multilingual-mi-llm/pile · Datasets at Hugging Face

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Direct measurement of osmotic pressure via adaptive confinement of quasi hard disc colloids. Confining a system in a small volume profoundly alters its behaviour. Hitherto, attention has focused on static confinement where the confining wall is fixed such as in porous media. However, adaptive confinement where the wall responds to the interior has clear relevance in biological systems. Here we investigate this phenomenon with a colloidal system of quasi hard discs confined by a ring of particles trapped in holographic optical tweezers, which form a flexible elastic wall. This elasticity leads to quasi-isobaric conditions within the confined region. By measuring the displacement of the tweezed particles, we obtain the radial osmotic pressure. We further find a novel bistable state of a hexagonal structure and concentrically layered fluid mimicking the shape of the confinement. The hexagonal configurations are found at lower pressure than those of the fluid, thus the bistability is driven by the higher entropy of disordered arrangements, unlike bulk hard systems.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
The Retrospect of Practical Medicine and Surgery, Being a Half-yearly Journal Containing a Retrospective View of Every Discovery and Practical Improvement in the Medical Sciences. ... . Volume 1-CXXIII, 1840-July 1901 4.11 - 1251 ratings - Source A Handbook of Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases of the Throat, Nose andNaso-Pharynx. Second edition. 12mo. 294 pages, 77 ill. Cloth, $1.75. tion. Smith (J. G.) Abdominal Surgery. Being a Systematic Description of all the Principalanbsp;... Title : The Retrospect of Practical Medicine and Surgery, Being a Half-yearly Journal Containing a Retrospective View of Every Discovery and Practical Improvement in the Medical Sciences. ... . Volume 1-CXXIII, 1840-July 1901 Author : Publisher : - 1887 ISBN-13 : You must register with us as either a Registered User before you can Download this Book. You'll be greeted by a simple sign-up page. Once you have finished the sign-up process, you will be redirected to your download Book page.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Q: Novel about boy facing the apocalyptic beliefs of his family I read this children's novel by getting it from the library, but I gave it back and can't find it again no matter where I search. The plot is about a boy whose father believes that "signs," omens, and events show that the end of the world is coming soon. The family has to build an underground shelter to prepare for this, but the boy starts having doubts and has to choose between family and the outside. The cover includes a starry, dark night sky. The title is three words: first one is "chasing," "running," or something similar, the second is "the," and the third is "night, " "dark, " "stars, " or something similar. I have been looking up combinations of such words, but the results so far weren't of the book I was looking for. It was published fairly recently. In the version I read, there was an advertisement for another book, which was about children who were told they lived after the world's end, but the tale they were told was doubtful. A: Watch the Sky by Kirsten Hubbard The signs are everywhere, Jory's stepfather, Caleb, says. Red leaves in the springtime. Pages torn from a library book. All the fish in the aquarium facing the same way. A cracked egg with twin yolks. Everywhere and anywhere. And because of them Jory's life is far from ordinary. He must follow a very specific set of rules: don't trust anyone outside the family, have your works at the ready just in case, and always, always watch out for the signs. The end is coming, and they must be prepared. School is Jory's only escape from Caleb's tight grasp, and with the help of new friends Jory begins to explore a world beyond his family's farm. As Jory's friendships grow, Caleb notifies Jory's mother and siblings that the time has come for final preparations. They begin an exhausting schedule digging a mysterious tunnel in anticipation of the disaster. But as the hold gets deeper, so does the family's doubt about whether Caleb's prophecy is true. When the stark reality of his stepfather's plans becomes clear, Jory must choose between living his own life or following Caleb, shutting his eyes to the bright world he's just begun to see.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Background {#Sec1} ========== Leishmaniasis is an important neglected tropical disease caused by at least 21 different species of protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania. The three main clinical forms of this disease are visceral (VL), cutaneous (CL) and mucocutaneous (MCL) \[[@CR1], [@CR2]\]. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, which is broadly distributed in the Americas, is the etiological agent of both CL and MCL \[[@CR3], [@CR4]\]. It is estimated that 700,000 to one million new cases and 20,000 to 30,000 deaths occur annually due to leishmaniasis \[[@CR2]\]. CL is more widely distributed, with ten countries presenting the highest number of cases: Afghanistan, Algeria, Colombia, Brazil, Iran, Syria, Ethiopia, North Sudan, Costa Rica and Peru. Together, these countries account for 70 to 75% of CL cases worldwide \[[@CR5]\]. There is no vaccine available for humans; hence, chemotherapy is the main form of leishmaniasis control \[[@CR6]\]. Pentavalent antimonials (Sb^V^) have been the drugs of first choice for the treatment in many countries for more than 70 years \[[@CR7]\]. In addition to their toxicity, pentavalent antimonials require long treatment schedules and present high rates of treatment failure (above 65%) in some places, such as the State of Bihar in India \[[@CR8], [@CR9]\]. The mode of antimony action is still not completely understood. It is accepted that Sb^V^ is a prodrug that is reduced to the trivalent (Sb^III^) form with a leishmanicidal effect against amastigote and promastigote forms of the parasite \[[@CR10]\]. Some studies have indicated that Sb^V^ inhibits glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation \[[@CR11]\]. Different antimonial-resistance mechanisms have been proposed, such as increased efflux/sequestration of active molecules, decreased drug reduction/activation, lower uptake, gene amplification and higher activity of repair mechanisms for damage caused by the drug \[[@CR7]\]. Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) and glycoinositolphospholipids (GIPLs) are glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored molecules that form a protective surface coat and mediate essential host-parasite interactions \[[@CR12]\]. Mannosyltransferase (GPI-14) is an essential enzyme for adding mannose on glycosylphosphatidyl. Mannose plays a key role in maintaining the energy and redox balance of Leishmania as well as increasing its virulence in the vector and macrophages \[[@CR13]\]. GPI-14 is functionally different from that of the mammalian pathway. Structural variations in the side chain and lipid moiety between Leishmania and humans make GPI-14 a rational drug target \[[@CR14]\]. In addition, this enzyme can be a good target for antiparasitic chemotherapy due to its role in the biosynthesis of LPG and GIPLs, which are important molecules involved in the parasite's infection cycle. To the best of our knowledge, the role of GPI-14 on drug resistance mechanisms is not yet known. Thus, this study attempts to overexpress the GPI-14 gene in L. braziliensis to investigate the contribution of this enzyme in the antimony-resistance phenotype of this parasite. Methods {#Sec2} ======= Promastigotes of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis (MHOM/BR/75/M2904) were grown at 26 °C in M199 medium supplemented as previously described \[[@CR15]\]. All analyses were performed with parasites in the exponential growth phase. In order to generate overexpression, a 1299 bp fragment corresponding to GPI-14 encoding region (open reading frame-ORF) (TriTrypDB accession number LbrM.30.1970) was amplified with Pfx DNA polymerase (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA) from L. braziliensis genomic DNA using the forward primer 5\'-T[GG ATC C]{.ul}CC ACC ATG AGC AAG GCA ACG TGG C-3\' and the reverse primer 5\'-TT[G GAT CC]{.ul}C TAA ACC TCC TTG CGC GTC-3\'. Bold letters indicate the Kozak sequence and the underlined sequences correspond to the BamHI restriction site. The next steps were performed as previously reported \[[@CR16]\]. Briefly, the GPI-14 1299 bp fragment was cloned into a pGEM-T Easy® vector (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) and confirmed by sequencing. Subsequently, pGEM-GPI-14 was digested with BamHI enzyme and introduced into dephosphorylated pIR1BSD expression vector (kindly provided by Dr Stephen Beverley, Washington University, USA). Next, the constructs pIR1BSD (empty vector) and pIR1BSD-GPI-14 were linearized upon SwaI digestion, electroporated into wild-type L. braziliensis, and the colonies were obtained on semisolid M199 medium containing 10 μg/ml blasticidin (BSD). Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis was performed to investigate the levels of GPI-14 mRNA in Leishmania clones, as described previously \[[@CR17]\]. The amount of GPI-14 cDNA in each sample was normalized to that of the DNA polymerase gene. In order to investigate the expression profile of the surface carbohydrates of these GPI-14-transfected clones, the mean fluorescence intensity was analyzed by flow cytometry of the parasites incubated with the concanavalin-A (Con-A), a lectin that binds to the terminal regions of α-D-mannosyl and α-D-glucosyl residues. Briefly, promastigotes of L. braziliensis samples in the stationary growth phase (2 × 10^6^ parasites/ml) were washed with PBS and incubated with Con-A lectin conjugated to fluorescein isocyanate (FITC) (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA) at a final concentration of 10 μg/ml for 30 min at 37 °C in a 5% CO~2~ incubator. Next, the parasites were acquired by flow cytometer (Fortessa LSR, Becton Dickinson BD, Franklin Lakes, USA) and the data were analyzed using FlowJo v.10 software. The geometric mean fluorescence intensity (gMFI) and the Con-A-labeled-Leishmania percentage (%) for each L. braziliensis sample were determined. Promastigotes of wild-type L. braziliensis and GPI-14-overexpression cell lines were incubated in M199 medium at 2 × 10^6^ cells/ml in 24-well plates in the absence or presence of increasing concentrations (1.2--74.9 μM) of potassium antimonyl tartrate (Sb^III^) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) for 48 h. The effective concentration required to decrease growth by 50% (EC~50~) was determined using a model Z1 Coulter Counter (Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, CA, USA). Amastigotes of GPI-14-overexpressing L. braziliensis clones were also subjected to susceptibility assays with Sb^III^ to analyze whether the antimony-resistant phenotype persists in parasite's intracellular form. Briefly, human macrophages differentiated from THP-1 cells (ATCC TIB 202) were seeded (4 × 10^5^ cells/well) on a 13 mm coverslip placed inside 24-well plates for 72 h at 37 °C, in a 5% CO~2~ atmosphere for macrophage adherence. Then, the adhered macrophages were exposed to stationary phase promastigote L. braziliensis samples (4 × 10^6^ parasites/well) (10:1 parasites/macrophage). After 5 h of infection, the free parasites were removed and RPMI medium was added in the absence or presence of Sb^III^ at a concentration ranging from 12.5 to 200 μM. After 72 h of incubation, adhered macrophages were stained by the panoptic method. The infected cells and the number of intracellular amastigotes were determined using ImageJ software (v.1.50i, Wayne Rasband National Institute of Health). EC~50~ values were obtained from three independent measurements in triplicate using the linear interpolation method \[[@CR18]\]. Statistical analysis {#Sec3} -------------------- Data were analyzed using Student's t-test, performed using the software GraphPad Prism v.5.0. A P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results {#Sec4} ======= The wild type L. braziliensis line was transfected with the construct pIR1BSD-GPI-14 to generate parasites overexpressing the enzyme GPI-14. This construct integrates into the 18S ribosomal DNA small subunit locus, by homologous recombination \[[@CR19]\]. After two weeks, the genomic DNA from the transfected clonal lines was subjected to PCR analysis with primers specific for BSD marker that confers resistance to blasticidin. The results indicated the presence of a 399 bp fragment in all blasticidin-resistant clones (data not shown), confirming successful transfection. It is important to highlight that GPI-14-overexpressing clones showed similar growth curves in comparison with the wild-type L. braziliensis (data not shown). These clones were subjected to quantitative real-time PCR in order to confirm overexpression of the GPI-14 enzyme. The results showed that GPI-14 transcription levels were 23.5- and 19.8-fold higher in the transfected clones C4 and C10, respectively, derived from the wild-type L. braziliensis lines than in the non-transfected or empty vector transfected (LbBSDØC1) ones (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}a).Fig. 1Levels of transcription of the GPI-14 gene (a) and concanavalin-A (Con-A) lectin binding profile (b-d) in the wild type and GPI-14 overexpressor L. braziliensis lines. a Levels of GPI-14 mRNA as determined quantitatively (relative to the DNA polymerase Leishmania gene) by real-time RT-PCR. Transcript levels ratio (GPI-14/DNA polymerase gene) ± standard deviations are indicated from three independent experiments. b Flow cytometric analysis of the differential expression of surface carbohydrate in wild-type (LbWT) and GPI14C10 clone (LbGPI14C10) of L. braziliensis using concanavalin-A (Con-A) lectin conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). c The GPI-14-overexpressor clones were compared to the wild-type L. braziliensis line by the amount of α-D-mannosyl and α-D-glucosyl on its surface using concanavalin-A FITC agglutination profile and a significant difference is seen in the mean intensity of fluorescence (gMIF) in both clones. d The percentage (%) of Con-A FITC labeled parasites was used as a control parameter of efficiency. Data obtained in duplicates from at least three independent experiments were analyzed by Student's t-test using GraphPad Prism 5.0 software. Statistically significant differences (P \< 0.001) between wild type and GPI-14 overexpressor parasites are showed by asterisks (\\\). Pairwise comparisons: a* LbWT vs LbGPI14C4 (t~(3)~ = 21.16, P = 0.0002); LbWT vs LbGPI14C10 (t~(4)~ = 9.130, P = 0.0008); c LbWT vs LbGPI14C4 (t~(3)~ = 25.03, P = 0.0001); LbWT vs LbGPI14C10 (t~(3)~ = 23.92, P = 0.0002) We also investigated the expression profile of the surface carbohydrates in GPI-14 transfected clones by percentage and geometric mean fluorescence intensity (gMFI) through flow cytometry of the parasites incubated with concanavalin-A (Con-A) (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}b). The results showed that clones transfected with GPI-14 express 2.8-fold more mannose and glucose residues than the non-transfected (LbWT) or empty vector (LbBSDØC1) transfected L. braziliensis lines, showing effective GPI-14 overexpression (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}c). A similar parasite percentage of Con-A for each Leishmania sample was observed, indicating the homogeneity of the parasites regarding the expression of molecules containing mannose or glucose residues (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}d). However, the mean fluorescence intensity was higher in the GPI-14 overexpressor clones, indicating that GPI-14-overexpressing clones presented higher mannose/glucose expression (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}c). Further to this, we investigated whether overexpression of the GPI-14 gene contributes to the antimony resistance phenotype in Leishmania. For this, clonal lines from L. braziliensis promastigotes transfected with constructs pIR1BSD (empty vector), pIR1BSD-GPI-14 and non-transfected parasites were incubated with different Sb^III^ concentrations. The EC~50~ was determined by counting the number of parasites grown in the absence or presence of this drug. The data indicated that the Sb^III^ EC~50~ values of non-transfected (LbWT) and empty vector transfected L. braziliensis lines were 7.4 and 7.0 μM, respectively, whereas clones 4 and 10 showed EC~50~ values of 77.8 and 17.8 μM, respectively (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}a, d) (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}). This result demonstrates that these clones were approximately 10.55- and 2.41-fold more resistant to Sb^III^ than the non-transfected wild-type Leishmania line (LbWT), respectively (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}d).Fig. 2Sb^III^ susceptibility assays on the promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of wild type and GPI-14-overexpressor L. braziliensis clones. a Promastigotes were cultured in the absence or presence of increasing Sb^III^ concentrations (1.2 to 74.9 μM) for 48 h and the percentage of relative growth was determined using a Z1 coulter counter. b, c Sb^III^ susceptibility was evaluated on amastigotes using THP-1-derived human macrophages. THP-1 macrophages infected with L. braziliensis lines were cultured in the absence or presence of increasing Sb^III^ concentrations (12.5 to 200 μM) for 72 h and the percentage of infected macrophages (b) and number of parasites per 100 macrophages (c) was determined. The EC~50~ (μM) values were calculated for promastigotes (d) and amastigotes (e) of LbWT, LbGPI14C4 and LbGPI14C10 and the fold change in the resistance index of overexpressor clones relative to LbWT was determined. Statistical analysis of the curves was analyzed by Student's t-test. '\' represents a statistical difference between the wild-type lines and each overexpressor clone (\P \< 0.05, \\P \< 0.01 and \\\*P \< 0.001; see Tables [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"} and [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"} for details on pairwise comparisons)Table 1Statistical analysis of Sb^III^ susceptibility assays on the promastigotes of wild type and GPI-14-overexpressor L. braziliensis clonesSb^III^ (μM)Pairwise comparisons^a^LbWT vs LbGPI14C4LbWT vs LbGPI14C101.2t~(6)~ = 4.298, P = 0.0051t~(4)~ = 5.548, P = 0.00522.3t~(6)~ = 8.217, P = 0.0002t~(4)~ = 4.815, P = 0.00864.7--t~(4)~ = 3.081, P = 0.03699.4t~(3)~ = 5.624, P = 0.0111--18.7t~(3)~ = 13.58, P = 0.0009t~(4)~ = 1.837, P = 0.140037.4t~(2)~ = 12.84, P = 0.0060t~(2)~ = 1.699, P = 0.231574.9t~(3)~ = 8.519, P = 0.0034t~(3)~ = 3.417, P = 0.0419^a^Student's t-test To analyze whether this antimony-resistant phenotype persists in parasite's intracellular form, amastigotes of GPI-14-overexpressing L. braziliensis clones were also subjected to susceptibility assays with Sb^III^. The data showed that the numbers of infected macrophages (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}b) (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}) and amastigotes/100 infected macrophages (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}c) (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}) were higher in the GPI-14 overexpressor clones 4 and 10 than those in the non-transfected wild-type Leishmania line. The amastigotes from both GPI-14 overexpressor clones were about 3-fold more resistant to Sb^III^ (EC~50~ values of 91.4 and 95.3 μM for clones 10 and 4, respectively) than the wild-type line (EC~50~ 30.8 μM) (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}e). No difference in the infectivity of macrophages was observed among wild-type L. braziliensis line and GPI-14 overexpressor clones in the absence of Sb^III^ (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}b, c).Table 2Statistical analysis of Sb^III^ susceptibility assays on the intracellular amastigotes of wild type and GPI-14-overexpressor L. braziliensis clonesSb^III^ (μM)Percentage of infected macrophages^a^No. of parasites per 100 macrophages^b^LbWT vs LbGPI14C4LbWT vs LbGPI14C10LbWT vs LbGPI14C4LbWT vs LbGPI14C1012.5t~(10)~ = 5.575, P = 0.0002t~(10)~ = 5.364, P = 0.0003t~(10)~ = 3.998, P = 0.0025t~(10)~ = 5.180, P = 0.000425t~(10)~ = 4.376, P = 0.0014t~(10)~ = 4.094, P = 0.0022t~(10)~ = 4.822, P = 0.0007t~(10)~ = 3.284, P = 0.008250t~(10)~ = 7.174, P \< 0.0001t~(10)~ = 7.865, P \< 0.0001t~(10)~ = 7.254, P \< 0.0001t~(10)~ = 7.140, P \< 0.0001100t~(10)~ = 2.925, P = 0.0152t~(10)~ = 3.164, P = 0.0101t~(10)~ = 3.776, P = 0.0036t~(10)~ = 4.558, P = 0.0010200t~(10)~ = 2.449, P = 0.0343t~(10)~ = 1.524, P = 0.1584t~(10)~ = 2.465, P = 0.0334t~(10)~ = 1.674, P = 0.1250^a^Pairwise comparisons (Student's t-test) (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}b)^b^Pairwise comparisons (Student's t-test) (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}c) Discussion {#Sec5} ========== Chemotherapy for leishmaniasis presents several problems, such as high toxicity, long treatment schedules, and the occurrence of resistant strains to pentavalent antimonials. Therefore, the need to identify drug resistance mechanisms and new molecular targets for chemotherapy of this disease is necessary. It is well established that Leishmania spp. synthesizes a unique class of molecules known as phosphoglycans (PGs), including the membrane-bound lipophosphoglycan (LPG) and secreted proteophosphoglycan (PPG). PGs are essential for host-parasite interactions, such as infectivity and survival of the parasite in the human host, interaction of parasite in the host's gastrointestinal tract, proliferation, and evasion of the vertebrate host's immune system, amongst others \[[@CR12], [@CR20]--[@CR23]\]. The important feature of LPG is the presence of 15 to 30 copies of a disaccharide-phosphate repeating unit Gal(β1,4)Man(α1-PO~4~), which is also found in many other molecules, such as secreted acid phosphatase, phosphoglycan and proteophosphoglycan \[[@CR24]\]. Studies have shown that LPG repeating units are involved in the parasite's infectious cycle \[[@CR24]--[@CR27]\]. This repeating unit named PG domain is assembled by the sequential action of the α-D-mannosylphosphate transferase (MPT) and 1,4-β-galactosyltransferase (GalT) enzymes. The MPT \[[@CR24]\], also named mannosyltransferase (GPI-14) \[[@CR28]\], is an essential enzyme for adding mannose on the glycosylphosphatidyl. This enzyme transfers an intact α-D-mannose-phosphate moiety from the nucleotide sugar donor GDP-Man to the glycan substrate \[[@CR29]\]. Thus, the role of GPI-14 in the antimony-resistance mechanism was investigated in this study, given there is no previous data on this in the literature. After stable transfection with pIR1BSD-GPI-14 plasmid, L. braziliensis clones showed an increased GPI-14 mRNA expression level. In order to investigate the expression of mannose residues on the surface of these parasites, we analyzed the agglutination profile using a lectin of plant origin, concanavalin-A. Lectins, due to their interactions with specific carbohydrates, have become useful tools for elucidating cell surface differences. Studies reported the agglutination of Con-A with ligand terminals similar to α-D-mannose and α-D-glucose present on the membrane surface of L. braziliensis \[[@CR30]\]. Our results showed that L. braziliensis clones expressed 2.8-fold more mannose and glucose residues compared to the wild-type parental line, showing effective GPI-14 overexpression. Interestingly, an antimony susceptibility test using promastigotes showed that two clones overexpressing the GPI-14 enzyme are 2.4- and 10.5-fold more resistant to potassium antimonyl tartrate (Sb^III^) compared to the parental non-transfected line. Infection analysis using THP-1 macrophages showed that amastigotes from both GPI-14 overexpressor clones were about 3-fold more resistant to Sb^III^ than the wild-type line. These results suggest that the GPI-14 enzyme may be implicated in the Sb^III^-resistance phenotype of L. braziliensis. The Sb^III^-resistance mechanism in Leishmania is complex, multifactorial, and involves several pathways, including the entry, metabolism, efflux and/or drug sequestration \[[@CR31]\]. The major entry route of Sb^III^ in Leishmania is through aquaglyceroporin 1 (AQP1), a six helices plasma transmembrane pore forming protein \[[@CR32]\]. Downregulation, mutation and/or deletion of AQP1-encoding gene have been clearly associated with Sb resistance \[[@CR8]\]. We hypothesize that GPI-14 overexpressor parasites presenting a larger LPG with more mannose residues could protect these parasites from Sb^III^ by sterically hindering the macromolecules' access to the cell membrane, thus preventing entry of Sb^III^ into the cell. Consistent with these data, it has been shown that LPG presenting a high number of repeating units protects Leishmania from complement-mediated damage, inhibiting channel formation and lysis by the C5-9 membrane attack complex \[[@CR33]\]. As a prerequisite for the biosynthesis of mannose(Man)-containing glycoconjugates in Leishmania, phosphoglycans including LPG and PPG are an ample supply of the mannose donors GDP-Man and dolicholphosphate-Man. Loss of expression of all Man-containing glycoconjugates in L. mexicana by targeted deletion of the genes involved in GDP-Man biosynthesis, such as phosphomannomutase and GDP-Man pyrophosphorylase, resulted in the complete loss of virulence in macrophages and mice \[[@CR34], [@CR35]\]. In contrast, L. mexicana dolicholphosphate-Man synthase gene deletion mutants presented defects in LPG, protein GPI anchor, and GIPL biosynthesis, yet retained the capacity to synthetize mannose and remained virulent in the macrophages \[[@CR35]\]. These data indicate that mannose activation leading to GDP-Man is a virulent pathway in Leishmania. Our results showed that the infectivity of GPI-14 overexpressor L. braziliensis clones in THP-1 macrophages was similar to that of the wild-type parasites, revealing that higher mannose residues had no effect on virulence. Conversely, the presence of 2.8-fold more mannose residues in these lines overexpressing GPI-14 contributed to antimony resistance (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}b, c). GPI-14 is a rational target for leishmaniasis chemotherapy since it is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of LPG and GIPLs, which are important molecules in the parasite's interaction with vertebrate and invertebrate hosts and has a structural variation in the side chain and lipid moiety compared to humans \[[@CR14]\]. Ruhela et al. \[[@CR29]\] described the synthesis and evaluation of new iminosugars as inhibitors of GPI-14 using microsomal membranes from L. donovani. Interestingly, another group developed eight derivative compounds that were docked onto GPI-14 and proposed that these antagonists would block the GPI-14 biosynthesis process \[[@CR14]\]. These authors, through the use of modeling and molecular dynamics analysis, observed that GPI-14 of L. major presents multiple transmembrane regions. Conclusions {#Sec6} =========== To our knowledge, this study is the first to show evidence that the overexpression of GPI-14 enzyme is implicated in the L. braziliensis Sb^III^-resistance phenotype. Since GPI-14 is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of LPG and GIPLs, which play important roles in the parasite infectious cycle, it has significant potential as a target for new leishmaniasis treatment alternatives. Thus, the present study opens doors in the search for new membrane targets to be studied and raises questions concerning its role in the Sb^III^-resistance phenotype. BSD : Blasticidin GPI-14 : Mannosyltransferase Lb : Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Sb^III^ : Trivalent antimony WT : Wild-type We thank Dr Stephen Beverley (Washington University, USA) for kindly providing the pIR1BSD expression vector. The authors wish to thank the Programme for Technological Development in Tools for Health-PDTIS-FIOCRUZ for use of its facilities. Funding {#FPar1} ======= This study received financial support from the following agencies: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG - CBB-PPM00610/15) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Brasil (CAPES). SMFM is a research fellow supported by CNPq (National Council for the Development of Research of Brazil), DSM and BFBR by CNPq, and CVR by CAPES. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Availability of data and materials {#FPar2} ================================== All data generated and/or analyzed during this study are included in this published article. CVR, BFBR, DSM, VPM and SMFM designed and performed the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote and reviewed the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Ethics approval and consent to participate {#FPar3} ========================================== Not applicable. Consent for publication {#FPar4} ======================= Not applicable. Competing interests {#FPar5} =================== The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Publisher's Note {#FPar6} ================ Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
Friday, November 14, 2014 "White Widow's" death in Ukraine proves ISIL-Kiev alliance The recent killing by a Russian "volunteer" sniper of the so-called "White Widow," aka Samantha Lewthwaite, while she was fighting against Russian-speaking forces in eastern Ukraine, is the best evidence yet of Islamic State collusion with the Kiev government and Zionist Ukrainian tycoons like Ihor Kolomoisky. Lewthwaite was reportedly killed by Russian forces some two weeks ago in the eastern Ukrainian region of Lugansk. Lewthwaite was serving as a sniper with the Aidar Battalion, which receives support from Kolomoisky, the billionaire Ukrainian-Israeli dual national governor of Dnipropetrovsk. Kolomoisky provides money and logistical support to several pro-Kiev paramilitary units. They include, in addition to the Aidar Battalion, "Blue Helmet" ex-Israeli Defense Force commandos, the Azov Battalion, the Donbass Battalion, and the 2,000-strong Dniepr-1 (or Dnipro-1) Battalion. A number of neo-Nazi Ukrainian nationalists from the west of the country serve with the battalions in the east. The white Northern Ireland-born Lewthwaite was the widow of one of the accused London transit bombers, Jermain Lindsey, hence her nickname "White Widow." Lewthwaite disappeared from England a few months after the 2005 London bombings. She surfaced again as the alleged commander of the Al-Shabaab-linked terrorist commando team that attacked the Westgate Mall in Nairobi in 2013, an attack that saw over 60 civilians killed. Lewthwaite's death at the hands of eastern Ukrainian Russians was reported by Moscow's Regnum news agency to have been "slow and painful." Lewthwaite's death while fighting with Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) forces in eastern Ukraine verifies reports WMR received in Iran that Ukraine was assisting ISIL forces in Syria. In September it was reported that Lewthwaite was in Syria helping ISIL volunteers train for suicide attacks. In turn, many Chechen members of ISIL traveled freely between Syria/Iraq and Ukraine through Turkey to fight against Russian-speaking forces in eastern Ukraine. A recent phone call from Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan to Russian President Vladimir Putin developed into a shouting match after Erdogan asked Putin to stop assisting the Bashar al Assad government in Syria. Putin, in response, accused Erdogan of facilitating the transit of ISIL guerrillas between the Middle East and Ukraine, many of them Chechen Islamist radicals wanted by Moscow for terrorist attacks in Russia. The killing of Lewthwaite by Russian forces in eastern Ukraine largely proved Putin's assertion of Ukrainian complicity with ISIL. Russian SVR intelligence, through agents associated with the autonomous Russian republic of Tatarstan who work in Turkey, may have been aware of Lewthwaite's transit to eastern Ukraine via Turkey after fighting with ISIL forces in Syria and/or Iraq. Lewthwaite reportedly received plastic surgery after the Nairobi attack to avoid capture. After the attack, Lewthwaite escaped from Kenya on a South African passport. Lewthwaite was reported to have been killed in 2013 in Somalia during fighting between two factions of Al-Shabaab. Lewthwaite's South African passport. Was it courtesy of Mossad's passport-alteration bucket shops? The mere fact that Lewthwaite and her ISIL comrades were caught fighting in eastern Ukraine alongside Israeli, Ukrainian Jewish, and neo-Nazi western Ukrainians on behalf of the Kiev regime, represents additional proof of Tel Aviv's involvement with ISIL. A recent audio tape purporting to be a call by ISIL "caliph" Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi for ISIL to "erupt volcanoes of jihad everywhere" originated from the Mossad-funded and Washington-based Search for International Terrorist Entities (SITE) group run by Rita Katz, a well-known Mossad operative. SITE is infamous for releasing unverified video and audio tapes from such Al Qaeda leaders as Osama bin Laden; Dr. Ayman al-Zawahiri; and Adam Gadahn, aka Adam Pearlman, whose grandfather, Carl Pearlman, was a member of the board of the Anti-Defamation League (ADL). The Zionist-owned media, which includes BuzzFeed, immediately called the story of Lewthwaite's killing in Ukraine a "fake story." Any news report that interferes with the Zionist-conceived "pseudo-reality" routinely sold to an unsuspecting world is always called fake by the Zionist media. BuzzFeed was funded by money from Ben Horowitz, the son of the king of neo-conservative political correctness on college campuses, David Horowitz. Ben Horowitz, a wealthy Silicon Valley entrepreneur, is a major funder of the American Jewish World Service.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Sunlight control materials, such as treated glass sheets, are commonly used for building glass windows and vehicle windows. Such materials typically offer high visible transmission and low emissivity thereby allowing more sunlight to pass through the glass window while block infrared (IR) radiation to reduce undesirable interior heating. In low emissivity (low-E) materials, IR radiation is mostly reflected with minimum absorption and emission, thus reducing the heat transferring to and from the low emissivity surface. Low-E panels are often formed by depositing a reflective layer (e.g., silver) onto a substrate, such as glass. The overall quality of the reflective layer is important for achieving the desired performance. In order to provide adhesion, as well as protection, several other layers are typically formed both under and over the reflective layer. These layers typically include dielectric layers, such as silicon nitride, tin oxide, and zinc oxide, which provide protect the stack from both the substrate and the environment. The dielectric layer may also act as optical fillers and function as anti-reflective coating layers to improve the optical characteristics of the panel. A typical approach to reduce emissivity involves increasing the thickness of the reflective layer (e.g., the silver layer). However, as the thickness of the reflective layer increases, the visible light transmission of this layer is also reduced. Furthermore, the high thickness slows manufacturing throughput and increases costs. It may be desirable to keep the reflective layer as thin as possible, while still providing emissivity suitable for low-e applications.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
Simon Singh was also on the programme, and he summarily demolished David Tredinnick's best evidence. Neverthless the MP went on to call for yet more research, because homeopathy is "popular" with doctors and patients. Fortunately (given the time constraints of the Today Programme) Simon Singh was quick enough to give a highly amusing example of homeopathy's lack of plausibility, along with the financial motives behind the manufacture of its remedies. David Tredinnick wants more research because he knows that the aggregate of research done so far fails to show that homeopathy is effective. He will continue to call for more research until it stops giving him answers he doesn't like. That's not going to happen. Homeopathy has been fully tested — it doesn't work. There's nothing in it. We have emotions, desires, faith, dreams, uncharted (unchartable) psychological geographies, mysterious physical responses that cannot be validated by scientific methodologies and templates. Such claims for the unknowable and unmeasurable are usually met with friendly pity and mockery or faint scorn. If they are "unknowable and unmeasurable" you have no justification for claiming them. (It's called evidence.) The campaigners claim that the prevailing view is that disabled people's lives are not worth living, and that this contradicts the perception that many disabled people have of themselves. They campaigners may indeed make a claim about what is the prevailing view, but that doesn't mean their claim is true. It seems most unlikely to me, and typical of the "slippery slope" arguments used against those who are in favour of assisted dying in very specific circumstances. She is apparently a “good Catholic,” in the sense that she is blindly loyal to the Catholic church and will stoop to almost anything to defend it – but she is not a good person. She takes advantage of other people’s principles in order to defame them. Sunday, 6 June 2010 Organised religion isn't about belief. It isn't about redemption. It isn't about morality or the fate of one's immortal soul. Organised religion is about power — the power of an anointed elite over everyone else. There are are countless examples of this power — the Catholic Church is one, the Anglican Church is another, the two dominant Muslim sects, Sunni and Shia, are yet others. In all these examples we have a priesthood (the anointed elite) who presume to tell the unanointed what they are allowed to do. In the politics of interpersonal and social dynamics there's one thing prized above all others, and it's not happiness, wealth or health. It's sovereignty. What people want most of all is not to be told what to do by someone else, and the surest way of achieving this objective is to become the person who does the telling. Organised religion has the ideal hierarchy for this, because once someone is a member of the elite, their word goes, by virtue of their status, and it matters not one jot whether their authority is grounded on fact or fantasy — the religious elite commands power by arbitrary decree. Its members' assertions are largely unquestioned even when entirely lacking objective substantiation. In the past this elite has not expected to be challenged, and when in these more enlightened times it increasingly is challenged, religion has no real answer, falling back on tradition and the status quo. "Accommodationists" — those atheists who maintain that religious and non-religious folk can engage in constructive dialogue with each other — are against such challenges, stating that the likes of Richard Dawkins and PZ Myers do atheism a disservice by being so stridently and militantly opposed to religion. Accommodationists maintain that there need not be conflict between religion and science. Well, maybe constructive dialogue is possible between the religious and non-religious — just not on the subject of religion. I've no objection to religious faith, as long as those who profess it do not impose their beliefs on others who don't share them. It's in the nature of religious belief, however, that it must impinge on the rights and duties of everyone it touches, otherwise it's not much of a belief. It's this inevitable encroachment that persuades me that the accommodationists are wrong. It's true that there are many religious moderates who profess a religious faith of some kind, at the same time as accepting the findings of science. But it seems to me that religious moderates are either suppressing their faith, or else they aren't truly committed to their belief. Accommodationists who claim that science and religion are compatible — on the basis that there are many excellent scientists who are also religious believers — are missing the point. It's quite possible to hold any number of incompatible beliefs, even if those beliefs are obviously inconsistent with each other. One can believe, for example, that the human mind is an emergent property of the amazing but entirely materialistic complexity of the human brain, while at the same time believing that we all have free will. These two ideas may be incompatible, but people can still simultaneously believe them both. Just because we believe something, however, it doesn't follow that our belief is true. Despite what religious moderates maintain, organised religion does make specific claims about the nature of reality — claims that are plainly incompatible with scientific knowledge. Religious moderates may suggest that their scripture is not intended to be interpreted as making such claims, even if a superficial reading of scripture reveals that it does indeed make such claims. This, of course, is where the theologian steps in, like a mafioso's lawyer, to contend that though the text in question appears to be at odds with reality as we have come to know it, an "alternative" reading will reveal that the words actually mean something else. (It doesn't matter what the words mean, as long as the chosen meaning can be made to fit.) But theology doesn't appear to be based on anything solid. Rather, theology1 appears to be entirely fabricated — arbitrarily — from nothing. It's like the scene from the film Cruise of the Gods in which a fan of a hit science fiction TV series delivers a lecture explaining the hidden meaning behind the names of all the fictional characters. Unfortunately for this fan's thesis the writer is in the audience, has had a bit too much to drink, and explains that in fact he named all his characters using anagrams of the items on the menu of his local curry house. _____________________ 1. For a comprehensive analysis of why sceptics and atheists need not be concerned with theology, see Chris Ray at Factonista.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Naturalistic driving patterns of older adults before and after cataract surgery. Cataract surgery can have many benefits for older adults, including enabling continued ability to drive. However, it is not known how objectively measured driving patterns change after cataract surgery. The purpose of this study was to examine how participants drove before and after cataract surgery. Longitudinal study. Individuals from the Winnipeg site of Candrive (a longitudinal study of older drivers in Canada). An in-vehicle device monitored all trips taken in 1-second intervals, allowing for the analysis of distances driven, number of trips, time of trips, speeding, excessive braking/accelerating, and types of roadways. Over the 4 years of data collection, there were 16 cases of participants having cataract surgery, whereby there was also suitable driving data for analyses. Participants drove 28% further after surgery (p = 0.022). They also drove further from home and more on primary roads (p < 0.05) and had fewer episodes of hard braking per distance travelled (p < 0.001). No other variables significantly changed. This study suggests that older drivers changed some of their driving patterns after cataract surgery. Future studies could explore the effects of increased driving exposure, in conjunction with potentially safer driving behaviors, on overall driving safety after cataract surgery.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Time-dependent effects of haloperidol and ziprasidone on nerve growth factor, cholinergic neurons, and spatial learning in rats. In this rodent study, we evaluated the effects of different time periods (7, 14, 45, and 90 days) of oral treatment with haloperidol (HAL; 2.0 mg/kg/day) or ziprasidone (ZIP; 12.0 mg/kg/day) on nerve growth factor (NGF) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) levels in the hippocampus, and we subsequently assessed water maze task performance, prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the auditory gating response, and several NGF-related proteins and cholinergic markers after 90 days of treatment. Seven and 14 days of treatment with either HAL or ZIP resulted in a notable increase in NGF and ChAT immunoreactivity in the dentate gyrus (DG), CA1, and CA3 areas of the hippocampus. After 45 days, NGF and ChAT immunoreactivity had abated to control levels in ZIP-treated animals, but it was markedly reduced in HAL-treated subjects. After 90 days of treatment, NGF and ChAT levels were substantially lower than controls in both antipsychotic groups. Furthermore, after 90 days of treatment and a drug-free washout period, water maze performance (but not PPI) was impaired in both antipsychotic groups, although the decrement was greater in the HAL group. Several NGF-related and cholinergic proteins were diminished in the brains of subjects treated with either neuroleptic as well. These data support the premise that, although ZIP (given chronically) seems somewhat superior to HAL due to less pronounced behavioral effects and a more delayed appearance of neurochemical deficits, both antipsychotics produce time-dependent deleterious effects on NGF, cholinergic markers (i.e., important neurobiological substrates of memory), and cognitive function.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
1 + 1158. What is the nearest to h in f, -4/7, 1.4? -4/7 Let w = -14.2 + 26.9. Let n = w - 12.9. What is the nearest to 35 in 0.5, n, -1/3? 0.5 Suppose 10 = 154m + 2 + 8. Let i = -0.6 + 1. Which is the closest to m? (a) i (b) -1 (c) 0 c Let i = 3/10 + -29/5. What is the closest to -1 in 5, i, 2/13? 2/13 Let n = -14.7 - -14. Let q = -0.2 - n. Let b(y) = -y3 + 11y*2 - 5. Let d be b(11). What is the nearest to 2/5 in -2/5, q, d? q Let j = -2.158 - -0.158. What is the nearest to -2 in -3, 2, j? j Suppose -26y = -33y. Suppose -4o = -8o. What is the closest to o in y, -1/5, 0.5? y Let f be (71/284)/(46/(-16) + 2). What is the closest to f in -14, 1/5, -4/3? 1/5 Let n = 4 + -37. Let m = 33.4 + n. Let d = 5 + 0. Which is the nearest to -0.1? (a) m (b) d (c) -4 a Let h = -75.8 + -0.2. Let n = h + 76. What is the closest to -1 in 0.4, n, -0.1? -0.1 Let g be (-452)/(-20) + -3 - 0. Let w = 296/15 - g. What is the closest to 2/3 in -2/9, w, 1/2? 1/2 Let v be ((-156)/42 - -4)-1. What is the closest to 0.1 in 0.8, 1, v? v Suppose 0 = -3k + 5f - 31, 4k + 52 = 2f + 20. Which is the closest to 3/2? (a) 1 (b) k (c) -2/7 a Let r = -1.1 - -0.8. Let b = 0.1 - r. Let p(q) = 3q + 25. Let k be p(-9). What is the closest to -4/7 in 0.2, k, b? 0.2 Let p = -22 + 22.1. Let l be (-340)/160 + (-2)/(-16). What is the closest to p in l, 7, 2? 2 Let s(w) = w - 4. Let y be s(3). Let c = -1549/15 - -102. Let n = c + 239/165. What is the nearest to 0.3 in -4/5, n, y? n Let i = -93 - -46. Let o = i + 45. Let v be (-4)/(-10)10/3. Which is the closest to o? (a) -1 (b) 5 (c) v a Let w(t) = t*2 - 15t + 23. Let h be w(13). Which is the closest to 1? (a) h (b) -1/2 (c) 2/3 c Let l = -637457357/3438 + 3336433/18. Let z = l - -22/191. Let u = z - -57. Which is the nearest to u? (a) 0 (b) -3 (c) -2 a Let j = -6142/7 - -878. What is the nearest to -4 in j, 0.3, 0.01? 0.01 Let l = -22.965 + -0.035. Let r = 23.052 - 0.052. Let x = r + l. What is the closest to -0.1 in x, -0.4, -3/8? x Let i = -108.58 - -108. Let g = i - -0.98. Which is the closest to -1/3? (a) -2/3 (b) g (c) -5/4 a Let o = -2/763 - -2305/6104. Let r = -145 - -52. Let j = r + 467/5. Which is the closest to -0.1? (a) j (b) o (c) 5 b Let f be (-4)/(-6) + (-8)/66. Let k = -43 + -61. Let w = 100 + k. Which is the closest to 0? (a) -1/3 (b) w (c) f a Suppose -7w + 103 = -142. Let t be -6(w/10 + -4). Which is the nearest to -1? (a) 1 (b) t (c) -0.3 c Let x = -4289 + 4289.1. Suppose q + 2s = -13, 4q + 3s = 6s - 8. Which is the nearest to x? (a) q (b) -0.3 (c) -2/17 c Let v = -1/208 + -311/208. Let x be (((-12)/8)/3)/(6/(-4)). What is the nearest to 0.3 in v, x, 5? x Let g be 10-1(-24)/(-30). Let r be (2/10)/(-1(-4)/g). Which is the nearest to r? (a) -5 (b) 5 (c) 4 c Let j = 1.05 + 0.15. Let l = j - 1.29. Let q = l - -1.09. Which is the closest to -1? (a) q (b) 2/5 (c) 1/5 c Let t be (-84)/(-36) - ((1 - 0) + -2). What is the closest to t in 3, 0.5, -2? 3 Let t = 529/6 + -177/2. Which is the nearest to -0.2? (a) t (b) -2/15 (c) 1 b Let l = 75.5 + -75.4. What is the closest to 0.3 in -4, l, 8, -1/7? l Let l be (-4)/((-304)/(-168) + 1/(-7)). Which is the closest to -1? (a) l (b) 0.5 (c) 1/4 (d) 0.2 d Let i = 351 - 351.3. What is the closest to i in -0.5, 0, -1? -0.5 Let z = 703 - 1409/2. Let h = 69441/5 + -13942. Let j = h + 54. Which is the nearest to -0.1? (a) z (b) -3 (c) j c Suppose 4h + 2 - 10 = 0. Let n = 4 + -3. Let o = -10 + 15. Which is the nearest to n? (a) o (b) 2/5 (c) h b Let m = 0.8 + -2.4. Let u = m - 1. Let r = u - 0.4. Which is the nearest to 0.1? (a) r (b) -0.2 (c) 0.1 c Let n = 491 - 487. Which is the nearest to n? (a) 2/19 (b) 1/6 (c) 2/5 c Let p = 146 - 146. What is the closest to -0.2 in -0.1, p, 4, 1? -0.1 Let p = 195.4 - 196. Let y = -0.9 - 0.5. Let x = y + p. Which is the nearest to 0.1? (a) 3/5 (b) x (c) 0.5 c Let z be (-5)/((-10)/4)(-33)/22. Which is the closest to 4? (a) -4 (b) 9 (c) 5 (d) z c Let w be ((-207)/(-15))/3 + -5. What is the nearest to 3 in w, -2, -1? w Let q = -94.4 - -93.8. Which is the nearest to q? (a) 5/4 (b) -11 (c) 2 a Let m = 55 + -219/4. Suppose u - 2z = 12, -5u - 2z = 3 - 99. Suppose -2 = -4b + u. What is the nearest to -0.1 in b, 0.4, m? m Let k be 101(-2)/4. Let i = -12 + 11.7. Suppose 0h = -3p - h - 3, -2 = -5p - 4h. What is the closest to i in 1, p, k? 1 Let s = 198 + -190. What is the nearest to -1 in -2, s, 2/9, 4? -2 Let r = 2572 + -2575. What is the nearest to -1 in 256, 0, r? 0 Let i be (-3)/(-4) - (-2)/(-48)26. Which is the nearest to i? (a) -0.4 (b) 1 (c) -0.14 a Let r be (54/5)/6 - (-4)/(-2). Let c = 4 - 6. What is the closest to c in -1/2, 5, r? -1/2 Let y be 2-1 - (-10)/3. Let b = 123/28 + -29/7. Let m = 0.27 - 0.77. What is the closest to b in y, m, 2/9? 2/9 Let d = 55.1748 - -0.0252. Let r = d + -55. Which is the nearest to -1/2? (a) -2/35 (b) 3 (c) r a Let y be -3(2 + 120/(-63)). Let h = -6.4 - 43.6. Let r = h + 49.9. Which is the closest to y? (a) 1 (b) r (c) 0.1 b Let z(n) = n*3 + 13n*2 + 9n - 16. Let y be z(-12). Let i be (y/12)/12/(-10). What is the closest to 0.2 in -1, i, -0.3? -0.3 Suppose 2 = j + 3, 2y + 3j = 3. Suppose -4s + 17 = -4a - 7, -5s + 22 = -4a. Let b = y + a. What is the nearest to 1 in -4, -4/3, b? -4/3 Let g = -0.499 - 0.001. Which is the nearest to 0.1? (a) g (b) 0.5 (c) -3 b Suppose 0 = -4m - x - 12, -4m + 5x = 2x + 12. Let g be m/6(-20)/(-115). Let y = -1300/7 - -186. Which is the nearest to -1/4? (a) 5 (b) g (c) y b Let r = 3959/2 - 1979. What is the closest to -2 in r, -119, 2? r Let z = 38 - 9. Let x = z + -29. Which is the closest to 0.2? (a) -1 (b) -3 (c) x c Let j = 39 + -42. Let l(u) = u*3 - 6u*2 - 6u - 6. Let t be l(7). Which is the nearest to t? (a) j (b) -0.5 (c) 2 c Let k = -0.05 - 0.01. Let o = k + 0.16. Let f = -71 + 641/9. Which is the closest to o? (a) f (b) -0.1 (c) -0.4 a Let v = -57 + 75. Let i = -17 + v. Suppose 0 = -4m + 2m. Which is the closest to 4? (a) -4 (b) i (c) m b Let a = 1/35 + -109/140. What is the closest to -3 in 1/8, -5, a? -5 Let v = 3.016 + -0.016. Which is the nearest to -2/7? (a) -1.3 (b) -5 (c) v (d) -0.4 d Let z be 30/(-36) - 1/2. Let m = -4 - -50/13. Let v be 14/(-10)-1. Which is the closest to v? (a) m (b) -1 (c) z a Let f = 2 - -1. Let u = -80.7 - -114.8. Let z = u - 34. Which is the nearest to 0.1? (a) 5 (b) f (c) z c Let a = 1614 - 1614.02. Suppose -3 = -d - 2d. What is the closest to a in 3/7, d, -1/6? -1/6 Let u = -60.54 - -60. Let j = 4.46 - u. Let r(x) = x. Let g be r(0). What is the closest to g in j, 0, -0.1? 0 Let u = -945.4 + 945. Let s be (-3)/(3/(-4)) - -1. What is the closest to 4 in -4, s, u? s Let q = -13 - -12.9. Let n = -8/165 - -1/33. Let p = n + 169/220. Which is the nearest to q? (a) -4 (b) p (c) -5 b Let w = 65 + -60. Let q = -104 + 109.05. Let n = q - w. What is the closest to 3 in -3, -5, n? n Let w = -44.2 - -52.2. What is the nearest to 1 in 5/4, w, 2/3, -0.5? 5/4 Let z(y) be the second derivative of 3y5/20 - y4/12 + y3/6 - y2/2 - 25*y. Let w be z(1). Which is the closest to 1? (a) 1 (b) -3 (c) w a Let n = -2.876 + -0.124. Let p = 0.27 + -0.07. Which is the closest to -1? (a) -4/9 (b) n (c) p a Let m = 31 + -153/5. Let n = 0 - -1.8. Let i = -0.8 + n. Which is the nearest to 1? (a) i (b) m (c) 0 a Let y = -897 - -896.76. Which is the nearest to y? (a) 15 (b) 3/2 (c) -2/7 c Let p = 1.9 - 41.9. Let c = p - -40.1. What is the nearest to -1 in c, 3, 4? c Let r = 12255/4 - 3063. Let h = -2 + 3. What is the closest to h in r, 19, -4? r Let d = 5 + -4.92. Let l = d - 0.38. Let z = -107 + 104. Which is the nearest to 0.2? (a) -1 (b) l (c) z b Let n = 0.66 - -0.34. What is the nearest to 7 in n, 0, 2? 2 Let z = 0.931 + 3.069. Which is the nearest to 0.1? (a) 0.4 (b) 0.7 (c) z (d) -1/11 d Let t = 781.3 + -719. Let p = -62 + t. Which is the closest to -0.2? (a) -5 (b) -0.2 (c) p b Let d = -134.7 - -130.7. What is the nearest to 0.1 in d, -26, 2? 2 Let r = 571/110 - 41/10. Which is the nearest to 2? (a) -2/9 (b) r (c) 2 c Let z = 2.93 + -2.95. Which is the nearest to 2/3? (a) 1 (b) 2	{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }
Tell us what you think We welcome your views on our website and invite you to take part in a brief survey when you've finished your visit. Your response will help us improve the site and the experience we offer to visitors. We use cookies to help provide the best experience on our website. We do this by tracking how the website is used and when appropriate remembering your preferences. If you continue, we'll assume that you are happy to receive all cookies on the Spire Healthcare website. Endometrial scratching Endometrial scratching is a relatively new technique, which improves embryo implantation rates and increases the chances of getting pregnant. During the procedure, the lining of the uterus (the endometrium) is gently ’scratched’ using a thin catheter (a fine, flexible, sterile, plastic tube). Research suggests scratching the uterine lining causes a reaction, which may increase embryo implantation rates and therefore the chance of pregnancy. The process releases growth and cell factors, which lead to a more receptive endometrial lining for the implanting embryo. Endometrial scratching may also ‘switch on’ the genes that are responsible for preparation of the endometrium for implantation. Endometrial scratching is usually offered to women who have had more than two IVF, ICSI or FET cycles, which resulted in a negative pregnancy test despite having good quality embryos. A fixed price for this treatment may be available on enquiry and following an initial consultation. You can trust Spire South Bank Hospital to provide you with a single, fixed price (1) so there are no surprises. And, through our carefully chosen partner (2) you can even be considered for interest free finance.(1) Important: Please read Spire Healthcare's terms and conditions for full details of what’s included and excluded in your fixed price* when paying for yourself. 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The best time to perform the endometrial scratch is between day 18 and 23 of your cycle (the first day of your period counting as day one). Your consultant will give you advice to follow in the run up to your procedure. Once you’ve booked endometrial scratching, it's vital that you don't have unprotected intercourse in the four weeks before the planned procedure, to avoid the risk of a possible pregnancy. You should wear comfortable clothing that gives easy access to the lower part of your body. We understand that having treatment can potentially be a time of anxiety and worry. Our experienced and caring medical staff will be there for you, holding your hand, every step of the way. Endometrial scanning isn't usually a painful procedure and although you may experience some discomfort, you won't need anaesthesia. During the procedure, your consultant will gently insert a speculum into your vagina so the cervix can be seen. He or she will then cleanse your cervix with sterile gauze. After this, a thin flexible catheter is inserted through the opening of your cervix and the uterine lining is gently ’scratched’. Inserting and moving the intrauterine catheter up and down may cause you mild abdominal cramping similar to period pain. Your consultant will withdraw the catheter at the end of the procedure. Endometrial scratching is an out-patient procedure so you won't need to stay in hospital after having it. Pain relief Most women experience either discomfort or mild cramping, period-type discomfort during the procedure. Afterwards, if required, you may take over-the-counter painkillers such as paracetamol or ibuprofen. Recovery time You will be able to drive and resume normal daily activities after the procedure. Some mild bleeding is common and you should wear a sanitary towel, not a tampon. Looking after you Even after you’ve left hospital, we’re still looking after you every step of the way. After endometrial scratching, we will provide you with paracetamol alone or with codeine or ibuprofen. We will provide you with a supply of all the medicines your consultant feels you need to take home with you after you've left hospital, up to 14 days. This may be at an additional cost to some patients. On rare occasions, complications following endometrial scratching can occur. If you experience any of these symptoms – unexplained fever, persistent bleeding or foul-smelling vaginal discharge, increasing lower abdominal pain, feeling generally unwell – call us straight away. These could indicate that an infection within the cervix has spread to the uterine cavity during the procedure. Your consultant will talk to you about the possible risks and complications of having this procedure and how they apply to you. ;We are committed to delivering excellent individual care and customer service across our network of hospitals, clinics and specialist care centres around the UK. Our dedicated and highly trained team aim to achieve consistently excellent results. For us it's more than just treating patients, it's about looking after people. Make an enquiry 34170 True treatment Contact us to request... Type the detail of your enquiry Select a hospital Title First name Surname Date of birth Email address Confirm email address Phone number Postcode Marketing Information Spire would like to provide you with marketing information about products and services offered by Spire and by selected third-party partners. If you do not consent for us to process your personal data for marketing activities, we will still be able to contact you about your enquiry. We may contact you by email, SMS or phone about your enquiry. If we try to contact you by phone (mobile and/or landline) and you are not available, we may leave you a voicemail message. We may also use your details to contact you about patient surveys we use for improving our service or monitoring outcomes, which are not a form of marketing. Thank you for your enquiry Important to note The treatment described on this page may be adapted to meet your individual needs, so it's important to follow your healthcare professional's advice and raise any questions that you may have with them.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
