different stories that they are willing to tell you. We have been meeting here in our new building from time to time. It seems very interesting.
When I first moved here, we had a party line on our phone. I remember our signal was four rings. It was quite busy because we had so many people on the line and you couldn’t help but hear things as you picked up the phone and it would be busy. Sometimes we were a little lax in putting it down. So everybody knew each other’s business. It was not long after I moved here that Meachams had a house fire and their little daughter was burned to death. They lived just east of Elmer’s and we always said we lived in Elmerville. But that was a very sad day. That was the most tragic thing that happened that I remember in my early days in Marriott.
I suppose the golden age of Marriott was before my time when the church was new. My husband was on the planning commission. When we moved the church they thought about incorporating but we didn’t have enough people or enough tax-base to incorporate. We had to wait clear until now when we could incorporate with Slaterville.
The whole community was built around the church. We all had about three or four jobs, and to get out of your job, it had to be when you were expecting a new baby or took two others.
My fondest memories of Marriott are my family and relations with the people. I think moving here made me a better Christian. The first thing I found out in the first two or three weeks was that I must not say anything about anybody that lived in Marriott. The only people that were not related to everybody were the Elmers, the Meachams, and the Lewis’. Everyone else to the north of the tracks were all related.
My children went to the new pioneer school. Actually, we wired it as an electrical contractor. The architect was John Pierce and it was one of the first schools with the idea that several classes could be in a pod. It was more opened learning. I thought it was very nice because my kids were more outgoing. Now I think that the school system—now that they go out to West Weber, it is more just one teacher and one class. In this first school it was one class and many teachers. If a child was not outgoing, they would kind of get left behind in the shuffle. My kids, the older children, went to Weber High School.
#1: No, Wahlquist first.
AL: Yes, Wahlquist. The first remodel of Wahlquist, of course, we wired that one too. Wahlquist was very good because they always forgot their gym clothes or something on Monday morning and it was not too far to run it over there to them. Then they went to Weber High. The first two of my children graduated from Weber High. I take that back. My daughter graduated from Weber High. My older son was the first graduation class from the new Weber High up in North Ogden.
The difference in the way that I dated and the way that my family dated was quite different. I cannot remember—when I grew up we dated in more of a group. I was attending Brigham Young University the year that the war was declared and that changed everything. That was in 1941. When I was going to the Y we had five thousand students and the University of Utah had eight thousand. The war changed everything. I went to Salt Lake to work, and there I met my husband who was going to the University of Utah. It was coming up close to his draft number so he joined the Navy. We wrote letters and courted more long distance. However, I was engaged before he went into the Navy. We went to Coeur d’Alene, Idaho and were married. I followed him to Oakland, California where he was in the Navy. He was a hospital quorum, he went east to Norfolk, Virginia for further study. I came back to Utah.
Click tabs to swap between content that is broken into logical sections.
Materials may be used for non-profit and educational purposes; please credit the Special Collections Department, Stewart Library, Weber State University.
Full-Text
Abstract: This is an oral history of Adele Bryan Lewis. It was conducted February 12, 2007 and concerns her recollections of the history of the Marriott-Slaterville area.
AL: My husband was James H. Lewis. We have always lived at 1597 South 1200 West, between the railroad tracks and the river. We bought our house in about 1950 from Ken DeFriez and Ruth. My husband was working at the railroad as an electrician and doing a little electrical work on the side. He worked and studied until he could take out his contractor’s license. He became an electrical contractor.
Our business was in the city of Ogden but we still lived in Marriott. We lived in the old Wecker place, an original pioneer, two-room brick building. They had a lean-to type room on the back over a half-cellar for the boys in their family. They had a pioneer orchestra who furnished music for the church dances. Every summer we would be visited by some very strange people who just descended on us and wanted to take pictures of this old house. We had remodeled the house and they were somewhat put out when they came by to take pictures for their family books of remembrance. They even acted a little rude that we would do such a thing as remodel the place.
Perhaps what I can tell you most about is Marriott, as I saw it, after I moved here. Our church was on 12th street. It was very badly in need of repair and the ward members did not want to repair it. They finally called a new bishop to build a new ward [building] and that is when we joined the Slaterville ward in the new building. This bishop was named Brother Buck. The old building is what I remember first about coming to Marriott. They had the ward reunions there and the Relief Society was called upon to serve the food and wash the dishes. They had an old washing machine that they used to fill with water so that we would have water to wash the dishes. One corner of the basement had water in it and they had a wooden slat floor built over it. The first time I saw this I was very disturbed, because my children were going to a Junior Sunday School in part of this basement. I understand they used to have dances up on the second floor. When they had the dances the whole building would shake. It was badly in need of repair.
I have joined the Daughters of the Pioneers after a few years of living out here. Our camp was named after Susan Marriott who was one of the original settlers of Marriott. Her husband was John, and the best thing he did for our town was to fall in the water. I understand he did much of the labor himself of digging the irrigation ditches. There were two main irrigation ditches that took water out of the river. The original pioneers were very forward looking on filing on the water so that it could not be taken away from us. They formed this irrigation company which is in service even to this day. John Marriott was a very strong fellow. He told stories about how strong he was, that he could pick up a thrasher and move it if it needed moving. He was quite a rugged man and very influential in our town.
This Daughters of the Pioneers camp has different stories that they are willing to tell you. We have been meeting here in our new building from time to time. It seems very interesting.
When I first moved here, we had a party line on our phone. I remember our signal was four rings. It was quite busy because we had so many people on the line and you couldn’t help but hear things as you picked up the phone and it would be busy. Sometimes we were a little lax in putting it down. So everybody knew each other’s business. It was not long after I moved here that Meachams had a house fire and their little daughter was burned to death. They lived just east of Elmer’s and we always said we lived in Elmerville. But that was a very sad day. That was the most tragic thing that happened that I remember in my early days in Marriott.
I suppose the golden age of Marriott was before my time when the church was new. My husband was on the planning commission. When we moved the church they thought about incorporating but we didn’t have enough people or enough tax-base to incorporate. We had to wait clear until now when we could incorporate with Slaterville.
The whole community was built around the church. We all had about three or four jobs, and to get out of your job, it had to be when you were expecting a new baby or took two others.
My fondest memories of Marriott are my family and relations with the people. I think moving here made me a better Christian. The first thing I found out in the first two or three weeks was that I must not say anything about anybody that lived in Marriott. The only people that were not related to everybody were the Elmers, the Meachams, and the Lewis’. Everyone else to the north of the tracks were all related.
My children went to the new pioneer school. Actually, we wired it as an electrical contractor. The architect was John Pierce and it was one of the first schools with the idea that several classes could be in a pod. It was more opened learning. I thought it was very nice because my kids were more outgoing. Now I think that the school system—now that they go out to West Weber, it is more just one teacher and one class. In this first school it was one class and many teachers. If a child was not outgoing, they would kind of get left behind in the shuffle. My kids, the older children, went to Weber High School.
#1: No, Wahlquist first.
AL: Yes, Wahlquist. The first remodel of Wahlquist, of course, we wired that one too. Wahlquist was very good because they always forgot their gym clothes or something on Monday morning and it was not too far to run it over there to them. Then they went to Weber High. The first two of my children graduated from Weber High. I take that back. My daughter graduated from Weber High. My older son was the first graduation class from the new Weber High up in North Ogden.
The difference in the way that I dated and the way that my family dated was quite different. I cannot remember—when I grew up we dated in more of a group. I was attending Brigham Young University the year that the war was declared and that changed everything. That was in 1941. When I was going to the Y we had five thousand students and the University of Utah had eight thousand. The war changed everything. I went to Salt Lake to work, and there I met my husband who was going to the University of Utah. It was coming up close to his draft number so he joined the Navy. We wrote letters and courted more long distance. However, I was engaged before he went into the Navy. We went to Coeur d’Alene, Idaho and were married. I followed him to Oakland, California where he was in the Navy. He was a hospital quorum, he went east to Norfolk, Virginia for further study. I came back to Utah.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
LetUsPublish is a blog by Yogita Aggarwal Gupta. We are getting more than of 5 digit page views monthly. Here we talk about lifestyle, entertainment, fashion, technology, automobile, beauty, food, travel and everything else that you want to read.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a surface acoustic wave device, particularly a surface acoustic wave device using a unidirectional interdigital transducer (referred to as IDT hereafter).
2. Description of Related Art
Conventionally, unidirectional IDTs which excite surface acoustic waves (referred to as SAW hereafter) only in one direction have been developed in order to reduce loss of IDTs which excite the SAW going forward in two directions. Among such unidirectional IDTs, unidirectional IDTs of internal reflection type, which do not need external phase circuits and can be produced by forming an electrode film and patterning only once, are of practical use and the development thereof is active.
FIG. 15 shows a unidirectional IDT of internal reflection type using a floating electrode (disclosed by Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. SHO 60(1985)-236312).
Here, the unidirectional IDT is realized by placing an open floating electrode and a short-circuit floating electrode between a positive excitation electrode and a negative excitation electrode. In this unidirectional IDT of internal reflection type, the excitation electrodes and the floating electrode are .lambda./12 in width (.lambda. is an electrode period, i.e., a wavelength at a center frequency at which the SAW is excited most intensively), and the electrodes are apart from each other by a center-to-center distance of .lambda./6.
Further, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. HEI 3(1991)-133209 discloses that directivity is improved by rendering the width of the open floating electrode more than .lambda./12 and that of the short-circuit floating electrode less than .lambda./12. In this unidirectional IDT with the floating electrodes, however, the width of the excitation electrodes is as narrow as .lambda./12, and accordingly there is a problem in that the production of IDTs becomes more difficult as the frequency increases.
Further, an edge-to-edge distance between the positive and negative excitation electrodes is 5.lambda./12. This is larger than an edge-to-edge distance of .lambda./4 in the case of a single-electrode IDT shown in FIG. 16 and an edge-to-edge distance of .lambda./8 in the case of an IDT with split electrodes shown in FIG. 17. Accordingly, there is a problem in that input impedance becomes greater.
In a unidirectional IDT disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. SHO 61(1986)-6917, a positive electrode and a negative electrode are each composed of plural pairs of electrode fingers, the positive electrode finger pairs and the negative electrode finger pairs are alternately arranged, and the electrode fingers of each electrode finger pair are different in width, as shown in FIG. 18. Thus, the unidirectional IDT is constructed as a bilaterally asymmetric IDT. In this construction, the number of electrode fingers per period is four, and the construction is characteristic of being simpler compared with the aforesaid construction using the floating electrodes. Furthermore, the edge-to-edge distance between the positive and negative excitation electrodes is smaller than in the case of the IDT with split electrodes shown in FIG. 17. Accordingly, the input impedance is decreased.
The above-described Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. SHO 61(1986)-6917 states that, in the unidirectional IDT shown in FIG. 18, the SAW is excited strongly in a direction indicated by an arrow 5 in the figure. Similarly, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. HEI 8(1996)-288780, also referring to the unidirectional IDT shown in FIG. 18, describes that, if the wider electrode finger of the electrode finger pair is 3.lambda./16 wide and the narrower electrode finger of the electrode finger pair is .lambda./16 wide, the SAW is excited strongly in the direction indicated by the arrow 5 in FIG. 18.
On the basis of the description of these two publications, the inventors made a SAW filter using 36.degree. Y-X: quartz as a piezoelectric substrate, the unidirectional IDT shown in FIG. 18 as an input IDT and a bidirectional IDT with split electrodes as an output IDT, wherein the input IDT was placed in an orientation as shown in FIG. 19.
With reference to the description of Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. HEI 8(1996)-288780, the wider electrode finger of a split electrode of the unidirectional IDT was 3.lambda./16 wide and the narrower electrode finger thereof was .lambda./16 wide. The electrode period .lambda. of the IDT was 15 .mu.m. The electrodes were made of aluminum films of 0.2 .mu.m thick. The number of the electrode finger pairs was 95 in each of the input and output IDT.
In FIGS. 18 and 19, the reference signs "6" and "8" indicate the direction from the wider electrode finger toward the narrower electrode finger, and the reference sign "7" indicates a direction in which the SAW excited by the unidirectional IDT propagates toward the receiver IDT.
FIG. 20 shows a filter characteristic of this filter. There exists a great ripple around the center frequency (209 MHz to 210 MHz). In the case of the 36.degree. Y-X: quartz substrate, the construction of FIG. 19 does not bring a good filter characteristic. Further, the width of the wider electrode of the unidirectional IDT shown in FIG. 18 was varied for seeking a better filter characteristic, but a good filter characteristic without ripples is not obtained.
Thus, in the case of the 36.degree. Y-X: quartz substrate, there is a problem in that a great ripple appears around the center frequency when the unidirectional IDT is placed in the orientation shown in FIG. 19. In other words, the problem was that good filters cannot be produced even by placing the unidirectional IDT in the orientation shown in FIG. 19 by reference to the directivity described in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication Nos. SHO 61(1986)-6917 and HEI 8(1996)-288780, depending on materials for the substrate.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
I'm backkk! So at the end of July I booked a trip to Germany with my dad, and then my sister-in-law ended up being in Germany at the same time as us! She's traveling the world for the next year or so (I'm totally jealous!), so while we were there I asked her if she would go to Italy with me! She said yes (YAY) so we booked a last minute trip!
Germany was awesome, but Italy has always been on my bucket list. I got a minor in art history, and some of my favorite works I studied just so happened to be in Rome & Florence which where we decided to go! You probably saw my Insta post about almost crying at the Vatican haha! I've got so many pictures to sort through between my trip, our wedding pictures, and new blog posts, so I'm working on getting those all up to share with ya'll!
Anyway, I'm literally obsessed with this new dress!! It is definitely one of my favorite new wardrobe additions! I came home from my trip to this pretty little thing at my doorstep, and I got SO excited!! I know summer is technically ending soon, but I'll definitely be wearing this until it starts snowing haha.
P.S. HAPPY RECRUITMENT WEEK!!! I know some schools don't start recruitment for another few weeks and some of ya'll are already done or in the process. Butttt I would love, love to see your chapter's decorating and outfits! It's my new found hobby (possibly a bit of FOMO).
I've also had a ton of people ask for cute ideas, so SEND ME PICS!!! You can email me or tag me in your Instagram pics, and you'll be featured on Pinterest!
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<selector xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" >
<item android:state_pressed="false">
<shape>
<corners android:bottomLeftRadius="20px"
android:bottomRightRadius="0px"
android:topLeftRadius="0px"
android:topRightRadius="0px"/>
<solid android:color="@color/color_white"/>
</shape>
</item>
<item android:state_pressed="true">
<shape>
<corners android:bottomLeftRadius="20px"
android:bottomRightRadius="0px"
android:topLeftRadius="0px"
android:topRightRadius="0px"/>
<solid android:color="@color/color_ededed"/>
</shape>
</item>
</selector>
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a tape drive member suitably adapted as a capstan of, for example, a tape recorder and to a manufacturing method for the same, and more particularly, to a tape drive member which is capable of driving a tape in a stable and reliable manner.
2. Background Art
As is well known, a capstan of a tape recorder as an example of a tape drive member is supported in the manner shown in FIG. 1. Referring to FIG. 1, reference numeral 11 denotes a main chassis of a tape recorder which has a through-hole 111, formed at a predetermined position thereof, through which extends a support cylinder 12. A flange 121 is formed substantially midway along the support cylinder 12. Screws 13 are respectively inserted into through-holes 122 and threadably engage with screw holes 112 formed in the main chassis 11. In this manner, the support cylinder 12 is fixed onto the main chassis 11.
A capstan 14 extends through the support cylinder 12. The capstan 14 rotates with a flywheel since its lower portion is inserted and fixed in a through-hole 151 formed at the center of rotation of the flywheel 15. The capstan 14 is supported by support members 16 and 17 which are arranged at the upper and lower ends, respectively, of the support cylinder 12 so that the capstan 14 may rotate smoothly without jolting. The lower end of the capstan 14 is in contact with a bearing 19 of a subchassis 18 which is arranged substantially parallel to the main chassis 11. The flywheel 15 is coupled through a belt 20 to a motor (not shown) to be driven thereby.
A pinch roller 22 is urged against the upper portion (FIG. 1) of the capstan 14 in putting a tape 21 therebetween. The pinch roller 22 is rotatably mounted through a support member 26 on a shaft 24 extending from a slider 23 which is slidable in the directions indicated by arrows A and B in synchronism with the operation of a tape constant speed drive member (not shown). In the tape drive stop state, the rotational force of the motor as described above is transmitted to the flywheel 15 and the capstan 14, which rotate stably. However, since the slider 23 has been moved in the direction indicated by arrow B and the pinch roller 22 is separated from the capstan 14, the tape 21 is not driven. When the tape constant speed drive member is operated in the tape drive state, the slider 23 is synchronously slid in the direction indicated by arrow A. Then, the pinch roller 24 is urged against the rotating capstan 14 in putting the tape 21 therebetween, as shown enlarged in FIGS. 2(a) and 2(b), and the tape 21 is driven.
The driving force F for driving the tape 21 by the capstan 14 may be approximately given by the following equation: EQU F=(.mu.1+.mu.2)P
where
.mu.1 is the friction coefficient between the tape 21 and the pinch roller 22; PA1 .mu.2 is the friction coefficient between the tape 21 and the capstan 14; and PA1 P is the pinching force acting on the tape 21.
It may be seen from this equation that, if the pinching force P remains constant, the friction coefficients .mu.1 and .mu.2 must be increased in order to obtain a greater driving force F, thereby driving the tape 21 in a stable and reliable manner.
Meanwhile, the portion of the capstan 14 which is supported by the support cylinder 12 through the support members 16 and 17 preferably cause low friction to ensure smooth rotation. On the other hand, the tape driving portion of the capstan 14 to which the pinch roller 22 is urged must have a high friction coefficient.
For this reason, a conventional capstan 14 is made of stainless steel which is ternary alloy of iron (Fe), chrome (Cr) and nickel (Ni) as major components to have a smooth surface with a small friction coefficient. The tape driving portion of the capstan 14 which will be brought into contact with the tape 21 is treated by sand blasting or the like. According to the sand blasting treatment, fine hard particles (e.g., of a ceramic) are collided at high speed against the tape driving portion of the capstan 14 so as to abrade the tape driving portion to a rough surface 26 as shown in FIG. 3. When the pinch roller 22 is urged against the rough surfaced tape driving portion 26 of the capstan 14 in putting the tape 21 therebetween, the friction coefficient .mu.1 between the tape 21 and the pinch roller 22 and the friction coefficient .mu.2 between the tape 21 and the capstan 14 are increased, so that a greater driving force F is obtained.
However, the conventional tape drive member and the method for manufacturing the same as described above are subject to drawbacks to be described below. The surface of the capstan 14 which has been treated by sand blasting has fine cracks or distortion as seen in the microphotograph (1,000 magnification) shown in FIG. 5. Therefore, the cracked or distorted part of the capstan 14 becomes worn down by the tape 21 with frequency of use. Then, the driving force F is weakened, and the initial performance cannot be maintained for a prolonged period of time, resulting in poor durability. The respective components of iron, chrome and nickel as described above are randomly exposed to the surface of the capstan which was treated by sand blasting. Since iron is softer than chrome, nickel or the like, it is worn out more quickly upon contact with tape 21, also resulting in poor durability. As described above, fine hard particles are collided against the tape drive portion of the capstan 14. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 3, the diameter of the rough surface portion 26 of the capstan 14 which has been subjected to sand blasting is smaller than the remaining portion of the capstan 14 which was not subjected to sand blasting. Consequently, the rough surface portion 26 becomes eccentric with respect to the axis of the remaining portion of the capstan 14.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
A new datamining leak perhaps reveals that Nintendo is gearing up to release not one, but two new classic consoles.
As we reported on earlier today, a dataminer recently plunged into the files of the Nintendo Switch Online, and in the process, unearthed some pretty interesting things.
As you will know, right now if you're subscribed to Nintendo Switch's online service, you get access to a range of emulated NES games on-the-house. And right now, it's only NES games. However, that may soon be changing.
New files have been added, and consequently discovered, that provide pretty damning evidence that SNES games are coming to the service in the future. You can read more about this story by clicking here.
But now here is where things get even more interesting. To couple the aforementioned discovery of SNES games, another dataminer found evidence that seemingly suggests that either more classic consoles are on the way, or more emulated consoles are coming to the Nintendo Switch's online offering.
I was looking through the NES Switch app with @KapuccinoHeck and @Simon1844. I found four emulator types: Kachikachi (NES Classic)
Canoe (SNES Classic)
Hiyoko (???)
Count (???) This could mean there will be two new Classic consoles and/or three new consoles for Switch Online. — SnowmealDome ❄️ (@OatmealDome) January 13, 2019
As you can see, we are potentially looking at two new classic consoles, or just more emulated systems to join the online offering. It can't currently be discerned which is the actual case. Also, it's possible these files could be development leftovers, and not actually mean much.
However, the latter seems unlikely. And while we can't know if this is a new leak of classic consoles or more emulated games, we can at least speculate what the systems would be. The Nintendo 64 seems the most likely, given it's the next home console after SNES, and because it has leaked previously.
Meanwhile, the second could either be the Game Boy (Game Boy Advance) or the GameCube. If this is an emulation for the Switch's online service, the former is probably more likely. However, if this a leak for new classic console, then the GameCube seems the more likely of the two.
Alas, who knows. Whatever the case may be, Nintendo appears to have some surprises in the pipeline.
Thanks, Nintendo Life.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
BEIJING — For years, China’s president, Xi Jinping, has talked the talk of economic reform. In January, he dazzled business executives in Davos, Switzerland, with a defense of international trade. Last month, he urged officials to “seize hold of reform and make it an even bigger priority.” And the annual meeting of China’s legislature, starting Sunday, appears sure to echo that theme.
But as Mr. Xi nears the end of his first five-year term as Communist Party leader, his record has not lived up to the bold statements, critics say.
The question now is whether he was ever really serious about taking the painful steps needed to repair the economy, or merely paying lip service to reform to justify his tightening grip on power.
Mr. Xi’s defenders argue that he had to consolidate his authority first, before he could make the potentially wrenching decisions needed to open markets and trim bloated state-owned industries. With weak growth in the rest of the world and demand for China’s exports flagging, they contend, there was little margin for error and caution was warranted.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
/**
* Copyright 2017 Google Inc. All rights reserved.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
let asyncawait = true;
try {
new Function('async function test(){await 1}');
} catch (error) {
asyncawait = false;
}
if (asyncawait) {
const {helper} = require('./lib/helper');
const api = require('./lib/api');
for (const className in api) {
// Puppeteer-web excludes certain classes from bundle, e.g. BrowserFetcher.
if (typeof api[className] === 'function')
helper.installAsyncStackHooks(api[className]);
}
}
// If node does not support async await, use the compiled version.
const Puppeteer = asyncawait ? require('./lib/Puppeteer') : require('./node6/lib/Puppeteer');
const packageJson = require('./package.json');
const preferredRevision = packageJson.puppeteer.chromium_revision;
const isPuppeteerCore = packageJson.name === 'puppeteer-core';
module.exports = new Puppeteer(__dirname, preferredRevision, isPuppeteerCore);
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Ignore the conspiracy theories: scientists know Covid-19 wasn't created in a lab - Farbodkhz
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jun/09/conspiracies-covid-19-lab-false-pandemic
======
GillBates666
[https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q5SRrsr-
Iug](https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q5SRrsr-Iug)
How does mainstream media keep their credibility? A considerable portion of
the population is just ok with being lied too I guess. Shrug.
At the very least we should be investigating all possibilities in regards to
the origin of the virus. China has a terrible track record with viruses. They
leaked SARS1 twice. The first largely publicized cluster is right next to the
coronavirus lab there. Now we have a ton of genetic evidence that can't be
hidden.
To what length will the media go to hide this and redirect the conversation?
|
{
"pile_set_name": "HackerNews"
}
|
History and Future of Justice
History and Future of Justice is a book of philosopher and political scientist Vojin Rakic. It analyzes the thesis that history is marked by a slow but progressive development of freedom and justice, and that the 'end of history' will be marked by a condition of perfect freedom and perfect justice, provided that history does not come to an `untimely end`. He asserts that, in spite of all the tragic and inhumane events in our history, a view of the overall historical development of humanity reveals a progress from epochs in which only some were free (e.g., Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, the Middle Ages) to periods in which liberal and democratic concepts are gradually suppressing extremely inegalitarian and authoritarian regime types. The historical development of freedom in humanity Rakic believes to translate in the development of the opportunity of humans to act in a just manner on the basis of their free will. A topical book influenced by History and Future of Justice is The Evolution of God by Robert Wright (see Wright, 2009). For a recent article that applies the ideas from History and Future of Justice to the moral evolution of humanity as a follow-up of its physical evolution, see Rakic (2009).
References
Rakić, Vojin. 2009. “From Biology to Ethics: the Future of Evolution as Humanity’s Path to Justice”. Theoria 52 (3): 37-47
Wright, Robert. 2009. The Evolution of God. New York; Little, Brown and Company
Category:Ethics books
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
The mitochondrial diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders which have been defined by specific morphological alterations in muscle, and by deficits of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The morphological hallmarks of these diseases include ragged-red fibers (an extensive proliferation of mitochondria in muscle fibers), and abnormal paracrystalline inclusions and membrane structures in mitochondria. These diseases are clinically and biochemically diverse. While the genetic identification of mitochondrial mutations will aid the genetic counseling of patients, the prognosis of patients is not good. Currently, there are no reliable treatments or therapies available for respiratory chain deficiencies. Once specific defects and their causes are known, it will be possible to develop rational therapies for patients suffering from these currently incurable, and often fatal diseases. The goal of this proposal is to continue the analysis of the phenotypic and molecular genetic consequences of several specific mRDNA mutations resulting in cardiomyopathies and neuromuscular disorders and to investigate genetic therapies for the treatment of mitochondrial, respiratory chain deficiencies caused by these mtDNA mutations. Specifically, the aim of this proposal is to investigate the molecular genetic mechanisms by which mutations in the mitochondrial tRNA Leu(UUR) gene cause deficiencies in protein synthesis, respiratory chain activity, and cell growth. As the mechanisms of pathogenesis are elucidated, specific genetic therapies to mitigate these deficiencies will be investigated. Furthermore, studies will be conducted to determine whether a mutation in a mtDNA-encoded protein can be complemented by a modified gene designed for nuclear expression and targeting to the mitochondria. These studies will serve as models for the eventual treatment of two of the major classes of mTDNA mutations resulting in human disease, mutations of mitochondrial tRNA and protein encoding genes.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
}
|
Q:
using sed remove the pattern lines
Can anyone help me solve this problem.
If the PATTERN starting and ending in the same line.
Remove the line including the PATTERN
joey people PATTERN we just had
PATTERN a lot of fun PATTERN
at my wedding
We will PATTERN
have more
PATTERN fun tomorrow PATTERN
all are welcome.
The above line should be like this after executing.
joey people PATTERN we just had
at my wedding
We will PATTERN
have more
all are welcome
A:
Simple sed approach:
sed '/^PATTERN\(.*PATTERN\)*$/d' file
^ and $ - anchors, point to the start and end of the string respectively
^PATTERN\(.*PATTERN\)*$ - will match all lines which start and end(provided by optional capturing group \(.*PATTERN\)*) with PATTERN or contains PATTERN as a single word
An alternative using grep tool:
grep -v '^PATTERN\(.*PATTERN\)*$' file
-v (--invert-match) option, Invert the sense of matching, to select non-matching lines.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Effect of dialyzer geometry during hemodialysis with cuprophane membranes.
The effect of dialyzer geometry, both flat plate (FP) and hollow fiber (HF), on platelet and granulocyte activation during dialysis with cuprophane membranes was studied in 12 patients. A subset of six patients was restudied after correction of their anemia with recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO). Granulocyte count and aggregation in vitro fell significantly (P less than 0.01) at 20 minutes of dialysis, followed by a gradual return towards pre-dialysis values at 240 minutes. Malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of free radical reactions generated by activated granulocytes, increased significantly during dialysis [predialysis MDA (median, range): 8.4 (5.8 to 11.6) nmol/ml, 240 minutes MDA: 9.7 (6.6 to 12.5) nmol/ml, P less than 0.01 Wilcoxon test). This increase, however, was not affected by dialyzer geometry or EPO therapy. Neither type of dialyzer was associated with significant platelet loss at the end of dialysis. Whole blood platelet aggregation in vitro (spontaneous and collagen-induced) decreased significantly, (P less than 0.01) during dialysis, the fall in spontaneous aggregation being significantly less following EPO therapy [spontaneous aggregation 240 minutes; pre-EPO: 34 (13 to 52)%; post-EPO 50: (16 to 76)%, P less than 0.01)]. The ratio of the platelet release proteins beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 increased significantly during dialysis, indicating platelet activation in vivo, although there was no effect of dialyzer geometry or EPO. Factor VIII von Willebrand Factor antigen, a putative marker of endothelial damage, was raised pre-dialysis, and increased further during dialysis, irrespective of dialyzer geometry or EPO. In conclusion, dialyzer geometry had no significant effect on granulocyte and platelet counts and activity during hemodialysis with cuprophane membranes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Acetazolamide is an effective adjunct for urinary alkalization in patients with uric acid and cystine stone formation recalcitrant to potassium citrate.
Acetazolamide has been proposed as a treatment adjunct for patients with cystine and uric acid stone formation recalcitrant to standard alkalization therapy. We evaluated the effect of acetazolamide in urinary alkalization in patients with uric acid and cystine stone formation recalcitrant to potassium citrate alone. An institutional review board-approved, retrospective chart review identified 12 patients at 2 sites who had been prescribed acetazolamide as a treatment adjunct to potassium citrate for uric acid or cystine stones from 1997 to 2007. We evaluated the urine studies, metabolic evaluations, surgical interventions, and stone recurrence or growth. The mean follow-up was 46.1 months (range 11-86). Ten patients (83%) were categorized as compliant. Of the 2 patients excluded from the study, 1 was noncompliant with the medication, and the other was lost to follow-up. Of the 10 patients who were compliant with the treatment, 5 (50%) developed adverse effects from the medication requiring discontinuation. Of the remaining 5 patients (50%) who tolerated the medication and remained compliant, 3 (60%) were stone free at a mean follow-up of 42 months. Two patients continued to form stones, including one who developed calcification of an existing uric acid stone. Both patients required surgical intervention. The mean urinary pH before treatment was 5.9 (range 5-7) and after treatment was 7.2 (range 6.5-8.5; P = .001). Acetazolamide was effective in increasing the urinary pH in patients with uric acid and cystine stone formation who were already taking potassium citrate. Caution must be taken when prescribing acetazolamide, because it could be poorly tolerated and can induce calcium phosphate stone formation.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Conventionally, belt conveyors are used for the transporting of minerals such as coal and ore that have been mined on-site at a mine, or for the transporting of industrial products in a factory.
As is shown in Patent document 1 (see below), for example, operations are carried out to detect any deterioration or damage to the belt of the belt conveyor that is transporting the minerals such as coal and iron ore.
Lacerations (i.e., vertical tears) in the longitudinal direction are generated in the belt by the deterioration of the belt or by the detection operation, and it can be inferred in advance that the belt will become damaged and obstructions to the transporting of ore will be generated, and processing such as repairs and the like can consequently be performed.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Q:
how to run javascript and get result on android
I used below JSTest class and JSInterface to get javascript result
But "processJsReturnValue" function didn't be called.
What is my mistake?
public class JSTest {
private String jsReturnValue =null;
private WebView webView;
public Context mContext;
private static class JSInterface {
private JSTest myContext;
public JSInterface(JSTest context) {
this.myContext = context;
}
@JavascriptInterface
public void processReturnValue(String value) {
myContext.processJsReturnValue(value);
}
}
public JSTest(Context context) {
super();
mContext = context;
webView = new WebView(context);
webView.getSettings().setJavaScriptEnabled(true);
webView.addJavascriptInterface(new JSInterface(this), "androidInterface");
String jsString = "(function(){"+
"window.androidInterface.processReturnValue('abc');"+
"})();";
webView.loadUrl("javascript:"+jsString);
}
public void processJsReturnValue(String value) {
Log.e("got it", value);
jsReturnValue = value;
}
}
A:
I solved it from @Jite's help
solution:
public JSTest(Context context) {
super();
mContext = context;
webView = new WebView(context);
// chromeClient = new CustomWebChromeClient();
//webView.setWebChromeClient(chromeClient);
webView.getSettings().setJavaScriptEnabled(true);
jsinterface = new JSInterface(this);
webView.addJavascriptInterface(jsinterface, "androidInterface");
webView.setWebViewClient(new WebViewClient() {
@Override
public boolean shouldOverrideUrlLoading(WebView view, String urlNewString) {
Log.e("", "do loading");
return true;
}
@Override
public void onPageFinished(WebView view, String url) {
super.onPageFinished(view, url);
Log.e("", "do loading finished");
String jsString = "window.androidInterface.processReturnValue('abc');";
webView.loadUrl("javascript:"+jsString);
}
});
webView.loadData("<html></html>", "text/html", "utf8");
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
SINGAPORE - The Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) can improve its prevention against heat injuries and its response to them, a review panel has found.
Chief of Defence Force Melvyn Ong revealed on Tuesday (June 19) that an external review panel flagged two areas for improvement – though he declined to elaborate further.
The panel was formed to look into the heat injury management practices of the SAF, following the death of 19-year-old full-time national serviceman Dave Lee.
However, he added that the panel found the SAF's heat injury policies sound and aligned with industry and foreign military practices.
Corporal First Class Lee died of a heat injury on April 30 following a training incident and the panel, comprising doctors from the public healthcare sector, was formed to review the existing strategy for heat injury prevention and management in the SAF.
Major-General Ong said the panel's recommendations will be made public when they are ready in a few months.
He addressed last month's call by CFC Lee's mother to put a stop to outdated punishment, or "tekan", after her son died while in service.
Speaking to reporters at Bukit Panjang Camp ahead of SAF Day on July 1, he also promised that all those found guilty of wrongdoing in the incident will be held accountable.
"We have been, and will continue to hold our commanders accountable to the highest standards," he said. "You have our assurance on this."
Asked about the "tekan" culture in the Guards formation, the former chief guards officer said: "There has to be purpose, there has to be training directives, there has to be safety coverage, and if these are absent, and especially absent of purpose and reason, we will not tolerate this."
Major-Gen Ong said the panel visited Bedok Camp, where the incident took place, to review how heat injury protocols were implemented on the ground.
The visit included a brief by Guards Headquarters and a demonstration of how heatstroke cases are treated at the medical centre.
Related Story Army combat soldiers get new hybrid uniforms that cool faster
Related Story Tearful final farewell for late NSF Dave Lee at military funeral
Related Story SAF outlines measures to prevent heat injures following death of NSF who had heatstroke
The five-member panel is chaired by Associate Professor Mark Leong, who is a senior consultant at the Department of Emergency Medicine at Singapore General Hospital.
The other members include senior consultants at Changi General Hospital and Khoo Teck Puat Hospital.
Maj-Gen Ong, who took over as chief in March, also shared his vision of the SAF in a 45-minute interview. "The SAF of the future has to be ready, it has got to be dynamic, and it has got to be strong," he said.
"In the third-generation SAF (since 2004), it was about being better connected and exploiting information, and getting power to the edge. The next-generation SAF is about being smarter."
He cited the use of video analytics and unmanned aerial vehicles as areas of opportunity.
He also revealed that the SAF met the secret services from the United States and North Korea only one week before the Trump-Kim summit on June 12.
"The fact that we were able to work with the police and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to conduct the operation, I think it's a testament to the fact that the SAF is ready and is able to ensure the safety and security of Singapore when called to, even at short notice," he said.
Maj-Gen Ong said his aims as defence chief are ensuring that the SAF is ready today and in the future, while maintaining strong support for defence.
"The SAF resides within an ecosystem which relies very strongly on national service, and therefore support for defence and national service is extremely important. And if there is an erosion, we would be very concerned."
On some of his personal motivations, he recalled how, as a child, his grandmother used to complain about her bad memories of the Japanese Occupation.
He said: "From that time, it seared in me the fact that we must never go the way of how it was back then.
"It showed the importance of defence... of being in charge of your own fate. It highlighted the importance that you must be able to defend what you have, and if you don't, it's not yours."
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
[Carpal tunnel syndrome, amyloid tenosynovitis and periodic hemodialysis].
Since 1975, various entrapment neuropathies have been reported in patients undergoing periodic haemodialysis, the most frequent being the carpal tunnel syndrome. Ten patients on chronic haemodialysis developing 15 carpal tunnel syndromes (5 unilateral and 5 bilateral) are reported. Various causes for the renal failure were present and clinical signs of the carpal tunnel syndrome developed at a late stage. The arteriovenous fistula required for extrarenal epuration was antebrachial and of the laterolateral type, except in one case when it was lateroterminal. The carpal tunnel syndrome was always on the same side as the fistula, developing at a later stage on th contralateral side in the 5 cases of bilateral disorders. Lesions were severe, in 11 of the 15 cases. Some patients noted fluctuations in pain symptoms during haemodialysis, either improving or becoming worse. Gross pathological findings during operation (13 cases) were tenosynovitis with epineural hypervascularisation on the opposite side. In 9 cases, however, atypical hypertrophic tenosynovitis was observed. Histological examination in 12 cases demonstrated typical tenosynovitis in 3 patients, but granulomatous tenosynovitis with amyloid deposits was reported in 9 patients. Lesions were bilateral in 2 cases thus present, on the side opposite to the fistula. Ultrastructural study confirmed the amyloid nature of the deposits in 3 cases, the microfibrillary appearance (80 to 100 A) being characteristic of amyloid substance. This rare complication does not represent a common carpal tunnel syndrome, and three mechanisms may be involved in its induction : peripheral uraemic neuropathy, haemodynamic modifications resulting from the antebrachial arteriovenous shunt, and amyloid formation in the flexor synovial sheaths. In the latter case, the type of amyloid disease may be a primary systemic amyloidosis not previously detected, or an elective amyloid process localised to the tenosynovial and periarticular tissues.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Language in right-handers with right-hemisphere lesions: a preliminary study including anatomical, genetic, and social factors.
A comprehensive test battery was devised to study the effects of right hemisphere lesions on the speech and language of "nonaphasic" dextrals. Data were thus obtained for 62 subjects, 20 of them neurologically healthy and 42 with a focal right hemisphere lesion resulting from a cerebro-vascular accident. A preliminary global analysis of these data is reported. Anomalies were observed in 33 brain-damaged subjects. Although discreet in all cases, these anomalies were shown to have various degrees of severity. Given the population submitted to this study, the subject most likely to show such anomalies was defined, genetically, as a right-handed adult with a family history of ambidextrality or left-handedness and, socially, as one with a relatively limited education. The implications of these findings are discussed together with the problem of the anatomo-clinical correlations of language disorders resulting from right hemisphere lesions in "nonaphasic" dextrals.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
priced at Rs. 3,30,000/- these beatifully decorated intricate work chandbali's are adorable designs. gol ddust balls hanging at the bottom and handcrafted work is highlight of this design.these pair of chandbali are from Vasundhara jewellers.
To buy contactemail: [email protected]: 9676135304
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Usain Bolt ends his Olympic career by claiming an unprecedented 'triple triple' with his ninth gold medal as Jamaica win the 4x100m relay final, while the US team were disqualified after finishing third.
Follow the Olympic events here.
Available to UK users only.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a logo display device for a computer and the method thereof, and more particularly to a logo display device for a computer and the method thereof which enables a user to optionally select and display a logo image in a computer's basic input output system (BIOS).
2. Related Art
Computer systems are information handling systems that are utilized by many individuals and businesses today. A computer system can be defined as a microcomputer that includes a central processing unit (CPU), a volatile memory, a non-volatile memory, a display monitor, a keyboard, a mouse, a floppy diskette drive, a compact disc-read only memory (CD-ROM) drive, a modem, a hard disk storage device, and a printer. Typically, a computer system's main board, which is a printed circuit board known as a motherboard, is used to electrically connect these components together.
An image often referred to as a logo is stored in the computer's memory and is displayed through the display monitor when the computer system is turned on. This logo is also known as a sign-on logo. In a typical computer, the sign-on logo, which is determined and stored in the computer's memory is displayed on a screen every time the computer is turned on. Since the sign-on logo is fixed upon shipping the computer system, users have to see the fixed sign-on logo whenever powering on the system regardless of their desires. It is difficult for users to change the sign-on logo since a modification of memory is required.
Accordingly, in the typical computer system, users get easily tired of seeing the same sign-on logo all the time. Further, consumers such as companies or private individuals cannot make any changes to the previously made logo. For example, a sign-on logo cannot be changed to a computer producer's logo.
Exemplars of recent efforts in the art include U.S. Pat. No. 5,600,766 for a Method and Apparatus for Storing and Displaying a Power-on Graphical Image issued to Deckys, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,471,674 for a Computer System with Plug-in Override of System ROM issued to Stewart, et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,522,076 for a Computer System Having BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)-ROM (Read Only Memory) Writing Function issued to Dewa et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,619,639 for a Method and Apparatus for Associating an Image Display Area with an Application Display Area issued to Mast, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,355,489 for a Bios Load for a Personal Computer System Having a Removable Processor Card issued to Bealkowski et al.
While these recent efforts provide advantages, I note that they fail to adequately address how a sign-on logo can be easily, simply, and efficiently modified in a computer system.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Foreign workers are seen on the corridors of the S11 dormitory in Punggol, Singapore, which became a hotspot for the spread of coronavirus infections in the city state. Photo: AFP
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
16 Decorative Art Projects Ideas For Adults
Is it possible that you are currently imagining about art projects ideas for adults. I recently made some updates of pictures for your perfect ideas, just imagine that some of these fresh imageries. We hope you can use them for inspiration. We added information from each image that we get, including set size and resolution. Outreach services teen library staff some doing outside walls libraries, Donate magazine they art projects keep their mini recommend someone new outreach look ideas inspiration well best practices talk youth young adults may experiencing homelessness.
If you like these picture, you must click the picture to see the large or full size image. If you like and want to share you can hit like/share button, so more people can saw this too. Right here, you can see one of our art projects ideas for adults gallery, there are many picture that you can browse, don’t forget to see them too.
Below are 7 top images from 16 best pictures collection of art projects ideas for adults photo in high resolution. Click the image for larger image size and more details.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Snecma Aims New Engine at Bizav Market
French engine manufacturer Snecma has revealed plans to develop a turbofan engine to power business and regional jets. It has started developing a core engine demonstrator called the SM-X that, if a full development program is launched, would yield a powerplant producing between 8,500 and 10,000 pounds of thrust. Ground testing of the core is set for the second half of next year. Snecma executives told AIN that they “will pursue discussions with potential partners in parallel with the core demonstration phase.” At the same time, Snecma is being careful about committing to exactly when the engine will enter the market. “The different development phases for the engine will proceed according to the aircraft manufacturers’ requirements,” a spokesman said. The new engine probably would not be available until 2011 at the earliest.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
As I write this, Jorge Polanco has a slashline of .392/.452/.716 on the season, including a .405/.469/.738 slashline over the past two weeks, and he’s currently ranked third on ESPN’s player rater among all shortstops.
Also, as I write this, Jorge Polanco is currently available in 44% of leagues, per FantasyPros, including 50% of Yahoo leagues and 33% of ESPN leagues.
The ownership levels of Polanco at this point are, I guess, understandable, because people are skeptical of his hot start. But they need to be higher, he needs to be 100% owned, because he has improved his game and is a very good shortstop now.
I’m not sure if it’s the 80-game PED suspension he had last year, or just the fact that he’s never put up absurd video game numbers, but Polanco deserves your attention. I’ve always believed that players who provide good numbers in every category but never have those attention-grabbing three-home-run games or whatever often go overlooked, guys like Dustin Pedroia used to be. Polanco seems to be one of those guys.
But here’s the thing—he’s been good for awhile, and now he’s hitting the ball better than ever before, and while there is definitely some regression coming (I’m not about to tell you that he’s going to hit nearly .400 all season), he’s still looking like he’s going to put up really good numbers.
Back in the second-half of 2017, Polanco changed his game up, and it was working wonders, slashing .293/.359/.511 during that time. Then came an 80-game suspension for PED use, and everyone pretty much forgot about him (understandably).
Still, he came back last year and looked solid, slashing .288/.345/.427. Nothing crazy, but a nice season, especially after missing half a year. But if you take all those games together, plus so far this year (which totals 674 plate appearances), Polanco has slashed .303/.364/.494 since changing his approach at the plate in the second-half of 2017.
So what’s up with the crazy year he’s had so far in 2019? Is it all luck? Or is there some legitimacy to what he’s doing. Part of it is luck, of course. Like I said, he’s not going to hit almost .400 all year, nor is his .424 BABIP going to stick. But if you look at what he’s doing at the plate so far this season, you’ll see someone who’s made improvements that could lead to sustained success.
So far this year, Polanco’s been reducing his groundballs and increasing his fly balls:
And the fly balls he’s been hitting haven’t just been any old fly balls, they’ve been really well-hit balls. Check out his launch angle chart so far:
He’s focusing a lot of his balls right where you want him to for power, and his statcast profile is bearing this out so far. This year, he’s sporting an 11.1% barrel rate, good for a career-best by a longshot (last year was his previous career-best at 3.7%). He’s also increased his average exit velocity to a career-best 88 MPH and his statcast hard-hit rate (percentage of balls hit at least 95 MPH) is at a career-best 44.4% (his previous career-best was last year at 27.9%).
You can see how dramatically his hard-hit rate has jumped up compared with the rest of his career:
The hard-hit rate over on Fangraphs from Baseball Info Solutions bears this out too, with a noticeable decrease in soft-hit rate.
When you look at how much harder he’s hitting the ball in conjunction with his increases barrel rate and launch angle, you can see why he’s hitting the ball so well. His quality of contact has increased dramatically, and obviously that’s going to produce great results.
But like I said, there is regression coming, without a doubt. The question is, just how much regression is in store for Polanco? If you take a look at his expected stats, you’ll see it might not be as bad as you might think.
AVG SLG wOBA Actual .392 .716 .484 Expected .322 .614 .422
No, that’s not what I’m suggesting you expect going forward from him. Rather, what I’m suggesting is that Polanco is hitting better than he ever has in his career so far, and I think this makes sense for him. He’s gradually gotten better as he’s gotten older, with the PED suspension serving as an unfortunate hiccup in the midst of his development.
But now, he’s killing the ball, and while he will slow down, you should absolutely be riding the hot streak while it lasts. And even when the hot streak is over, I expect that Polanco will still have himself a very solid year, probably even the best season of his career to date.
He should provide you with a very good average, good power, and some solid speed. He’s been quietly doing it for years now, he’s just not so quiet anymore, and you should grab him now if he’s available in your league.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
BAE Systems was awarded a $225 million contract to produce almost 10,000 Advanced Precision Kill Weapon System units for the United States, Nigeria and the Netherlands, the U.S. Department of Defense said in a release.
The $225,034,247 firm-fixed-price delivery order was issued against a 2017 indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity contract (N00019-17-D-5517) to procure 9,999 Lot 7, full-rate production APKWS II units, the Wednesday, February 6 release said.
Work is expected to be completed in September 2020.
While the release said the procurement is “in support of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force and the governments of Nigeria and the Netherlands,” the foreign military sales component of the contract was the full value. “Fiscal 2019 procurement of ammunition (Army, Navy and Marine Corps and Air Force); and Foreign Military Sales funds in the amount of $225,034,247 will be obligated at time of award,” the release said.
APKWS upgrades 2.75-inch (70 mm) rockets to a semi-active laser guided precision weapon. The system is a design conversion for Hydra 70 unguided rockets turning them into low-yield precision-guided munitions to help avoid collateral damage.
Costs for the system appear stable – in June 2018, BAE Systems was awarded a $224 million contract to produce 10,185 Advanced Precision Kill Weapon System guidance units.
Nigeria’s Super Tucanos
APKWS is a component of Nigeria’s purchase of 12 A-29 Super Tucano light attack aircraft. A long-awaited contract for the sale of 12 aircraft was awarded last November, but it did not include weaponry.
However, when the proposed sale was approved by the U.S. State Department in August 2017, the notification delivered to the U.S. Congress included 5,000 Hydra 70 2.75-inch unguided rockets, 400 Laser Guided Rockets including APKWS, as well as 200 Paveway II laser-guided bomb tailkits and 2,000 MK-81 250-lb bombs, and practice rockets and machine gun ammunition.
Nigeria was one of the countries listed in U.S. Department of Defense contract notifications for Hydra rockets in June and September, although it was unclear if this equipment is related to the aircraft sale.
Advanced Precision Kill Weapon System
BAE says APKWS is designed to lock on to both moving and stationary targets from over 3 km (1.9 miles) away, using advanced seeker optics on four guidance wings that are deployed after firing. This Distributed Aperture Semi-Active Laser Seeker (DASALS) technology allows the four seekers to work together as a single unit, and BAE says the system has achieved a greater than 93 percent hit rate.
The modular design enables the system to be fitted to existing and new unguided rockets, inserting between the motor and warhead, and has been fitted to more than than 20 aircraft types.
BAE claims the APKWS is the most cost effective laser-guided munition in its class, enabling “a precision-strike capability at a quarter the price of a Brimstone missile.”
It says the production plant in the United States opened in 2016 has a capacity of up to 20,000 units per year.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Comparison of results of coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction in patients > or =75 years of age versus patients <75 years of age.
We reviewed 1,063 consecutive patients treated with direct coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction (AMI): 261 were > or =75 and 802 were <75 years of age. Compared with the younger group, the older group had a higher percentage of women (48% vs 22%, p <0.0001), multivessel coronary disease (50% vs 39%, p <0.01), overall in-hospital mortality (8.4% vs 3.7%, p <0.01), cardiac mortality rate (6.1% vs 3.1%, p <0.05), and noncardiac mortality rate (2.3% vs 0.6%, p <0.05). Successful reperfusion was achieved in both groups at a similarly high rate (93% and 95%, p = NS). Hospital mortality was similar whether reperfusion was successful or failed. Successful compared with unsuccessful angioplasty decreased mortality rates in the older (6.6% vs 33%, p <0.0001) and younger (3.0% vs 18%, p <0.0001) groups. When reperfusion was successful, the cardiac mortality rate in older patients was not significantly higher than in younger patients: 4.1% vs 2.4%, p = NS.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
An Israeli court has approved a class-action suit against Facebook for violating users’ privacy, ruling that a clause in Facebook’s terms of use requiring all suits to be heard in California courts is invalid.
The ruling is expected to spark other, similar suits by Israelis.
The $400-million suit, filed in the Central District Court by Ohad Ben Hamo, argued that Facebook violates users’ privacy by using their private posts to determine which advertisements they should see, without obtaining their knowing consent to this policy. The suit also accused Facebook of violating Israeli law by not registering its database in the national database registry.
Facebook argued that the suit should be thrown out because, among other reasons, its terms of use – which all regular users must sign – explicitly require all suits against it to be heard by one of two specified California courts. Moreover, it said, its relationship with users is governed by California law, which would also preclude Israeli courts from hearing such suits.
But Judge Esther Stemmer, whose ruling was first reported by the journal Seventh Eye, rejected these arguments, despite acknowledging that legal precedent does award jurisdictional priority to the courts stipulated in the users’ agreement.
“Perhaps the time has come to examine the issue from a different angle, from the customer’s standpoint, especially when he’s the customer of huge international corporations that deal with customers all over the world,” Stammer explained.
An owner’s right to have legal proceedings take place on his own territory “may lose some of its weight” when his product is distributed not just to a few users, but “to most of the country’s residents,” Stemmer continued. “It’s not clear that Facebook’s right to litigate in one single place in the world, as stipulated in the uniform contracts it had users’ sign, overrides the right of all the users to readily obtain legal remedy in their own countries.
“It seems anyone who disseminates his wares must be ready to be sued in any country where he does a significant amount of business,” she wrote. “That’s especially true when there’s such a large gap between Facebook’s size in Israel, and apparently also its net worth, and each of its users, or even all of them together. The burden imposed on each of them by litigating abroad, or according to California law, is a significant one that’s liable to prevent litigation in many cases.”
Stemmer charged Facebook 10,000 shekels ($2,600) in court costs and gave it 90 days to respond to the suit.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Soi cầu VIP hôm nay sẽ tìm ra được những cặp số tham khảo của xổ số Miền Bắc. Dưới đây là thông tin SOI CẦU LÔ VÍP, HOÀN TOÀN MIỄN PHÍ
>> Xem: Kết quả XSMB
Soi cầu VIP - Soi cầu XSMB Vip xổ số Miền Bắc hôm nay
Soi cầu Lô VIP 2 nháy Miền Bắc hôm nay ngày 24/9 /2020
• Lô 2 nháy VIP: 40-27-80
>> Soi cầu Loto188
>> Soi cầu 3 Miền
>> Tần suất loto
>> Lô gan MB
>> Soi cầu Lixi88
Bạch thủ lô kép Miền Bắc Siêu VIP hôm nay
• Lô kép VIP: 33-88
>> Xem chi tiết: Soi cầu kép 366
Soi cầu XSMB Vip Dàn lô xiên 3
Cặp xiên 3 đẹp nhất hôm nay
• Dàn lô xiên 3 VIP: 05-74-16
Soi cầu MB VIP 3 càng hôm nay
• Ba càng VIP: 517-861
Dàn đề 6 số Miền Bắc Siêu VIP
• Dàn đề VIP: 07-54-89-65-05-32
>> Xem: Thống kê 2 số cuối giải đặc biệt
>> Xem kết quả XSMB
>> Thống kê: Bảng đặc biệt tuần
Giới thiệu về Soi cầu Vip MB
Soi cầu Vip là gì? Soi cầu Vip là soi cầu dựa trên trên các công cụ thống kê soi cầu phân tích để đưa ra những lô tô đẹp trong ngày. Xác xuất soi cầu Vip lô 2 nháy và bạch thủ lô kép có thể lên đến 80%. Ngoài ra Soi cầu lô Vip còn có thêm soi cầu lô xiên, lô 3 càng và dàn đề 6 số Miền Bắc cho các bạn tham khảo
>> Lô tô hôm nay
>> Cầu lô XSMB
Ưu điểm của Soi cầu Miền Bắc Vip tại Xổ số 666
- Đầy đủ các loại cầu lô như cầu bạch thủ, lô 2 nháy, lô 3 càng, lô xiên... giúp bạn tham khảo dễ dàng hơn
- Được đưa ra bởi các công cụ phần mềm phân tích xổ số
- Không bán số, Soi cầu Vip của Xổ số 666 đưa ra là hoàn toàn Miễn Phí
>> Xem: Soi cầu lô 100
>> Xem: Soi cầu Tốt
Cách sử dụng soi cầu Vip để đạt hiệu quả cao
- Nên đánh thêm lót, ví dụ bạn theo soi cầu víp là 52 thì bạn lót thêm 51 hoặc 53. Nếu bạn theo lô kép là 33 thì lót thêm sát kép là 32 hoặc 34
- Bạn nên thả từ từ theo cách thăm dò số, không nên tất tay
- Kết hợp với các công cụ thống kê soi cầu khác như thống kê lô gan, cặp lô gan, tần suất lô tô để đưa ra quyết định cuối cùng
- Hỏi thêm ý kiến người có kinh nghiệm chơi lô đề lâu năm, những người này sẽ cho bạn những lời khuyên quý giá giúp bạn cân nhắc lựa chọn kỹ càng hơn
Kết luận:
Soi cầu Vip cũng chỉ là một trong những hệ thống soi cầu cơ bản được ưa chuộng nhất hiện nay. Mỗi hệ thống sẽ có các thuật toán riêng để đưa ra những con số cho bạn tham khảo, quyết định cuối cùng vẫn là ở bạn. Xổ số 666 xin Chúc quý vị và các bạn may mắn
Từ khóa liên quan:
soi cau vip mb, soi cau mb vip, soi cau vip 888 3so dep, soi cầu vip miền bắc, soi cau lo vip mb, cau vip bach thu mb, soi cau vip xsmb, soi cau vip mien bac, soi cầu miền bắc vip, soi cầu vip xổ số miền bắc, soi cau xsmb vip, soi cau vip 4 so, cau vip bach thu mb, soi cầu vip bạch thủ phát tài
Tham khảo thêm:
>> Kết quả XSMN
>> Kết quả XSMT
Xem kết quả XSMB theo từng Thứ trong tuần:
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Individual variation in the expression profiles of nicotinic receptors in the olfactory bulb and trigeminal ganglion and identification of alpha2, alpha6, alpha9, and beta3 transcripts.
Nicotine evokes dose-dependent and often variable chemosensory responses in animals and humans. Earlier observations that nicotine binds to some nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes in the olfactory bulb (OB) and trigeminal ganglion (TG) led us to investigate the complete nAChR expression profile in each tissue and to determine whether inter-individual differences exist in male and female rats. Total RNA was extracted from individual samples of dissected OB and TG and analyzed by a sensitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay to determine the messenger RNA profiles of ten transcripts encoded by the alpha2, alpha3, alpha4, alpha5, alpha6, alpha7, alpha9, beta2, beta3, and beta4 nAChR genes. We found that (a) in the OB, all animals expressed alpha2, alpha3, alpha4, alpha5, alpha7, beta2, and beta4 subunit mRNAs, whereas alpha6, beta3, and alpha9 transcripts were expressed in only 17, 28, and 33% of the animals, respectively, and (b) in the TG, all animals expressed alpha2, alpha3, alpha6, alpha7, beta2, and beta4 subunit mRNAs, whereas alpha9, beta3, alpha4, and alpha5 transcripts were expressed in 4, 38, 88, and 92% of the animals, respectively. These results also identified new subunits that are expressed in each tissue (alpha2, alpha6, alpha9, and beta3) and demonstrated that individual rats may have different tissue-specific expression profiles for alpha4, alpha5, alpha6, alpha9, and beta3 transcripts. Such variations are likely to be reflected in the composition of functional receptor subtypes in the rat OB and TG that have different activation and desensitization characteristics to acetylcholine and nicotine.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Mogoș is a village in Romania, Alba county . It is located in the region(s) Transylvania, Erdélyi-középhegység, Aranyosszék, Erdélyi-Hegyalja. Nearby attractions are the Turda Salt Mine, the Turda Gorge, the Durgău Lakes and the Székelykő.
1 accommodation are in the surroundings of Mogoș and a total of 13 places in the whole region, available for free booking. In the area there are 13 chalets, 6 can be reserved without any deposit, 7 offer dining options (breakfast, lunch, dinner, half board, full board or all inclusive), 2 have a swimming pool. Accommodations of Mogoș can be seen on the map. Mogoș's accommodations have a score of 96% based on 89 guest reviews. Prices range between 6 and 21 $.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Germantown NYC: Uncovering the German History of Yorkville
If you read 6sqft’s post about Kleindeutschland, or “Little Germany,” you know that in 1885 New York had the third largest German-speaking population in the world, outside of Vienna and Berlin, and the majority of those immigrants settled in what is today the heart of the East Village. You also know that the horrific General Slocum disaster in 1904 pushed the last of the Germans out of the area. And as promised, we’re here to tell you where that community went– Yorkville, then commonly known as Germantown.
The Upper East Side neighborhood, bounded by 79th and 96th streets and running from the east side of Third Avenue to the East River, exploded with immigrants from the former Prussian Empire in the early 20th century. Those looking for a fresh start after the tragedy saw opportunity in the many available jobs in Yorkville. Like the East Village, Yorkville still has many reminders of its German past, as well as still-thriving cultural spots.
Immigrants who took up residence in the neighborhood were not just German, but were from Hungary, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Russia as well. By 1938, the German-language New Yorker Staats Zeitung newspaper was selling 80,000 copies a day.
The name of York Avenue, and thereby Yorkville, has German roots. In 1928, what was then still called Avenue A, was renamed York Avenue in honor of U.S. Army Sergeant Alvin York, who led an attack on a German machine gun nest during World War I’s Meuse-Argonne Offensive and received the medal of honor for these actions.
86th Street, still the main artery of the Upper East Side today, was the heart of Germantown in Yorkville. It was home to many Vereines, the word for social clubs and singing societies. In fact, the thoroughfare was often called Sauerkraut Boulevard, the German Broadway, or the German Boulevard. Businesses that lined the street included Maxi’s Brauhaus, the Lorelei dance hall, Kleine Konditorei, Cafe Geiger, and Cafe Wienecke.
One of the most popular spots on 86th Street was the Yorkville Casino. Not a casino like we think of today, it was a social center for the German community. It was erected in 1904 at 210 East 86th Street by the Musician’s Mutual Protective Union (the precursor to the American Federation of Musicians). One of its two main ballrooms, the Tuxedo, had more than 15,000 square feet of floor space and was one of the most popular nightclubs in the city. The casino then welcomed the Deutsches Theatre, which was the only movie theater in the city to show German-language films.
Carl Schurz Park via CityRealty
Carl Schurz Park also derives its name from German history. The park was designated as the East River Park in 1876, when it housed John Jacob Astor’s villa and was used as a picnic ground. In 1891, the land was acquired by the city and they enlisted Calvert Vaux (of Central Park fame) and Samuel Parsons to undertake the landscape design. Their vision was completed in 1902, several years after Vaux’s death, but was reconstructed in 1935 by Robert Moses to accommodate the FDR Drive.
The park’s name was officially changed to Carl Schurz Park in 1910, in honor of the 13th United States Secretary of the Interior. Born in 1829, Carl Schurz was also a German revolutionary, American reformer, U.S. minister to Spain, Union Army General in the Civil War, and the first German-born American elected to the U.S. Senate. His wife Margarethe Schurz is known for helping to establish the kindergarten system in the United States. After leaving the Interior Department in 1881, Schurz moved to New York City, where he resided until his death in 1906.
Zion St. Mark’s Evangelical Lutheran Church
Most of those who perished in the General Slocum disaster were members of the German Evangelical Lutheran Church of St. Mark at 323 East 6th Street. In 1946, the parish merged with the Zion Church at 339-341 East 84th Street to become Zion St. Mark’s Evangelical Lutheran Church. The neo-gothic building was constructed in 1888, becoming the German Lutheran Zion Church in 1892. The merged parish still hosts a Sunday mass in German today.