A new Japanese restaurant just sprang up in the former Rock City Eatery space in Hamtramck. Metro Times first-reports that Fat Salmon Sushi debuted on Thursday. Not much has changed interior-wise from the previous tenants. During a visit this afternoon, Eater observed the familiar distress walls and plywood trademarks of RCE alongside the old beer cooler. However, behind the bar sushi chefs now prepare spicy tuna rolls and udon. Above the hostess desk, a flatscreen TV streams Asian pop music videos. While employees declined to provide details about the ownership or the chefs, Eater did snag a copy of the menu that features a mixture of soups, rolls, salads, appetizers, and entrees like bulgogi and bibimbap. Dishes are available for dine-in or takeout. Take a peek at the menu below: Fat Salmon Sushi is located at 11411 Joseph Campau. Open 11:30 a.m. to 9:30 p.m. Monday through Saturday; 4 p.m. to 9 p.m. on Sundays. 313-305-4347. • Fat Salmon Sushi Opens in Hamtramck [MT] • All Menu Porn Coverage [ED]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Meroterpenoid dimers from Ganoderma cochlear and their cytotoxic and COX-2 inhibitory activities. (+)- and (-)-Spirocochlealactones A-C (1-3), three pairs of new spiro meroterpenoidal dimeric enantiomers together with one known compound ganodilactone (4), were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma cochlear. Their structures including absolute configurations were assigned by using spectroscopic methods and ECD calculations. All the isolated compounds were tested for their COX-2 inhibitory and cytotoxic activities toward human cancer lines (A549, K562, and Huh-7). The results show that all the compounds could inhibit COX-2 with IC50 values in the range of 1.29 to 3.63 μM. In addition, (+)-spirocochlealactone A and (+)-ganodilactone were found to be moderate activities against human cancer cell line A549 with the IC50 values of 7.14 and 9.47 μM, respectively.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Monday, September 19, 2011 The Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (ATAS) held its annual awards show last night. Last year, I looked at the Emmys' structural badness and historical oversights in Part I, then covered all the major nominees and nominations in Part II and Part III. Many of those shows were nominated again this year, so going into this year's slate in any detail will only run the risk of repeating myself too much. Funnily enough, I do want to repeat myself and then add a few comments about Modern Family, but only after some stray thoughts about pleasant surprises and expected but still unfortunate disappointments this year. A friend and I found ourselves chatting over the nominees last night, before the awards started, and both of us thought Melissa McCarthy (an overweight woman) and Peter Dinklage (a dwarf) were a lock to win. Neither of us thought them undeserving, far from it. Dinklage has been hilarious in Elf, 30 Rock and Death at a Funeral, and he was a compelling and powerful lead in The Station Agent. Although I haven't seen enough of him in Game of Thrones, what little I have caught appears to be some of his best work. McCarthy's received fewer plaudits over the years, but she provided an irreplaceable comedic and emotional cog in Gilmore Girls for the entire series run, something for which she was wrongly overlooked. What struck us as funny was that we, independent of each other, both looked past these two actors' undeniable strengths and just assumed that they'd win just as much for their gimmick social value. The actual probity of ATAS voters is so dubious that even what should be a mortal lock on a talent level, in Dinklage's case, seems likelier only if you attach an unnecessary political rider to the vote. You can easily imagine an avatar of the perfect ATAS voter — doesn't watch much beyond network fare, three-camera sitcoms, cop procedurals and primetime soaps — thinking that Dinklage was a lot worse than someone else, somehow, then voting for him because, "Voting for a dwarf makes a statement about the ATAS." Or, in McCarthy's case, "We need to reaffirm positive self-images in heavy women, so let's go with her."I've long been a strong supporter of Baseball Hall of Fame voters being required to submit ballots with their names on them, just because baseball statistics allow us to see just how objectively earth-shatteringly wrong they are. If you want to be wrong, you should have to own up to it in public. If you honestly think Jim Rice was a better overall player than Tim Raines or that Jack Morris was a better pitcher than Bert Blyleven, you should face the torrents of hate mail you so richly deserve until you resign your ballot and skulk away like a shivering cur. Likewise, the ATAS should require 500 words of rationale per category, just so morons aren't allowed the privilege of anonymity anymore. If you can't explain your vote sensibly, in 500 words, as to why a show is the Best Drama of all, people should put the leeches and the Nikki Finke's on you. Doing so might result in satisfactory explanations for why: • Jim Parsons wins anything, when his job as an actor is to play someone who neither understands nor cares about emotion, empathy, motive, etc. — all the stuff an actor reacts to and exhibits — thus almost guaranteeing that other contenders for the same nomination are doing far more work at far more risk of exposing their shortcomings;• Steve Carell never won an Emmy for the role of Michael Scott;•Mad Men can be the Best Drama for four years in a row, yet apparently no actor on the show is good enough to win a single award;• Friday Night Lights — a consistently excellent show over its five-year run — goes without nominations for writing or acting until its last two years, then wins for writing and Best Actor in its last year, without any significant increase in quality. Aside from Dinklage and McCarthy, the only genuine highlight of the night was Margo Martindale winning Best Supporting Actress in a Drama for her role of Mags Bennett on Justified. Mags is an actress' dream: a manipulator, murderer, mother, mob boss, moonshiner, defender of civic spirit, public Iago; she is capable of reasoning with the law to keep it at bay and shaking with violent spilled-over rage. Even if Justified seems to occupy a foreign country at times — and already shows signs of FX-series disease, with principal characters apt to flip-flop motivations, passions and allegiances multiple times if things last more than another season or so — she absolutely nailed that character and brought it a creeping and powerful sense of danger. As said, much of the rest of the show was expected. Scorsese was nominated and won for being Scorsese more than anything (subsequent episodes inevitably stray from or betray pilots, eventually making the creator's one-hour stab at tone dated even by the second season); Downton Abbey and Mildred Pierce dominated the "Stately British Shit" and "Old Period Shit" categories, and all the other comedy awards went to the comedic, creative and social menace that is Modern Family. I wrote quite a bit about Modern Family last year, and there's no sense in either rephrasing it or trying to insert added observations in what is already a self-contained essay. So at the risk of seeing something old again, I placed what I wrote last year between the line breaks below: ___________________ I don't think I "get" the show, but that's probably because I'm a fan of comedy. What I get even less is reviewers' compulsion this year to fall all over themselves in praise of it as an original and hilarious piece of work. And it's neither. But what's interesting is that even its name tells you the former. It's a story you've seen a bunch of times before, but it's modernized. Take every convention of big-family sitcoms and add jokes about iPhones, May-December marriages that produce children, gluten-free meals, Bieber and OnStar, and there you go. Ed O'Neill plays a sixtysomething patriarch married — with no credible explanation — to a smoking-hot Latina thirty years his junior. They have a fat dopey kid, from her previous marriage. From his previous marriage, O'Neill's character has a daughter (married to a complete putz, with whom she had a bitchy worldly older girl, a girl who's "still a girl," and a boy) and a son, who's gay and married to a fat gay man, with whom he adopted a child. O'Neill doesn't sufficiently respect his wife's culture, nor does he understand his fat, dopey sensitive step-son. He also doesn't understand why his daughter married a total goober, nor is he really fully comfortable with his son being gay, although he tries. A lot of this information is revealed in confessional moments one-on-one with the camera. There you have it: O'Neill's a slightly nicer Archie Bunker, who married one of these hispanics who frightened him and sired one of the gays that confused him. His version of All in the Family gets filtered through the saccharine dynamic of having tons of kids everywhere that recalls the Brady Bunch, the doomed earlier Parenthood series or Eight Is Enough. Finally, when the producers are worried that you can't understand the complex layers of two or even three ideas per episode, they have the characters tell you exactly what they feel about exactly what is bothering them. So in that respect, it's The Office written by eighth graders, for eighth graders. Of course, I realize now I could just have said, "It's The Real World." However, the Office comparison springs to mind in large part due to the character of the putz son-in-law. Actor Ty Burrell is saddled with two problems in the putz role. First is that the makeup department of the show seems determined to make him gray. Like, it looks like he has a terminal blood disorder. Second is that he's Michael Scott working from a home office. He's oblivious, emotionally needy, chronically unfunny, meddlesome and aching to sound or look hip. Replace the cast of The Office with children supposedly sired by Michael Scott, and the shows would be identical in this respect. It's too bad, because Burrell seems game and talented, but he's being asked to replicate a role already being filled on another hit show that's still currently running. There's really not much to be said about the character of the bearded ginger gay son [Mitchell], played by Jesse Tyler Ferguson, except that I hope the gay community is glad they finally have their own Timothy Busfield. The character offers a bold step forward by finally having the guts to portray a gay man as brittle, fussy, obsessive-compulsive, judgmental and completely ignorant of anything about sports. But don't think it's a stereotype, because he's married to a fussy, panicky flaming queen with ridiculous hair, who really breaks the stereotypical mold by having another vector for gay jokes also be a vector for fat jokes, hair jokes and clothing jokes. I'm looking forward to the day that we can all finally acknowledge that some gay men are manly, physical, familiar with sports and oozing with confidence while preferring to have sex with men. And that day is in 2001, when Six Feet Under premiered and made all this mincing-prancing silk-robed spastic "fag" characterization come off like a cheap comedy crutch of homosexual minstrelsy. Modern Family is a triumph of mediocrity, glossed with handheld camera work, no laugh track and the confessional format that have all become hip in recent years. The gay people are caricatures, and the hispanic woman shrieks, "Ay, Papi! Madre di Dios!" and the kids all speak like adults. There might have been a wacky neighbor in the early mix, but the producers just made him part of the family instead. Somebody dressed up a standard three-camera laugh-track sitcom with a bunch of neat devices that make it seem more sophisticated than it is, for about five minutes, until you realize that you're watching every conventional family sitcom for the last 20 years. Gawker almost nailed it when they said, "Modern Family is Arrested Development for the Hard-of-Thinking," but it really seems much more like a merging of Will & Grace and The White Cosby Show for people who desperately want to seem sophisticated without going to all the extra work of getting jokes. ___________________ When this series came roaring back this year on the strength of its Emmy wins, it immediately set to work crafting the same treacly plots and soft-stereotyping in a weightless Brady Bunch universe. Every family gathering is celebrated with a full quorum of relatives, and everyone races each other in different cars to the party, learning valuable lessons along the way and almost getting in wacky car accidents. And just in case you're too busy staring slackjawed at shiny nickels you accidentally dropped on your coffee table to understand or notice those lessons, a confessional scene will explicitly lay out each lesson and conclusion for you without any risk of ambiguity or human complexity. The Aspergian character Abed on NBC's Community laid out the principles of these confessionals in a "Intermediate Documentary Filmmaking," a mockumentary episode that show ran this year: It's easier to tell a complex story when you can just cut to people explaining things to the camera.... After a while it can become cramped, chaotic and stinky.... You can always wrap it up with a series of random shots, when cut together under a generic voiceover, to suggest a profound thematic connection. I'm not knocking it. It works. It would be surprising if these comments weren't a shot at Modern Family, which uses all of the shortcuts of mockumentary without taking any of the risks it permits to expand its universe or introduce greater complexity. Its reliance on mockumentary presents an entirely explanatory format: it exists to tell you how the cameras saw what they saw and, when in doubt, leadenly emphasize that you just heard what you needed to hear. Community, of course, only did one such episode, mastering it in 22 minutes, before returning to its more challenging conventional narrative format that has already created far more indelible characters in the same amount of time. And while Community is certainly a gimmicky show, it changes its gimmicks on virtually a per-episode basis, relying instead on the wit and attention of the audience to understand densely layered allusions in a conventional but less patronizing narrative structure. Of course, it has won only a Creative Arts Emmy and been nominated for zero others. But Modern Family has worse problems, alluded to above. It wants to seem progressive for having interracial and gay marriages and adoption, but both of these plot elements are usually played for negative, non-inclusive, exotic and "othering" laughs. Ed O'Neill's patriarch Jay winces at the actions of his gay son and shows muted contempt for his Columbian wife Gloria's devout Catholicism, as well as zero interest in her native cooking. When he proposes that they travel to her old home in Columbia, she assumes that it will only confirm his stereotypical vision of it as provincial, impoverished and stupid. At the same time, Gloria's son Manny serves a dual function of being fat, foreign and artistically nerdy. He's occasionally successful with the ladies, living out a kind of Latin lover stereotype that his flabby body and pointy-headed passions bely. The poor bastard is literally The Other: not from here, not built like "normal" people, not interested in what "normal" people are interested in, prone to talking funny. Point at him and pick a reason to laugh. The gay characters fare little better. The Otho-from-Beetlejuice-haired Cameron exists as a seasons-long laugh line about how funny it is that gay people are silly queens in silk robes and bad hair, screeching their way through a nightmare existence where you can find spiders on the kitchen floor and not find the right kind of organic fruit at Trader Joe's. His partner Mitchell gets trapped in a princess house that he tries to build for their daughter, although, goddamn does he ever kill it when he takes part in a flash mob performing "Free Your Mind." Gay people might not be able to build shit, but they love choreographing big dance numbers. Even when the show tries a mid-episode lesson about the "other," like when Cameron refuses to let their adopted Asian daughter take part in a racist commercial, it's quickly undermined: he walks off the set with the wrong Asian baby. They all look alike! It's hard to have any sympathy for a show that gets so much mileage out of "fat, foreigners and fags," because you can't regularly grab your punchlines from "look at them!—they're different!" without malice creeping into the equation. Perhaps this accounts for why the show is so stridently moral about its concluding confessionals. Each one makes sure to rubber stamp each character with the label "GOOD PERSON," to make the audience at home feel okay about laughing at them. Why, you at home are a good person, too. Now check out this preview for next week's episode where Blobbo Queer says something super gay. It also doesn't help that all this moralizing emerges from a completely weightless TV reality. For a show called Modern Family, it's economically indistinguishable from the unreal socioeconomic void of postwar television shows. The creators claimed that they drew their inspiration from talking about their families, and I suppose their vision might be 100% accurate if their goal were to showcase the modern families of successful TV producers who live in nice communities outside Los Angeles. In terms of resembling actual modern families, it's hopelessly backward even by the standards of The Simpsons or Roseanne, shows that are 21 and and 23 years old, respectively. No one wants for anything in Modern Family's safe, upper-middle-class sanitized universe. God help you if you could remember anyone's actual job even halfway through the first season. Jobs are things for some other era of families; here there is no want, because money is something never lacking. A lot of great TV is escapism, meant to distract and entertain, but in the midst of the second greatest economic crisis in the last century of American history, when 14 million people are out of work — which doesn't account for chronic underemployment or people lost from the system — there's hardly a nod to any of the hard choices faced by families, even in a show with three different ones to choose from. If all the series' obvious old TV influences and borrowings didn't already give the lie to its name, then its almost total irrelevancy to the stakes of real people in the present day certainly does. Compare all this, then, to the #1 most hosed series of this year's Emmy awards, the pitch-perfect Parks and Recreation. Not only does it have a sweet love story between two twentysomethings, a sweet love story between two thirtysomething careerists, a mustachioed but empathetic super-masculine beef- and scotch-enthusiast in sweaters, a would-be hip hop entrepreneur and his buddy Jean-Ralphio and his consultant (former NBA player) Detlef Schrempf, but the show manages to be hysterically funny without being mean. It might be the nicest show on television, even vying with daytime fare where consultants help resolve marriages between single moms and absent dads. Sure, one character (Jerry) plays the Cliff Clavin role of universal doormat (but everyone loves Jerry, too), and the show eschews cruel sitcom zingers and repeated "othering" for the sake of finding comedy in a group of people who are obliged to work together but also still want to spend time with each other. It's no coincidence that co-creator Michael Schur's favorite show is Cheers, a sitcom that lasted 11 seasons by having people from all stations in life want to be together to find relief from their headaches and just be in each others' company. Yet, despite that Cheers formula, Parks and Recreation doesn't escape from reality and instead finds some of its best comedy there. Its government department is run by a Libertarian who would gladly see it eliminated, and a depleted budget in this stagnant economy almost destroys it. Meanwhile, everyone has to confront the irrational mob of humanity for which they work: people who refuse sensible ideas out of fear or ideology, people who make irrational demands no government can satisfy and people who show up at council meetings to drone varyingly outraged/insane/moving things into the microphone. Each character confronts the challenge of enhancing their city with essential services and imbuing it with pride, without the budget to do so. Each tries, in even small ways, to improve a community riven with division, distrust, a lazy media and diminished opportunities. It not only manages to be one of the funniest shows on television, but also the sweetest and the most real. On the other hand, you have Modern Family — to which it lost — a conventionally moralizing moral nullity that plays for mean gags in a noplace that neverwas. But at least it's familiar to voters, who have probably previously voted for all the shows to which it's deeply indebted. To borrow again from last year: This probably explains the ATAS's love for it. It's a show on a major network that breathes life into the clunky, predictable and bland comedies that so many of its members have probably written. It's periodically humorous without ever posing any danger of subversion or cleverness. It's about an unusual family, but they do normal TV family things, like pack up 20 people and all go to Hawaii together. (It's a wonder the producers didn't have them accidentally leave a cute kid named Kevin at home to fend off burglars.) And in case the humor gets too arch by venturing outside the safe realm of jokes about the fat kid, or the sensitive kid, or the fat gay man or the thin gay man or the dad identical to Michael Scott or Ed O'Neill's old fart, there's a confessional at the end with heart. How do you know? Because the characters directly tell you that they have heart. Modern Family isn't just unfunny, it declines even to be rigorous about it. 32 comments: Am I the only one who thinks Sofia Vergara's vocal inflections in this show are intentionally played up just in case the viewer didn't get the fact that she's supposed to be a fucking Colooooooombian? Like the powers that be decided that she needed to more closely resemble the stereotypical speech patterns that middle class white people assume all Hispanic Americans adhere to? She's like the Colombian Apu except played without any intentional irony. I saw this show by accident, the by-product of not knowing what the hell is on teevee and just surfing around, which I really have to fix someday, and was torn between disgust and boredom. And they fucking threw awards at this shit? Speaking of Ed O'Neill, I'm interested in either your or (more likely to be written) Brendle's take on John From Cincinnati, because one has to get into rather dicey analysis of seasons that never got made based on internet rumor and Milch's comments made in interviews, which may contradict the Death of the Author ethos to which I'm sure Brendle is a subscriber. But to address your points here, I just watched Breaking Bad instead. I'm surprised you actually bothered watching Modern Family enough to form such a well-informed opinion on it. Your wife must like it or something. By the way, you never addressed my comment about Mad Men on your last Emmy blog. All Hail the Dictator for Life, Savior of the Nation, and Defender of the People. The people (i.e. me and my wife, who I will share this with later) thank you for giving us exactly what we want, which, in this case, is an idea of whether or not Modern Family is a good show. Apparently, the short answer (in the style of The Critic) is "It Stinks", and the people thank you for your comprehensive analysis of the general suckitude of Modern Family. We can safely cross it off the list of shows that we'll ever want to Netflix (or Qwikster, as the case may be). With every person of otherwise good taste who recommends it, I'm getting more and more convinced that Community has an alternate audio track with good jokes hidden on the SAP channel and nobody's letting me in on the secret. I like Modern Family. Not in any kind of passionate, devotee-type fashion, but enough that it bears mentioning as a way of admitting potential bias. That, along with my TV consumption habits (80% of my TV watching comes via DVD) means I'm in the unenviable, and admittedly self-inflicted, position of potentially bringing a knife into a gun fight here, because I'm arguing against your argument having not watched a single episode of the show in 9 months. All that disclaimer shit out of the way, much of your argument against Modern Family is something I've heard before, mostly as it pertains to Glee, and it’s something I just don't really understand in this instance. I'm referring, of course, to the idea that these shows are attempting to seem progressive because "Look! We've got gay people and minorities and shit." but that progressiveness is negated because they just use these elements as props to point and laugh at. With Glee, that argument makes perfect sense, both because they literally have just about every minority group imaginable present and accounted for(indicating their desire to be "all-inclusive"), and because those characters are presented in full stereotypical glory. It's like the writers picked up an ethnicity multi-pac at Costco just so they could smash the contents of each individual bag to pieces. Modern Family is different, not because they treat their "other" characters with more respect than Glee does (they do, but we're talking a 3 vs. a 1 on a scale of 10), but because I don't think the inclusion of those "other" characters is something they are looking to be applauded for in the first place. A perfect example of how they aren't really trying came from one of the acceptances yesterday, in which they thanked the audience for praising the show's endeavors to promote tolerance by showing its ok for an older man to marry a hot woman. They aren't trying to seem progressive because they have a gay family. The gay family is an important part of the premise that there is "no one size fits all" modern family unit anymore. Their homosexuality makes perfect sense within the context of the show, and is not something thrown in for the sake of showing off how inclusive they are. In that context, the fact that both gay men cater to different portions of the overall gay stereotype also makes sense. I can appreciate the desire that Hollywood was capable of creating (more) gay characters that didn't scream their sexual orientation out to the world via neon letters on their forehead or in their speech. The presence of such a character in the show would be exceedingly noble. But it would also be exceedingly boring, in the same way that you and I (perhaps moreso the latter) are exceedingly boring. The show requires characters that are interesting, and though it may reveal some sort of hidden nastiness about society, the gay stereotype is significantly more interesting than a normal guy who is gay. What it seems like you are looking for is a straight man (in the comedic sense) who is also gay, but there are no straight men in Modern Family. All the characters, except perhaps the father, are characters that are different, and all of them are outlandishly so. The laughs resulting from any manipulation of these differences are certainly cheap, and if that's not your cup of tea, that's fine. Personally, I can put up with them without enjoying them all that much because I think some of the set pieces are fantastic. And besides, even as Modern Family creates their "other" characters, I don't think you give them enough credit for how they treat that "other". For example, you talk about the fat Hispanic kid and how they point and laugh at him for this, and then write off the fact that he is successful with the ladies because, and I'm paraphrasing, "that doesn't make sense". Isn't that the point? The kid is overweight, and instead of them utilizing his attempts to woo women as another opportunity to make fun of his obesity, instead they flip it on its head. Is that not exactly the type of "against the grain" thinking in regards to these stereotypes that you are looking for? Are they not communicating, repeatedly, that just because this kid has weight problems doesn't mean he can't still be capable of romance and seduction (as much as a 12 year old can, at least)? Or, going back to the gay characters, you specifically list out four attributes that Hollywood would never associate with a gay man without making mention that one of the two gay characters actually fills out 3 of the 4. Sure, he's fat and ridiculously, flamingly homosexual, but he loves sports, used to play football, stands up for himself via physical confrontation, and is exactly the type of self-assured person you seem to be looking for. No, he's not manly at all, but the marriage of these three attributes not normally associated with gay men to someone who is obscenely and obviously gay actually does more to remove the "other" label from homosexuality than your version of the "strong, silent gay". The overall goal here isn't "We should be tolerant of gay people because some of them are just like you and me except they like to sleep with their own sex." The goal is "it doesn't matter if a guy is the most stereotypical homosexual on the face of the earth, he's still a person that cannot be fully defined by the stereotype." Only once you get the general population to accept the truth of the second statement (along with the requisite "we shouldn't dislike someone because they are different" logic associated with it) will any true progress be made. If Modern Family is trying to be anything more than just a successful comedy, then its message is not that the “other” doesn’t exist. The message is that the “other” doesn’t mean anything, and that we all struggle with figuring that out. That’s why there’s a fat kid who successfully woos women, or a flaming fag who played football. You point out the scene with Cameron and his Asian baby as an attempt to teach the world about why the “other” is wrong which is undermined because he takes home a different Asian baby (a scene I’ve never seen, by the way, so I’m relying purely on your short description), but can’t that also be seen as a lesson, too? I mean, here’s a fat, flaming gay, subjected to just about all the “othering” possible in the world, he sees his daughter being used as a tool in this type of behavior, tries to put a stop to it, only to be guilty of the behavior himself? Having not witnessed this in person, I can’t speak about it with full confidence, but it seems to me the irony of that moment is the actual lesson. It’s one thing to think of the “other” as bad ideologically, and another thing altogether to completely remove the concept from your thought process.If you don’t like Modern Family because they make fun of character traits that shouldn’t be inherently funny, because those traits are inherently funny to the ignorant masses (i.e. taking advantage of the cheap laugh), that’s fine. As I said before, I can deal with them because I think the show has more than that going for it. If you want to criticize the show’s technique and plot lines as easy, lazy, and duplicative of all the stuff that came before, I can’t really argue with that. But the parts of your argument regarding Modern Family’s place as a champion of tolerance and progressive thinking are misplaced, both because you’ve not acknowledged any portions of the show that fly in the face of your argument, and because the very mantle you are taking away from them was never something they wanted. It’s a classic straw man, except you didn’t have to build it up yourself because somebody else built it for you. I can pretty much guarantee that when Modern Family’s creators came up with the show, “It preaches tolerance for “other” characters” was pretty low on the list of priorities behind “We think this is hilarious” and “We think it will make shit tons of money”. I see where you're coming from, and you may be right that I'm imputing progressive motives to the producers that they don't have. In my defense, I will say three things. One, that at least I'm in good company, since that seems to be a common element of critical appreciation for the show. Two, that even if my doing so offers a bad critique of the show, it works then as a good criticism of other critics' appreciation of the show and a good basis for why it still shouldn't get the accolades it does. Three, citing comedy writers making a joke about their progressiveness isn't really a good indicator of having zero progressive motives. It could just as easily be a good indicator of the opposite. After all, it's funnier to claim you're increasing awareness of how old dudes can have younger, hotter wives, because it's silly and because there are centuries of history to indicate the popularity of old and wealthy men bedding younger beauties. Right there, you're thumbing your nose at male privilege, while also being juvenile. More importantly, seriously claiming progressive moral bona fides only opens up more scrutiny and judgment (while alienating hidebound conservative viewers), officially pledging yourself to standards to which others can judge you while potentially denying yourself revenue streams. It's better to wink and joke and claim nothing, since critics love "subversiveness," and people are always delighted to find out that there's more there than meets the eye. Anyhow, onward: They aren't trying to seem progressive because they have a gay family. The gay family is an important part of the premise that there is "no one size fits all" modern family unit anymore.Or it could just be for cheap jokes. I'll get back to this in a bit, but a problem with your reply here is that it relies on contradictory premises. The show wants to make a statement that there is no "'one size fits all' family unit anymore," but it's not really a "progressive" show because it's all about cheap gags, except for when those cheap gags subvert expectations for a more progressive appreciation of characters. Okay. Moreover, if the above family premise were what they're going for, why is it almost totally socially homogeneous otherwise and economically homogeneous? I know comparing shit to The Simpsons is unfair, but this is a socioeconomic TV fantasyland that not only acts like Roseanne and The Simpsons didn't exist, but neither did Taxi or Barney Miller or Mary Tyler Moore. Basically, it's very easy to have a "one size fits all" family of pod people except for when you want a vector for gay jokes or lines about cocaine-snorting FARC militias. In that context, the fact that both gay men cater to different portions of the overall gay stereotype also makes sense. I can appreciate the desire that Hollywood was capable of creating (more) gay characters that didn't scream their sexual orientation out to the world via neon letters on their forehead or in their speech. The presence of such a character in the show would be exceedingly noble. But it would also be exceedingly boring, in the same way that you and I (perhaps moreso the latter) are exceedingly boring. The show requires characters that are interesting, and though it may reveal some sort of hidden nastiness about society, the gay stereotype is significantly more interesting than a normal guy who is gay.It's also significantly easier for bad writers to rely on than crafting a gay character without all the flamingly slapstick signposts of gayness. It also doesn't offer a soothing balm to viewers who are unsympathetic toward gay people and who can enjoy the show solely on a "hahaha look at those gay people!" mockery level. (This is a point I regret not emphasizing up top: that this show definitely gets to enjoy its cake and eat it too, when it comes to multiculturalism and sexuality, playing both for inclusiveness while also catering to demographics that will get off on their ridicule or humiliation.) Leaving aside the really loaded term "different portions of the overall gay stereotype" — in which, one supposes, the shrieking queen and the tightassed effete micromanager take the place of the panicky uneducated farm negro who screams that lightning is "Gawd in a mighty temper" and the slick spitshined Harlem pimp in the pantheon of "different portions of the overall black stereotype" — this is a really narrow simplification of human beings of any race or sexual preference and an indicator of bad writing, not good stuff. Your saying that creating a gay character that didn't scream his sexual orientation to the world would be boring is like saying nobody is interested in straight TV characters who aren't either Felix or Oscar. That's only true if the criterion is hewing to the terms of simpler TV structures that are already decades outdated. I don't think the inclusion of those "other" characters is something they are looking to be applauded for in the first place.... The laughs resulting from any manipulation of these differences are certainly cheap.... If you don’t like Modern Family because they make fun of character traits that shouldn’t be inherently funny, because those traits are inherently funny to the ignorant masses (i.e. taking advantage of the cheap laugh), that’s fine.... If you want to criticize the show’s technique and plot lines as easy, lazy, and duplicative of all the stuff that came before, I can’t really argue with that.... I can pretty much guarantee that when Modern Family’s creators came up with the show, “It preaches tolerance for “other” characters” was pretty low on the list of priorities behind “We think this is hilarious” and “We think it will make shit tons of money”.These are culled from throughout your response, but I think they do most of the work toward upending the two thoughtful paragraphs you have about Manny and Cameron. In them, you talk about how the fat kid being successful in love and the really effeminate gay guy being good at football subverts our expectations and tells us that the show isn't being exploitive of these characters but rather thoughtful and three-dimensional. At the same time, your main point and your concessions throughout assert that the show has no pretensions to progressiveness, relies on cheap laughs, probably has a profit motive, and is "easy, lazy, and duplicative of all the stuff that came before." What you suspect they're doing with Manny and Cameron then is some tertiary-level irony-and-subversion business that way exceeds the brief of a retread show looking for success and the easy gag. And in this case, the easy gag and Occam's Razor share a lot in common. A fat kid who thinks he's a Latin lover is funny; but a funnier gag is to have him be good at it. A fat effeminate gay guy is funny; but it's even funnier to picture him playing linebacker! It's even funnier if you can use that mental image to play "gotcha!" with Ed O'Neill's character and have him put his foot in his mouth. Even by the lights of your own argument, it's a lot easier to assume that they're doubling down on easy comedy than making any layered humanistic statement. Also, I went back and couldn't find any comment from you about Mad Men. Could you repost it. As for John From Cincinnati, you're definitely going to have to rely on Brendle for that, because I really don't want to devote any thinking to it. I can admit there aren't many holes in any of your responses, it's just a matter of how cynically one looks at the show and the writer's motivations. Where you see a show that takes the easy way all the time, I see a show that is capable of setting up a domino effect of comedy that indicates a certain level of intellect beyond the easy gags (I can't think of a specific example here, but remember watching a couple of episodes come together and being sufficiently impressed at the build up). Therefore, while I admit your Occam's Razor analoogy is a distinct possibility, I don't think it's the only viable option. It's simply a matter of perspective. The only point left to make is that I find our different cynicisms interesting. You don't believe the show's creators are capable of the type of deep and three-dimensional comedy I laid out, and yet hold it against them that they rely on any cheap gags in the first place. Meanwhile, I'm not cynical enough to think the authors are taking the easy way out all the time, and yet I am cynical enough to be willing to forgive them for the cheap gags that are in place because so many other successful comedies go that route a greater % of the time. Anyway, great writing as always, and thanks for the response. I take pride in the fact that my rebuttal wasn't stupid enough for you to truly eviscerate. First of all, fuck you for getting me to read all four of your Emmys posts when I had meant to get a bunch of writing done tonight. Just kidding, I love you. Great writing and great thoughts, all. Second, since you're more likely to respond here than on an old post let's talk sitcom pilots. From the way-too-many I've seen, I think I can name 8 great ones: Arrested Development, Community, Cheers, Newsradio, Taxi, The Larry Sanders Show, The Office (the British one), and The Thick of It (the British one). Would love to hear any more that you think qualify. Would love even more to know: have you seen VEEP? New HBO show created by Armando Iannucci (The Thick of It, I'm Alan Partridge, etc.) starring Julia Louis-Dreyfus. It's the best sitcom pilot I've seen since Arrested. C.AThe only point left to make is that I find our different cynicisms interesting.Yeah, that's always funny, isn't it? I read a few message board discussions of this piece, and invariably reactions broke down, even among really sharp people, on the basis of fandom. I tried to like the show on a few different occasions, coming back at the behest of friends, and it just didn't work for me. It works for you. Into those gaps, I pour diminished expectations, and you probably pour willingness to interpolate from generous or favorable expectations. I'm no different with what I like. If I think a show is good and watch it falter, I'll find some way to explain away that shortcoming, even if it means attaching an improbable theory to what's probably just a bad episode. I do the same with books and shows as a whole. Just the other week, I rated a Simpsons book better than it was because I just tend to have really positive feelings about the Simpsons. Anyhow, I'm glad you enjoyed reading even if you disagreed. I enjoyed your rebuttal a lot because so much of the disagreement posts about popular stuff tend to come down to "OMG ur jealous probably because ur so stupid." I don't know why anyone would be nice to that. Of course, smarter and better adjusted people probably just ignore it. Anonymous said...First of all, fuck you for getting me to read all four of your Emmys posts when I had meant to get a bunch of writing done tonight. Just kidding, I love you. Great writing and great thoughts, all. Second, since you're more likely to respond here than on an old post let's talk sitcom pilots. From the way-too-many I've seen, I think I can name 8 great ones: Arrested Development, Community, Cheers, Newsradio, Taxi, The Larry Sanders Show, The Office (the British one), and The Thick of It (the British one).Sorry I fucked up your workflow. Great pilots, man, that's a good question. I agree with all the ones you named. I haven't seen the new Iannucci, but I'm looking forward to it. I'd think you'd have to put both Partridge pilots on there, since Knowing Me, Knowing You and I'm Alan Partridge were both great and essentially two different shows. Monty Python and Fawlty Towers both emerged pretty well fully formed. Futurama's was a cut above, and 30 Rock seemed busier and less funny at first, but looking back it unpacked a ton of stuff and improved on knowing the series—which is the antithesis of a lot of pilots. Archer's was fucking fantastic. And as much as I dislike Family Guy and South Park, both of those pilots came out swinging and really set the tone. I can't remember it, but I feel like Barney Miller's was probably pretty good. Ditto MASH, whose first three seasons or so were phenomenal. I feel like you have to be asking about comedy pilots, because you don't mention any dramas. But for the sake of argument, I'd nominate all the classic HBO shows—Wire/Deadwood/Sopranos—as well as Hill Street Blues, St. Elsewhere, Twin Peaks (if you can take it seriously), Law & Order (aired a few episodes into the season, but was still pretty much identical to the next 20 years, despite being filmed a year before all the other episodes of the season). And despite all the stupid lighting and slightly off pacing, the House pilot is pretty great. It sets up everything you need to know, all the beats and relationships and concerns, while being really funny. If it were shot in the same lighting as seasons two through four, it would look identical to all the other episodes. Good question, man. If it's any consolation, it's going to nag at me for hours now. Good call on Futurama. I had forgotten about that one despite rewatching it recently, and it's one of the best. And thanks for encouraging me to rewatch the MASH, Archer, Fawlty Towers, and both Partridge pilots, and check out Barney Miller (don't think I've ever even seen a full episode, embarassing!). I'm more of a sitcom nerd than a TV drama nerd, though I do love the pilots for Twin Peaks, The Wire, and Breaking Bad. Surprised you liked the Newsradio pilot so much, I'm one of the world's biggest Newsradio fans and I didn't love the pilot that much. Maybe it's just that it suffers in comparison to the brilliant first 3 seasons that followed. I think it introduces all the characters well and shows us what's funny about each of them, which is the most important thing in a pilot. My only gripe with it is that it spends too much time with departing manager Ed (Kurt Fuller), who we never see again. I thought of another great multicam pilot--"Lucky Louie," a show that I loved and apparently everyone else hated. Modern family is the best show ever. it is the one thing that brings my family together w/out us fighting. if you dont like the friggin show, don't frigging watch or reveiw it. thanks. ~peeved 14 year old I am going to come to your house and scream and beat your family, so it continues to fight and yell even when Modern Family is on. Stopping your family's suffering and pain to watch a show this bad is like interrupting a famine to eat a bowl of dysentery. I am going to fight your family. I am going to punch both of your parents in front of you. If you don't want to see somebody stomp a mudhole in your mom and dad, then walk them dry, don't read or comment on reviews you don't agree with.~awesome 81-year-old with a penis like a fire hose I'm with you, Modern Family is atrocious. I scratched my head the few times I've watched it and thought, in the 60s or 70s, it never would have made it to pilot. The writing sucks. The acting sucks. No redeeming qualities whatsoever. I don't know anyone who likes this show actually. Personally I think it's unwatchable. Sofia V is just doing a new rendition of Charo. It's been done, and Charo was original and funny 50 years ago. Et tu, Mr. Destructo? is a politics, sports and media blog whose purpose is to tell jokes or be really right about things. All of us have real jobs and don't need the hassle that telling jokes here might occasion, which is why some contributors find it more tasteful to pretend to be dead mass murderers.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
A Guantanamo judge has lifted a ban on military commission hearings at the island after an agreement was worked out with the Pentagon. The stay was issued after the prison commander banned the use of a separate boat to transport the judge to the hearings. For years, judges presiding over terrorism cases at Guantanamo traveled across the bay from an airstrip to the courthouse in a small Coast Guard speedboat, instead of a ferry used by other visitors including 9/11 families, prosecutors, defense lawyers and reporters. The use of the separate boat was designed to avoid compromising the trail by keeping the parties separate. In June, the Guantanamo Bay Detention Center commander abruptly banned the use of the speedboat, although the reasons were never made public, according to AP. Gitmo judge on prison nixing fastboat: "Am I going to fly down on a prop plane because they don’t like a ruling?"https://t.co/WNRVrgq5IY — Carol Rosenberg (@carolrosenberg) August 3, 2017 Army Colonel James Pohl and another judge presiding on a separate case said the ban interfered with their attempts to avoid mixing with witnesses and other case participants and could jeopardize attempts to ensure a fair trial. They said they should have been consulted before the ban and ordered future proceedings on indefinite hold. On Wednesday, however, Pohl lifted the stay, after the Pentagon agreed to pay the Navy base $300 for a separate boat to ferry the judge and his staff across the bay to Camp Justice where the trials are heard, according to the Miami Herald. Guantánamo prison commander punts to Pentagon on speedboat standoff with 9/11 judge - https://t.co/IqrnnvolQc#Gitmo — Montgomery Granger (@mjgranger1) August 1, 2017 The Pentagon’s “U-Boat proposal strikes the appropriate balance” between the prison commander’s “legitimate operational concerns” and the judge’s “interest in preserving the integrity of the proceedings and the independence of the Trial Judiciary,” Pohl wrote in his three-page decision issued Wednesday, according to the Miami Herald. The hearing of five men charged in the September 11 case will resume on August 21. The men have been detained at Guantanamo Bay prison for over 10 years. They were arraigned in May 2012 on charges including terrorism and nearly 3,000 counts of murder in violation of the law of war. If convicted, the five men face the death penalty. No trial date has been set. Read more In April, a group of military lawyers who work at the Guantanamo Bay prison sued the Pentagon over work and housing areas found to have dangerous levels of known carcinogens. Over the 15 years they’ve worked at the site, at least seven people have been treated or have died from cancer. In the lawsuit, they charged the US Navy with failing to properly investigate health hazards following reports of unusually high cancer rates at Camp Justice – the war court complex where legal teams work on the cases of alleged terror detainees, according to the McClatchy Washington Bureau. Camp Justice, which houses the lawyers and their aides in trailers, is built upon a former airstrip that was a jet fuel dumping site and is surrounded by older buildings that contain asbestos. A 2015 assessment found that “air samples tested positive for mercury and formaldehyde, and the soil samples tested positive for benzoapyrene – all carcinogenic substances,” according to the filing. The complaint claimed the Navy neglected to test 84 out of 100 units in the Cuzco trailers for formaldehyde. The presence of cancer-causing agents has long been a cause of anxiety among the military defense teams who represent terror detainees at the prison.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
New Brunswick and Canada Railway and Land Company The New Brunswick and Canada Railway and Land Company was chartered in or prior to 1856 by Act of the New Brunswick Legislature. In that year, it took over the St. Andrews and Quebec Railway Company, which had been formed in 1836. It acquired 10,000 acres for every mile built of a railroad between Fredericton and Trois-Rivieres; in other words, 1.6 million acres in total. The railway was leased to the Canadian Pacific Railway when the NBCRLC ran into financial difficulties, but its control remained of the land, which was leased in exchange of stumpage to various timber companies. The company was granted lands, among others, in the Restigouche River, the Miramichi River and the Tobique River watersheds, and it maintained a staff in Saint John, New Brunswick to oversee stumpage on its lands. When, during World War II, the British owners decided to sell, the firms that held leases were asked to buy them by general manager W.E. Golding, but all refused for one reason or another. In January 1942 Fraser Companies of Edmundston bought 85,652 acres on the Green River for $3.50 per; while in March 1942 D'Auteuil Lumber Co. bought 40,000 acres in the region of St. Francis for $3.42 per; in 1943, Fraser Companies paid $3.18 per acre for a 627,840 acre tract; close to 176,000 acres were sold a month later on the Restigouche for $4.03 to an Irving company; again a month later, 30,248 acres were sold at $2.18 per to Flemming and Gibson, who had been the lessees of the tract in counties Victoria and Carleton. Yearly taxation at the time was $2 per acre. Then, some time prior to March 1945, the Company, with its remnant 698,000 acres, was bought outright by Irving for $1.2 million. The net cost to him per acre was $1.50 an acre. References Bibliography Category:Defunct New Brunswick railways	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
My Fiancee and I decided to hold our wedding in this establishment (as well as staying there) because the package deal seemed very reasonable at 36, 500 Philippines Pesos (around $1, 200 Australian, US$775). The first shock was they informed us the package was now P41, 000, despite the fact that, to this day, the website still advertises P36, 500. You can read about it in their website, http:--www.gingooghotel.com- click on "packages". We proceeded despite the price amendment. I asked about the "lechon", which is a spit-roasted pig. They said it was 15 kg (33 lb.), enough for the bridal party and sponsors. As we had invited 100 guests, I enquired about an additional pig. Yes, they could arrange another 40 kg (88 lb) lechon pig for an additional P4, 500 (AU $146, US $94), PAID IN ADVANCE. So the total weight of pig meat came to 55 kg (121 lb), about half a kilo, more than a pound per person. Considering we had 8 apologies, and 2 guests had to leave immediately after the ceremony, 90 guests remained. Not to make too fine a mathematical point, that's 600 grams, or 1.34 lbs of meat per guest, and together with the rice, noodles and other foods (supposedly) included in the package, quite a substantial meal one would think. When the food arived I was given 2 small slivers of meat, perhaps 50 grams (2 ounces?). Almost half the guests got none at all. It became evident that the 40 kg pig did not make an appearance. The meat was already sliced when it arrived, and, seated at the bridal table, I was unable to see exactly what transpired. You need to understand that sufficient "Lechon Baboy" (spit-roasted pig) at a wedding is a cultural status matter, so my wife and her family were immediately subjected to (unspoken) shame. It was palpable. I waited until the next day to speak to management, who immediately attempted to put the blame on the family; "You know these are -mountain people- (an insult), and are known to take meat for later...". One of my Australian guests, who was seated near the door, said "nobody took anything out". Momentarily taken aback, the manager then proceeded to explain that a lot of weight is lost in the cooking process. "What, 40 kg?" I asked. No reply. Other things we did not receive: 1. Personalized Guest Book 2. Free Wine for Toasting 3. Overnight Stay for your Honeymoon (we were staying in the hotel, but were denied 1 free night's accomodation) Furthermore, I was charged P100 "corkage" because my mother-in-law brought in extra rice, as there was not enough to go around (like the lechon), and I was billed P60 because the celebrant judge asked for 7-up, not coke as in the package. I understand there probably is not much that can be done about this, but an establishment that is attempting to attract an international (western) clientele should understand there are certain rules and standards in play, and that if we enter a contract, albeit verbal, we expect delivery, especially if paid in advance.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
About US$ 1,000 Sovereign Savior Family Package - Sovereign Car Decal (5) - Sovereign Bracelet (5) - Limited Edition Sovereign T-Shirt (5) - Special Kickstarter Release of our Brown Leather Sandals with Black Tubular Nylon Strap. Estimated delivery Jun 2015	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Q: Android OOM Error, Loading multiple images I was looking at this answer over here, however it didn't really fix my problem. For some reason the manifest.xml doesn't overwrite my changes, even though I deleted my build folder. I am trying to load up 5 images on the screen, however even after optimizing them; they still run out of memory. I was watching a video that teaches image scaling. It did solved a small portion of my problem. I am able to load my background image, however I wasn't able to load my other 4 images. How can I optimize more efficiently? I was watching this video regards Bitmap optimization by Android, however I didn't understand much from it. Here is my source code MainActivity.java package com.example.cliente.myapplication; import android.content.res.Resources; import android.graphics.Bitmap; import android.graphics.BitmapFactory; import android.os.Bundle; import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity; import android.widget.ImageView; public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity { private static final float BYTES_PER_PX = 4.0f; ImageView backgroundImage, upImage, downImage, leftImage, alertImage; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); backgroundImage = findViewById(R.id.background_image); loadImage(backgroundImage, R.drawable.background); upImage = findViewById(R.id.up_arrow_image); loadImage(upImage, R.drawable.up); downImage = findViewById(R.id.down_arrow_image); loadImage(downImage, R.drawable.down); leftImage = findViewById(R.id.left_arrow_image); loadImage(leftImage, R.drawable.left); alertImage = findViewById(R.id.alert_image); loadImage(alertImage, R.drawable.alert); } private void loadImage(ImageView image, int imgSrc) { if (readBitmapInfo() > MemUtils.megabytesFree()) { subSampleImage(image, 32); } else { image.setImageResource(imgSrc); } } private float readBitmapInfo() { final Resources res = this.getResources(); final BitmapFactory.Options options = new BitmapFactory.Options(); options.inJustDecodeBounds = true; BitmapFactory.decodeResource(res, R.drawable.background, options); final float imageHeight = options.outHeight; final float imageWidth = options.outWidth; return imageWidth * imageHeight * BYTES_PER_PX / MemUtils.BYTES_IN_MB; } private void subSampleImage(ImageView image, int powerOf2) { if (powerOf2 < 1 \|\| powerOf2 > 2) { return; } final Resources res = this.getResources(); final BitmapFactory.Options options = new BitmapFactory.Options(); options.inJustDecodeBounds = false; options.inSampleSize = powerOf2; final Bitmap map = BitmapFactory.decodeResource(res, R.drawable.background, options); image.setImageBitmap(map); } } MemUtils.java package com.example.cliente.myapplication; public class MemUtils { public static final float BYTES_IN_MB = 1024.0f * 1024.0f; public static float megabytesFree() { final Runtime rt = Runtime.getRuntime(); final float bytesUsed = rt.totalMemory(); final float mbUsed = bytesUsed / BYTES_IN_MB; final float mbFree = megabytesAvailable() - mbUsed; return mbFree; } public static float megabytesAvailable() { final Runtime rt = Runtime.getRuntime(); final float bytesAvailable = rt.maxMemory(); return bytesAvailable / BYTES_IN_MB; } } A: So I had 2 errors to begin with. OOM (out of memory) exception, thanks too @Chisko, I used a library called Picasso to solve my problem. Another issue was Canvas: trying to draw too large... problem. Which I needed to move my images from drawable-mdpi to drawable-xxhdpi. Here is the solution to my problem: package com.example.cliente.myapplication; import android.os.Bundle; import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity; import android.widget.ImageView; import com.squareup.picasso.Picasso; public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity { ImageView backgroundImage, upImage, downImage, leftImage, alertImage; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); backgroundImage = findViewById(R.id.background_image); Picasso.get().load(R.drawable.background).into(backgroundImage); upImage = findViewById(R.id.up_arrow_image); Picasso.get().load(R.drawable.up).into(upImage); downImage = findViewById(R.id.down_arrow_image); Picasso.get().load(R.drawable.down).into(downImage); leftImage = findViewById(R.id.left_arrow_image); Picasso.get().load(R.drawable.left).into(leftImage); alertImage = findViewById(R.id.alert_image); Picasso.get().load(R.drawable.alert).into(alertImage); } }	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
It would be nice if projects were as easy to manage as a teddy bear. Image by estherase via Flickr I will honestly admit, I didn’t know what was meant by the fuzzy front end until I was looking for some resources about keeping custom application development on track. I had heard about the agile methodology and the scrum methodology, but I hadn’t heard the phrase the “fuzzy front end” until recently. Part of the reason I’m sharing this is because I’ve been in a situation where some of the tenants of what marks the fuzzy front end have reemerged towards the end of a project that I’m working on. It’s really scary because the fuzzy front end should really be the beginning of a project. For those involved with innovation, the fuzzy front end is that odd period of time at the very beginning of a project when you know that you have to do something and you are gathering all the requirements and desires about the project, prior to developing a project. What is interesting to me is that in the articles I have been reading about the fuzzy front end, almost all point out that the key activities that go on in the fuzzy front end are not always the same. More importantly, even within the same organization, this period of time does not happen with the same steps. Now, I’ve been in a project for a long time and I’m seeing a lot of the things that we were seeking answers for at the beginning of the project, occurring again right before we are ready to wrap up the project. After spending so much time trying to prepare for what was needed, a new wealth of ideas, concerns, and requests are flooding in. In reading material by Johan Frishammar and Henrik Floren titled “Achieving Success in the Fuzzy Front End Phase of Innovation“, they outlined 17 success factors. I’m well beyond the fuzzy front end, but I am finding out that several of their success factors are really good strategies to combat this second wave of input that feels a lot like I’m at the beginning again. The presence of idea visionaries or product champions – This success strategy that Frishammar and Floren outlined really harkens back to a person or persons who are forward thinking and can think of the large picture. I have found that a lot of the reasons why we are struggling to complete and we are re-evaluating stuff that was done years ago, is because the focus was now on the nitty-gritty details, and not the overall picture. I’m too in the trenches right now to be seen as the idea visionary or champion – so I had to bring in someone else to be that person – our CEO. The entire team had a discussion on the history of the project and how it is to fit into the bigger picture. It was a nice shot in the arm for some. An adequate degree of formalization – I haven’t heard too many stories of other nonprofits being really rigid in their structure, but I know that formalization varies from agency to agency. I tend to believe that I’m in an organization that is pretty darn flexible. While that is great for almost everything we do, it also makes project management difficult. As this project has had bumps in the road, we’ve had to put more formal methods of documenting what is going on into place. If this was done at the very beginning, and assignments given, it wouldn’t be seem as a band-aid for the situation. But now that we have identified the struggles we have had, putting in a structure has helped out. It is perfect to know that you are sending out minutes of meetings outlining decisions that were made. It gives a formal outline of what was done and tangible proof of agreements. Project management and the presence of a project manager – It was hinted to in the last step that I identified. Now, I cannot stress how vital it is for someone to play this role. If you are struggling with a project and no one has really stepped up to be the leader in coordinating efforts, take the time to either identify the project manager, or take the lead yourself and be the project manager. It might mean more time on your side, but the group will gain traction and start moving forward again with just this simple change. Beneficial external cooperation with others actors – I believe that the agile methodology and the scrum methodology shows how a team can move forward a project in development. But if you are having new ideas or requirements arriving at the table, late in the game, it can be harmful. I believe that you are never going to build a project that satisfies every single persons need, but when new people are inserted into your group, if they know nothing, someone has to give them the guided tour. Someone has to educate the new member to where you are and how you are operating. If you get too many new members, your entire group changes and adjustments have to be made. I wish I could include every bell and whistle that is desired by every user, but it isn’t possible. What’s important is to get the most important and critical items, and know that it isn’t all going to happen. Project priorities – This success step can be awfully difficult to address if you are in a project that crosses between multiple departments. I like to compare this to when upgrading to a new version of Microsoft Office. There are some departments that the biggest concern is how different is Outlook. There are other departments that are more concerned if Word operates better. Of course you then have the accounting department that is all about Excel. When you have a mixed team working together on a project, each member is probably going to have a different priority. If you have to stop forward progress and identify what are the priorities of this project overall, then stop and do that. It gets everyone back on the same page and you combat the feeling that you are heading back to the Fuzzy Front End. I know that this is a process and also realize that while we near the end of this particular project, we are also nearing the beginning of the fuzzy front end again. It happens when you start mentioning “phase two” or “next version”. These aren’t bad things. But it can be a game changer if you cannot find a way to identify these items for this next cycle and find a way to close the project that you are on right now. I’m finding the reading about the fuzzy front end interesting and exciting. I want to learn a lot more about it because I know that as a nonprofit techie, I am going to really be involved with it more in the future.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