During the 1930’s, Yorkville was the New York City base of the German American Bund, the notorious pro-Nazi group. A decade later, in the 1940’s, refugees from fascist Germany sought refuge in Germantown, as did those from communist regimes in the 1950’s and 60’s.
The Third Avenue El was torn down in the 1950’s, an event that spurred many Germans to move out of the area, as small shops and brownstones were torn down for high-rise condos and big-box stores. Anti-German feelings after World War II, which caused many German-Americans to anglicize their names, also aided in the neighborhood shift. But several German establishments are still thriving today in Yorkville.
Schaller & Weber
The neighborhood continues to host the annual Steuben Parade, a large German-American celebration. It was named for Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, a Prussian-born General who served under General George Washington in the American Revolutionary War and trained young American troops. Other Germantown holdouts include Schaller & Weber grocery, Heidelberg restaurant, and Glaser’s Bakery.
[Related: Kleindeutschland: The History of the East Village’s Little Germany]
Tags : Carl Schurz Park, General Slocum, German Evangelical Lutheran Church of St. Mark, German history of Yorkville, Germantown, Glaser's Bakery, Heidelberg restaurant, Kleindeutschland, Little Germany, Sauerkraut Boulevard, Schaller & Weber grocery, Steuben Parade, Yorkville Casino, Yorkville history, Zion St. Mark's Evangelical Lutheran Church
Neighborhoods : Upper East Side,Yorkville
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Q:
Changing the title of the Solution Explorer tool window in visual studio 2015
In visual studio, in the Solution Explorer you can right clock and select "New Solution Explorer from here"
Then a new Solution explorer tool window open - but it has the same name "Solution Explorer" - and no way to reflect the folder it represents or anything.
If I want to use multiple solution explorer windows - it'll be best if I can determine a name for them - or if their name would be representative of the root item they refer to.
Is there a visual studio extension that does that?
A:
You can the title value via the property named caption. Here is a simple demo for your reference.
DTE2 dte = (DTE2)this.ServiceProvider.GetService(typeof(DTE));
List<Window> list = new List<Window>();
foreach (Window w in dte.Windows)
{
if (w.Caption == "Solution Explorer")
{
list.Add(w);
}
}
for (int i = 0; i < list.Count; i++)
{
list[i].Caption = "Test" + i;
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Meet Me in Las Vegas
Meet Me in Las Vegas (1956) is an MGM musical comedy produced by Joe Pasternak, directed by Roy Rowland, filmed in Eastman Color (credited as Metrocolor) and CinemaScope, and starring Dan Dailey and Cyd Charisse.
The screenplay is by Isobel Lennart, cinematography by Robert Bronner, music direction by George Stoll, and choreography by Hermes Pan and Eugene Loring.
Story
Set in and around the Sands Hotel, the film has a fairly simple plot, telling "what happens when a gambling rancher (Dailey) discovers that all he has to do to win at roulette is take hold of ballerina Charisse's hand". The film was tailored for the talents of Charisse, showcasing her modern ballet dancing. Several popular singers are featured as themselves. The location shooting gives a good idea of what Las Vegas looked like in 1956.
Cast
Dan Dailey as Chuck Rodwell
Cyd Charisse as Maria Corvier
Agnes Moorehead as Miss Hattie
Lili Darvas as Sari Hatvany
Jim Backus as Tom Culdane
Oskar Karlweis as Lotzi - Sands Blackjack Dealer
Liliane Montevecchi as Lilli
Cara Williams as Kelly Donavan
George Chakiris as Young Groom (as George Kerris)
Betty Lynn as Young Bride
Henry Slate as Slate Brother
Jack Slate as Slate Brother
Sid Slate as Slate Brother
Pete Rugolo as Conductor
John Brascia as Specialty Dancer
There are brief appearances by Jerry Colonna, Paul Henreid, Lena Horne, Frankie Laine, and Mitsuko Sawamura. Cameo appearances include Frank Sinatra, Debbie Reynolds, Vic Damone, Pier Angeli, Peter Lorre, and Tony Martin (who was married to Charisse until her death in 2008).
Sammy Davis Jr. sings "Frankie and Johnny" near the end of the film, danced by Charisse, Montevecchi, and Brascia, with special lyrics by Sammy Cahn and arranged by Johnny Green.
Reception
According to MGM records, the film earned $2,217,000 in the US and Canada and $1,497,000 elsewhere, resulting in a loss of $496,000.
Honors
The film received an Oscar nomination for best musical score.
Home video
The film, which has been shown on Turner Classic Movies, was released on DVD from Warner Brothers Archive Collection on July 8, 2011.
See also
List of American films of 1956
References
External links
Meet Me in Las Vegas in the Internet Movie Database
Category:1956 films
Category:1950s musical comedy films
Category:American films
Category:American musical comedy films
Category:English-language films
Category:Films directed by Roy Rowland
Category:Films produced by Joe Pasternak
Category:Films scored by Georgie Stoll
Category:Films scored by Johnny Green
Category:Films set in the Las Vegas Valley
Category:Films shot in the Las Vegas Valley
Category:Gambling films
Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
[Application of multiplex nested RT- PCR assay for screening the fusion genes in acute myeloid leukemia and its clinical significance].
To investigate the clinical value of multiplex nested reverse transcription PCR (RT-nPCR) in screening acute myeloid leukemia(AML)fusion genes. A novel multiplex RT-nPCR assay was developed to detect 16 AML-related fusion genes (AML1-EVI1, AML1-ETO, AML1-MDS1, AML1-MTG16, MLL-AF9, MLL-AF6, MLL-AF10, MLL-ENL, MLL-MLL, PML-RARα, PLZFRARα, NPM1-RARα, CBFB-MYH11, DEK-CAN, SET-CAN and TLS-ERG) according to 2008 WHO classification of AML. The chromosome reciprocal translocations of 356 AML cases were detected by multiplex RT-nPCR and karyotyping. The positive samples were further confirmed by split- out PCR and FISH. The fusion genes were detected in 172 patients with the positive detection rate of 48.31%(172/356), which was higher than that of karyotyping (31.46%) (χ²=70.314, P<0.01). Multiplex RT-nPCR is superior to karyotyping and FISH in identifying the rare, cryptic chromosome translocation (χ²=96.074, P<0.01). The multiplex RT-nPCR used in this study can quickly, effectively and accurately screen the fusion genes in AML patients, which can provide important evidence for assessing diagnosis and treatment, and also provide necessary information for minimal residual disease (MRD) and prognosis.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Q:
How to sort and order merged DataSets
I have 2 DataSets as shown below and I need to merge these DataSets into 1:
dataset1
date reason total
12 aug 2010 inactive 123
19 aug 2010 inactive 45
20 sep 2010 inactive 145
02 nov 2010 inactive 95
25 dec 2010 inactive 44
dataset2
date reason total
12 aug 2010 active 12
21 aug 2010 active 45
20 sep 2010 active 45
02 nov 2010 active 45
26 dec 2010 active 45
I can merge the DataSets by using the Merge method, but how do I sort the DataSets to get the result like this:
date reason total
12 aug 2010 inactive 123
12 aug 2010 active 12
19 aug 2010 inactive 45
21 aug 2010 active 45
20 sep 2010 inactive 145
20 sep 2010 active 45
02 nov 2010 inactive 95
02 nov 2010 active 45
25 dec 2010 inactive 44
26 dec 2010 active 45
A:
Assuming you want it in ascending date order and reason descending order, you can use a DataView's Sort property (DataView.Sort Property):
// Assuming the merged table is the first and only table in the DataSet.
DataView dv = new DataView(dataSet1.Tables[0]);
dv.Sort = "date, reason DESC";
I haven't tested this - just off the top of my head. Should point you in the right direction though.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
---
description: "absolute Method (SQLServerResultSet)"
title: "absolute Method (SQLServerResultSet) | Microsoft Docs"
ms.custom: ""
ms.date: "01/19/2017"
ms.prod: sql
ms.prod_service: connectivity
ms.reviewer: ""
ms.technology: connectivity
ms.topic: conceptual
apiname:
- "SQLServerResultSet.absolute"
apilocation:
- "sqljdbc.jar"
apitype: "Assembly"
ms.assetid: 638e8148-8ca0-4e1f-9ec2-04a11bc9809b
author: David-Engel
ms.author: v-daenge
---
# absolute Method (SQLServerResultSet)
[!INCLUDE[Driver_JDBC_Download](../../../includes/driver_jdbc_download.md)]
Moves the cursor to the given row in this [SQLServerResultSet](../../../connect/jdbc/reference/sqlserverresultset-class.md) object.
## Syntax
```
public boolean absolute(int row)
```
#### Parameters
*row*
An **int** that indicates the row number to move to. Can be positive, negative, or 0.
## Return Value
**true** if the cursor is moved to the given position. **false** if it is before the first row or after the last row.
## Exceptions
[SQLServerException](../../../connect/jdbc/reference/sqlserverexception-class.md)
## Remarks
This absolute method is specified by the absolute method in the java.sql.ResultSet interface.
## See Also
[SQLServerResultSet Members](../../../connect/jdbc/reference/sqlserverresultset-members.md)
[SQLServerResultSet Class](../../../connect/jdbc/reference/sqlserverresultset-class.md)
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Q:
How to bring back missing options on System Settings
I am newbie in Linux and I was trying to fix problem with skype (it is muted) and I accidentally removed almost all my applications ( I don't have anything to control my desktop settings, mouse, keyboard etc. ) from "System Settings"! How can I get it back? I didn't do backup or anything like this. I wrote these three commands and they seem to have cause the issue:
killall pulseaudio
sudo apt-get remove pulseaudio
sudo apt-get install esound
A:
Run the following command in the terminal:
sudo apt-get install ubuntu-desktop
This will bring the missing options back on System Settings.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Goździchowo
Goździchowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kamieniec, within Grodzisk Wielkopolski County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately south of Kamieniec, south-east of Grodzisk Wielkopolski, and south-west of the regional capital Poznań.
The village has a population of 107.
References
Category:Villages in Grodzisk Wielkopolski County
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Dirty Data: Dirt Detectors
So far this week we’ve covered common types of dirty data including data that has duplicates, missing values and inconsistencies. There are, of course, many more ways your data can get dirty! Instead of enumerating every type of dirty data, it’s good to have a strategy to have a more general check of your data. One great way to do this is Cross-Checking.
Conceptually, cross-checking is very simple. You use two or more different sources of data to ensure they all report the same values. For example, you might have data on the number of purchases from your website in both your analytics system (tracking the user actions) and also in your payments system (tracking monetary transactions). By comparing these two metrics, which are really tracking the same thing, you can tell if there are dirty data issues.
In practice, cross-checking is harder than it sounds because of one simple question: If two of your data sources disagree, which one is correct? There is no easy answer, you will need to fall back on some of the techniques we’ve discussed earlier this week. The good news is that you know there is a problem! Hence, cross checking is useful to detect data issues but won’t solve them for you.
There are a number of other techniques to detect and correct dirty data which I didn’t have time to cover this week but I encourage you to read about:
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
The president of Tunisia, Beji Caid Essebsi, has declared a state of emergency following last week's deadly attack at the Sousse tourist resort, which killed 38 people.
On Friday the prime minister of Tunisia admitted that police had been slow in responding to the attack by an Islamist gunman.
The state of emergency gives security forces more powers and limits the right of public assembly.
Elaine Jung reports.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Well that escalated quickly
Who said she wasn’t a squinter
- Vidhuber.com
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
ARRESTATION « Il a dit qu’on allait tous y passer », raconte un témoin...
L'église Saint-Pierre d'Arène se situe tout près de la promenade des Anglais. — Jesmar - Creative Commons
L’église Saint-Pierre d’Arène, à Nice, a été évacuée ce dimanche matin, en pleine messe de Pâques, après qu’un homme au comportement menaçant a fait irruption dans les lieux. Un périmètre de sécurité a été établi dans ce quartier, proche de la promenade des Anglais.
Un individu suspect évacué de l'église Saint-Pierre-d'Arène de Nice par la Bac pic.twitter.com/AgGvaB0euX — France Bleu Azur (@francebleuazur) April 16, 2017
Il brandissait « ce qui semblait être un saucisson » en proférant des menaces
Selon les informations de Nice-Matin, un homme vêtu d’un treillis et de gants serait entré dans l’église en lançant des menaces : « il a dit qu’on allait tous y passer, il avait l’air très excité », a raconté un témoin au quotidien régional.
Une source judiciaire a confirmé ce récit auprès de l’AFP, précisant que l’homme avait « un comportement particulier, menaçait tout le monde de mort et brandissait ce qui semblait être un saucisson ».
>> A lire aussi : Nice: Jugé pour avoir semé la panique sur la promenade des Anglais avec un fusil paintball
L’homme a été rapidement maîtrisé et interpellé. La messe a ensuite repris, selon la préfecture des Alpes-Maritimes. Sur Twitter, elle déclare que « l’alerte a parfaitement fonctionné ».
St Pierre d'Arene : alerte a parfaitement fonctionné individu inquiétant interpellé et contrôlé la messe se poursuit — PréfetAlpesMaritimes (@prefet06) April 16, 2017
Le président du conseil départemental Eric Ciotti a félicité sur Twitter « l’intervention parfaitement maîtrisée » des forces de sécurité. Le premier adjoint au maire Christian Estrosi a fait de même.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
CHICAGO, IL – MARCH 09: Chicago Fire forward C.J. Sapong (9) chases the ball in action during a MLS match between the Chicago Fire and Orlando City on March 09, 2019 at SeatGeek Stadium in Bridgeview, IL. (Photo by Robin Alam/Icon Sportswire via Getty Images)
This is an archived article and the information in the article may be outdated. Please look at the time stamp on the story to see when it was last updated.
CHICAGO — When a team wins only eight games in Major League Soccer a year after making the playoffs, changes are likely — even if not wholesale.
That was the case for the Chicago Fire in 2019, as they kept around a number of key players like Bastian Schweinsteiger, Nemenja Nikolic, and Johan Kappelhof. Yet at the same time, they’ve added a collection of new players in hopes to change the fortunes of the club.
One of those players is making an impact immediately, and at the moment, has provided their two scores on the 2019 MLS season.
Forward C.J. Sapong, who spent the past four years with the Philadelphia Union, saved the game for the Fire in their home opener on Saturday at SeatGeek Stadium. His header in the 95-minute deep into stoppage time found the back of the net, salvaged a 1-1 tie against Orlando City FC on a chilly day in Bridgeview.
“Yeah it was a relief,” said Sapong of the goal to Chicago-Fire.com. “I feel like just like the game in LA we felt like we left a little bit on the field there and could have found ourselves in front early, but at least this time we came away with a point.”
That wasn’t the case last week, as Sapong said, when the Galaxy used a late goal by Zlatan Ibrahimovic to beat the Fire 2-1 in the season opener. The new forward scored the Fire’s only goal of the game when he stole an errant pass and beat the keeper with a strike in the 49th minute.
The two goals are already half the total Sapong had last year with the Union, when he played in 32 games, starting 29 of them. That came just a season removed from his career-high 16 goals he scored for Philadelphia in 2017. Sapong has 58 goals in his eight-year, two game MLS career.
“I’m very fortunate to have been on the scoresheet the last two games, but I personally feel within my game and how I’m cohesively working with my team that there’s a little bit of ways for me to get there,” said Sapong. “But, yes, it’s always good to get on the scoresheet, I’m very fortunate for that, and I’m going to keep building off of that.”
If he does, maybe he can make a run at his season-high for goals from two years ago as the Fire try to recapture their good fortune of 2017 as well.
41.878114 -87.629798
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Straightening things out…starting with my teeth!
I have always tried to hide my teeth in pictures because I was so ashamed of my crooked smile. When I was a teenager I had braces but as my wisdom teeth came in, my front teeth- particularly the bottom ones- all bunched together and all that pain and hard work was undone within a few years. I was devastated but couldn’t bare the thought of redoing the process! Especially as an adult!
Then I read about Smilelign, invisible braces that correct your teeth without the world knowing. It sounded too good to be true but the more I read about them the more I wanted to give them a try.
I went to my dentist and he took impressions of my teeth to make my first aligner. It is a process that has not changed for decades, they simply press a clay-like substance onto your teeth and let it set. When it goes hard, the dentist takes it out (and it feels like all your teeth are yanked out and you do expect to see them poking out of the mold – but don’t worry; they won’t) the impressions are then sent away and a few weeks later you get your first aligner and get to see what your final result is expected to look like on the computer.
I was initially sceptical of the results that I could see on the computer, but I was ready for any improvement I could get. I just wanted to get my beautiful smile back.
I had to pay £2,000 for the first batch of aligners, (there were seven sets in the first batch) each retainer was to be worn for 3 weeks before going up to the next set.
Rules: Wear the retainers at least 20hrs a day. Remove for meals and non-sugar free drinks. Brush and floss your teeth before putting the retainer back on and keep them clean.
Easy enough right?
The reality;
The first aligner was AGONY to put on. The dentist pushed all his weight onto my teeth to clamp down the aligner and sent me home. When I got home and dinner time rolled around I tucked my nails under the lip of the aligner to remove the bottom one. It moved a millimetre and tears flooded my eyes and a earth shattering knawing pain shot through my senses. My hands trembled as I pushed the retainer back down in place and stood in shock staring at my pale face in the mirror.
I wondered what the heck just happened. This time I tried the top retainer and the same thing happened. It felt like my head was in one of the bells at Notre Dame and someone had just given it a big whack. My head was ringing and I thought I was going to pass out.
I decided not to remove my retainers and went hungry. Unfortunately, I had obviously disturbed a sleeping dragon too soon and the ache and pains that ensued for the rest of the day had me popping ibuprofen like it was candy. All on an empty stomach too because I couldn’t get the retainers off my teeth!
I decided to look on the bright side : I’m going to lose loads of weight!
Sadly, this was not the case either. I lost about 8 pounds in the first week but as soon as my retainer was comfortable enough to remove and my teeth didn’t hurt when I ate, I stuffed as much food into me as I could before brushing and flossing to put my retainer back in. Basically, my diet did not change, but rather I became more effcient at consuming my daily calories instead.
Each time I had to move up to the next retainer I suffered a lot of pain and discomfort for a few days, however I soon learnt a useful trick to survive it: The night before a new retainer was due, I would put the new retainers in and have a couple of ibuprofen just before going to bed. In the morning, I was a little sore but my teeth had already moved during the night so I was able to remove the retainers for me to have a light breakfast (Readybrek became my best friend)
My dentist needed to create space for my crowded bottom teeth to move into place. She offered to remove a tooth or file between my teeth. I chose to have the filing. It did literally feel like she took an electronic nail file and sliced between my teeth. When she was done and I looked in the mirror I wanted to cry. I now had visible gaps between my teeth, particularly my middle teeth and I couldn’t imagine that gap going away. I did, however, remind myself that it would have been a lot worse if I lost a tooth.
As the months rolled by I was soon getting into the routine and managed to continue the process whilst dealing with the challenges life brings. For example, the night my father passed away I had just changed to a new retainer and forgot to take medicine for the pain. Oddly, the physical aches and pains I had in my teeth, helped me cope with the knawing pain in my stomach as I waited for the news.
There is one thing I was not prepared for, some gross-unwritten experiences that I feel anyone considering this treatment should know about!
The retainers are made of some sort of plastic. And when they are new they smell like plastic and give me the world’s worst migraine. Also, it dries you out like crazy. So in the morning, your mouth feels like it’s made of cotton…covered in what only can be described as glue. Add in a foul taste and well, it’s not pretty.
Keep a giant glass of water by your bed and get some good mouth wash. You’re going to need both to survive.
The plastic is very hard when they are new; the acid in your saliva appears to soften it over time but as they are new it can often cut into your gum or inner cheeks so get some wax to cover the sharp edges until your retainer feels more comfortable. And expect a few ulcers.
Also, no one warned me about the lisp you develop with each new retainer. Oh and the sheer volumes of spit that gatheres INSIDE the retainer so you develop a lovely habit of sucking your retainers throughout the day.
And a lot of people who have retainers wrap theirs in some tissue when they sit at the dinner table – DO NOT DO THIS. There are loads of occasions where mine were either about to be thrown in the bin – or they were. You can get cheap containers for though retainers (ha that rhymes) on Amazon. Get one.
Half way through my treatment, my dentist applied “attachements” to some of my teeth to allow the aligner to pull the teeth in place with more force. These attachments are made of the same material they use in fillings, they look the same as your tooth but they are a visible bump. When they are first applied it feels sharp and comfortable, and add pain to the aligning process but you do get used to it after a few weeks.
Finally, if all that wasn’t gross enough, my puppy seems to have an obsession with my retainers. She will leap onto the highest chest of drawers to get her teeth on them. I don’t know why, her teeth are not crowded, they’re perfect. But she’s chewed her way through three pairs of mine. Thankfully, I’ve been able to go up to a new pair with no problems but that could have been a very expensive problem to solve.
But now we are nearing the finish line and I will have a final retainer to wear at night to keep my teeth in good form. I am so happy with my results and at a grand total of £4,000 and 10 months of treatment I have to say it was worth every penny.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
NBL Rookie of the Year Award
The National Basketball League Rookie of the Year is an annual National Basketball League (NBL) award given since the 1983 NBL season to the top rookie of the regular season. For a player to be considered for Rookie of the Year, they must be an unrestricted player who has never previously played professionally in the NBL or any other league (excluding in New Zealand). At the season's end, each club nominates one player for the award with the head coach, one assistant coach and the team captain then voting in a 3-2-1 format (3 votes being indicative of the most deserving). Voters are not allowed to vote for players from their own team.
Winners
|}
References
Rookie of the Year
Category:Awards established in 1983
Category:Rookie player awards
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Wolf Dieter Seller
Wolf Dieter Seller is a retired West German slalom canoeist who competed in the mid-1960s. He won two medals in the C-2 team event at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships with a silver in 1963 and a bronze in 1965.
References
Category:German male canoeists
Category:Possibly living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Medalists at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Q:
What's with TO-252 package middle lead?
This is the TO-252 package.
It's got a tab, and two leads. There is, however, a "stub" of a lead, usually connected to the tab. What function does this serve? Is it a vestigial pin that mutated and was kept by selection bias?
I am aware of a few other questions concerning this; however, none of them seem to address why exactly this is here.
A:
Several different packages (both SMT and through-hole) are all based on the same lead frame. The only difference is in how the lead frame is trimmed and bent after the epoxy encapsulation has been added.
It is less stressful on the adhesion between the epoxy and the lead if the trimming is not flush to the epoxy, so a small stub is left.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
(b(f))?
-26*f
Suppose -2*v = 6 - 0. Let t be 1*0*v/9. Let r(s) = -s + t*s + s + 2*s. Let x(a) = -2*a. What is r(x(d))?
-4*d
Let u(a) = 2*a**2. Let d(x) = -38*x**2. Calculate u(d(i)).
2888*i**4
Let b(z) = 5. Let t(c) = -c - 5. Let i(v) = -5*b(v) - 6*t(v). Let m(y) = -5*y - 4. Let j(r) = 4*i(r) + 5*m(r). Let h(u) = -3*u. Give h(j(l)).
3*l
Let p(r) = -16*r**2 + 13*r. Let s(d) = 2*d**2. Determine s(p(u)).
512*u**4 - 832*u**3 + 338*u**2
Let b(r) = -r. Let p(u) = -12*u - 14. Let d be 4 - (5 + -2 + -4). Let z(o) = 4*o + 5. Let n(k) = d*p(k) + 14*z(k). Calculate n(b(s)).
4*s
Let m(f) = 4*f. Let i(l) be the first derivative of l**5/60 + l**2 - 4. Let h(b) be the second derivative of i(b). Calculate h(m(x)).
16*x**2
Let o(n) = -n**2 + 106*n. Let h(t) = -4*t. Calculate o(h(u)).
-16*u**2 - 424*u
Let k(z) be the first derivative of 0*z - 1 + 0*z**2 - 1/3*z**3. Let f(n) = -n**2. Give k(f(m)).
-m**4
Let d(z) = 0*z + 4*z - 3*z - 3*z. Let o(b) = 2*b**2. Determine d(o(m)).
-4*m**2
Let p(g) = -g**2. Let u(q) = q**3 + 5*q**2 + 2*q - 4. Let y be u(-4). Suppose -4*j = y*c - 12, -c + 4*j = 2*j. Let o(x) = x**c - 12 + 12. What is o(p(b))?
b**4
Let v(g) be the third derivative of 7*g**4/24 + 2*g**2. Let y(b) = -8*b. Let i(x) = -6*v(x) - 5*y(x). Let j(o) = 6*o**2. Give i(j(m)).
-12*m**2
Let z(o) = -7*o**2 - 7. Let i(j) = 1. Let p(v) = -7*i(v) - z(v). Let d(t) = 2*t**2. Calculate d(p(u)).
98*u**4
Let s(o) = 2*o + 4. Let t = -4 - -6. Let d(y) = 1 + y + 0*y + t. Let i(f) = -4*d(f) + 3*s(f). Let h(l) = 2*l. Give h(i(j)).
4*j
Let l(q) = -2*q**2. Let k(d) = 18*d**2 + 3. Calculate l(k(f)).
-648*f**4 - 216*f**2 - 18
Let u(g) = -11*g. Let y(z) = 109*z**2. Give u(y(q)).
-1199*q**2
Let b(c) = 14*c. Let g(j) be the first derivative of -j**2/2 - 9. Determine b(g(n)).
-14*n
Let j(r) = -9*r**2. Let g(s) = 798*s**2. Determine j(g(c)).
-5731236*c**4
Let a(q) = -q**2. Let n(g) = -254*g**2. Determine n(a(r)).
-254*r**4
Let j(i) = -4*i**2 - 9. Let q(n) = -5*n. What is j(q(u))?
-100*u**2 - 9
Let l(q) = q**2 - 1. Let d(f) = 19*f**2 + 19. Let r(c) = d(c) + 19*l(c). Let x(i) = 2*i**2. What is r(x(s))?
152*s**4
Let s(w) = -297*w. Let b(t) = -10*t**2. Calculate s(b(y)).
2970*y**2
Let j(u) = -4*u. Let p(d) = 2854*d. Give j(p(y)).
-11416*y
Let r(a) = -119*a**2 + 17*a + 17. Let n(q) = -34*q**2 + 5*q + 5. Let p(f) = -17*n(f) + 5*r(f). Let i(b) = -2*b. What is p(i(c))?
-68*c**2
Let c(x) = 3*x**2. Let m(q) = -q - 5. Let w(n) = n + 7. Let p(l) = 7*m(l) + 5*w(l). Determine c(p(d)).
12*d**2
Let q(i) = -84*i**2 + 3*i + 13. Let s(w) = -2*w. Calculate s(q(t)).
168*t**2 - 6*t - 26
Let g(f) = 186*f. Let a(k) = -3*k. Give a(g(y)).
-558*y
Let m(k) = 3*k. Let l be 3/(-2)*14/(-7). Let v(u) = -l + 3 + 8*u - 7*u. Determine m(v(t)).
3*t
Let u(k) be the second derivative of 0*k**3 + 1/12*k**4 + 0 + 0*k**2 - 2*k. Let v(q) = -q + 0*q + 2*q. Calculate u(v(i)).
i**2
Let q(m) = 2*m**2. Let w(v) = -114*v. Give w(q(s)).
-228*s**2
Let m = -13 - -13. Let l(j) = m*j - 2*j + j. Let p(g) = g. Determine p(l(d)).
-d
Let i(t) = 3*t. Let v(p) = -325*p**2 + 3*p + 3. Determine i(v(c)).
-975*c**2 + 9*c + 9
Let s(y) = 44*y**2. Let v(o) = -32*o + 1. Determine v(s(m)).
-1408*m**2 + 1
Let l(y) = 331*y + 4. Let i(d) = d. Determine i(l(n)).
331*n + 4
Let b(z) = z. Let p(h) = 1251*h. Determine b(p(x)).
1251*x
Let k(h) = -h. Let y(o) = 4*o**2. Let b(u) = u**2. Let q(f) = -26*b(f) + 6*y(f). Give q(k(s)).
-2*s**2
Let a(f) = 18*f - 2*f**2 + 19*f - 37*f. Let g(b) = 10*b. What is g(a(k))?
-20*k**2
Let p(a) = -7*a. Let m(b) = -7*b + 6. Let o(s) = -s + 1. Let t(q) = -m(q) + 6*o(q). Determine p(t(v)).
-7*v
Let k(z) = -6*z**2 - 22. Let a(b) = -36*b**2. Calculate k(a(q)).
-7776*q**4 - 22
Let d(q) = -10*q**2. Let k(r) = -758*r. What is d(k(m))?
-5745640*m**2
Let h(s) be the second derivative of -s**4/4 + s. Let i be 6/27 - (-100)/36. Let n(k) = 5*k**2 - i*k**2 + k**2 - k**2. Give h(n(x)).
-12*x**4
Let f(g) = -2*g**2. Suppose m + 8 = 5*l + 2*m, -m + 3 = 0. Suppose 7 - l = 3*s. Let z(k) = s*k + k - k. Calculate z(f(u)).
-4*u**2
Let r(j) = j. Let v be 6/27 + (-51)/270. Let f(o) be the third derivative of v*o**5 + 0*o**4 + 0 - o**2 + 0*o + 0*o**3. What is f(r(n))?
2*n**2
Let i(t) = 2*t**2. Let p(j) = -94*j. Determine p(i(c)).
-188*c**2
Let n(p) be the third derivative of p**5/30 + 7*p**2. Let k be -2 + (3 - (1 + 0)). Let l(m) = 2*m + k*m + 0*m. Give l(n(x)).
4*x**2
Let v = -16 + 18. Let o(y) = v - 3 + 1 + y. Let n(q) = 3*q. Determine n(o(j)).
3*j
Let t(d) = 2*d. Let s(q) = 2*q + 5. What is s(t(k))?
4*k + 5
Let k(d) be the first derivative of -2*d**2 + 2. Let o(y) = -y**2 - y - 1. Let s(i) = 6*i**2 + 5*i + 5. Let l(p) = -10*o(p) - 2*s(p). Calculate k(l(x)).
8*x**2
Let i(b) = b - 5. Let a(l) = -2*l**2. Give a(i(q)).
-2*q**2 + 20*q - 50
Let j(c) = -7*c. Let a(v) = -14*v**2. Give a(j(i)).
-686*i**2
Let w(p) = -5251*p. Let a(s) = s**2. Give w(a(g)).
-5251*g**2
Let a(h) = -4056*h**2. Let o(u) = -u**2. Calculate a(o(g)).
-4056*g**4
Let z(b) be the third derivative of -b**4/12 - 7*b**2. Let c(j) = 14*j**2. Give z(c(y)).
-28*y**2
Let f(n) be the third derivative of 19*n**4/24 + 9*n**2. Let z(b) = -2*b. What is z(f(t))?
-38*t
Let g(f) = -2*f**2 + 137. Let l(n) = 32*n. Give l(g(u)).
-64*u**2 + 4384
Let m(q) be the first derivative of 3/2*q**2 + 0*q - 1. Let n(r) = 2*r. What is n(m(d))?
6*d
Let d(w) = w + 9. Let h be d(-4). Let a(n) = 4*n**2 + 5*n**2 - h*n**2. Let y(c) be the first derivative of -c**2/2 + 2. Give a(y(l)).
4*l**2
Let n(a) = 23*a**2. Let u(m) = -32*m**2. What is n(u(v))?
23552*v**4
Let w(n) = -23*n. Let u(o) = 117*o**2. Determine u(w(y)).
61893*y**2
Let k(l) be the third derivative of -l**8/20160 + l**5/60 + 8*l**2. Let c(s) be the third derivative of k(s). Let n(p) = 8*p. Give c(n(x)).
-64*x**2
Let t(g) = g**2 + 0*g**2 + 3*g**2 - 8*g**2. Let m(y) = 10*y - 12. Let f(z) = z - 1. Let i(w) = -12*f(w) + m(w). What is t(i(s))?
-16*s**2
Let v = 7 - 8. Let d be (-20)/(-4) - (4 + v). Let a(o) = 4*o**d + 4 - 6*o**2 - 4. Let i(g) = 3*g**2. Give a(i(j)).
-18*j**4
Let a(b) = -b**2. Let o(k) be the second derivative of 13*k**3/2 - 15*k. What is o(a(r))?
-39*r**2
Let l(i) = -241*i. Let r(f) = 2*f. What is l(r(s))?
-482*s
Let f be (4/(-3))/(4/(-78)). Let k(w) = 4*w. Let p(h) = 17*h. Let o(q) = f*k(q) - 6*p(q). Let a(s) = 3*s**2. Calculate o(a(c)).
6*c**2
Let a(v) = -7*v + 95. Let m(s) = -3*s. Calculate a(m(t)).
21*t + 95
Let f(q) be the second derivative of -q**4/6 + q. Let j(w) = 18*w**2 - 35*w**2 + 16*w**2. Give j(f(v)).
-4*v**4
Let t(s) = 13 + 3*s**2 - 4*s**2 - 13. Let l(k) = -3*k. Determine t(l(b)).
-9*b**2
Let n(a) = -a**2. Let d(q) = -2*q - 2. Give d(n(s)).
2*s**2 - 2
Let x(d) = -d**3 + 7*d**2 - 5*d - 4. Let y be x(6). Suppose -y*k - 3*m - 3 = 8, 3*k - 4*m = 26. Let g(z) = -k*z + 4*z + 0*z. Let b(s) = -5*s. What is g(b(p))?
-10*p
Let a(c) = -5*c. Let f(j) = -27*j**2. Determine f(a(u)).
-675*u**2
Let b(v) = -2*v**2. Let k(w) = -1122*w**2. Determine b(k(q)).
-2517768*q**4
Let b(h) = -3*h. Let v(w) = -4*w - 8. Give v(b(s)).
12*s - 8
Let b(v) = -36*v. Let t(i) = 10*i**2 - 9*i**2 - 2*i + 2*i. Determine t(b(g)).
1296*g**2
Let t(r) = -r. Let l(n) = 70*n + 32. What is t(l(g))?
-70*g - 32
Let t(v) = -6*v**2. Let y(g) = 11*g**2. Calculate y(t(m)).
396*m**4
Let z(m) = -43*m**2 + 21*m**2 + 20*m**2. Let t(o) = -23*o. Determine z(t(c)).
-1058*c**2
Let b(k) = -7*k - 5. Let n(s) = 4*s + 3. Let a(r) = -3*b(r) - 5*n(r). Let y(v) be the first derivative of 2*v**3/3 - 2. Calculate y(a(u)).
2*u**2
Let o(z) be the second derivative of -z + 3*z - 4*z - z**3. Let l(q) = 2*q**2. Calculate l(o(i)).
72*i**2
Let x(o) = -301*o**2. Let u(c) = -c. Calculate x(u(t)).
-301*t**2
Let v(o) = 52*o + 3. Let d(a) = -4*a. What is v(d(y))?
-208*y + 3
Let m(c) = -c**3 + 5*c**2 - 3*c - 3. Let j be m(4). Let p(t) = 3*t**2 + 1 - j. Let l(r) be the second derivative of -r**4/6 + r. Give l(p(a)).
-18*a**4
Let j be -1 + (-1)/((-2)/4). Let d(y) = y - j + 1. Let q(w) = -14*w. What is q(d(b))?
-14*b
Let k(j) = 5*j. Let p(x) = x + 9. Let t be p(-9). Let h(u) = t - 2*u**2 + 1 - 1. Give h(k(r)).
-50*r**2
Let h be (2/2)/((-3)/6). Let g = 3 - h. Let a(q) = 5 - 3*q - q - g. Let o(b) = -b. What is a(o(r))?
4*r
Let b(c) = -3*c**2 - 27. Let s(x) = 16*x. Determine b(s(j)).
-768*j**2 - 27
Let l(j) = -4*j. Let x(f) = -1
|
{
"pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics"
}
|
Q:
How can I get realtime auto-completion on Python instead of having to press in Vim?
Currently, I have these plugins in Vim running on zsh shell:
Valloric/YouCompleteMe
davidhalter/jedi-vim
The vim also has support for Python 2 and Python 3.
I would like Vim to do autocompletion for every keystroke in realtime instead of having to press <ctrl-x>,<ctrl-o>, which is cumbersome. How can I achieve it? Thanks.
A:
The acp.vim plugin (formerly named AutoComplPop) automatically opens the completion popup as you type. With the .,w,b,k configuration, you can make it use different completion sources, like omni or dictionary completion. neocomplete apparently also has this feature. Maybe this is already included in YouCompleteMe, too. Might be worth reading its documentation.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Die Bundesliga steht vor dem kompletten Shutdown...
Am Freitagnachmittag ist es offiziell: Der komplette 26. Spieltag wird aufgrund des Coronavirus' abgesagt.
Lesen Sie auch Fußball-K.o. wegen Corona! Nach Bundesliga auch Europacup gestoppt Bundesliga, Champions League, Europa League – ab kommender Woche herrscht wegen Corona weitestgehend Stillstand in Europas Fußball.
Zuvor wurde bereits die Partie zwischen Werder Bremen und Bayer Leverkusen am Montag abgesagt. Nun findet keines der neun Spiele statt. Der 26. Spieltag wird bis auf weiteres verschoben.
An dieser Stelle findest du Inhalte aus Twitter Um mit Inhalten aus Twitter und anderen sozialen Netzwerken zu interagieren oder diese darzustellen, brauchen wir deine Zustimmung. soziale Netzwerke aktivieren
In einem Statement der DFL heißt es dazu: „Angesichts der Dynamik des heutigen Tages mit neuen Corona-Infektionen und entsprechenden Verdachtsfällen in direktem Zusammenhang mit der Bundesliga und 2. Bundesliga hat das Präsidium der DFL Deutsche Fußball Liga kurzfristig beschlossen, den ursprünglich heute beginnenden 26. Spieltag in beiden Ligen zu verlegen. Darüber hinaus empfiehlt das Gremium, wie geplant, der am kommenden Montag tagenden Mitgliederversammlung der Proficlubs, die Aussetzung des Spielbetriebs bis zum 2. April – also inklusive der Länderspiel-Pause – fortzusetzen.“
Lesen Sie auch Der Sport-Corona-Ticker Nächster Regel-Verstoß von Tottenham-Star Das Corona-Virus legt den Sport lahm, viele Veranstaltungen wurden abgesagt. Die aktuellen Entwicklungen im BILD-Liveticker.
Und wie soll es danach weitergehen? Dazu gibt's laut DFL noch keine Prognose: „Unverändert soll in der Länderspiel-Pause zwischen allen Clubs unter Berücksichtigung der dann vorliegenden Erkenntnisse, zum Beispiel auch hinsichtlich des internationalen Spielkalenders, über das weitere Vorgehen befunden werden. Ziel ist es weiterhin, die Saison bis zum Sommer zu Ende zu spielen – aus sportlichen Gesichtspunkten, aber insbesondere auch weil eine vorzeitige Beendigung der Saison für einige Clubs existenzbedrohende Konsequenzen haben könnte.“
Spieler wie Jérôme Boateng (31) sind froh über die Entscheidung der DFL. In einem Tweet schreibt der Bayern-Star: „Wir alle lieben unser Spiel aber am Ende gibt es viel wichtigere Dinge im Leben als Fußball. Es ist die richtige Entscheidung, vorerst aufzuhören und alles zu tun, um die Ausbreitung des Virus' zu stoppen. Bleibt zu Hause, bleibt sicher, bleibt gesund!“
An dieser Stelle findest du Inhalte aus Twitter Um mit Inhalten aus Twitter und anderen sozialen Netzwerken zu interagieren oder diese darzustellen, brauchen wir deine Zustimmung. soziale Netzwerke aktivieren
Auch Wolfsburg-Boss Jörg Schmadtke (55) steht hinter der Entscheidung der DFL: „Wir tragen die Entscheidung der DFL vollständig mit. Angesichts der aktuellen Lage und des nicht absehbaren weiteren Verlaufs der Epidemie ist das eine konsequente, logische und die einzig richtige Entscheidung.“
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Indian Astrology
Welcome to the Simple & effective world of Astrology.
We feel that astrology is a both a predictive art and an abstract science that can be deployed as an effective tool for pre-emptive analysis of one’s vital traits and characters, abstract nature and thoughts, behaviours and relationships.
We earnestly believe that it is the generation of thoughts in the human mind that is primarily responsible for the emotions and controls the way one behaves. Thoughts are, therefore, the primary resultants of action. And actions lead us to situations which we term as for or against our desired outcomes. This then tends to get tagged, as fate and destiny.
Therefore it is evident that by proper analysis of the prevailing states of mind and the thoughts contained within during any point of time and through application of the corrective procedures for negative states and strengthening procedures for positive states one can control generation of the appropriate situational behaviours and thereby embed into the sub-conscious such actions that circumstantially auto generate to suit to the situation and garner peace, happiness and prosperity.
Thoughts are either self-induced as a result of the situational circumstances like birth, upbringing, socio-economic conditions, cultural and ethnic backgrounds, company or they are imbibed in the psyche by way of accumulation of the fruits of one’s past karmas.
Thus in order to improve the quality of thoughts for quality actions leading to positive outcomes and situations In life, it is to one’s advantage if a logical, scientific and an analytical methodology is available by which the situational aspects of a person can be mapped to standard set of principles devised, designed and time tested by the sages of the yore.
This is what Astrology is all about, in a nut shell. A simple tool to establish the situational aspects of one’s life through logical reasoning, mapping and analysis by proper and in depth study and review of One’s planetary positions, their movements and behaviours and the impact that they imprint on life. Consequent to the outcomes of the mappings of the planetary positions to the time-tested established principles of astrology, remedies evolve.
The remedies as they are called are control mechanisms or the induced triggers towards initiating the pre-emptive action for magnifying the impacts of Positive fields of the life energy and reducing, eliminating or weakening the impacts of the negative fields of the life energy. This improves the Quality of the thoughts within and in congruency to the thought-action-karma-destiny theory, paves way for positive actions which lead to positive outcomes and situations as a result bestowing strength, power, mental aura, riches, peace, bliss, fortune and the like, which we as rookies term as destiny.
We at Astrology News. Org believe that “Ones’ destiny is in his own hands”.
It is with this intent and thought in our mind we have created this website for the classes. To be able to correlate logically, the store-house of our rich experience in the field of astrology to the prevalent circumstances and situations in one’s life for a true evaluation, analysis and remedial suggestions for facilitating attainment of their cherished goals of prosperity, success, peace and growth in life.
There are many who carry analysis for evolving remedies but there are only a few who can gauge this well. One who is diagnosed correctly prescribed aptly and follows religiously, completely and faithfully, reaps the benefits of the process. The ice-breaker is therefore the quality of the diagnosis and that’s’ where we one up above the others.
This is a Website with a difference. This is your Ultimate find. A website set up to create a difference. For believers, it accelerates their journey to their goals. For the skepticals, it is committed to facilitate re-emergence of faith, confidence and belief in this ancient art and science of stars and planets accepted world-wide.
To summarise, this is the end of your search and a halt to your ultimate destination, the one stop gateway to your attempt towards abandonment of your afflictions, mis-fortunes and torments and further empowerment of the already available positive aspects by utilizing this opportunity available in here for our expert analysis and deployment of the recommended solutions for your path to glory in life.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
1. Introduction {#sec1-molecules-23-00695}
===============
Mango (*Mangifera indica* L.) cv. 'Ataulfo' is potentially the most important Mexican mango cultivar of nutraceutical interest. Mexico is the leading global exporter of mangoes, and the 'Ataulfo', 'Tommy Atkins', 'Hayden', and 'Kent' varieties account for 60% of the mangoes produced nationally \[[@B1-molecules-23-00695],[@B2-molecules-23-00695]\]. Mango pulp is usually sold fresh-cute, canned, processed as juices, nectars, jams, sun dried, and even freeze-dried \[[@B3-molecules-23-00695],[@B4-molecules-23-00695],[@B5-molecules-23-00695]\]. However, more than 50% of the bio-waste generated by the mango agroindustry (seeds (\~14%), pomace (\~18%), and peel (\~18%)) can be a source of several phytochemicals, such as polyphenols (PP), with health benefits (e.g., anti-cancer effects) and useful food-related properties that can be used as ingredients in other foods \[[@B6-molecules-23-00695],[@B7-molecules-23-00695]\].
Previously identified free-polyphenols (FP) species within aqueous 'Ataulfo' peel extracts are xanthones (mangiferin), flavonoids (epicatechin and catechin), and phenolic acids (gallic, chlorogenic, protocatechuic, and syringic acids) \[[@B8-molecules-23-00695]\]. These compounds may have synergistic, additive or antagonistic antioxidant activities due to several molecular polyphenol--polyphenol interactions or food matrix association \[[@B9-molecules-23-00695],[@B10-molecules-23-00695],[@B11-molecules-23-00695]\]. The bioavailability of PP is usually low, as they have diverse possible interactions with either food matrix or other biomolecules, varying their pharmacokinetics according to food composition \[[@B12-molecules-23-00695]\]. In this sense, polymeric forms of mango peel's PP (e.g., gallotannins) are bounded to both insoluble and soluble dietary fibers (a.k.a. "antioxidant fibers") which reduces the bioaccessibility of the PP fraction under simulated gastrointestinal conditions \[[@B13-molecules-23-00695],[@B14-molecules-23-00695],[@B15-molecules-23-00695]\]. However, from an industrial scale-up perspective, chemical (e.g., alkaline and acid) or enzymatic (e.g., tanasse) hydrolysis of these complex phenolics are more common ways by which monomeric (from complex PP) or aglycones (from sugar-bounded PP) can be recovered. In this sense, many nutraceutical preparations could be prepared using otherwise discarded mango peels or other agro industrial byproducts from fruits \[[@B16-molecules-23-00695],[@B17-molecules-23-00695],[@B18-molecules-23-00695]\].
Many studies have confirmed the anticancer potential of mango pulp and its byproducts. Noratto, et al. \[[@B19-molecules-23-00695]\] and Corrales-Bernal, et al. \[[@B20-molecules-23-00695]\] have reported that FP extracts from "Keith" mango pulp had chemotherapeutic potential against breast cancer, being in part involved in the PI3K/AKT pathway and miR-126. Matkowski, et al. \[[@B21-molecules-23-00695]\] reported that 'Ataulfo' and 'Haden' mango pulps have higher antioxidant and antiproliferative effects on colon cancer cells (SW-480) compared to other varieties. Gold-Smith, et al. \[[@B22-molecules-23-00695]\] observed an antiproliferative effect of 'Azúcar' mango on SW-480 cells and a beneficial effect in a rodent model of colorectal cancer after 10 weeks of treatment. However, this type of study usually underestimates the individual role and contribution of macromolecular antioxidants which are even richer in PP monomers that, under normal physiological conditions, represent the non-bioaccessible fraction (at small intestine) reaching the colon to exert their potential benefits (e.g., antiproliferative effect) after microbial fermentation of dietary fibers.
Thus, the aim of this study was to quantify the amount of free (FP) and monomeric PP released after alkaline (AKP) or acid (AP) hydrolysis from mango cv. 'Ataulfo' peel, as well as the antioxidant capacity and antiproliferative activity in colon cancer cells (LS180 (ATCC^®^ CL-187™)) of FP, AKP, and AP.
2. Results and Discussion {#sec2-molecules-23-00695}
=========================
2.1. Free and Bound Polyphenols from 'Ataulfo' Mango Peel {#sec2dot1-molecules-23-00695}
---------------------------------------------------------
[Table 1](#molecules-23-00695-t001){ref-type="table"} shows the content of monomeric polyphenols in the different extracts (FP, AKP, and AP) obtained from 'Ataulfo' mango peel. Mangiferin was found in all fractions (µg/g): FP (1259; 53%) \> AKP (967; 40%) \> AP (157; 7%). This xanthone is present in leaves, stems, bark, and fruits of the mango tree, but it is also widely distributed in other plants from the Anacardiaceae and Gentianaceae families \[[@B23-molecules-23-00695],[@B24-molecules-23-00695]\]. Mangiferin is a heat-stable molecule, and, unlike more common *O*-glycosides, it is relatively resistant to hydrolysis of its aglycone (noratiriol) and sugar moieties, which explains why it was detected even after alkaline and acid hydrolysis in the present study. However, the exposure of free mangiferin to 0.1 M NaOH for 3 h leads to its fragmentation, so the stronger alkaline conditions used in our study may have also resulted in a substantial loss of mangiferin, particularly in the AKP fraction \[[@B25-molecules-23-00695]\]. Considering total mangiferin content as the sum of amounts in the three mango peel extract's fractions, FP showed 53% of mangiferin, indicating that its presence within mango peel is mainly as a free non-bound aglycone molecule. Ma, et al. \[[@B26-molecules-23-00695]\] isolated mangiferin from 'Chaunsa' mango peel through a solvent partition method using petroleum ether (to remove fatty matter), cold acetone (to separate tannins), and 70% ethanol (to isolate mangiferin), obtaining a higher mangiferin content than has been seen in other mango varieties ("Anwar ratol", "Langra", "Dusahri", and "Desi"). In contrast, Xiao, et al. \[[@B27-molecules-23-00695]\] reported that the highest contents of FP and mangiferin from 'Chaunsa' mango peel were obtained using 80% methanol or ethanol (\~60 mg GAE; 100--110 µg/g) instead of 80% acetone (\~30 mg GAE) or ethyl acetate (\~20 mg GAE). However, since mangiferin molecule is insoluble in both hydrophilic and hydrophobic media it should be complexed with other molecules such as phospholipids or polycaprolactone/poly(ethyleneglycol)/polycaprolactone (PCEC) microspheres to enhance its solubility, food release, bioavailability, and other properties \[[@B11-molecules-23-00695],[@B12-molecules-23-00695]\].
Gallic acid (GA) was the most abundant molecule in mango peel, however, it is not found in its aglycone form but bound to its food matrix or as its polymeric form known as gallotanins. Acosta-Estrada, et al. \[[@B28-molecules-23-00695]\] used MALDI-TOF/TOF MS to identify a diverse range of gallotannins from penta- to trideca-*O*-galloylglucose that were obtained from defatted mango 'Ataulfo' peel, extracted with 50% acidified-methanol (pH 2.0) at room temperature for 1 h. Sun and Cheng \[[@B29-molecules-23-00695]\] reported that more restricted sizes of gallotanins (penta- to nona-*O*-galloyl-glucosides) could be extracted from three Chinese mango cultivars with 80% acetone. The prolonged (overnight) stepwise alkaline and acid treatments used in this study seem to be more effective for hydrolyzing gallotannins into monomeric GA residues because, as mentioned by Barnes, et al. \[[@B30-molecules-23-00695]\], alkaline hydrolysis results in smaller losses of polyphenols compared to high temperature acid hydrolysis. The high extraction efficiency of alkaline hydrolysis is due to a mechanism involving the saponification of the ester bonds that serve as the crosslinkers between the xylan hemicelluloses, and components such as lignins and other hemicelluloses \[[@B31-molecules-23-00695]\]. Mattila and Kumpulainen \[[@B32-molecules-23-00695]\] reported that an in vitro hydrolysis of gallotannins from 'Keitt' mango decreased their relative composition of galloyl derivatives, which serve as a pool of GA to be either absorbed or metabolized by the gut microbiome. This situation may result in the systemic distribution of GA and enhance its anti-cancer potential in different cells \[[@B33-molecules-23-00695]\]. It should be noted that by reducing the time of exposure from 16 to 8 h, as previously suggested by Razzaghi-Asl, et al. \[[@B34-molecules-23-00695]\], the degradation of GA in the AKP fraction was minimized. Whether protocatechuic acid, which is only detected in AKP, was a product of the partial dehydroxylation (at the 5th position) of GA or if it was from a preexisting fragment is unknown.
Many other PP species were found in low to moderate concentrations (12--700 µg/g), such as quercetin, catechin, rutin, and *p*-coumaric, 2-hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic, ferulic, syringic, and ellagic acids. Jakobek \[[@B35-molecules-23-00695]\] also identified mangiferin, catechin, and quercetin in peels of different mango cultivars extracted with 80% acetone. Hydroxycinnamic acids are commonly found in plants in their esterified and glycosylated forms, as complexed derivatives such as dimers and trimers or as mixed glycosides; however, most hydroxybenzoic acids are commonly bound to fibers, sugars, or proteins by hydrogen bonding or other weak interactions \[[@B6-molecules-23-00695],[@B36-molecules-23-00695]\]. The PP profile reported here was quite similar to that of the 80% acetone extract of 'Badami' mango peel (raw & ripe) in which most species were found as their glycosylated derivatives \[[@B8-molecules-23-00695]\]. Thus, our results suggest that AKP fraction contains higher monomeric aglycone species, especially GA, released after PP depolymerization or food matrix ester linkage hydrolysis.
2.2. Antioxidant Activity of Mango "Ataulfo" Peel Polyphenols {#sec2dot2-molecules-23-00695}
-------------------------------------------------------------
The comprehensive evaluation of the antioxidant activities of monomer aglycone PP standards and the extract's fractions (FP, AKP, and AP) comprised three different methods in order to capture the most common mechanisms: single electron transfer (SET) and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). According to data shown in [Table 2](#molecules-23-00695-t002){ref-type="table"}, AKP and AP fractions had higher antioxidant activities, with the AKP fraction being more effective in DPPH/FRAP/ORAC assays. Previous reports indicate that at least in the case of phenolic acids, combined antioxidant effects could be observed due to their molecular interactions \[[@B21-molecules-23-00695],[@B37-molecules-23-00695]\].
Even when Cos, et al. \[[@B38-molecules-23-00695]\] reported that mangiferin usually has comparable or higher activity than other PP in the DPPH assay, in this study the most potent DPPH radical scavengers (IC~50~) were GA, ellagic acid, quercetin, and catechin (around 0.01 µmoles of antioxidant/mL). We have previously reported that GA (acting by a SET mechanism) is a better DPPH scavenger than protocatechuic acid (also via a SET mechanism) in a synergistic manner, which confirms the result presented here \[[@B9-molecules-23-00695]\]. The superiority of GA as an antioxidant compared to other PP, such as quercetin and rutin, is also supported by other reports \[[@B11-molecules-23-00695],[@B39-molecules-23-00695],[@B40-molecules-23-00695]\]. However, our results suggest that GA higher activity is by its easiness to act mainly through SET mechanism, as it has the highest values in FRAP, and the lowest in ORAC assays. As described previously, AKP fraction has the higher amount of GA; however, it represents only approximately 2.38% of the dry weight of AKP fraction. However, these results do not consider possible synergistic or antagonistic effects that may be occurring.
Additionally, antioxidant activity by DPPH assay for penta-*O*-galloyl-glucoside (IC~50~ = 1.2 μg/mL) was lower than GA (IC~50~ = 0.7 μg/mL), as reported by Marino, et al. \[[@B41-molecules-23-00695]\]. These results support the fact that AKP was higher than FP antioxidant activity, as it is the fraction with higher amounts of this molecule. In agreement, comparison between these results suggest that when GA is in its polymeric form, it could reduce its ability to transfer electrons when acting as an antioxidant. This possibility was suggested because the levels of free GA in FP and AP were the lowest, whereas AKP (higher levels of free GA) had higher antioxidant values in all methods of this study. Interestingly, AKP was a more potent antiproliferative extract than other free PP or extract's fractions assayed, which will be further discussed. In contrast, Palafox-Carlos, Gil-Chávez, Sotelo-Mundo, Namiesnik, Gorinstein, and González-Aguilar \[[@B8-molecules-23-00695]\] reported that all three aromatic hydroxyl groups of GA are prone to oxidation under extreme alkaline conditions and produce hydrogen peroxide, quinones, and semiquinones as degradation products; in fact, only deprotonated (\~80%) and mono-protonated (\~20%) GA exists above pH 10 \[[@B42-molecules-23-00695]\]. Although these molecular changes in GA are reversible at physiological pH (to convert it back to its carboxylate monoanion, H3GA^−^), the partial loss of the antioxidant activity of GA released in the AKP fraction is possible. Lastly, the IC~50~ values for *p*-coumaric and 2-hydroxybenzoic acids were not reached at any of the assayed concentrations; the number and position of the OH- groups seem to have a substantial impact on DPPH scavenging.
FRAP assay was selected to evaluate the ability of PP and the extract's fractions to stabilize radicals through SET mechanisms. GA was by far the most efficient antioxidant (0.0329 ± 2.432 × 10^−6^ µmoles TE/moles of GA) relative to all other pure PP, including mangiferin (0.0028 ± 2.487 × 10^−7^ µmoles TE/moles of antioxidant) and AKP (0.0047 ± 2.132 × 10^−7^ µmoles/g). In addition to the apparently scarce reactivity of 2-hydroxybenzoic and *p*-coumaric acids, which had the poorest activity in DPPH, and FRAP assays, ellagic acid, FP and AP fractions were also poorly effective compared to the other antioxidant values by this method. The most reasonable explanation for this finding are diverse synergistic/antagonistic actions between PP, resulting in reduced antioxidant activities for both the FP and AP fractions \[[@B42-molecules-23-00695]\].
Lastly, ORAC assay was performed to test the antioxidant activity of monomer PP standards and extract's fractions through HAT mechanism. According to our results, protocatechuic, 2-hydroxybenzoic, *p*-coumaric acids, and catechin were the most effective antioxidants (around 6400 to 7000 mmoles TE/moles of antioxidant) in this assay; all of them were present in trace amounts in AKP, and were not found in other extract's fraction. Since these three phenolic acids are more likely to be absorbed in the intestine (\>82%), according to chemoinformatic results further discussed, than GA (which showed a low ORAC value), they can have different bioactivities within the small intestine if they are released in vivo.
2.3. Antiproliferative Activity of Mango "Ataulfo" Peel Polyphenols {#sec2dot3-molecules-23-00695}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
The antiproliferative effects of PP depend on their molecular structures, and are often expressed as the minimum concentration that is required to inhibit the growth of cancer cells by 50% (IC~50~) \[[@B33-molecules-23-00695],[@B43-molecules-23-00695]\]. The antiproliferative capacity, and pro-apoptotic effect of monomer PP standards and extract's fractions are depicted in [Figure 1](#molecules-23-00695-f001){ref-type="fig"} and [Figure 2](#molecules-23-00695-f002){ref-type="fig"}, respectively. Although three fractions were moderately effective against LS180 cells (\~137 µg/mL), FP and AKP inhibited the growth of normal L929 cells (\~197 and \~94 µg/mL, respectively). Ali, et al. \[[@B44-molecules-23-00695]\] reported an IC~50~ \> 250 µg/mL for an 80% ethanol extract obtained from ripe 'Irwin' mango peel on human gastric cancer (AGS), human cervical cancer (HeLa), and human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) cells; however, Luo, Fu, Xiang, Yan, Hu, Huang, Huang, Sun, Li, and Chen \[[@B11-molecules-23-00695]\] found an IC~50~ \> 1000 µg/mL for the acetone extracts, which are rich in flavonoids (fisetin), and carotenoids, obtained from 'Big Tainong', 'Small Tainong', 'Egg', and 'Australian' mango peels. Subramanian, et al. \[[@B45-molecules-23-00695]\] reported that the percent of viable HeLa cells remaining after treatment with 80% acetonic extracts (200 μg/ mL) from five different Indian mango peels ranged from 33% ('Fozli') to 55% ('Lakhna'). Benites Vílchez, et al. \[[@B46-molecules-23-00695]\] reported that gallotannin-rich peel extracts (80% acetone) from three Chinese mango varieties inhibited the growth of human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells, estrogen negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231), and HepG2 cells (IC~50~ 20--80 μg/mL). In almost all of these studies, the antiproliferative activities of the peel extracts were correlated with their antioxidant activities in a dose-dependent manner. However, raw peel extracts comprise a mixture of several PP and other bioactive molecules in such way that their IC~50~ values are often higher (less active) than that of monomeric PP standards.
Interestingly, GA was a more effective antioxidant than mangiferin, quercetin, or syringic acid, which seems to be related to its highest antiproliferative activity against LS180 (46 µg/mL) and L929 (65 µg/mL) cells to a lesser extent ([Figure 1](#molecules-23-00695-f001){ref-type="fig"}). As found in this study, García-Rivera, et al \[[@B47-molecules-23-00695]\] reported that GA inhibited colon cancer cells (HCT-15) with an IC~50~ \~ 198 µg/mL, but was not reactive toward normal cells; the authors suggested that the associated mechanism was reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent apoptosis. Moreover, the high content of GA in the AKP fraction may explain its high antiproliferative effect on both cell lines. In a previous study, we reported the in vitro interactions of gallic acid with other phenolics and pectin, affecting the capacity to stabilize free radicals \[[@B48-molecules-23-00695]\]. However, other type of molecular interaction and synergistic effects between GA and the other PP within AKP fraction may be occurring. These interactions may enhance the effect against chronic-degenerative diseases (CVD) or aging symptoms. In that sense, other studies such as the one performed by Davinelli, et al. \[[@B49-molecules-23-00695]\], suggest that the combined action of equol and resveratrol may be considered as a safe and effective strategy to ameliorate discomfort in recently menopausal women by reducing its symptoms. In addition, PP combination may be an adequate strategy to trigger different responses related to cells protection. For example, Davinelli, et al. \[[@B50-molecules-23-00695]\] provide evidence that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and [l]{.smallcaps}-carnosine induce neuroprotective effects whilst increasing the viability of neuronal cells.