[Preoperative chemotherapy for advanced colorectal carcinomas--comparison of histological effect between UFT + leucovorin tablet and UFT alone]. The authors analyzed the histological effect of preoperative chemotherapy for 41 colorectal advanced cancer patients using resected specimens. Twenty patients in the UFT + LV group received 400 mg/day of UFT and 30 mg/day of leucovorin for 10-14 days just before the operations. Twenty-one patients with UFT alone received UFT 400 mg/day during the same period. Only one patient in the UFT + LV group developed the side effect of mild leukocytopenia. The histological effect of the UFT + LV group was superior to that of the UFT alone group (p = 0.03). The number of Grade 1a and 1b in the UFT + LV group was 14 (60.9%) and 7 (30.4%), while in the UFT group 16 (66.7%) and 2 (8.3%). Histological examination revealed no lesions which showed Grade 2 and 3 in both groups. There was the tendency for the histological effect in moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas to be superior to that in well-differentiated adenocarcinomas in both group. The histological effect in metastatic lymph nodes was superior to that in the original colorectal lesions in both groups. This suggests preoperative chemotherapy with UFT + LV and UFT could achieve the clinical down-staging of advanced colorectal cancer.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Just form in "self-utilized writers" on Google and you can see heaps of people to decide from. In addition, removing of the roots must be ruled out as a thing to consider. Do not cut the central chief, which is the main trunk. can outcome and eliminate balanced timber, hardwoods, softwoods, shrubs and vines. Meta Keywords: tree trimming austin, austin tree removal, tree trimming Meta Description: - Maintain all of your passwords and log-ins structured and quickly obtainable. Arborists are experts with certain knowledge in tree management.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Introduction ============ Genital infection with Chlamydia trachomatis ('chlamydia') is the most commonly diagnosed sexually transmitted infection (STI) in Europe \[[@r1],[@r2]\]. If left untreated, genital chlamydia infection can cause serious complications in both women and men, including pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy, tubal factor infertility and epididymitis \[[@r3]\]. Prevalence is generally highest in young adults \[[@r4]-[@r6]\]. A recent systematic review found estimates of prevalence in Europe and other high-income countries among sexually-experienced ≤ 26-year-olds ranged from 3.0% to 5.3% in women and 2.4% to 7.3% in men \[[@r7]\]. Chlamydia control activities vary across Europe, ranging from case management for diagnosed cases to opportunistic testing among asymptomatic individuals \[[@r8]\]. In England, in recognition of the public health importance of genital chlamydia infection, the National Chlamydia Screening Programme (NCSP) was introduced in 2003 and was active nationwide by 2008. The programme aims to reduce chlamydial infections and associated complications by detecting and treating asymptomatic infections through opportunistic screening. The NCSP recommends all sexually active under-25-year-olds be tested for genital chlamydia infection annually or on change of sexual partner (whichever is the most frequent) and those who test positive should be offered a re-test around 3 months after treatment \[[@r3]\]. Screening is accessible through a range of providers, which include general practitioners (GPs), pharmacies, contraception services, sexual health and reproductive services and pregnancy termination services \[[@r9]\]. In 2013, over 1.7 million chlamydia tests were carried out among 15--24-year-olds in both specialist sexual health services (genitourinary medicine clinics (GUM)) and non-specialist services with over 139,000 positive chlamydia results reported (hereafter 'diagnoses' refers to 'positive chlamydia results') \[[@r10]\]. Understanding changes in chlamydia tests and diagnosis will better inform us of the NCSP's effects on chlamydia infections and can facilitate programme evaluation in regards to both genital chlamydia prevalence and understanding related complications. Gaining an understanding of the NCSP's impact is also useful for other European countries considering the optimal approach to chlamydia control \[[@r11]\]. Annual data on testing and diagnoses are required for parameterisation of mathematical models which explore the effect of chlamydia screening on chlamydia prevalence. As acknowledged by authors of previous mathematical modelling studies of chlamydia screening, one of the limitations of current models is the availability of robust data on chlamydia tests and diagnoses in this context. A comprehensive overview of testing practices before and during NCSP implementation can also facilitate interpretation of trends in chlamydia-related complications. However, since 2000, national monitoring and surveillance systems that include reported chlamydia tests and diagnoses in England have evolved considerably \[[@r10],[@r12],[@r13]\] resulting in reporting gaps in the data. These gaps include non-reported data from specific years, settings or age groups; missing age and sex data; and referrals between settings. In this paper, we estimate chlamydia testing and diagnosis rates by age group among men and women aged 15 to 44 years between 2000 and 2012 using data from several datasets and a sample of GP records, combined with data-driven and evidence-based assumptions, to fill the gaps in these data. Our estimates of chlamydia testing and diagnosis rates are needed to provide robust data for mathematical models that can be used to evaluate chlamydia control activities. Methods ======= Data sources ------------ Data on chlamydia tests and diagnoses were compiled from several data sources. The data available varied according to the years and test settings covered and the extent to which data were provided by age group ([Figure 1](#f1){ref-type="fig"}). ![Schematic of available chlamydia activity data from national monitoring and surveillance systems in specialist sexual health services and non-specialist services, England, 2000--2012](eurosurv-22-30453-f1){#f1} Specialist sexual health services --------------------------------- Numbers of chlamydia tests and diagnoses carried out in specialist sexual health services were derived from the KC60 statistical return (2000--2008) and genitourinary medicine clinic activity dataset (GUMCAD, 2009--2012). Details of these datasets are reported elsewhere \[[@r12]\]. Briefly, the KC60 was a mandatory statistical return which provided an aggregated dataset of diagnoses and services delivered in specialist sexual health services in England up to 2008. Between 2000 and 2002 the number of tests were not recorded; diagnoses were broken down by sex but not age. Tests were included from 2003 and broken down by sex but not age; diagnoses were available by sex and age for uncomplicated chlamydial infections but not available by age for complicated chlamydial infections. GUMCAD, which was introduced in 2009, is a mandatory disaggregated data return of STI diagnoses and services provided submitted by all specialist services across England \[[@r12]\]. The number of tests and diagnoses are available by sex, age and sexual orientation. Non-specialist sexual health services ------------------------------------- Chlamydia tests and diagnoses made outside specialist sexual health services were derived from three nationally collated datasets: 1. NCSP statistical returns (2003--2011): a disaggregated return from testing venues of all chlamydia tests and diagnoses among 15--24-year-olds tested as part of the NCSP between 2003 and September 2012. 2. Aggregated laboratory return (2008--2011): this return captured data from all laboratories that collected tests and diagnoses among 15--24-year-olds reported from outside of specialist sexual health services and not as part of the NCSP between April 2008 and September 2012 (e.g. in hospitals or in GP settings not carried out as part of the NCSP). 3. Chlamydia Testing Activity Dataset (CTAD, 2012): CTAD is a disaggregated data return from laboratories that replaced the NCSP statistical return and aggregated laboratory return in 2012. CTAD captures all publicly funded chlamydia tests and diagnoses in England for all ages \[[@r10],[@r13]\]. Before the introduction of CTAD in 2012, national monitoring and surveillance systems in England did not cover chlamydia testing carried out among those aged 25 years and over attending non-specialist clinics \[[@r12],[@r13]\]. We therefore supplemented the datasets described above using data from the clinical practice research datalink (CPRD). CPRD comprises anonymised patient-level medical records of registered patients in a sample (ca 10%) of GPs across the United Kingdom (UK) \[[@r14]-[@r16]\]. Attendances for chlamydia tests and diagnoses among men and women aged 15--44 years between 2000 and 2011 were identified using a pre-defined selection of 'Read Codes' (diagnostic codes used in primary care, data not shown). Duplicate codes within a 42-day period were considered part of the same episode and subsequently excluded. With the exception of data from CPRD, estimates of testing coverage (number of tests as a percentage of the population) and diagnosis rates (number of diagnoses per 100,000 population) were calculated using population denominators provided from the Office of National Statistics \[[@r17]\]. Testing and diagnosis rates reported in CPRD were calculated by dividing the number of tests and diagnoses by the person-years contributed by the registered practice population in each year by sex and age group \[[@r14]\]. Data and evidence base to address the known limitations of national monitoring and surveillance systems ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- After combining the datasets, we made a series of adjustments to resolve gaps in the data and calculate minimum and maximum plausible estimates of chlamydia testing coverage and diagnosis rates for each age group by sex and year in both specialist and non-specialist services ([Figure 2](#f2){ref-type="fig"}). We define adjustments to the data as modifications (as described below) rather than statistical adjustments. The datasets were adjusted to account for missing age and sex variables, differences in case definitions (complicated and uncomplicated chlamydial infections), referrals between non-specialist and specialist services, and missing data for certain years. Some adjustments to the data could be undertaken using more than one possible method. To justify the methods used, sensitivity analyses, statistical tests and comparisons to other research were used ([Table 1](#t1){ref-type="table"}). ![Flowchart summarising combinations and adjustments to the data from specialist sexual health services and non-specialist sexual health services to construct plausible minimum and maximum estimates of chlamydia tests and diagnosis rates by sex and age group, England, 2000--2012](eurosurv-22-30453-f2){#f2} ###### Rationale for methods used for adjustments to the data for estimating numbers of chlamydia tests and diagnoses by age group and sex, before and during the implementation of the National Screening Programme, England, 2000--2012. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Adjustment and adjustment number^a^ Assumption Data and evidence base for assumption ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Reallocation of complicated chlamydia diagnoses into age groups.\ Assumes that the age distribution of diagnoses for complicated chlamydia in 2000 to 2008 was equivalent to that seen for uncomplicated chlamydia during the same period. 1\) A Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to statistically compare the uncomplicated and complicated chlamydia diagnosis distributions. This test showed no significant difference between distributions.\ Adjustment number: 1 2) Alternatively, we could have reallocated complicated diagnoses captured between 2000 and 2008 according to the distribution of complicated diagnoses found in 2009. However, the results of a sensitivity analysis showed limited difference between methods (maximum percentage difference of 0.3% (range of 0.04--0.3%)). Reallocation of tests between 2003 and 2008 according to the age group distribution in 2009.\ Assumes that the age distribution of tests between 2003 and 2008 was equivalent to that seen in 2009. The rationale for this is based on two other observations:\ Adjustment number: 1 1) The age distribution for chlamydia diagnoses coming from specialist services between 2003 and 2008 were comparable to the age distribution of diagnoses in 2009 (ANOVA test non-significant).\ 2) There was no variation in the age distribution for chlamydia tests coming from specialist services between 2009 and 2012 (ANOVA test non-significant). Imputing data for 15 to 24-year-olds before 2008 and for \> 24--year-olds before 2012 in non-specialist services.\ Assumes that all testing in non-specialist services for 15--24-year-olds before 2008, and in \> 24-year-olds before 2012 followed a similar trend to that found in GP services. We considered it a reasonable assumption that any changes seen in GP settings would also be reflected in other non-specialist services.\ Adjustment number: 2 Alternatively, we could have based this on the trend seen in specialist services. However, results from an audit of waiting times in specialist services show large increases in access to specialist services over this period following the first National Sexual Health Strategy \[[@r18]\]. Increases in testing outside of specialist services are therefore unlikely to have been of the same magnitude. Imputing the number of chlamydia tests in specialist services between 2000 and 2002.\ Assumes a consistent trend in positivity over time from 2000 to 2008. This adjustment was based patterns seen within later years of the data. The trend in positivity on which this adjustment was made was calculated using 2003--2008 data, rather than 2003--2012, being the period before full implementation of the NCSP and the GUMCAD surveillance system, which may have led to some changes in the available data. Adjustment number: 2 Allowing for referrals from non-specialist to specialist services.\ Assumes a constant rate of referrals between non-specialist to specialist services between 2000 and 2012. Our assumption is consistent with a previous study \[[@r21]\], which reported a steady referral rate between 2000 and 2004 from GP settings into specialist services. Adjustment number: 3 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ANOVA: analysis of variance; GP: general practice; GUMCAD: Genitourinary Medicine Clinic Activity Dataset; NCSP: National Chlamydia Screening Programme. ^a^Adjustment number refers to the numbers found in the flowchart in [Figure 2](#f2){ref-type="fig"}. Unknown age group or sex ------------------------ Due to missing fields or aggregated reporting, tests and diagnoses could be reported without known sex or age group, therefore in these instances tests and diagnoses were reallocated according to the age and sex distributions seen in each year (see adjustment number 1 in [Figure 2](#f2){ref-type="fig"} and [Table 1](#t1){ref-type="table"}). Between 2000 and 2008, diagnoses coming from specialist services were coded as either 'uncomplicated' or 'complicated' chlamydia (i.e. complicated when diagnosed with chlamydial PID and epididymitis). Complicated chlamydia diagnoses were not reported by age group. Based on a two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the age distributions for 'complicated' and 'uncomplicated' chlamydia diagnoses in specialist services between 2009 and 2011 were not significantly different (borderline, p = 0.053). We therefore assumed the distributions were not significantly different between 2000 and 2008 and the 'complicated' diagnoses were reallocated into age groups according to the age distribution of 'uncomplicated' diagnoses. Between 2003 and 2008, chlamydia tests in specialist services were reported by sex but not by age group. We therefore reallocated tests reported during this period into age groups according to the age group distribution of tests in 2009. This is based on analysis of variance tests (ANOVA) showing a non-significant difference between the age distribution of diagnoses between 2003 and 2012 (p = 1.0) and a non-significant difference between the age distribution of tests between 2009 and 2012 (the years where tests by age were reported, p = 0.9). Non-reported data: age group ---------------------------- During the analysis period, there are two major gaps in reporting where no data were collected through national monitoring and surveillance systems: (i) Before 2003, the number of chlamydia tests in specialist services were not collected; and (ii) in non-specialist services, data on chlamydia tests and diagnoses were incomplete before 2012, this included non-reported data for 15--24-year-olds before 2008 and for \> 24-year-olds before 2012. To produce plausible estimates of total activity during these periods we imputed these data (see adjustment number 2). Firstly, in order to impute the number of chlamydia tests in specialist services between 2000 and 2002, we used logistic regression to estimate the linear trend in positivity (percentage of chlamydia tests resulting in a positive diagnosis) between 2003 and 2008. Using the trend in positivity observed between 2003 and 2008, we predicted the positivity for 2000 to 2002. The model-predicted positivity trends were applied to the estimated diagnoses in order to estimate the numbers of tests in each year and age group from 2000 to 2002. Secondly, we constructed minimum and maximum estimates of chlamydia testing coverage and diagnosis rates carried out in non-specialist services for 2000 to 2011 to allow for the uncertainty arising from non-reported data. Minimum estimates of chlamydia testing coverage and diagnosis rates were based on data available in the datasets (NCSP statistical returns and aggregated laboratory returns), combined with test and diagnosis rates derived from GP settings (CPRD) in those years where data were incomplete. To estimate maximum activity in non-specialist services, we used Poisson regression to estimate trends in test and diagnosis rates in the period where data from non-specialist services were incomplete or not reported. We then applied these model-estimated incidence rate ratios to the most recent 'complete' year of non-specialist services data (2008 for 15--24-year-olds; 2012 for \> 24-year-olds). Referrals from non-specialist to specialist services ---------------------------------------------------- Individuals cannot be followed between non-specialist and specialist services in the datasets as different identifiers are used. Since 2012, a diagnostic code to indicate referrals from non-specialist services with a chlamydia diagnosis into specialist services was introduced (C4X code) \[[@r18],[@r19]\]. We calculated the proportion of referrals in 2012, which ranged from 3.8% to 15.6% by age group. In both the minimum and maximum estimates of activity in specialist services, testing coverage and diagnosis rates were adjusted to allow for potential duplication between services, based on the proportions of referrals in 2012, assuming the rate of referrals was constant across the period (see adjustment number 3). While it is feasible that this has changed, this was considered a reasonable assumption as Hughes et al. reported a steady referral rate of 10% in 2000 to 2004 from GPs into specialist services \[[@r20]\], which is similar to the overall referral rate calculated for 2012 (8.4%). Men who have sex with men ------------------------- This dataset was compiled with an aim to mathematically model heterosexual transmission of chlamydia. MSM were therefore removed from the minimum-activity estimate for specialist services (see adjustment number 4). Sexual orientation is not available for tests and diagnoses outside of specialist services, so this could not be adjusted for. Results ======= [Figure 3](#f3){ref-type="fig"} shows the chlamydia testing and diagnosis rates by services according to the years and age groups before adjustments were made to the data. ![Reported rates of chlamydia tests and diagnoses captured in specialist sexual health services and non-specialist services by sex and age group, Panels A), C) and E) show tests; Panels B), D) and F) show diagnosis rates, England, 2000--2012](eurosurv-22-30453-f3){#f3} [Table 2](#t2){ref-type="table"} shows the compiled data sources for all genital chlamydia testing and diagnosis activity by age group and sex. ###### Minimum and maximum estimates for chlamydia testing coverage and diagnosis rates in 15 to 44-year-old women and men across all service types. ---------- ---------- -------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- Chlamydia testing coverage in women (per 100 persons) Chlamydia testing coverage in men (per 100 persons) Minimum estimates Maximum estimates Minimum estimates Maximum estimates 15--19-year‑olds 20--24-year‑olds 25--34-year‑olds 35--44-year‑olds 15--19-year‑olds 20--24-year‑olds 25--34-year‑olds 35--44-year‑olds 15--19-year‑olds 20--24-year‑olds 25--34-year‑olds 35--44-year‑olds 15--19-year‑olds 20--24-year‑olds 25--34-year‑olds 35--44-year‑olds Year 2000 3.1 5.5 2.7 1.1 9.7 11.1 5.4 2.4 1.1 2.9 2.0 0.8 2.0 3.9 2.5 1.0 2001 3.8 6.6 3.6 1.5 11.1 12.8 6.2 2.7 1.3 3.5 2.2 0.8 2.4 4.7 2.8 1.2 2002 4.8 8.5 4.3 1.9 13.0 14.9 7.0 3.1 1.6 4.4 2.6 1.0 3.1 5.8 3.3 1.4 2003 6.3 11.2 6.0 2.8 14.9 17.1 7.9 3.5 2.0 5.4 3.0 1.1 3.8 7.0 3.6 1.5 2004 8.5 14.1 7.3 3.6 16.8 19.3 8.9 3.9 2.4 6.2 3.5 1.3 4.7 8.1 4.3 1.8 2005 10.3 15.6 8.0 4.0 19.0 21.5 9.9 4.4 3.1 7.1 4.0 1.5 5.6 9.2 4.8 2.0 2006 11.1 16.3 8.2 4.1 21.2 23.8 10.9 4.9 3.5 7.8 4.3 1.6 6.8 10.4 5.4 2.2 2007 15.1 18.7 9.0 4.5 24.2 27.2 12.4 5.5 5.5 9.3 4.9 1.8 8.4 12.1 6.2 2.5 2008 27.3 30.4 9.9 4.8 27.3 30.4 13.8 6.2 10.2 13.4 5.3 2.0 10.4 13.9 6.8 2.8 2009 35.7 38.8 10.4 5.2 35.7 38.8 14.8 6.8 16.1 18.8 5.3 2.0 16.3 19.3 7.1 2.9 2010 43.0 43.3 10.4 5.2 43.0 43.3 16.0 7.5 23.9 23.3 5.4 2.1 24.0 23.9 7.5 3.1 2011 39.3 41.6 10.6 5.3 39.3 41.6 17.5 8.4 19.0 19.8 5.4 2.1 19.2 20.6 8.1 3.4 2012 33.9 39.9 19.2 9.3 33.9 39.9 19.2 9.3 14.2 18.2 7.7 3.0 14.5 19.2 8.8 3.7 Chlamydia diagnosis rates in women (per 100,000 persons) Chlamydia diagnosis rates in men (per 100,000 persons) Minimum estimates Maximum estimates Minimum estimates Maximum estimates 15--19-year-olds 20--24-year-olds 25--34-year-olds 35--44-year-olds 15--19-year-olds 20--24-year-olds 25--34-year-olds 35--44-year-olds 15--19-year-olds 20--24-year-olds 25--34-year-olds 35--44-year-olds 15--19-year-olds 20--24-year-olds 25--34-year-olds 35--44-year-olds Year 2000 891.1 1,043.1 256.7 56.5 2,488.6 1,909.5 502.6 113.3 235.7 621.8 268.1 78.8 387.1 815.7 343.4 113.5 2001 987.5 1,162.3 305.5 62.9 2,589.5 2,012.8 530.8 117.2 255.7 717.7 291.7 81.8 431.7 925.5 372.9 120.8 2002 1,130.7 1,293.3 311.3 67.0 2,756.4 2,182.7 548.9 120.2 318.6 849.1 330.6 87.8 519.3 1,088.3 412.1 129.4 2003 1,244.1 1,402.0 327.8 68.3 2,871.2 2,288.0 564.6 120.0 356.3 969.4 345.8 94.0 589.8 1,241.3 440.2 134.6 2004 1,508.3 1,538.9 344.7 73.4 2,952.0 2,388.4 572.3 118.4 424.5 1,108.8 390.5 94.8 674.9 1,383.8 490.9 138.5 2005 1,576.5 1,588.3 344.6 64.6 2,968.4 2,408.1 574.8 118.9 489.4 1,189.2 408.4 97.2 736.8 1,460.3 521.0 143.7 2006 1,594.2 1,568.0 340.3 68.7 2,954.7 2,417.4 581.6 115.0 535.0 1,267.3 439.2 103.8 811.2 1,572.9 565.8 155.2 2007 2,022.5 1,782.3 381.3 74.7 3,034.0 2,510.8 597.1 119.4 704.0 1,415.6 474.6 110.7 912.5 1,696.3 611.7 164.2 2008 2,979.6 2,516.9 379.3 68.4 2,979.6 2,516.9 604.0 117.3 946.9 1,716.1 477.6 105.4 957.6 1,751.5 632.6 163.7 2009 3,033.9 2,621.4 355.2 59.8 3,033.9 2,621.4 587.2 116.4 1,020.2 1,854.3 435.3 99.8 1,032.6 1,895.4 605.8 163.5 2010 2,972.8 2,598.7 318.9 61.5 2,972.8 2,598.7 566.2 115.8 1,049.4 1,879.1 416.3 94.5 1,063.8 1,928.0 606.0 163.2 2011 2,786.6 2,547.1 327.2 64.9 2,786.6 2,547.1 599.3 120.0 970.9 1,754.0 414.8 91.4 989.9 1,829.5 647.0 184.1 2012 2,791.8 2,639.5 587.6 117.3 2,791.8 2,639.5 587.6 117.3 935.5 1,830.2 589.7 130.0 953.8 1,913.7 678.7 186.8 ---------- ---------- -------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- Between 2000 and 2008, there was a large range between minimum and maximum estimate scenarios for both testing coverage and diagnosis rates. For example, in 15--19-year-old women in 2000, diagnosis rates ranged from 891 to 2,489 diagnoses per 100,000 persons. In both scenarios and across all age groups (15--44-year-olds), estimated testing coverage and diagnosis rates were higher in women than men. In women and men of all age groups (15--44-year-olds), there was an overall increase in chlamydia testing coverage and diagnosis rates from 2000 to 2012 in all settings. The greatest increases in both testing coverage and diagnosis rates were seen among 15 to 24-year-olds, with the greatest increase in this age group found between 2008 and 2010. From 2010 there was a small decline in testing and diagnosis rates among 15--24-year-olds. Whereas the minimum estimate scenario showed a large increase in estimated diagnosis rates in women from 2000, a more gradual increase was seen for the maximum estimate scenario. In both minimum and maximum estimate scenarios, estimated diagnosis rates were relatively stable from 2008 to 2012 in women and men. Discussion ========== We used data captured by a range of monitoring and surveillance systems to construct a dataset representing all genital chlamydia testing and diagnosis activity taking place in England between 2000 and 2012. Gaps in the available data mean there is considerable uncertainty around the total amount of testing and diagnoses in the years before 2008. We therefore constructed minimum and maximum estimates to acknowledge this but set bounds on the uncertainty within the data. The changes seen in chlamydia testing and diagnosis rates are in line with the evolution of the NCSP and chlamydia testing in England. An overall increase in testing and diagnosis rates were observed among 15--44-year-olds, which is likely due to increased awareness and better practice of chlamydia testing in England. The greatest increase in rates were observed in 15--24-year-olds, relating to an increase in opportunistic testing targeted in under-25-year-olds, as part of the NCSP from 2003. A sharp increase was seen from 2008 due to the nationwide implementation of the NCSP in 2008, accompanied by national targets for testing coverage. The decline in testing rates from 2010 may be explained, in part, by the changes in targets for testing during this period \[[@r21]\]. The constructed dataset resulting from our work has several applications. From these findings we have a better understanding of the potential effects of the NCSP on testing coverage and diagnoses. However, this does not provide the complete picture, as further insight is needed to understand how prevalence and/or incidence have changed in the context of the programme. Mathematical modelling offers a means to do this and our constructed data can be used to parameterise such models to better quantify the public health impact of the NCSP. Our data can also be used to parameterise and validate mathematical models designed to explore optimum approaches to chlamydia control (e.g. by varying rates of partner notification or changing the population tested). The findings of such modelling would be of benefit beyond England as the principles of chlamydia epidemiology and likely impact of different chlamydia control measures would likely hold across many different countries. Findings from such analyses could therefore inform chlamydia control activities in Europe and elsewhere. In addition, these data can serve as a reference for interpreting trends in chlamydia-related complications. For example, trend in rates in PID, a complication associated with STIs including chlamydia, can be compared with chlamydia rates and determine if any changes reflected in one may be reflected in the other \[[@r22]\]. This is important for evaluation of the NCSP as an aim of the programme is to reduce associated complications through opportunistic screening. Again, findings from such studies would have relevance beyond England, as a better understanding the impact of chlamydia control on complications is needed to inform decisions about how best to approach chlamydia control \[[@r11]\]. The main strength of our analysis is the use of data from well-documented and established datasets, in which the changes in coding, testing practices and gaps in the data are understood. There are, however, some limitations. While every effort has been made to use data-driven and evidence-based assumptions to adjust for missing data, it is possible that our estimates have resulted in some over- or under- estimation of activity. We used data on referral patterns in 2012 to de-duplicate testing episodes between settings. However de-duplication of testing or diagnosis episodes is likely to be incomplete. For example, if an individual visited two different specialist services for the same testing episode, it would not be possible to remove the duplicate record. For this analysis, only tests undertaken by publicly-funded services have been counted, as private tests are excluded as part of the data collection specification \[[@r13]\]. When dealing with data where the age and sex were unknown, we used statistical tests to guide our decision about the most appropriate distribution to apply to the data. In the case of complicated chlamydia diagnoses, our finding was of borderline significance meaning that we may have incorrectly allocated by age group. However, as complicated diagnoses made up a minority of diagnoses from specialist sexual health services over this period (\< 3.5%) this is unlikely to have made a substantial difference to the resulting dataset. Sensitivity analysis showed that applying an alternative assumption (i.e. reallocate according to the age distribution seen in 2009) made negligible difference. It is feasible that reallocating tests of unknown age in 2003 to 2008 according to the age-group distribution of tests in 2009 may have introduced error, as the NCSP was being rolled out in these earlier years. During the analysis period, more sensitive and specific chlamydia tests have become available \[[@r23]\]. There is potential for both false negative and false positive results to have occurred over this period due to imperfect sensitivity and specificity of enzyme immunoassay (EIA) tests in particular, which were phased out in England during the mid-2000s \[[@r23]\]. We did not adjust our estimated diagnosis rates for test performance, as the test platforms used were not routinely collected and the exact performance characteristics are difficult to apply given the absence of an agreed gold standard \[[@r24]\]. Given the nature of this work and the absence of data, there are limited sources in the literature to validate our estimates. However, findings from the second National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-2, a stratified probability survey of British general population carried out in 1999--2000) are consistent with the estimated diagnosis rates calculated in this work. For example among 20--24-year-old Natsal-2 participants who had ever had sex, 0.7% (95% confidence interval 0.2--2.0%) of men and 1.7% (1.0--2.9%) of women reported having been diagnosed with chlamydia in the last year \[[@r25]\]. In our constructed dataset, assuming that each diagnosis represents an individual, the minimum and maximum estimates of percentage tested in 2000 was 0.6% to 0.8% in 20--24-year-old men and 1.0% to 1.9% in women, thus falling within the 95% confidence limits of the survey-based estimates. Currently, we do not have other external validation methods. While there is uncertainty in the absolute numbers of chlamydia tests and diagnoses estimated in the earlier years of our analysis period, it is highly likely that testing and diagnosis rates did increase from at least the early 2000s onwards. This is especially the case among under-25-year-olds as the target age group for the NCSP, which was implemented on a phased basis in 2003 and achieved national implementation by 2008 \[[@r9],[@r26]\]. Data from the second and third Natsal studies in 1999--2000 (Natsal-2) and 2009--2011 (Natsal-3)) indicate that diagnoses have increased substantially over the decade, with the percentage of 16--24-year-olds who reported a chlamydia diagnosis in the last 5 years increasing from 1.5% (1.2--1.8) to 4.1% (3.6--4.7) in women and from 0.8% (0.5--1.1) to 4.0% (3.4--4.8) in men \[[@r4]\]. It is likely therefore that our maximum scenario estimates of diagnoses in earlier years in women are an overestimate. However, we retained this liberal estimate of diagnoses in the maximum scenario as we could not narrow these plausible ranges further on the basis of the available data. The problem of missing data from chlamydia surveillance systems is not one limited to England. Surveillance systems across Europe are known to vary in their completeness with respect to diagnoses, and few countries routinely collect and report data on testing, which is invaluable in interpreting trends in diagnoses of chlamydia, given that it is a largely asymptomatic infection. So, could our approach be applied to other settings? Our analysis has highlighted the multiple complexities in undertaking such an exercise, even in the context of England, where surveillance systems are more complete than many others in Europe and have included testing denominators for several years \[[@r8]\]. However, it is possible that multiple data sources from other countries may be combined in a similar fashion to ascertain minimum and maximum estimates, through application of reasonable assumptions about the completeness of the data or relationships between them. Such an undertaking would need to be carried out on a case by case basis, involving in-country experts with in-depth knowledge of data collection systems as well as an understanding of healthcare systems and changes in policy and practice over time. Conclusions =========== Our analysis provides plausible comprehensive estimates of chlamydia testing and diagnosis activity in England from 2000. Since 2012, developments in monitoring and surveillance systems for chlamydia and other STI in England, embodied by CTAD and GUMCADv2, have allowed a comprehensive record of chlamydia testing and diagnosis activity from a single data source with far less uncertainty, enabling more robust assessment and evaluation of the English NCSP in future years. It is possible that similar methods to ours could be used for data captured in surveillance systems in applicable countries across Europe, however, our analysis highlights the potential complexities faced when estimating testing and diagnosis activity from multiple and changing data sources. When examining trends over time using monitoring and surveillance data or compiling data from different sources, we recommend that known limitations be carefully considered and addressed where possible. Conflict of interest: None declared. Authors' contributions: SW and KS had the original idea for the study. NC and SW compiled the data. NC, SW, KS, CD, YC, and GH advised on the methods for compiling the data. SD, BS, and AT provided data from the original surveillance systems and advised on their use. NC wrote the first draft of the paper. All authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript and approved the final version. [^1]: Correspondence: Nastassya L Chandra (<[email protected]>)	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
FILED NOT FOR PUBLICATION NOV 09 2012 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U .S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT JEANETTE NEIL, No. 11-35996 Plaintiff - Appellant, D.C. No. 3:10-cv-00429-MA v. MEMORANDUM * COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY, Defendant - Appellee. Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Oregon Malcolm F. Marsh, Senior District Judge, Presiding Submitted November 6, 2012 Portland, Oregon Before: RIPPLE, McKEOWN, and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges.* * This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3. The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). * The Honorable Kenneth F. Ripple, Senior Circuit Judge for the Seventh Circuit, sitting by designation. After successfully challenging the denial of her application for Social Security disability insurance benefits in the district court, Neil moved for $4,998.69 in attorney’s fees pursuant to the Equal Access to Justice Act (“EAJA”), 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d). The requested fees were based on 26.5 hours billed by Neil’s lead counsel and a junior attorney. The district court awarded Neil $4,411.65, reflecting a downward adjustment of $587.04, to account for improperly billed clerical tasks, inadequately explained and vague billing entries, and block billing. Neil then filed a Rule 59(e) motion to alter or amend the judgment, which the district court denied. This appeal followed. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and we affirm. Under the EAJA, a prevailing party in a suit against the United States for review of an agency action is entitled to an award of attorney’s fees unless “the position of the United States was substantially justified or that special circumstances make an award unjust.” 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(A). However, such an award must be reasonable. Id. § 2412(d)( 2)(A). “A fee applicant should maintain billing records in a manner that enables a reviewing court to easily identify the hours reasonably expended.” Brandt v. Astrue, No. 08-0658-TC, 2009 WL 1727472, at 3 (D. Or. June 16, 2009). 2 We “review the district court’s calculation of the reasonable hours and hourly rate for abuse of discretion.” Moreno v. City of Sacramento, 534 F.3d 1106, 1111 (9th Cir. 2008). Although “the district court must give reasons for reducing fees,” Costa v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 690 F.3d 1132, 1135 (9th Cir. 2012) (citing Moreno, 534 F.3d at 1111), “a district court can impose a reduction of up to 10 percent—a ‘haircut’—based purely on the exercise of its discretion and without more specific explanation.” Id. at 1136 (citing Moreno, 534 F.3d at 1112). We find that the district court did not abuse its discretion in declining to award Neil attorney’s fees for purely clerical tasks such as filing documents and preparing and serving summons. See Missouri v. Jenkins, 491 U.S. 274, 288 n.10 (1989) (holding that an attorney may not seek reimbursement for purely clerical tasks at an attorney rate); Nadarajah v. Holder, 569 F.3d 906, 921 (9th Cir. 2009) (holding that clerical tasks such as filing and organization “should have been subsumed in firm overhead rather than billed at paralegal rates”); Brandt, 2009 WL 1727472, at 4 (finding that attorney time spent drafting and serving summons was non-compensable clerical work). In addition, the district court acted within its discretion in reducing Neil’s fee award by .3 hours to account for an August 12, 2011 entry that was vague and 3 inadequately explained. Brandt, 2009 WL 1727472 at *3 (“Where billing records are lacking in detail, a reviewing court may reduce the fee to a reasonable amount.”) (citing Fischer v. SJB-P.D. Inc., 214 F.3d 1115, 1121 (9th Cir. 2000)). Finally, the district court’s deduction of ten (10) percent from time spent preparing the opening brief to account for block billing and use of quarter-hour billing increments was not an abuse of discretion. See Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 437 (1983) (holding that an application for attorney’s fees must be supported by billing records that enable the reviewing court to easily identify the hours reasonably expended); Welch v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 480 F.3d 942, 948 (9th Cir. 2007) (holding that the district court has “authority to reduce hours that are billed in block format[,]” because “block billing makes it more difficult to determine how much time was spent on particular activities”) (citations omitted). AFFIRMED. 4	{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }
As today’s story on the historically long odds James Holmes faces in his insanity plea for the Aurora theater shootings notes, Colorado is one of only 11 states in the country that places the burden of proving sanity on the prosecution. Thirty-five states say it is up to the defendant to prove insanity. Four states — Kansas, Utah, Idaho and Montana — have abolished the insanity defense altogether or have a “guilty but insane” verdict. Every person is presumed to be sane; but, once any evidence of insanity is introduced, the people have the burden of proving sanity beyond a reasonable doubt. Why did Colorado decide to do things that way? Just because. The prosecution’s burden of proving insanity has been in state law for generations. As a Colorado Supreme Court decision from 1940 notes, the not guilty by reason of insanity plea has been explicitly in state law since 1927. Before that, defendants could raise insanity claims under a basic not guilty plea. The burden was always on the prosecution to prove sanity. “Now, as formerly,” the state Supreme Court wrote in a 1933 ruling, “when the question is properly raised, the burden is upon the people to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant, when he committed the act charged, was sane.” That’s not the way other states did it. In 1968, when the state Supreme Court took up the burden-of-proof issue in a seminal ruling, the dissenting opinion by Justice Robert H. McWilliams listed 24 states that put the burden on the defendant. As McWilliams noted, Oregon’s law had required the defendant to prove insanity since 1864. The justices in that ruling — Juhan v. District Court — were grappling with the constitutionality of a law the legislature passed to shift the burden from the prosecution to the defense. McWilliams argued that the federal courts were OK with the burden being on the defendant, and he said that the placement of the burden on the prosecution held no special significance: It is perhaps of historical interest to note that when this court by judicial decision adopted the rule that the People had the burden of proof in this regard it was not on any basis that “due process” required such a rule. On the contrary, it was simply on the basis that such rule was then believed to be “the better doctrine” and as of that time, at least, represented the so-called “weight of authority.” … I contend that this court, or the General Assembly, could have gone “either way” on the question[.] But McWilliams was greatly outnumbered; only one other justice joined his dissent. The majority, led by Chief Justice Ostis Otto Moore, ruled that it is fundamental to courtroom fairness that the prosecution has the burden of proof in criminal cases — whether the proof is for guilt or sanity. And it didn’t matter what other states had done or what the federal courts had ruled OK. This was about what was right for Colorado. Moore wrote: It cannot be done … for the very simple reason that in this state our concept of due process of law prohibits it. McWilliams was steamed, writing in his dissent that the decision was the first time any court in the country had ruled in a published decision that requiring a defendant to prove insanity was unconstitutional. But the 1968 decision stood, and it remains precedent today. And it continues to have real consequences. In this year’s legislative session, state Rep. Frank McNulty, R-Highlands Ranch, introduced a bill to again try to put the burden of proof on a defendant claiming insanity. McNulty said he came up with the idea while listening to a radio report on Holmes’ case.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Q: В консоль выводится ошибка почему? function sum(a){ let sum = a; function count(b){ return sum += b; } count.toString = function(){ return sum; }; return count; }; console.log( sum(1)(2) ); console.log( sum(1)(2)(2) ); console.log( sum(1)(2)(2) ); A: Текст ошибки Uncaught TypeError: sum(...)(...) is not a function Указывает в чем проблема: функция, которую возвращает функция sum не возвращает функцию. Из-за этого при попытке обратиться к результату, в данном случае число, как к функции и происходит ошибка.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
The present invention relates to a roof truss and method of assembly. In the past, when so called portable sheds were sold, they came as a kit to be assembled by the purchaser. Typically, the walls, roof and floor components were of a molded polymeric construction. Molding could be by rotational molding or blow molding, allowing these components to be hollow and therefore light in weight while providing good weather resistance, structural strength and integrity. It was desirable to provide such storage sheds with a peaked roof to support the weight of such things as snow, and to resist the impact of falling items. Further, to ease assembly, the roof was comprised of a plurality of segments which, to improve structural integrity, utilized trusses typically made of metal. While a truss could be provided pre-assembled, it was desirable to facilitate packaging and shed assembly, therefore, the truss would be provided in a plurality of pieces which meant that the purchaser had to assemble the parts to form the truss assembly. This meant that parts had to be provided to join the truss parts together and these parts would typically include bolts, washers and nuts. Multiple tools would also be needed to effect assembly. Oftentimes, parts would be missing or would be lost during assembly causing consumer dissatisfaction. Additionally, the more parts, the more time assembly took. Experience has shown that a truss that is completely assembled by a consumer can take 20-30 minutes to assemble. Thus, it is desirable to provide an improved truss that is easier to assemble with fewer parts while preserving effective packaging. The inventive truss can be assembled in under 5 minutes.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <schema xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://javasoze.github.com/sensei/schema/sensei-schema.xsd"> <!-- valid types: uid - only 1 column can be of type uid int - integer short - short char - character long - long float - float double - double string - string (default) date - date, format string must be provided text - searchable --> <table uid="id"> <column name="groupid" type="long" /> <column name="color" type="string" /> <column name="category" type="string" /> <column name="city" type="string" /> <column name="makemodel" type="string" /> <column name="year" type="int" /> <column name="price" type="float" /> <column name="mileage" type="int" /> <!-- multi is default to be false, if set to true, delimiter is used to break the values, default delimiter is "," --> <column name="tags" type="string" multi="true" delimiter=","/> <!-- attributes: indexed,store,termvector are only used when type is text --> <column name="contents" type="text" index="ANALYZED" store="YES" termvector="YES" /> </table> <!-- valid types are: simple - corresponds to com.browseengine.bobo.facets.impl.SimpleFacetHandler path - corresponds to com.browseengine.bobo.facets.impl.PathFacetHandler range - corresponds to com.browseengine.bobo.facets.impl.RangeFacetHandler multi - corresponds to com.browseengine.bobo.facets.impl.MultiFacetHandler compact-multi - corresponds to com.browseengine.bobo.facets.impl.CompactMultiFacetHandler custom - custom facet handler, name must be defined in a spring bean in custom-facets.xml --> <facets> <facet name="groupid" type="simple" /> <facet name="color" type="simple" depends=""/> <facet name="category" type="simple" /> <facet name="city" type="path"> <params> <param name="separator" value="/" /> </params> </facet> <facet name="makemodel" type="path" /> <facet name="year" type="range"> <params> <param name="range" value="1993-1994" /> <param name="range" value="1995-1996" /> <param name="range" value="1997-1998" /> <param name="range" value="1999-2000" /> <param name="range" value="2001-2002" /> </params> </facet> <facet name="mileage" type="range"> <params> <param name="range" value="-12500" /> <param name="range" value="12501-15000" /> <param name="range" value="15001-17500" /> <param name="range" value="17501-" /> </params> </facet> <facet name="price" type="range"> <params> <param name="range" value=",6700" /> <param name="range" value="6800,9900" /> <param name="range" value="10000,13100" /> <param name="range" value="13200,17300" /> <param name="range" value="17400," /> </params> </facet> <facet name="tags" type="multi" /> <!-- example of a custom facet, defined in custom-facets.xml --> <!-- a bean with name "foobar" must be defined <facet name="foobar" type="custom" dynamic="false"/> --> </facets> </schema>	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
8. Major Episodes in American Labor History: An Austrian Reevaluation, Part II Up until the 1930s there was freedom of contract between workers and employers by which they could make, accept, or reject any offers of remuneration. With the 1930s comes the idea of exclusive bargaining agents decided upon by a majority of workers, and compulsory to all. It becomes hard to impose injunctions to stop union violence. Massive strikes, dominated by complete strangers, are permitted in this legal order. Morgan Reynolds listed seven distinct ways in which unions imposed costs upon the economy. In an unhampered market workers will tend to do better over time. That is because of business investment in capital goods. This increases the productivity of labor. Lower prices and higher quality result in an increasing standard of living without any coercion or government intervention. Lecture 8 of 10 from Thomas Woods' The Truth About American History: An Austro-Jeffersonian Perspective.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
If you're tired of cancel culture and censorship subscribe to Reclaim The Net. As more lectures go online because of the coronavirus pandemic, some professors are worried that what they’re teaching could be exposed to “right wing sites” and are discussing ways to limit the distribution of what they teach online. These discussions started when Texas Christian University Associate Professor of Political Science Emily Farris tweeted: “If you are recording a lecture on anything controversial, be prepared for right wing sites to ask students to share it.” Double your web browsing speed with today's sponsor. Get Brave. Dr. Rachel Michelle Gunter, a Professor of History at a community college in North Texas, responded by tweeting that she’s “taking steps to limit this but nothing is foolproof.” In a follow-up tweet, Gunter added: “Instead of posting videos direct to LMS [Learning Management System] (which would then own them) I’m posting links to the videos on youtube. The videos themselves are “unlisted” meaning you can’t find them in a search or if you go to my page-only if you have the direct link. Doesn’t stop link sharing though.” Columbia University Political Science Professor Jeffrey Lax also replied to Gunter’s tweet and added that he’d been “thinking about” his lectures being shared and wrote, “even if not recording, can’t student’s record?” Farris, Gunter, and Lax didn’t share which lecture topics they were trying to prevent from being shared online but some of the other replies on Twitter pointed to lectures on “elections,” “gun safety,” “politicization of immigration,” “women’s health,” and “white nationalism.” If you're tired of cancel culture and censorship subscribe to Reclaim The Net.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a floor plate assembly for a well known tube-type cartridge magazine commonly used in semi-automatic firearms or handguns. The floor plate assembly of the present invention acts as a base or closure element for the magazine and is rigidly attached thereto to provide a base for the usual thrust transmission plate of the magazine spring. More particularly, the invention relates to the particular configuration of a floor plate assembly which enables a cooperation between the magazine base and a particular handgun grip configuration. 2. Description of the Prior Art The use of magazine base plates or butt plates as grip enhancers for the handle of various handgun grip designs is well known in the art. U.S. Pat. No. 4,343,107 to Kaltenegger for instance utilizes an extended sleeve about the magazine base in combination with a base plate to enlarge the grip area of the gun handle while providing increased cartridge capacity. U.S. Pat. No. 5,557,872 to Langner is another example wherein the magazine base plate assembly is used to house a power supply for a laser sighting device. The magazine base plate of Langner also cooperates with the gun handle to increase the grip area. U.S. Pat. No. 5,438,783 to Sniezak et al discloses a magazine butt plate or floor plate which extends below the bottom end of the front and a portion of the side walls of the gun handle in order to enhance the gripping surface as well as to accommodate different length magazine tubes. As is common with this type of construction, the magazine floor plate is located completely below and extends beyond the bottom walls of the forward finger grip area of the gun handle. As shown in the Stukas U.S. Pat. No. 2,620,582 and the Musgrave U.S. Pat. No. 4,107,863, other base plate configurations have been utilized to provide a forwardly extending projection which may be used to aid in the withdrawal of the magazine from the magazine well. Although the majority of magazine floor plate designs locate the floor plate completely below the bottom perimeter of the gun handle to thus extend the finger grip area, it is well known to provide an upwardly extending shoulder or indexing tab which engages a recess in the bottom edge of the front wall of the gun handle. The conventional practice, however, is to fair the surface of the base plate smoothly into the front contour of the gun handle. Examples of this construction are noted in the Boland et al U.S. Pat. No. 5,584,136 and Baldus et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,862,619. Certain recent semi-automatic handgun designs incorporate a magazine well for receiving magazines with relatively flat and reduced thickness floor plates which only partially cover the grip base and do not add appreciably to the grip length. Examples of this configuration are shown in the Glock U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,539,889; 4,825,744 and 4,893,546. This design is also present in recent Glock handgun models 17-24. The practice is to provide the front wall of the grip handle with a semi-circular cut-out leaving a void directly above the magazine floor plate. The purpose of the cut-out is to allow the user to eject the magazine by finger pressure in the event of jamming or malfunction of the magazine release mechanism. This particular design has certain drawbacks in the nature of discomfort due to the rough and uneven surfaces presented to the little finger of the gripping hand. The effect of the rough and uneven surfaces is to actually reduce the grip length since the third finger becomes relatively ineffective. The semi-circular cut-out portion of the front wall of the handgrip has rather sharp edges because of the usual flared bottom end of the grip handle which can actually hamper rapid manual ejection of the empty magazine. Needless to say, the provision of a cut-out section in the front wall of the gripping surface also greatly increases the possibility of entry of unwanted debris into the magazine well. The aesthetic appeal of the overall gun handle is severely diminished by the cut-out section of the grip area as well as the foreshortened magazine floor plate which leave the impression of an unfinished product. It is well appreciated in the handgun art that pleasing contours and ornamental enhancement are valuable assets. The aesthetic appeal of a well dressed overall appearance enhances marketability and is sought after by handgun connoisseurs. Also, professionals who depend on handgun protection appreciate good craftsmanship and a "finished" appearance.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
Q: Foreign key to multiple records I have two tables like so: Table1 \| itemid (PK)\| \| typeid (FK)\| \| item count \| Table2 \| typeid (PK)\| \| type name \| Table2 have 4-5 records in it. ...And I'm stuck at this point... Basically the item can be of all types (it can have typeid (FK) = NULL or all 4-5). I just can't get my head round this..At the moment when I add new item to Table1 (using phpmyAdmin ui) it gives me a choice of one FK as a dropdown list.. But what if the item is of two or three types..? It's probably a piece of cake but my brain has stalled... What would be the best way to do it? A: Your design support 1-to-many relationship. Perhaps, you need many-to-many relationship between Table1 and Table2. If yes, you need to add a new link table: Table3: itemid(FK) typeid(FK)	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
898 F.2d 150 U.S.v.Caballero* NO. 89-2809 United States Court of Appeals,Fifth Circuit. MAR 01, 1990 1 Appeal From: S.D.Tex. 2 DISMISSED. * Fed.R.App.P. 34(a); 5th Cir.R. 34.2	{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }
The clinical management of co-morbidity. The clinical management of co-morbidity of psychiatric illness and substance abuse disorders (SAD) is complex. Each condition requires management in its own right. Either conjoint treatment is required or clinicians in psychiatric services must develop expertise in the management of SAD and clinicians in SAD services must develop expertise in the management of psychiatric illness. To date few serious attempts have been made for the development of integrated services in Australia. Specific clinical issues are highlighted; the principles of intervention are presented and the use of a systematic protocol is suggested.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
ATP6B1 gene mutations associated with distal renal tubular acidosis and deafness in a child. A large proportion of autosomal recessive distal renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is associated with mutations in the ATP6B1 gene encoding the B1 subunit of H+-ATPase. H+-ATPase is one of the key membrane transporters for net acid excretion in the alpha-intercalated cells of the medullary collecting duct. Sensorineural hearing loss frequently accompanies this type of distal RTA. Mutational analysis of the ATP6B1 gene in a 9-year-old Korean boy with distal RTA and sensorineural hearing loss found 2 heterozygous missense point mutations. Although a single case report, this is the second report documenting ATP6B1 mutations in recessive distal RTA with sensorineural hearing loss after the original report by Karet et al and confirms the novelty of these mutations.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
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Tyres for road-going vehicles are typically provided with a complex pattern of grooves, known as tread, for displacing water from between the tyre and a road surface in order to improve traction in wet conditions. Because of the safety importance of tyre tread, national laws typically prescribe minimum tread depths for the tyres of road-going vehicles. For example, the tyres of a domestic car in the United Kingdom are required to have a minimum depth of the tread of 1.6 mm in a continuous band throughout the central 75% of the tread width and around the complete circumference of the tyre. Heavier vehicles in the UK have similar requirements but to a minimum depth of 1 mm. Tread depth, however, is difficult to measure accurately. Often only an unreliable, qualitative visual inspection may be performed. Quantitatively, a manual tread depth gauge, comprising a simple sliding ruled plunger may be used to determine an approximate tread depth at a single point on the tyre's surface. Manual devices of this type suffer from a wide variation in readings from operator to operator, and they cannot practicably be used to determine the tread depth across and around most or all of the tyre's rolling surface. As purchasing and fitting replacement tyres can form a significant part of the total cost of running a vehicle, premature replacement can be regarded as wasteful. This is especially true for fleet operators, such as a bus and haulage company, who have large numbers of tyres to replace each year. Conversely, continuing to use tyres that do not satisfy legal or commercial minimum tread requirements may be illegal and can compromise vehicle safety. Thus, a system for easily monitoring the wear of a tyre is required. Since removing the wheel from a vehicle is a time-consuming operation, it is desirable that in situ tread depth measuring can occur (i.e. with the tyre still on the vehicle). Having to drive the vehicle onto a “rolling road” in a garage or depot is often undesirable due to it being time-consuming (potentially requiring both a driver and an assistant) and space-consuming. Rather, a portable apparatus for in situ measuring is desired, which can be used by a single operator on stationary vehicles for a thorough inspection of the vehicle's tyre surface. In this way, no additional space in a garage or depot is required, and vehicles can be efficiently parked, and the drivers dismissed, before tyre monitoring commences. U.S. Pat. No. 5,895,845 (Buerger) describes a mobile device for measuring the tread depth of a tyre at a single point. The device is arranged so that it can be manually swept along a single line across the width of the tyre in the axial direction. However, scanning only along a single line will not detect excessive wear or erratic bald spots on the tyre's surface; nor can it provide information for checking that the tread forms a continuous band around the circumference of the tyre. Since tyre wear is often not, in practice, circumferentially uniform, this is a significant shortcoming when a thorough inspection of the tyre is required. This device is not able to confirm compliance with legal minimum tread requirements with a high degree of confidence. U.S. Pat. No. 6,789,416 (Tracy et al.) also teaches a device for measuring a tyre tread profile by automatically scanning a laser spot along a line across the width of the tyre in the axial direction. It also therefore suffers the same shortcomings in this regard as the device of U.S. Pat. No. 5,895,845. Furthermore, it employs a motor-driven toothed belt to move a range finder along the length of a rod while measurement is being taken. Such reliance on moving parts is undesirable. U.S. Pat. No. 5,987,978 (Whitehead) describes a handheld device provided with guide rollers allowing the device to be rolled around the circumference of the tyre, and having an inclined, facetted mirror, with a saw-tooth profile, spanning the width of the tyre, in order that light from a single light source located away from the tyre may directed at the tyre. However, the Applicant has calculated that in order to transfer a useful amount of light onto the tyre surface, such a mirror arrangement would need to be inclined close to 45 degrees, and therefore result in a device at least as high as the tyre is wide, which would make it awkward to handle and far too big to fit within the space between the tyre surface and a typical vehicle's wheel arch (a gap of typically up to 100 mm in places for a commercial vehicle). At shallower angles, such as are suggested in the drawings, the facetted mirror would direct only a line of spots of light onto the tyre's surface rather than a continuous line of light, thus yielding poor coverage of the whole width of the tyre's rolling surface.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