Our findings suggest a possible interaction among PP within AP fraction. As evidence, it is shown that quercetin had an effective and selective antiproliferative capacity, as it was cytotoxic on LS180 but not L929 cells. Furthermore, AP had low GA and higher quercetin content compared to AKP, thus the AP fraction and quercetin have the same effective and selective antiproliferative capacity. However, GA and its high antioxidant activity has been associated to many other benefits related to CVD. For example, Vimang^®^, an aqueous extract from mango stem bark rich in both mangiferin and GA, has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-suppressive actions but also antiproliferative activity against MDA-MB231 cells by inhibiting NFκB/DNA binding and NFκB translocation in the cell nucleus \[[@B11-molecules-23-00695],[@B51-molecules-23-00695]\]. Olivas-Aguirre, González-Aguilar, Velderrain-Rodríguez, Torres-Moreno, Robles-Zepeda, Vázquez-Flores, Rosa, and Wall-Medrano \[[@B5-molecules-23-00695]\] reported that penta-*O*-galloyl-glucoside inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-231 (33 μg/mL), HepG2 (8 μg/mL), and HL-60 (5 μg/mL) cells almost as well as GA (16, 6, and 2 μg/mL, respectively). Based on this evidence, GA, either bound or free, still has high antiproliferative activity and seems to be responsible for the antiproliferative capacity of mango "Ataulfo" peel polyphenols.
Apoptosis is an active physiological process resulting in cellular self-destruction, and is characterized by distinct morphologic changes, including cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, and DNA fragmentation, as well as the formation of apoptotic bodies \[[@B44-molecules-23-00695]\]. In this study, pro-apoptotic events (blebbing and/or shrinkage) were quite common in FP extract-, GA-, and quercetin-treated LS180 cells ([Figure 2](#molecules-23-00695-f002){ref-type="fig"}). We have recently reported such pro-apoptotic events in murine macrophages transformed by the Abelson murine leukemia virus (RAW 264.7) that were treated (200 µg/mL, 24--48 h) with an 80% methanol extract obtained from 'Ataulfo' mango kernel \[[@B44-molecules-23-00695]\]. However, further studies should be carried out to elucidate the exact mechanism followed by either these extracts or the antioxidant molecules. For instance, another antiproliferative mechanism is the one proposed by Eghbaliferiz and Iranshahi \[[@B52-molecules-23-00695]\] for the acetone extract of 'Fozli' mango peel toward HeLa cells, which is related to the proteolytic activation of caspases-3, -8, -9, and the degradation of poly ADP-ribose polymerase.
The cell-specific reactivity of mango peel's PP deserves a special mention. According to Lozano, et al. \[[@B53-molecules-23-00695]\], the pro-oxidant action of PP, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and carotenoids is typically catalyzed by transition metals such as Fe and Cu within cells under certain pH and O~2~ conditions. Eghbaliferiz and Iranshahi \[[@B52-molecules-23-00695]\] suggested that the antioxidant/pro-oxidant reactions of catechins are responsible for their antiproliferative effects on HT29 cell lines, being the molecules associated with an efficient electron transfer capacity. Thus, small PP simply oxidized (e.g., GA and quercetin) can exhibit pro-oxidant activity, but bounded or polymerized PP (e.g., hydrolyzable phenols and proanthocyanidins) have little or no pro-oxidant properties \[[@B54-molecules-23-00695]\]. Our results suggest that 'Ataulfo' peel PP, which function via SET mechanisms, can act as pro-oxidant compounds, and enhance ROS production to cytotoxic levels in both LS180 and L929 cells. However, further studies are needed to evaluate if synergistic SET effects may also be occurring. For instance, GA can stablish strong antagonistic (ellagic acid, catechin, and quercetin) and synergistic (chlorogenic, protocatechuic acids) antioxidant effects with other PP \[[@B55-molecules-23-00695],[@B56-molecules-23-00695]\].
2.4. Cheminformatics of Mango Peel Polyphenols {#sec2dot4-molecules-23-00695}
----------------------------------------------
According to the data shown in [Table 3](#molecules-23-00695-t003){ref-type="table"}, the probability for enterocyte absorption of mango 'Ataulfo' peel PP is as follows: *p*-coumaric and 2-hydroxycinnamic acid (89%) \> ferulic acid (86%) \> syringic acid (83%) \> protocatechuic acid (82) \> GA (75) \> catechin (71%) \> quercetin (64%) \> ellagic acid (60%) \> mangiferina (40%) \> rutin (16%). At least for GA and its derivatives, absorption percentages above 57% indicate they have good cellular permeability \[[@B57-molecules-23-00695]\]; therefore, all compounds except for mangiferin, and rutin are considered potentially bioavailable to the enterocyte. In an earlier study \[[@B56-molecules-23-00695]\], the apparent intestinal permeability coefficients (Papp) across the Caco-2/HT-29 monolayer of GA and GA coming from the same AKP reported here were much higher (2.48 and 2.61 × 10^−6^ cm/s) than that observed for FP and AP fractions and mangiferin; such cellular permeability was also related to a higher cellular antioxidant activity in the AKP fraction (51.6 ± 1.4%) when tested at 125 µg/mL. The absorption percentages of PP molecules within AKP and AP fractions, along with its higher cellular antioxidant activity and cellular permeability may be related to molecular pathways regulated by mitochondria. Recent studies had shown that individual or PP combined effects may improve mitochondrial functions by the attenuation of oxidative stress, the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism and biogenesis, and the modulation of cell-death signaling cascades, among other mitochondrial-independent effects \[[@B58-molecules-23-00695],[@B59-molecules-23-00695],[@B60-molecules-23-00695]\].
Hence, mitochondrial-related PP's antiproliferative mechanisms are not entirely attributed to their antioxidant activity, but to a combined effect from more than one triggered mechanism. As Gorlach, et al. \[[@B61-molecules-23-00695]\] assert, beyond their antioxidant activity, some PP may decrease mitochondrial membrane fluidity or have a molecular mechanism related to: hexokinase inhibition, mimicking of the Bcl-2 homology-3 (BH3) domains, thiol redox inhibition, among others. Nevertheless, despite the fact that not all PP have the same properties and mitochondrial-related mechanisms, all of them have ROS-scavenging actions either at the ROS-removing or ROS-formation levels \[[@B62-molecules-23-00695]\]. Furthermore, PP concentration and cellular environment may influence those actions, and whether or not PP act as pro-oxidant molecules. Although pro-oxidant PP selective antiproliferative effects are not fully known, it is attributed to the formation of a labile radical aroxil, or a labile redox complex with a metal cation promoted by pro-oxidant PP, as metal ions catalyze the ROS generation through Fenton or Fenton-like reactions \[[@B63-molecules-23-00695]\].
The main conclusion was that GA, after its release from AKP, has a similar permeability and antioxidant activity as that observed for GA as free standard. Being cautious with anything inferred from this in silico simulation, good absorption of matrix-releasable PP can be expected. However, as shown in [Table 1](#molecules-23-00695-t001){ref-type="table"}, most PP are bound, so their microbial degradation to free PP seems to be restricted to the large bowel. These facts may in turn help to explain the antiproliferative effects reported in [Figure 2](#molecules-23-00695-f002){ref-type="fig"}, and they suggest that this effect could be related to their permeability to a certain degree. By analyzing the absorption percentage ([Table 2](#molecules-23-00695-t002){ref-type="table"}), specific antioxidant mechanism ([Table 3](#molecules-23-00695-t003){ref-type="table"}), and specific antiproliferative effect ([Figure 2](#molecules-23-00695-f002){ref-type="fig"}) of these compounds, it seems very likely that PP functioning via an HAT mechanism are not as effective as those functioning via an SET mechanism in their inhibition of the viability of LS180 and L929 cells. Thus, PP associated to a higher electron transfer capacity, and its effectiveness as antiproliferative agents may be related to either pro-oxidant action or PP individual mitochondrial functions. Hence, even though molecules such as *p*-coumaric and 2-hydroxycinnamic acids have the highest absorption percentages and antioxidant activities in the ORAC assay, these molecules may not be acting as prooxidants and, therefore, are not enhancing ROS production in cells.
3. Materials and Methods {#sec3-molecules-23-00695}
========================
3.1. Chemicals and Standards {#sec3dot1-molecules-23-00695}
----------------------------
Pure standards (≥93%) of all reagents used were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich-Fluka (St. Louis, MO, USA). HPLC-grade solvents were obtained from JT-Baker (Mexico City, Mexico).
3.2. Mango Fruit Selection {#sec3dot2-molecules-23-00695}
--------------------------
Ripe 'Ataulfo' mango fruits were purchased in a local market in Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. Mango selection was carried out as described by Palafox-Carlos, Yahia, Islas-Osuna, Gutierrez-Martinez, Robles-Sánchez, and González-Aguilar \[[@B57-molecules-23-00695]\] involving its size evaluation, color uniformity, and the absence of signs of deterioration. The selected fruits were transported immediately to the laboratory for analysis. All fruits were washed and peeled so the mango peels could be freeze-dried and stored at −80 °C (FreeZone 6 liter Benchtop Freeze Dry System; Labconco, Kansas City, MO, USA). Freeze-dried peels were ground with a blender (≤0.40 μm), packed in vacuum-sealed bags and kept at −20 °C until use.
3.3. Extraction of Mango Peel Polyphenols {#sec3dot3-molecules-23-00695}
-----------------------------------------
Ground 'Ataulfo' mango peel was used in this study. Three different fractions of an extraction (FP, AKP-, and AP-hydrolyzed phenolics) were obtained by the method reported by Mattila and Kumpulainen \[[@B32-molecules-23-00695]\] with minor modifications. The FP fraction was obtained from 0.5 g of sample that was dissolved in 7 mL of solution A (methanol (85 mL) + BHT (2 g/L) + 10% acetic acid (15 mL)), sonicated for 30 min, and diluted with distilled water (10 mL). The pH was then adjusted to 2.0, and 15 mL of solution B (diethyl ether/ethyl acetate (DE/EA, 1:1)) was added. After mild shaking, the organic phase was separated and dried overnight at room temperature.
Monomer PP released after alkaline- and acid-hydrolysis could then be obtained. The aqueous solution recovered from the FP fraction was further diluted with distilled water (12 mL), and 10 mL of 10 M NaOH was added. Alkaline hydrolysis was performed under anaerobic conditions by stirring the mixture overnight at room temperature using a magnetic stirrer. Monomer aglycone PP were then recovered by the same procedure using solution B in order to obtain AKP fraction. Thus, the remaining aqueous phase was then acidified with HCl (2.5 mL) and heated (85 °C) for 30 min. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and then processed in the same way as FP and AKP using solution B to obtain the AP fraction.
3.4. UPLC-DAD {#sec3dot4-molecules-23-00695}
-------------
The monomers (aglycone form) of polyphenols found within mango peel extract's fractions were quantified using an UPLC™ system (Acquity, Waters Co., Milford, MA, USA) equipped with a photodiode array extended λ (PDA eλ) detector, an Acquity UPLC™ BEH C18 VanGuard precolumn (130 Å, 1.7 µm, 2.1 mm × 5 mm), and an UPLC™ BEH C18 column (1.7 µm, 3.0 × 100 mm) with a column temperature of 60 °C and an auto sampler set at 5 °C. Two solutions were used as mobile phases: water-0.5% formic acid (A) and 100% methanol (B). The flow and gradient changes are shown in the [supplementary material (Table S1)](#app1-molecules-23-00695){ref-type="app"}. The results are expressed as µg of PP/gram of dry weight (µg/g DW) using standard calibration curves. Those quantifiable compounds were selected as individual PP, and used as pure standards in antioxidant and antiproliferative assays.
3.5. Antioxidant Capacity {#sec3dot5-molecules-23-00695}
-------------------------
The antioxidant activity of the FP, AKP, and AP fractions and their identified released monomeric PP were evaluated by three methods. The radical scavenging activities based on DPPH (515 nm) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP; 630 nm) assays were determined using a spectrophotometer FLUOstar™ OMEGA (BMG LABTECH; Chicago, IL, USA) according to the procedures described by Palafox-Carlos, Yahia, Islas-Osuna, Gutierrez-Martinez, Robles-Sánchez, and González-Aguilar \[[@B57-molecules-23-00695]\] and Benzie and Strain \[[@B64-molecules-23-00695]\], respectively, but with minor modifications in reaction volumes as suggested by Palafox-Carlos, Yahia, Islas-Osuna, Gutierrez-Martinez, Robles-Sánchez, and González-Aguilar \[[@B57-molecules-23-00695]\]. The percentage of inhibition of DPPH radical vs sample concentration (0--200 µg/mL) was plotted, and the effective concentration to reach 50% radical inhibition (EC50) was then calculated and expressed as µmoles of antioxidant/mL for individual PP assayed, and µg of extract/mL for FP, AKP, or AP fractions. FRAP values of individual PP were expressed as µmoles of trolox equivalents (TE)/moles of antioxidant, whereas values of extract's fractions were expressed in µmoles TE/g of extract (µmoles/g). The ORAC assay was performed according to Ou, et al. \[[@B65-molecules-23-00695]\], and the results for individual PP were expressed as millimoles TE/moles of antioxidant, and as µmoles/g of dried extract for FP, AKP, and AP extract's fractions. All assays were carried out according to the conditions recently reported by our group \[[@B66-molecules-23-00695]\].
3.6. Cell Lines and Culture {#sec3dot6-molecules-23-00695}
---------------------------
Human colon adenocarcinoma (LS180, ATCC^®^ CL-187™) and normal mouse subcutaneous connective tissue (L929; CCL-1TM) cell lines were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC^®^, Rockville, MD, USA). These cells were cultured in DMEM/5% FBS/penicillin (100 U/mL)/L-arginine + L-asparagine + L-glutamine + sodium pyruvate in 25 cm^2^ culture dishes under standard conditions (5% CO~2~, 37 °C, and 95% relative humidity).
3.7. Antiproliferative Activity (MTT Assay) {#sec3dot7-molecules-23-00695}
-------------------------------------------
The antiproliferative activity of DMSO-dissolved extract's fractions was evaluated by the MTT reduction assay following a previously reported procedure \[[@B67-molecules-23-00695]\]. Briefly, a cell suspension (2 × 105 cells/mL) was placed in 96-well Corning Costar ^®^ culture plates and incubated for 24 h. Commercial standard PP and the extract's fractions (FP, AKP, and AP) were dissolved at a non-toxic final DMSO concentration (0.25%). Cells were then treated with different concentrations of the extract's fractions for 48 h. After the 48 h, cells were washed with DMEM/5% FBS to subsequently add 10 µL of MTT (5 mg/mL) and incubated for an additional 4 h. After the second incubation period, the formazan crystals were dissolved in acidified isopropanol, and their absorbance (570 and 630 nm) was measured using a microplate reader (iMark™; Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). The results were expressed as IC~50~ values (µg/mL). Finally, pro-apoptotic effects in LS180 cells between 12--24 h were observed by inverted microscopy at 40× magnification \[[@B5-molecules-23-00695]\].
3.8. Cheminformatics {#sec3dot8-molecules-23-00695}
--------------------
Chemical structures and SMILES (simplified molecular-input line-entry system) codes of all the monomers PP identified by UPLC-DAD were obtained from the PubChem Open Chemistry Database (<https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/search/>). Relevant molecular features related to their enteral absorption capacity (molecular weight (MW; g/mol), total polar surface area (TPSA), octanol/water partition coefficient (LogPo/w), Lipinski's rule of five (LIRF) and theoretical percentage of absorption (% Abs)) were further obtained by using the Molinspiration^©^ Cheminformatics software (<http://www.molinspiration.com/>) as described by Ertl and Schuffenhauer \[[@B68-molecules-23-00695]\].
3.9. Statistical Analysis {#sec3dot9-molecules-23-00695}
-------------------------
A completely random design was applied to all experiments in this study, where all data was expressed as mean ± standard deviation (*n* = 3). Statistical differences among treatments were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey--Kramer multiple comparison test (*p* \< 0.05) using the statistical software NCSS 2007.
4. Conclusions {#sec4-molecules-23-00695}
==============
Results from this study indicate that mango 'Ataulfo' peel is a promising source of PP (free and bound) with antiproliferative capacity useful to prepare plant-based over-the-counter nutritionals for the primary and secondary prevention of colon cancer. Particularly, our data suggests that GA is a major PP in this byproduct with antiproliferative capacity closely related to its in vitro antioxidant mechanism (SET), although other mechanisms could also be involved after its absorption in LS180 cells, as we previously reported that in Caco-2/HT-29 (75:25) the intracellular antioxidant activity of GA is preserved. We also do recognize that an in vitro antioxidant activity assay against free radicals of non-biological origin (e.g., DPPH or ABTS) represents a non-specific biological defense mechanism in cells, as the PP mechanisms that modulate cells' redox behavior are not known yet. However, the evidence showed that the higher GA content in mango extract and its fractions, along with GA antioxidant mechanism, specifically the electron transfer, apparently are related to the observed antiproliferative effect.
The authors are particularly grateful to the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT) for the partial financial support through projects 563: "Un Enfoque Multidisciplinario de la Farmacocinética de Polifenoles de Mango Ataulfo: Interacciones Moleculares, Estudios Preclínicos y Clínicos", CB-2012-01/179574 (Basic science), CB-2015-01/254063 (Basic science) and the Doctoral scholarship that GRVR received. All authors are grateful to all academic authorities (CIAD, UNISON and UACJ) and to the AlFaNutra research net. Lastly, art assistance from Francisco J. Olivas-Aguirre is gratefully acknowledged.
Supplementary materials are available online. Table S1 Flow and gradient changes for phenolic compounds quantification by UPLC-DAD method.
######
Click here for additional data file.
G.R.V.-R. designed the experiment, performed chromatographic assays, collected data, performed the statistical analysis, and wrote the initial draft of the manuscript. H.T.-M. & R.E.R.-Z. provided cell lines, antiproliferative data interpretation, equipment and reagents used in this study. M.A.V.-O. performed antioxidant activity assays. J.F.A.-Z. & A.W.-M. assisted in data analysis, interpretation of results and contributed to the writing. G.A.G.-A designed the experiment, advised and provided expertise on the design and implementation of experiments, interpretation of results, and edited the manuscript. All the authors completed and approved the manuscript.
All authors declare no conflict of interest.
{#molecules-23-00695-f001}
{#molecules-23-00695-f002}
molecules-23-00695-t001_Table 1
######
Monomeric polyphenols (µg/g dry weight) in 'Ataulfo' mango peel extracts.
Compound Name FP AKP AP
----------------------- ------------------ -------------------- ----------------
Mangiferin 1259 ± 105 ^a,A^ 967 ± 20 ^b,B^ 157 ± 52 ^b,C^
Gallic acid \-- 23,816 ± 284 ^a,A^ 5610 ± 8 ^a,B^
Quercetin \-- 33 ± 3 ^d,A^ 51 ± 5 ^c,B^
Catechin 75 ± 9 ^b,A^ 60 ± 8 ^d,A^ \--
Syringic acid 19 ± 2 ^b^ \-- \--
*p*-Coumaric acid \-- 202 ± 13 ^c,d^ \--
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid \-- 700 ± 7 ^b^ \--
Ferulic acid \-- 12 ± 1 ^d^ \--
Protocatechuic acid \-- 129 ± 1 ^c,d^ \--
Rutin \-- 390 ± 11 ^c^ \--
Ellagic acid \-- \-- 29 ± 9 ^c^
Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (*n* = 3). Different lower-case letters within a column indicates significant differences among polyphenols content within a specific extract's fraction, whereas the uppercase letters indicate differences between the content among the different fractions (*p* \< 0.05). Below quantification limit (\--), free phenolics (FP) and alkaline (AKP)- and acid (AP)-releasable phenolics.
molecules-23-00695-t002_Table 2
######
Antioxidant activity of and 'Ataulfo' mango peel polyphenol extract's fractions and individual standards.
Fraction/PP Standard DPPH \* FRAP \* ORAC
----------------------- -------------------- ------------------- -----------------------
FP 40,200 ± 0.004 ^C^ 20 ± 0.001 ^C^ 1 ± 0.000 \* ^A^
AKP 22,510 ± 0.109 ^A^ 47 ± 0.002 ^A^ 3 ± 0.000 \* ^C^
AP 35,000 ± 30 ^B^ 26± 0.009 ^B^ 2 ± 0.000 \* ^B^
Mangiferin 30 ± 1.000 ^b^ 20 ± 0.002 ^d^ 3.765 ± 256.691 ^d,e^
Gallic acid 140 ± 6.000 ^a^ 320 ± 0.024 ^a^ 1.105 ± 112.510 ^a^
Quercetin 160 ± 0.001 ^a^ 50 ± 3.539 ^e^ 5.177 ± 0.233 ^f^
Catechin 160 ± 0.004 ^a^ 30 ± 6.119 ^b,d^ 6.918 ± 0.167 ^h,g^
Syringic acid 230 ± 0.001 ^c^ 50 ± 1.140 ^b,d^ 2.394 ± 0.103 ^c^
*p*-Coumaric acid \-- 0.211 ± 0.008 ^c^ 3.639 ± 0.085 ^d^
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid \-- 0.022 ± 0.000 ^c^ 4.200 ± 0.071 ^e^
Ferulic acid 1100 ± 0.002 ^d^ 30 ± 3.939 ^b^ 3.527 ± 0.056 ^d^
Protocatechuic acid 280 ± 0.007 ^b^ 50 ± 4.858 ^b,d^ 6.459 ± 0.058 ^g^
Rutin 650 ± 0.001 ^e^ 10 ± 1.116 ^b,d^ 6.410 ± 0.305 ^g^
Ellagic acid 120 ± 0.001 ^a^ 1 ± 0.121 ^c^ 1.762 ± 0.115 ^b^
Individual phenols antioxidant values are expressed as µmoles of antioxidant/ mL (IC~50~ DPPH), µmoles TE/moles of antioxidant (FRAP) and moles TE/moles of antioxidant (ORAC). Extract fractions antioxidant values are expressed as µg of extract/mL (IC~50~ DPPH), µmoles TE/g of extract (FRAP, ORAC). Polyphenol (PP), non-detected (\--), phenolics (FP) and alkaline (AKP) and acid (AP)-hydrolyzed phenolics (stepwise fractionation). Single asterisk (\*) equals to row or column values multiplied by 10^−4^. Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (*n* = 3): Lower-case letters were used to indicate significant differences (*p* \< 0.05) among individual polyphenols, whereas upper-case letters were used to indicate significant differences among different extract's fractions.
molecules-23-00695-t003_Table 3
######
Cheminformatics \* of major polyphenol molecules from 'Ataulfo' mango peel.
Compound Name MW TPSA logPo/w LIRF \% Absorption
----------------------- ------- ------- --------- ------ ---------------
Mangiferin 422.3 201.3 −0.16 2 39.6
Gallic acid 170.1 98.0 0.59 0 75.2
Quercetin 302.2 131.4 1.68 0 63.6
Catechin 290.3 110.4 1.37 0 70.9
Syringic acid 198.2 76.0 1.20 0 82.8
*p*-Coumaric acid 164.2 57.5 1.43 0 89.2
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid 138.1 57.5 1.87 0 89.2
Ferulic acid 194.2 66.8 1.25 0 86.0
Protocatechuic acid 154.1 77.8 0.88 0 82.2
Rutin 610.5 269.4 −1.06 3 16.0
Ellagic acid 302.2 141.3 0.94 0 60.2
\* Molinspiration Cheminformatics (<http://www.molinspiration.com/>). Molecular weight (MW; g/mol), total polar surface area (TPSA), octanol/water partition coefficient (logPo/w), Lipinski's rule of five (LIRF).
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
|
Chronicling the largest animal neglect case in U.S. history. When Northern California animal sanctuary Animal Place found out a factory farm in nearby Turlock had closed, and 50,000 hens had been abandoned and left to die without food and water, rescuers spring into action against considerable odds, including a dramatic standoff with local authorities, to save as many lives as they can.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
AutoVu Free-Flow
Genetec Inc. announced AutoVu Free-Flow, a new parking module for the AutoVu automatic license place recognition solution. The new module helps increase parking enforcement efficiency by providing a real-time inventory of vehicles parked illegally in monitored parking lots. It records the license plate of vehicles entering and leaving each parking lot and compares them to the list of payments received from connected pay-by-plate enabled parking stations. Vehicles beyond their paid amount of parking time are flagged in a live report.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Nick Bibbs
Nicolas "Nick" Bibbs (born January 30, 1991) is an American soccer player who last played for Bethlehem Steel FC in the United Soccer League.
Career
College
Bibbs played one year of college soccer at Caldwell College in 2009, before transferring to Syracuse University in 2010.
While at college, Bibbs appeared for USL PDL clubs Reading United AC in 2010 and Ocean City Nor'easters in 2012.
Professional
After spending time in Sweden with third-tier side IFK Lammhult, Bibbs signed with USL club Saint Louis FC on February 25, 2015.
On January 28, 2016, Bibbs signed with USL club Bethlehem Steel FC. After 12 appearances and scoring once for Steel FC, Bibbs was released at the conclusion of the 2016 season.
References
External links
Syracuse bio
Category:1991 births
Category:Living people
Category:American soccer players
Category:Syracuse Orange men's soccer players
Category:Reading United A.C. players
Category:Ocean City Nor'easters players
Category:Saint Louis FC players
Category:Association football defenders
Category:Soccer players from Pennsylvania
Category:USL League Two players
Category:USL Championship players
Category:Bethlehem Steel FC players
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
---
name: Bug report
about: 提交错误报告来帮助我们改进
title: ''
labels: bug
assignees: ''
---
**Bug 描述**
清晰简洁的描述 bug 内容。
**参考**
重现步骤：
1. 使用 xx 组件
2. 点击 '....'
3. 触发 '....'
4. 此时控制台开始抛错
**预期行为**
清晰简洁的描述应当产生的效果。
**截屏**
如果方便的话可以提供一个截屏描述你的问题。
**可重现环境：**
- 系统： [比如 macOS]
- 浏览器： [比如 chrome, safari]
- HIUI 的版本： [比如 1.3.6]
**附加内容**
关于此问题的其它信息。
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Forty years ago, one of Dr. Stephen Hauser’s first patients was a young Harvard Law School graduate and White House aide with a case of multiple sclerosis that raced like a brush fire through her brain. She quickly lost her ability to speak, swallow, and breathe. She got married in a wheelchair in her hospital room, tethered to breathing and feeding tubes and dressed in her wedding gown.
“We had nothing to treat her with,” recalled Hauser, now director of the Weill Institute for Neurosciences at the University of California, San Francisco. It was such a searing moment for the young doctor, then at the beginning of his neurology training, that he decided to dedicate his career to MS research.
On Tuesday night — after decades of false starts, struggles to persuade disbelieving colleagues, and a tortuous path through the maze of drug discovery — Swiss drugmaker Roche Holding AG announced that the Food and Drug Administration had approved its new drug for MS based on Hauser’s research. Researchers say the medication is a significant improvement over other treatments for the debilitating disease, which afflicts more than 400,000 Americans and by some estimates more than 2 million more patients worldwide.
“It’s personally incredibly rewarding,” Hauser said of the decision. “This is a big deal for people with MS.”
The drug, called ocrelizumab, takes a different approach than the more than a dozen other MS drugs on the market. It blocks certain immune system cells called B cells that Hauser’s lab discovered play a critical role in the disease. The other drugs target the immune system’s T cells, long thought to be the main culprit in MS.
“This is a major therapeutic advance,” said Dr. Harold L. Weiner, director of the Partners MS Center at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, who wasn’t involved in research related to the drug. “And it opens a whole new area of understanding about MS.”
The FDA approved ocrelizumab for treatment of primary-progressive MS, making it the first drug ever approved for the most aggressive from of the disease. It is marked by a gradual worsening of neurological symptoms, especially difficulty walking and in some patients paralysis below the waist, and accounts for between 10 percent and 15 percent of MS cases.
The decision was based largely on results of a 732-patient, Roche-sponsored clinical trial that showed primary-progressive patients on the drug were about 25 percent less likely to have their disability worsen.
While the clinical benefit was “modest,” said Bruce Bebo, executive vice president of research at the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, having a treatment reach the market “is huge. “We have nothing to offer people with primary-progressive MS.”
The FDA also cleared the drug for the more common relapse-remitting form of the disease, which is characterized by inflammatory attacks that trigger such early symptoms as vision problems, tingling in the feet, weakness, and muddled thinking.
In a market already bulging with expensive drugs for that form of MS, Roche set an annual price of $65,000 for the twice-a-year infusions. A study in the journal Neurology in 2015 that looked at nine of about a dozen MS drugs that modify the course of relapse-remitting disease found that none was priced under $50,000 a year, not including drug company rebates. Prices have generally risen since.
Roche acknowledged concerns about drug pricing in disclosing the amount, saying that the National Multiple Sclerosis Society recently noted that MS medicines cost almost four times what they did 12 years ago. Roche said its list price is 25 percent less than Rebif, the drug ocrelizumab outperformed in two of of the major studies leading to approval. Rebif lists for $86,000 a year, the company said, adding that the “industry needs to start reversing” the pricing trends.
Roche said the drug, which it will market under the brand name Ocrevus, would be available to US patients within two weeks.
MS is an autoimmune disease, which occurs when the immune system goes awry, attacking the body’s own healthy tissue. What provokes the immune system in the case of MS is a mystery, but for most patients, it results in an inflammatory attack on the myelin sheaths that protect the nerves and the transmission of signals from the brain to other parts of the body.
Read more: New drug for severe form of MS generates glimmer of hope — and tempered expectations
The disease typically hits people between 20 and 40 years old and is more common in women. Medicines and treatment strategies have vastly improved since Hauser’s encounter with his early patient at Massachusetts General Hospital, but new approaches are needed.
“It’s the most common neurologic crippler of young adults,” Hauser said. While many patients do well for decades, “more than half of our patients are worse 10 years later despite treatment.”
Finding a new culprit
When Hauser began his quest for better MS remedies in the late 1970s, the prevailing belief was that T cells were the sole offenders behind MS. That would turn out to be wrong.
T cells, as well as B cells, are key components of the arsenal the immune system uses to detect, hunt down, and kill viruses, bacteria, and other “foreign” invaders that harm the body.
The focus on T cells grew in part from researchers’ longtime use of a mouse model with a T cell-driven condition called experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, or EAE, to study and develop drugs for the disease.
Like multiple sclerosis, EAE is characterized by inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, but there, the similarities end. Hauser’s mentor, the late Harvard neurologist Dr. Raymond Adams, told him there was little resemblance between the two conditions.
“It really didn’t look like MS at all,” Hauser said. So his first task was to develop a new animal model for the disease.
It took a decade, but eventually he and his lab came up with a guinea pig-sized monkey called a marmoset that was able to develop MS that looked just like the human version.
“So many of our failures in drug development relate to preclinical models that don’t recapitulate human disease,” Hauser said.
Then, in a series of experiments, they tried to induce the disease by transferring myelin-targeted T cells into the animals. It didn’t work. Next, they tried certain antibodies that are produced by B cells. That didn’t work. Finally, they used both T cells and the B cell antibodies together.
“Bingo,” Hauser said. The animals developed MS.
The experiments showed that MS wasn’t fueled just by T cells, and Hauser’s lab identified B cells and their related antibodies as promising new drug targets. But the scientific establishment wasn’t ready to embrace this new idea.
‘Hoping to see a tiny whiff of effect’
At first, it seemed Hauser’s timing was fortuitous. In 1997, as his group’s research was coming together, the FDA approved the first treatment directed against B cells. It was a genetically engineered antibody called rituximab, from Genentech and its partner Idec Pharmaceuticals Corp.
The drug was for non-Hodgkin lymphoma, but its approval meant an off-the-shelf therapy was available to test their B cell hypothesis in MS patients.
Read more: ‘Fearful for the future’: Father, daughter fight different forms of MS
Armed with journal articles describing their research, Hauser and other researchers applied for a grant from the National Institutes of Health to run a pilot study of rituximab in people.
The NIH said no. The idea was “biologically implausible,” Hauser said they were told. The NIH offered to fund the study if they targeted T cells, he added, but they declined.
“Once we get an idea in medicine, we pivot off that idea very slowly sometimes,” Hauser said.
In 2001, he asked Genentech to fund the study. Initially, he met resistance there as well, he said. A team of outside experts the company assembled to evaluate the proposal rated its chances of success at less than 15 percent.
But some top insiders came to support the idea, and in 2003, after 18 months of discussions, Genentech agreed to a trial.
Just as the decision came down, news came from the East Coast that Biogen, the dominant player in drugs for MS, had agreed to merge with Idec, gaining Idec’s rights to rituximab in the process. Working out details with a new corporate partner further delayed the start of the study, Hauser said.
The next hurdle was the FDA, which also had to approve the trial. Hauser and his colleagues proposed a one-year, placebo-controlled trial with two infusions of rituximab six months apart. They would measure the effect of the treatment on formation of new MS lesions in the brain as determined by MRI after a year. They thought the treatment would have a gradual impact on inflammation and that they would need at least a year to see whether the drug was working.
But the FDA said it wouldn’t be ethical to keep patients with active relapsing MS on placebo for a year. Instead, the agency permitted only a single dose of the drug. The researchers would have to measure its effectiveness after just 24 weeks. Their hopes for success dimmed.
“We were hoping to see a tiny whiff of effect to lead to other clinical trials,” Hauser said.
The study enrolled 104 patients, 69 of whom were treated with rituximab. The moment of truth came on what Hauser recalled was a crisp Friday afternoon in late September 2006 when the researchers “unblinded” the data. What they saw astonished them.
The formation of new brain lesions in the rituximab patients was reduced by 91 percent compared with those on placebo. The size of the effect was “unprecedented” in MS, Hauser said. The study showed not only that B cells were critical players in the disease, but that when B cells were depleted by the drug, brain inflammation was almost immediately shut down.
Said Hauser: “It was a grand slam home run.”
It would take a much larger Phase 3 trial to win FDA approval, but he figured rituximab would be available to MS patients within four years — by about 2010.
Read more: Bold claim of multiple sclerosis gene discovery comes under withering attack
Genentech ‘had a better molecule’
Genentech had other ideas. Rituximab was an aging medicine, and it had safety issues.
“We recognized this was a very important finding in MS,” Dr. Peter Chin, group medical director for neuroscience at Genentech, said of the pilot study’s results. “It provided the first clinical evidence that B cells really were important in the disease.”
But “we had a better molecule that was better suited for MS.”
That molecule was ocrelizumab.
It had a key advantage over rituximab, which, like other monoclonal antibodies developed during the early days of the technology, is comprised of part human and part mouse protein. Over time, some patients develop immune responses to the mouse component, leading to problematic side effects or undercutting the drug’s benefits.
In contrast, ocrelizumab, like most newer genetically engineered drugs, is fully humanized and much less likely to trigger an immune response in patients.
These were among reasons Genentech decided to place its bet for MS on the new agent, Hauser said.
He agreed that ocrelizumab would likely prove a better drug — both for Genentech and for MS patients. But he believed it would further delay getting a B cell therapy to patients.
Then in 2009, yet another threat emerged. Roche, which had long held a majority stake in Genentech, moved to take over the rest of the company. Hauser worried that in the inevitable resetting of priorities, ocrelizumab might be jettisoned.
But after the acquisition closed, Roche quickly announced that the MS program would move forward. The Phase 3 studies that led to FDA approval were launched in 2011.
The results, which for the studies of relapsing patients were a near-replication of the “grand slam” rituximab findings from 2006, were published by the New England Journal of Medicine in December.
The two Roche-funded studies involving a total of 1,656 patients with relapsing MS showed the drug cut annualized relapse rates for such patients almost in half compared with a commonly used treatment called Rebif. The formation of new lesions in the brain and spinal cord — the key marker of inflammation — was reduced by more than 94 percent compared to patients on Rebif. Why the reduction in relapse rates wasn’t even more pronounced isn’t clear.
“We’ve never had a treatment so successful against new lesions,” said Hauser, who led the two studies. It essentially “stops MS in its tracks.”
Hauser said Roche has reimbursed him for travel expenses related to the trials, but he doesn’t accept honoraria or other compensation from companies with MS drugs on the market or in development. Over the years, the NIH, the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, various foundations and philanthropic gifts have supported research in his lab.
MS experts said ocrelizumab’s price, insurance coverage decisions, and the willingness of physicians and patients to try a medicine with limited long-term safety data will affect how quickly the drug will be adopted in a highly competitive market.
Other effective MS drugs, including Cambridge, Mass.-based Biogen’s Tysabri, have raised a caution flag against early adoption. Tysabri, for instance, is especially effective, but in rare cases can lead to a potentially lethal brain disorder called progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, or PML. This has led some doctors to wait until later in the course of a patient’s disease before prescribing some treatments.
PML hasn’t shown up in studies of ocrelizumab, but researchers say longer follow-up is necessary to better understand the drug’s long-term efficacy and safety.
Side effects of the drug were generally mild or similar to comparator agents, but studies raised the possibility of a slightly elevated risk of cancer on the drug, a concern doctors are certain to keep an eye on as use of the medicine grows.
“Anytime a new drug comes out you want to get some experience with it,” said Brigham and Women’s Weiner. “But over time [ocrelizumab] could be accepted and used in a lot of patients.”
If the initial efficacy and safety results hold up for relapsing-remitting disease after longer follow-up and the drug is used early in a patient’s disease, Hauser believes newly diagnosed MS patients will be able to “look forward to a full life without significant disability.”
That ocrelizumab offers only about a 25 percent benefit to patients with primary progressive disease suggests a different biology drives that form of MS. It is just one illustration of the work that lies ahead.
For those patients, Hauser said, “our foot is in the door, but we’re not there yet.”
Validation of the B cell’s role in MS poses an intriguing question for MS researchers. The fact is, Hauser said, that most of the immune system cells found in MS lesions are T cells. So what are B cells doing?
Hauser suspects they are “orchestrating” the process by which T cells do their damage. Many other MS drugs, he added, while viewed as targeting T cells, also interfere with B cells.
“Ocrelizumab’s success has led to a rethinking of how the other MS therapies may be working,” he said.
Republished with permission from STAT. This article originally appeared on March 28, 2017
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Catholic intellectual says time has come for reconciliation in Cuba
Havana, Cuba, Aug 5, 2004 / 12:00 am (CNA).- The editor-in-chief of the Cuban magazine Vitral, Dagoberto Valdes Hernandez, said this week Cuba is in need more than ever of “a climate of reconciliation, a language of reconciliation, gestures of reconciliation, attitudes of reconciliation and a future of reconciliation.”
In a recent article Valdes explained that at the country’s present juncture—marked by “a climate of tension and uncertainty bordering on the unbearable”—reconciliation is “a word and a reality which is missing from our media, our discourses, from our actions and those of everyone else.”
“Cuba suffers, but the people struggle, and no one knows until when: those who are the most honest and gifted figure out a way to survive, without doing anything illegal or falling into despair; the needy get tired, but they persevere; the wealthy flee the country, no matter where; those most in despair fall prey to alcohol and crime; and those who are unable to fight anymore, those who can’t even live their own lives anymore, commit suicide,” he said.
According to Valdes, “this word (reconciliation) is not well-liked, it is not understood very well here because it is equated with weakness or embarrassing concessions. It is also not understood by Cubans in exile, for the same reasons but from the opposite perspective: Be reconciled with who?—some say. Be reconciled for what?—say others.”
Vitral says “the atmosphere of confrontation is not helpful at all,” and foreign intrusion into the affairs of the country demand that Cubans “concentrate on solving our own problems from within, among ourselves.”
“Can’t Cuba set aside the battles of hatred to begin building peace? Yes, that’s right, peace, peace. Not only peace from the absence of wars, but also the peace of understanding, the peace of dialogue, the peace of unity, the peace of consciences that can live in the truth, the peace of liberty of the soul that can express itself and create without barriers or embargos. In a word, can’t Cuba enter into an honest process of reconciliation?” asked Valdes.
Valdes sees reconciliation as the fruit a long journey that must be born out of unity and the search for truth and justice, “accompanied by forgiveness and magnanimity.”
“The path of reconciliation is crowned by the search for unity and consensus at the social, political, economic and cultural levels. This unity should not hide our differences but focus instead on where we agree and come together. This consensus should serve to create new projects and open new doors to development and peace,” he said.
According to Valdes, reconciliation is “a beautiful and exciting path for Cuba,” a country that needs “real hope, without guile, without running away to somewhere else. The only authentically fruitful hope is that which is born out of truth, justice, magnanimity and reconciliation.”
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
Comparing part of a list to full list in Python
I want to compare two lists that had been previously split and matched up again.
I have two lists. the unsplit one and the split one
list1 = ['store1 120', 'store2 140', 'store3 160', 'store4 150']
list2 = [120, 140, 150, 160]
the second list has already been turned into ints and sorted by size. I want to see if i can compare the two lists so since 'store1 120' has the most in common with '120' and will return the whole string so it can be split again and return just the store name. How can I compare these two lists to return the most similar? Most searches just return single integer lists which are not very useful.
Edit:
to clarify I needed something that could take a number from an already modified list and return an associating location on a similar list. The original list can and will vary so it needed to be dependent on the input rather than predefined definitions.
A:
Couple of things to consider
Your first list is just a concatenation of the name and a number which is present in the second list.
The Number is always at the end of the string
Searching a list for each item in your first list is not quite efficient
Solution
To Solve (1) and (2), Just perform a right partition on space and extract the name and the number
To Solve (3), use a set instead of a list
Demo
>>> list2 = [120, 140, 150, 160]
>>> set2 = set(list2)
>>> for e in list1:
name, _, num = e.rpartition(' ')
if int(num) in set2:
print name
store1
store2
store3
store4
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
1. Technical Field
The present technology relates to a method for manufacturing natural rubber, and particularly relates to a method for manufacturing natural rubber wherein viscosity can be lowered and processability can be enhanced by reducing a gel component in a natural rubber.
2. Related Art
Natural rubbers contain a high amount of a gel component compared to synthetic rubbers and, as a result, characteristically have a high rubber viscosity and various compounding agents are not easily dispersed uniformly therein. Therefore, when kneading a rubber composition that includes a natural rubber, the natural rubber must be masticated prior to kneading the various compounding agents in order to sufficiently break apart the rubber molecules, thereby lowering the rubber viscosity and increasing plasticity. However, problems exist in that conventional mastication requires a significant amount of energy and masticating leads to a decrease in the mechanical properties of the rubber. Furthermore, when time passes due to storing and transport of raw rubber as-is, the rubber viscosity increases due to an increase in the gel component. This leads to the problems of a reduction in the dispersibility of the compounding agents when kneading and a decline in processability.
To solve these problems, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2005-23140A proposes lowering the viscosity of a natural rubber and suppressing an increase in rubber viscosity over time by mixing a viscosity stabilizer in a natural rubber latex, and then solidifying and drying this mixture.
Additionally, WO2007/049460 proposes a process for producing a solid natural rubber wherein a metal content in a natural rubber latex is reduced by treating the natural rubber latex with a water soluble ammonium salt, and then dried by spraying the product into a pulse wave atmosphere.
However, the method for manufacturing natural rubber described in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2005-23140A has a problem in that the conventional viscosity stabilizers hydroxylamine, hydroxylamine sulfate, and hydroxylamine hydrochloride are not readily usable from a health and safety perspective due to high levels of danger and toxicity.
Additionally, the natural rubber obtained via the manufacturing method described in WO2007/049460 has a problem in that while rubber viscosity immediately following production can be reduced, the gel component increases with the passage of time, and this leads to the rubber viscosity increasing again. Compounding a viscosity stabilizer in order to suppress an increase in rubber viscosity over time is commonly known, however, viscosity stabilizers such as hydroxylamine, hydroxylamine sulfate, and hydroxylamine hydrochloride are not readily usable from a health and safety perspective due to high levels of danger and toxicity.
Therefore, there is a demand for a method in which these hydroxylamines are not used and there are no health and safety problems whereby the viscosity of a natural rubber is lowered and processability is enhanced by reducing the gel component of the natural rubber.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Lists of oldest cricketers
This is a set of lists of the oldest Test and first-class cricketers.
Oldest living Test cricketers
Oldest living Test cricketers by country
Note: Twenty-four first-class cricketers are known to have attained centenarian status (see relevant section below). John Manners, who represented Hampshire and Combined Services amongst others, appears to be the oldest living, born 25 September 1914, thus aged .
Source:
Oldest Test cricketers still playing at Test level
Oldest Test cricketers still playing at Test level, by country
Note: The above lists include players who have played Test cricket within the past 18 months and have not formally announced their retirement.
Longest-lived Test cricketers
See also Oldest living Test cricketers above.
Source:
Oldest Test debutants
Oldest Test debutant by country
Note: John Traicos debuted for Zimbabwe at the age of , but had already played three Tests for South Africa 22 years prior.
Note: The oldest debutant, James Southerton, was also the first Test cricketer to die (on 16 June 1880). Miran Bakhsh was known as Miran Bux during his playing career.
The longest-lived first-class cricketer is believed to have been John Manners. See also Longest-lived first-class cricketers below.
Source:
Oldest Test cricketers on final appearance
Oldest Test cricketers on final appearance by country
Note: The Test career of Wilfred Rhodes spanned a record 30 years, 315 days. England's youngest Test cricketer and another Yorkshireman, Brian Close (born 24 February 1931), lies second in this regard. He made his debut against New Zealand in 1949 and was recalled, after an absence of almost nine years, to oppose West Indies in 1976 (his career lasting 26 years, 356 days).
Source:
Longest-lived first-class cricketers
This list includes all those first-class players who are known to have lived to 100.
Note: Although born in New South Wales, Australia, Syd Ward and John Wheatley appear to have been raised in New Zealand. George Harman, who acquired two Rugby Union caps for Ireland, died in Cornwall. Charles Braithwaite was born in England. Fred Gibson moved to England in 1944. Neil McCorkell was born in England, but lived in South Africa from 1951. The prominent Antiguan cricketer, Sir Sydney Walling, who died aged 102 years, 88 days in October 2009, never appeared in matches accorded first-class status.
The oldest person, and only septuagenarian, to play first-class cricket was Raja Maharaj Singh, aged 72, his sole appearance being for the Bombay Governor's XI against a Commonwealth XI in November 1950.
Oldest women cricketers
England women's cricketer Eileen Whelan (born 30 October 1911) was the first female Test cricketer to attain centenarian status; she is currently aged . Thelma McKenzie (Australia, born 6 April 1915) was the second to achieve this landmark; she is currently aged .
Oldest living ODI cricketers
The first One-Day International took place on 5 January 1971 when Australia played England.
Oldest living Twenty20 International cricketers
The first Twenty20 International took place on 17 February 2005 when Australia played New Zealand. The oldest living T20I cricketers are:
Osman Göker of Turkey, currently aged
Cengiz Akyüz of Turkey, currently aged
Serdar Kansoy of Turkey, currently aged
Hasan Alta of Turkey, currently aged
James Moses, currently aged
Sunil Dhaniram, currently aged
Tony Whiteman of Luxembourg, currently aged
Sanath Jayasuriya, currently aged
Sanjayan Thuraisingam, currently aged
References
Oldest
Category:Lists of oldest people
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a computer system; in particular, the invention relates to a retaining apparatus for a peripheral device such as a hard disk drive.
2. Description of the Related Art
In the past, maintenance and upgrading of electrical equipment, especially rack mounted equipment, has been extremely difficult because of existing mounting mechanism. In many applications, including computer systems, accessibility is often limited. The computer system is relatively heavy and cumbersome, and its mounting arrangements are relatively stationary and bulky. When it is necessary to access a peripheral device mounted in the computer system, it has been necessary to perform considerable disassembly.
Peripheral devices are typically mounted in a chassis of the computer system with four fasteners, such as screws. However, such methods are very cumbersome. To alleviate these mounting problems, in many component or peripheral mounting arrangements, peripheral devices such as hard drives are mounted on removable sliding carriers. Such carriers are arranged to support, for example, a hard drive sliding along rails mounted to a peripheral unit mounting cabinet or shelving structure.
However, such carriers, in many cases, are relatively unstable and have therefore been vulnerable to damage from shock vibration. In addition, adding the carrier and rails renders this method more costly.
Thus, there is a need for a new design that mounts the peripheral device without the use of fasteners or carriers.
In order to address the disadvantages of the aforementioned computer system, the invention provides a retaining apparatus for a peripheral device without the use of fasteners.
Accordingly, the invention provides a computer system. The computer system comprises a chassis, at least one retaining member and at least one peripheral device. The chassis is provided with at least one locking member. The retaining member, having at least one protrusion and at least one retention tab, is disposed on the chassis so that the protrusion detachably engages with the locking member. The peripheral device, having at least one mounting hole, is detachably disposed inside the chassis so that the retention tab is inserted into the mounting hole when the protrusion engages with the locking member.
Furthermore, the retaining member is provided with a body portion and two locking portions. The body portion is flexible enough that the retention tab separates from the mounting hole when the protrusion separates from the locking member.
Furthermore, the protrusion is formed on the locking portion. The locking member is provided with an opening for engagement with the corresponding protrusion when the locking portion abuts the locking member.
Furthermore, the chassis is provided with a plurality of spring tabs. The chassis is provided with at least one support.
Furthermore, the chassis is provided with at least one through hole. The retaining member passes through the through hole in a manner such that the body portion locates inside the chassis and the locking portions locate outside the chassis.
In a preferred embodiment, the chassis is provided with at least one through hole corresponding to the retention tab. The retention tab passes through the corresponding through hole to engage with the corresponding mounting hole.
In a preferred embodiment, an apparatus for retaining a device with a plurality of mounting holes is provided, and it comprises a chassis and a plurality of retaining members. The chassis is provided with a plurality of locking members. The retaining members, having at least one protrusion and at least one retention tab, are disposed on the chassis so that the protrusion detachably engages with the locking member and the retention tabs insert into the mounting holes when the device is disposed inside the chassis.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Q:
Can you help with this proof that the $n$-th Bell number is bounded by $n!$ for all natural numbers $n$?
I am trying to prove that an upper bound for the nth Bell number is n factorial. I am trying to do this by induction. Firstly, the nth Bell number is given by:
$B_{n}=\sum\limits^{n-1}_{k=0} B_{k}{n-1\choose k}$, for $n \geq 2$ and $B_{0}=B_{1}=1$.
My proof is as follows:
Let the statement $S(n)$ be $B_{n}=\sum\limits^{n-1}_{k=0} B_{k}{n-1\choose k} \leq n!$. (*)
Clearly $S(2)$ is true.
Assume $S(n)$ true for some $n>2$.
RTP: $S(n+1)$ true, i.e. $B_{n+1}=\sum\limits^{n}_{k=0} B_{k}{n\choose k} \leq (n+1)!$
I tried multiplying both sides of (*) by $n+1$, so we get $(n+1)!$ on the RHS as needed, but then it is not clear that we get $\sum\limits^{n}_{k=0} B_{k}{n\choose k}$ on the LHS.
Can anyone help me to complete this proof?
I tried using different forms of the Bell number as well - like using Dobinski's formula. I also got nowhere.
Thanks!
A:
Since $B_n$ is the number of partitions of the set $[n]=\{1,2,3,\dots,n\}$ while $n!$ is the number of linear orderings of $[n]$, we can prove the inequality $B_n\le n!$ by exhibiting an injection from the set of partitions to the set of orderings.
Let $P=\{X_1,X_2,\dots,X_k\}$ be a partition of $[n]$, indexed so that $\min X_i\lt\min X_j$ when $i\lt j$. Map $P$ to the ordering of $[n]$ in which all elements of $X_i$ precede all elements of $X_j$ when $i\lt j$, and the elements within each set $X_i$ are arranged in the opposite of their natural order. For instance,
$$\{\{1,7,8,9\},\{2,4,6\},\{3\},\{5\}\}\mapsto(9,8,7,1,6,4,2,3,5).$$
It is easy to see that this is an injection.
As a variation of this argument, the cycle decomposition of a permutation suggests an obvious surjection from the symmetric group $S_n$ to the set of all partitions of $[n]$.
Alternatively, there is an easy proof by induction based on the inequality $B_n\le nB_{n-1}$.
The inequality follows from the observation that any partition of $[n]$ can be obtained from some partition of $[n-1]$ by either adding the new element to one of the existing equivalence classes (of which there are at most $n-1$) or starting a new class.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
I offer here a short list of seven things that have become obvious, from my position as a teacher. If only our education policies might be constrained by the requirement that they honor the obvious!
1. Children do not learn well when they are under stress. This single fact is enough to explain so many things. If we were to design an ideal learning environment, there would be great attention paid to relieving all involved of unnecessary tension. A recent study found that first grade students in classrooms affected by budget cuts suffer because of the stress their teacher experiences in trying to meet their needs. Children who live in poverty experience stress at home due to insecurity around food, housing, and violence in their neighborhoods and homes. The very least we should do to address their needs is to make their schools a refuge from stress.
2. Tests, and high stakes attached to them, are very poor levers for increasing learning. We have exit exams that have reduced graduation rates, especially for minority students, but failed to increase real learning.
This study from the National Academy of Sciences found that when there are high stakes attached to tests, the scores on those tests tend to rise, but real learning, as measured on low stakes tests, has not increased. When you make people's jobs and pay depend on those scores, they will figure out how to get the scores up. But the underlying learning is going to suffer, as instruction is narrowly focused on preparing for the tests.
3. It takes time to learn to be an excellent teacher. Therefore it is unwise to invest large amounts of resources in programs that target young college graduates and ask them for a short, two-year-long commitment. We need to make the teaching profession a solid one, with opportunities for growth, that attracts bright people who want to stay and build their careers. Our high-needs schools especially need such expert teachers, and are suffering due to high turnover. The answer to this turnover is not more poorly-trained interns to fill the empty classrooms. It should be careful investment in programs to improve conditions, increase collaboration and build stability.
4. Programs like the Quality Education Investment Act (QEIA) in California, that deliver smaller class sizes and time for teachers to collaborate together and do work like this, yield much stronger results. Programs like this require us to invest time, money and trust in our teachers and students. But teachers who engage in this work feel empowered, and I believe this is the best possible antidote to stress.
5. When unemployment levels are high, and opportunities are few, students struggle to see the purpose in their education. I do not have a study for this one. Just my own observations after working in the Oakland schools for the past 24 years. Students are profoundly affected by the economic and social environment in which they live. There need to be visible, viable pathways to successful careers in order to keep students motivated and on track. There is a strong connection between the opportunities our students will find when they graduate and their level of engagement and motivation while they are in school. Teachers struggle to motivate their students when they are surrounded by communities that have been left to rot. We need to uplift our schools and our communities together. No school is an island.
6. The people in charge of education policy in this country are dangerously out of touch with these obvious things. We have policies that increase stress on students and teachers by raising class sizes and pressures to perform on tests. We are planning to expand our investments in testing and data systems at the same time we decrease funding for classrooms. School performance is treated as a phenomenon in isolation from the economic and social conditions that surround our students, and schools are expected to compensate for the economic decline these communities have endured.
7. The teachers, parents and students will need to take a visible, public stand to turn education policy in a better direction. We are gathering together in Washington, DC, for the free Save Our Schools march and rally on July 30th. There will be a conference on the two days preceding as well, and registration is now open.
What do you think? What else should be obvious regarding our schools?
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 for prostate cancer detection in patients undergoing prostate biopsy.
Laboratory and epidemiological studies suggest that high circulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and low IGF binding protein-3 are associated with increased prostate cancer risk. However, the usefulness of serum IGF-1 or IGF binding protein-3 for predicting pathology results in men undergoing prostate biopsy is unclear. We examined the relationships of serum IGF-1, IGF binding protein-3 and the results of prostate biopsy. A total of 652 consecutive patients with elevated serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) or abnormal digital rectal examination who were referred for transrectal ultrasound sextant prostate needle biopsy underwent blood sampling before biopsy. PSA, free PSA, IGF-1 and IGF binding protein-3 were measured. There were 244 men (37.4%) with cancer and 408 controls with benign conditions. Mean IGF-1 plus or minus SD in the cancer and control groups was 176.1 +/- 58.3 and 178.7 +/- 54.7 ng./ml., respectively (p = 0.57). Mean IGF binding protein-3 in the cancer and control groups was 2,724 +/- 647 and 2,673 +/- 589 ng./ml., respectively (p = 0.3). Adjustment for age and PSA showed significantly lower IGF-1 in cancer cases, while IGF binding protein-3 was not significant. ROC values were significantly higher for free-to-total PSA and PSA than for crude and age adjusted IGF-1 and IGF binding protein-3. Our data indicate that serum IGF-1 or IGF binding protein-3 does not predict the results of prostate biopsy in men with elevated PSA or abnormal digital rectal examination. This finding implies that while there is evidence that the IGF-1 level is a risk factor for prostate cancer, neither IGF-1 nor IGF binding protein-3 can be used as a tumor marker for this disease.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
The Obama administration is working with Congress and the International Monetary Fund to provide Ukraine with $1 billion in loan guarantees to help stabilize the country's economy, the White House announced on Tuesday.
The move comes as Russian President Vladimir Putin ignored calls to withdraw troops sent into Ukraine's Crimea region and claimed that Kiev's interim government had achieved power in an unconstitutional coup.
“President Obama has made clear that the United States will continue to support the Government of Ukraine, including economically,” the White House said in a statement Tuesday.
“We have been working closely with international partners to develop an assistance package that will provide rapid financial and technical assistance to help Ukraine restore economic stability and conduct free, fair, and inclusive new elections that will allow the Ukrainian people to continue to make democratic choices about their future.”
The move comes as Secretary of State John Kerry is slated to arrive in Kiev on Tuesday to express U.S. support for the embattled regime there.
Military forces directed by Moscow moved into the Crimean region over the weekend, claiming they were there to protect ethnic Russians in the Ukrainian region after Putin's ally, former Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych fled from office after mass protests and was removed from power.
Obama called the military intervention a violation of international law and said there would be “costs” for Russia’s action.
The centerpiece of U.S. assistance announced Tuesday will be a $1 billion in loan guarantees “aimed at helping insulate vulnerable Ukrainians from the effects of reduced energy subsidies.”
Russia has threatened to cut off generous energy subsidies to Kiev, a move which could deliver a crippling blow to Ukraine’s already weak economy.
The U.S. is also sending “technical expertise” to help Ukraine’s central bank and finance ministry.
“The United States is dispatching highly experienced technical advisors to help the Ukrainian financial authorities manage immediate market pressures,” the statement said. “The United States will also provide expertise to help Ukraine implement critical energy sector reforms.”
Additionally, the U.S. is sending in teams to help Ukraine’s government prepare for new democratic elections and anti-corruption experts to increase transparency and recover “assets stolen from the people of Ukraine.”
The White House also said that the administration was working closely with lawmakers on Capitol Hill to approve IMF quota legislation which determines the body’s rules on voting and access to capital. The move would “would support the IMF’s capacity to lend additional resources to Ukraine, while also helping to preserve continued U.S. leadership within this important institution,” said the statement.
Treasury Secretary Jack Lew on Tuesday said the U.S. was “prepared to work with its bilateral and multilateral partners to provide as much support as Ukraine needs to restore financial stability and return to economic growth, if the new government implements the necessary reforms.”
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Many vehicles are provided with light sources adjacent the vehicle license plate for illuminating the license plate or other target surface of the vehicle in low light conditions. Known license plate lighting devices may, for example, be installed above the license plate in a portion of the vehicle trunk or rear gate. Newer vehicles may also include a trunk or rear gate release disposed in the same general location as the license plate light. The gate release may include an electromechanical device, e.g. a solenoid, configured to release the gate upon user actuation of an associated switch.
In known vehicles, two separate wiring paths may be required for providing an electrical current to the separate license plate light and rear gate release modules. In vehicles incorporating a backing camera or radar, additional separate wiring paths and modules may be associated with these systems. The separate wiring paths and modules associated with the license plate light, rear gate release, backing camera or radar, etc. may require a cumbersome and expensive assembly procedure.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
#include "falcon-bms-ext.hpp"
IExtension::event_mask falcon_bms_acceleration_ext::hook_types()
{
return IExtension::on_finished;
}
falcon_bms_acceleration_ext::falcon_bms_acceleration_ext()
{
}
void falcon_bms_acceleration_ext::process_finished(Pose& p)
{
(void)p;
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
A specific protocol has been developed for allowing multiple users to transmit over a shared radio channel. For example, the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.11 Standard generally supports access to radio channels based on a method known as Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA).
In simple terms, this method is based on a xe2x80x9clisten before talkxe2x80x9d scheme. A transmitter device monitors traffic on a shared radio channel to determine if another transmitter device is presently transmitting on the same channel. If the radio channel is in use, the transmitter device will continue to monitor the channel until it is clear. When the radio channel is finally clear, the transmitter will then transmit over the radio channel.
Ideally, another transmitter device will not simultaneously transmit during the same time. However, a collision can occur on the radio channel when two or more transmitter devices transmit on the radio channel simultaneously. Consequently, neither message transmission would be intelligible and both transmitter devices must re-transmit their messages again to a corresponding target device.
Based on this CSMA/CA scheme, re-transmission of data due to a collision cannot occur before a minimum time gap. After the minimum time gap has passed, the transmitter device selects a random xe2x80x9cbackoff interval,xe2x80x9d which is the wait time before the radio channel is again monitored to determine whether the radio channel is clear to transmit. If the channel is still busy, another shorter xe2x80x9cbackoff interval,xe2x80x9d is selected for a subsequent message transmission. This process is repeated until the transmitter device is able to transmit data.
Another standard for transmitting data on a shared radio channel is based on IS-95, in which multiple field units can transmit at the same time.
The IS-95 standard suggests a method of ramping RF power of a field unit until a message from the field unit is transmitted at a power level that is detectable at a base station. According to this method, a field unit transmits an access request message to a base station for the assignment of wireless resources on a reverse link.
After transmitting an access request message on an access channel, the field unit monitors a paging channel for an acknowledgment message from the base station indicating that the access request message was properly received. If no acknowledgment message is sent to the requesting field unit, it is presumed that the message from the field unit was not transmitted at an appropriate power level. That is, the power output level of the field unit is so low that the base station did not detect a previously transmitted access request message. The access request message is then re-transmitted over the access channel at a higher power level.
This process is subsequently repeated until the field unit transmits a message at a power level that is high enough for the base station to properly receive the message. Similar to the IEEE 802.11 standard, a collision can occur on the shared radio channel when two or more field units simultaneously transmit a message.