‘Slow walk’ protest held on road in Kirby Misperton A 'slow walk' protest took place at Kirby Misperton this afternoon, as protesters walked in front of vehicles leaving the hydraulic fracturing site. Five members of the protest community walked in the road in front of three vehicles as they left the site, along Habton Road, Kirby Misperton, from 12.50pm to 1.10pm. Police Liaison Officers ensured everyone was safe, and local traffic was able to pass by the scene of the protest. After the 20-minute protest, the vehicles continued on their way. North Yorkshire Police have adopted a ‘neighbourhood policing’ approach to the protests at Kirby Misperton, working with people on all sides of the issue, including protesters and the local community. Superintendent Alisdair Dey, of North Yorkshire Police, said: “Throughout this operation we’ve been balancing the needs and wishes of everyone at Kirby Misperton, minimising disruption to the local community and ensuring protests are peaceful and safe. “We respond proportionately to any protest activity, so whenever possible we reduce the number of officers at Kirby Misperton, and redeploy them to policing duties elsewhere in North Yorkshire.”	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Iginla Named the NHL's Third Star of the Week BOSTON, MA -- The NHL announced today, February 10, that Bruins forward Jarome Iginla has been named the NHL’s Third Star of the Week for the week ending February 9. Montreal Canadiens goaltender Carey Price and Dallas Stars goaltender Kari Lehtonen earned the first and second stars of the week, respectively. Entering the Olympic break, Iginla rides a four-game point streak, which saw him tally two goals and five assists for seven points with a plus-five rating. The 36-year-old had three multiple-point games in his last four appearances, including the game-winning goal and his 600th career assist (ranks eighth among active NHLers) against the Vancouver Canucks on February 4. Through 57 games this season, Iginla has recorded 17 goals (tied for third on the team), 26 assists (second on the team) for 43 points (second on the team) with a plus-25 rating (tied for second on the team and tied for fourth in the NHL). The 6'1'', 210-pound native of Edmonton, Alberta was drafted by the Dallas Stars in the first round (11th overall) of the 1995 NHL Entry Draft. In 1,289 NHL games, Iginla has accumulated 547 goals and 602 points for 1,149 points.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Chlorinated polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride based polymers are all recognized for their commercially desirable properties. Modification of these properties by the functionalization of the polymers or by the formation of graft copolymers with the polymers is desirable so that the new polymer product, while retaining some of the properties of the initial polymer, will have additional properties making it suitable for a particular use. The functionalization of and the production of graft copolymers with chlorinated polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride via the formation of an intermediate, respectively, a metalated chlorinated polyethylene or a metalated polyvinyl chloride, have been reported. See "Chemical Conversions of Halogenated Polyolefines Caused by Organo-Lithium Compounds", N. A. Plate et al, Vysokomol. soyed. 8: No. 9, pp. 1562-1567 (1966); "The Role of Chemico-Structural Effects in the Modification of Polymers", N. A. Plate, Vysokomol. soyed. A10: No. 12, pp. 2650-2661 (1968); "Chemical Transformations and Catalytic Activity of Macromolecular Polylithium Compounds Polymerization", N. A. Plate et al, J. Polymer Sci.: Part C, No. 22, pp. 547-568 (1969 ); and "Reaction of n-Butyl-lithium with Poly(vinyl Chloride)", K. Shina et al, Journal of Polymer Science: Part A-1, Vol. 4, 1069-1079 (1966). The metalation route to the functionalization of and the formation of graft copolymers from vinylidene halide based polymers holds real promise and, therefore, it is an object of this invention to provide a process for the metalation of such polymers to yield useful intermediates. The intermediates can be reacted with functional groups and can be grafted onto or from to yield the desired functionalized polymer or graft copolymer.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
Effect of bleeding site on clinical laboratory testing of rats: orbital venous plexus versus posterior vena cava. We sought to determine if there were any differences in the results of clinical laboratory tests between blood samples collected from the orbital venous plexus and the posterior vena cava of adult male rats. Thirty healthy adult male Sprague Dawley rats were anesthetized by ether inhalation, and blood samples were collected successively from the orbital venous plexus (OVP) and the posterior vena cava (PVC) for hematologic (n = 10), serum chemistry (n = 10), and coagulation (n = 10) analyses. The prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times of samples from the OVP were prolonged (17% and 288%, respectively) when compared with samples from the PVC. Respective hematologic biases were as follows: red blood cell count (7%), hemoglobin (6%), hematocrit (5%), mean corpuscular volume (-3%), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (-1%), mean corpuscular hemoglobin content (1%), white blood cell count (13%), and platelet count (-7%). Respective serum chemistry biases were as follows: sorbitol dehydrogenase (-7%), glucose (-7%), blood urea nitrogen (-10%), creatinine (-2%), total protein (4%), albumin (2%), globulin (9%), alkaline phosphatase (5%), lactate dehydrogenase (-6%), aspartate aminotransferase (-5%), alanine aminotransferase (-2%), total bilirubin (0%), direct bilirubin (0%), magnesium (-17%), sodium (4%), potassium (0), chloride (4%), calcium (-2%), phosphorous (-17%), cholesterol (3%), triglycerides (24%), creatinine kinase (-8%), 5'nucleotidase (0%), and total bile acids (4%). For hematologic testing, there were no biologically significant differences between samples collected from the OVP and PVC. The coagulation times and serum Mg and P showed biologically significant differences between samples collected from the OVP and PVC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Q: `Required` attribute not working with tag My required attribute doesn't specify that an input field must be filled out before submitting the form. HTML: <!-- Modal Content --> <form class="modal-content2"> <div class="container3"> <h1>Sign Up</h1> <p>Please fill in this form to create an account.</p> <hr> <label for="firstName"><b>First Name</b></label> <input type="text" id="firstName" placeholder="Enter First Name" name="firstName" required> <label for="lastName"><b>Last Name</b></label> <input type="text" id="lastName" placeholder="Enter Last Name" name="lastName" required> <label for="username"><b>Username</b></label> <input type="text" id="username" placeholder="Enter Username" name="username" required> <label for="email"><b>Email</b></label> <input type="text" id="email" placeholder="Enter Email" name="email" required> <label for="psw"><b>Password</b></label> <input type="password" id="password" placeholder="Enter Password" name="psw" onfocus="this.value=''" required> <label for="psw-confirm"><b>Confirm Password</b></label> <input type="password" id="cfmpassword" placeholder="Confirm Password" name="psw-confirm" onfocus="this.value=''" required> <br> <br> <p>By creating an account you agree to our <a href="aboutus.html" style="color:dodgerblue">Terms & Privacy</a>.</p> <div class="clearfix"> <button type="button" onclick="document.getElementById('id02').style.display='none'" class="cancelbtn2">Cancel</button> <button type="button" class="signupbtn" onclick="signUp()">Sign Up</button> </div> </div> </form> JavaScript: function signUp() { if (document.getElementById("password").value == document.getElementById("cfmpassword").value) { var users = new Object(); users.firstName = document.getElementById("firstName").value; users.lastName = document.getElementById("lastName").value; users.username = document.getElementById("username").value; users.email = document.getElementById("email").value; users.password = document.getElementById("password").value; var postUser = new XMLHttpRequest(); // new HttpRequest instance to send user details postUser.open("POST", "/users", true); postUser.setRequestHeader("Content-Type", "application/json"); postUser.send(JSON.stringify(users)); //go to the logged in page window.location = "main.html"; } else { alert("Password column and Confirm Password column doesn't match!") } } As the required attribute does not work, users can continuously submit empty forms and those will be stored in my SQL database I don't have a <button type="submit"> in the form as this prevents me from using windows.location. I am new to programming, can someone please give some suggestions (with explanations) on what to do to fix this? Any help would be appreciated! Thanks a lot! (I am using vanilla JavaScript for this) A: The required attribute does not work because your form is not submitted. You need to specify a button with a type="submit" or <input type="submit"> to submit your form. I suggest you to move the signUp function inside the form tag like this with an onsubmit event: <form onsubmit="signUp(event)">. Then add this to you Javascript function: function signUp(event) { event.preventDefault(); ... your old code }	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Q: how do i make the brush single? my brush on the sculpting menu every time i try to sculpt it makes a copy on the other side. i just want it to be single as you can see you have the circle with the dot telling you were the mouse is to draw. but there's a secondary dot. how do i get rid of it so i can make a single sculpt without it duplicating on the other side A: It is mirror. In tool settings deactivate this option by pressing button X: If you haven't this toolbar, enable it in menu View -> Tool Settings	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
List of Swedish billionaires by net worth This is a list of Swedish billionaires based on an annual assessment of wealth and assets compiled and published by Forbes magazine in 2019. 2019 Swedish billionaires list See also The World's Billionaires List of countries by the number of billionaires References Category:Lists of people by wealth Net worth Category:Economy of Sweden-related lists	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Categories Check out the Archives Awards & Nominations This January and February, we’ll be finishing up our look at the second season of Star Trek: The Next Generation and moving on to the third year of the show, both recently and lovingly remastered for high definition. Check back daily for the latest review. Yesterday’s Enterprise is one of the best-loved pieces of Star Trek ever produced. Its inclusion is a given in absolutely any “best of” poll being run for Star Trek: The Next Generation or even the franchise as a whole. A rather thoughtful piece of high-concept science-fiction exploring the importance of the right people in the right time, Yesterday’s Enterprise is proof that The Next Generation has truly come of age. After two years of wandering in the wilderness, the show has finally found its feet. Of course, the production of Yesterday’s Enterprise was quite traumatic. The story and script went through multiple iterations between the original pitch and the version presented on the screen. The episode was written by pretty much the entire writing staff over the Thanksgiving weekend, racing against the clock to get it finished. Due to scheduling issues with Denise Crosby and Whoopi Goldberg, it was filmed in late December instead of early January. As with so much of the third season, there’s a sense that the episode was held together by chewing gum and rubber bands. However, also like most of the third season, that sense only comes from those delving into the behind-the-scenes stories. Looking at the episode itself, this was a show on the top of its game. The battle bridge… One the audio commentary, Ronald D. Moore provides a necessary sense of context for the production of Yesterday’s Enterprise: The context of when this thing was done is important. We were behind. All the episodes were behind. We were completing things pretty much just seconds before they were shot. … So we were right up against the wall on this one. We’d just broken the story and we all jointly wrote it together. Rather than the zenith of the season, there was a clear sense that the writing staff were fighting against time in order to get the episode finished, just trying to churn the script out. Yesterday’s Enterprise is widely regarded as one of the single best episodes of TNG, if not the best of them all. How much of a clue, going into it, did you have that it could turn out to be something special? I had none, really. I think when you come in as a visitor, as a guest to direct a series like Star Trek, which has a vast universe that you’re trying to plug yourself into, you don’t have the opportunity to compare what you’re doing to what other people have done. You have to be guided by Rick and David and the people who are actually there all the time working on it. In my case, they encouraged me to work with the material in the way that I used to in Europe and give them that thing I was supposedly bringing to them. But I did know that Yesterday’s Enterprise started off under extraordinarily unusual circumstance. Having done The Enemy, they asked me to come back and do the next show, which wasn’t Yesterday’s Enterprise. It was a different script altogether. But when I arrived for the first day of eight days of prep, they told me that they’d just discovered that Whoopi Goldberg was available and they wanted to use one of the stories that she featured in. But there was no script… So, with eight days to go, we all gathered around this big conference table in the Star Trek offices and looked at an outline, and this outline was Yesterday’s Enterprise. But it was incredibly complicated, this outline, because it involved having two bridges of the Enterprise, turning everything around and making it a completely different parallel universe, and building up ships and things like that. So we had this extraordinary situation where we on the production side went ahead with our plans. The set builders and everybody else went ahead and built these sets whilst the writers were writing. And the two, luckily, matched together completely. But we had no way of knowing that we weren’t going to go off in completely divergent paths. Fortunately, the story we were going to tell was so interesting and I think it was the first time the TNG actors were stepping into a completely different universe to their own. And they, as actors, really loved doing it. Patrick Stewart loved playing that war-like captain in a war situation after 20 years of war. So it was nerve-wracking at times. We built all these sets, and the scenes and the dialogue just fell perfectly into that. It’s phenomenal that Yesterday’s Enterprise worked as well as it did. Purple haze… In hindsight, it’s very easy to point to Yesterday’s Enterprise as the point at which the tide had turned on the show. The third season had been pretty strong up to this point, but Yesterday’s Enterprise opens a stretch of the season including The Offspring and Sins of the Father. Putting Yesterday’s Enterprise in that context, it would seem to be the moment at which absolutely everything changed on the show, as if everybody working on the series realised the full potential of the spin-off. And it’s clear that somebody at Paramount believed in Yesterday’sEnterprise. The episode’s production values are through the roof. Although it’s clear corners have been cut to save costs (the old Enterprise crew wear movie-era uniforms, the old Enterprise bridge is a re-dressed battle bridge set), the episode features a whole host of re-designed sets, adjusted costumes, special effects and model work. Although David Carson’s direction and Marvin Rush’s cinematography contribute to the episode’s cinematic feel, along with sterling work from the production design team, there’s a sense that somebody knew the episode was a winner. “Okay! Who has been filling the consoles with rock again?” That said, that somebody wasn’t necessarily working in the trenches. On the episode’s audio commentary, Ira Steven Behr and Mike Okuda remark that Yesterday’s Enterprise didn’t seem like a big deal in the early phases of production: That’s the part that always drives to me to distraction, this idea that it was the renaissance. I wish we could have enjoyed it. I wish we knew it at the time. It was so not the renaissance within the Hart Building. It was literally “I gotta get through the day.” I don’t know what anyone else was thinking but for me… Even in the art department, as you said, it was just another script. And it was a huge amount of work. This episode killed us. And I didn’t think that there was anything special to it until a few weeks after principle photography. Ron Moore, the effects supervisor, came up and he showed me the rough cut of the episode. I had no idea. On that commentary, Behr and Moore talk about the stress of corralling the writing staff into working over Thanksgiving to get the script done on time. (And Behr fondly remembering Moore’s eagerness to write not only the teaser, but the final act. “Put me in coach!”) Trent had submitted a speculative script called Yesterday’s Enterprise, about an Enterprise from the past coming through a time anomaly into the TNG present day. There was no altered universe scenario, just Picard confronted with the dilemma of sending these people back to their own time to fulfil their own destiny and avoid any possibility of altering time. Problem was, we knew from the history books that their fate ended in death and destruction. But do we tell them this and give them a fighting chance for survival, or do we avoid telling them to prevent any possible alteration of history and send them back to a certain death? This is the ethical dilemma that confronts the crew throughout the story. Simultaneously, I’d been working on my own story for a pitch about bringing Sarek on the show. Gene Roddenberry had circulated a memo saying it was unlikely they could ever afford to bring Leonard Nimoy on the show, but that Mark Lenard might be interested in making a guest appearance. I’d been working on a story that would’ve involved the Guardian of Forever and a Vulcan archeology team doing historical research on ancient Vulcan in the days of Surak, the founder of modern Vulcan philosophy. The Enterprise takes Ambassador Sarek to the Guardian planet to retrieve the archaeological team, but an accident occurs and Surak is killed. Suddenly all of history is changed when the Vulcans fail to follow the peaceful, logical path, and the present-day Federation finds itself at war with the Vulcan-Romulan Empire. Sarek, who was on the planet at the time, realizes what has happened and must convince Picard to send him back in time to repair the damage caused by Surak’s death. In effect, Sarek becomes Surak. Some of the core elements are there (altered time line, old Enterprise), but they still needed to be fused into one cohesive story. Somebody hasn’t been taking proper care of their ship… It’s worth pausing here to note that Yesterday’s Enterprise could also be seen as something of a companion piece to Harlan Ellison’s acclaimed The City on the Edge of Forever. Ellisan’s original draft for the episode included several elements trimmed from subsequent drafts for various reasons. Some were cut for budget, some were cut for time, some were cut in order to make the script run a bit smoother. One of those elements removed from Ellison’s original story was the idea of time travel altering the present. In a way, it remains in the finished episode – McCoy allowing Hitler to win the second world war effectively destroys the universe. The Enterprise crew can’t pick up any sign of civilisation in the cosmos. However, Ellison’s original idea was that the Enterprise would be morphed into the Condor, a pirate ship that had led a much harsher life. It’s not too difficult to imagine the alternate Enterprise from Yesterday’s Enterprise as a spiritual successor to the Condor. You’d imagine the Enterprise could really use some proper fuses… As if the writing team didn’t have enough to contend with inside the episode’s running time, it also brought back Denise Crosby, who had departed the show in the first season’s Skin of Evil. In The Making of Yesterday’s Enterprise, writer Eric Stillwell recounts how he came to incorporate her in later drafts: As we were talking later, Denise – who never admitted that it had been a mistake to leave the series – did admit that she missed being a part of the show and suggested, “Why don’t you write a script to bring me back.” I hadn’t really given much thought to the idea before that, but suddenly the famous words of Leonard Nimoy filled my mind: “Nobody ever dies in science fiction.” This added quite a lot to Yesterday’s Enterprise, on top of the time travel story, the changing history story and the old Enterprise story. Ronald D. Moore added the extra element of the Federation being at war with the Klingons in this alternate time line. Again with the Klingons! The script for Yesterday’s Enterprise is just this incredibly collection of different elements added at different points by different people for different reasons; it’s a wonder the script works at all, let alone that it turned out to be one of the best episodes of the franchise. Stillwell compared the writing process to “a jigsaw puzzle”, and it doesn’t sound too much like an exaggeration of what was going on behind the scenes. By all accounts, the script should have been an unholy mess, but Yesterday’s Enterprise turns out to be something of a perfect storm. It was the right combination of the the right people at the right time. In a way, it almost mirrors the tragic story of the Enterprise-C, given a doomed mission that actually makes all the difference in the world. It’s an episode that genuinely deserves its place among the mostly highly regarded episodes of Star Trek ever produced. Into the void… In Star Trek FAQ 2.0 (Unofficial and Unauthorized), Mark Clark makes a compelling case for the episode’s high profile: Many fans and critics now consider it the single greatest episode of The Next Generation. It was selected as such in six different fan polls taken over the years and was named one of the series’ best instalments by both TV Guide and Entertainment Weekly. Rick Berman lists it and The Measure of a Man as his personal favourite Next Gen episodes. Yesterday’s Enterprise also earned three Emmy nominations, winning for Outstanding Sound Editing and losing in the categories of Sound Mixing and Music (score). By any yardstick, it stands among the greatest works in the history of not only The Next Generation, but the entire franchise. While any concept like “the best” or “best of” will inevitably be subjective, it’s hard to argue with that much evidence. “That’ll be the day…” There are a lot of reasons why Yesterday’s Enterprise works. The most obvious is the sheer weight of the world crafted in forty-five minutes. Thanks to the writers, the actors, and the wonderful production design team, it’s immediately clear that we’ve shifted over to a dystopia. Picard is frequently reviewing tactical data charting Klingon fleet movements; everybody carries phasers all the time; Picard keeps a “military log” and refers to the Enterprise as a “battleship”; the lighting is darker; the camera work is a bit more claustrophobic. The script for Yesterday’s Enterprise is very good at suggesting things without stating them outright. There’s a lot to unpack about the interpersonal dynamics on the alt!Enterprise, but not a lot of time in which to do it. So the script hints and prods in particular directions, trusting the viewer to reach their own conclusions about interpersonal dynamics on board this ship that looks so familiar and yet feels so strangely alien. Getting Picard on board with this idea… Where is Troi? The obvious implication is that there’s no room for that sort of glad-handing on the alt!Enterprise. Worf’s absence reinforces the idea that this is dystopia. The teaser gave us our first glimpse of Worf laughing, reminding us of how the Klingon had integrated so completely with the crew that he could drink prune juice and talk candidly about sex. So his absence from this most brutal of timelines demonstrates that the very real cost of the war between the Federation and the Klingons. What is up between Riker and Picard, for example? The nickname “Number One” isn’t uttered in the script. The two seem to be at odds. When the Enterprise-C arrives, Riker has no time for Picard’s caution. “Respectfully, if I may suggest regardless of where they came from, they are here now and they need our help.” Picard, on the other hand, is decidedly more cautious, “Commander, we will handle this one step at a time.” Shedding some light on the matter… It becomes even more obvious in later scenes. In Piacrd’s briefing (held in his ready room), Riker sits at the back of the room, as far from his superior as possible. When Picard outlines his plan, Riker responds, “Sir, if you’d like my opinion…” Picard coldly and matter-of-factly cuts across him, “I think I’m aware of your opinion, Commander. This is a briefing. I’m not seeking your consent.” We never find out what’s at the root of this personality clash, and it’s much better that way – it’s up to the viewer to try to piece it all together. Indeed, this ambiguity permeates the episode, which makes sense when Picard is asked to sacrifice his universe on Guinan’s gut instinct. The relationship between Guinan and Picard would remain ambiguous throughout the show’s run (even after Time’s Arrow), but it’s most potent here. We already know that Guinan would follow Picard around the galaxy, but here we discover that Guinan would follow Picard to war; and also that he would allow her to join him on the frontier. Ghost ship… The script for Yesterday’s Enterprise is deliberately ambiguous about the relationship between Picard and Guinan. Their friendship and trust is treated as absoluter. When Garrett asks Picard about Guinan, he avoids specifics, “I discovered long ago that she has a special wisdom. I’ve learned to trust it.” The script doesn’t give us too much to go on, but it’s shrewd enough to trust Whoopi Goldberg and Patrick Stewart to carry the material, and they do so. (The casting on Yesterday’s Enterprise is also top notch. Supporting characters like Rachel Garrett and Richard Castillo barely exist on the page. However, veteran supporting performers Tricia O’Neill and Christopher McDonald breath a tremendous amount of life into the only two staff members of the doomed Enterprise-C that we get to know. It’s a demonstration of just how perfectly attuned every aspect of Yesterday’s Enterprise actually is.) A kiss at the end of the world… The script for Yesterday’s Enterprise is extraordinarily structured. It’s a story involving concepts like alternate universes and temporal causality. Although these had been staples of science-fiction for decades, they weren’t really part of the mainstream vernacular in the early nineties. So the fact that Yesterday’s Enterprise is able to unfold across two timelines with a minimum of exposition is quite remarkable. The script is surprisingly lean. The episode never confirms through dialogue that alt!Data’s supposition was correct and that the Enterprise-C led to peace with the Klingons. The episode trusts the audience to be able to keep up with that internal logic, without too much hand-holding. That’s an extraordinary amount of confidence in the audience, and a sign of how The Next Generation was growing in confidence and charm. Stuck in a time Worf… In Living with Star Trek: American Culture and the Star Trek Universe, Lincoln Geraghty argues that Yesterday’s Enterprise is an example of how The Next Generation helped to popularise multi-form narratives in popular culture: With Star Trek the multiform story works because it has a narrative history which serves as a basis for many of its episodes; there is already a narrative framework in place for multiple plots to expand upon and characters to harmonise with. For fans, its ‘alternate versions of reality’ are part of the way they experience their own world and, as a result, part of how they identify themselves and want to imagine the future. As ever, science fiction succeeds in extrapolating ideas about the future by using contemporary methods of storytelling very much grounded in literary tradition. Rather than being a twenty-fourth-century tale about the future, Star Trek can, and may well always, be considered a story about contemporary society and how we deal with our own past and present. In Captains’ Logs: The Unauthorized Complete Trek Voyages, actor Jonathan Frakes joked about the complexity of the show’s narrative. “To this day I do not understand Yesterday’s Enterprise. I do not know what the f%$@ happened in that episode. I’m still trying to understand it – but I liked the look.” Picard’s attempts to save on the Enterprise’s electricity bill were a constant source of frustration to Riker… While Frakes may well be joking, it’s easy to understand how the show could be confusing. It’s a testament to the writers involved that Yesterday’s Enterprise is structured so clearly and that it’s all easy enough to follow for most of the viewers at home. (At least, based on the episode’s reputation and popularity.) Yesterday’s Enterprise is an ambitious piece of storytelling. The fact that it has become a fan favourite means that it has been discussed and watched and re-watched and picked apart time and time again, but it still holds up, despite all the potential complexities in the script. That said, the episode is assisted by the willingness of the writers to delve into the franchise’s history. A lot of Yesterday’s Enterprise relies on a casual understanding of how Star Trek works. There’s no real in-depth or insider knowledge required, but it trades off the franchise’s iconography. The show casually mentions the Romulans and the Klingons, without having any (save Worf) appear on screen. It plays off the idea that even the most casual viewers will accept the possibility of the Klingon Empire and the Federation being at war with one another. The empty chair… As an aside, it’s interesting that the Klingons are winning the war. Most portrayals of the Klingon Empire in the nineties tend to portray the Empire as a spent force, a political entity rotting away from the inside. Sins of the Father will reveal that the Empire is inherently corrupt and decayed, suggesting that the Romulans have managed to reach the highest levels of influence and that the Empire is just going through the pantomime of honour and strength. Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country reveals that the Klingons sued for peace after an economic disaster in the late twenty-second century. Of course, neither had aired when Yesterday’s Enterprise was written. Although Star Trek tends to suggest the Klingon Empire stagnates in times in peace, with decay setting in quite quickly, the implication is that the Klingon Empire thrives in war. That is part of the reason why Gowran is so keen to invade Cardassia in The Way of the Warrior, with a Changeling influencing him. In contrast, the Federation is a political entity ill-suited to long and protracted warfare. Quite simply, Yesterday’s Enterprise suggests that Picard and his crew simply cannot exist in a warlike universe. Core values… In terms of the wider context of Star Trek, it’s worth noting that Yesterday’s Enterprise is an episode that revolves around the Enterprise-C, a missing link between the Enterprise-A appearing in the big-screen adventures of Captain Kirk and the Enterprise-D featured in The Next Generation. So far, The Next Generation has been somewhat reluctant to explore the big gap that exists between the classic Star Trek and The Next Generation. The show has been unwilling to commit to any concrete facts about lifespan of the Enterprise-B and the Enterprise-C. In fact, up until Yesterday’s Enterprise, we could only infer their existence from the registry number on this Enterprise. That ambiguity extended outwards to the wider fictional universe. We were told (in The Neutral Zone) that the Romulans effectively entered hibernation between the two eras. Episodes like Heart of Glory and Samaritan Snare can’t seem to decide whether the Klingons have joined the Federation. Everything is in flames… So Yesterday’s Enterprise features an attempt to fill that lacuna in continuity. It demonstrates a growing sense of comfort with the history of Star Trek, as if The Next Generation is comes to terms with its place in the larger franchise. This is an idea that is inevitably building towards the broadcast of Sarek near the end of the season and the guest appearance of Spock in Reunification; it’s a process that will be far from painless, but is a necessary part of The Next Generation growing up and coming into its own. The script even manages to touch upon all the necessary big ideas in the time allotted. At one point, Picard even questions the assumption that his timeline is somehow inherently “wrong.” It’s something that alternate universe stories tend to take for granted, assuming that the universe we are most familiar with in inherently correct. “Who is to say that this history is any less proper than the other?” Picard challenges. While Yesterday’s Enterprise never really delves into that barrel of worms, it is great to see the topic broached, even fleetingly. Ships named Enterprise… Of course, despite the literal and metaphorical darkness on board the alt!Enterprise, it’s worth noting that Yesterday’s Enterprise remains inherently optimistic. Despite the fact that it’s set in a universe where the crew of the Enterprise is brutally gunned down by marauding Klingons, and the Federation itself will soon be overrun by the enemy at the gates, Yesterday’s Enterprise is built on the idea that the right person at the right time can change the flow of history. It’s not even about winning; the Enterprise-C is almost definitely going to be destroyed in the fight. Making the attempt is enough. Trying to help is what matters. “One more ship will make no difference in the here and now,” Picard tells Garrett as he attempts to convince her to journey back into the fray. “But twenty two years ago, one ship could have stopped this war before it started.” There’s an incredible nobility to that sentiment, and a charming optimism to the idea that even an ill-fated rescue mission is important enough to change the course of history so profoundly. It’s small acts of decency, even those doomed to failure, that make the world a better place. That’s a very Star Trek idea. All the cool kids sit in the back… Which brings us to Yar. Yar is a bit of a problem character, although less so here than she has been or will be again. Yesterday’s Enterprise is quite brutal in calling out the first season death of the Enterprise’s Chief of Security. When she presses Guinan for details of her death in the original timeline, Guinan insists that she doesn’t have the details, “But I do know it was an empty death. A death without purpose.” That’s a pretty cold thing to tell a work colleague, and also a bit of scathing self-criticism from the show itself. Skin of Evil was a pretty terrible episode, for any number of reasons. However, the decision to kill of Yar so suddenly wasn’t inherently a poor choice. It could have been executed better, and it was arguably a little overly ambitious. It wasn’t a decision that the show was mature enough to carry off at the time, certainly. However, this idea that space could carry dangers real enough to kill the Chief of Security at any time over something relatively trivial is not completely without merit. Garrett, we hardly knew ye… After all, the moral of Yesterday’s Enterprise is that even doomed acts of bravery and compassion are worth something. Given that Yar was killed while trying to save Troi, surely the same logic applies. Yar died randomly and senselessly, but while doing her duty and trying to help somebody in need. The only difference is that Yar’s death didn’t bring galactic peace or anything like that, but the moral of Yesterday’s Enterprise would seem downright cynical if it were to become results-orientated. The problem with Skin of Evil was the execution, rather than the core idea. It feels a little gratuitous to bring Yar back and offer her a more “meaningful” death. Of course, this becomes an even bigger problem in retrospect. Upgrading Yar from “random senseless death” to “meaningful television death” might be a little ham-fisted and might serve to undermine the one interesting aspect of Skin of Evil, but at least the episode’s heart is in the right place. Taking it home… However, Redemption, Part II later clarifies that Yar survived the ambush and was taken captive by the Romulans, where she gave birth to a child. So, in effect, what we’ve actually shifted from is “random senseless death” to “rape victim murdered off-screen.” And all in service of a soap-opera-esque “identical relative” plotline that doesn’t ever seem to go anywhere. Again, this might not be particularly problematic on its own terms, but in the wider context of how The Next Generation tended to treat its female leads, that revelation can’t help but sting. Still, all of this is over a season away. As far as anybody was aware at the time, Yesterday’s Enterprise had given Tasha Yar a much more “important” death than the one depicted in the first season. It is really the only point where Yesterday’s Enterprise veers towards cliché, but it’s not necessarily a poor decision. It’s a piece of self-criticism that stings, because it feels like criticism misses the point of the earlier episode. Skin of Evil was an absolutely dire piece of television, but not because Yar’s death was too random or senseless; but because the show hadn’t yet figured out how do “random or senseless.” Back to normal… That’s a very minor complaint in the grand scheme of things, and it’s a criticism that can be easily dismissed. Regardless of how “random or senseless” Yar’s death was in Skin of Evil, it didn’t serve Denise Crosby well as an actress, and it didn’t serve the viewers particularly well either. So it’s perfectly reasonable to argue that this revision is fair game. And it is nice to see The Next Generation willing to engage in self-criticism and self-analysis. Much like the attempts to undermine the show’s over-confidence in the second season, this sort of self-reflection is undoubtedly a good thing. Yesterday’s Enterprise is a phenomenal piece of television. It is superbly crafted at every level of production. David Carson’s direction, the script, the production design, the performances… everybody knocks it out of the park. A fantastic job from all involved, and a demonstration of just what The Next Generation was capable of at this point in its life cycle 11 Responses This season in general and episodes like this in particular was the first time Picard’s crew felt like human beings – in some ways the Federation humans of the early show felt far more alien than the Cardassians or Klingons, with their cold arrogance and holier than thou hyperrationalism (a trait which was present as late as ‘The Bonding’.) One aspect that I’ve always had difficulty with is the existance of Guinan on the Enterprise in this altered timeline. What is a civilian bartender even doing on the flagship at such a desperate moment in a long running war? Although I can justify it by arguing that she was somehow Picard’s confidante in this time line as well, and that he insisted she be assigned. (Besides, the bar is easy enough to justify on a war ship assigned to deep space with over 700 people on board. One imagines shore leave is a low priority.) Then again, given it’s unlikely that Time’s Arrow happened in this alternate universe, one wonders how Picard and Guinan became so close. Time travel and alternate universes make my head hurt. Then again, as you said, the episode really is strong enough to justify such a leap of faith. My personal favorite episode of all of Trek I admit, though honestly I don’t really know why, to this day I’m not sure. Even after reading this and a bunch of other reviews, just not sure 😛 I just really like it, and it seems to have had a huge impact on the franchise, being the basis for later episode (like ENT’s Twilight and I’m sure a bunch of other episodes I’m sure but can’t remember atm :P) and was cited even by the AbramsTrek writers as a major influence. So didn’t Star Trek 09’s premise of a portal sending a ship back to time, changing the timeline get ripped off from this episode? I think it’s the producers of the Abrams Trek’s favorite episode. Also apparently Parallels was a favorite of theirs, and the Unification two parter, which it all draws from. Strange that a TOS reboot draws so much from TNG. And yeah, excellent episode, prob my personal favorite. Though superficial, my favorite part is the bridge. It still stands the test of time and looks 100 times better than the normal bridge. I love the lighting. Too bad the Wesley decapitation scene never got filmed, that would have made this perhaps the greatest thing to ever be filmed for all of eternity. Oh and Worf I believe was originally going to be the one leading the Klingon attacks. So it would have had Worf murdering all his friends. Fucked up… I don’t remember who said it, but I once read a quote that argued in fiction you get one big “get”, one massive contrivance that starts off the story – maybe it’s the characters being in the right place at the right time, maybe it’s the fact that only they have the ability to help. After that, you’re at the audience’s indulgence. I’d argue that the Enterprise-D encountering the Enterprise-C is the episode’s big “get”, if that makes sense. It’s the entire plot of the episode, so it’s a contrivance that the script can get away with. While I do not find this episode as overwhelming as the consensus demands, the style and Picard’s line “The war is going very bad for the Federation” alone gives me the creeps. This whole episode, showing only a glimpse of another universe and the Klingon war, felt A LOT more believable than the whole of ST:Discovery’s attempt at this Klingon war-issue.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Events Career Development Workshop: Why You Need an Internship Date and Time Tuesday October 22, 20133:00pm - 3:45pm Description An internship provides you with practical work experience in your chosen field and can better prepare you for the professional job search. This workshop will help you explore your opportunities and discuss the benefits of an internship and other experiential education.The workshop will meet in the Administration Building, Room 218.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Feasibility of insertion/implantation of 2.0-mm-diameter gold internal fiducial markers for precise setup and real-time tumor tracking in radiotherapy. To examine the feasibility and reliability of insertion of internal fiducial markers into various organs for precise setup and real-time tumor tracking in radiotherapy (RT). Equipment and techniques for the insertion of 2.0-mm-diameter gold markers into or near the tumor were developed for spinal/paraspinal lesions, prostate tumors, and liver and lung tumors. Three markers were used to adjust the center of the mass of the target volume to the planned position in spinal/paraspinal lesions and prostate tumors (the three-marker method). The feasibility of the marker insertion and the stability of the position of markers were tested using stopping rules in the clinical protocol (i.e., the procedure was abandoned if 2 of 3 or 3 of 6 patients experienced marker dropping or migration). After the evaluation of the feasibility, the stability of the marker positions was monitored in those patients who entered the dose-escalation study. Each of the following was shown to be feasible: bronchoscopic insertion for the peripheral lung; image-guided transcutaneous insertion for the liver; cystoscopic and image-guided percutaneous insertion for the prostate; and surgical implantation for spinal/paraspinal lesions. Transcutaneous insertion of markers for spinal/paraspinal lesions and bronchoscopic insertion for central lung lesions were abandoned. Overall, marker implantation was successful and was used for real-time tumor tracking in RT in 90 (90%) of 100 lesions. No serious complications related to the marker insertion were noted for any of the 100 lesions. Using three markers surgically implanted into the vertebral bone, the mean +/- standard deviation in distance among the three markers was within 0.2 +/- 0.6 mm (range -1.4 to 0.8) through the treatment period of 30 days. The distance between the three markers gradually decreased during RT in five of six prostate cancers, consistent with a mean rate of volume regression of 9.3% (range 0.015-13%) in 10 days. Internal 2.0-mm-diameter gold markers can be safely inserted into various organs for real-time tumor tracking in RT using the prescribed equipment and techniques. The three-marker method has been shown to be a useful technique for precise setup for spinal/paraspinal lesions and prostate tumors.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Spatiotemporal dynamics of cross-polarized wave generation. We use time-domain spatially and spectrally resolved interferometry to investigate cross-polarized wave (XPW) generation in barium fluoride. We find that the XPW pulse is square root of 3 smaller than the input in the spatiotemporal domain, regardless of input chirp. Additionally, we calculate a temporally dependent focal length resulting from the nonlinear interaction and discuss its implications.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
スポンサーリンク以下ネットの反応。政府がやっているなら絶対的に順序が逆ですし、民間企業の手柄を横取りしようとしているなら最低です。そして「無料配布」なら当然のようにそれを宣伝するでしょうから、おそらく有料なんでしょうね。今も避難している１０万人以上の方々の中には、肉体的・精神的・経済的、いろんな意味での弱者がたくさんいるはずです。そんな人たちは、こんな報せを聞いたら「今も大変だけど、今後どうなるんだろう」という不安で押しつぶされそうになるはずです。まずは、被災者に対して「絶対大丈夫」「国が何とかする」という姿勢を見せなければなりません。今からでも遅くないので政府買い取りで「無料配布」にしてください。税金はこういう場面で使われなければなりません。	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
On Wednesday evening's edition of "The O'Reilly Factor," Bill O'Reilly used the murder of Walter L. Scott as an excuse to spout the total fabrication that "police shootings of black Americans" are "way, way down." "Police shootings have fallen 70 percent, police shootings of black Americans, 70 percent, in the last 40, 50 years. So they're way, way, down. In 2012, the last stats available, 123 blacks were killed by police, 326 whites were killed. So there doesn't seem to be, as some people would have you believe, that police are trying to hunt down young black men and take their lives." Advertisement: However, O'Reilly got this number from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's fatal injuries database which is actually fairly unreliable since coroners and doctors are not obligated to disclose that there was police involvement in deaths they record. Given that fact, and the fact that the statistics O'Reilly used counts hispanic people as white, Politifact determined that O'Reilly's statistics are mostly false. In fact, FiveThirtyEight reports that black people are killed at a much higher rate than white people: In 2014 and March of 2015,Mapping Police Violence counted 297 people killed by police around the country who were unarmed.1 Of those people, 117 were African-American, 167 were not, and the project couldn’t identify race for 13. That means 41 percent of unarmed people killed by police during that time in the database (with an identified race) were African-American, far out of proportion in a country that was 14 percent African-American in 2013. Among people who were armed when killed by police and for whom researchers had race data, 25 percent were African-American. Watch the clip below, but remember to take O'Reilly's "facts" with a healthy dose of skepticism:	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Tinoka railway station Tinoka railway station () is located in Pakistan. See also List of railway stations in Pakistan Pakistan Railways References External links Official Web Site of Pakistan Railways Category:Railway stations in Chiniot District	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The order by Beijing police, reported by the Beijing Times on Tuesday, comes a day after a city-wide crackdown on illegal weapons, which led to the seizure of 1,123 knives and 327 guns. Netizens have already ridiculed the move as ineffectual. “I can understand the police departments’ concerns,” social commentator Yao Bo wrote in a Sina Weibo post. “But what if someone goes into a supermarket and kills someone with a Durian?” […]The order comes less than 24 hours after a Beijing native, surnamed Wang, stabbed four people at Carrefour shopping centre in Beijing’s western district around noon on Monday. […]Wang had used a knife sold at the Carrefour shopping centre in his attack. He had been released from a Beijing mental hospital on January 11 after undergoing five months of treatment for an unspecified illness, police said. While several customers reached by the Global Times in the Xicheng Carrefour said they felt inconvenienced, one customer surnamed Yang said that she felt safer after the knife shelves were cleared. “Knives should not be put on sale in a supermarket in the first place as they are dangerous articles,” Yang said. Wang Hongwei, a public security expert with the Renmin University of China, said that the halt on knife sales is a temporary solution and would not radically solve the problem of injury cases concerning mental health patients or petitioners. “It is not the knife that kills; it is the person who uses it. Instead of hiding away the potential weapons, government should establish a better system to supervise those patients and raise the public awareness to care for and protect them,” Wang said. [Source] […]At this very sensitive moment when every person’s life can be put at risk, the public expects authorities to come up with meaningful solutions. Nonetheless, they seldom feel satisfied with the moves taken by authorities, arguing that China is full of knives already and bans on sales will hardly keep them out of the hands of attackers. […]The US’ experience in regulating guns has taught China some lessons. Americans debate the possibilities of enacting federal legislation to eliminate easy access to guns whenever there is a shooting case like the one in Connecticut last year. A ban on owning a gun in the US, even it benefits the whole society, is impossible to carry out due to the country’s adherence to its constitution. Public opinion, after each extreme case, should criticize violence first and help limit the scope of such cases. Meanwhile, Chinese authorities should take a long-term view when looking into public opinion. They have to reflect on every case and consider issues such as the treatment of the mentally ill, rather than rushing to knee-jerk solutions that do nothing. Wu Boxin, a professor from the Chinese People’s Public Security University, told the Global Times that the public should be aware that such cases reflect the twisted relationship between the public and certain government officials. “In violent incidents like these, the suspects might have suffered improper treatment from the authorities or they misunderstood directions from the government. When such discontent accumulates and the suspects can’t find a way to vent their anger, they might end up choosing violence as solution,” Wu said, adding that there is no excuse for committing such extreme violence. Zhou Xiaozheng, a professor of sociology at the Renmin University of China, compared the case to that of Yang Jia, a Beijing resident who murdered six Shanghai policemen with a knife in 2008 after being arrested by the Shanghai police for riding an unlicensed bicycle. Yang claimed that he had been beaten by the police. [Source]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Johann Benzenberg Johann Friedrich Benzenberg (5 May 1777 – 7 June 1846) was a German astronomer, geologist, and physicist. Biography Benzenberg was born near Elberfeld, Germany on 5 May 1777 to Heinrich Benzenberg and Johanna Elisabeth. He married Charlotte Platzhoff in 1807. After studying theology at Herborn and Marburg, he travelled to Göttingen where he became interested in science through attending lectures by Georg Christoph Lichtenberg and Abraham Gotthelf Kästner. Benzenberg obtained a PhD from the University of Duisburg in 1800 and became a professor of mathematics at the women's college of Düsseldorf in 1805. After the Napoleonic occupation of Germany he immigrated to Switzerland where he became interested in politics. Benzenberg's interest in politics led him to write extensively on issues such as the constitution of Prussia. In 1844 Benzenberg built a private observatory, the Düsseldorf-Bilk Observatory, in Bilk, which he later donated to the city along with a grant to pay for a resident astronomer. In 1798, whilst still a student at the University of Göttingen, Benzenberg and Heinrich Wilhelm Brandes studied the atmospheric altitude of meteors, collecting the first evidence that they were inside the atmosphere. Later, in 1802 and 1804, Benzenberg helped prove the Earth's rotation by conducting experiments originally suggested by Isaac Newton; dropping balls from a height. References Category:People from Elberfeld Category:1777 births Category:1846 deaths Category:University of Göttingen alumni Category:German physicists	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
How an RNA ligase discriminates RNA versus DNA damage. T4 RNA ligase 2 (Rnl2) exemplifies a family of RNA-joining enzymes that includes protozoan RNA-editing ligases. Rnl2 efficiently seals 3'-OH/5'-PO4 RNA nicks in either a duplex RNA or an RNA:DNA hybrid but cannot seal DNA nicks. RNA specificity arises from a requirement for at least two ribonucleotides immediately flanking the 3'-OH of the nick; the rest of the nicked duplex can be replaced by DNA. The terminal 2'-OH at the nick is important for the attack of the 3'-OH on the 5'-adenylated strand to form a phosphodiester, but dispensable for nick recognition and adenylylation of the 5'-PO4 strand. The penultimate 2'-OH is important for nick recognition. Stable binding of Rnl2 at a nick depends on contacts to both the N-terminal adenylyltransferase domain and its signature C-terminal domain. Nick sensing also requires adenylylation of Rnl2. These results provide insights to the evolution of nucleic acid repair systems.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
The Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line, AS52, carries a single functional copy of the bacterial gpt gene stably integrated into the CHO genome. Mutations at gpt are recovered as 6-thioguanine resistant colonies and may arise in these cells as a result of the loss of functional gpt sequences through i) intrachromosomal deletion, ii) mitotic recombination or iii) gene conversion. The site of integration of the gpt locus appears to allow the recovery these complex mutations where such events will be conditionally lethal at the analogous hemizygous X-linked hprt locus. Thus, AS52 cells are sensitive to induced mutagenesis by a variety of clastogens which are often classified as nonmutagens in other assays. Two agents under study are 5-azacytidine (5AC) and 1-beta-D-arabino-furanosylcytosine (ara-C). Neither 5AC nor ara-C are mutagenic at the hprt locus but both are potent mutagens at the gpt locus in AS52 cells. Ara-C has been demonstrated to generate deletions or recombination/gene conversion events and efforts are underway to define the spectrum of mutations induced by 5AC. We are continuing to refine the AS52 cell system to provide a more precise description of complex mutations. Efforts are underway to evaluate the requirement for perfect sequence homology and/or a role for mismatch repair in the regulation of mitotic recombination in mammalian cells. Similar studies in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes have implicated mismatch repair in the regulation of recombination. These studies have direct bearing on the mechanisms by which mutations are induced by agents that saturate or inhibit mismatch repair. Such agents may be particularly recombinogenic and the AS52 cell line may be uniquely capable of detecting these events. Finally, we are continuing to use the pi vx-system to isolate deletion endpoints for molecular characterization from lambda genomic libraries derived from selected AS52 mutants.	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
/* * Copyright (c) 2004, 2005 Topspin Communications. All rights reserved. * Copyright (c) 2005 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved. * Copyright (c) 2005, 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. * Copyright (c) 2005 Mellanox Technologies. All rights reserved. * Copyright (c) 2004 Voltaire, Inc. All rights reserved. * * This software is available to you under a choice of one of two * licenses. You may choose to be licensed under the terms of the GNU * General Public License (GPL) Version 2, available from the file * COPYING in the main directory of this source tree, or the * OpenIB.org BSD license below: * * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or * without modification, are permitted provided that the following * conditions are met: * * - Redistributions of source code must retain the above * copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following * disclaimer. * * - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above * copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following * disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials * provided with the distribution. * * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS * BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN * ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE * SOFTWARE. / #include <linux/gfp.h> #include <linux/hardirq.h> #include <linux/sched.h> #include <asm/io.h> #include <rdma/ib_pack.h> #include "mthca_dev.h" #include "mthca_cmd.h" #include "mthca_memfree.h" enum { MTHCA_MAX_DIRECT_CQ_SIZE = 4 PAGE_SIZE }; enum { MTHCA_CQ_ENTRY_SIZE = 0x20 }; enum { MTHCA_ATOMIC_BYTE_LEN = 8 }; /* * Must be packed because start is 64 bits but only aligned to 32 bits. / struct mthca_cq_context { __be32 flags; __be64 start; __be32 logsize_usrpage; __be32 error_eqn; / Tavor only / __be32 comp_eqn; __be32 pd; __be32 lkey; __be32 last_notified_index; __be32 solicit_producer_index; __be32 consumer_index; __be32 producer_index; __be32 cqn; __be32 ci_db; / Arbel only / __be32 state_db; / Arbel only / u32 reserved; } __attribute__((packed)); #define MTHCA_CQ_STATUS_OK ( 0 << 28) #define MTHCA_CQ_STATUS_OVERFLOW ( 9 << 28) #define MTHCA_CQ_STATUS_WRITE_FAIL (10 << 28) #define MTHCA_CQ_FLAG_TR ( 1 << 18) #define MTHCA_CQ_FLAG_OI ( 1 << 17) #define MTHCA_CQ_STATE_DISARMED ( 0 << 8) #define MTHCA_CQ_STATE_ARMED ( 1 << 8) #define MTHCA_CQ_STATE_ARMED_SOL ( 4 << 8) #define MTHCA_EQ_STATE_FIRED (10 << 8) enum { MTHCA_ERROR_CQE_OPCODE_MASK = 0xfe }; enum { SYNDROME_LOCAL_LENGTH_ERR = 0x01, SYNDROME_LOCAL_QP_OP_ERR = 0x02, SYNDROME_LOCAL_EEC_OP_ERR = 0x03, SYNDROME_LOCAL_PROT_ERR = 0x04, SYNDROME_WR_FLUSH_ERR = 0x05, SYNDROME_MW_BIND_ERR = 0x06, SYNDROME_BAD_RESP_ERR = 0x10, SYNDROME_LOCAL_ACCESS_ERR = 0x11, SYNDROME_REMOTE_INVAL_REQ_ERR = 0x12, SYNDROME_REMOTE_ACCESS_ERR = 0x13, SYNDROME_REMOTE_OP_ERR = 0x14, SYNDROME_RETRY_EXC_ERR = 0x15, SYNDROME_RNR_RETRY_EXC_ERR = 0x16, SYNDROME_LOCAL_RDD_VIOL_ERR = 0x20, SYNDROME_REMOTE_INVAL_RD_REQ_ERR = 0x21, SYNDROME_REMOTE_ABORTED_ERR = 0x22, SYNDROME_INVAL_EECN_ERR = 0x23, SYNDROME_INVAL_EEC_STATE_ERR = 0x24 }; struct mthca_cqe { __be32 my_qpn; __be32 my_ee; __be32 rqpn; u8 sl_ipok; u8 g_mlpath; __be16 rlid; __be32 imm_etype_pkey_eec; __be32 byte_cnt; __be32 wqe; u8 opcode; u8 is_send; u8 reserved; u8 owner; }; struct mthca_err_cqe { __be32 my_qpn; u32 reserved1[3]; u8 syndrome; u8 vendor_err; __be16 db_cnt; u32 reserved2; __be32 wqe; u8 opcode; u8 reserved3[2]; u8 owner; }; #define MTHCA_CQ_ENTRY_OWNER_SW (0 << 7) #define MTHCA_CQ_ENTRY_OWNER_HW (1 << 7) #define MTHCA_TAVOR_CQ_DB_INC_CI (1 << 24) #define MTHCA_TAVOR_CQ_DB_REQ_NOT (2 << 24) #define MTHCA_TAVOR_CQ_DB_REQ_NOT_SOL (3 << 24) #define MTHCA_TAVOR_CQ_DB_SET_CI (4 << 24) #define MTHCA_TAVOR_CQ_DB_REQ_NOT_MULT (5 << 24) #define MTHCA_ARBEL_CQ_DB_REQ_NOT_SOL (1 << 24) #define MTHCA_ARBEL_CQ_DB_REQ_NOT (2 << 24) #define MTHCA_ARBEL_CQ_DB_REQ_NOT_MULT (3 << 24) static inline struct mthca_cqe get_cqe_from_buf(struct mthca_cq_buf buf, int entry) { if (buf->is_direct) return buf->queue.direct.buf + (entry MTHCA_CQ_ENTRY_SIZE); else return buf->queue.page_list[entry * MTHCA_CQ_ENTRY_SIZE / PAGE_SIZE].buf + (entry * MTHCA_CQ_ENTRY_SIZE) % PAGE_SIZE; } static inline struct mthca_cqe get_cqe(struct mthca_cq cq, int entry) { return get_cqe_from_buf(&cq->buf, entry); } static inline struct mthca_cqe cqe_sw(struct mthca_cqe cqe) { return MTHCA_CQ_ENTRY_OWNER_HW & cqe->owner ? NULL : cqe; } static inline struct mthca_cqe next_cqe_sw(struct mthca_cq cq) { return cqe_sw(get_cqe(cq, cq->cons_index & cq->ibcq.cqe)); } static inline void set_cqe_hw(struct mthca_cqe cqe) { cqe->owner = MTHCA_CQ_ENTRY_OWNER_HW; } static void dump_cqe(struct mthca_dev dev, void cqe_ptr) { __be32 cqe = cqe_ptr; (void) cqe; /* avoid warning if mthca_dbg compiled away... / mthca_dbg(dev, "CQE contents %08x %08x %08x %08x %08x %08x %08x %08x\n", be32_to_cpu(cqe[0]), be32_to_cpu(cqe[1]), be32_to_cpu(cqe[2]), be32_to_cpu(cqe[3]), be32_to_cpu(cqe[4]), be32_to_cpu(cqe[5]), be32_to_cpu(cqe[6]), be32_to_cpu(cqe[7])); } / * incr is ignored in native Arbel (mem-free) mode, so cq->cons_index * should be correct before calling update_cons_index(). / static inline void update_cons_index(struct mthca_dev dev, struct mthca_cq cq, int incr) { if (mthca_is_memfree(dev)) { cq->set_ci_db = cpu_to_be32(cq->cons_index); wmb(); } else { mthca_write64(MTHCA_TAVOR_CQ_DB_INC_CI \| cq->cqn, incr - 1, dev->kar + MTHCA_CQ_DOORBELL, MTHCA_GET_DOORBELL_LOCK(&dev->doorbell_lock)); /* * Make sure doorbells don't leak out of CQ spinlock * and reach the HCA out of order: / mmiowb(); } } void mthca_cq_completion(struct mthca_dev dev, u32 cqn) { struct mthca_cq cq; cq = mthca_array_get(&dev->cq_table.cq, cqn & (dev->limits.num_cqs - 1)); if (!cq) { mthca_warn(dev, "Completion event for bogus CQ %08x\n", cqn); return; } ++cq->arm_sn; cq->ibcq.comp_handler(&cq->ibcq, cq->ibcq.cq_context); } void mthca_cq_event(struct mthca_dev dev, u32 cqn, enum ib_event_type event_type) { struct mthca_cq cq; struct ib_event event; spin_lock(&dev->cq_table.lock); cq = mthca_array_get(&dev->cq_table.cq, cqn & (dev->limits.num_cqs - 1)); if (cq) ++cq->refcount; spin_unlock(&dev->cq_table.lock); if (!cq) { mthca_warn(dev, "Async event for bogus CQ %08x\n", cqn); return; } event.device = &dev->ib_dev; event.event = event_type; event.element.cq = &cq->ibcq; if (cq->ibcq.event_handler) cq->ibcq.event_handler(&event, cq->ibcq.cq_context); spin_lock(&dev->cq_table.lock); if (!--cq->refcount) wake_up(&cq->wait); spin_unlock(&dev->cq_table.lock); } static inline int is_recv_cqe(struct mthca_cqe cqe) { if ((cqe->opcode & MTHCA_ERROR_CQE_OPCODE_MASK) == MTHCA_ERROR_CQE_OPCODE_MASK) return !(cqe->opcode & 0x01); else return !(cqe->is_send & 0x80); } void mthca_cq_clean(struct mthca_dev dev, struct mthca_cq cq, u32 qpn, struct mthca_srq srq) { struct mthca_cqe cqe; u32 prod_index; int i, nfreed = 0; spin_lock_irq(&cq->lock); /* * First we need to find the current producer index, so we * know where to start cleaning from. It doesn't matter if HW * adds new entries after this loop -- the QP we're worried * about is already in RESET, so the new entries won't come * from our QP and therefore don't need to be checked. / for (prod_index = cq->cons_index; cqe_sw(get_cqe(cq, prod_index & cq->ibcq.cqe)); ++prod_index) if (prod_index == cq->cons_index + cq->ibcq.cqe) break; if (0) mthca_dbg(dev, "Cleaning QPN %06x from CQN %06x; ci %d, pi %d\n", qpn, cq->cqn, cq->cons_index, prod_index); / * Now sweep backwards through the CQ, removing CQ entries * that match our QP by copying older entries on top of them. / while ((int) --prod_index - (int) cq->cons_index >= 0) { cqe = get_cqe(cq, prod_index & cq->ibcq.cqe); if (cqe->my_qpn == cpu_to_be32(qpn)) { if (srq && is_recv_cqe(cqe)) mthca_free_srq_wqe(srq, be32_to_cpu(cqe->wqe)); ++nfreed; } else if (nfreed) memcpy(get_cqe(cq, (prod_index + nfreed) & cq->ibcq.cqe), cqe, MTHCA_CQ_ENTRY_SIZE); } if (nfreed) { for (i = 0; i < nfreed; ++i) set_cqe_hw(get_cqe(cq, (cq->cons_index + i) & cq->ibcq.cqe)); wmb(); cq->cons_index += nfreed; update_cons_index(dev, cq, nfreed); } spin_unlock_irq(&cq->lock); } void mthca_cq_resize_copy_cqes(struct mthca_cq cq) { int i; /* * In Tavor mode, the hardware keeps the consumer and producer * indices mod the CQ size. Since we might be making the CQ * bigger, we need to deal with the case where the producer * index wrapped around before the CQ was resized. / if (!mthca_is_memfree(to_mdev(cq->ibcq.device)) && cq->ibcq.cqe < cq->resize_buf->cqe) { cq->cons_index &= cq->ibcq.cqe; if (cqe_sw(get_cqe(cq, cq->ibcq.cqe))) cq->cons_index -= cq->ibcq.cqe + 1; } for (i = cq->cons_index; cqe_sw(get_cqe(cq, i & cq->ibcq.cqe)); ++i) memcpy(get_cqe_from_buf(&cq->resize_buf->buf, i & cq->resize_buf->cqe), get_cqe(cq, i & cq->ibcq.cqe), MTHCA_CQ_ENTRY_SIZE); } int mthca_alloc_cq_buf(struct mthca_dev dev, struct mthca_cq_buf buf, int nent) { int ret; int i; ret = mthca_buf_alloc(dev, nent MTHCA_CQ_ENTRY_SIZE, MTHCA_MAX_DIRECT_CQ_SIZE, &buf->queue, &buf->is_direct, &dev->driver_pd, 1, &buf->mr); if (ret) return ret; for (i = 0; i < nent; ++i) set_cqe_hw(get_cqe_from_buf(buf, i)); return 0; } void mthca_free_cq_buf(struct mthca_dev dev, struct mthca_cq_buf buf, int cqe) { mthca_buf_free(dev, (cqe + 1) * MTHCA_CQ_ENTRY_SIZE, &buf->queue, buf->is_direct, &buf->mr); } static void handle_error_cqe(struct mthca_dev dev, struct mthca_cq cq, struct mthca_qp qp, int wqe_index, int is_send, struct mthca_err_cqe cqe, struct ib_wc entry, int free_cqe) { int dbd; __be32 new_wqe; if (cqe->syndrome == SYNDROME_LOCAL_QP_OP_ERR) { mthca_dbg(dev, "local QP operation err " "(QPN %06x, WQE @ %08x, CQN %06x, index %d)\n", be32_to_cpu(cqe->my_qpn), be32_to_cpu(cqe->wqe), cq->cqn, cq->cons_index); dump_cqe(dev, cqe); } /* * For completions in error, only work request ID, status, vendor error * (and freed resource count for RD) have to be set. / switch (cqe->syndrome) { case SYNDROME_LOCAL_LENGTH_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_LOC_LEN_ERR; break; case SYNDROME_LOCAL_QP_OP_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_LOC_QP_OP_ERR; break; case SYNDROME_LOCAL_EEC_OP_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_LOC_EEC_OP_ERR; break; case SYNDROME_LOCAL_PROT_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_LOC_PROT_ERR; break; case SYNDROME_WR_FLUSH_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_WR_FLUSH_ERR; break; case SYNDROME_MW_BIND_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_MW_BIND_ERR; break; case SYNDROME_BAD_RESP_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_BAD_RESP_ERR; break; case SYNDROME_LOCAL_ACCESS_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_LOC_ACCESS_ERR; break; case SYNDROME_REMOTE_INVAL_REQ_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_REM_INV_REQ_ERR; break; case SYNDROME_REMOTE_ACCESS_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_REM_ACCESS_ERR; break; case SYNDROME_REMOTE_OP_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_REM_OP_ERR; break; case SYNDROME_RETRY_EXC_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_RETRY_EXC_ERR; break; case SYNDROME_RNR_RETRY_EXC_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_RNR_RETRY_EXC_ERR; break; case SYNDROME_LOCAL_RDD_VIOL_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_LOC_RDD_VIOL_ERR; break; case SYNDROME_REMOTE_INVAL_RD_REQ_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_REM_INV_RD_REQ_ERR; break; case SYNDROME_REMOTE_ABORTED_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_REM_ABORT_ERR; break; case SYNDROME_INVAL_EECN_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_INV_EECN_ERR; break; case SYNDROME_INVAL_EEC_STATE_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_INV_EEC_STATE_ERR; break; default: entry->status = IB_WC_GENERAL_ERR; break; } entry->vendor_err = cqe->vendor_err; / * Mem-free HCAs always generate one CQE per WQE, even in the * error case, so we don't have to check the doorbell count, etc. / if (mthca_is_memfree(dev)) return; mthca_free_err_wqe(dev, qp, is_send, wqe_index, &dbd, &new_wqe); / * If we're at the end of the WQE chain, or we've used up our * doorbell count, free the CQE. Otherwise just update it for * the next poll operation. / if (!(new_wqe & cpu_to_be32(0x3f)) \|\| (!cqe->db_cnt && dbd)) return; be16_add_cpu(&cqe->db_cnt, -dbd); cqe->wqe = new_wqe; cqe->syndrome = SYNDROME_WR_FLUSH_ERR; free_cqe = 0; } static inline int mthca_poll_one(struct mthca_dev dev, struct mthca_cq cq, struct mthca_qp *cur_qp, int freed, struct ib_wc entry) { struct mthca_wq wq; struct mthca_cqe cqe; int wqe_index; int is_error; int is_send; int free_cqe = 1; int err = 0; u16 checksum; cqe = next_cqe_sw(cq); if (!cqe) return -EAGAIN; / * Make sure we read CQ entry contents after we've checked the * ownership bit. / rmb(); if (0) { mthca_dbg(dev, "%x/%d: CQE -> QPN %06x, WQE @ %08x\n", cq->cqn, cq->cons_index, be32_to_cpu(cqe->my_qpn), be32_to_cpu(cqe->wqe)); dump_cqe(dev, cqe); } is_error = (cqe->opcode & MTHCA_ERROR_CQE_OPCODE_MASK) == MTHCA_ERROR_CQE_OPCODE_MASK; is_send = is_error ? cqe->opcode & 0x01 : cqe->is_send & 0x80; if (!cur_qp \|\| be32_to_cpu(cqe->my_qpn) != (cur_qp)->qpn) { / * We do not have to take the QP table lock here, * because CQs will be locked while QPs are removed * from the table. / cur_qp = mthca_array_get(&dev->qp_table.qp, be32_to_cpu(cqe->my_qpn) & (dev->limits.num_qps - 1)); if (!cur_qp) { mthca_warn(dev, "CQ entry for unknown QP %06x\n", be32_to_cpu(cqe->my_qpn) & 0xffffff); err = -EINVAL; goto out; } } entry->qp = &(cur_qp)->ibqp; if (is_send) { wq = &(cur_qp)->sq; wqe_index = ((be32_to_cpu(cqe->wqe) - (cur_qp)->send_wqe_offset) >> wq->wqe_shift); entry->wr_id = (cur_qp)->wrid[wqe_index + (cur_qp)->rq.max]; } else if ((cur_qp)->ibqp.srq) { struct mthca_srq srq = to_msrq((cur_qp)->ibqp.srq); u32 wqe = be32_to_cpu(cqe->wqe); wq = NULL; wqe_index = wqe >> srq->wqe_shift; entry->wr_id = srq->wrid[wqe_index]; mthca_free_srq_wqe(srq, wqe); } else { s32 wqe; wq = &(cur_qp)->rq; wqe = be32_to_cpu(cqe->wqe); wqe_index = wqe >> wq->wqe_shift; /* * WQE addr == base - 1 might be reported in receive completion * with error instead of (rq size - 1) by Sinai FW 1.0.800 and * Arbel FW 5.1.400. This bug should be fixed in later FW revs. / if (unlikely(wqe_index < 0)) wqe_index = wq->max - 1; entry->wr_id = (cur_qp)->wrid[wqe_index]; } if (wq) { if (wq->last_comp < wqe_index) wq->tail += wqe_index - wq->last_comp; else wq->tail += wqe_index + wq->max - wq->last_comp; wq->last_comp = wqe_index; } if (is_error) { handle_error_cqe(dev, cq, cur_qp, wqe_index, is_send, (struct mthca_err_cqe ) cqe, entry, &free_cqe); goto out; } if (is_send) { entry->wc_flags = 0; switch (cqe->opcode) { case MTHCA_OPCODE_RDMA_WRITE: entry->opcode = IB_WC_RDMA_WRITE; break; case MTHCA_OPCODE_RDMA_WRITE_IMM: entry->opcode = IB_WC_RDMA_WRITE; entry->wc_flags \|= IB_WC_WITH_IMM; break; case MTHCA_OPCODE_SEND: entry->opcode = IB_WC_SEND; break; case MTHCA_OPCODE_SEND_IMM: entry->opcode = IB_WC_SEND; entry->wc_flags \|= IB_WC_WITH_IMM; break; case MTHCA_OPCODE_RDMA_READ: entry->opcode = IB_WC_RDMA_READ; entry->byte_len = be32_to_cpu(cqe->byte_cnt); break; case MTHCA_OPCODE_ATOMIC_CS: entry->opcode = IB_WC_COMP_SWAP; entry->byte_len = MTHCA_ATOMIC_BYTE_LEN; break; case MTHCA_OPCODE_ATOMIC_FA: entry->opcode = IB_WC_FETCH_ADD; entry->byte_len = MTHCA_ATOMIC_BYTE_LEN; break; case MTHCA_OPCODE_BIND_MW: entry->opcode = IB_WC_BIND_MW; break; default: entry->opcode = MTHCA_OPCODE_INVALID; break; } } else { entry->byte_len = be32_to_cpu(cqe->byte_cnt); switch (cqe->opcode & 0x1f) { case IB_OPCODE_SEND_LAST_WITH_IMMEDIATE: case IB_OPCODE_SEND_ONLY_WITH_IMMEDIATE: entry->wc_flags = IB_WC_WITH_IMM; entry->ex.imm_data = cqe->imm_etype_pkey_eec; entry->opcode = IB_WC_RECV; break; case IB_OPCODE_RDMA_WRITE_LAST_WITH_IMMEDIATE: case IB_OPCODE_RDMA_WRITE_ONLY_WITH_IMMEDIATE: entry->wc_flags = IB_WC_WITH_IMM; entry->ex.imm_data = cqe->imm_etype_pkey_eec; entry->opcode = IB_WC_RECV_RDMA_WITH_IMM; break; default: entry->wc_flags = 0; entry->opcode = IB_WC_RECV; break; } entry->slid = be16_to_cpu(cqe->rlid); entry->sl = cqe->sl_ipok >> 4; entry->src_qp = be32_to_cpu(cqe->rqpn) & 0xffffff; entry->dlid_path_bits = cqe->g_mlpath & 0x7f; entry->pkey_index = be32_to_cpu(cqe->imm_etype_pkey_eec) >> 16; entry->wc_flags \|= cqe->g_mlpath & 0x80 ? IB_WC_GRH : 0; checksum = (be32_to_cpu(cqe->rqpn) >> 24) \| ((be32_to_cpu(cqe->my_ee) >> 16) & 0xff00); entry->wc_flags \|= (cqe->sl_ipok & 1 && checksum == 0xffff) ? IB_WC_IP_CSUM_OK : 0; } entry->status = IB_WC_SUCCESS; out: if (likely(free_cqe)) { set_cqe_hw(cqe); ++(freed); ++cq->cons_index; } return err; } int mthca_poll_cq(struct ib_cq ibcq, int num_entries, struct ib_wc entry) { struct mthca_dev dev = to_mdev(ibcq->device); struct mthca_cq cq = to_mcq(ibcq); struct mthca_qp qp = NULL; unsigned long flags; int err = 0; int freed = 0; int npolled; spin_lock_irqsave(&cq->lock, flags); npolled = 0; repoll: while (npolled < num_entries) { err = mthca_poll_one(dev, cq, &qp, &freed, entry + npolled); if (err) break; ++npolled; } if (freed) { wmb(); update_cons_index(dev, cq, freed); } /* * If a CQ resize is in progress and we discovered that the * old buffer is empty, then peek in the new buffer, and if * it's not empty, switch to the new buffer and continue * polling there. / if (unlikely(err == -EAGAIN && cq->resize_buf && cq->resize_buf->state == CQ_RESIZE_READY)) { / * In Tavor mode, the hardware keeps the producer * index modulo the CQ size. Since we might be making * the CQ bigger, we need to mask our consumer index * using the size of the old CQ buffer before looking * in the new CQ buffer. / if (!mthca_is_memfree(dev)) cq->cons_index &= cq->ibcq.cqe; if (cqe_sw(get_cqe_from_buf(&cq->resize_buf->buf, cq->cons_index & cq->resize_buf->cqe))) { struct mthca_cq_buf tbuf; int tcqe; tbuf = cq->buf; tcqe = cq->ibcq.cqe; cq->buf = cq->resize_buf->buf; cq->ibcq.cqe = cq->resize_buf->cqe; cq->resize_buf->buf = tbuf; cq->resize_buf->cqe = tcqe; cq->resize_buf->state = CQ_RESIZE_SWAPPED; goto repoll; } } spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cq->lock, flags); return err == 0 \|\| err == -EAGAIN ? npolled : err; } int mthca_tavor_arm_cq(struct ib_cq cq, enum ib_cq_notify_flags flags) { u32 dbhi = ((flags & IB_CQ_SOLICITED_MASK) == IB_CQ_SOLICITED ? MTHCA_TAVOR_CQ_DB_REQ_NOT_SOL : MTHCA_TAVOR_CQ_DB_REQ_NOT) \| to_mcq(cq)->cqn; mthca_write64(dbhi, 0xffffffff, to_mdev(cq->device)->kar + MTHCA_CQ_DOORBELL, MTHCA_GET_DOORBELL_LOCK(&to_mdev(cq->device)->doorbell_lock)); return 0; } int mthca_arbel_arm_cq(struct ib_cq ibcq, enum ib_cq_notify_flags flags) { struct mthca_cq cq = to_mcq(ibcq); __be32 db_rec[2]; u32 dbhi; u32 sn = cq->arm_sn & 3; db_rec[0] = cpu_to_be32(cq->cons_index); db_rec[1] = cpu_to_be32((cq->cqn << 8) \| (2 << 5) \| (sn << 3) \| ((flags & IB_CQ_SOLICITED_MASK) == IB_CQ_SOLICITED ? 1 : 2)); mthca_write_db_rec(db_rec, cq->arm_db); /* * Make sure that the doorbell record in host memory is * written before ringing the doorbell via PCI MMIO. / wmb(); dbhi = (sn << 28) \| ((flags & IB_CQ_SOLICITED_MASK) == IB_CQ_SOLICITED ? MTHCA_ARBEL_CQ_DB_REQ_NOT_SOL : MTHCA_ARBEL_CQ_DB_REQ_NOT) \| cq->cqn; mthca_write64(dbhi, cq->cons_index, to_mdev(ibcq->device)->kar + MTHCA_CQ_DOORBELL, MTHCA_GET_DOORBELL_LOCK(&to_mdev(ibcq->device)->doorbell_lock)); return 0; } int mthca_init_cq(struct mthca_dev dev, int nent, struct mthca_ucontext ctx, u32 pdn, struct mthca_cq cq) { struct mthca_mailbox mailbox; struct mthca_cq_context cq_context; int err = -ENOMEM; cq->ibcq.cqe = nent - 1; cq->is_kernel = !ctx; cq->cqn = mthca_alloc(&dev->cq_table.alloc); if (cq->cqn == -1) return -ENOMEM; if (mthca_is_memfree(dev)) { err = mthca_table_get(dev, dev->cq_table.table, cq->cqn); if (err) goto err_out; if (cq->is_kernel) { cq->arm_sn = 1; err = -ENOMEM; cq->set_ci_db_index = mthca_alloc_db(dev, MTHCA_DB_TYPE_CQ_SET_CI, cq->cqn, &cq->set_ci_db); if (cq->set_ci_db_index < 0) goto err_out_icm; cq->arm_db_index = mthca_alloc_db(dev, MTHCA_DB_TYPE_CQ_ARM, cq->cqn, &cq->arm_db); if (cq->arm_db_index < 0) goto err_out_ci; } } mailbox = mthca_alloc_mailbox(dev, GFP_KERNEL); if (IS_ERR(mailbox)) goto err_out_arm; cq_context = mailbox->buf; if (cq->is_kernel) { err = mthca_alloc_cq_buf(dev, &cq->buf, nent); if (err) goto err_out_mailbox; } spin_lock_init(&cq->lock); cq->refcount = 1; init_waitqueue_head(&cq->wait); mutex_init(&cq->mutex); memset(cq_context, 0, sizeof cq_context); cq_context->flags = cpu_to_be32(MTHCA_CQ_STATUS_OK \| MTHCA_CQ_STATE_DISARMED \| MTHCA_CQ_FLAG_TR); cq_context->logsize_usrpage = cpu_to_be32((ffs(nent) - 1) << 24); if (ctx) cq_context->logsize_usrpage \|= cpu_to_be32(ctx->uar.index); else cq_context->logsize_usrpage \|= cpu_to_be32(dev->driver_uar.index); cq_context->error_eqn = cpu_to_be32(dev->eq_table.eq[MTHCA_EQ_ASYNC].eqn); cq_context->comp_eqn = cpu_to_be32(dev->eq_table.eq[MTHCA_EQ_COMP].eqn); cq_context->pd = cpu_to_be32(pdn); cq_context->lkey = cpu_to_be32(cq->buf.mr.ibmr.lkey); cq_context->cqn = cpu_to_be32(cq->cqn); if (mthca_is_memfree(dev)) { cq_context->ci_db = cpu_to_be32(cq->set_ci_db_index); cq_context->state_db = cpu_to_be32(cq->arm_db_index); } err = mthca_SW2HW_CQ(dev, mailbox, cq->cqn); if (err) { mthca_warn(dev, "SW2HW_CQ failed (%d)\n", err); goto err_out_free_mr; } spin_lock_irq(&dev->cq_table.lock); if (mthca_array_set(&dev->cq_table.cq, cq->cqn & (dev->limits.num_cqs - 1), cq)) { spin_unlock_irq(&dev->cq_table.lock); goto err_out_free_mr; } spin_unlock_irq(&dev->cq_table.lock); cq->cons_index = 0; mthca_free_mailbox(dev, mailbox); return 0; err_out_free_mr: if (cq->is_kernel) mthca_free_cq_buf(dev, &cq->buf, cq->ibcq.cqe); err_out_mailbox: mthca_free_mailbox(dev, mailbox); err_out_arm: if (cq->is_kernel && mthca_is_memfree(dev)) mthca_free_db(dev, MTHCA_DB_TYPE_CQ_ARM, cq->arm_db_index); err_out_ci: if (cq->is_kernel && mthca_is_memfree(dev)) mthca_free_db(dev, MTHCA_DB_TYPE_CQ_SET_CI, cq->set_ci_db_index); err_out_icm: mthca_table_put(dev, dev->cq_table.table, cq->cqn); err_out: mthca_free(&dev->cq_table.alloc, cq->cqn); return err; } static inline int get_cq_refcount(struct mthca_dev dev, struct mthca_cq cq) { int c; spin_lock_irq(&dev->cq_table.lock); c = cq->refcount; spin_unlock_irq(&dev->cq_table.lock); return c; } void mthca_free_cq(struct mthca_dev dev, struct mthca_cq cq) { struct mthca_mailbox mailbox; int err; mailbox = mthca_alloc_mailbox(dev, GFP_KERNEL); if (IS_ERR(mailbox)) { mthca_warn(dev, "No memory for mailbox to free CQ.\n"); return; } err = mthca_HW2SW_CQ(dev, mailbox, cq->cqn); if (err) mthca_warn(dev, "HW2SW_CQ failed (%d)\n", err); if (0) { __be32 ctx = mailbox->buf; int j; printk(KERN_ERR "context for CQN %x (cons index %x, next sw %d)\n", cq->cqn, cq->cons_index, cq->is_kernel ? !!next_cqe_sw(cq) : 0); for (j = 0; j < 16; ++j) printk(KERN_ERR "[%2x] %08x\n", j 4, be32_to_cpu(ctx[j])); } spin_lock_irq(&dev->cq_table.lock); mthca_array_clear(&dev->cq_table.cq, cq->cqn & (dev->limits.num_cqs - 1)); --cq->refcount; spin_unlock_irq(&dev->cq_table.lock); if (dev->mthca_flags & MTHCA_FLAG_MSI_X) synchronize_irq(dev->eq_table.eq[MTHCA_EQ_COMP].msi_x_vector); else synchronize_irq(dev->pdev->irq); wait_event(cq->wait, !get_cq_refcount(dev, cq)); if (cq->is_kernel) { mthca_free_cq_buf(dev, &cq->buf, cq->ibcq.cqe); if (mthca_is_memfree(dev)) { mthca_free_db(dev, MTHCA_DB_TYPE_CQ_ARM, cq->arm_db_index); mthca_free_db(dev, MTHCA_DB_TYPE_CQ_SET_CI, cq->set_ci_db_index); } } mthca_table_put(dev, dev->cq_table.table, cq->cqn); mthca_free(&dev->cq_table.alloc, cq->cqn); mthca_free_mailbox(dev, mailbox); } int mthca_init_cq_table(struct mthca_dev dev) { int err; spin_lock_init(&dev->cq_table.lock); err = mthca_alloc_init(&dev->cq_table.alloc, dev->limits.num_cqs, (1 << 24) - 1, dev->limits.reserved_cqs); if (err) return err; err = mthca_array_init(&dev->cq_table.cq, dev->limits.num_cqs); if (err) mthca_alloc_cleanup(&dev->cq_table.alloc); return err; } void mthca_cleanup_cq_table(struct mthca_dev dev) { mthca_array_cleanup(&dev->cq_table.cq, dev->limits.num_cqs); mthca_alloc_cleanup(&dev->cq_table.alloc); }	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
Q: How do you make lambda a symbol when importing all Sympy functions? If I import sympy with: from sympy import * Then how do set lambda to be a symbol and not a function? E.g. lambda = symbols('lambda') In my case, likely because sympy has all its functions imported (I am working in a sympy only environment so it is convenient), I receive the error: lambda = symbols('lambda') ^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax Is there any way to avoid this if I am importing all the functions from sympy? Thank you A: This is because lambda is a keyword for creating lambda functions. You can't use it as your variable name. You'll have to find a new name. Even if you find a way to assign lambda to something, it won't work because it's not parsed as a potential variable name. For example: lambda_ = symbols('lambda') will not have the same error.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
using UnityEngine; using System.Collections; using UnityEngine.UI; /// <summary> /// Base class for objects and npcs /// Works hand in hand with ObjectInteraction /// </summary> public class object_base : UWEBase { public bool testUse = false; //The Object interaction that is on this object. protected ObjectInteraction _objInt; //For the context menu public static string ItemDesc; public static string UseableDesc; public static string PickableDesc; public static string UseObjectOnDesc; public static bool UseAvail; public static bool PickAvail; public static bool TalkAvail; //Static Properties public short ObjectIndex { get { return (short)objInt().ObjectIndex; } } public int item_id { get { return objInt().item_id; } set { objInt().item_id = value; } } public short xpos { get { return objInt().xpos; } set { objInt().xpos = value; } } public short ypos { get { return objInt().ypos; } set { objInt().ypos = value; } } public short zpos { get { return objInt().zpos; } set { objInt().zpos = value; } } public short heading { get { return objInt().heading; } set { objInt().heading = value; } } public short ObjectTileX { get { return objInt().ObjectTileX; } set { objInt().ObjectTileX = value; } } public short ObjectTileY { get { return objInt().ObjectTileY; } set { objInt().ObjectTileY = value; } } public short flags { get { return objInt().flags; } set { objInt().flags = value; } } public short enchantment { get { return objInt().enchantment; } set { objInt().enchantment = value; } } public short doordir { get { return objInt().doordir; } set { objInt().doordir = value; } } public short invis { get { return objInt().invis; } set { objInt().invis = value; } } public short isquant { get { return objInt().isquant; } set { objInt().isquant = value; } } public short quality { get { return objInt().quality; } set { objInt().quality = value; } } public int next { get { return objInt().next; } set { objInt().next = value; } } public short owner { get { return objInt().owner; } set { objInt().owner = value; } } public int link { get { return objInt().link; } set { objInt().link = value; } } //Mobile Properties public short npc_whoami { get { return objInt().npc_whoami; } set { objInt().npc_whoami = value; } } public short npc_voidanim { get { return objInt().npc_voidanim; } set { objInt().npc_voidanim = value; } } public short npc_xhome { get { return objInt().npc_xhome; } set { objInt().npc_xhome = value; } } public short npc_yhome { get { return objInt().npc_yhome; } set { objInt().npc_yhome = value; } } public short npc_hunger { get { return objInt().npc_hunger; } set { objInt().npc_hunger = value; } } public short npc_health { get { return objInt().npc_health; } set { objInt().npc_health = value; } } public short npc_hp { get { return objInt().npc_hp; } set { objInt().npc_hp = value; } } public short npc_arms { get { return objInt().npc_arms; } set { objInt().npc_arms = value; } } public short npc_power { get { return objInt().npc_power; } set { objInt().npc_power = value; } } public short npc_goal { get { return objInt().npc_goal; } set { objInt().npc_goal = value; } } public short npc_attitude { get { return objInt().npc_attitude; } set { objInt().npc_attitude = value; } } public short npc_gtarg { get { return objInt().npc_gtarg; } set { objInt().npc_gtarg = value; } } public short npc_heading { get { return objInt().npc_heading; } set { objInt().npc_heading = value; } } public short npc_talkedto { get { return objInt().npc_talkedto; } set { objInt().npc_talkedto = value; } } public short npc_level { get { return objInt().npc_level; } set { objInt().npc_level = value; } } public short npc_name { get { return objInt().npc_name; } set { objInt().npc_name = value; } } public short npc_height { get { return objInt().npc_height; } set { objInt().npc_height = value; } } public short ProjectileHeadingMajor { get { return objInt().ProjectileHeadingMajor; } set { objInt().ProjectileHeadingMajor = value; } } public short ProjectileHeadingMinor { get { return objInt().ProjectileHeadingMinor; } set { objInt().ProjectileHeadingMinor = value; } } public short Projectile_Speed { get { return objInt().Projectile_Speed; } set { objInt().Projectile_Speed = value; } } public short Projectile_Pitch { get { return objInt().Projectile_Pitch; } set { objInt().Projectile_Pitch = value; } } public short Projectile_Sign { get { return objInt().Projectile_Sign; } set { objInt().Projectile_Sign = value; } } ///A trigger to activate when this object is picked up. //public string PickupLink; /// <summary> /// Gets the object interaction that this object base works with /// </summary> /// <returns>The object interaction.</returns> public ObjectInteraction objInt() { if (_objInt == null) { _objInt = this.GetComponent<ObjectInteraction>(); } return _objInt; } protected virtual void Start() { InitSound(); } /// <summary> /// For when this object is activated by code. Eg buttons /// </summary> public virtual bool Activate(GameObject src) {//Unimplemented items return false; } /// <summary> /// Object is attacked or damaged in some way. /// </summary> /// <returns><c>true</c>, if attack was applyed, <c>false</c> otherwise.</returns> /// <param name="damage">Damage.</param> public virtual bool ApplyAttack(short damage) { return false; } /// <summary> /// Applies the attack from a known source /// </summary> /// <returns><c>true</c>, if attack was applyed, <c>false</c> otherwise.</returns> /// <param name="damage">Damage.</param> /// <param name="source">Source.</param> public virtual bool ApplyAttack(short damage, GameObject source) { return ApplyAttack(damage); } /// <summary> /// Outputs the look description of the object /// </summary> /// <returns>The <see cref="System.Boolean"/>.</returns> public virtual bool LookAt() { //CheckReferences(); UWHUD.instance.MessageScroll.Add(StringController.instance.GetFormattedObjectNameUW(objInt()) + OwnershipString()); if ((link != 0) && (objInt().isQuant == false) && (enchantment == 0)) { if (ObjectLoader.GetItemTypeAt(link) == ObjectInteraction.A_LOOK_TRIGGER) { ObjectInteraction obj = ObjectLoader.getObjectIntAt(link); if (obj != null) { obj.GetComponent<object_base>().Activate(this.gameObject); } } } return true; } /// <summary> /// Activation of this object by another. EG key on door /// </summary> /// <returns><c>true</c>, if by object was activated, <c>false</c> otherwise.</returns> /// <param name="ObjectUsed">Object used.</param> public virtual bool ActivateByObject(ObjectInteraction ObjectUsed) { //CheckReferences(); if (UWCharacter.InteractionMode == UWCharacter.InteractionModeUse) { FailMessage(); UWHUD.instance.CursorIcon = UWHUD.instance.CursorIconDefault; CurrentObjectInHand = null; return true; } else { return false; } } /// <summary> /// The object is used by the player. /// </summary> /// Checks if the player is already holding something or using something else on this object. public virtual bool use() { if (CurrentObjectInHand == null) { if ((objInt().isUsable == true) && (objInt().PickedUp == true)) { BecomeObjectInHand(); return true; } else { if (objInt().isUsable) {//Hope this does'nt mess up everything! if ( ( (link != 0) && (objInt().isQuant == false) \|\| (link == 1) && (objInt().isQuant) ) && (enchantment == 0) ) {//Not a quantity or an enchanted item. if (ObjectLoader.GetItemTypeAt(link) == ObjectInteraction.A_USE_TRIGGER) { ObjectLoader.getGameObjectAt(link).GetComponent<trigger_base>().Activate(this.gameObject); } } } return false; } } else { return ActivateByObject(CurrentObjectInHand); } } /// <summary> /// Checks the external references for this object /// </summary> /protected void CheckReferences() { if (objInt==null) { objInt = this.gameObject.GetComponent<ObjectInteraction>(); } if ((objInt!=null) && (ml==null)) { ml=UWHUD.instance.MessageScroll; } }/ /// <summary> /// This object becomes the object in hand in order to be use /// </summary> public void BecomeObjectInHand() {//In order to use it. //UWHUD.instance.CursorIcon = objInt().GetInventoryDisplay().texture; CurrentObjectInHand = this.objInt(); UWCharacter.InteractionMode = UWCharacter.InteractionModeUse; InteractionModeControl.UpdateNow = true; } /// <summary> /// Player talks to the object. /// </summary> /// <returns><c>true</c>, if to was talked, <c>false</c> otherwise.</returns> public virtual bool TalkTo() { //000~001~156~You cannot talk to that. UWHUD.instance.MessageScroll.Add(StringController.instance.GetString(1, StringController.str_you_cannot_talk_to_that_)); return true; } /// <summary> /// Player tries to eat this object. /// </summary> /// For when the player tries to eat certain objects by dragging them on top of the paper doll face. For future use? public virtual bool Eat() { return false; } /// <summary> /// For special events when an object is picked up. Eg silver seed or pickup traps /// </summary> /// If object has a pickup link then the object referenced is activated public virtual bool PickupEvent() { if ((link != 0) && (objInt().isQuant == false) && (enchantment == 0)) { if (ObjectLoader.GetItemTypeAt(link) == ObjectInteraction.A_PICK_UP_TRIGGER) { ObjectLoader.getGameObjectAt(link).GetComponent<trigger_base>().Activate(this.gameObject); link = 0; } } if (CanBeOwned()) { if (((owner & 0x1f)) != 0) //if ((owner < 31) && (owner >0)) { if (_RES == GAME_UW1) { if ((owner == 13) && (Quest.instance.QuestVariables[32] == 4)) {//Do not signal theft if the item belongs to a knight and the player is now a knight owner = 0; return false; } } SignalTheft(UWCharacter.Instance.transform.position, owner, 4f); owner = 0; } } return false; } /// <summary> /// For special events when an object is dropped. Eg setting the map is_quant value back to zero /// </summary> /// <returns><c>true</c>, if event was droped, <c>false</c> otherwise.</returns> public virtual bool DropEvent() { return false; } /* if (PickupLink!="") { GameObject obj = GameObject.Find (PickupLink); if (obj!=null) { if (obj.GetComponent<trigger_base>()!=null) { obj.GetComponent<trigger_base>().Activate(); } } } return false;/ /// <summary> /// Event when Item is put into inventory /// </summary> /// <returns><c>true</c>, if item away was put, <c>false</c> otherwise.</returns> /// <param name="slotNo">Slot no.</param> public virtual bool PutItemAwayEvent(short slotNo) { return false; } /// <summary> /// PLayer puts the object on in an inventory slot. /// </summary> /// <returns><c>true</c>, if event was equiped, <c>false</c> otherwise.</returns> /// <param name="slotNo">Slot no.</param> public virtual bool EquipEvent(short slotNo) { return false; } /// <summary> /// Player takes an object out of an inventory slot. /// </summary> /// <returns><c>true</c>, if equip event was uned, <c>false</c> otherwise.</returns> /// <param name="slotNo">Slot no.</param> public virtual bool UnEquipEvent(short slotNo) { return false; } /// <summary> /// Failure message to display when this object is used on a another object that has no use for it. Eg a key on a sign. /// </summary> /// <returns><c>true</c>, if message was failed, <c>false</c> otherwise.</returns> public virtual bool FailMessage() {//000~001~152~You cannot use that. \n UWHUD.instance.MessageScroll.Add(StringController.instance.GetString(1, StringController.str_you_cannot_use_that_)); return false; } /// <summary> /// Return the weight of the object stack /// </summary> /// <returns>The weight.</returns> public virtual float GetWeight() { if (objInt() == null) { return 0.0f; } else { return (float)(objInt().GetQty()) GameWorldController.instance.commonObject.properties[item_id].mass * 0.1f;// .Mass[item_id]0.1f; //return (float)(objInt().GetQty()) GameWorldController.instance.commobj.Mass[item_id]0.1f; } } /// <summary> /// Code to call when merging two objects. /// To support cases where merging an object means the object becomes something different. /// Eg coin into stack of coins /// </summary> public virtual void MergeEvent() { return; } /// <summary> /// Another item Id this object could potentially have. Eg coin/gold coin. /// By default it's normal item_id is returned /// </summary> /// <returns>The item identifier.</returns> public virtual int AliasItemId() { return item_id; } /// <summary> /// Code to call when spliting an item and the split changes the item fundamentally. /// </summary> public virtual void Split() { return; } /// <summary> /// Copies the object base. /// </summary> /// <param name="target">Target.</param> /// Possible use in room management when an object is stuck with DontDestroyOnLoan() // public virtual void CopyObject_base(GameObject target) // { // object_base objBase=target.AddComponent<object_base>(); // objBase.PickupLink=PickupLink; //} /// <summary> /// Changes the type of the object. Eg when destroyed and it needs to become debris. /// </summary> /// <returns><c>true</c>, if type was changed, <c>false</c> otherwise.</returns> /// <param name="newID">New ID.</param> /// <param name="itemType">Item type.</param> /// You must manually remove the existing object_base from this object when calling this public virtual bool ChangeType(int newID) { objInt().ChangeType(newID); return true; } /// <summary> /// Gets the identification Skill levels required for identifying the enchantment.. /// </summary> /// <returns>The identification levels.</returns> /// <param name="EffectID">Effect ID to test</param> public int getIdentificationLevels(int EffectID) { //TODO:Decide on what to do about values. More powerful effects are harder to id? switch (EffectID) { default: //Debug.Log("EffectID" + EffectID + " unknownn"); return Random.Range(1, 31);//This is totally wrong! } } /// <summary> /// Gets the sprite name that is displayed when the object is equipped in inventory /// </summary> /// <returns>The equip string.</returns> // public virtual string getEquipString() //{ // return GameWorldController.instance.objectMaster.particle[item_id]; //} public virtual Sprite GetEquipDisplay() { return objInt().GetInventoryDisplay(); } /// <summary> /// Gets the context menu text. /// </summary> public string GetContextMenuText(int item_id, bool isUseable, bool isPickable, bool ObjectInHand) { if (invis == 1) { UseAvail = false; TalkAvail = false; PickAvail = false; return ""; } ItemDesc = ContextMenuDesc(item_id); TalkAvail = false; if (isUseable) { UseableDesc = ContextMenuUsedDesc();//TODO:Controls UseAvail = true; } else { UseableDesc = ""; UseAvail = false; } if (ObjectInHand) { UseObjectOnDesc = ContextMenuUseObjectOn_World(); } else { if (isPickable) { PickableDesc = ContextMenuUsedPickup(); PickAvail = true; } else { PickableDesc = ""; PickAvail = false; } } if ((UWCharacter.InteractionMode == UWCharacter.InteractionModePickup) && (CurrentObjectInHand != null)) {//I'm actually throwing something. UseAvail = false; UseableDesc = ""; PickableDesc = ""; } if (ObjectInHand) { if (UseAvail == true) { return ItemDesc + "\n" + UseObjectOnDesc;// + " " + UseObjectOnDesc; } else {//I'm throwing an object. return ItemDesc; } } else { if ((UseableDesc != "") \|\| (PickableDesc != "")) { return ItemDesc + "\n" + UseableDesc + " " + PickableDesc; } else { return "";//no object description returned. } } } /// <summary> /// Item description for the context menu /// </summary> /// <returns>The menu desc.</returns> /// <param name="item_id">Item identifier.</param> public virtual string ContextMenuDesc(int item_id) { return StringController.instance.GetSimpleObjectNameUW(item_id); } public virtual string ContextMenuUsedDesc() { return "L-Click to " + UseVerb(); } public virtual string ContextMenuUsedPickup() { return "R-Click to " + PickupVerb(); } public virtual string ContextMenuUseObjectOn_World() { return "L-Click to " + UseObjectOnVerb_World(); } public virtual string ContextMenuUseObjectOn_Inv() { return "R-Click to " + UseObjectOnVerb_Inv(); } public virtual string UseVerb() { return "use"; } public virtual string PickupVerb() { return "pickup"; } public virtual string ExamineVerb() { return "examine"; } public virtual string UseObjectOnVerb_World() { return "use object on"; } public virtual string UseObjectOnVerb_Inv() { return "swap/combine"; } //public virtual Vector3 GetImpactPoint() //{ // return this.gameObject.transform.position; //} public override Vector3 GetImpactPoint() { return this.gameObject.transform.position; } public virtual GameObject GetImpactGameObject() { return this.gameObject; } /// <summary> /// Requests a sprite from tmOBJ /// </summary> /// <returns><c>true</c>, if sprite was set, <c>false</c> otherwise.</returns> /// <param name="sprt">Sprt.</param> /// <param name="SpriteIndex">Sprite index.</param> public bool setSpriteTMOBJ(SpriteRenderer sprt, int SpriteIndex) { if (sprt == null) { return false; } if (SpriteIndex != -1) { //sprt.sprite = Resources.Load <Sprite> (SpriteName);//Loads the sprite.;//Assigns the sprite to the object. sprt.sprite = GameWorldController.instance.TmObjArt.RequestSprite(SpriteIndex); //currentSpriteName=SpriteName; objInt().animationStarted = true; return true; } return false; } /// <summary> /// Sets a sprite from TMFLat /// </summary> /// <returns><c>true</c>, if sprite TMFLA was set, <c>false</c> otherwise.</returns> /// <param name="sprt">Sprt.</param> /// <param name="SpriteIndex">Sprite index.</param> public bool setSpriteTMFLAT(SpriteRenderer sprt, int SpriteIndex) { if (sprt == null) { return false; } if (SpriteIndex != -1) { sprt.sprite = GameWorldController.instance.TmFlatArt.RequestSprite(SpriteIndex); objInt().animationStarted = true; return true; } return false; } /// <summary> /// Special event to occur when this item is in the inventory and is moved to another level /// </summary> public virtual void InventoryEventOnLevelEnter() { } /// <summary> /// Special event to occur when this item is in the inventory and is moved to another level /// </summary> /// Used mainly to update wands and their spell object links public virtual void InventoryEventOnLevelExit() { } /// <summary> /// Event to raise when object is saved. /// </summary> public virtual void OnSaveObjectEvent() { //TODO:objects which are in motion (eg projectiles) will be updated to move between the mobile and static object lists as appropiate //as well as update their positioning values. / if object is in motion Reset rotation if needed. get direction along xy and z planes convert to mobile object files. ensure object is in mobile object list else ensure object is in static object list. clear values as needed / } /// <summary> /// Determines whether this object type can be picked up regardless of what is set in common object properties. /// </summary> /// <returns><c>true</c> if this instance can be picked up; otherwise, <c>false</c>.</returns> public virtual bool CanBePickedUp() { return false; } /// <summary> /// Returns if the item in question can be owned by an NPC /// </summary> /// <returns><c>true</c> if this instance can be owned; otherwise, <c>false</c>.</returns> public bool CanBeOwned() { return (GameWorldController.instance.commonObject.properties[item_id].CanBelongTo == 1); } /// <summary> /// String for displaying the ownership of the object in question. /// </summary> /// <returns>The string.</returns> public virtual string OwnershipString() { if (CanBeOwned()) { if (((owner & 0x1f)) != 0) //if ((owner < 31) && (owner >0)) { return " belonging to" + StringController.instance.GetString(1, 370 + (owner & 0x1f));//This is what uw formats says. I think this is wrong... } } return ""; } /// <summary> /// Signals the theft of this object to a specific race /// </summary> public static void SignalTheft(Vector3 position, int Owner, float range) { foreach (Collider Col in Physics.OverlapSphere(position, 4.0f)) { if (Col.gameObject.GetComponent<NPC>() != null) { if ((Col.gameObject.GetComponent<NPC>().GetRace() == (Owner & 0x1f))) { string OwnerName = StringController.instance.GetString(1, 370 + (Owner & 0x1f)); string reaction = ""; Col.gameObject.GetComponent<NPC>().npc_attitude--;//Make the npc angry with the player. if (Col.gameObject.GetComponent<NPC>().npc_attitude <= 0) { Col.gameObject.GetComponent<NPC>().npc_attitude = 0; Col.gameObject.GetComponent<NPC>().npc_gtarg = 1; //XG Col.gameObject.GetComponent<NPC>().gtarg = UWCharacter.Instance.gameObject; //Col.gameObject.GetComponent<NPC>().gtargName = UWCharacter.Instance.gameObject.name; Col.gameObject.GetComponent<NPC>().npc_goal = (short)NPC.npc_goals.npc_goal_attack_5; reaction = StringController.instance.GetString(1, StringController.str__is_angered_by_your_action_); } else { reaction = StringController.instance.GetString(1, StringController.str__is_annoyed_by_your_action_); //StringController.instance.GetString(1,370+(owner & 0x1f) ) } UWHUD.instance.MessageScroll.Add(OwnerName.Trim() + reaction); } } } } /// <summary> /// Finds the trap of the specified type in chain of execution of linked items /// </summary> /// <returns><c>true</c>, if trap in chain was found, <c>false</c> otherwise.</returns> /// <param name="link">Link.</param> /// <param name="TrapType">Trap type.</param> public virtual ObjectInteraction FindObjectInChain(int link, int ItemType) { if (link != 0) { ObjectInteraction objLink = CurrentObjectList().objInfo[link].instance; if (objLink != null) { if (objLink.GetItemType() == ObjectInteraction.A_DELETE_OBJECT_TRAP) {//Stop infinite loops if (ItemType == ObjectInteraction.A_DELETE_OBJECT_TRAP) { return objLink; } else { return null; } } if (objLink.GetItemType() == ItemType) { return objLink; } else { return FindObjectInChain(objLink.link, ItemType); } } } return null; } /// <summary> /// Event to occur when object moves to world object list /// </summary> public virtual void MoveToWorldEvent() { } /// <summary> /// Event to occur when object moves to inventory object list /// </summary> public virtual void MoveToInventoryEvent() { } public virtual void Update() { if (testUse) { testUse = false; use(); } //Uncomment this code to watch objects fly off in different directions! / if (this.name=="_Gronk") { return; } if (this.transform.parent!=GameWorldController.instance.DynamicObjectMarker()) { return; } if (objInt().debugindex>256) { return; } //Update the projectile position based on various factors //Missile position is based on a cardinal compass heading n,ne,e,se etc and a clockwise rotation of 0 to 31 units to the next heading. npc_xhome = (short)(transform.position.x/1.2f); npc_yhome = (short)(transform.position.z/1.2f); //if (rgd==null) //{//Use the stored values for motion control instead of the applied force. Vector3 dir; Quaternion deflectionXY = Quaternion.AngleAxis(45f * (float)(ProjectileHeadingMinor)/32f,Vector3.up); //Quaternion deflectionZ; float z; if (Projectile_Sign == 0) {//projectile goes down //deflectionZ = Quaternion.AngleAxis(-90f * (float)(Projectile_Pitch)/7f,Vector3.right); z = -1 * ( (float)(Projectile_Pitch)/7f) ; } else {//projectile goes up //deflectionZ = Quaternion.AngleAxis(+90f * (float)(Projectile_Pitch)/7f,Vector3.right); z = +1 * ((float)(Projectile_Pitch)/7f) ; } switch (ProjectileHeadingMajor) { case 1: //ne dir = new Vector3(1f,z,1f);break;//ok case 2: //e dir = new Vector3(1f,z,0f);break;//ok case 3: //se dir = new Vector3(1f,z,-1f);break;//ok case 4: //s dir = new Vector3(0f,z,-1f);break; case 5: //sw dir = new Vector3(-1f,z,-1f);break; case 6: //w dir = new Vector3(-1f,z,0f);break; //ok case 7: //nw dir = new Vector3(-1f,z,1f);break;//ok default: //north case 0: dir = new Vector3(0f,z,1f);break;//ok } //this.transform.Translate (deflectionXY * dir * Time.deltaTime); timeforce+=Time.deltaTime; if (timeforce >=1f) { timeforce=0f; if (this.GetComponent<Rigidbody>()!=null) { this.GetComponent<Rigidbody>().AddForce(deflectionXY * dir ); } }/ } /// <summary> /// Converts the properties in the mobile object values to a vector /// </summary> /// <returns>The properties to vector.</returns> /// <param name="obj">Object.</param> /// Assumes object has no rotation. public static Vector3 ProjectilePropsToVector(object_base obj) { Vector3 dir; Quaternion deflectionXY = Quaternion.AngleAxis(45f (float)(obj.ProjectileHeadingMinor) / 32f, Vector3.up); //Quaternion deflectionZ; float z; if (obj.Projectile_Sign == 0) { //projectile goes down z = -1 * ((float)(obj.Projectile_Pitch) / 7f); } else { //projectile goes up z = +1 * ((float)(obj.Projectile_Pitch) / 7f); } switch (obj.ProjectileHeadingMajor) { case 1: //ne dir = new Vector3(1f, z, 1f); break; //ok case 2: //e dir = new Vector3(1f, z, 0f); break; //ok case 3: //se dir = new Vector3(1f, z, -1f); break; //ok case 4: //s dir = new Vector3(0f, z, -1f); break; case 5: //sw dir = new Vector3(-1f, z, -1f); break; case 6: //w dir = new Vector3(-1f, z, 0f); break; //ok case 7: //nw dir = new Vector3(-1f, z, 1f); break; //ok default: //north case 0: dir = new Vector3(0f, z, 1f); break; //ok } // Debug.Log(deflectionXYdir); return deflectionXY dir; } /// <summary> /// Event to call when the object is destroyed fully. /// </summary> public virtual void DestroyEvent() { } /// <summary> /// Sound effect initialisation for the object. /// </summary> public virtual void InitSound() { } }	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
All Saints Food Bank The food bank at All Saints has been in existence for around 13 years. However it is only in recent times that it has been used extensively. Up till our recent meeting food parcels were given out without asking for any details from the recipients. The food cupboard was replenished by members of the congregation and the food parcels were given out by members of the office staff or the caretaker on occasion. So numbers claiming food parcels were not recorded until now. I have since met with Diane Bennett ,who runs Caring Hands at The Evesham Christian Centre in Bewdley St,who kindly showed me her record keeping and we are now keeping a basic tally of how many food parcels are given out, to whom and for what reason. We will pass on the data to Diane at regular intervals so that her records for Evesham are more comprehensive.We have recently forged a link with The Cooperative Supermarket in Evesham High St and they are collecting food on our behalf in store and have volunteered to deliver it to church as and when. This has happened fortuitously at the same time that our uptake of food parcels has seen a definite increase.We also have an agreement with Diane at Evesham Christian Centre that they can refer suitable people for showers and this happens from time to time.The food parcels are made up and put into bags before they are required and it is estimated that they would last an individual for up to 3 days. We are taking steps to ensure that the food provided is varied and nutritious and provides a balanced diet subject to availability.Some of those who are using the food bank are homeless or sofa surfing, others have had their benefits stopped or reduced, have been referred by other agencies and generally have fallen on hard times. We are doing our best to help them with your support.Whilst all donations to the food bank are gratefully received, it would be useful if we could provide the following items which are recommended by The Trussell Trust, a charity that runs over 300 foodbanks nationally.•Milk (UHT or powdered)•Sugar (500g)•Fruit juice (carton)•Soup•Pasta sauces•Sponge pudding (tinned)•Tomatoes (tinned)•Cereals•Rice Pudding (tinned)•Tea bags/instant coffee•Instant mashed potato•Rice/pasta•Tinned meat/fish•Tinned fruit•Jam•Biscuits or snack bars.This list is not exhaustive but is helpful if you are thinking what might be useful to give!Thankyou to all who have supported and do support the food bank here in All Saints. Sadly the need is increasing but by meeting this need as we do we are fulfilling in part our mission in our local community.John Webster	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Amazon RDS for MySQL features Working with Amazon RDS for MySQL Amazon RDS allows you to use the AWS Management Console or a simple set of web services APIs to create, delete and modify relational database instances (DB Instances). You can also control access and security for your instance(s) and manage your database backups and snapshots. For a full list of the available Amazon RDS APIs, please see the Amazon RDS API Guide. Migrating to Amazon RDS for MySQL If your application already relies on a MySQL database, importing data to Amazon RDS is simple. In general, to migrate your data to Amazon RDS you simply: Create a DB Instance with the compute, storage capacity and access controls required. For smaller databases (e.g. up to 1 GB), extract the data with mysqldump and pipe it directly into Amazon RDS. Below is an example showing the “acme” database being copied to Amazon RDS: For larger databases, build your database schema in Amazon RDS, then convert the data into a flat file and import it into your DB Instance using the mysqlimport utility. Below is an example showing the “acme” database being copied to Amazon RDS: Paying for What You Use You will be charged at the end of each month for the Amazon RDS resources you actually consume. Once a DB Instance you have created is available for connection, you will be charged for each hour your DB Instance is running. Each DB Instance will run until termination, which occurs when you issue an API call to delete the DB Instance, or in the event of an instance failure. Partial DB Instance hours consumed are billed as full hours. In addition to DB Instance hours, you are also billed for your monthly storage, I/O requests, and backups. If you scale your storage capacity within the billing period, your bill will be pro-rated accordingly.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Cell proliferation and cell cycle control: a mini review. Tumourigenesis is the result of cell cycle disorganisation, leading to an uncontrolled cellular proliferation. Specific cellular processes-mechanisms that control cell cycle progression and checkpoint traversation through the intermitotic phases are deregulated. Normally, these events are highly conserved due to the existence of conservatory mechanisms and molecules such as cell cycle genes and their products: cyclins, cyclin dependent kinases (Cdks), Cdk inhibitors (CKI) and extra cellular factors (i.e. growth factors). Revolutionary techniques using laser cytometry and commercial software are available to quantify and evaluate cell cycle processes and cellular growth. S-phase fraction measurements, including ploidy values, using histograms and estimation of indices such as the mitotic index and tumour-doubling time indices, provide adequate information to the clinician to evaluate tumour aggressiveness, prognosis and the strategies for radiotherapy and chemotherapy in experimental researches.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Anthropogenic Activities Induce Depletion in Microbial Communities at Urban Sites of the River Ganges. The Ganges is the largest river of India, worshiped by Hindus with a belief that bathing in the river causes the remission of sins and is considered very pure. It is heavily polluted by the unrestricted human usage including ritual practices, urbanization, and industrialization. Such perturbations may subsequently influence the bacterial community composition and ecosystem functioning. Here, we applied targeted amplicon sequencing to determine the impact of spatial variation on the microbial community assemblage of the Ganga River. The river bacterial community demonstrates taxonomic variability across the sites with accumulation of Firmicutes (20.9%) Verrucomicrobia (6.09%), Actinobacteria (4.51%), and Synergistetes (1.16%), at rural site while Proteobacteria (49.4%) and Bacteroidetes (12.7%) predominate at urban sites. Furthermore, sites under study establish the unique taxonomic signature which could represent the impact of spatial variation on the microbial community assemblage.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Q: "What happens when" or "what happen when"? Should I write "what happens when" or "what happen when"? Does it depend on if I know if the "what" that happens is plural or singular, or is it always the same? Provided "what happens" is correct in all situations, how about this: "What happens when [something]? Two things: [one thing that happens] and [another thing that happens]." A: I can't find a grammatical rule that explains this, but I do know that "What happen when" sounds very wrong. It should be What happens when. A: "What" is a pronoun, and you use the third person singular form of the verb, which for most simple verb means a suffix of "s". "What happens" is correct.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Honey bee males and queens use glandular secretions to enhance sperm viability before and after storage. Internal fertilization requires live sperm to be transferred from male to female before egg fertilization. Both males and females assist the insemination process by providing sperm with glandular secretions, which have been inferred to contain subsets of proteins that maintain sperm viability. Here we show that in the honeybee (Apis mellifera) secretions of the male accessory glands, the major contributors towards seminal fluid, enhance sperm survival. We further demonstrate that the protein fraction of the male accessory gland secretion is indeed important for achieving the maximal effect on sperm survival. After sperm storage, the queens also provide sperm with secretions from spermathecal glands and we show that these secretions have a comparable positive effect on sperm viability. SDS gels show that the proteomic profiles of accessory gland secretion and spermathecal fluid secretion hardly overlap, which suggests that males and females use different proteins to enhance sperm viability during, respectively, ejaculation and final sperm storage.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Scholarships for students in community schools and employees’ children Since 2006, the Company has awarded scholarships to employees’ children and also needy students with good performance and good conduct every May, in order to promote education and better life quality of youth in neighboring communities. This year, the Company awarded 50 scholarships to students (kindergarten to primary education levels) of Wat Sawaswaree Srimaram school, 20 scholarships to students (secondary education levels) of Wat Noi Noppakun school. Donation and sports/computer equipment to neighboring communities and government agencies The Company also sponsors sports event for Wat Sawaswaree Srimaram community and Noen Po Municipal Office. The Company gave computer equipment to Wat Phraya Krai Police Station to support its database work, donated money to Wat Sawaswaree Srimaram elderly community, and offered money to support goodwill activity of Pornwarin Nutrawong, the nurse tutor with “volunteer spirit” of Wachira Hospital. Gunkul Engineering Public Company Limited	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Australia's government has pledged at least $34m (50 million Australian dollars) to help native plants and animals recover from the country’s devastating bushfires. Some ecologists estimate that one billion animals have died and much of the damage caused by the fires may be irreparable. Al Jazeera's Jessica Washington reports from Mogo in New South Wales, one of the worst-hit areas.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Q: multer-s3-transform file upload is not working I'm using multer-s3-transform to upload file to s3, but before upload I want to resize file, and save in two different size. Following is my code, no error occur, but file is not uploading. let multer = require("multer-s3-transform"); const aws = require('aws-sdk'); const sharp = require('sharp'); aws.config.update({ secretAccessKey: process.env.AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY, accessKeyId: process.env.AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID ); const s3 = new aws.S3(); var upload = multer({ storage: multerS3({ s3: s3, bucket: process.env.AWS_BUCKET_NAME, shouldTransform: function (req, file, cb) { console.log("hereeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee"); let originalname = file.originalname; file.stream.once('data', async function (firstChunk) { let magic = firstChunk.toString('hex', 0, 4); let extName = path.extname(originalname).toLowerCase(); // let filename = req.file.fieldname + '-' + Date.now() + path.extname(req.file.originalname); if (checkMagicNumbers(magic, extName, req)) { console.log("Valid File*************************"); cb(null, true); } }); }, transforms: [{ id: 'original', key: async function (req, file, cb) { let basePath = await getDynamicFilePath(req, false); console.log(basePath, "Path ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^"); let filePath = basePath; let filename; if (req.params.container === "resumes") { void function (req, file, callback) { filename = Date.now().toString() + '-' + file.originalname; filePath += "/cropped_" + filename; }() } else { filename = Date.now().toString(); filePath += "/cropped_" + filename; } console.log(filePath, "path -------------------"); cb(null, filePath); }, transform: function (req, file, cb) { cb(null, sharp().resize(330, 512)) } } { id: 'thumbnail', key: async function (req, file, cb) { let basePath = await getDynamicFilePath(req, false); console.log(basePath, "Path ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^"); let filePath = basePath; let filename; if (req.params.container === "resumes") { void function (req, file, callback) { filename = Date.now().toString() + '-' + file.originalname; filePath += "/normal" + filename; }() } else { filename = Date.now().toString(); filePath += "/normal_" + filename; } console.log(filePath, "path -------------------"); cb(null, filename); }, transform: function (req, file, cb) { cb(null, sharp().resize(1200, 628)); } } ] }) }).single("file"); upload(req, res, function (err, filePath) { console.log(err, "Error"); console.log(filePath, "*********"); }); Everything is working if I use from multer-s3, except image resizing, but with multer-s3-transform no error occur, and file is not uploading, and never goes to this lines: console.log(err, "Error"); console.log(filePath, "*********"); I have found the problem, its in following code block where I want to check file magic number. file.stream.once('data', async function (firstChunk) { let magic = firstChunk.toString('hex', 0, 4); let extName = path.extname(originalname).toLowerCase(); // let filename = req.file.fieldname + '-' + Date.now() + path.extname(req.file.originalname); if (checkMagicNumbers(magic, extName, req)) { console.log("Valid File*************************"); cb(null, true); } }); If I comment this, every thing is working. It seems when taking magic number of file, file is changed to stream, and upload not work, a way to change stream back to file may work. A: For me changing to the following worked. let uploadToCloud = (req, res) => { let bufferUpload = multer({ storage: multer.memoryStorage(), limits: { fileSize: 10485760 } }).single('file'); bufferUpload(req, res, async function (err) { try { let buffer = new Buffer(req.file.buffer); let magic = buffer.toString('hex', 0, 4); let extName = path.extname(req.file.originalname).toLowerCase(); let filename; if (checkMagicNumbers(magic, extName, req)) { // Your codes } } catch (error) { res.status(400).json(error); res.end(); return; } }); };	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Q: Scope variable data not changing in AngularJS I want to change scope vairable data by below code but it is not working. I am not getting any error but it is not working like expected. $scope.secondcity1 = false; $scope.hidecity1 = function() { alert(secondcity1); $scope.secondcity1 = false; $scope.city1 = ''; alert(secondcity1); } I am using alert(secondcity1); this to show alert box but it is not showing anything, <div ng-style="{'display':secondcity1 == false?'none':'block'"> <!-- some codes --> <button type="button" class="remove" ng-click="hidecity1()">-</button> </div> above code is also not working. I am expecting to hide the div but it is not hiding it. A: Try this, in AngularJs to access objects you have to use $scope like $scope.object $scope.secondcity1 = false; $scope.hidecity1 = function() { alert($scope.secondcity1); $scope.secondcity1 = false; $scope.city1 = ''; alert($scope.secondcity1); }	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
About Us Go Forward Pest Control was founded on October 14, 2009. It has started its operation as a Manpower provider. After 5 years of operations, the company has decided to venture into pest control service and pest control product distribution business. read more »	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Georges-Kévin Nkoudou Georges-Kévin Nkoudou Mbida (; born 13 February 1995) is a French professional footballer who plays as a winger for Beşiktaş. Club career France He made his Ligue 1 debut on the opening game of the 2013–14 season on 11 August 2013 against SC Bastia. He replaced Serge Gakpé in the last minute of the game. In June 2015, Nkoudou completed a move to Marseille for £1 million. His performances during the 2015–16 season led to him finishing 30th in UEFA's Best Player in Europe poll. Tottenham Hotspur On 31 August 2016, Nkoudou was transferred to Tottenham Hotspur for a reported fee of £11 million, signing a five-year deal with the club. He made his Spurs debut against Gillingham in the League Cup when he came on in the 60th minute for Christian Eriksen, this was followed by a very short debut in the league when he came on in the 90th minute against Middlesbrough. He made 17 appearances for the club in the 2016–17 season, mostly as substitutes and starting only in two games – an EFL Cup game against Liverpool on 25 October 2016 and an FA Cup tie against Wycombe Wanderers on 28 January 2017. In his first start of the 2017–18 season, Nkoudou scored his first goal for Tottenham in the Champions League group match against APOEL on 6 December 2017 that ended in a 3–0 win. On 8 January 2018, Nkoudou completed a loan move to Premier League club Burnley until the end of the 2017–18 season. He failed to break into the first team regularly and was mainly a back-up to Jóhann Berg Guðmundsson, going on to make eight appearances. Nkoudou returned to Tottenham for the 2018–19 season, but found it difficult to break into the first team. He made his first appearance of the season coming off the bench in the fourth round League Cup match against West Ham. He again came on as a substitute in the League match against Fulham, and provided a crucial cross for the winning goal by Harry Winks. On 31 January 2019, Nkoudou joined Monaco on loan for the remainder of the 2018–19 season. Besiktas Nkoudou signed to Besiktas on 22 August 2019 in a £4.6 million deal. International career Born in France, Nkoudou is of Cameroonian descent. Nkoudou is a youth international for France at various levels. Career statistics Club References External links Category:1995 births Category:Living people Category:Sportspeople from Versailles Category:French footballers Category:France youth international footballers Category:France under-21 international footballers Category:Association football wingers Category:FC Nantes players Category:Olympique de Marseille players Category:Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players Category:Burnley F.C. players Category:AS Monaco FC players Category:Beşiktaş J.K. footballers Category:Ligue 1 players Category:Premier League players Category:Süper Lig players Category:French expatriate footballers Category:Expatriate footballers in England Category:Expatriate footballers in Monaco Category:Expatriate footballers in Turkey Category:French expatriate sportspeople in England Category:French expatriate sportspeople in Monaco Category:French expatriate sportspeople in Turkey Category:French people of Cameroonian descent	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
0 KSP Residual norm 181.019 1 KSP Residual norm 0.0484793 2 KSP Residual norm 0.00010267	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
Migrant crisis: Police clear Paris's 'Stalingrad' camp Published duration 4 November 2016 Related Topics Europe migrant crisis image copyright Reuters image caption The number of people sleeping at the Paris camp soared after the Calais "Jungle" was closed French authorities have cleared a makeshift migrant camp housing more than 3,000 people in Paris. Several hundred men began queuing near the Stalingrad metro station before 06:00 local time (05:00 GMT) and the first bus left shortly afterwards. They were taken to reception centres in the Paris region, AFP news agency reported. The operation followed the evacuation of about 7,000 people from the "Jungle" camp in Calais a week ago. A spokeswoman for the Paris prefecture said the operation ran smoothly. The migrants, many from war-torn countries such as Afghanistan and Sudan, would be able to make asylum requests once they were in holding centres, she said. Some 600 police officers took part in the evacuation, she added. image copyright Reuters image caption Many of the migrants said they were happy to leave the makeshift camp image copyright Reuters image caption The migrants were living rough in increasingly cold and unsanitary conditions Why Stalingrad? BBC's Hugh Schofield in Paris image copyright AFP/getty image caption The camp extended for several hundred metres The pocket of Paris around Stalingrad metro, the Villette canal basin and the Avenue de Flandres had become a fixed point on the migrants' map of Europe. Africans and Middle Easterners travelling north from Italy or west from Greece knew there would be a reception of some kind waiting for them there. Aid groups had a system in place. The neighbourhood is "populaire", in other words leftwing, so there was more local sympathy than there might otherwise be. Migrants also knew they could make the contacts here that would take them further down the road. The Paris encampment had become a stepping stone on the route to Calais - and from there to the UK. But the Calais route is blocked, for now. Word got out that there was no point chancing the Channel. And with winter approaching it made more sense to stay in Paris. Hence the build-up of the past few weeks. The cork was at Calais. The bottleneck was Stalingrad. The Stalingrad camp was previously cleared in July and September, but migrants quickly returned and their numbers grew as the Calais camp was closed. "I have no idea where we are going. Paris or nearby, it's fine for me. The important thing for me is to have papers. I've been here for a month in a tent, it's good to leave," said Khalid, a 28-year-old migrant.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