The present invention is generally directed towards an apparatus and method for enhancing the utilization of resources in a wireless communication system. In an illustrative embodiment, messages are transmitted over a shared channel to a target receiver. The shared channel is monitored for collisions that can occur when two or more transmitter devices attempt to send a message at or about the same time. Feedback is provided to notify one or multiple transmitters when a collision is detected.
One method of notifying the transmitter devices of a collision is to provide feedback in a reverse channel to the transmitter devices. More specifically, a device such as a base station monitoring the shared channel for collisions can transmit messages indicating that a collision occurred on the first channel for a previous message transmission.
In a specific application, the transmitter device is a field unit transmitting a message such as an access request message to a target receiver monitoring a channel for messages. For example, the shared channel can be a reverse link radio channel defined by codes such as those used in wireless CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) communication systems. More specifically, the shared reverse link channel can be an access channel. The second channel for notifying field units of message collisions can be a forward link radio channel defined by another unique PN (pseudnoise) code.
To support communications between a transmitter and target receiver device such as a base station, the transmitter can synchronize itself prior to transmitting messages on the shared channel. Thus, there can be at least some structure as to when a transmitter device sends a message over the shared channel. Alternatively, a transmitter device can send a message asynchronously over the shared channel.
In an application where the transmitter is at least grossly synchronized with the target receiver, the transmitter can then transmit in a time slot or data field of the shared channel. Consequently, a device monitoring the shared channel for message collisions can monitor time slots of the shared channel for messages. One way to determine whether a message is properly received is to provide redundancy information in the message itself, where a check can be performed to verify that a message is properly received.
If a transmitter device sends a message over the shared channel and no collision is detected at the target receiver, a message such as an ACK (Acknowledgment) message can be fed back to the transmitter device indicating that a message from the transmitter was successfully received at the target receiver without detecting a collision. This ACK message is optionally fed back to a transmitter device over a third channel such as a paging channel of a CDMA communication system. Thereafter, a more formal communication link is optionally established between the transmitter and target receiver for future communications.
A more formal communication link can include a feedback loop for synchronizing a transmitter device to a target receiver when no data payload is being transmitted from the transmitter device target receiver. For example, a target receiver can analyze received messages and generate power and timing adjustment messages on a feedback channel to provide synchronization and power control. Since the feedback loop can be used to provide more sophisticated synchronization between two communication devices, wireless resources can be more quicky allocated for on-demand data payload transfers.
In one application, the second channel or feedback channel is time-slotted or partitioned so that transmitter devices can be notified via feedback messages in time slots similar to the first channel. Consequently, each of the multiple transmitters can monitor designated time slots of the second channel for feedback messages.
A feedback message can be as simple as a single bit indicating whether or not a collision occurred on the shared channel for a previous access request message transmission. Likewise, a sequence of bit information or multiple spaced bits can also be sent over the second channel indicating that a collision occurred. When used, multiple bits can provide redundancy to some extent so that a message can still be conveyed even if part of a message is otherwise corrupted due to a failed data transfer.
In an application where the shared channel is time-slotted, each of the multiple transmitter devices is preferably synchronized so that it can send a message to a target receiver in generally any time slot. When transmitter devices sporadically transmit messages in a time slot to a target receiver, there is an increased likelihood that a collision will occur with another transmitter sending a message in the same time slot.
Although a message format can vary depending on a particular application, one embodiment of the present invention involves sending a two-part message on the shared channel. For example, a first portion of a message commonly used by a set of multiple transmitter devices can indicate a message type such as an access request message. More specifically, the first portion of a message can include a specified sequence of bits or information that identify a message type at the target receiver. Further, a second portion of a message can identify unique information such as the serial number of the transmitter sending the message to the target receiver.
When a two-part message is simultaneously transmitted to a target receiver from two or more transmitter devices, a collision can occur. One way of detecting a collision is to monitor a time slot of a first channel on which multiple transmitter devices may transmit a message. A first portion of each message will preferably line up with each other when transmitted by two transmitters in a time slot so that a monitoring target receiver can identify that a message such as an access request message was sent by at least one transmitter. More specifically, the monitoring device can decode and identify a message type based upon an overlapping bit sequence transmitted by two or more transmitters in a same time slot. The monitoring device can also identify when only one message is transmitted in a time slot by analyzing a unique portion of a message.
Consider further the second portion of a message transmitted by two or more transmitter devices. The second portion of a message transmission is preferably unique so that a collision can be detected at a monitoring device. That is, the second portion of each message can be unique so that the data does not necessarily overlap with each other when two or more transmitters send a message in a time slot. Thus, when a collision occurs, the monitoring device cannot properly decode either unique second portion of a message transmission in a time slot.
One way to identify a message collision is to detect when the second portion of a message as received at a monitoring device does not include proper CRC (Cyclical Redundancy Check) information. For example, a monitoring device can identify a bad CRC check result for a second portion of a received message in a time slot. Although the first portion of the message is properly received and indicates that at least one transmitter is sending a message, processing of the second portion of the message at the monitoring device can indicate that a collision occurs when an error is detected. Consequently, the device monitoring the shared channel for collisions can generate a message over the second channel to the transmitter indicating that a collision occurred at the monitoring target receiver in a given time slot.
In the event that both a first and second portion of the message can be verified as properly received, the monitoring device can determine that a collision did not occur by two or more transmitter devices transmitting in the same time slot and identify which transmitter sent the message. Thereafter, an ACK message can be sent to the appropriate transmitter device to establish a communication link between a requesting field unit and base station.
If used, error detection and correction information can be included in both the first and second part of a message to determine whether there was a collision of either the first or second portion of a message. One of multiple codes in the first portion of the message can be used to identify a message type.
Another aspect of the present invention involves setting a transmitter power level so that an initial message transmission minimally interferes with other transmitter devices. In such a case, an initial power level can be set so low that it may not be detected by a target receiver monitoring the shared channel.
A power output level of a transmitter device can be adjusted depending upon whether a message collision is detected. More specifically, if no collision is detected and no ACK message is sent to a transmitter indicating that a message was received, the power output level of the transmitter can be increased for subsequent message transmissions. Typically, the power output of a transmitter device is increased a predetermined amount for each subsequent attempt to transmit a message to a target receiver if there is no collision. For example, if a message is not acknowledged by the target receiver monitoring the first channel, the power output level for a subsequent message transmission can be increased by 0.5 db (decibels) to increase the likelihood that it will be detected.
If a message from a transmitter is properly received at a target receiver, this power output level of the transmitter is used to determine at what power level subsequent messages can be transmitted for other modulation rates. Power level adjustments for subsequent message transmissions can also be tracked by a transmitter for determining at what level the target receiver acknowledges receipt of a message from a transmitter device.
Yet another aspect of the present invention involves re-transmitting a subsequent message based on a random back-off time. For example, if a message collision occurs, a subsequent message can be transmitted at a random future time. Consequently, two transmitter devices that previously experienced message collisions in a specific time slot can subsequently re-transmit in preferably different time slots so that their corresponding subsequent message transmissions can be properly detected at a device monitoring the first channel. When a message is re-transmitted due to a message collision, the subsequent message re-transmission can be transmitted at a previous power level since a collision was detected and it is not known whether the monitoring device would have otherwise properly received a message if the collision did not occur.
Another embodiment of the present invention involves detecting that a collision occurs when more than two transmitter devices attempt to send a message over a first channel. A power output level of a corresponding transmitter is then adjusted depending upon whether a collision occurs. Consequently, the power output level of a transmitter is adjusted higher so that subsequent message transmissions can be detected at a target receiver monitoring the first channel for message collisions.
In the event that no collision is detected, the power output level of the transmitter can be increased a predetermined amount such as 1 dB. If no collision is detected for a previous message transmission, a transmitter can re-transmit a message at a previous power level.
A transmitter is optionally notified of collisions detected on the first channel based on a feedback message received on a second channel. The feedback messages on the second channel can be transmitted by a device monitoring the first channel for message collisions. A feedback message can include information such as a single bit, a bit sequence or spaced sequence of bits indicating whether a collision was previously detected at the monitoring device.
Another embodiment of the present invention involves allocating a first channel on which two or more transmitters may attempt to transmit a message. The first channel is divided into time slots in which one or more transmitters may attempt to send a message. A first part of the message typically includes a common coded sequence that overlaps when two or more transmitters send a same message in a time slot. Since simultaneously transmitted messages overlap in at least some respect for a particular message type, a device monitoring the first channel can identify a common message type transmitted by the two or more transmitters. Consequently, a monitoring device is able to identify that a message was sent by one or more transmitter devices.
A second part of a potentially two-part message can be unique to a corresponding transmitter. In one instance, the second part of a message can be used to identify whether a collision occurs between two transmitter devices. For example, the first part of the message received at a target device can indicate that a least one transmitter device sends a message since a portion of the message transmissions by two or more simultaneously transmitting devices can overlap. The second part of the message if properly received, can indicate that no collision occurred and only one transmitter sends a message in a time slot. For example, if the second part of a message is not properly received at a target receiver, it can be determined that a collision occurred by two or more transmitters transmitting in a time slot.
In one application, a redundancy check sequence is included in the second portion of a message transmission so that a monitoring device can determine if a message is properly received.
The first part of a message can also include redundancy check information for determining whether multiple transmitters send a common message within a time slot. For example, two different transmitters may send two different message types within a same time slot and, thus, no portion of a message might overlap in such a case.
In one application, the second part of a message includes information indicating from which transmitter a message is transmitted. Consequently, a monitoring device can reply by sending a message directed specifically to the transmitter.
A second channel can also be used to provide feedback messages to the transmitter devices to indicate whether a collision is detected at the device monitoring the first channel.
As previously discussed, certain aspects of the present invention can be used to support access of wireless communication resources. For example, multiple transmitter devices attempting to simultaneously transmit messages on an access channel can be monitored for collisions. The collision information can then be used for multiple purposes. For example, a transmitter device can determine whether or not a previous message transmission is even detected a target receiver. If not, the message can be re-transmitted to the target receiver until a reply is received.
Collision feedback information can also be used to adjust a power level of a transmitter device. For example, if a collision is not detected or an acknowledgment message is not received on a feedback channel, a corresponding transmitter device can subsequently transmit a message at a higher power output level to increase the likelihood that a message is detected at a target receiver. Accordingly, aspects of the present invention minimize interference on radio channels as power level outputs of the transmitter devices are reduced. More specifically, a transmitter device eventually sends a message at a minimal, but detectable power level.
The average time necessary to transmit a message to a target receiver is also reduced because a transmitter is notified of a collision in a feedback path and can therefore re-transmit a message in a random future time slot, reducing the likelihood of a subsequent collision.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Description:
Electromate is a leading Canadian Distributor of Performance Servo/Stepper Systems, Automation/Motion Control Products, Positioning Systems and Power Transmission Products for the industrial marketplace. They began operations in 1986 and are federally incorporated. With over 3000 satisfied... (more)
Description:
Grainger helps customers save time and money by providing them the right products to keep their facilities up and running. Grainger's customers are 2.0 million businesses and institutions in 157 countries. While each customer has a unique facility to operate and a different problem to solve, our... (more)
Description:
Rollon Corporation manufactures linear motion systems, guides and linear actuators including our Compact Rail and Telescopic Rail linear guides, and ActuatorLINE™ and Uniline linear actuators. We have a dedicated engineering staff located throughout the USA servicing all of North America.... (more)
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
"Mama, it's so cold." "It's very, very cold, Will." "Put another log on the fire, lad." "There isn't any more firewood, Mama." "Don't worry, Ma." "Jake'll be back soon." "He'll have money for a doctor." " Did you sell the cow?" " You'll never believe it." " How much did you get?" " I met a stranger on the road." "Beans?" "Magic beans." " Oh, Jacob." " Beans?" "!" "He said that they'd make Lotte better and we'd live happily ever after." "And you believed it?" "You believed it?" "!" "You idiot!" "You idiot, Jake!" " She's gonna die because of you!" " Boys, think of your poor sister!" "Arrêtez!" "Where do you come from, mein Herr?" "Kassel, near Frankfurt." "Monsieur, we're looking for food and lodging." "Passez." "Merci à vous." "Au revoir." "Monsieur." "A little something, sir?" "Help an old soldier." "Help an old soldier, sir." "Oh, thank you." "Thank you, sir." "God bless you, sir." "God bless you." "Ah!" "Oh, God bless you." " Groom your horses for half a franc." " Do you know the mayor of this town?" "Only groom for the best, sir." "Then give him this." "The Brothers Grimm?" "Every second counts." "The witch comes in the dead of night, when the moon is well-hid." "She comes out of the darkest, coldest blackness." "Her cry would freeze the very blood in your veins." "You were right to send for us." " How many here have seen her?" " Everyone who lives by the mill stream." "It was a hundred years ago." "The miller's wife was burned at the stake for witchcraft, and they tossed her charred bones into the river." "Her remains should have been sealed in a mirror-lined box." "Well, for nights thereafter children saw her walk the riverbank, beckoning them to her." " Many did." "The mill witch of Karlstadt." " Yes." "We know the legend." " Then you believe us?" " I'd believe anything you choose to tell me." "Come to my mill." "Such ungodly horrors!" "Such banshees screeching." "And if you dare set eyes upon..." "Shut up!" "Give him his medicine." "Brothers Grimm, we're at our wit's end." "What can you do for us?" "It's difficult." "Jake?" "When you burn a witch, her soul burns eternally, so the exorcism of witches requires a very special method." " And expensive." " Only an arrow of innocent tears, that is child's tears, shot directly through the heart can put out that fire." "That's the theory." "This is no ordinary witch." "But we've got no one else to turn to." "Can't you help us?" "How much?" " You're doing the right thing." " I hope so." "Whatever happens, stay behind that shield." "The armor was forged by Prince Richard the Charming, who awoke Brier-Rose." " Thank you." " It reflects the powers of evil." " Most of the time." " Right." " Surprise is critical." " She mustn't detect us until we're ready for her." " Hold that." " Positions." " Will?" " Ready." "Three, two, one." "Huh?" "She's trying to bring the whole place down." "Run!" "Take a shot, Jake!" "She's here!" "She's here!" "She's here!" " I can't see the heart, Will." " Lucifer!" "Get ahold of yourself, man." "The Brothers Grimm do not fear you." "Reload, Jake." "Don't look her in the eyes." " Shoot, Jake." " Something's wrong." "Hit her in the heart." " It won't release!" " Don't look in her eyes." " What?" " Not the eyes." "She's got control over it, Will." " Fight her, Jacob." " I can't, Will!" "We're brothers, dammit." "Be a Grimm and fight." "We've killed worse than you!" "Argh!" "Down!" "Down!" "Down!" "Down!" "Down!" "Stay back." "Back." "She's trying to escape." "All souls take corporeal forms, and when they fail they find places to hide." "Seal these in a mirror-lined box and bury them far from any river, and your witch will be gone for good." "You're a brave man." "Take the bag." "Bless you, brothers." "Bless you." "Whoa." "We had a legally binding agreement." "Oh, yes." "Yes." "Of course." "Thank you." "Thank you." "She..." "She is dead?" " Yeah, very." " Course she is." "She's dead." "I must tell the whole town." "She's dead." "Our witch is dead!" "That one was a bit of a nightmare." "Don't give me that look." " I was a scholar once, Will." " Yeah, now you're famous." "All the girls know your name." "What do you want?" "An apology?" "Blithering idiot!" "Your mother was a toothless cow!" "Get me down." "Get me down!" "Sorry, Hidlick." "Slipped." "Fat Christ!" "What are you doing?" "Trying to kill us?" "Weren't we supposed to?" "God-awful smoke!" "You know, just once..." "Just once, I'd like to sell it on the strength of my performance." "Bunst." "Watch out for the... snap boards." "We do all the flying, the burning, the scaring, what do we have to show for it?" "Talk to Will." " One tenth." "Just like God." " Exactly, one tenth." "And for the rest, all you have to do is ride into town and smile." "Yes, well, talk to Napoleon." "Organize your labor, start a guild." "There are two of us." "Hm?" "Two times ten." "Hm?" " We want a twentieth." " A twentieth?" "Each." "Done." "Shrewd thespians." "Now, here's the plan." "Have a couple of days' rest then meet us in Hamburg." " Jake knows a legend of a bridge troll." " Bridge troll." "Yes!" "How comes he does the monsters, I play the girlie ghosts?" "Because you, my friend, have talent." "You've got range." "What do I have, Will?" "You, my handsome friend, have heart." "You, bro, have enough bullshit to fill the palace of Versailles." "Right." "You want the truth of it, boys?" "It's a short, brutish struggle, then you die." "Life's little subterfuges make it all worthwhile." "Well..." "Your half, Professor." "Oh." "Would you prefer this in magic beans?" "I'll take the beans, thanks, Will." "Stupid!" "Who's there?" "Hey!" "Can you hear me?" "Where are you?" "Yes, we stood together." "Honestly." "And you were very, very brave, weren't you?" "Who's a brave miller?" "You are." "Drink up, dear boy." "Will Grimm." "Shall we?" "Nothing comes between us brothers." "Not wicked witches." "No." "And not vicious beasts in disguise." "And not murderous queens." "No." "Not even Godfather Death." "Because only the truest of truthful love could ever beat the Grim Reaper." " Isn't that right, Will?" " Absolutely!" "The Grim Reaper!" "Oh, I've got a story, I've got a story." "Shush." "Shush." "Once upon a time there was an imp whose name we had to guess." "We had to go right down to the flaming belly of hell to find out." "But we did it." "We did it!" "I can tell you what." "This business is quite a lucrative one." "Know what I mean?" "There is definitely money to be made in witches." "Jake!" " He can't hold his ale." " I can't hold my ale!" "German pigs!" "Bloody French." "Oh, kiss a froggie and he'll turn into a prince." "Stop it, Jake." "Stop it." "You're drunk." "Shut up." "Hello." "Bonsoir." "Something full-blooded." "Perhaps a gorgeous Châteauneuf-du-Pape." "Come on. 1792." "A very good year." "Vivelarévolution." "On the house." "Oh, no." "Don't be too hasty, my friend." "Better to let something like that breathe." "That's the weak piss Hans brews in the basement." "Nice one." "Nice one." "So..." "Ow!" "Well, the music seems to have turned horribly French." "Shall we continue our little philosophical discussion upstairs?" "What do you say, Jake?" "A little chit, a little chat." "A little huff, a little puff, thank you very much, Will." "There he goes." "Mythical damsels and princesses are all he's really concerned with." "Very well, then." "Magic awaits." "I know, we can play my favorite game." "It's called Who's the Fairest of Them All?" "Beans, Jake." "Beans." "Beans!" "Ah, you're an idiot!" "Wait for me, now, ladies." "I'm coming." "I'm coming." "Beans." "Will, they're magic beans." "No, they're magic beans, Will." "And the giants will crush you and rip out your heart." "Shh!" "Gute Nacht." "Herr Grimm." "Grimm!" "Ik, ik, ak, ek, ek." " What's going on?" " How can you speak in this language?" "Every word is like an execution." "Benne." "Benne." "Your horses are ready." "Avanti!" "You've got a rope tied around your foot." "Ciao." " Run!" " Will!" "Will, wait!" " Never fear, Jake." " Will!" "Will!" "I shall return for you." "Nice try." "Hey, hey!" "Heagh!" "Signore, with bounteous pleasure," "I, Mercurio Cavaldi, present to you the renowned, the legendary, the General Vavarin Delatombe, the military commander of the kingdom of Westphalia, formerly known as..." " No, no, no." "... Hesse." "Exactly what am I enduring here?" "Can someone please tell me who gave birth to this?" "It's Bavarian blood sausage, with sauerkraut." "I gutted the pig myself." " I bet you did." " Grimmy, you are to have to stand trial for subterfuge, theft, and buggery." "I'm sorry?" "For which the minimum sentence is..." " Death." " Oh, no, no." "Hang on." " That's absolutely unnecessary." " There's been a mistake here." "These country people, they believe things." "We do this just to test them for science." " Stop." "Stop it." " Ow." "No, no, no." "Are those... snails?" " Snails." " Your friends have told us everything." "Everything except one thing." "Where are the children of Marbaden?" " What children?" " Nine cute little bambini gone!" "Vanished." " We've never been to Marbaden." " No." "Open up the cauldron." " No, no." "Wait, no!" " Wait, wait!" " I haven't done anything." "Please." " Please!" " By my honor I swear." "I swear!" " We didn't do it!" "Of course you didn't." "We have been observing you for some time." "Cavaldi, stop." "Huh?" "Please." "No, he said stop it!" "However, someone in Marbaden is working as you." "Same talents, same tricks." "It is a thorn in my toe." "You pull it out, I might be persuaded to offer you amnesty." "So you mean, if we work for you..." " That's right, Jacob." "... French?" "Bien sûr." "Go to Marbaden." "Unmask these villains." "Find the missing children." "Hans, we have to stay where we can still see the village." "Not if we're going to find the missing girls." "We're going too far." "Greta, nothing has ever happened to anyone in daytime." "And in the very middle of the wood was the witch's gingerbread house." "Hans!" "Hey!" "Come back!" "Got ya!" "Greta!" "Greta!" "Lieutenant, keep your eyes open." "Sergeant, they are mine." "You go and sell your oil of snake, Grimmy." "Good people of M..." "Agh!" "It was a long trip." "People of Marbaden." "Hello." "Anyone there?" "Anybody there?" "Say, brother." "Why don't you have a look round?" "Make sure there's no French soldiers anywhere." "We wouldn't want to run into any French..." "Oh." "Hey, morning." "Hello." "Will, there's a..." "Ah." "Morning." " What..?" " Hello." "Who are you?" " Allow me." " Uh..." "Grimm is the name." "Two ms." "We are the Brothers Grimm." " They don't know who we are." " Stand aside, Gregor." "I'll deal with this." "What's your business?" "We're here to save your land from evil enchantments." "Too late." "The old ways have returned." "You handle it, Jake." "Uh..." "Well, we're from Kassel, near Frankfurt." " We've heard about your missing children." " Food for trolls." "Hold your tongue, you old witch, or you'll get another ducking." "Papa, Papa!" "They can help us." "Stay back." "It's all right." "They're the Brothers Grimm." "People talk about them in Malsburg." "Right you are, son." "The famous Brothers Grimm." "Look at this strapping young lad." ""He" is my daughter." "And a fine wife he'll make some lucky man." " They kill trolls and giants, Papa." " That's right." "Of course we do, darling." "Jake, me... the team." "Team Grimm at your service." "We were trying to find and rescue the others." "Greta was afraid." "She thought there really was a witch in the gingerbread house." "Then birds stole our trail of crumbs." "It was a trap." "The forest made it." "Yes." "Yes, it took my daughter too." " Mine too." " And mine." " Ten girls are missing." " Trees themselves set upon her." "Up and snatched her away." "Just left her little riding cape." "Like a wolf." "And when my daughter ran, it took flight." "Do you understand?" "It flew!" "Flying beast." "Rope pulley." "Snap boards." "Fishing line." "Wolf pelt." "It's expensive." "Our people always knew that the forest was enchanted." "But it's never turned against us." " Until now." " Until the French occupation." "And it's all the fault of the French!" "Silenzio!" "Good citizens, you have nothing further to fear." "The Brothers Grimm are with you now." "Your salvation is at hand." "Now, we need a guide." "Someone who knows the forest." " There is one." " Who?" " Who?" " Who?" " The trapper." " The cursed one." "Perfect." "Excuse me, Herr Krauss?" "Um..." "Hello, there." "We've come to help find the missing children." "We'll only need a few hours of your time." "Oh." "Sorry." "Is your father here?" "Husband?" "Is there a man of any..?" "Cursed." "Miss Krauss, perhaps you don't realize who we are." "We're the Brothers Grimm." "We vanquished the mill witch of Karlstadt, the frog boy of Glutenhof, and the cannibal chef of the Schwarzwald in the gingerbread house of terror." "Miss, we need a guide, someone who knows the paths through the forest." "We'll pay you money." "Well, beads and... pretty shiny things from the big city." "Oh..." "Miss, we believe your village may be under some kind of curse." "Think I care about the village?" "Scusi." "But he was trying to run away." "Are you aware that ten girls in this village have gone missing?" "Two of those girls were my sisters." "If your sisters are lucky sisters, they are dead sisters." "Who's your friend?" " Um..." " I?" "Who am I?" "I am Mercurio Cavaldi, of the great Cavaldis of Parma, the master of the torturing arts." "Steady, Cavaldi." "We need her warm and breathing." "Good people of Marbaden, your daughters will be returned." "And you shall regain your courage and your joy." "To the forest!" "Hah!" "Hah!" "Cursed!" "I don't know if I mentioned it, but my name's Will." "That's my brother Jake." "I don't know if I mentioned it, but my name's Will." " That's my brother..." " Angelika." "Lovely." "Whatever trickster we're hunting - and by "trickster" of course I mean "demon" - he's got to have a hideout." "He's got to have a base of operations." "For example, these caves here." "Nothing there." "Just animal bones and old drawings." "Nine times out of ten, there's a human perpetrator." "Apparently we're on foot from here." "Why?" "Why we go this way?" "Why?" "Because even the animals would never come this way." " No weapons?" " Weapons, uh..." "We keep the weapons." "We work with other tools, Angelika." "Don't be afraid." "I know this sophisticated technology must look very strange to you." " What exactly is it meant to do?" " Shh!" "Right." "I feel it's safe to proceed." "You understand, this really is exciting for us." "Our folk tales sprang from places just like this." "I mean, it's funny, everywhere you look you can feel the forest's ancient power." "I mean..." "Ough!" "I mean, to our ancestors this place was sacred." "Till the Christians invaded." "Now it's just territory." "Territory?" "Oh." "Oh!" "Heavens above!" "Will." "Will, look at this." " So the Christian king built all this?" " In the middle of the forest?" "They cut it down." "It grew back." "I thought you said the animals don't come here." "The animals don't drink from the spring." "Merde!" "I mean..." "Scheiße." "Urgh!" "Scheiße!" "Are you feeling it, Will?" "I sense, so far, dread." "It's almost like a smell." "Of death." "Excuse me." "Sorry." "You're not afraid, are you?" "Not like the villagers." "Ah, so, um..." "What happened here?" "The Christian king destroyed the forest people." "Burnt them to death in the caves." "What an awful story." "They were the lucky ones." "A year later the plague came." "Jake, we really should search the tower." "There's no way in." "Never was." "Angelika." "Angelika." "Look." "You see that window?" "Way, way up high." "Many centuries ago, that's where the queen lived." "She was treasured by all of Europe." "Famed for her incredible beauty." "But also vain and selfish." "Her world was her own reflection." "It was on the queen's wedding day that the plague arrived." "The king was the first to die." "His bride built a tower." "She locked herself away." "Safe from the horrors below." "But what she forgot was that plague is carried on the winds." "When she first fell sick and her gorgeous flesh began to rot away, they say you could hear her screams across the oceans." "My princess isn't afraid, is she?" "It's just an old story." "Papa's here to protect you." "The Cursed Ruins." "Oh, yeah." "Now, that's good." "Uh-huh." "The Cursed Ruins." "Ruins." "By Ja..." "Hm." "Cursed Ruins by Jac..." "Mm-hm." "Hm." "By Jacob Grimm." "Will." "Will." "Will!" "Argh!" "Ha!" "Oh!" "I'll kill you and take your eggs and smash them all in and..." "Spooky, spooky, spooky." "I'm afraid my instruments aren't detecting much." "Let's call it a day before it gets, you know, too dark." " We should leave." " Angelika." "Excuse me, uh..." " We came from that direction." " That's not the way." "We walked right past those birds' trees." " It's this way." " That's the way we are walking out." "Don't trust the trees." "Hello, Grandmother Toad." " Show us the path." " Oh, God." "Show us the way and I'll give you a kiss." "Oh, my, that's just not right." "Sh, sh, sh." "That way." "You're sure, Grandmother?" "As I thought." " Yeah, right." " You don't believe me?" "Well..." "Taste for yourself." " We did not come this way." " What's her game?" "I don't think she's putting it on, Will." "There was some kind of presence back there." "Oh, shut up, Jacob!" "Did you fall for this spooky dance number?" "You mooncalf." "Mooncalf?" "She is up to something." "I don't trust her." "I'd slip her the goldfish but I..." "And here we are." "Nicely done, Angelika." "Knew you'd find it." "Hey, hey." "Here, boy." "Whoa." "Sh, sh, sh, sh, sh." "Calm down." "Oh." "What are you doing?" "What are you doing?" "Whoa." "Fruitful expedition." "Many things learned." "Many things learned indeed." "Won't be long now." "Sasha." "Shall we regroup at dawn tomorrow?" "Give you boys enough time for your beauty sleep." " You're on your own tomorrow." " Sorry." "What?" "I said, you're on your own tomorrow." " What's she say?" " She said we're on our own." "You forced me to show you the forest." "I showed you the forest." "It's all right." "I'll handle this one." "Would you hitch my horse, Will?" "Are you all right?" "Can I come in?" "These drawings are very good, you know." "I do a bit of drawing myself." "I'm not bad." "Angelika, there was power in that place, wasn't there?" "The tower." "Father used to take us there." "And where is he now?" " He