I am writing in response to my friend, AC Griffiths, and her article which appeared under the headline “I’m young, I voted Liberal and I am not a bigot”. I, too, am young. I voted Labor. I know AC Griffiths is not a bigot, but I believe she is misguided Credit:Andrew Meares Griffiths wrote her article after I expressed my dismay at her promoting a party whose members – not all, but many – actively campaigned against same-sex marriage and turned LGBTIQ relationships into a topic for national debate. As her friend, and as a lesbian, I was hurt that young voters could so readily forget or ignore the experience of myself and others during that time.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Surface enhancement of water at the ionic liquid-gas interface of [HMIM][Cl] under ambient water vapor. The ionic liquid-gas interface of 1-hexyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride, [HMIM][Cl], was examined in the presence of water vapor using lab-based ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) at room temperature. The interfacial water uptake was measured quantitatively in the pressure range of high vacuum up to a maximum of 5 Torr (27% RH) and back to high vacuum in a systematic manner. Water mole fractions in the interface determined from APXPS were compared to previously published tandem differential mobility analysis results on [HMIM][Cl] nanodroplets. Our findings show that water constitutes a significantly larger mole fraction at the interface when compared to the bulk. Additionally, the reverse isotherms showed that the uptake of water at the interface of [HMIM][Cl] is a reversible process.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Soon, Isaac Asimov's legendary Foundation trilogy will be coming to HBO. But what do you need to know about this series, which explores questions of fate versus determinism and the cyclical nature of history? Here's our complete primer on this enduring science-fiction classic. Top image: Foundation and Empire, art by Chris Foss. The news that Interstellar's Jonah Nolan would be writing and producing the adaptation broke last week, shortly after he expressed his admiration for Asimov's opus in an interview with Indiewire: I fucking love the Foundation novels by Isaac Asimov —they're certainly not unknown, but that's a set of books I think everyone would benefit from reading. That's a set of books where the influence they have is just fucking massive; they have many imitators and many have been inspired by them, but go back and read those, and there are some ideas in those that'll set your fucking hair on fire. In fact, Foundation has inspired writers from Douglas Adams to George Lucas, and public figures as varied as Paul Krugman and Newt Gingrich. In 1966, the Foundation Trilogy received the Hugo Award for Best All-Time Series, beating out the Lord of the Rings. (Asimov himself confessed surprise at winning the award, believing, as many others, that the category had been explicitly created to honor Tolkien's work.) It's an accomplishment all the more remarkable given that the story driving the Foundation Trilogy — an epic tale of the fall and rise of future galactic empires —contains virtually none of the usual tropes that are associated with science fiction. The novels span the entire galaxy, but no extraterrestrials make an appearance. It depicts the future history of human society, but it's neither explicitly a utopian nor dystopian parable. There's plenty of futuristic technology—from faster-than-light spacecraft to personal force fields—but all of this serves as the background, not the driver, of the plot. In fact, Foundation appears to contradict Asimov's own definition of science fiction, as a "branch of literature which deals with the reaction of human beings to changes in science and technology." In this case, though, Asimov would later explain that he set out to create a genre he called "social science fiction." He used the future as a template to explore a pivotal idea that we've been asking for centuries: Are there laws of human history as immutable as the laws of physics? The Decline and Fall of the Galactic Empire It's not easy to summarize a series as massive in scope as Foundation. But, Josh Wimmer and Alasdair Wilkins do a first-rate job in a four-part exegesis of the books that they wrote for io9 in 2011: The Foundation series began as a set of short stories Asimov wrote under the guidance of legendary Astounding Science Fiction editor John W. Campbell. The stories were inspired by Asimov's reading of Edward Gibbon's The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, and their premise is so simple, it feels almost inevitable. There is a Galactic Empire, consisting of countless planets spread across millions of light-years. The brilliant Hari Seldon has used a science of his own invention, called psychohistory, to determine that the Empire is near collapse. Psychohistory is a blend of crowd psychology and high-level math. An able psychohistorian can predict the long-term aggregate behavior of billions of people many, many years in the future. (However, it only works with large groups: Psychohistory is almost useless for predicting the behavior of an individual. Also, it's no good if the group being analyzed is aware it's being analyzed — because if it's aware, the group changes its behavior.) The books that came to be called the original Foundation Trilogy (Foundation, Foundation and Empire, and Second Foundation) were not written as novels; they're the collected Foundation stories Asimov wrote between 1941 and 1950. They deal chiefly with the "first" Foundation, based on the planet Terminus in the galaxy's periphery. The stories are connected chronologically, but are separated by decades, and for the most part each features a different set of characters. The basic idea is always the same, though, at least in the beginning: The relatively tiny Foundation has to survive against a more powerful enemy, and it can only do so by recognizing and working with the historical forces contributing to its situation. Again, at least at first, every Foundation story centers on what is called a Seldon crisis — a convergence of apparently insurmountable external and internal problems. The crises were all predicted by Hari Seldon — who appears near the end of each story in hologram form to confirm that the Foundation has navigated the latest one correctly — but the Foundation itself isn't given the benefit of his foreknowledge. After all, if they knew what he knew, their behavior wouldn't be psychohistorically predictable!" The work that inspired Asimov, Edward Gibbon's multi-volume series, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, published between 1776 and 1789, remains a masterpiece of historiography. Gibbon saw Rome's fall not as a consequence of specific, dramatic events, but as the result of gradual transformations including the decline of civic virtue and the rise of Christianity, which made the Romans less vested in worldly affairs, shifting their attention towards the rewards waiting for them in the Kingdom of Heaven. As Robert Kaplan has noted: The Decline and Fall instructs that human nature never changes, and that mankind's predilection for faction, augmented by environmental and cultural differences, is what determines history….The brilliance of the Decline and Fall lies in Gibbon's ability to build a narrative out of individual agency and the surprises of history…..even as the sheer accumulation and repetition of events over centuries ultimately robs many an effective emperor (each with a distinct personality early in the story) of his identity in the reader's mind, and as the initially successful restoration flows into the larger movement of decline. Only patterns, rather than individuals, endure at the end of the three volumes. These ideas are manifest throughout Asimov's novels. But the other influence on Asimov, which is often overlooked, is that he was immersed in studies of chemistry at the time he began writing his Foundation stories. The creation of "psychohistory" was intended to be a melding of the physical and social sciences. As he explained in a 1987 interview published in the journal Science Fiction Studies: I wanted to consider essentially the science of psychohistory, something I made up myself. It was, in a sense, the struggle between free will and determinism. On the other hand, I wanted to do a story on the analogy of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, but on the much larger scale of the galaxy. To do that, I took over the aura of the Roman Empire and wrote it very large. The social system, then, is very much like the Roman imperial system, but that was just my skeleton. At the time I started these stories, I was taking physical chemistry at school, and I knew that because the individual molecules of a gas move quite erratically and randomly, nobody can predict the direction of motion of a single molecule at any particular time. The randomness of their motion works out to the point where you can predict the total behavior of the gas very accurately, using the gas laws. I knew that if you decrease the volume, the pressure goes up; if you raise the temperature, the pressure goes up, and the volume expands. We know these things even though we don't know how individual molecules behave. It seemed to me that if we did have a galactic empire, there would be so many human beings—quintillions of them—that perhaps you might be able to predict very accurately how societies would behave, even though you couldn't predict how individuals composing those societies would behave. So, against the background of the Roman Empire written large, I invented the science of psychohistory. Throughout the entire trilogy, then, there are the opposing forces of individual desire and that dead hand of social inevitability. The so-called "Seldon Crises" that Wimmer and Wilkins previously mentioned take on two forms: (1) Events unfold in such a way that there is only one clear path to take, or (2) The forces of history conspire to determine the outcome. But, the common factor is that free will doesn't matter. The protagonists and antagonists believe their decisions will make a difference when, in fact, the future is already written. This idea is most explicitly stated in the second book of the trilogy, Foundation and Empire, which takes place about two centuries into the Foundation era. General Bel Riose, the last great military leader of the old Galactic Empire, sets out to conquer the mysterious Foundation on behalf of the last strong emperor, Cleon II. The Empire is falling, no doubt, but these two men represent its last gasp of strength, and there is no one in the Foundation's ossifying elite who can match them. Riose seeks out an elderly nobleman named Ducem Barr, who had previous dealings with the Foundation as a younger man in the first book. Although Barr has no love for the Empire, he is the closest thing the Empire has to an expert on the Foundation, and so Riose presses him into reluctant service. Barr attempts to explain to Riose why his military campaign is doomed to failure: Barr: Without pretending to predict the actions of individual humans, Seldon's plan formulated definite laws capable of mathematical analysis and extrapolation to govern and predict the mass action of human groups.... Riose: You are trying to say that I am a silly robot following a predetermined course of destruction. Barr: No, I have already said that the science had nothing to do with individual actions. It is the vaster background that has been foreseen. Riose: Then we stand clasped tightly in the forcing hand of the Goddess of Historical Necessity. Barr: Of Psychohistorical Necessity. Riose: And if I exercise my prerogative of freewill? If I choose to attack next year, or not to attack at all? How pliable is the Goddess? How resourceful? Barr: Do whatever you wish in your fullest exercise of freewill. You will still lose. Riose: Because of Hari Seldon's dead hand? Barr: Because of the dead hand of the mathematics of human behavior that can neither be stopped, swerved nor delayed. Riose: I'll take that challenge. It's a dead hand against a living will. Initially, Riose seems to prove Barr wrong, as he achieves one victory after another. But then, all of a sudden, the war ends, when Riose is recalled and arrested by the Empire on charges of treason. Barr explains how, in hindsight, Riose was doomed to failure: There was a dead hand pushing all of us; the mighty general and the great Emperor….the dead hand of Hari Seldon. A weak general could never have endangered us, obviously. A strong general during the time of a weak Emperor would never have endangered us, either; for he would have turned his arms towards a much more fruitful target. Events have shown that three-fourths of the Emperors of the last two centuries were rebel generals and rebel viceroys before they were Emperors. So it is only the combination of strong Emperor and strong general that can harm the Foundation; for a strong Emperor cannot be dethroned easily, and a strong general is forced to turn outwards, past the frontiers. But, what keeps the Emperor strong?....He is strong, because he permits no strong subjects. A courtier who becomes too rich, or a general who becomes too popular is dangerous…..Riose won victories, so the Emperor grew suspicious….he was recalled, and accused, condemned, murdered. The Foundation wins again. The Second Foundation Is Revealed One of the most common criticisms that have been leveled at the Foundation Trilogy over the decades is Asimov's premise that human behavior never changes. At the time of Foundation's publication, many science fiction writers already held to the idea that, with dynamic advances in technology and science, human nature itself would likewise be altered. That idea has come into even sharper relief with the emergence of transhumanism—the concept that human beings will ultimately use technological and biological tools to alter the course of their own evolution. How could psychohistory predict behavior on a mass scale when its participants were no longer fully human? The next part of Foundation touches upon that question, albeit in a more indirect way. Asimov introduces a character named the Mule—a mutant who possesses the mental ability to alter human emotions. He can turn adversaries into allies, transforming feelings of hatred into those of intense loyalty. Or he can inspire feelings of widespread fear and panic. The Mule uses these abilities to conquer the Foundation. In this case, the "dead hand of Hari Seldon" is of no help, since the science of psychohistory could never have anticipated the emergence of a mutant with these abilities. The Mule is the unpredictable variable in the equations of history. The only ones who can defeat the Mule are the members of the secretive Second Foundation, which is only alluded to in the previous novels. The Second Foundation was established by Hari Seldon to continue and perfect his work—and develop the skills that will make them paramount in the mental sciences. As the head of the Second Foundation explains to a student: Conditions have been so arranged and so maintained that in a millennium from its beginnings— six hundred years from now, a Second Galactic Empire will have been established in which Mankind will be ready for the leadership of Mental Science. In that same interval, the Second Foundation in its development, will have brought forth a group of Psychologists ready to assume leadership. Or, as I have myself often thought, the First Foundation supplies the physical framework of a single political unit, and the Second Foundation supplies the mental framework of a ready-made ruling class. But, the defeat of the Mule has forced the Second Foundation to come out of hiding. The First Foundation is now aware of their influence, which threatens the Seldon Plan. As Asimov established at the very beginning of his narrative, psychohistory only works if the group being analyzed is unaware it's being analyzed — because if it's aware, the group changes its behavior. What's more, there are members of the First Foundation who believe that a future where humanity is governed by the Second Foundation is hardly better than being ruled over by the Mule. A complex plan is put into place, with the end result being that the First Foundation believes it has destroyed the Second Foundation, which, in fact, survives so that it can fulfill its destiny and that of humanity. But Wait, There's more… The conclusion of the Foundation Trilogy proved to be a contentious one in the years following its publication. The takeaway is that humanity as a whole is incapable of change and therefore doesn't possess free will. The only solution is a benevolent ruling class that can save us from ourselves. In his introduction to a special 2012 edition of the Foundation Trilogy, Nobel Prize-Winning economist Paul Krugman wrote: We never get to see the promised Second Empire, which may be just as well, because it probably wouldn't be very likeable. Clearly, it's not going to be a democracy— it's going to be a mathematicized version of Plato's Republic, in which the Guardians derive their virtue from the axioms of psychohistory. What this means for the books is that while a relatively bourgeois society may be the winner, Asimov is neither endorsing that society nor giving it a special long-run destiny. What this means for the storytelling is that the struggles don't have to be and aren't structured as a conventional tale of good guys versus villains, and the novels have that unexpected cynicism. Yet, for some readers, as Wimmer and Wilkins observe, this conclusion left behind a "metaphysical hole." Asimov strives to address that in his long-awaited sequel, Foundation's Edge, which he published in 1982 (and which won the Hugo Award in 1983). In this standalone novel, set 500 years into the Foundation era, the First and Second Foundations both discover threats to their existence. The First Foundation has come to the conclusion that the Second Foundation was never actually destroyed; while the Second Foundation discovers evidence that they are being manipulated by an unknown group with similar abilities. (Sort of their version of the Dark Sith.) Their respective missions bring them together to a world known as Gaia—a superorganism where all living creatures are part of a group consciousness, while still retaining their individual identities. This is revealed to be the true destiny of the human race, to become part of a vast shared consciousness forming an entity called Galaxia. Fans remain as divided, if not more so, over the conclusion to Foundation's Edge. On the one hand, Asimov pointedly addresses the themes he left dangling in the original trilogy. On the other hand, he put his own masterwork on trial and found it wanting. In the years prior to his death in 1992, Asimov would write three more Foundation books—two prequels and a sequel. But, the Foundation Trilogy and, to a lesser extent, Foundation's Edge, are considered the central works of the series. Reportedly, Nolan's focus will be on the original trilogy—although that doesn't rule out the possibility that he'll incorporate some characters and themes from the other books. But, the main question on everyone's minds is whether this will this work as a TV series. There isn't much action in the Foundation books, which are heavy on exposition and light on character development. But Nolan's devotion to the source material seems genuine — not least, because it clearly influenced his deft work on Person of Interest, a series built upon the premise of an artificial intelligence that can foresee threats. Unlike Hari Seldon, we'll have to be content with waiting for the actual future of this project to unfold.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Family filter bug hits Virgin Media customers Published duration 10 November 2014 image copyright Virgin Media image caption Network problems forced servers behind the filtering system to crash Many Virgin Media customers struggled to browse the web this weekend as the firm's filtering system broke down. Like all big UK ISPs, Virgin uses a filtering system to help children avoid seeing inappropriate content. However, many people found they could not visit any sites as the server behind the filtering system crashed. Virgin apologised to customers about the content blocking and said it moved quickly to fix the problem. Filter failure The problems emerged on 8 November when many people suddenly found it impossible to visit almost any website. According to tech news site The Register the cause was traced to a fault on the server behind Virgin's Websafe filtering system. This inspects requests to see websites to work out if access should be granted. For some reason, far more traffic than normal was being routed to this server which stopped it working and meant many Virgin customers could not reach any site at all. Many people complained on Twitter about their troubles. Many were annoyed because they had not signed up to use the filtering system at all and did not want it policing their activity. Web expert Mark Goodwin said : "Dear @virginmedia, please turn off websafe until you know it's not breaking things for everybody. Thanks. A (rather unsatisfied) customer." Virgin responded to many of the tweets apologising for the "hiccup". It advised many people to turn their home router off and back on again to help resolve the problem. Virgin said it got the server behind the Websafe system fixed late on Saturday. In a statement it said: "A small number of our customers were temporarily unable to browse the internet for a couple of hours [on] Saturday evening because of a problem with one of our servers. It was quickly fixed but we apologise for any inconvenience caused." Filtering systems on the UK's ISPs were brought in at the behest of the government which wanted them offered to all new customers.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Forskolin upregulation of NOS I protein expression in porcine ciliary processes: a new aspect of aqueous humor regulation. To determine whether nitric oxide synthase (NOS) protein expression can be modulated by forskolin in porcine ciliary processes. Western blot analysis using mouse monoclonal antibodies against NOS I (neuronal NOS or nNOS), NOS II (macrophage NOS or macNOS), and NOS III (endothelial NOS or eNOS) was performed in porcine ciliary processes. Expression of NOS I and II was also assessed in the presence or in the absence of 1 microM forskolin exposure (4 and 24 hours). All three NOS isoforms could be detected in isolated porcine ciliary processes. Protein expression for NOS I was about 6 times higher than for NOS III and 15 times higher than for NOS II. In comparison to controls, after forskolin exposure, NOS I protein expression was increased by about 1.5-fold. No change could be observed in NOS II protein expression after forskolin exposure. Nitric oxide is involved in transepithelial fluid transport of different organs (lung, kidney, colon, etc.) and is suspected to play a role in ciliary processes by modulating the aqueous humor production. The present study indicates that forskolin (which increases cAMP production) modulates NOS I protein expression in isolated porcine ciliary processes. These results suggest that selective inhibition of NOS I could be tried for reducing aqueous humor production. The clinical relevance requires further investigations.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Monday, November 16, 2009 Mossad took minister: Iran TEHRAN: An Iranian former deputy defence minister who has been missing for nearly three years was abducted by Israeli agents and was now being held in Israel, several Iranian news websites reported yesterday. Ali Reza Asgari, a retired general who served in Iran's Revolutionary Guard, disappeared while on a private trip to Turkey in December, 2006. In March of this year, a former German Defence Ministry official said Mr Asgari had defected and was providing information to the West on Iran's nuclear program. Iranian officials and Mr Asgari's family have claimed that he was abducted. One of yesterday's web reports, on a site called Alef, said German and British intelligence services assisted Israeli agents in abducting Mr Asgari and taking him to Israel. The site, www.alef.ir, is close to a conservative Iranian law-maker. "On the basis of a two-year investigation carried out by concerned bodies, Asgari was abducted by foreign intelligence services and is being held in a Zionist prison," the site reported, apparently referring to an Iranian intelligence probe into the matter. "Asgari was abducted with the co-operation of Mossad as well as German and British intelligence services and was finally taken to Israel," the news report said. Israel's Foreign Ministry refused to comment. Hans Ruehle, a former chief of the planning staff of the German Defence Ministry, wrote in a Swiss newspaper in March that Mr Asgari told the West that Iran was financing North Korean steps to transform Syria into a nuclear weapons power, leading to an Israeli air-strike that targeted a site in Syria on September 6, 2007. The US claims the site was a nearly finished nuclear reactor, but Syria denies that and says the facility was an unused military installation. Mr Ruehle said Mr Asgari, who was instrumental in establishing the Hezbollah militant group in Lebanon, "changed sides" and provided information to the West on Iran's own nuclear program. The US and its European allies, as well as Israel, suspect Iran is intent on using a civilian nuclear program as a cover for developing nuclear weapons. Iranian officials have said Mr Asgari was not linked to Iran's nuclear program, but Western media reports have said he has co-operated with US intelligence and is considered a "high value" defector. Mr Asgari arrived in Turkey on December 7, 2006, and disappeared on December 9.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Mountains and Rivers Without End (disambiguation) Mountains and Rivers Without End is a 1996 epic poem by American poet Gary Snyder. Mountains and Rivers Without End may also refer to: Streams and Mountains Without End, a silk scroll painting by the Korean artist Yi In-Mun Mountains and Rivers Without End, a 1968 chamber symphony inspired by the painting by American composer Alan Hovhaness	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Archangel Michael I Allow That Which No Longer Serves Me To Leave My Life Now. I Bless it & Let It Go No matter the situation, no matter the challenge, Michael stands ready with his sword and host of Angels to protect and serve all who call upon him for assistance. He clears the path of obstacles, he gives us strength and courage to carry on during the dark times in our lives. He fills us with hope, inspiration, and faith that the Universe is always on our side. Michael protects against negative or psychic attack and astral debris that can cling to our energy fields. Archangel Michael is often pictured with a sword and shield to represent his ability to bring protection as well as to cut away that which is no longer needed in our lives. Even though Michael is an Angel, His energy may still be called upon during shamanic cord cutting rituals in order to insure the cords are permanently severed and rapid healing of the cuts takes place. Michael is also associated with fire, it is a purifying fire that burns away the dross and insures that alchemical reactions within the psyche produce the "gold" that one is seeking, in this case evolution and spiritual enlightenment. And yet Michael is more than just an Archangel for enlightenment, he is an Angel for awareness of all levels of life, including the mundane and the physical. There is no concern or problem that Michael cannot and will not address when he is called upon to do so. This makes Michael what I call "all purpose" archangel as he appears when needed to be of support, assistance and protection in any situation unlike the other Archangels such as Auriel who is primarily associated with wisdom or Raphael who is associated with healing although their energies can be combined and called upon along with Michael's as needed. Michael assists us in transforming our self- limitations, he brings faith and courage as well as the understanding that one is never alone and that all Guardian Angels are emissaries of Michael's sent to watch over and guide us. Some say that Michael was the first Archangel that Spirit created and his name symbolizes his position as the right hand of God or Spirit. It is Michael that moves through us when we seek to right a wrong, protect those who come to us for assistance and support and to help bring greater awareness and light into the world. If you look at a sword and shield, the light bounces from it, illuminating everything in it's path. So it is the same with Michael's energy, it is not only the power to cut through limitation and falsehood but also the light that allows us to discern the truth from the fabrication. I Am Always Immediately Supported, Assisted & Guided When I Ask The Universe For Help With Anything Archangel Michael stands first and foremost for protection and assistance in times of stress and need. It is the cutting awareness that all one needs to do is ask for help from the higher powers and that support is surely on it's way. For those who believe they are unworthy or the Divine would find their problems and fears too trivial or not spiritual enough to be worthy of consideration, This Angel has appeared to remind you that ALL are worthy of support and love from the Universe! Nothing is too small or trivial for the Divine to direct the full attention and flow of the Universe towards it's resolution and that all are more than worthy of living a joyful, happy and abundant life. For those who believe it is their karmic duty to pay off some sort of debt for an something they may have done several lifetimes ago, Archangel Michael comes through to show the individual that ALL things serve a higher purpose. To judge one event or lifetime as sinful or wrong is the product of a belief system that seeks to control others so that a few may prosper and have power while others are enslaved to support these few. Archangel Michael then acts as a purifying fire to assist the individual in seeking the truth for themselves, what resonates within their own heart as truth for them and not simply buying into the dogma of another. If it serves a person's evolution to continue to believe in the dogma and "sins" of this and prior lifetimes, then they shall of course continue to do so for this Michael will never take away one's free will. However if an individual is ready to move beyond the old concepts and beliefs, this Archangel will surely support in the cutting of the old ties that bind. If this Angel has appeared for you today, it may be an indication that some sort of cleansing and protection is needed at this time. Or perhaps you need to gather your inner courage and strength to pursue a new goal or dream that has been beckoning you. Michael brings empowerment to help you be all that you can be in this life if you are willing to take the next step that you know inside you need to take. I Know What I Need To Do & I Do It With Ease. This Frees Me To Move Forward Into My Promised Land At times, Michael appears when we need a bit of a nudge, a prod from his sword if you will, to get us unstuck and the energy flowing in our lives again. Or perhaps you have been buying into someone else's belief systems that are not helpful or healing for you. Archangel Michael says it is now time to develop your own beliefs that are centered around joy, worthiness and expectations of the best that life has to offer! Archangel Michael's primary message to you today is to believe in yourself and believe that the Universe is seeking right now to lead you out of the darkness and into the light. All you need do is call upon Michael's energy with your heart and you will find he has been standing next to you, supporting and shielding you all this time. What to watch for with this Angel's presence: People that can serve as protectors or guardians for you in some way, these may include family members, friends, colleagues or even folks you have yet to meet. When someone offers you support or assistance in some way, saying YES! and accepting with Gratitude opens the door for even more to come to you! New opportunities to expand your resources in some way. This Angel is as concerned with protecting your Life's work, business, career, money, and so forth as any other area of your life. Be open to new opportunities that can help you expand what you are already doing or help you to find a career that is much more aligned with the needs of your Soul. Needing to mentor or protect others who are coming to you for support and guidance. This may also include a project or goal that is dear to your heart that you need to focus on especially strongly right now. Or if you are someone who is already giving and giving and giving to many others, it may be time to focus more on doing and giving to yourself. Remember, the more you take care of you, the more you will have to give to others! If you are facing a situation that seems impossible to resolve and is causing you a lot of stress and pain, call upon Michael to help you resolve the issues and then stand by to honour what your inner guidance tells you to do! Light a candle dedicating it to Michael and meditate in front of it or simply allow it to burn for as long as you feel it appropriate. (be sure to follow all standard safety precautions when burning candles!) You may also choose to write a letter to this angel, placing it underneath the candle holder or lying in front of the holder. There are also 14 day candles that can be found at many supermarkets or catholic supply shops that have a representation of Michael on the front and a prayer on the back. Shops such as Walgreen's and Sav-on also often carry these candles. Other ways to work with the energy of Archangel Michael is to sort through all those things in your life, be they job related, personal, people, things in your home that you no longer resonate with, belief systems, even old projects or goals that no longer fit who you are and give them all permission to go! You can do this on a physical level by clearing clutter and old papers from your home/office and by consciously admitting that a goal you once had needs to be released and you are now letting it go. Thank all these things for once having served you, Bless them, and then ask Michael to carry them away.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Microfluidic cellular and molecular detection for Lab-on-a-Chip applications. The power of the "Lab on a Chip" concept lies primarily in its ability to detect and manipulate at the cellular and molecular level with sufficiently high throughputs. With careful design and scaling considerations, molecular and cellular detectors (or sensors) facilitated by controlled microfluidic separation, purification, sorting, and mixing operations are more sensitive and specific. In this presentation, I will depict three levels of detection: DNA, protein, and cell. For DNA detection, a droplet microfluidic platform enables rapid and homogenous mixing in confined picoliter volumes for molecular hybridization fluorescence images. For proteins, I will discuss how an acoustic cavity mixer enabled an order of magnitude increase in speed of detection. Finally, a novel microfluidic device based on dielectrophoresis (DEP) enables the detection and sorting of biological cells based on their dielectric properties.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Q: Generate different types of enemies with different randomness What I want - I want to have some magic function getEnemyType(currentLevel), which will return, for example, a number. Number is enemy type, let's say, there are ten (10) types. 1 - the easiest, 10 - the hardest. I can't even find the idea, where to dig, to get such algorythm: I give this magic function current level number and it calculate suitable enemy type with increasing and decreasing chanse of getting hard or easy enemy. Example: Level 1: function will generate random type from array of one element: [1], okay Level 2: generating random types from such set: [1,1,2], reason is to have more easy and less hard enemies. Level 3: [1,1,1,2,2] ... Level 50: [1,7,7,9] (more 7s, less 9s for challenge, and little number of 1s for fun) Level 10000: [1, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10] Ideally game must be infinite, so I can just add enemy types to suit increasing difficulty. Is this real? :) A: One solution for solving this problem: Python (pseudo) code: def getEnemyTypesByLevel(Level): # max is maximal Difficulty Options = [ {"Count":1, "Max":1, "Exponent":1.0}, {"Count":3, "Max":2, "Exponent":1.2}, {"Count":5, "Max":2, "Exponent":1.3}, ... {"Count":8, "Max":10, "Exponent":42.0} ] DifficultyArray = [] CurrentOption = Options[Level] Base = 1.5 i = 0 while i < CurrentOption["Count"]: Difficulty = (random.random() * Base) ** CurrentOption["Exponent"] Difficulty = max(CurrentOption["Max"], Difficulty) DifficultyArray.append(Difficulty) i += 1 return DifficultyArray instead of using the Exponent function you can use logarithmic functions or any arbitary function, depending on your wishes. I hope this helps. Edit 1: Added the Base constant/value, without it it doesn't really do what you want.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Taking the lead for christchurchbronxville excellency Tag: independent surveyor What does a typical workday of a chartered property surveyor NYC glimpse like? You can claim that nearly no two times are the exact same while in the job of surveying. It may be a reasonably unpredictable job. That’s a little something a lot of professional surveyors like about their occupation — the variety. This profession is large in scale. Surveyors do the job in residential households, in professional corporations, in planning and enormous scale advancement. They are doing assessments, consultations, and function both equally proactively and reactively when a little something goes completely wrong. No matter whether you happen to be dealing with a residential surveyor or perhaps a commercial surveying professional, you can expect to realize that these folks have a very huge total of knowledge similar into the environment of construction. Their job entails getting intensive information about structures, security, federal government rules and specifications, hearth safety, and more. They have to recognise flaws in workmanship, security dangers, and evaluate the impact of potential improve over the ecosystem as well as general public. Several surveyors function for a variety of clientele and have the chance to vacation during a considerable place so as to do their work. Below are a few of your forms of work opportunities a chartered surveyor could acquire calls to carry out: Inspect Properties Becoming Bought For anyone who is buying a home, an inspection frequently ought to be performed prior to the lender will approve financing. A surveyor will assess and examine the property and current a report back to the financial institution. This is often generally accomplished for re-financing of the house in addition. A surveyor should help a potential lender evaluate no matter whether or not a house is worth funding and / or assistance together with the real valuation from the house. Electricity Assessments A chartered surveyor can assess the electricity efficiency of a constructing. This will permit a quality and /or could result in recommendations. Many aspects of a making could involve assessment and inspections for government rules likewise previous to a sale or permitting of a developing. Inspection of Residential and Industrial Buildings Residential Commercial constructing assessment and inspection may very well be anything a surveyor does often when properties are undergoing variations, change of ownership, or when anything goes wrong. Fireplace prevention assessments are a legal need and many places could have to have inspection such as: floors, roofs, the outside, out structures, plus much more. The regions inspected will rely, mainly, over the style of inspection remaining performed.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Report Writing - Evidence Collection This segment identifies the need to ensure the evidence listed in the report matches the evidence tag placed on the item. William Fogarty suggests double checking the report prior to booking the evidence to ensure there is no incorrect information listed in the report.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Offensive Rebound Putbacks Putback attempts are shots taken by a player within four seconds of getting an offensive rebound. Name Putbacks %of total at rim shots coming on putbacks %of total made baskets at rim coming on putbacks Putback FG% at rim %of total 2pt Jumpers coming on Putbacks %of total made 2pt Jumpers coming on Putbacks Putback FG% 2pt Jumpers Iorio, Sam 16 14.3% 16.1% 71.4% 1.7% 0.0% 0.0% Nelson, Sa'Eed 11 2.9% 3.0% 57.1% 4.2% 3.4% 25.0% Motuzis, Larry 8 3.6% 5.1% 80.0% 4.3% 14.3% 100.0% Bragg, Marvin 6 18.5% 19.0% 80.0% 8.3% 0.0% 0.0% Little, Jesse 5 9.1% 4.5% 33.3% 20.0% 66.7% 100.0% Diallo, Cheikh 3 13.6% 18.8% 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% --- Cimino, Matt 3 37.5% 16.7% 33.3% 0.0% 0.0% --- Beckton Jr., Stacy 2 3.6% 0.0% 0.0% 3.6% 0.0% 0.0% Macarchuk, Nick 2 22.2% 14.3% 50.0% 0.0% --- --- Washington, James 1 0.0% 0.0% --- 14.3% 0.0% 0.0% LaMont, Drew 1 0.0% 0.0% --- 14.3% 50.0% 100.0% McFarland, Tyler 0 --- --- --- --- --- --- Brown, Kevin 0 0.0% --- --- --- --- --- Total 58 6.9% 7.7% 65.1% 4.5% 6.5% 46.2% Offensive Transition Splits The data in this table relate to the initial shot attempts of possessions. Transition shots are defined as occuring within the first 10 seconds of a possession after a steal, defensive rebound, or opponent score. Start of Poss % of initial attempts eFG% % Shots at rim FG% at rim % Shots 2pt Jumpers FG% 2pt Jumpers % Shots 3pt FG% 3pt Rebound, 0-10 s 8.1% 52.2% 54.3% 58.7% 9.5% 9.1% 36.2% 35.7% Rebound, 11-30 s 22.2% 48.3% 28.8% 53.3% 16.3% 23.1% 54.9% 35.4% Opp score, 0-10 s 3.3% 31.9% 44.7% 42.9% 4.3% 0.0% 51.1% 16.7% Opp score, 11-30 s 44.3% 53.1% 30.7% 59.0% 21.6% 39.4% 47.7% 37.0% Steal, 0-10 s 7.0% 62.4% 78.2% 70.9% 6.9% 14.3% 14.9% 26.7% Steal, 11-30 s 3.5% 46.0% 40.0% 50.0% 14.0% 14.3% 46.0% 34.8% Transition 18.4% 52.5% 61.7% 62.6% 7.6% 10.0% 30.7% 28.4% Defensive Statistics Team Defensive Summary Shot Type % of Shots FG% % of Shots Blocked Unblocked FG% At Rim 42.9% 59.7% 9.6% 66.1% 2pt Jumpers 24.5% 43.0% 6.4% 45.9% 3pt Shots 32.5% 38.3% 1.3% 38.9% Defensive Transition Splits The data in this table relate to the initial shot attempts of possessions. Transition shots are defined as occuring within the first 10 seconds of a possession after a steal, defensive rebound, or opponent score.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Q: C# Windows Forms: OpenFileDialog Strange Issues This is kinda strange, let me try to explain it as best as possible: When I create a new file and Save it, it saves correctly (test.xml). When I make changes to this file and Save it, it saves correctly (to test.xml) When I make changes again to this file or just choose Save As, it works correctly (newtest.xml) However, when I do a file open, make changes to a file (test.xml) and click Save it is saving to (newtest.xml). This is in my MainForm.cs if (this.openEditorDialog1.ShowDialog(this) == DialogResult.OK && editForm != null) { editForm.Close(); editForm = new EditorForm(this); editForm.OpenFile(this.openEditorDialog1.FileName); editForm.Closing += new CancelEventHandler(EditorForm_Closing); editForm.MdiParent = this; editForm.Show(); } private void biFileSave_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { if (!editForm.HasFileName) { if (this.saveEditorDialog1.ShowDialog(this) == DialogResult.OK) { this.ActiveDiagram.SaveSoap(this.saveEditorDialog1.FileName); editForm.FileName = this.saveEditorDialog1.FileName; } } else { this.ActiveDiagram.SaveSoap(this.saveEditorDialog1.FileName); } This is in my EditorForm.cs public void OpenFile(string strFileName) { diagramComponent.LoadSoap(mainForm.openEditorDialog1.FileName); this.FileName = mainForm.openEditorDialog1.FileName; this.tabControl1.SelectedTab = DiagramTab; } I'm sure it has to do with the what I'm doing in the EditoForm but I can't seem to figure it out. A: else { this.ActiveDiagram.SaveSoap(this.saveEditorDialog1.FileName); It looks like you want: this.ActiveDiagram.SaveSoap(editForm.FileName);	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Q: Exception with objects in an array I have a mini-project and a lot of classes. I created an exception for a field, it doesn't work public C(..., int yearX, ...) throws InitException { if (year == 2000) { ... year = yearX; ... } else throw new InitAnneeEC(); } A: Your problem is in your constructor you compare year but you don't set it's value first, so the exception always happen. public C(..., int yearX, ...) throws InitException { if (year == 2000) { ... year = yearX; ... } else throw new InitAnneeEC(); } When you doing if (year == 2000) actually it's used the default value: 0, so the comparison always false. I guess you want to set anneeEC value with anneeE value. Try to change your code like this: public C(..., int yearX, ...) throws InitException { year = yearX; if (year == 2008) { ... } else throw new InitException(); }	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Effect of the shooting position on the stunning of calves by captive bolt. Captive bolt stunning frontally, occipitally and on the nape of he neck was studied in 30 veal calves. The state of consciousness was judged from the electroencephalogram (EEG) recorded via surgically pre-implanted electrodes frontally on the right side of the head. Frontal stunning on the left side of the head and occipital stunning almost certainly ensured immediate unconsciousness because delta and theta waves (tending to an iso-electric line) appeared on the EEG directly after stunning. Additionally the corneal reflex was absent. Occipital placing did not result in macroscopical damage to the cortex as did frontal stunning. Shooting witha captive bolt in the nape of the neck caused unconsciousness after mean (+/- sd) 21 +/- 6 seconds. Until then the calves were fully conscious, according to the electroencephalogram and also showed a positive corneal reflex. It is therefore suggested that for the sake of animal welfare captive bolt shooting at the nape of the neck should be abandoned.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Quantile regression analysis of the rational addiction model: investigating heterogeneity in forward-looking behavior. The time path of consumption from a rational addiction (RA) model contains information about an individual's tendency to be forward looking. In this paper, we use quantile regression (QR) techniques to investigate whether the tendency to be forward looking varies systematically with the level of consumption of cigarettes. Using panel data, we find that the forward-looking effect is strongest relative to the addiction effect in the lower quantiles of cigarette consumption, and that the forward-looking effect declines and the addiction effect increases as we move toward the upper quantiles. The results indicate that QR can be used to illuminate the heterogeneity in individuals' tendency to be forward looking even after controlling for factors such as education. QR also gives useful information about the differential impact of policy variables, most notably workplace smoking restrictions, on light and heavy smokers.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Milan: Brocchi or Emery? By Football Italia staff It’s reported Milan President Silvio Berlusconi wants to keep Cristian Brocchi, but Chinese investors push for Unai Emery of Sevilla. The Rossoneri lost the Coppa Italia Final to Juventus, 1-0 in extra time last night, meaning they are out of Europe for the third year running. According to today’s media coverage, Berlusconi would gladly confirm Brocchi in the position. However, he is in negotiations to sell 70 per cent of the club to Chinese investors and until June 15 all big decisions must be run past them too. La Gazzetta dello Sport suggests the Chinese group would want to coax Emery away from Sevilla, where he’d reunite with Carlos Bacca. Sevilla have just celebrated their third consecutive Europa League trophy, beating Liverpool 3-1 in the Final. Another option is Marco Giampaolo, who has left Empoli after an impressive campaign. Watch Serie A live in the UK on Premier Sports for just £9.99 per month including live LaLiga, Eredivisie, Scottish Cup Football and more. Visit: https://www.premiersports.com/subscribenow	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
[Double pylorus and pyloroduodenal fistulas: two case reports and discussion]. Congenital double pylorus is extremely rare; only 2 cases have been found in the English and French literature. Acquired double pylorus occurs more often; up to 1982, 66 cases had been reported. During 6 810 consecutive barium meal examinations over a period of 2 years, we diagnosed the condition in 5 patients. Two came to operation, at which the diagnosis was confirmed. These 2 cases are described. Acquired double pylorus is in reality a short pyloroduodenal fistula situated next to the pylorus, usually on the lesser curvature side. In the majority of cases it results from a pyloric ulcer penetrating into the duodenum. In a minority of cases the primary lesion is a duodenal ulcer penetrating into the pyloric area. Cases initially present with peptic ulcer symptoms. With the formation of the fistula, symptoms may disappear. Some authorities consider this to indicate spontaneous cure of the ulcer, thus obviating the need for further medical or surgical treatment. In the present 2 cases there was no remission of symptoms. None of the cases has been associated with malignant disease. It is thought that the condition may be recognized more often in future.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Q: Plotting ListLinePlots together creating a 3D view I have a .xlsx file containing four columns, each pair representing an x and y value, so (from left to right): x_sample1, y_sample1, x_sample2, y_sample2. What I wanted to do, is put them in a ListLinePlot (or something similar) next to each other in a 3-D view. I managed to get what I wanted using ListPointPlot, but a continuous line for each sample would look better for my purposes. ListPointPlot (to my knowledge) only let me use Filling to simulate a more continuous, solid look - but that doesn't really cut it. Attached below is a picture of what I did so far and how the general look of it should be. I used a (rather ugly) workaround to get this to work: for each plot I added an artificial x value named "row" in integer values from 1-14 and these were followed by the original plot data corresponding to y and z data for this plot. The code I used is: ListPointPlot3D[{exceldaten[[All, {1, 2, 3}]], exceldaten[[All, {4, 5, 6}]], exceldaten[[All, {7, 8, 9}]], exceldaten[[All, {10, 11, 12}]], exceldaten[[All, {13, 14, 15}]], exceldaten[[All, {16, 17, 18}]], exceldaten[[All, {19, 20, 21}]], exceldaten[[All, {22, 23, 24}]], exceldaten[[All, {25, 26, 27}]], exceldaten[[All, {28, 29, 30}]], exceldaten[[All, {31, 32, 33}]], exceldaten[[All, {34, 35, 36}]], exceldaten[[All, {37, 38, 39}]], exceldaten[[All, {40, 41, 42}]]}, PlotRange -> {{0.5, 14.5}, {0.0002, 0.0006}, {0, 50000}}, Filling -> Axis, FillingStyle -> Automatic, Axes -> {False, True,True}, AxesLabel -> {None, "mobility (corresponding unit)", "cps"}, Ticks -> {header[[3 ;; 42 ;; 3]], Automatic, Automatic}, LabelStyle -> Directive[Bold, Medium], PlotLegends -> header[[3 ;; 42 ;; 3]]] A: You can use Polygon to get this effect. If you use ListPointPlot3D as well, you have easy access to the axes. a = Table[{j, i, iExp[-(j - 6)^2/(4)]}, {i, 1, 12}, {j, 1, 10}]; c = ColorData[97][#] & /@ Range[1, Length@a]; Show[ ListPointPlot3D[a, PlotStyle -> c], Graphics3D[{#1, Polygon[#2]}] & @@@ Transpose@{c, a} ] Which gives Or you can use EdgeForm and FaceForm to get lines Show[ ListPointPlot3D[a, PlotStyle -> c], Graphics3D[{FaceForm[None], EdgeForm[#1], Polygon[#2]}] & @@@ Transpose@{c, a} ] Edit: Obviously, you could use Line as well, which gets rid of the lines on the x-y plane. Show[ListPointPlot3D[a, PlotStyle -> c], Graphics3D[{#1, Line[#2]}] & @@@ Transpose@{c, a}]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Category Archives: Uncategorized Post navigation You know, many times in life we as the parents are always on the go! We have yard work, house work, home projects, and a plethora of other things that always need to be accomplished. But how many times do your kids want you to stop and play with them? If your house is anything like mine, it is constantly! That is where we as the parents need to STOP and PLAY! We need not to worry so much what others think about the way our house looks, how dirty our car may be, or if the yard is manicured to perfection. Those things will be there after the chance you had to play with your kids are gone. There are only a few chances that we as parents will get to enjoy with our kids. Just to see how many, check out this app from Orange that will let you put in your kids graduation date (or other important dates) and let you see how many weekends, days, hours, minutes and seconds you have left. Once you see it, I think you will be shocked! Here are a few things that you can do with you kids over the next days, weeks, or months. Pick out a few and go for it. Be a kid with your kids for a bit and have some fun, not only will you build a bond with your kids, but memories will also be built that will last longer than fresh cut grass! Like this: I am getting fired up about Summer Camp this year!!! This year we will be going to a new camp located in the mountains of North Carolina called The Wilds. Check out their web page at http://www.wilds.org/camps/youth/jbc. Campers must be at least 9 years old by September 1, 2015, and be entering Grades 4-7. We will be going during June 8-June 13. The cost will be $375 per kid. We will start our fundraiser this January 28th with a lunch following the morning service. If you are interested, please let me know ASAP!! Like this: Have you never had to endure a person learning how to play the clarinet? It’s pretty awful. Sounds more like a person strangling a duck then anything close to actual music. But that goes with any musical instrument, doesn’t it? To become great at playing an instrument, you need to practice … to rehearse. You need to commit to sticking with it even when you don’t feel like it. This is true for faith. To grow—to mature—takes practice. It takes commitment. Which is why we’re taking a whole month to discover how commitment can show up in our lives as we practice our faith. Commitment is making a plan and putting it into practice. If we want to know God better, we need to practice our faith. But this isn’t something that comes naturally to any of us. That’s why we need a plan to put into practice. And the best place to start is with faith skills. Every so often we like to come back around and focus on four faith skills that kids can practice to help them grow in their faith and know God better. We use four words to help us remember these skills: HEAR. PRAY. TALK. LIVE. Each week this month, we’ll focus on one of the faith skills as we talk about making a plan and putting it into practice. This month, let’s think about how: (1) God created commitment and exemplifies it in being committed to us. (2) Commitment is both a reflection of and a response to God’s character. We can demonstrate His commitment to us as we commit to knowing Him more. (3) Commitment is how we follow through on the tasks set before us. So, get ready kids to show some commitment this month as we dive into God’s word! To help you out, I have placed some Bible reading plans at this link. Make sure to check them out. Share this: Like this: People have been asking what is needed to help get things ready for the backpack mission that we are doing. Well, this is what is happening and when! October 19th 3:00 ~ 5:15 We will sort the backpacks that have been turned in according to age and boy/girl. With thing that have been given to us, we need to also pack some backpacks. We will make a list of items that are needed to finish out any existing backpacks. October 26th 3:00 ~ 5:15 Finish packing the backpacks that needed other items. Box up the backpacks according to age and boy/girl. Place the Christmas Story and monthly devotions in the Bibles that will be given out. December 6th 6:00 AM load up on the church busses or private vehicles and get ready for God to move in your life. If you have have not signed up for a job while there or to let me know that you are riding the bus, please click here to get that done Like this: Here is the details for the Copper Basin Crisis Center Mission Project that we are doing this year. We will be going to the Crisis Center on Saturday, December 6th. We will be leaving the church at 6:00 AM since this is a 3 hour trip. The goal is to have things setup and going by 10:00. We will be leaving around 4:00 and coming back to the church. Cooper Basin Crisis Center There is a form shown below that will allow you to sign-up and select what you would like to do while at the Crisis Center. I need each person to sign-up with a position prior to going. If a family of 4 is going to go, I need 4 people to have signed up. This way I will know how many seats we need on the bus. One last thing! We are going on a trip to help and minister to the people of the Appalachian area. We are not going on a trip to take photos of ourselves, post photos onto social media or exploit the lifestyles of the people in the area. With that said, I am asking you not to take photos or tweet about what is done there. We will take a group photo while there for a reminder.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Construction Jobs Growth at three-year High Jobs in construction have grown for a third successive month in July, with the employment sub-index of the Australian Industry Group’s Performance of Construction Index rising to 59 points (where figures above 50 indicate expansion). The surge of 4.8 points from June shows a faster rate of growth in the month; July’s growth in employment was the highest in almost three years. Also in July, wages growth continued, and is at a higher rate than in June, with the wages sub-index rising by 3.7 points to 64.6 points. This indicates the fastest rate of expansion in construction wages since August 2016, according to the AIG, which said the main drivers were wage increases still flowing from existing EBAs, and difficulties in filling various skilled vacancies.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
2nd pregnancy, different symptoms? This might sound a little dramatic but I'm worried because I haven't been sick (yet). With DD (dear daughter) I knew I was pregnant before I missed a period because I had horrible morning sickness almost immediately. So while I'm glad not to be curled around the toilet it makes me a little nervous too. I'm still bfing DD (dear daughter) if that makes a difference. Has anyone else had a similar experience? Tell me I'm overreacting! Comments (1) This is my 4th pregnancy and its 100% different than my other 3. I'm usually really sick but I'm not a bit sick this time. I think every pregnancy is a tad different. I'm 6 weeks 3 days and feeling great. Cramping, but not much else. I honestly wouldn't read to much into it ❤ You are passing a message to a BabyCenter staff member. For the fastest help on community guidelines violations, please click 'Report this' on the item you wish the staff to review. For general help please read our Help section or contact us.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
When Meek Mill debuted his Drake diss song, "Wanna Know," on Thursday night, the first thing that most people noticed was that the Philadelphia rapper sampled The Undertaker's classic theme song and incorporated it into the first half of the track: For comparison's sake, here is Meek Mill's song: And here is The Undertaker's theme: A short time after "Wanna Know" was released, the satirical website Huzlers posted a story about how The Undertaker had filed a $500,000 lawsuit against Meek Mill for using his song without his permission. And while the story was obviously fake—it included a fictional quote from The Undertaker with him saying, "I wouldn't have filed a lawsuit if the track was actually good"—more than a few people tweeted about it and posted it on Facebook: So we reached out to the WWE to see what response, if any, they had to Meek Mill using The Undertaker's theme, which was originally created by legendary WWE composer Jim Johnston. They released a brief but firm statement to Complex Sports. "WWE takes its intellectual property rights very seriously," the WWE statement said, "and we are looking into the matter." It's worth noting that "Wanna Know" is not currently for sale, which means Meek Mill is not profiting directly from it. But we will continue to keep you updated on the situation, and let you know if the WWE decides to pursue any action against the rapper. Send all complaints, compliments, and tips to [email protected].	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
537 U.S. 943 CUYLERv.WAL-MART STORES, INC. No. 02-5321. Supreme Court of United States. October 7, 2002. 1 CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT. 2 C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied. JUSTICE BREYER took no part in the consideration or decision of this petition.	{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }
Print advertising is one of the most effective ways to generate leads for your business. Christie Graphic Design will use all of your branding materials to create an advertisement that will communicate your company’s specific benefits, and increase your sales.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Demolition (1978 film) Demolition is an Australian TV movie. It was produced by Robert Bruning's Gemini Productions and screened on Channel 7. Director Kevin Dobson recalled it as an attempt by Bruning and Grundys "to make mid-Atlantic films for the US market. It was pretty ill-fated." Plot British Intelligence have been conducting sound tests in different countries on techniques to increase the ability of long-distance truck drivers to stay awake - sounds were pumped into their ears to see the results. They discover that one method could completely erase memory. An intelligence officer, Ainsley, blackmails Peter Clarke, an Australian who used to work for him as an agent, Peter Clarke, into returning to Sydney as a courier. Clarke is to take an audio tape of recordings that will erase the memory of the listener. Ainsley wants the tape to lure an enemy agent, Korcheck - the plan is to trap Korchek into listening to the tape and have his memory wiped. An American friend introduces Peter to Faith Camden and they begin an affair. Cast John Waters as Peter Clarke Belinda Giblin as Faith Camden Fred Steele as Eddie Vincent Ball as Ainsley Keith Lee as Korcheck Donald McDonald as Henderson Tracey Lee as Drag Queen The Don Burrows Quartet Tony Barry as Contact at Warehouse Allan Penney as Hudson Production Filming started in Sydney on 14 November 1977. Release Although the film was made in 1977 it did not air until 1979. The week it aired the Sydney Morning Herald did not review it. Critical Reception Filmink magazine later wrote: [The movie has] a very James Bond set up, but the treatment is surprisingly downbeat and film noir-y – Waters’ character gets beaten up a lot. However, the climax does involve Waters running through a wildlife safari park and stumbling into a lion enclosure, so that’s pretty Bond-y. The script is far too confusing for this to be effective. References External links Demolition at BFI Demoltion at AustLit (subscription required) Demolition at National Film and Sound Archive Category:1978 television films Category:Australian television films Category:English-language films Category:Australian films Category:Australian action thriller films	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
<code_set_name> EBCDIC-CA-FR <comment_char> % <escape_char> / % version: 1.0 % source: IBM 3270 Char Set Ref Ch 10, GA27-2837-9, April 1987 CHARMAP <U0000> /x00 NULL (NUL) <U0001> /x01 START OF HEADING (SOH) <U0002> /x02 START OF TEXT (STX) <U0003> /x03 END OF TEXT (ETX) <U009C> /x04 STRING TERMINATOR (ST) <U0009> /x05 CHARACTER TABULATION (HT) <U0086> /x06 START OF SELECTED AREA (SSA) <U007F> /x07 DELETE (DEL) <U0097> /x08 END OF GUARDED AREA (EPA) <U008D> /x09 REVERSE LINE FEED (RI) <U008E> /x0a SINGLE-SHIFT TWO (SS2) <U000B> /x0b LINE TABULATION (VT) <U000C> /x0c FORM FEED (FF) <U000D> /x0d CARRIAGE RETURN (CR) <U000E> /x0e SHIFT OUT (SO) <U000F> /x0f SHIFT IN (SI) <U0010> /x10 DATALINK ESCAPE (DLE) <U0011> /x11 DEVICE CONTROL ONE (DC1) <U0012> /x12 DEVICE CONTROL TWO (DC2) <U0013> /x13 DEVICE CONTROL THREE (DC3) <U009D> /x14 OPERATING SYSTEM COMMAND (OSC) <U0085> /x15 NEXT LINE (NEL) <U0008> /x16 BACKSPACE (BS) <U0087> /x17 END OF SELECTED AREA (ESA) <U0018> /x18 CANCEL (CAN) 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Direct measurement of osmotic pressure via adaptive confinement of quasi hard disc colloids. Confining a system in a small volume profoundly alters its behaviour. Hitherto, attention has focused on static confinement where the confining wall is fixed such as in porous media. However, adaptive confinement where the wall responds to the interior has clear relevance in biological systems. Here we investigate this phenomenon with a colloidal system of quasi hard discs confined by a ring of particles trapped in holographic optical tweezers, which form a flexible elastic wall. This elasticity leads to quasi-isobaric conditions within the confined region. By measuring the displacement of the tweezed particles, we obtain the radial osmotic pressure. We further find a novel bistable state of a hexagonal structure and concentrically layered fluid mimicking the shape of the confinement. The hexagonal configurations are found at lower pressure than those of the fluid, thus the bistability is driven by the higher entropy of disordered arrangements, unlike bulk hard systems.

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

The Retrospect of Practical Medicine and Surgery, Being a Half-yearly Journal Containing a Retrospective View of Every Discovery and Practical Improvement in the Medical Sciences. ... . Volume 1-CXXIII, 1840-July 1901 4.11 - 1251 ratings - Source A Handbook of Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases of the Throat, Nose andNaso-Pharynx. Second edition. 12mo. 294 pages, 77 ill. Cloth, $1.75. tion. Smith (J. G.) Abdominal Surgery. Being a Systematic Description of all the Principalanbsp;... Title : The Retrospect of Practical Medicine and Surgery, Being a Half-yearly Journal Containing a Retrospective View of Every Discovery and Practical Improvement in the Medical Sciences. ... . Volume 1-CXXIII, 1840-July 1901 Author : Publisher : - 1887 ISBN-13 : You must register with us as either a Registered User before you can Download this Book. You'll be greeted by a simple sign-up page. Once you have finished the sign-up process, you will be redirected to your download Book page.

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

Q: Novel about boy facing the apocalyptic beliefs of his family I read this children's novel by getting it from the library, but I gave it back and can't find it again no matter where I search. The plot is about a boy whose father believes that "signs," omens, and events show that the end of the world is coming soon. The family has to build an underground shelter to prepare for this, but the boy starts having doubts and has to choose between family and the outside. The cover includes a starry, dark night sky. The title is three words: first one is "chasing," "running," or something similar, the second is "the," and the third is "night, " "dark, " "stars, " or something similar. I have been looking up combinations of such words, but the results so far weren't of the book I was looking for. It was published fairly recently. In the version I read, there was an advertisement for another book, which was about children who were told they lived after the world's end, but the tale they were told was doubtful. A: Watch the Sky by Kirsten Hubbard The signs are everywhere, Jory's stepfather, Caleb, says. Red leaves in the springtime. Pages torn from a library book. All the fish in the aquarium facing the same way. A cracked egg with twin yolks. Everywhere and anywhere. And because of them Jory's life is far from ordinary. He must follow a very specific set of rules: don't trust anyone outside the family, have your works at the ready just in case, and always, always watch out for the signs. The end is coming, and they must be prepared. School is Jory's only escape from Caleb's tight grasp, and with the help of new friends Jory begins to explore a world beyond his family's farm. As Jory's friendships grow, Caleb notifies Jory's mother and siblings that the time has come for final preparations. They begin an exhausting schedule digging a mysterious tunnel in anticipation of the disaster. But as the hold gets deeper, so does the family's doubt about whether Caleb's prophecy is true. When the stark reality of his stepfather's plans becomes clear, Jory must choose between living his own life or following Caleb, shutting his eyes to the bright world he's just begun to see.

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

Background {#Sec1} ========== Leishmaniasis is an important neglected tropical disease caused by at least 21 different species of protozoan parasites belonging to the genus *Leishmania*. The three main clinical forms of this disease are visceral (VL), cutaneous (CL) and mucocutaneous (MCL) \[[@CR1], [@CR2]\]. *Leishmania* (*Viannia*) *braziliensis*, which is broadly distributed in the Americas, is the etiological agent of both CL and MCL \[[@CR3], [@CR4]\]. It is estimated that 700,000 to one million new cases and 20,000 to 30,000 deaths occur annually due to leishmaniasis \[[@CR2]\]. CL is more widely distributed, with ten countries presenting the highest number of cases: Afghanistan, Algeria, Colombia, Brazil, Iran, Syria, Ethiopia, North Sudan, Costa Rica and Peru. Together, these countries account for 70 to 75% of CL cases worldwide \[[@CR5]\]. There is no vaccine available for humans; hence, chemotherapy is the main form of leishmaniasis control \[[@CR6]\]. Pentavalent antimonials (Sb^V^) have been the drugs of first choice for the treatment in many countries for more than 70 years \[[@CR7]\]. In addition to their toxicity, pentavalent antimonials require long treatment schedules and present high rates of treatment failure (above 65%) in some places, such as the State of Bihar in India \[[@CR8], [@CR9]\]. The mode of antimony action is still not completely understood. It is accepted that Sb^V^ is a prodrug that is reduced to the trivalent (Sb^III^) form with a leishmanicidal effect against amastigote and promastigote forms of the parasite \[[@CR10]\]. Some studies have indicated that Sb^V^ inhibits glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation \[[@CR11]\]. Different antimonial-resistance mechanisms have been proposed, such as increased efflux/sequestration of active molecules, decreased drug reduction/activation, lower uptake, gene amplification and higher activity of repair mechanisms for damage caused by the drug \[[@CR7]\]. Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) and glycoinositolphospholipids (GIPLs) are glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored molecules that form a protective surface coat and mediate essential host-parasite interactions \[[@CR12]\]. Mannosyltransferase (GPI-14) is an essential enzyme for adding mannose on glycosylphosphatidyl. Mannose plays a key role in maintaining the energy and redox balance of *Leishmania* as well as increasing its virulence in the vector and macrophages \[[@CR13]\]. GPI-14 is functionally different from that of the mammalian pathway. Structural variations in the side chain and lipid moiety between *Leishmania* and humans make GPI-14 a rational drug target \[[@CR14]\]. In addition, this enzyme can be a good target for antiparasitic chemotherapy due to its role in the biosynthesis of LPG and GIPLs, which are important molecules involved in the parasite's infection cycle. To the best of our knowledge, the role of GPI-14 on drug resistance mechanisms is not yet known. Thus, this study attempts to overexpress the *GPI-14* gene in *L. braziliensis* to investigate the contribution of this enzyme in the antimony-resistance phenotype of this parasite. Methods {#Sec2} ======= Promastigotes of *Leishmania* (*Viannia*) *braziliensis* (MHOM/BR/75/M2904) were grown at 26 °C in M199 medium supplemented as previously described \[[@CR15]\]. All analyses were performed with parasites in the exponential growth phase. In order to generate overexpression, a 1299 bp fragment corresponding to *GPI-14* encoding region (open reading frame-ORF) (TriTrypDB accession number LbrM.30.1970) was amplified with *Pfx* DNA polymerase (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA) from *L. braziliensis* genomic DNA using the forward primer 5\'-T[GG ATC C]{.ul}**CC ACC** ATG AGC AAG GCA ACG TGG C-3\' and the reverse primer 5\'-TT[G GAT CC]{.ul}C TAA ACC TCC TTG CGC GTC-3\'. Bold letters indicate the Kozak sequence and the underlined sequences correspond to the *BamH*I restriction site. The next steps were performed as previously reported \[[@CR16]\]. Briefly, the GPI-14 1299 bp fragment was cloned into a pGEM-T Easy® vector (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) and confirmed by sequencing. Subsequently, pGEM-GPI-14 was digested with *BamH*I enzyme and introduced into dephosphorylated pIR1BSD expression vector (kindly provided by Dr Stephen Beverley, Washington University, USA). Next, the constructs pIR1BSD (empty vector) and pIR1BSD-GPI-14 were linearized upon *Swa*I digestion, electroporated into wild-type *L. braziliensis*, and the colonies were obtained on semisolid M199 medium containing 10 μg/ml blasticidin (BSD). Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis was performed to investigate the levels of *GPI-14* mRNA in *Leishmania* clones, as described previously \[[@CR17]\]. The amount of *GPI-14* cDNA in each sample was normalized to that of the *DNA polymerase* gene. In order to investigate the expression profile of the surface carbohydrates of these GPI-14-transfected clones, the mean fluorescence intensity was analyzed by flow cytometry of the parasites incubated with the concanavalin-A (Con-A), a lectin that binds to the terminal regions of α-D-mannosyl and α-D-glucosyl residues. Briefly, promastigotes of *L. braziliensis* samples in the stationary growth phase (2 × 10^6^ parasites/ml) were washed with PBS and incubated with Con-A lectin conjugated to fluorescein isocyanate (FITC) (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA) at a final concentration of 10 μg/ml for 30 min at 37 °C in a 5% CO~2~ incubator. Next, the parasites were acquired by flow cytometer (Fortessa LSR, Becton Dickinson BD, Franklin Lakes, USA) and the data were analyzed using FlowJo v.10 software. The geometric mean fluorescence intensity (gMFI) and the Con-A-labeled-*Leishmania* percentage (%) for each *L. braziliensis* sample were determined. Promastigotes of wild-type *L. braziliensis* and GPI-14-overexpression cell lines were incubated in M199 medium at 2 × 10^6^ cells/ml in 24-well plates in the absence or presence of increasing concentrations (1.2--74.9 μM) of potassium antimonyl tartrate (Sb^III^) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) for 48 h. The effective concentration required to decrease growth by 50% (EC~50~) was determined using a model Z1 Coulter Counter (Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, CA, USA). Amastigotes of GPI-14-overexpressing *L. braziliensis* clones were also subjected to susceptibility assays with Sb^III^ to analyze whether the antimony-resistant phenotype persists in parasite's intracellular form. Briefly, human macrophages differentiated from THP-1 cells (ATCC TIB 202) were seeded (4 × 10^5^ cells/well) on a 13 mm coverslip placed inside 24-well plates for 72 h at 37 °C, in a 5% CO~2~ atmosphere for macrophage adherence. Then, the adhered macrophages were exposed to stationary phase promastigote *L. braziliensis* samples (4 × 10^6^ parasites/well) (10:1 parasites/macrophage). After 5 h of infection, the free parasites were removed and RPMI medium was added in the absence or presence of Sb^III^ at a concentration ranging from 12.5 to 200 μM. After 72 h of incubation, adhered macrophages were stained by the panoptic method. The infected cells and the number of intracellular amastigotes were determined using ImageJ software (v.1.50i, Wayne Rasband National Institute of Health). EC~50~ values were obtained from three independent measurements in triplicate using the linear interpolation method \[[@CR18]\]. Statistical analysis {#Sec3} -------------------- Data were analyzed using Student's t-test, performed using the software GraphPad Prism v.5.0. A *P-*value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results {#Sec4} ======= The wild type *L. braziliensis* line was transfected with the construct pIR1BSD-GPI-14 to generate parasites overexpressing the enzyme GPI-14. This construct integrates into the *18S* ribosomal DNA small subunit locus, by homologous recombination \[[@CR19]\]. After two weeks, the genomic DNA from the transfected clonal lines was subjected to PCR analysis with primers specific for BSD marker that confers resistance to blasticidin. The results indicated the presence of a 399 bp fragment in all blasticidin-resistant clones (data not shown), confirming successful transfection. It is important to highlight that GPI-14-overexpressing clones showed similar growth curves in comparison with the wild-type *L. braziliensis* (data not shown). These clones were subjected to quantitative real-time PCR in order to confirm overexpression of the GPI-14 enzyme. The results showed that *GPI-14* transcription levels were 23.5- and 19.8-fold higher in the transfected clones C4 and C10, respectively, derived from the wild-type *L. braziliensis* lines than in the non-transfected or empty vector transfected (LbBSDØC1) ones (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}a).Fig. 1Levels of transcription of the *GPI-14* gene (**a**) and concanavalin-A (Con-A) lectin binding profile (**b**-**d**) in the wild type and GPI-14 overexpressor *L. braziliensis* lines. **a** Levels of *GPI-14* mRNA as determined quantitatively (relative to the DNA polymerase *Leishmania* gene) by real-time RT-PCR. Transcript levels ratio (*GPI-14/DNA polymerase gene*) ± standard deviations are indicated from three independent experiments. **b** Flow cytometric analysis of the differential expression of surface carbohydrate in wild-type (LbWT) and GPI14C10 clone (LbGPI14C10) of *L. braziliensis* using concanavalin-A (Con-A) lectin conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). **c** The GPI-14-overexpressor clones were compared to the wild-type *L. braziliensis* line by the amount of α-D-mannosyl and α-D-glucosyl on its surface using concanavalin-A FITC agglutination profile and a significant difference is seen in the mean intensity of fluorescence (gMIF) in both clones. **d** The percentage (%) of Con-A FITC labeled parasites was used as a control parameter of efficiency. Data obtained in duplicates from at least three independent experiments were analyzed by Student's t-test using GraphPad Prism 5.0 software. Statistically significant differences (*P* \< 0.001) between wild type and GPI-14 overexpressor parasites are showed by asterisks (\*\*\*). Pairwise comparisons: **a** LbWT *vs* LbGPI14C4 (*t*~(3)~ = 21.16, *P* = 0.0002); LbWT *vs* LbGPI14C10 (*t*~(4)~ = 9.130, *P* = 0.0008); **c** LbWT *vs* LbGPI14C4 (*t*~(3)~ = 25.03, *P* = 0.0001); LbWT *vs* LbGPI14C10 (*t*~(3)~ = 23.92, *P* = 0.0002) We also investigated the expression profile of the surface carbohydrates in GPI-14 transfected clones by percentage and geometric mean fluorescence intensity (gMFI) through flow cytometry of the parasites incubated with concanavalin-A (Con-A) (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}b). The results showed that clones transfected with GPI-14 express 2.8-fold more mannose and glucose residues than the non-transfected (LbWT) or empty vector (LbBSDØC1) transfected *L. braziliensis* lines, showing effective GPI-14 overexpression (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}c). A similar parasite percentage of Con-A for each *Leishmania* sample was observed, indicating the homogeneity of the parasites regarding the expression of molecules containing mannose or glucose residues (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}d). However, the mean fluorescence intensity was higher in the GPI-14 overexpressor clones, indicating that GPI-14-overexpressing clones presented higher mannose/glucose expression (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}c). Further to this, we investigated whether overexpression of the *GPI-14* gene contributes to the antimony resistance phenotype in *Leishmania*. For this, clonal lines from *L. braziliensis* promastigotes transfected with constructs pIR1BSD (empty vector), pIR1BSD-GPI-14 and non-transfected parasites were incubated with different Sb^III^ concentrations. The EC~50~ was determined by counting the number of parasites grown in the absence or presence of this drug. The data indicated that the Sb^III^ EC~50~ values of non-transfected (LbWT) and empty vector transfected *L. braziliensis* lines were 7.4 and 7.0 μM, respectively, whereas clones 4 and 10 showed EC~50~ values of 77.8 and 17.8 μM, respectively (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}a, d) (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}). This result demonstrates that these clones were approximately 10.55- and 2.41-fold more resistant to Sb^III^ than the non-transfected wild-type *Leishmania* line (LbWT), respectively (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}d).Fig. 2Sb^III^ susceptibility assays on the promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of wild type and GPI-14-overexpressor *L. braziliensis* clones. **a** Promastigotes were cultured in the absence or presence of increasing Sb^III^ concentrations (1.2 to 74.9 μM) for 48 h and the percentage of relative growth was determined using a Z1 coulter counter. **b**, **c** Sb^III^ susceptibility was evaluated on amastigotes using THP-1-derived human macrophages. THP-1 macrophages infected with *L. braziliensis* lines were cultured in the absence or presence of increasing Sb^III^ concentrations (12.5 to 200 μM) for 72 h and the percentage of infected macrophages (**b**) and number of parasites per 100 macrophages (**c**) was determined. The EC~50~ (μM) values were calculated for promastigotes (**d**) and amastigotes (**e**) of LbWT, LbGPI14C4 and LbGPI14C10 and the fold change in the resistance index of overexpressor clones relative to LbWT was determined. Statistical analysis of the curves was analyzed by Student's t-test. '\*' represents a statistical difference between the wild-type lines and each overexpressor clone (\**P* \< 0.05, \*\**P* \< 0.01 and \*\*\**P* \< 0.001; see Tables [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"} and [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"} for details on pairwise comparisons)Table 1Statistical analysis of Sb^III^ susceptibility assays on the promastigotes of wild type and GPI-14-overexpressor *L. braziliensis* clonesSb^III^ (μM)Pairwise comparisons^a^LbWT *vs* LbGPI14C4LbWT *vs* LbGPI14C101.2*t*~(6)~ = 4.298, *P* = 0.0051*t*~(4)~ = 5.548, *P* = 0.00522.3*t*~(6)~ = 8.217, *P* = 0.0002*t*~(4)~ = 4.815, *P* = 0.00864.7--*t*~(4)~ = 3.081, *P* = 0.03699.4*t*~(3)~ = 5.624, *P* = 0.0111--18.7*t*~(3)~ = 13.58, *P* = 0.0009*t*~(4)~ = 1.837, *P* = 0.140037.4*t*~(2)~ = 12.84, *P* = 0.0060*t*~(2)~ = 1.699, *P* = 0.231574.9*t*~(3)~ = 8.519, *P* = 0.0034*t*~(3)~ = 3.417, *P* = 0.0419^a^Student's t-test To analyze whether this antimony-resistant phenotype persists in parasite's intracellular form, amastigotes of GPI-14-overexpressing *L. braziliensis* clones were also subjected to susceptibility assays with Sb^III^. The data showed that the numbers of infected macrophages (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}b) (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}) and amastigotes/100 infected macrophages (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}c) (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}) were higher in the GPI-14 overexpressor clones 4 and 10 than those in the non-transfected wild-type *Leishmania* line. The amastigotes from both GPI-14 overexpressor clones were about 3-fold more resistant to Sb^III^ (EC~50~ values of 91.4 and 95.3 μM for clones 10 and 4, respectively) than the wild-type line (EC~50~ 30.8 μM) (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}e). No difference in the infectivity of macrophages was observed among wild-type *L. braziliensis* line and GPI-14 overexpressor clones in the absence of Sb^III^ (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}b, c).Table 2Statistical analysis of Sb^III^ susceptibility assays on the intracellular amastigotes of wild type and GPI-14-overexpressor *L. braziliensis* clonesSb^III^ (μM)Percentage of infected macrophages^a^No. of parasites per 100 macrophages^b^LbWT *vs* LbGPI14C4LbWT *vs* LbGPI14C10LbWT *vs* LbGPI14C4LbWT *vs* LbGPI14C1012.5*t*~(10)~ = 5.575, *P* = 0.0002*t*~(10)~ = 5.364, *P* = 0.0003*t*~(10)~ = 3.998, *P* = 0.0025*t*~(10)~ = 5.180, *P* = 0.000425*t*~(10)~ = 4.376, *P* = 0.0014*t*~(10)~ = 4.094, *P* = 0.0022*t*~(10)~ = 4.822, *P* = 0.0007*t*~(10)~ = 3.284, *P* = 0.008250*t*~(10)~ = 7.174, *P* \< 0.0001*t*~(10)~ = 7.865, *P* \< 0.0001*t*~(10)~ = 7.254, *P* \< 0.0001*t*~(10)~ = 7.140, *P* \< 0.0001100*t*~(10)~ = 2.925, *P* = 0.0152*t*~(10)~ = 3.164, *P* = 0.0101*t*~(10)~ = 3.776, *P* = 0.0036*t*~(10)~ = 4.558, *P* = 0.0010200*t*~(10)~ = 2.449, *P* = 0.0343*t*~(10)~ = 1.524, *P* = 0.1584*t*~(10)~ = 2.465, *P* = 0.0334*t*~(10)~ = 1.674, *P* = 0.1250^a^Pairwise comparisons (Student's t-test) (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}b)^b^Pairwise comparisons (Student's t-test) (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}c) Discussion {#Sec5} ========== Chemotherapy for leishmaniasis presents several problems, such as high toxicity, long treatment schedules, and the occurrence of resistant strains to pentavalent antimonials. Therefore, the need to identify drug resistance mechanisms and new molecular targets for chemotherapy of this disease is necessary. It is well established that *Leishmania* spp. synthesizes a unique class of molecules known as phosphoglycans (PGs), including the membrane-bound lipophosphoglycan (LPG) and secreted proteophosphoglycan (PPG). PGs are essential for host-parasite interactions, such as infectivity and survival of the parasite in the human host, interaction of parasite in the host's gastrointestinal tract, proliferation, and evasion of the vertebrate host's immune system, amongst others \[[@CR12], [@CR20]--[@CR23]\]. The important feature of LPG is the presence of 15 to 30 copies of a disaccharide-phosphate repeating unit Gal(β1,4)Man(α1-PO~4~), which is also found in many other molecules, such as secreted acid phosphatase, phosphoglycan and proteophosphoglycan \[[@CR24]\]. Studies have shown that LPG repeating units are involved in the parasite's infectious cycle \[[@CR24]--[@CR27]\]. This repeating unit named PG domain is assembled by the sequential action of the α-D-mannosylphosphate transferase (MPT) and 1,4-β-galactosyltransferase (GalT) enzymes. The MPT \[[@CR24]\], also named mannosyltransferase (GPI-14) \[[@CR28]\], is an essential enzyme for adding mannose on the glycosylphosphatidyl. This enzyme transfers an intact α-D-mannose-phosphate moiety from the nucleotide sugar donor GDP-Man to the glycan substrate \[[@CR29]\]. Thus, the role of GPI-14 in the antimony-resistance mechanism was investigated in this study, given there is no previous data on this in the literature. After stable transfection with pIR1BSD-GPI-14 plasmid, *L. braziliensis* clones showed an increased *GPI-14* mRNA expression level. In order to investigate the expression of mannose residues on the surface of these parasites, we analyzed the agglutination profile using a lectin of plant origin, concanavalin-A. Lectins, due to their interactions with specific carbohydrates, have become useful tools for elucidating cell surface differences. Studies reported the agglutination of Con-A with ligand terminals similar to α-D-mannose and α-D-glucose present on the membrane surface of *L. braziliensis* \[[@CR30]\]. Our results showed that *L. braziliensis* clones expressed 2.8-fold more mannose and glucose residues compared to the wild-type parental line, showing effective GPI-14 overexpression. Interestingly, an antimony susceptibility test using promastigotes showed that two clones overexpressing the GPI-14 enzyme are 2.4- and 10.5-fold more resistant to potassium antimonyl tartrate (Sb^III^) compared to the parental non-transfected line. Infection analysis using THP-1 macrophages showed that amastigotes from both GPI-14 overexpressor clones were about 3-fold more resistant to Sb^III^ than the wild-type line. These results suggest that the GPI-14 enzyme may be implicated in the Sb^III^-resistance phenotype of *L. braziliensis*. The Sb^III^-resistance mechanism in *Leishmania* is complex, multifactorial, and involves several pathways, including the entry, metabolism, efflux and/or drug sequestration \[[@CR31]\]. The major entry route of Sb^III^ in *Leishmania* is through aquaglyceroporin 1 (AQP1), a six helices plasma transmembrane pore forming protein \[[@CR32]\]. Downregulation, mutation and/or deletion of AQP1-encoding gene have been clearly associated with Sb resistance \[[@CR8]\]. We hypothesize that GPI-14 overexpressor parasites presenting a larger LPG with more mannose residues could protect these parasites from Sb^III^ by sterically hindering the macromolecules' access to the cell membrane, thus preventing entry of Sb^III^ into the cell. Consistent with these data, it has been shown that LPG presenting a high number of repeating units protects *Leishmania* from complement-mediated damage, inhibiting channel formation and lysis by the C5-9 membrane attack complex \[[@CR33]\]. As a prerequisite for the biosynthesis of mannose(Man)-containing glycoconjugates in *Leishmania*, phosphoglycans including LPG and PPG are an ample supply of the mannose donors GDP-Man and dolicholphosphate-Man. Loss of expression of all Man-containing glycoconjugates in *L. mexicana* by targeted deletion of the genes involved in GDP-Man biosynthesis, such as phosphomannomutase and GDP-Man pyrophosphorylase, resulted in the complete loss of virulence in macrophages and mice \[[@CR34], [@CR35]\]. In contrast, *L. mexicana* dolicholphosphate-Man synthase gene deletion mutants presented defects in LPG, protein GPI anchor, and GIPL biosynthesis, yet retained the capacity to synthetize mannose and remained virulent in the macrophages \[[@CR35]\]. These data indicate that mannose activation leading to GDP-Man is a virulent pathway in *Leishmania*. Our results showed that the infectivity of GPI-14 overexpressor *L. braziliensis* clones in THP-1 macrophages was similar to that of the wild-type parasites, revealing that higher mannose residues had no effect on virulence. Conversely, the presence of 2.8-fold more mannose residues in these lines overexpressing GPI-14 contributed to antimony resistance (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}b, c). GPI-14 is a rational target for leishmaniasis chemotherapy since it is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of LPG and GIPLs, which are important molecules in the parasite's interaction with vertebrate and invertebrate hosts and has a structural variation in the side chain and lipid moiety compared to humans \[[@CR14]\]. Ruhela et al. \[[@CR29]\] described the synthesis and evaluation of new iminosugars as inhibitors of GPI-14 using microsomal membranes from *L. donovani*. Interestingly, another group developed eight derivative compounds that were docked onto GPI-14 and proposed that these antagonists would block the GPI-14 biosynthesis process \[[@CR14]\]. These authors, through the use of modeling and molecular dynamics analysis, observed that GPI-14 of *L. major* presents multiple transmembrane regions. Conclusions {#Sec6} =========== To our knowledge, this study is the first to show evidence that the overexpression of GPI-14 enzyme is implicated in the *L. braziliensis* Sb^III^-resistance phenotype. Since GPI-14 is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of LPG and GIPLs, which play important roles in the parasite infectious cycle, it has significant potential as a target for new leishmaniasis treatment alternatives. Thus, the present study opens doors in the search for new membrane targets to be studied and raises questions concerning its role in the Sb^III^-resistance phenotype. BSD : Blasticidin GPI-14 : Mannosyltransferase Lb : *Leishmania* (*Viannia*) *braziliensis* Sb^III^ : Trivalent antimony WT : Wild-type We thank Dr Stephen Beverley (Washington University, USA) for kindly providing the pIR1BSD expression vector. The authors wish to thank the Programme for Technological Development in Tools for Health-PDTIS-FIOCRUZ for use of its facilities. Funding {#FPar1} ======= This study received financial support from the following agencies: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG - CBB-PPM00610/15) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Brasil (CAPES). SMFM is a research fellow supported by CNPq (National Council for the Development of Research of Brazil), DSM and BFBR by CNPq, and CVR by CAPES. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Availability of data and materials {#FPar2} ================================== All data generated and/or analyzed during this study are included in this published article. CVR, BFBR, DSM, VPM and SMFM designed and performed the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote and reviewed the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Ethics approval and consent to participate {#FPar3} ========================================== Not applicable. Consent for publication {#FPar4} ======================= Not applicable. Competing interests {#FPar5} =================== The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Publisher's Note {#FPar6} ================ Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

Friday, November 14, 2014 "White Widow's" death in Ukraine proves ISIL-Kiev alliance The recent killing by a Russian "volunteer" sniper of the so-called "White Widow," aka Samantha Lewthwaite, while she was fighting against Russian-speaking forces in eastern Ukraine, is the best evidence yet of Islamic State collusion with the Kiev government and Zionist Ukrainian tycoons like Ihor Kolomoisky. Lewthwaite was reportedly killed by Russian forces some two weeks ago in the eastern Ukrainian region of Lugansk. Lewthwaite was serving as a sniper with the Aidar Battalion, which receives support from Kolomoisky, the billionaire Ukrainian-Israeli dual national governor of Dnipropetrovsk. Kolomoisky provides money and logistical support to several pro-Kiev paramilitary units. They include, in addition to the Aidar Battalion, "Blue Helmet" ex-Israeli Defense Force commandos, the Azov Battalion, the Donbass Battalion, and the 2,000-strong Dniepr-1 (or Dnipro-1) Battalion. A number of neo-Nazi Ukrainian nationalists from the west of the country serve with the battalions in the east. The white Northern Ireland-born Lewthwaite was the widow of one of the accused London transit bombers, Jermain Lindsey, hence her nickname "White Widow." Lewthwaite disappeared from England a few months after the 2005 London bombings. She surfaced again as the alleged commander of the Al-Shabaab-linked terrorist commando team that attacked the Westgate Mall in Nairobi in 2013, an attack that saw over 60 civilians killed. Lewthwaite's death at the hands of eastern Ukrainian Russians was reported by Moscow's Regnum news agency to have been "slow and painful." Lewthwaite's death while fighting with Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) forces in eastern Ukraine verifies reports WMR received in Iran that Ukraine was assisting ISIL forces in Syria. In September it was reported that Lewthwaite was in Syria helping ISIL volunteers train for suicide attacks. In turn, many Chechen members of ISIL traveled freely between Syria/Iraq and Ukraine through Turkey to fight against Russian-speaking forces in eastern Ukraine. A recent phone call from Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan to Russian President Vladimir Putin developed into a shouting match after Erdogan asked Putin to stop assisting the Bashar al Assad government in Syria. Putin, in response, accused Erdogan of facilitating the transit of ISIL guerrillas between the Middle East and Ukraine, many of them Chechen Islamist radicals wanted by Moscow for terrorist attacks in Russia. The killing of Lewthwaite by Russian forces in eastern Ukraine largely proved Putin's assertion of Ukrainian complicity with ISIL. Russian SVR intelligence, through agents associated with the autonomous Russian republic of Tatarstan who work in Turkey, may have been aware of Lewthwaite's transit to eastern Ukraine via Turkey after fighting with ISIL forces in Syria and/or Iraq. Lewthwaite reportedly received plastic surgery after the Nairobi attack to avoid capture. After the attack, Lewthwaite escaped from Kenya on a South African passport. Lewthwaite was reported to have been killed in 2013 in Somalia during fighting between two factions of Al-Shabaab. Lewthwaite's South African passport. Was it courtesy of Mossad's passport-alteration bucket shops? The mere fact that Lewthwaite and her ISIL comrades were caught fighting in eastern Ukraine alongside Israeli, Ukrainian Jewish, and neo-Nazi western Ukrainians on behalf of the Kiev regime, represents additional proof of Tel Aviv's involvement with ISIL. A recent audio tape purporting to be a call by ISIL "caliph" Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi for ISIL to "erupt volcanoes of jihad everywhere" originated from the Mossad-funded and Washington-based Search for International Terrorist Entities (SITE) group run by Rita Katz, a well-known Mossad operative. SITE is infamous for releasing unverified video and audio tapes from such Al Qaeda leaders as Osama bin Laden; Dr. Ayman al-Zawahiri; and Adam Gadahn, aka Adam Pearlman, whose grandfather, Carl Pearlman, was a member of the board of the Anti-Defamation League (ADL). The Zionist-owned media, which includes BuzzFeed, immediately called the story of Lewthwaite's killing in Ukraine a "fake story." Any news report that interferes with the Zionist-conceived "pseudo-reality" routinely sold to an unsuspecting world is always called fake by the Zionist media. BuzzFeed was funded by money from Ben Horowitz, the son of the king of neo-conservative political correctness on college campuses, David Horowitz. Ben Horowitz, a wealthy Silicon Valley entrepreneur, is a major funder of the American Jewish World Service.

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

Sunlight control materials, such as treated glass sheets, are commonly used for building glass windows and vehicle windows. Such materials typically offer high visible transmission and low emissivity thereby allowing more sunlight to pass through the glass window while block infrared (IR) radiation to reduce undesirable interior heating. In low emissivity (low-E) materials, IR radiation is mostly reflected with minimum absorption and emission, thus reducing the heat transferring to and from the low emissivity surface. Low-E panels are often formed by depositing a reflective layer (e.g., silver) onto a substrate, such as glass. The overall quality of the reflective layer is important for achieving the desired performance. In order to provide adhesion, as well as protection, several other layers are typically formed both under and over the reflective layer. These layers typically include dielectric layers, such as silicon nitride, tin oxide, and zinc oxide, which provide protect the stack from both the substrate and the environment. The dielectric layer may also act as optical fillers and function as anti-reflective coating layers to improve the optical characteristics of the panel. A typical approach to reduce emissivity involves increasing the thickness of the reflective layer (e.g., the silver layer). However, as the thickness of the reflective layer increases, the visible light transmission of this layer is also reduced. Furthermore, the high thickness slows manufacturing throughput and increases costs. It may be desirable to keep the reflective layer as thin as possible, while still providing emissivity suitable for low-e applications.

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

Simon Singh was also on the programme, and he summarily demolished David Tredinnick's best evidence. Neverthless the MP went on to call for yet more research, because homeopathy is "popular" with doctors and patients. Fortunately (given the time constraints of the Today Programme) Simon Singh was quick enough to give a highly amusing example of homeopathy's lack of plausibility, along with the financial motives behind the manufacture of its remedies. David Tredinnick wants more research because he knows that the aggregate of research done so far fails to show that homeopathy is effective. He will continue to call for more research until it stops giving him answers he doesn't like. That's not going to happen. Homeopathy has been fully tested — it doesn't work. There's nothing in it. We have emotions, desires, faith, dreams, uncharted (unchartable) psychological geographies, mysterious physical responses that cannot be validated by scientific methodologies and templates. Such claims for the unknowable and unmeasurable are usually met with friendly pity and mockery or faint scorn. If they are "unknowable and unmeasurable" you have no justification for claiming them. (It's called evidence.) The campaigners claim that the prevailing view is that disabled people's lives are not worth living, and that this contradicts the perception that many disabled people have of themselves. They campaigners may indeed make a claim about what is the prevailing view, but that doesn't mean their claim is true. It seems most unlikely to me, and typical of the "slippery slope" arguments used against those who are in favour of assisted dying in very specific circumstances. She is apparently a “good Catholic,” in the sense that she is blindly loyal to the Catholic church and will stoop to almost anything to defend it – but she is not a good person. She takes advantage of other people’s principles in order to defame them. Sunday, 6 June 2010 Organised religion isn't about belief. It isn't about redemption. It isn't about morality or the fate of one's immortal soul. Organised religion is about power — the power of an anointed elite over everyone else. There are are countless examples of this power — the Catholic Church is one, the Anglican Church is another, the two dominant Muslim sects, Sunni and Shia, are yet others. In all these examples we have a priesthood (the anointed elite) who presume to tell the unanointed what they are allowed to do. In the politics of interpersonal and social dynamics there's one thing prized above all others, and it's not happiness, wealth or health. It's sovereignty. What people want most of all is not to be told what to do by someone else, and the surest way of achieving this objective is to become the person who does the telling. Organised religion has the ideal hierarchy for this, because once someone is a member of the elite, their word goes, by virtue of their status, and it matters not one jot whether their authority is grounded on fact or fantasy — the religious elite commands power by arbitrary decree. Its members' assertions are largely unquestioned even when entirely lacking objective substantiation. In the past this elite has not expected to be challenged, and when in these more enlightened times it increasingly is challenged, religion has no real answer, falling back on tradition and the status quo. "Accommodationists" — those atheists who maintain that religious and non-religious folk can engage in constructive dialogue with each other — are against such challenges, stating that the likes of Richard Dawkins and PZ Myers do atheism a disservice by being so stridently and militantly opposed to religion. Accommodationists maintain that there need not be conflict between religion and science. Well, maybe constructive dialogue is possible between the religious and non-religious — just not on the subject of religion. I've no objection to religious faith, as long as those who profess it do not impose their beliefs on others who don't share them. It's in the nature of religious belief, however, that it must impinge on the rights and duties of everyone it touches, otherwise it's not much of a belief. It's this inevitable encroachment that persuades me that the accommodationists are wrong. It's true that there are many religious moderates who profess a religious faith of some kind, at the same time as accepting the findings of science. But it seems to me that religious moderates are either suppressing their faith, or else they aren't truly committed to their belief. Accommodationists who claim that science and religion are compatible — on the basis that there are many excellent scientists who are also religious believers — are missing the point. It's quite possible to hold any number of incompatible beliefs, even if those beliefs are obviously inconsistent with each other. One can believe, for example, that the human mind is an emergent property of the amazing but entirely materialistic complexity of the human brain, while at the same time believing that we all have free will. These two ideas may be incompatible, but people can still simultaneously believe them both. Just because we believe something, however, it doesn't follow that our belief is true. Despite what religious moderates maintain, organised religion does make specific claims about the nature of reality — claims that are plainly incompatible with scientific knowledge. Religious moderates may suggest that their scripture is not intended to be interpreted as making such claims, even if a superficial reading of scripture reveals that it does indeed make such claims. This, of course, is where the theologian steps in, like a mafioso's lawyer, to contend that though the text in question appears to be at odds with reality as we have come to know it, an "alternative" reading will reveal that the words actually mean something else. (It doesn't matter what the words mean, as long as the chosen meaning can be made to fit.) But theology doesn't appear to be based on anything solid. Rather, theology1 appears to be entirely fabricated — arbitrarily — from nothing. It's like the scene from the film Cruise of the Gods in which a fan of a hit science fiction TV series delivers a lecture explaining the hidden meaning behind the names of all the fictional characters. Unfortunately for this fan's thesis the writer is in the audience, has had a bit too much to drink, and explains that in fact he named all his characters using anagrams of the items on the menu of his local curry house. _____________________ 1. For a comprehensive analysis of why sceptics and atheists need not be concerned with theology, see Chris Ray at Factonista.

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

Naturalistic driving patterns of older adults before and after cataract surgery. Cataract surgery can have many benefits for older adults, including enabling continued ability to drive. However, it is not known how objectively measured driving patterns change after cataract surgery. The purpose of this study was to examine how participants drove before and after cataract surgery. Longitudinal study. Individuals from the Winnipeg site of Candrive (a longitudinal study of older drivers in Canada). An in-vehicle device monitored all trips taken in 1-second intervals, allowing for the analysis of distances driven, number of trips, time of trips, speeding, excessive braking/accelerating, and types of roadways. Over the 4 years of data collection, there were 16 cases of participants having cataract surgery, whereby there was also suitable driving data for analyses. Participants drove 28% further after surgery (p = 0.022). They also drove further from home and more on primary roads (p < 0.05) and had fewer episodes of hard braking per distance travelled (p < 0.001). No other variables significantly changed. This study suggests that older drivers changed some of their driving patterns after cataract surgery. Future studies could explore the effects of increased driving exposure, in conjunction with potentially safer driving behaviors, on overall driving safety after cataract surgery.

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

Time-dependent effects of haloperidol and ziprasidone on nerve growth factor, cholinergic neurons, and spatial learning in rats. In this rodent study, we evaluated the effects of different time periods (7, 14, 45, and 90 days) of oral treatment with haloperidol (HAL; 2.0 mg/kg/day) or ziprasidone (ZIP; 12.0 mg/kg/day) on nerve growth factor (NGF) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) levels in the hippocampus, and we subsequently assessed water maze task performance, prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the auditory gating response, and several NGF-related proteins and cholinergic markers after 90 days of treatment. Seven and 14 days of treatment with either HAL or ZIP resulted in a notable increase in NGF and ChAT immunoreactivity in the dentate gyrus (DG), CA1, and CA3 areas of the hippocampus. After 45 days, NGF and ChAT immunoreactivity had abated to control levels in ZIP-treated animals, but it was markedly reduced in HAL-treated subjects. After 90 days of treatment, NGF and ChAT levels were substantially lower than controls in both antipsychotic groups. Furthermore, after 90 days of treatment and a drug-free washout period, water maze performance (but not PPI) was impaired in both antipsychotic groups, although the decrement was greater in the HAL group. Several NGF-related and cholinergic proteins were diminished in the brains of subjects treated with either neuroleptic as well. These data support the premise that, although ZIP (given chronically) seems somewhat superior to HAL due to less pronounced behavioral effects and a more delayed appearance of neurochemical deficits, both antipsychotics produce time-dependent deleterious effects on NGF, cholinergic markers (i.e., important neurobiological substrates of memory), and cognitive function.