died." " Oh." "Last winter." "They say the wolves took him." "The wolves?" "Look, if you won't guide us, would you at least give us a map?" " A map wouldn't do you any good." " A lot more good than it would do you." "At least we can read." "Come on, Jake." "You people think you know everything." "I've been to the city." "My father saved every penny he earned to buy me a proper education." "Ah, money down the drain, if you ask me." "You're right." "After he died, my sisters were left alone." "They were the first to be taken." "That's why they call you cursed." "Yeah." "So tell me again, famous Brother Grimm, how exactly do you intend to save us?" "I think I'll do my own searching." "I thought that went rather well." "Gift." "For surprise." "For you." "Tasty." "Argh!" "Such German hospitality." "The Brothers Grimm will thank you for your kindness." "Oh!" "I'm starving." "No, no, no, no, no." "Not for you, my little Cinderellas." "Help me." "There, there." "It's all right." "What a pretty horse you are." "Such big eyes you have." "And big ears you have." "And such a pretty, pretty mouth." "Ugh!" "Sorry." "Huh?" "Where'd that come from?" "Ho, hey!" "Easy, easy." "Steady, easy." " Elsie!" " Help!" "They could mechanize the horse, put it on tracks." " There were no tracks." " Get out of the way." "Angelika." " What about mirrors?" " Elsie!" "You use a real animal and a warped mirror." "That as my horse." "That was Pepper." "What is happening?" " I should catch that horse." " Grimmy?" " You're wearing a bonnet." " So are you." "Heagh!" "Heagh!" "Heagh!" "Faster!" "Faster, Will." "Dax, Letorc, don't lose sight of the Grimmy." "Go on." "Kick him, kick him, Will!" "Ugh!" "Tripwires!" "There's someone in the woods." "Watch out!" " Will, are you seeing what I'm seeing?" " I most definitely am not." "They've put the woods on wheels." " Those trees on tracks." " Will..." "Pulley system." "Expensive." "Control your horses." "Don't lose sight of the Grimmy." "Go, go." "Idioti!" "I've been looking for you." "Stralda, what's happening?" "Avanti." "Avanti." "Avanti!" "Gie, gie, gie!" "You can see they're on tracks." " Show yourselves!" " There, there, there!" "Can you hear me?" "What is this, Grimms?" "What is happening?" "These people are much better funded than we are." "Get down!" "Get down." "Wait!" "Stop, Will." "Help me!" "Help!" "Aschenputtel!" "Run!" "Run!" "His eyes." "His eyes." "My hair." "Letorc?" "Dax?" "Can you hear my voice?" "I command you, fall in." "How many times do I have to tell you?" "There you go." "Can't breathe." "This is so incredible." "This changes everything." "Gotta write this down." "That was real." "Beans, Jake." "Magic beans." "There is a rational explanation for all of this." "What do you mean?" "Rational explanation?" "The bugs were..." "And the forest was sweeping down on us." "Stop it, Jake!" " It was like everything was under a spell." " Or curse." " What?" " My whole family's cursed." "My father..." "Father..." " What about your father?" " I have to go back." "Angelika..." "On the ground." "On the ground, crucchi bastardi!" "Go down, now!" "On the ground." "Now, who killed my men, huh?" "You tell me, Grimmy." "Who?" "Or she will die." "It was the forest." "German peasant." "And if you stay it will destroy you too." "Mesdames et messieurs." "The emperor honors me with a visit from you, his most trusted advisors." "I salute you." "Your shining examples illuminate this dark German forest of ignorance and..." "Dov'èilgenerale?" "Ah!" "Il generale!" "Finally, finally!" "General..." "Ah!" "Guten Tag." "Buongiorno." "Bonjour." "Bonjour." "General, your soldiers... finito." "They are dead." "I'm lucky survived." "See?" "Here, just this little wound." "Just a little, little itchy scratch." "We begin with lobster bisque." "Ah!" "You embarrass me." "You ridicule me!" "You insult me in front of my guests." "These people are Parisians." "No, no!" "Argh!" "They tried to blind Cavaldi with their fairy tales and devouring trees and flying wolves." "But I use my logical brain, Generale." "I can make this as clear as crystal." "I am in no way responsible." "It is them." "They are the ones." "The Grimmy!" "The plan is very simple." "They use the little girls as bait, they lure your soldiers into the forest, and, uh..." " Bingo." " Bingo?" "Yes." "Shh." "It's bingo." "General, we are outmaneuvered, outflanked, outnumbered by some German force which threatens your superiorit..." "Grimms." "What precisely happened in the forest?" "General, I believe we witnessed a case of authenticated enchantment." "We're not saying that." "That is not our official position." "But it's true." "Kill them." "I will deal with you later." "No, monsieur." "Don't kill." "I can make them speak." "Musica." "Huh?" "Wait!" "No!" "Stop!" "No, no, no, no, no!" "This is nothing to do with me." "He forced..." " She's innocent." "Let her go." " Stop!" "General, you keep working with Cavaldi, this country won't be yours much longer." " He panics." " The great Cavaldi never panics." "Uh..." "Hm." "À point." "Bon appétit." "Mes chiens." " Stop!" " General!" "Cavaldi was right." "Cavaldi was right." "We saw them." "We did." "There was three in the trees, two in the caves." "Huge men." "With weapons." "My masterpiece is working." "Truth comes out." "These are backward people." "They cling to folklore because it gives them strength." "Stop." "You're giving them what they want." "The longer this goes on, the more Germans will talk like her." " Then arm themselves, organize..." " Then the problem won't be just a forest." " It shall be a nation!" " Yes!" " Let us do it our way." " Yes!" " Send us back into the forest." " Ye..." "What?" "We'll lie in wait with our men, our equipment." " No, no..." " General, trust me." "Let us rig a surprise for them." "Cavaldi, stop." " Huh?" " Stop!" "Very well, Grimms." "You shall return to the forest." "But I warn you, attempt to escape and I shall raze every tree, demolish every building, slaughter every innocent in search of you." "You understand?" "Bon." "Mind his head." "Pack the horses with as much gear as they can carry, all right?" "I'm a little unclear as to who exactly we're up against." "Just stay close to your horse." "Jake." "Jake." " Listen." " What?" "Go and get back on your horse." " We're gonna make a run for it." " I remember the rest of the story." "What are you talking about?" " It's an ancient folklore, passed down..." " Jake!" "The tower, the queen, her story, it's..." " Before the plague..." " Jacob." "...the queen killed all the villagers' ancestors to get her hands on their spells." " And one was a spell for eternal life." " Give me that stupid book!" " She's still in the tower." "She's there now." " Jake." "You've got to understand something." "This is not about the story." "It's about you and her." "You want to rescue her." "That's right, Will." "Because she's part of the story." "She's still there." "Isn't she?" "The queen." "She's still in the tower." "She's been there for centuries now, waiting for someone." "To serve her and find the one spell they kept hidden." "It's just a story to scare children." "Well, now, that's not the truth, Angelika." "I know you believe." "Ignore him." "He wishes his whole life was something out of a book." " Now he thinks he's in love." " Shut up, Will!" "Angelika, do what your father wanted, leave now." " No." "I'm going to find my sisters." " Will doesn't care about them." "Will doesn't care about anything but himself." "This isn't a fairy tale." "They won't come back." "This is not your world, Will!" "Angelika." "You know, don't you?" "The story, it's happening to us now." "We're living it." "It's alive, it's real, it's breathing." "And we can give it a happy ending." "Jake..." "Angelika, we'll find your sisters." "All right?" "We'll bring them back." "Bring back her sisters?" "Bring them back?" "Bring them back with what?" "Magic beans?" " Why do you say that?" " Magic beans don't work!" "They don't bring people back to life." "They did not then and they will not now." "You go wait by the horses." "Jacob, wait by the horses." " Sorry." " He was doing what he thinks is right, Will." "He was trying to help." " We can not fight the entire forest." " You're just scared." "Just scared?" "I'm terrified." "You should be too." "Don't you understand?" "The idea of going back in there - nothing makes sense there." "It's like being inside Jake's head." "God, I hate him." "He makes me..." "He drives me mad." "He makes you feel weak, doesn't he?" "Yeah." "He always has done." "The thing is, I can't..." "Protect him." "My father thought he could protect his family too, Will." "Pah!" "Jake." "Jacob, come back." "Jake!" "Come back, Jake!" "You're a fool!" "Now do you see?" "I made that armor." "It's not magic, it's just shiny." "Oh, no!" "This lovely Fräulein will not be coming with you, caro storyboy." "She will be staying here with me." "It's all right, Will." "Just go." "Go." "What's this?" "It's a mess, that's what it is." "It was hardly a snap, was it?" "More tension in the snap board." " We need the trunks here now." " What do you suppose I'm doing?" "And this is the last time I'll ask you, is the chuck basket secure?" " Yes, it's secure." " It's secure." "Cor!" "So, if we find these 11 girls, we don't get guillotined." "Can you believe, these bumpkins actually think they were devoured by the forest?" "And what exactly do we think?" " All right." "Positions, lads." " Jake?" " Check for takeoff." " Jake!" " Right, you ready?" "Steady it." " Jake!" "And three, two, one." "Takeoff." " Woo-hoo!" " No!" "Gargh!" "Oh!" "Jake?" "Jake?" "Jake?" "Jacob?" "Dammit." "Every time." "We need more height." "And can we check the alignment?" "The alignment is crucial." "Stop this now, Jacob." "You're going to kill yourself." "Oh, good." "That's just great, because then it will just be you, Will, and you can have anything and everything that you want." "What is it exactly you do want, Will, huh?" "What?" "Is it Angelika?" "You want her?" "Fine." "Take her, she's yours." "Is it the money?" "Take that." "That's all you seem to do these days, is take and take." "Jacob Grimm, you petulant child!" "Argh!" "Oh!" "Ow!" "What was that?" "Something moved." "I saw something move." "Did you?" "D- d-d-don't ask." "Please don't ask me to look." "All my life I've studied these folk tales, Will, and now I find one that's for real." "It's not beans." "It's real." "I mean, don't you understand?" "I have to do this." "Ow!" "Agh!" "All right, Jake." "What do you want me to do?" "What?" "Honestly?" "You're my brother." "I want you to believe in me." "I need you to help me." "All right, lads." "Let's launch me off into the flaming belly of hell." "Wait." "I think you're overcomplicating it." " What?" " A catapult's not gonna work." "Yeah, you're right." " What other gear do we have?" " Uh..." " Huh!" " Well, there's the..." "What about the flying-witch rig, with a grapple and a hook to catch the window?" " Yeah." " Good idea." "We haven't got a hook and grapple." "They'll have hooks at the village." "We'll ride like the wind." " Will, we've got the hooks, right?" " We'll be no time at all." "No, I've got it." "Huh!" "Oh, great!" "This is suicide." "Probably." "Bring some water, Sasha." "Oh, no, no, no, no, no, no." "Sasha." "Sasha." "The great Cavaldi." "Children in danger and here he is, hiding out." "Scusa." "Ah, poor birdie." "Huh?" "What is ha..?" " Cavaldi." " Huh?" "Sasha!" "Sasha, run to my voice." "Sasha, this way." "Got you." "Cavaldi." "Get inside." "It will be fine." "I..." "I do believe I've soiled myself." "Oh, good." "I thought it was me." "Hm." "I taste good." "Sasha!" "Can't catch me, I'm the gingerbread man." "Ha ha!" " Sasha!" " Sasha!" "And one..." "We're doing fine, Will." "That's good." "Steady." "Will!" "Come on, keep it together down there." "We're almost there." "Put some muscle into it." "Life without Jake." "Will, concentrate." "Only a matter of seconds now." "That's good, Will." "Keep going." "Hah!" "Oh!" "Oh." "Where was I?" "Oh, yes." "Settling down." "Honest labor." "Crypts." "There's, uh..." "One, two, three, four." "Five, six." "Seven, eight." "Nine, ten." "Eleven, twelve." "Uh..." "Will!" "Will, it's strange, there's twelve crypts." "And they're evenly spaced in a circle." "Yeah, it's like a clock face." "Easy." "Easy." "All right, Will." "I'm going in, Will." "He's going in." "That was lucky." "It's..." "What's this?" "It's a crown." "It's a..." "Oh!" "It's a book of spells." "Jake?" "It's a book of spells." "Huh." "That's the blood moon." "Twelve crypts." "Eleven girls." "I'm new at this, darling." "If I'm doing it wrong or if there's a certain way you like it, Grandmother Toad..." "I'll just try to be gentle." "Now show me the way back to Angelika's house." "Make up your mind." "Sasha?" "For you, my queen." "Oh!" "Sleep." "Sleep." "Jake." "Oh." "Huh!" "Ha!" "Will!" "Jacob." "What?" "Huh!" "Jacob." "Look at me, Jacob." "Look at me, Jacob." "Am I still the fairest of them all?" "Tell me I am the fairest of them all." "Jacob." "And I will make your dreams come true." "I've got you, Sasha." "What do you desire, Jacob?" "Fame?" "Power?" "Angelika?" "You love her, not him." "He doesn't love her." "Not like you, Jacob." "Jake!" "Jake!" " Argh!" " Oh!" "Jacob Grimm, you bedwetting piss bucket!" "Ha ha!" "Look at me, Jacob." "No, no." "Don't look at her." "Jacob." "Jacob." "Look at me, Jacob." "Jacob!" "Rapunzel!" "Good timing." "Nice disguise." "She's still there, Will." "She's still alive." "She's up in the tower." " For 500 years?" " Yeah, but they haven't been kind." " Grab the ax." " Huh?" "Right." "They tricked her, Will." "They tricked her." "Because she has the spell for eternal life, but not for youth, not youth." "So she'll rot for eternity, waiting for someone to come and rescue her." " Come on." " Was that Sasha?" " It's this way, Will." " No, no, it's not." " It's that way." "Grandmother Toad told me." " What?" "Trust the toad!" "Come on!" "Stand aside, Will." "It's the ax, Will." "It's enchanted as well." "Stop them!" "Jacob!" "To the horses." "Run!" "Stop them!" "Sasha!" "Sasha!" "Sasha." "She's not breathing." " How can she not be breathing?" " It's impossible." "I saw her walk." "There's no breath." "No pulse." " Sasha." " Cursed forever!" "They shall all perish beneath the blood moon." "The drawings." "The spells." "The blood moon comes tonight." "It has to do with the eclipse." "It has to do with the eclipse." "Listen to me." "We know why your forest is enchanted." "It's under the power of the Thuringian queen." "She's stolen your girls for their youth, for their beauty." "She needs twelve." "Sasha was meant to be the twelfth." "The queen needs one more to make her spell work." "You're right." "Clear out these children." "Get them to Malsburg or Frankfurt." "Leave before the eclipse." "Listen!" "People of Marbaden, citizens of France, all honor and glory be to General Vavarin Delatombe." "He rides to the aid of his people." "Où est Cavaldi?" "Generale!" "Generale!" "Generale!" "Ecco Cavaldi!" "What are you wearing?" "Ah, this." "Precautionary measure." "Generale." "All is well." "Everything is in the hands of your most devoted..." "Argh!" "If all is well, why were two compatriots of these men arrested on the road to Malsburg?" "And why would they not stop telling tales of extraordinary occurrences in the Thuringian Forest, spreading superstition and rumors amongst my troops?" "These Grimms are thieves and liars." "Every demon they have killed they have created." " No, no, that's not true." " That's a lie." "But I have confessions." " Arrest them." " Baissez-le!" "Baissez-le!" "Vite." "Vite!" "You see?" "You German people, what you think of as heroes." "New citizens of France, vanquish your darkest fears." "Burn the forest." "And with it... the Brothers Grimm." "Adieu, Grimm." "And farewell to your tales." "They will not be remembered." "Burn them." "I, uh, sorry." "Bye." "Elsie!" "Elsie!" " Jacob." " Will." "Fire." "Bingo." "Will." "Angelika!" "The feet." "The feet." "Where did you find this?" "Where did you find it?" " Run, Jake." " Wait." "My book." "My book!" "Forget the book, Jacob!" "Run!" "This is the life, eh, Cavaldi?" "To be victorious in the field, with one's troops around you," "enjoying a simple meal, a soldier's meal," "by firelight." "Romantic, huh?" "Wait!" "Father?" "Where have you been?" "Cold." "So cold." "Come to me, my frozen prince." "Be mine now and forever in love." " No!" " Angelika." " It's my father." " Stop looking." "He was trying to kill you." "Jake!" "Angelika!" "Angelika." "Angelika!" "Will, Angelika's the twelfth." "The twelfth." "What the devil?" "What kind of magic, huh?" "What tricks?" "Where are you going?" "Come back here!" "You, stand your ground." "That is an order!" "I command you." "You traitors!" "Come back here!" "Argh!" "Generale." "Generale." "Grimmy." "Miracolo!" "How is this possible?" "Run, Will." "Sleep well, princess." "It's started, Will." "It's started." " Yes." " The blood of the twelfth, my queen." "Wake up, please." "Will, push!" "I am." "Will, try the magic ax." "Try the ax!" "Ha!" "Give me that." "Back, back!" " I held the ax the same way you do." " Concentrate on getting up in the tower." "I don't have time..." " We found the missing girls." " They're in the crypts." "I mean, they're in the crypts." "Grimms, story time is over." " Execute them." " No, no." "That's who you want." "Up there." "I said execute them." "Generale." "I wish to resign my..." "Resignation accepted." "Italian never agrees with me." "Mild indigestion." "It will soon pass." "Is this one of your tricks, Grimms, huh?" " Run, Will." " Jake?" "Be a soldier!" "How dare you insult my general?" "Die, barbarian." "Heagh!" "Oh, wait." "No." "Oh!" "Huh!" " Bingo." " You killed my friends." "I only wish you had more." "Still, there is always your brother, hm?" "Where is Jacob, by the way?" "Beg." "Argh!" "No!" "I want you to beg." "Oh, God, no, no." "Brave general, don't kill me." "Argh!" "All I wanted was a little order." "A slice of quiche would be nice." "Soon we shall be one, my love." "Ah!" " Yes." " My queen." "Stop!" " Huh!" " No." "Finish the spell, my love." "Agh!" "Argh!" "Where am I?" "I'm exhausted." "Stop her, Will." "No." "Not the knife, Will." "Not the knife!" "She's got control of them." "When the moon again becomes full, so will I." "And your kingdom will once again be mine." " You can stop her, Jake." " I can't, Will." "This is your world, Jake." "It's just you." " Finish the story." " Yes!" "I don't know how." "Am I beautiful?" "I can't hold on." "I can't hold on." "Ah!" "Who's the fairest of them all now?" " You can stop it, you know the story." " No, I'm weak." " It's you." "It's you." " I can't." "Oh!" "Will." "Will!" "Will, Will." "Argh!" "I'm sorry." "Come here." "All right, now." "All right, Will." "Um..." "OK." "All right." "Such brotherly love." " Such sacrifice." " Will." "Will." "Don't look her in the eyes." "Don't look her in the eyes." " He's dying, Jacob." " Leave him alone!" "Because of you." "Can you save him?" "Do you have your magic beans?" "Because I do." "What a beautiful bedtime story this will be." "Did you not know, Jacob?" "Truth is much more terrible than fiction." "Will." "Do you want to live?" "No." "No, my queen." "Oh, no." "No, my queen." "I am here." "Complete the spell, my sweet new prince." "Mirror, mirror on the wall..." "Say it." "You are the fairest of them all." "No!" "Don't kiss her!" "So cold." "Look what you have done!" "Angelika?" "You killed my daughters!" " My queen." " Stop him!" " You must die!" " Stop him!" "No, Will." "No!" "Argh!" "Who is the fairest of them all?" "No!" "Grimmy." "Signor Grimmy." "Please." "No, please." "Tell me what to do." "Serve my queen." "No." "Grimmy?" "Demon queen, hear me." "Swallow my curse from the dark heart of my ancestors." "Maledetta." "Maledetta!" "Hello!" "Can anybody hear me?" "Hello!" "Hello." "Jacob!" "Jacob, it is I, Cavaldi." "Jacob." "Where's Will?" "Will." "Oh, God, Will." "No." "God, no." "Wait." "I know this story, from my childhood." "There is still time, Jacob." "Look." "See?" "Hurry, Jacob." "The spell can be broken with a kiss..." " Yes, a kiss." "A kiss, yes." "... of true love." "Make sure, in your heart, true love." "Or the kiss will be the kiss of death." "Yes." " Eva!" " Heidi!" "Bingo!" " Lily!" " Elsie!" "Angelika!" " Will." " Hurry, bambini." "Hurry." "Will." "Come on, it's over now." "You can get up." "Will, the spell's broken." "Will?" "We did it." "Will?" "Will." "Perhaps another kiss." "Not you." "Hm?" "Maybe you should give it a try, Angelika." "I just had to know what that was like before the story ended." "Will!" "Good people of Marbaden, you have nothing further to fear, because I and the Grimmies, we have destroyed the dark heart of evil." "You are free!" "Grazie!" "Musica!" "I would like to keep this." "It saved my life." " Of course." " Grazie." "And this, you should be more careful about this." " It's very good, but I think it'll..." " Is that mine?" " Sorry I never believed in you." " Well, I never believed in you either." "So you are brothers." "You're welcome here any time, any time at all, Grimms." "This is your home." " I thought you ended up with the girl." " You see that?" "What?" "The sun?" " The day's not over yet." " Yeah, right!" " Would you call this a turning point?" " I'd say we're on the verge." " Really?" " The verge, Will." "That's fantastic." "Cos I've been thinking of an alternative career path." " One that uses all of our new expertise." " Will." " I haven't sorted it yet..." " Will, this is the real world." "We're men without a country, we're enemies of the state, and worst of all we haven't a single bean." " It's a good name, though, isn't it?" " It's a damn good name." "Let's dance." "Come on." "Corrected by:" "agKrsh"
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenSubtitles"
}
|
Kid Ink discography
The discography of Kid Ink, an American hip hop recording artist, consists of three studio albums, three extended plays, eight mixtapes and thirty-six singles (including sixteen as a featured artist).
After releasing his first mixtape, World Tour, under the name Rockstar, he started to gain popularity. At the beginning of the 2011 summer, he then released his second mixtape, Daydreamer, which was available for download on various sites that featured Cory Gunz, Maejor Ali, Ray J, Sean Kingston, Meek Mill, Bow Wow, along with others.
In September 2011, he released his third mixtape named Wheels Up that featured artists 2 Chainz, Nipsey Hussle, Tyga and more.
In 2012, he was a featured artist in the 2012 XXL Freshman class along with artists such as rappers Future and Macklemore. Kid Ink released his first independent album, Up & Away on June 12, 2012 to moderate success. The album was produced by Ned Cameron and Jahlil Beats among others. It peaked at number 20 on the US Billboard 200 in its first week. The album's first single, "Time of Your Life" preceded the album's release in early 2012 followed by the album's second single, "Lost in the Sauce". On November 21, 2012 Kid Ink released his fifth mixtape, Rocketshipshawty.
On January 4, 2013, he announced that he had signed a deal with RCA Records and premiered his first major label single, titled "Bad Ass" featuring Wale and Meek Mill and produced by Devin Cruise. The song would be released for digital download on January 22, 2013. It has since peaked at number 90 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 27 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. On May 14, he announced his first project released under RCA, would be an EP titled Almost Home on May 28, 2013. It featured artists such as French Montana, Wale, Meek Mill, ASAP Ferg and Rico Love among others. Upon its release, the EP debuted at number 27 on the Billboard 200. It also produced the single "Money and the Power" which has been featured in HBO's Hard Knocks as well as in the sports video game NBA Live 14. On September 17, 2013, he released the first single from his second studio album My Own Lane, entitled "Show Me" featuring Chris Brown and produced by DJ Mustard. On November 4, 2013, he revealed that My Own Lane would be released on January 7, 2014.
Albums
Studio albums
Extended plays
Mixtapes
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Promotional singles
Guest appearances
Production discography
2008
Nipsey Hussle – Bullets Ain't Got No Names Vol. 1
01. "Bullets Ain't Got No Names"
2011
Diddy – Dirty Money – LoveLove vs. HateLove
03. "Sade"
Notes
References
External links
Official website
Kid Ink at AllMusic
Category:Discographies of American artists
Category:Hip hop discographies
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Oligonucleotide synthesis involving deprotection of amidine-type protecting groups for nucleobases under acidic conditions.
Amidine-type protecting groups, i.e., N,N-dimethylformamidine (dmf) and N,N-dibutylformamidine (dbf) groups, introduced into nucleobases were rapidly removed under mild acidic conditions using imidazolium triflate (IMT) or 1-hydroxybenztriazole (HOBt). This new deprotection strategy allowed a 2'-O-methyl-RNA derivative bearing a base-labile group to be efficiently synthesized using a silyl-type linker. It was also found that our new method could be applied to the synthesis of an unmodified RNA oligomer.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
.@{calendar-prefix-cls}-year-panel {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
right: 0;
bottom: 0;
left: 0;
z-index: @zindex-picker-panel;
background: @component-background;
border-radius: @border-radius-base;
outline: none;
> div {
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
// TODO: this is a useless wrapper, and we need to remove it in rc-calendar
height: 100%;
}
}
.@{calendar-prefix-cls}-year-panel-hidden {
display: none;
}
.@{calendar-prefix-cls}-year-panel-header {
.calendarPanelHeader(~'@{calendar-prefix-cls}-year-panel');
position: relative;
}
.@{calendar-prefix-cls}-year-panel-body {
flex: 1;
}
.@{calendar-prefix-cls}-year-panel-footer {
border-top: @border-width-base @border-style-base @border-color-split;
.@{calendar-prefix-cls}-footer-extra {
padding: 0 12px;
}
}
.@{calendar-prefix-cls}-year-panel-table {
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
table-layout: fixed;
border-collapse: separate;
}
.@{calendar-prefix-cls}-year-panel-cell {
text-align: center;
}
.@{calendar-prefix-cls}-year-panel-year {
display: inline-block;
height: 24px;
margin: 0 auto;
padding: 0 8px;
color: @text-color;
line-height: 24px;
text-align: center;
background: transparent;
border-radius: @border-radius-sm;
transition: background 0.3s ease;
&:hover {
background: @item-hover-bg;
cursor: pointer;
}
}
.@{calendar-prefix-cls}-year-panel-selected-cell .@{calendar-prefix-cls}-year-panel-year {
color: @text-color-inverse;
background: @primary-color;
&:hover {
color: @text-color-inverse;
background: @primary-color;
}
}
.@{calendar-prefix-cls}-year-panel-last-decade-cell,
.@{calendar-prefix-cls}-year-panel-next-decade-cell {
.@{calendar-prefix-cls}-year-panel-year {
color: @disabled-color;
user-select: none;
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Articles
Hari Raya Light-up and Festivities
Hari Raya Light-Up. Image courtesy of the Singapore Tourism Board.
For the first three days of Shawwal, the 10th month of the Islamic lunar calendar, Singapore's Arab Quarter comes alive on Hari Raya Aidilfitri, or Eid-al-Fitr. The festival celebrates the end of Ramadan with bazaars and performances that occupy the streets around the Sultan Mosque at Kampong Glam. Muslims in Singapore welcome the eve of the festival by lighting pelitas, panjuts, or lampu colok (oil lamps similar to torches) to place outside of their homes.
On the day itself, men wear their best baju melayu (a loose shirt and trousers combo) and women don on their most lavish baju kurung, a full-length blouse and skirt made of silk or hand-dyed batik festooned with ornate designs and stitching. Dressed to the nines, they gather for communal prayers and listen to khutba (sermons) at the mosques, where it is also common to offer zakat al-fitr, food for charity.
For other celebrations with a strong Malay influence, visit Brunei's respective Eid ul Fitr (Hari Raya) celebrations. For an alternative festival stop in the month of June, visit the Bali Art Festival in Indonesia.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Benchwheel dual 1800w & 1000w electric skateboards review
Today I will be reviewing two offerings from Benchwheel. They have a diverse line up of esk8’s and seem to be trying to hit the market from every angle to satisfy each customer’s needs.
This means that you can definitely find what you like from their line up. For example, some individuals would like an esk8 that is easier to carry around, more nimble and easy to store.
The Benchwheel penny would do well to satisfy those needs.
In the paragraphs below I will go into more depth about the strengths and weaknesses of some of the Benchwheel esk8’s, what else they offer as a brand and guide you into getting the best esk8 for your requirements.
Something for everyone: Benchwheel electric skateboards
Benchwheel currently has 3 esk8s available in their line up. A short board setup and 2 longboards that vary in shape and size.
The two longboards use the same wheels, trucks, battery, and motors but their deck are different. One has round edges and the other has large wheel cutouts. These changes are mostly cosmetic and it’s really up to you to decide the shape, you want (I think the Benchwheel B2 is pretty cool).
The benchwheel penny board is really nice and unique. Its have the size of the other two longboards and offers a lot of other advantages that they do not. I go into it in depth below.
Benchwheel Penny Board 1000W Electric Skateboard
Now, this, in my opinion, is the perfect esk8 for endpoint mobility. It is small so you can store it anywhere you go, be it under tables, desk or between your legs on a bus. It is nimble so you can maneuver between people really easily. Let’s take it apart and see how it performs:
The setup – Weighing only 4.8kg. This board is on the lighter side of most esk8s. Making it easy on the muscles when you have to carry it around.
The deck – Made from bamboo and maple, it will be lightweight and not super stiff. It will not provide a lot of dampening but it will still be kind to your feet. The deck also has a small kicktail so you can use it to turn or kick the board up to hold it.
Battery pack – As expected a small board such as this has a modest mileage of 7 miles, with the battery charging in only 1.5hrs. This enough to quickly zip you across town, from your office to your bus stop and probably enough juice to get you back home.
Motor – The motor is fortunately brushless. This means you can push the board and the motors won’t have any resistance. It will freeroll like a normal skateboard, so if you run out of battery you can push it easily to get where you need to go. Brushless motors also mean smooth acceleration, which is necessary for a board of this size.
Wheels – They are 80mm tall and 78a hard. Wheels like this will roll over cracks, twigs, pebbles you name it, and paired with the soft 78a formula, they will absorb a lot of road vibration to produce a really comfortable ride.
The wireless remote – It is simple to use and lasts a whole week on a single charge. It has two-speed settings for energy saving and speed.
However it does not indicate how much battery you will have left on the esk8, this could catch you off-guard and leave you in a bad spot. You have to look at the battery itself for that.
Rewarding for those who can handle it:
The small wheelbase means you will be able to take tighter turns and your trucks will be more reactive to your input. It means you can skate on sidewalks and dodge people comfortably, this is for the best cause it keeps you off the road away from cars.
If you can learn to handle it, it’s the best choice for mobility.
It is also a great present for kids. Huge longboards would be difficult to handle and turn, but this one will work just fine.
Not beginner friendly:
However, that being said some disadvantages include it having a short wheelbase. Though it has a maximum top speed of 15.5mph. Not everyone will feel comfortable at those speeds and some people will wobble – pro tip keep most of your weight on your front leg, wobbles come from lack of balance + too much weight at the back.
Even experienced skaters could find it to be a bit of a challenge, someone who has never skated will definitely be spooked. You will get used to it, but that will take some time and determination.
Benchwheel Dual 1800w Electric Skateboard C2
This is the standard esk8 by Benchwheel. This is for those who don’t mind something big (or the standard industry size) and want something strong, stable and that has great braking and acceleration.
This board is all about straight line speed and is acceptable for longer distances. It uses the same wheels and remote as the Penny so you can read more about them in its review.
Let’s break it down and see what makes it good:
The deck – Made from a bamboo and fiber-glass mix, this board is going to be light but also stiff thanks to the use of fiber-glass. This reduces the board’s total weight and it comes to 6.8kg in total.
Battery pack – The bigger battery allows for mileage of 12miles. You can go further and use it multiple times without charging. Though this means it takes 3hrs to fully charge it.
The esk8 also has regenerative braking so you can recover some energy as you go downhill or slow down.
The motors – Using two brushless motors on each wheel producing 1800w. You get a max speed of 18.6mph and smooth but fast acceleration. The brushless motors are very efficient and only use the power they need to overcome resistance.
The two motors will allow for enough to torque to climb hills and carry momentum through.
Beginner friendly and easy to use:
Given how long it is, this board is very suited towards beginners. Its length and width add to its stability so you can go very fast and feel stable. The motors also allow smooth acceleration so it will not jerk to a start as other esk8’s will.
Its cost effective and gives other more expensive brands like Boosted good competition. It will outperform the Boosted and even uses some similar parts.
The parts may not last:
A lot of feedback from buyers is that the parts give out or cause problems after a few months of riding. This is an issue of durability but it affects only a handful of buyers.
The trucks used aren’t the best and if you are heavy they may bend with time.
Which one will you get?
I think Benchwheel has done well. Each esk8 compensates for the other’s weaknesses. so if you don’t like the one you can get the other. Or if your wallet is big enough you can get both and have a quiver that cannot fail you.
Personally, I would love the penny, but if you want something stable and aren’t worried about maneuverability, the longboards should do fine.
Heelsidechill.com is a participant of the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program – it is designed to provide an aid for the websites in earning an advertisement fee – by means of advertising and linking to Amazon.com products. Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates.
Copyrights 2017 @Heelsidechill.com | All rights reserved
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.