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

1 + 1158. What is the nearest to h in f, -4/7, 1.4? -4/7 Let w = -14.2 + 26.9. Let n = w - 12.9. What is the nearest to 35 in 0.5, n, -1/3? 0.5 Suppose 10 = 154*m + 2 + 8. Let i = -0.6 + 1. Which is the closest to m? (a) i (b) -1 (c) 0 c Let i = 3/10 + -29/5. What is the closest to -1 in 5, i, 2/13? 2/13 Let n = -14.7 - -14. Let q = -0.2 - n. Let b(y) = -y**3 + 11*y**2 - 5. Let d be b(11). What is the nearest to 2/5 in -2/5, q, d? q Let j = -2.158 - -0.158. What is the nearest to -2 in -3, 2, j? j Suppose -26*y = -33*y. Suppose -4*o = -8*o. What is the closest to o in y, -1/5, 0.5? y Let f be (71/284)/(46/(-16) + 2). What is the closest to f in -14, 1/5, -4/3? 1/5 Let n = 4 + -37. Let m = 33.4 + n. Let d = 5 + 0. Which is the nearest to -0.1? (a) m (b) d (c) -4 a Let h = -75.8 + -0.2. Let n = h + 76. What is the closest to -1 in 0.4, n, -0.1? -0.1 Let g be (-452)/(-20) + -3 - 0. Let w = 296/15 - g. What is the closest to 2/3 in -2/9, w, 1/2? 1/2 Let v be ((-156)/42 - -4)*-1. What is the closest to 0.1 in 0.8, 1, v? v Suppose 0 = -3*k + 5*f - 31, 4*k + 52 = 2*f + 20. Which is the closest to 3/2? (a) 1 (b) k (c) -2/7 a Let r = -1.1 - -0.8. Let b = 0.1 - r. Let p(q) = 3*q + 25. Let k be p(-9). What is the closest to -4/7 in 0.2, k, b? 0.2 Let p = -22 + 22.1. Let l be (-340)/160 + (-2)/(-16). What is the closest to p in l, 7, 2? 2 Let s(w) = w - 4. Let y be s(3). Let c = -1549/15 - -102. Let n = c + 239/165. What is the nearest to 0.3 in -4/5, n, y? n Let i = -93 - -46. Let o = i + 45. Let v be (-4)/(-10)*10/3. Which is the closest to o? (a) -1 (b) 5 (c) v a Let w(t) = t**2 - 15*t + 23. Let h be w(13). Which is the closest to 1? (a) h (b) -1/2 (c) 2/3 c Let l = -637457357/3438 + 3336433/18. Let z = l - -22/191. Let u = z - -57. Which is the nearest to u? (a) 0 (b) -3 (c) -2 a Let j = -6142/7 - -878. What is the nearest to -4 in j, 0.3, 0.01? 0.01 Let l = -22.965 + -0.035. Let r = 23.052 - 0.052. Let x = r + l. What is the closest to -0.1 in x, -0.4, -3/8? x Let i = -108.58 - -108. Let g = i - -0.98. Which is the closest to -1/3? (a) -2/3 (b) g (c) -5/4 a Let o = -2/763 - -2305/6104. Let r = -145 - -52. Let j = r + 467/5. Which is the closest to -0.1? (a) j (b) o (c) 5 b Let f be (-4)/(-6) + (-8)/66. Let k = -43 + -61. Let w = 100 + k. Which is the closest to 0? (a) -1/3 (b) w (c) f a Suppose -7*w + 103 = -142. Let t be -6*(w/10 + -4). Which is the nearest to -1? (a) 1 (b) t (c) -0.3 c Let x = -4289 + 4289.1. Suppose q + 2*s = -13, 4*q + 3*s = 6*s - 8. Which is the nearest to x? (a) q (b) -0.3 (c) -2/17 c Let v = -1/208 + -311/208. Let x be (((-12)/8)/3)/(6/(-4)). What is the nearest to 0.3 in v, x, 5? x Let g be 10*-1*(-24)/(-30). Let r be (2/10)/(-1*(-4)/g). Which is the nearest to r? (a) -5 (b) 5 (c) 4 c Let j = 1.05 + 0.15. Let l = j - 1.29. Let q = l - -1.09. Which is the closest to -1? (a) q (b) 2/5 (c) 1/5 c Let t be (-84)/(-36) - ((1 - 0) + -2). What is the closest to t in 3, 0.5, -2? 3 Let t = 529/6 + -177/2. Which is the nearest to -0.2? (a) t (b) -2/15 (c) 1 b Let l = 75.5 + -75.4. What is the closest to 0.3 in -4, l, 8, -1/7? l Let l be (-4)/((-304)/(-168) + 1/(-7)). Which is the closest to -1? (a) l (b) 0.5 (c) 1/4 (d) 0.2 d Let i = 351 - 351.3. What is the closest to i in -0.5, 0, -1? -0.5 Let z = 703 - 1409/2. Let h = 69441/5 + -13942. Let j = h + 54. Which is the nearest to -0.1? (a) z (b) -3 (c) j c Suppose 4*h + 2 - 10 = 0. Let n = 4 + -3. Let o = -10 + 15. Which is the nearest to n? (a) o (b) 2/5 (c) h b Let m = 0.8 + -2.4. Let u = m - 1. Let r = u - 0.4. Which is the nearest to 0.1? (a) r (b) -0.2 (c) 0.1 c Let n = 491 - 487. Which is the nearest to n? (a) 2/19 (b) 1/6 (c) 2/5 c Let p = 146 - 146. What is the closest to -0.2 in -0.1, p, 4, 1? -0.1 Let p = 195.4 - 196. Let y = -0.9 - 0.5. Let x = y + p. Which is the nearest to 0.1? (a) 3/5 (b) x (c) 0.5 c Let z be (-5)/((-10)/4)*(-33)/22. Which is the closest to 4? (a) -4 (b) 9 (c) 5 (d) z c Let w be ((-207)/(-15))/3 + -5. What is the nearest to 3 in w, -2, -1? w Let q = -94.4 - -93.8. Which is the nearest to q? (a) 5/4 (b) -11 (c) 2 a Let m = 55 + -219/4. Suppose u - 2*z = 12, -5*u - 2*z = 3 - 99. Suppose -2 = -4*b + u. What is the nearest to -0.1 in b, 0.4, m? m Let k be 10*1*(-2)/4. Let i = -12 + 11.7. Suppose 0*h = -3*p - h - 3, -2 = -5*p - 4*h. What is the closest to i in 1, p, k? 1 Let s = 198 + -190. What is the nearest to -1 in -2, s, 2/9, 4? -2 Let r = 2572 + -2575. What is the nearest to -1 in 256, 0, r? 0 Let i be (-3)/(-4) - (-2)/(-48)*26. Which is the nearest to i? (a) -0.4 (b) 1 (c) -0.14 a Let r be (54/5)/6 - (-4)/(-2). Let c = 4 - 6. What is the closest to c in -1/2, 5, r? -1/2 Let y be 2*-1 - (-10)/3. Let b = 123/28 + -29/7. Let m = 0.27 - 0.77. What is the closest to b in y, m, 2/9? 2/9 Let d = 55.1748 - -0.0252. Let r = d + -55. Which is the nearest to -1/2? (a) -2/35 (b) 3 (c) r a Let y be -3*(2 + 120/(-63)). Let h = -6.4 - 43.6. Let r = h + 49.9. Which is the closest to y? (a) 1 (b) r (c) 0.1 b Let z(n) = n**3 + 13*n**2 + 9*n - 16. Let y be z(-12). Let i be (y/12)/1*2/(-10). What is the closest to 0.2 in -1, i, -0.3? -0.3 Suppose 2 = j + 3, 2*y + 3*j = 3. Suppose -4*s + 17 = -4*a - 7, -5*s + 22 = -4*a. Let b = y + a. What is the nearest to 1 in -4, -4/3, b? -4/3 Let g = -0.499 - 0.001. Which is the nearest to 0.1? (a) g (b) 0.5 (c) -3 b Suppose 0 = -4*m - x - 12, -4*m + 5*x = 2*x + 12. Let g be m/6*(-20)/(-115). Let y = -1300/7 - -186. Which is the nearest to -1/4? (a) 5 (b) g (c) y b Let r = 3959/2 - 1979. What is the closest to -2 in r, -119, 2? r Let z = 38 - 9. Let x = z + -29. Which is the closest to 0.2? (a) -1 (b) -3 (c) x c Let j = 39 + -42. Let l(u) = u**3 - 6*u**2 - 6*u - 6. Let t be l(7). Which is the nearest to t? (a) j (b) -0.5 (c) 2 c Let k = -0.05 - 0.01. Let o = k + 0.16. Let f = -71 + 641/9. Which is the closest to o? (a) f (b) -0.1 (c) -0.4 a Let v = -57 + 75. Let i = -17 + v. Suppose 0 = -4*m + 2*m. Which is the closest to 4? (a) -4 (b) i (c) m b Let a = 1/35 + -109/140. What is the closest to -3 in 1/8, -5, a? -5 Let v = 3.016 + -0.016. Which is the nearest to -2/7? (a) -1.3 (b) -5 (c) v (d) -0.4 d Let z be 30/(-36) - 1/2. Let m = -4 - -50/13. Let v be 1*4/(-10)*-1. Which is the closest to v? (a) m (b) -1 (c) z a Let f = 2 - -1. Let u = -80.7 - -114.8. Let z = u - 34. Which is the nearest to 0.1? (a) 5 (b) f (c) z c Let a = 1614 - 1614.02. Suppose -3 = -d - 2*d. What is the closest to a in 3/7, d, -1/6? -1/6 Let u = -60.54 - -60. Let j = 4.46 - u. Let r(x) = x. Let g be r(0). What is the closest to g in j, 0, -0.1? 0 Let u = -945.4 + 945. Let s be (-3)/(3/(-4)) - -1. What is the closest to 4 in -4, s, u? s Let q = -13 - -12.9. Let n = -8/165 - -1/33. Let p = n + 169/220. Which is the nearest to q? (a) -4 (b) p (c) -5 b Let w = 65 + -60. Let q = -104 + 109.05. Let n = q - w. What is the closest to 3 in -3, -5, n? n Let w = -44.2 - -52.2. What is the nearest to 1 in 5/4, w, 2/3, -0.5? 5/4 Let z(y) be the second derivative of 3*y**5/20 - y**4/12 + y**3/6 - y**2/2 - 25*y. Let w be z(1). Which is the closest to 1? (a) 1 (b) -3 (c) w a Let n = -2.876 + -0.124. Let p = 0.27 + -0.07. Which is the closest to -1? (a) -4/9 (b) n (c) p a Let m = 31 + -153/5. Let n = 0 - -1.8. Let i = -0.8 + n. Which is the nearest to 1? (a) i (b) m (c) 0 a Let y = -897 - -896.76. Which is the nearest to y? (a) 15 (b) 3/2 (c) -2/7 c Let p = 1.9 - 41.9. Let c = p - -40.1. What is the nearest to -1 in c, 3, 4? c Let r = 12255/4 - 3063. Let h = -2 + 3. What is the closest to h in r, 19, -4? r Let d = 5 + -4.92. Let l = d - 0.38. Let z = -107 + 104. Which is the nearest to 0.2? (a) -1 (b) l (c) z b Let n = 0.66 - -0.34. What is the nearest to 7 in n, 0, 2? 2 Let z = 0.931 + 3.069. Which is the nearest to 0.1? (a) 0.4 (b) 0.7 (c) z (d) -1/11 d Let t = 781.3 + -719. Let p = -62 + t. Which is the closest to -0.2? (a) -5 (b) -0.2 (c) p b Let d = -134.7 - -130.7. What is the nearest to 0.1 in d, -26, 2? 2 Let r = 571/110 - 41/10. Which is the nearest to 2? (a) -2/9 (b) r (c) 2 c Let z = 2.93 + -2.95. Which is the nearest to 2/3? (a) 1 (b) 2

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Tell us what you think We welcome your views on our website and invite you to take part in a brief survey when you've finished your visit. Your response will help us improve the site and the experience we offer to visitors. We use cookies to help provide the best experience on our website. We do this by tracking how the website is used and when appropriate remembering your preferences. If you continue, we'll assume that you are happy to receive all cookies on the Spire Healthcare website. Endometrial scratching Endometrial scratching is a relatively new technique, which improves embryo implantation rates and increases the chances of getting pregnant. During the procedure, the lining of the uterus (the endometrium) is gently ’scratched’ using a thin catheter (a fine, flexible, sterile, plastic tube). Research suggests scratching the uterine lining causes a reaction, which may increase embryo implantation rates and therefore the chance of pregnancy. The process releases growth and cell factors, which lead to a more receptive endometrial lining for the implanting embryo. Endometrial scratching may also ‘switch on’ the genes that are responsible for preparation of the endometrium for implantation. Endometrial scratching is usually offered to women who have had more than two IVF, ICSI or FET cycles, which resulted in a negative pregnancy test despite having good quality embryos. A fixed price for this treatment may be available on enquiry and following an initial consultation. You can trust Spire South Bank Hospital to provide you with a single, fixed price (1) so there are no surprises. And, through our carefully chosen partner (2) you can even be considered for interest free finance.(1) Important: Please read Spire Healthcare's terms and conditions for full details of what’s included and excluded in your fixed price* when paying for yourself. (2) Zebra Finance Ltd trading as Zebra Health Finance , Lincoln House, Stephensons Way, Wyvern Business Park, Derby, DE21 6LY. Our patients are at the heart of what we do and we want you to be in control of your care. To us, that means you can choose the consultant you want to see, and when you want. They'll be with you every step of the way. All of our consultants are of the highest calibre and benefit from working in our modern, well-equipped hospitals. Our consultants have high standards to meet, often holding specialist NHS posts and delivering expertise in complex sub-specialty surgeries. Many of our consultants have international reputations for their research in their specialised field. We’ve tried to make your experience with us as easy and relaxed as possible. For more information on visiting hours, our food, parking and all those other important practicalities, please visit our patient information page. The best time to perform the endometrial scratch is between day 18 and 23 of your cycle (the first day of your period counting as day one). Your consultant will give you advice to follow in the run up to your procedure. Once you’ve booked endometrial scratching, it's vital that you don't have unprotected intercourse in the four weeks before the planned procedure, to avoid the risk of a possible pregnancy. You should wear comfortable clothing that gives easy access to the lower part of your body. We understand that having treatment can potentially be a time of anxiety and worry. Our experienced and caring medical staff will be there for you, holding your hand, every step of the way. Endometrial scanning isn't usually a painful procedure and although you may experience some discomfort, you won't need anaesthesia. During the procedure, your consultant will gently insert a speculum into your vagina so the cervix can be seen. He or she will then cleanse your cervix with sterile gauze. After this, a thin flexible catheter is inserted through the opening of your cervix and the uterine lining is gently ’scratched’. Inserting and moving the intrauterine catheter up and down may cause you mild abdominal cramping similar to period pain. Your consultant will withdraw the catheter at the end of the procedure. Endometrial scratching is an out-patient procedure so you won't need to stay in hospital after having it. Pain relief Most women experience either discomfort or mild cramping, period-type discomfort during the procedure. Afterwards, if required, you may take over-the-counter painkillers such as paracetamol or ibuprofen. Recovery time You will be able to drive and resume normal daily activities after the procedure. Some mild bleeding is common and you should wear a sanitary towel, not a tampon. Looking after you Even after you’ve left hospital, we’re still looking after you every step of the way. After endometrial scratching, we will provide you with paracetamol alone or with codeine or ibuprofen. We will provide you with a supply of all the medicines your consultant feels you need to take home with you after you've left hospital, up to 14 days. This may be at an additional cost to some patients. On rare occasions, complications following endometrial scratching can occur. If you experience any of these symptoms – unexplained fever, persistent bleeding or foul-smelling vaginal discharge, increasing lower abdominal pain, feeling generally unwell – call us straight away. These could indicate that an infection within the cervix has spread to the uterine cavity during the procedure. Your consultant will talk to you about the possible risks and complications of having this procedure and how they apply to you. ;We are committed to delivering excellent individual care and customer service across our network of hospitals, clinics and specialist care centres around the UK. Our dedicated and highly trained team aim to achieve consistently excellent results. For us it's more than just treating patients, it's about looking after people. Make an enquiry 34170 True treatment Contact us to request... Type the detail of your enquiry Select a hospital Title First name Surname Date of birth Email address Confirm email address Phone number Postcode Marketing Information Spire would like to provide you with marketing information about products and services offered by Spire and by selected third-party partners. If you do not consent for us to process your personal data for marketing activities, we will still be able to contact you about your enquiry. We may contact you by email, SMS or phone about your enquiry. If we try to contact you by phone (mobile and/or landline) and you are not available, we may leave you a voicemail message. We may also use your details to contact you about patient surveys we use for improving our service or monitoring outcomes, which are not a form of marketing. Thank you for your enquiry Important to note The treatment described on this page may be adapted to meet your individual needs, so it's important to follow your healthcare professional's advice and raise any questions that you may have with them.

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A new Japanese restaurant just sprang up in the former Rock City Eatery space in Hamtramck. Metro Times first-reports that Fat Salmon Sushi debuted on Thursday. Not much has changed interior-wise from the previous tenants. During a visit this afternoon, Eater observed the familiar distress walls and plywood trademarks of RCE alongside the old beer cooler. However, behind the bar sushi chefs now prepare spicy tuna rolls and udon. Above the hostess desk, a flatscreen TV streams Asian pop music videos. While employees declined to provide details about the ownership or the chefs, Eater did snag a copy of the menu that features a mixture of soups, rolls, salads, appetizers, and entrees like bulgogi and bibimbap. Dishes are available for dine-in or takeout. Take a peek at the menu below: Fat Salmon Sushi is located at 11411 Joseph Campau. Open 11:30 a.m. to 9:30 p.m. Monday through Saturday; 4 p.m. to 9 p.m. on Sundays. 313-305-4347. • Fat Salmon Sushi Opens in Hamtramck [MT] • All Menu Porn Coverage [ED]

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Meroterpenoid dimers from Ganoderma cochlear and their cytotoxic and COX-2 inhibitory activities. (+)- and (-)-Spirocochlealactones A-C (1-3), three pairs of new spiro meroterpenoidal dimeric enantiomers together with one known compound ganodilactone (4), were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma cochlear. Their structures including absolute configurations were assigned by using spectroscopic methods and ECD calculations. All the isolated compounds were tested for their COX-2 inhibitory and cytotoxic activities toward human cancer lines (A549, K562, and Huh-7). The results show that all the compounds could inhibit COX-2 with IC50 values in the range of 1.29 to 3.63 μM. In addition, (+)-spirocochlealactone A and (+)-ganodilactone were found to be moderate activities against human cancer cell line A549 with the IC50 values of 7.14 and 9.47 μM, respectively.

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

Monday, September 19, 2011 The Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (ATAS) held its annual awards show last night. Last year, I looked at the Emmys' structural badness and historical oversights in Part I, then covered all the major nominees and nominations in Part II and Part III. Many of those shows were nominated again this year, so going into this year's slate in any detail will only run the risk of repeating myself too much. Funnily enough, I do want to repeat myself and then add a few comments about Modern Family, but only after some stray thoughts about pleasant surprises and expected but still unfortunate disappointments this year. A friend and I found ourselves chatting over the nominees last night, before the awards started, and both of us thought Melissa McCarthy (an overweight woman) and Peter Dinklage (a dwarf) were a lock to win. Neither of us thought them undeserving, far from it. Dinklage has been hilarious in Elf, 30 Rock and Death at a Funeral, and he was a compelling and powerful lead in The Station Agent. Although I haven't seen enough of him in Game of Thrones, what little I have caught appears to be some of his best work. McCarthy's received fewer plaudits over the years, but she provided an irreplaceable comedic and emotional cog in Gilmore Girls for the entire series run, something for which she was wrongly overlooked. What struck us as funny was that we, independent of each other, both looked past these two actors' undeniable strengths and just assumed that they'd win just as much for their gimmick social value. The actual probity of ATAS voters is so dubious that even what should be a mortal lock on a talent level, in Dinklage's case, seems likelier only if you attach an unnecessary political rider to the vote. You can easily imagine an avatar of the perfect ATAS voter — doesn't watch much beyond network fare, three-camera sitcoms, cop procedurals and primetime soaps — thinking that Dinklage was a lot worse than someone else, somehow, then voting for him because, "Voting for a dwarf makes a statement about the ATAS." Or, in McCarthy's case, "We need to reaffirm positive self-images in heavy women, so let's go with her."I've long been a strong supporter of Baseball Hall of Fame voters being required to submit ballots with their names on them, just because baseball statistics allow us to see just how objectively earth-shatteringly wrong they are. If you want to be wrong, you should have to own up to it in public. If you honestly think Jim Rice was a better overall player than Tim Raines or that Jack Morris was a better pitcher than Bert Blyleven, you should face the torrents of hate mail you so richly deserve until you resign your ballot and skulk away like a shivering cur. Likewise, the ATAS should require 500 words of rationale per category, just so morons aren't allowed the privilege of anonymity anymore. If you can't explain your vote sensibly, in 500 words, as to why a show is the Best Drama of all, people should put the leeches and the Nikki Finke's on you. Doing so might result in satisfactory explanations for why: • Jim Parsons wins anything, when his job as an actor is to play someone who neither understands nor cares about emotion, empathy, motive, etc. — all the stuff an actor reacts to and exhibits — thus almost guaranteeing that other contenders for the same nomination are doing far more work at far more risk of exposing their shortcomings;• Steve Carell never won an Emmy for the role of Michael Scott;•Mad Men can be the Best Drama for four years in a row, yet apparently no actor on the show is good enough to win a single award;• Friday Night Lights — a consistently excellent show over its five-year run — goes without nominations for writing or acting until its last two years, then wins for writing and Best Actor in its last year, without any significant increase in quality. Aside from Dinklage and McCarthy, the only genuine highlight of the night was Margo Martindale winning Best Supporting Actress in a Drama for her role of Mags Bennett on Justified. Mags is an actress' dream: a manipulator, murderer, mother, mob boss, moonshiner, defender of civic spirit, public Iago; she is capable of reasoning with the law to keep it at bay and shaking with violent spilled-over rage. Even if Justified seems to occupy a foreign country at times — and already shows signs of FX-series disease, with principal characters apt to flip-flop motivations, passions and allegiances multiple times if things last more than another season or so — she absolutely nailed that character and brought it a creeping and powerful sense of danger. As said, much of the rest of the show was expected. Scorsese was nominated and won for being Scorsese more than anything (subsequent episodes inevitably stray from or betray pilots, eventually making the creator's one-hour stab at tone dated even by the second season); Downton Abbey and Mildred Pierce dominated the "Stately British Shit" and "Old Period Shit" categories, and all the other comedy awards went to the comedic, creative and social menace that is Modern Family. I wrote quite a bit about Modern Family last year, and there's no sense in either rephrasing it or trying to insert added observations in what is already a self-contained essay. So at the risk of seeing something old again, I placed what I wrote last year between the line breaks below: ___________________ I don't think I "get" the show, but that's probably because I'm a fan of comedy. What I get even less is reviewers' compulsion this year to fall all over themselves in praise of it as an original and hilarious piece of work. And it's neither. But what's interesting is that even its name tells you the former. It's a story you've seen a bunch of times before, but it's modernized. Take every convention of big-family sitcoms and add jokes about iPhones, May-December marriages that produce children, gluten-free meals, Bieber and OnStar, and there you go. Ed O'Neill plays a sixtysomething patriarch married — with no credible explanation — to a smoking-hot Latina thirty years his junior. They have a fat dopey kid, from her previous marriage. From his previous marriage, O'Neill's character has a daughter (married to a complete putz, with whom she had a bitchy worldly older girl, a girl who's "still a girl," and a boy) and a son, who's gay and married to a fat gay man, with whom he adopted a child. O'Neill doesn't sufficiently respect his wife's culture, nor does he understand his fat, dopey sensitive step-son. He also doesn't understand why his daughter married a total goober, nor is he really fully comfortable with his son being gay, although he tries. A lot of this information is revealed in confessional moments one-on-one with the camera. There you have it: O'Neill's a slightly nicer Archie Bunker, who married one of these hispanics who frightened him and sired one of the gays that confused him. His version of All in the Family gets filtered through the saccharine dynamic of having tons of kids everywhere that recalls the Brady Bunch, the doomed earlier Parenthood series or Eight Is Enough. Finally, when the producers are worried that you can't understand the complex layers of two or even three ideas per episode, they have the characters tell you exactly what they feel about exactly what is bothering them. So in that respect, it's The Office written by eighth graders, for eighth graders. Of course, I realize now I could just have said, "It's The Real World." However, the Office comparison springs to mind in large part due to the character of the putz son-in-law. Actor Ty Burrell is saddled with two problems in the putz role. First is that the makeup department of the show seems determined to make him gray. Like, it looks like he has a terminal blood disorder. Second is that he's Michael Scott working from a home office. He's oblivious, emotionally needy, chronically unfunny, meddlesome and aching to sound or look hip. Replace the cast of The Office with children supposedly sired by Michael Scott, and the shows would be identical in this respect. It's too bad, because Burrell seems game and talented, but he's being asked to replicate a role already being filled on another hit show that's still currently running. There's really not much to be said about the character of the bearded ginger gay son [Mitchell], played by Jesse Tyler Ferguson, except that I hope the gay community is glad they finally have their own Timothy Busfield. The character offers a bold step forward by finally having the guts to portray a gay man as brittle, fussy, obsessive-compulsive, judgmental and completely ignorant of anything about sports. But don't think it's a stereotype, because he's married to a fussy, panicky flaming queen with ridiculous hair, who really breaks the stereotypical mold by having another vector for gay jokes also be a vector for fat jokes, hair jokes and clothing jokes. I'm looking forward to the day that we can all finally acknowledge that some gay men are manly, physical, familiar with sports and oozing with confidence while preferring to have sex with men. And that day is in 2001, when Six Feet Under premiered and made all this mincing-prancing silk-robed spastic "fag" characterization come off like a cheap comedy crutch of homosexual minstrelsy. Modern Family is a triumph of mediocrity, glossed with handheld camera work, no laugh track and the confessional format that have all become hip in recent years. The gay people are caricatures, and the hispanic woman shrieks, "Ay, Papi! Madre di Dios!" and the kids all speak like adults. There might have been a wacky neighbor in the early mix, but the producers just made him part of the family instead. Somebody dressed up a standard three-camera laugh-track sitcom with a bunch of neat devices that make it seem more sophisticated than it is, for about five minutes, until you realize that you're watching every conventional family sitcom for the last 20 years. Gawker almost nailed it when they said, "Modern Family is Arrested Development for the Hard-of-Thinking," but it really seems much more like a merging of Will & Grace and The White Cosby Show for people who desperately want to seem sophisticated without going to all the extra work of getting jokes. ___________________ When this series came roaring back this year on the strength of its Emmy wins, it immediately set to work crafting the same treacly plots and soft-stereotyping in a weightless Brady Bunch universe. Every family gathering is celebrated with a full quorum of relatives, and everyone races each other in different cars to the party, learning valuable lessons along the way and almost getting in wacky car accidents. And just in case you're too busy staring slackjawed at shiny nickels you accidentally dropped on your coffee table to understand or notice those lessons, a confessional scene will explicitly lay out each lesson and conclusion for you without any risk of ambiguity or human complexity. The Aspergian character Abed on NBC's Community laid out the principles of these confessionals in a "Intermediate Documentary Filmmaking," a mockumentary episode that show ran this year: It's easier to tell a complex story when you can just cut to people explaining things to the camera.... After a while it can become cramped, chaotic and stinky.... You can always wrap it up with a series of random shots, when cut together under a generic voiceover, to suggest a profound thematic connection. I'm not knocking it. It works. It would be surprising if these comments weren't a shot at Modern Family, which uses all of the shortcuts of mockumentary without taking any of the risks it permits to expand its universe or introduce greater complexity. Its reliance on mockumentary presents an entirely explanatory format: it exists to tell you how the cameras saw what they saw and, when in doubt, leadenly emphasize that you just heard what you needed to hear. Community, of course, only did one such episode, mastering it in 22 minutes, before returning to its more challenging conventional narrative format that has already created far more indelible characters in the same amount of time. And while Community is certainly a gimmicky show, it changes its gimmicks on virtually a per-episode basis, relying instead on the wit and attention of the audience to understand densely layered allusions in a conventional but less patronizing narrative structure. Of course, it has won only a Creative Arts Emmy and been nominated for zero others. But Modern Family has worse problems, alluded to above. It wants to seem progressive for having interracial and gay marriages and adoption, but both of these plot elements are usually played for negative, non-inclusive, exotic and "othering" laughs. Ed O'Neill's patriarch Jay winces at the actions of his gay son and shows muted contempt for his Columbian wife Gloria's devout Catholicism, as well as zero interest in her native cooking. When he proposes that they travel to her old home in Columbia, she assumes that it will only confirm his stereotypical vision of it as provincial, impoverished and stupid. At the same time, Gloria's son Manny serves a dual function of being fat, foreign and artistically nerdy. He's occasionally successful with the ladies, living out a kind of Latin lover stereotype that his flabby body and pointy-headed passions bely. The poor bastard is literally The Other: not from here, not built like "normal" people, not interested in what "normal" people are interested in, prone to talking funny. Point at him and pick a reason to laugh. The gay characters fare little better. The Otho-from-Beetlejuice-haired Cameron exists as a seasons-long laugh line about how funny it is that gay people are silly queens in silk robes and bad hair, screeching their way through a nightmare existence where you can find spiders on the kitchen floor and not find the right kind of organic fruit at Trader Joe's. His partner Mitchell gets trapped in a princess house that he tries to build for their daughter, although, goddamn does he ever kill it when he takes part in a flash mob performing "Free Your Mind." Gay people might not be able to build shit, but they love choreographing big dance numbers. Even when the show tries a mid-episode lesson about the "other," like when Cameron refuses to let their adopted Asian daughter take part in a racist commercial, it's quickly undermined: he walks off the set with the wrong Asian baby. They all look alike! It's hard to have any sympathy for a show that gets so much mileage out of "fat, foreigners and fags," because you can't regularly grab your punchlines from "look at them!—they're different!" without malice creeping into the equation. Perhaps this accounts for why the show is so stridently moral about its concluding confessionals. Each one makes sure to rubber stamp each character with the label "GOOD PERSON," to make the audience at home feel okay about laughing at them. Why, you at home are a good person, too. Now check out this preview for next week's episode where Blobbo Queer says something super gay. It also doesn't help that all this moralizing emerges from a completely weightless TV reality. For a show called Modern Family, it's economically indistinguishable from the unreal socioeconomic void of postwar television shows. The creators claimed that they drew their inspiration from talking about their families, and I suppose their vision might be 100% accurate if their goal were to showcase the modern families of successful TV producers who live in nice communities outside Los Angeles. In terms of resembling actual modern families, it's hopelessly backward even by the standards of The Simpsons or Roseanne, shows that are 21 and and 23 years old, respectively. No one wants for anything in Modern Family's safe, upper-middle-class sanitized universe. God help you if you could remember anyone's actual job even halfway through the first season. Jobs are things for some other era of families; here there is no want, because money is something never lacking. A lot of great TV is escapism, meant to distract and entertain, but in the midst of the second greatest economic crisis in the last century of American history, when 14 million people are out of work — which doesn't account for chronic underemployment or people lost from the system — there's hardly a nod to any of the hard choices faced by families, even in a show with three different ones to choose from. If all the series' obvious old TV influences and borrowings didn't already give the lie to its name, then its almost total irrelevancy to the stakes of real people in the present day certainly does. Compare all this, then, to the #1 most hosed series of this year's Emmy awards, the pitch-perfect Parks and Recreation. Not only does it have a sweet love story between two twentysomethings, a sweet love story between two thirtysomething careerists, a mustachioed but empathetic super-masculine beef- and scotch-enthusiast in sweaters, a would-be hip hop entrepreneur and his buddy Jean-Ralphio and his consultant (former NBA player) Detlef Schrempf, but the show manages to be hysterically funny without being mean. It might be the nicest show on television, even vying with daytime fare where consultants help resolve marriages between single moms and absent dads. Sure, one character (Jerry) plays the Cliff Clavin role of universal doormat (but everyone loves Jerry, too), and the show eschews cruel sitcom zingers and repeated "othering" for the sake of finding comedy in a group of people who are obliged to work together but also still want to spend time with each other. It's no coincidence that co-creator Michael Schur's favorite show is Cheers, a sitcom that lasted 11 seasons by having people from all stations in life want to be together to find relief from their headaches and just be in each others' company. Yet, despite that Cheers formula, Parks and Recreation doesn't escape from reality and instead finds some of its best comedy there. Its government department is run by a Libertarian who would gladly see it eliminated, and a depleted budget in this stagnant economy almost destroys it. Meanwhile, everyone has to confront the irrational mob of humanity for which they work: people who refuse sensible ideas out of fear or ideology, people who make irrational demands no government can satisfy and people who show up at council meetings to drone varyingly outraged/insane/moving things into the microphone. Each character confronts the challenge of enhancing their city with essential services and imbuing it with pride, without the budget to do so. Each tries, in even small ways, to improve a community riven with division, distrust, a lazy media and diminished opportunities. It not only manages to be one of the funniest shows on television, but also the sweetest and the most real. On the other hand, you have Modern Family — to which it lost — a conventionally moralizing moral nullity that plays for mean gags in a noplace that neverwas. But at least it's familiar to voters, who have probably previously voted for all the shows to which it's deeply indebted. To borrow again from last year: This probably explains the ATAS's love for it. It's a show on a major network that breathes life into the clunky, predictable and bland comedies that so many of its members have probably written. It's periodically humorous without ever posing any danger of subversion or cleverness. It's about an unusual family, but they do normal TV family things, like pack up 20 people and all go to Hawaii together. (It's a wonder the producers didn't have them accidentally leave a cute kid named Kevin at home to fend off burglars.) And in case the humor gets too arch by venturing outside the safe realm of jokes about the fat kid, or the sensitive kid, or the fat gay man or the thin gay man or the dad identical to Michael Scott or Ed O'Neill's old fart, there's a confessional at the end with heart. How do you know? Because the characters directly tell you that they have heart. Modern Family isn't just unfunny, it declines even to be rigorous about it. 32 comments: Am I the only one who thinks Sofia Vergara's vocal inflections in this show are intentionally played up just in case the viewer didn't get the fact that she's supposed to be a fucking Colooooooombian? Like the powers that be decided that she needed to more closely resemble the stereotypical speech patterns that middle class white people assume all Hispanic Americans adhere to? She's like the Colombian Apu except played without any intentional irony. I saw this show by accident, the by-product of not knowing what the hell is on teevee and just surfing around, which I really have to fix someday, and was torn between disgust and boredom. And they fucking threw awards at this shit? Speaking of Ed O'Neill, I'm interested in either your or (more likely to be written) Brendle's take on John From Cincinnati, because one has to get into rather dicey analysis of seasons that never got made based on internet rumor and Milch's comments made in interviews, which may contradict the Death of the Author ethos to which I'm sure Brendle is a subscriber. But to address your points here, I just watched Breaking Bad instead. I'm surprised you actually bothered watching Modern Family enough to form such a well-informed opinion on it. Your wife must like it or something. By the way, you never addressed my comment about Mad Men on your last Emmy blog. All Hail the Dictator for Life, Savior of the Nation, and Defender of the People. The people (i.e. me and my wife, who I will share this with later) thank you for giving us exactly what we want, which, in this case, is an idea of whether or not Modern Family is a good show. Apparently, the short answer (in the style of The Critic) is "It Stinks", and the people thank you for your comprehensive analysis of the general suckitude of Modern Family. We can safely cross it off the list of shows that we'll ever want to Netflix (or Qwikster, as the case may be). With every person of otherwise good taste who recommends it, I'm getting more and more convinced that Community has an alternate audio track with good jokes hidden on the SAP channel and nobody's letting me in on the secret. I like Modern Family. Not in any kind of passionate, devotee-type fashion, but enough that it bears mentioning as a way of admitting potential bias. That, along with my TV consumption habits (80% of my TV watching comes via DVD) means I'm in the unenviable, and admittedly self-inflicted, position of potentially bringing a knife into a gun fight here, because I'm arguing against your argument having not watched a single episode of the show in 9 months. All that disclaimer shit out of the way, much of your argument against Modern Family is something I've heard before, mostly as it pertains to Glee, and it’s something I just don't really understand in this instance. I'm referring, of course, to the idea that these shows are attempting to seem progressive because "Look! We've got gay people and minorities and shit." but that progressiveness is negated because they just use these elements as props to point and laugh at. With Glee, that argument makes perfect sense, both because they literally have just about every minority group imaginable present and accounted for(indicating their desire to be "all-inclusive"), and because those characters are presented in full stereotypical glory. It's like the writers picked up an ethnicity multi-pac at Costco just so they could smash the contents of each individual bag to pieces. Modern Family is different, not because they treat their "other" characters with more respect than Glee does (they do, but we're talking a 3 vs. a 1 on a scale of 10), but because I don't think the inclusion of those "other" characters is something they are looking to be applauded for in the first place. A perfect example of how they aren't really trying came from one of the acceptances yesterday, in which they thanked the audience for praising the show's endeavors to promote tolerance by showing its ok for an older man to marry a hot woman. They aren't trying to seem progressive because they have a gay family. The gay family is an important part of the premise that there is "no one size fits all" modern family unit anymore. Their homosexuality makes perfect sense within the context of the show, and is not something thrown in for the sake of showing off how inclusive they are. In that context, the fact that both gay men cater to different portions of the overall gay stereotype also makes sense. I can appreciate the desire that Hollywood was capable of creating (more) gay characters that didn't scream their sexual orientation out to the world via neon letters on their forehead or in their speech. The presence of such a character in the show would be exceedingly noble. But it would also be exceedingly boring, in the same way that you and I (perhaps moreso the latter) are exceedingly boring. The show requires characters that are interesting, and though it may reveal some sort of hidden nastiness about society, the gay stereotype is significantly more interesting than a normal guy who is gay. What it seems like you are looking for is a straight man (in the comedic sense) who is also gay, but there are no straight men in Modern Family. All the characters, except perhaps the father, are characters that are different, and all of them are outlandishly so. The laughs resulting from any manipulation of these differences are certainly cheap, and if that's not your cup of tea, that's fine. Personally, I can put up with them without enjoying them all that much because I think some of the set pieces are fantastic. And besides, even as Modern Family creates their "other" characters, I don't think you give them enough credit for how they treat that "other". For example, you talk about the fat Hispanic kid and how they point and laugh at him for this, and then write off the fact that he is successful with the ladies because, and I'm paraphrasing, "that doesn't make sense". Isn't that the point? The kid is overweight, and instead of them utilizing his attempts to woo women as another opportunity to make fun of his obesity, instead they flip it on its head. Is that not exactly the type of "against the grain" thinking in regards to these stereotypes that you are looking for? Are they not communicating, repeatedly, that just because this kid has weight problems doesn't mean he can't still be capable of romance and seduction (as much as a 12 year old can, at least)? Or, going back to the gay characters, you specifically list out four attributes that Hollywood would never associate with a gay man without making mention that one of the two gay characters actually fills out 3 of the 4. Sure, he's fat and ridiculously, flamingly homosexual, but he loves sports, used to play football, stands up for himself via physical confrontation, and is exactly the type of self-assured person you seem to be looking for. No, he's not manly at all, but the marriage of these three attributes not normally associated with gay men to someone who is obscenely and obviously gay actually does more to remove the "other" label from homosexuality than your version of the "strong, silent gay". The overall goal here isn't "We should be tolerant of gay people because some of them are just like you and me except they like to sleep with their own sex." The goal is "it doesn't matter if a guy is the most stereotypical homosexual on the face of the earth, he's still a person that cannot be fully defined by the stereotype." Only once you get the general population to accept the truth of the second statement (along with the requisite "we shouldn't dislike someone because they are different" logic associated with it) will any true progress be made. If Modern Family is trying to be anything more than just a successful comedy, then its message is not that the “other” doesn’t exist. The message is that the “other” doesn’t mean anything, and that we all struggle with figuring that out. That’s why there’s a fat kid who successfully woos women, or a flaming fag who played football. You point out the scene with Cameron and his Asian baby as an attempt to teach the world about why the “other” is wrong which is undermined because he takes home a different Asian baby (a scene I’ve never seen, by the way, so I’m relying purely on your short description), but can’t that also be seen as a lesson, too? I mean, here’s a fat, flaming gay, subjected to just about all the “othering” possible in the world, he sees his daughter being used as a tool in this type of behavior, tries to put a stop to it, only to be guilty of the behavior himself? Having not witnessed this in person, I can’t speak about it with full confidence, but it seems to me the irony of that moment is the actual lesson. It’s one thing to think of the “other” as bad ideologically, and another thing altogether to completely remove the concept from your thought process.If you don’t like Modern Family because they make fun of character traits that shouldn’t be inherently funny, because those traits are inherently funny to the ignorant masses (i.e. taking advantage of the cheap laugh), that’s fine. As I said before, I can deal with them because I think the show has more than that going for it. If you want to criticize the show’s technique and plot lines as easy, lazy, and duplicative of all the stuff that came before, I can’t really argue with that. But the parts of your argument regarding Modern Family’s place as a champion of tolerance and progressive thinking are misplaced, both because you’ve not acknowledged any portions of the show that fly in the face of your argument, and because the very mantle you are taking away from them was never something they wanted. It’s a classic straw man, except you didn’t have to build it up yourself because somebody else built it for you. I can pretty much guarantee that when Modern Family’s creators came up with the show, “It preaches tolerance for “other” characters” was pretty low on the list of priorities behind “We think this is hilarious” and “We think it will make shit tons of money”. I see where you're coming from, and you may be right that I'm imputing progressive motives to the producers that they don't have. In my defense, I will say three things. One, that at least I'm in good company, since that seems to be a common element of critical appreciation for the show. Two, that even if my doing so offers a bad critique of the show, it works then as a good criticism of other critics' appreciation of the show and a good basis for why it still shouldn't get the accolades it does. Three, citing comedy writers making a joke about their progressiveness isn't really a good indicator of having zero progressive motives. It could just as easily be a good indicator of the opposite. After all, it's funnier to claim you're increasing awareness of how old dudes can have younger, hotter wives, because it's silly and because there are centuries of history to indicate the popularity of old and wealthy men bedding younger beauties. Right there, you're thumbing your nose at male privilege, while also being juvenile. More importantly, seriously claiming progressive moral bona fides only opens up more scrutiny and judgment (while alienating hidebound conservative viewers), officially pledging yourself to standards to which others can judge you while potentially denying yourself revenue streams. It's better to wink and joke and claim nothing, since critics love "subversiveness," and people are always delighted to find out that there's more there than meets the eye. Anyhow, onward: They aren't trying to seem progressive because they have a gay family. The gay family is an important part of the premise that there is "no one size fits all" modern family unit anymore.Or it could just be for cheap jokes. I'll get back to this in a bit, but a problem with your reply here is that it relies on contradictory premises. The show wants to make a statement that there is no "'one size fits all' family unit anymore," but it's not really a "progressive" show because it's all about cheap gags, except for when those cheap gags subvert expectations for a more progressive appreciation of characters. Okay. Moreover, if the above family premise were what they're going for, why is it almost totally socially homogeneous otherwise and economically homogeneous? I know comparing shit to The Simpsons is unfair, but this is a socioeconomic TV fantasyland that not only acts like Roseanne and The Simpsons didn't exist, but neither did Taxi or Barney Miller or Mary Tyler Moore. Basically, it's very easy to have a "one size fits all" family of pod people except for when you want a vector for gay jokes or lines about cocaine-snorting FARC militias. In that context, the fact that both gay men cater to different portions of the overall gay stereotype also makes sense. I can appreciate the desire that Hollywood was capable of creating (more) gay characters that didn't scream their sexual orientation out to the world via neon letters on their forehead or in their speech. The presence of such a character in the show would be exceedingly noble. But it would also be exceedingly boring, in the same way that you and I (perhaps moreso the latter) are exceedingly boring. The show requires characters that are interesting, and though it may reveal some sort of hidden nastiness about society, the gay stereotype is significantly more interesting than a normal guy who is gay.It's also significantly easier for bad writers to rely on than crafting a gay character without all the flamingly slapstick signposts of gayness. It also doesn't offer a soothing balm to viewers who are unsympathetic toward gay people and who can enjoy the show solely on a "hahaha look at those gay people!" mockery level. (This is a point I regret not emphasizing up top: that this show definitely gets to enjoy its cake and eat it too, when it comes to multiculturalism and sexuality, playing both for inclusiveness while also catering to demographics that will get off on their ridicule or humiliation.) Leaving aside the really loaded term "different portions of the overall gay stereotype" — in which, one supposes, the shrieking queen and the tightassed effete micromanager take the place of the panicky uneducated farm negro who screams that lightning is "Gawd in a mighty temper" and the slick spitshined Harlem pimp in the pantheon of "different portions of the overall black stereotype" — this is a really narrow simplification of human beings of any race or sexual preference and an indicator of bad writing, not good stuff. Your saying that creating a gay character that didn't scream his sexual orientation to the world would be boring is like saying nobody is interested in straight TV characters who aren't either Felix or Oscar. That's only true if the criterion is hewing to the terms of simpler TV structures that are already decades outdated. I don't think the inclusion of those "other" characters is something they are looking to be applauded for in the first place.... The laughs resulting from any manipulation of these differences are certainly cheap.... If you don’t like Modern Family because they make fun of character traits that shouldn’t be inherently funny, because those traits are inherently funny to the ignorant masses (i.e. taking advantage of the cheap laugh), that’s fine.... If you want to criticize the show’s technique and plot lines as easy, lazy, and duplicative of all the stuff that came before, I can’t really argue with that.... I can pretty much guarantee that when Modern Family’s creators came up with the show, “It preaches tolerance for “other” characters” was pretty low on the list of priorities behind “We think this is hilarious” and “We think it will make shit tons of money”.These are culled from throughout your response, but I think they do most of the work toward upending the two thoughtful paragraphs you have about Manny and Cameron. In them, you talk about how the fat kid being successful in love and the really effeminate gay guy being good at football subverts our expectations and tells us that the show isn't being exploitive of these characters but rather thoughtful and three-dimensional. At the same time, your main point and your concessions throughout assert that the show has no pretensions to progressiveness, relies on cheap laughs, probably has a profit motive, and is "easy, lazy, and duplicative of all the stuff that came before." What you suspect they're doing with Manny and Cameron then is some tertiary-level irony-and-subversion business that way exceeds the brief of a retread show looking for success and the easy gag. And in this case, the easy gag and Occam's Razor share a lot in common. A fat kid who thinks he's a Latin lover is funny; but a funnier gag is to have him be good at it. A fat effeminate gay guy is funny; but it's even funnier to picture him playing linebacker! It's even funnier if you can use that mental image to play "gotcha!" with Ed O'Neill's character and have him put his foot in his mouth. Even by the lights of your own argument, it's a lot easier to assume that they're doubling down on easy comedy than making any layered humanistic statement. Also, I went back and couldn't find any comment from you about Mad Men. Could you repost it. As for John From Cincinnati, you're definitely going to have to rely on Brendle for that, because I really don't want to devote any thinking to it. I can admit there aren't many holes in any of your responses, it's just a matter of how cynically one looks at the show and the writer's motivations. Where you see a show that takes the easy way all the time, I see a show that is capable of setting up a domino effect of comedy that indicates a certain level of intellect beyond the easy gags (I can't think of a specific example here, but remember watching a couple of episodes come together and being sufficiently impressed at the build up). Therefore, while I admit your Occam's Razor analoogy is a distinct possibility, I don't think it's the only viable option. It's simply a matter of perspective. The only point left to make is that I find our different cynicisms interesting. You don't believe the show's creators are capable of the type of deep and three-dimensional comedy I laid out, and yet hold it against them that they rely on any cheap gags in the first place. Meanwhile, I'm not cynical enough to think the authors are taking the easy way out all the time, and yet I am cynical enough to be willing to forgive them for the cheap gags that are in place because so many other successful comedies go that route a greater % of the time. Anyway, great writing as always, and thanks for the response. I take pride in the fact that my rebuttal wasn't stupid enough for you to truly eviscerate. First of all, fuck you for getting me to read all four of your Emmys posts when I had meant to get a bunch of writing done tonight. Just kidding, I love you. Great writing and great thoughts, all. Second, since you're more likely to respond here than on an old post let's talk sitcom pilots. From the way-too-many I've seen, I think I can name 8 great ones: Arrested Development, Community, Cheers, Newsradio, Taxi, The Larry Sanders Show, The Office (the British one), and The Thick of It (the British one). Would love to hear any more that you think qualify. Would love even more to know: have you seen VEEP? New HBO show created by Armando Iannucci (The Thick of It, I'm Alan Partridge, etc.) starring Julia Louis-Dreyfus. It's the best sitcom pilot I've seen since Arrested. C.AThe only point left to make is that I find our different cynicisms interesting.Yeah, that's always funny, isn't it? I read a few message board discussions of this piece, and invariably reactions broke down, even among really sharp people, on the basis of fandom. I tried to like the show on a few different occasions, coming back at the behest of friends, and it just didn't work for me. It works for you. Into those gaps, I pour diminished expectations, and you probably pour willingness to interpolate from generous or favorable expectations. I'm no different with what I like. If I think a show is good and watch it falter, I'll find some way to explain away that shortcoming, even if it means attaching an improbable theory to what's probably just a bad episode. I do the same with books and shows as a whole. Just the other week, I rated a Simpsons book better than it was because I just tend to have really positive feelings about the Simpsons. Anyhow, I'm glad you enjoyed reading even if you disagreed. I enjoyed your rebuttal a lot because so much of the disagreement posts about popular stuff tend to come down to "OMG ur jealous probably because ur so stupid." I don't know why anyone would be nice to that. Of course, smarter and better adjusted people probably just ignore it. Anonymous said...First of all, fuck you for getting me to read all four of your Emmys posts when I had meant to get a bunch of writing done tonight. Just kidding, I love you. Great writing and great thoughts, all. Second, since you're more likely to respond here than on an old post let's talk sitcom pilots. From the way-too-many I've seen, I think I can name 8 great ones: Arrested Development, Community, Cheers, Newsradio, Taxi, The Larry Sanders Show, The Office (the British one), and The Thick of It (the British one).Sorry I fucked up your workflow. Great pilots, man, that's a good question. I agree with all the ones you named. I haven't seen the new Iannucci, but I'm looking forward to it. I'd think you'd have to put both Partridge pilots on there, since Knowing Me, Knowing You and I'm Alan Partridge were both great and essentially two different shows. Monty Python and Fawlty Towers both emerged pretty well fully formed. Futurama's was a cut above, and 30 Rock seemed busier and less funny at first, but looking back it unpacked a ton of stuff and improved on knowing the series—which is the antithesis of a lot of pilots. Archer's was fucking fantastic. And as much as I dislike Family Guy and South Park, both of those pilots came out swinging and really set the tone. I can't remember it, but I feel like Barney Miller's was probably pretty good. Ditto M*A*S*H, whose first three seasons or so were phenomenal. I feel like you have to be asking about comedy pilots, because you don't mention any dramas. But for the sake of argument, I'd nominate all the classic HBO shows—Wire/Deadwood/Sopranos—as well as Hill Street Blues, St. Elsewhere, Twin Peaks (if you can take it seriously), Law & Order (aired a few episodes into the season, but was still pretty much identical to the next 20 years, despite being filmed a year before all the other episodes of the season). And despite all the stupid lighting and slightly off pacing, the House pilot is pretty great. It sets up everything you need to know, all the beats and relationships and concerns, while being really funny. If it were shot in the same lighting as seasons two through four, it would look identical to all the other episodes. Good question, man. If it's any consolation, it's going to nag at me for hours now. Good call on Futurama. I had forgotten about that one despite rewatching it recently, and it's one of the best. And thanks for encouraging me to rewatch the M*A*S*H, Archer, Fawlty Towers, and both Partridge pilots, and check out Barney Miller (don't think I've ever even seen a full episode, embarassing!). I'm more of a sitcom nerd than a TV drama nerd, though I do love the pilots for Twin Peaks, The Wire, and Breaking Bad. Surprised you liked the Newsradio pilot so much, I'm one of the world's biggest Newsradio fans and I didn't love the pilot that much. Maybe it's just that it suffers in comparison to the brilliant first 3 seasons that followed. I think it introduces all the characters well and shows us what's funny about each of them, which is the most important thing in a pilot. My only gripe with it is that it spends too much time with departing manager Ed (Kurt Fuller), who we never see again. I thought of another great multicam pilot--"Lucky Louie," a show that I loved and apparently everyone else hated. Modern family is the best show ever. it is the one thing that brings my family together w/out us fighting. if you dont like the friggin show, don't frigging watch or reveiw it. thanks. ~peeved 14 year old I am going to come to your house and scream and beat your family, so it continues to fight and yell even when Modern Family is on. Stopping your family's suffering and pain to watch a show this bad is like interrupting a famine to eat a bowl of dysentery. I am going to fight your family. I am going to punch both of your parents in front of you. If you don't want to see somebody stomp a mudhole in your mom and dad, then walk them dry, don't read or comment on reviews you don't agree with.~awesome 81-year-old with a penis like a fire hose I'm with you, Modern Family is atrocious. I scratched my head the few times I've watched it and thought, in the 60s or 70s, it never would have made it to pilot. The writing sucks. The acting sucks. No redeeming qualities whatsoever. I don't know anyone who likes this show actually. Personally I think it's unwatchable. Sofia V is just doing a new rendition of Charo. It's been done, and Charo was original and funny 50 years ago. Et tu, Mr. Destructo? is a politics, sports and media blog whose purpose is to tell jokes or be really right about things. All of us have real jobs and don't need the hassle that telling jokes here might occasion, which is why some contributors find it more tasteful to pretend to be dead mass murderers.

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A Guantanamo judge has lifted a ban on military commission hearings at the island after an agreement was worked out with the Pentagon. The stay was issued after the prison commander banned the use of a separate boat to transport the judge to the hearings. For years, judges presiding over terrorism cases at Guantanamo traveled across the bay from an airstrip to the courthouse in a small Coast Guard speedboat, instead of a ferry used by other visitors including 9/11 families, prosecutors, defense lawyers and reporters. The use of the separate boat was designed to avoid compromising the trail by keeping the parties separate. In June, the Guantanamo Bay Detention Center commander abruptly banned the use of the speedboat, although the reasons were never made public, according to AP. Gitmo judge on prison nixing fastboat: "Am I going to fly down on a prop plane because they don’t like a ruling?"https://t.co/WNRVrgq5IY — Carol Rosenberg (@carolrosenberg) August 3, 2017 Army Colonel James Pohl and another judge presiding on a separate case said the ban interfered with their attempts to avoid mixing with witnesses and other case participants and could jeopardize attempts to ensure a fair trial. They said they should have been consulted before the ban and ordered future proceedings on indefinite hold. On Wednesday, however, Pohl lifted the stay, after the Pentagon agreed to pay the Navy base $300 for a separate boat to ferry the judge and his staff across the bay to Camp Justice where the trials are heard, according to the Miami Herald. Guantánamo prison commander punts to Pentagon on speedboat standoff with 9/11 judge - https://t.co/IqrnnvolQc#Gitmo — Montgomery Granger (@mjgranger1) August 1, 2017 The Pentagon’s “U-Boat proposal strikes the appropriate balance” between the prison commander’s “legitimate operational concerns” and the judge’s “interest in preserving the integrity of the proceedings and the independence of the Trial Judiciary,” Pohl wrote in his three-page decision issued Wednesday, according to the Miami Herald. The hearing of five men charged in the September 11 case will resume on August 21. The men have been detained at Guantanamo Bay prison for over 10 years. They were arraigned in May 2012 on charges including terrorism and nearly 3,000 counts of murder in violation of the law of war. If convicted, the five men face the death penalty. No trial date has been set. Read more In April, a group of military lawyers who work at the Guantanamo Bay prison sued the Pentagon over work and housing areas found to have dangerous levels of known carcinogens. Over the 15 years they’ve worked at the site, at least seven people have been treated or have died from cancer. In the lawsuit, they charged the US Navy with failing to properly investigate health hazards following reports of unusually high cancer rates at Camp Justice – the war court complex where legal teams work on the cases of alleged terror detainees, according to the McClatchy Washington Bureau. Camp Justice, which houses the lawyers and their aides in trailers, is built upon a former airstrip that was a jet fuel dumping site and is surrounded by older buildings that contain asbestos. A 2015 assessment found that “air samples tested positive for mercury and formaldehyde, and the soil samples tested positive for benzoapyrene – all carcinogenic substances,” according to the filing. The complaint claimed the Navy neglected to test 84 out of 100 units in the Cuzco trailers for formaldehyde. The presence of cancer-causing agents has long been a cause of anxiety among the military defense teams who represent terror detainees at the prison.

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New Brunswick and Canada Railway and Land Company The New Brunswick and Canada Railway and Land Company was chartered in or prior to 1856 by Act of the New Brunswick Legislature. In that year, it took over the St. Andrews and Quebec Railway Company, which had been formed in 1836. It acquired 10,000 acres for every mile built of a railroad between Fredericton and Trois-Rivieres; in other words, 1.6 million acres in total. The railway was leased to the Canadian Pacific Railway when the NBCRLC ran into financial difficulties, but its control remained of the land, which was leased in exchange of stumpage to various timber companies. The company was granted lands, among others, in the Restigouche River, the Miramichi River and the Tobique River watersheds, and it maintained a staff in Saint John, New Brunswick to oversee stumpage on its lands. When, during World War II, the British owners decided to sell, the firms that held leases were asked to buy them by general manager W.E. Golding, but all refused for one reason or another. In January 1942 Fraser Companies of Edmundston bought 85,652 acres on the Green River for $3.50 per; while in March 1942 D'Auteuil Lumber Co. bought 40,000 acres in the region of St. Francis for $3.42 per; in 1943, Fraser Companies paid $3.18 per acre for a 627,840 acre tract; close to 176,000 acres were sold a month later on the Restigouche for $4.03 to an Irving company; again a month later, 30,248 acres were sold at $2.18 per to Flemming and Gibson, who had been the lessees of the tract in counties Victoria and Carleton. Yearly taxation at the time was $2 per acre. Then, some time prior to March 1945, the Company, with its remnant 698,000 acres, was bought outright by Irving for $1.2 million. The net cost to him per acre was $1.50 an acre. References Bibliography Category:Defunct New Brunswick railways

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My Fiancee and I decided to hold our wedding in this establishment (as well as staying there) because the package deal seemed very reasonable at 36, 500 Philippines Pesos (around $1, 200 Australian, US$775). The first shock was they informed us the package was now P41, 000, despite the fact that, to this day, the website still advertises P36, 500. You can read about it in their website, http:--www.gingooghotel.com- click on "packages". We proceeded despite the price amendment. I asked about the "lechon", which is a spit-roasted pig. They said it was 15 kg (33 lb.), enough for the bridal party and sponsors. As we had invited 100 guests, I enquired about an additional pig. Yes, they could arrange another 40 kg (88 lb) lechon pig for an additional P4, 500 (AU $146, US $94), PAID IN ADVANCE. So the total weight of pig meat came to 55 kg (121 lb), about half a kilo, more than a pound per person. Considering we had 8 apologies, and 2 guests had to leave immediately after the ceremony, 90 guests remained. Not to make too fine a mathematical point, that's 600 grams, or 1.34 lbs of meat per guest, and together with the rice, noodles and other foods (supposedly) included in the package, quite a substantial meal one would think. When the food arived I was given 2 small slivers of meat, perhaps 50 grams (2 ounces?). Almost half the guests got none at all. It became evident that the 40 kg pig did not make an appearance. The meat was already sliced when it arrived, and, seated at the bridal table, I was unable to see exactly what transpired. You need to understand that sufficient "Lechon Baboy" (spit-roasted pig) at a wedding is a cultural status matter, so my wife and her family were immediately subjected to (unspoken) shame. It was palpable. I waited until the next day to speak to management, who immediately attempted to put the blame on the family; "You know these are -mountain people- (an insult), and are known to take meat for later...". One of my Australian guests, who was seated near the door, said "nobody took anything out". Momentarily taken aback, the manager then proceeded to explain that a lot of weight is lost in the cooking process. "What, 40 kg?" I asked. No reply. Other things we did not receive: 1. Personalized Guest Book 2. Free Wine for Toasting 3. Overnight Stay for your Honeymoon (we were staying in the hotel, but were denied 1 free night's accomodation) Furthermore, I was charged P100 "corkage" because my mother-in-law brought in extra rice, as there was not enough to go around (like the lechon), and I was billed P60 because the celebrant judge asked for 7-up, not coke as in the package. I understand there probably is not much that can be done about this, but an establishment that is attempting to attract an international (western) clientele should understand there are certain rules and standards in play, and that if we enter a contract, albeit verbal, we expect delivery, especially if paid in advance.

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About US$ 1,000 Sovereign Savior Family Package - Sovereign Car Decal (5) - Sovereign Bracelet (5) - Limited Edition Sovereign T-Shirt (5) - Special Kickstarter Release of our Brown Leather Sandals with Black Tubular Nylon Strap. Estimated delivery Jun 2015

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

Q: Android OOM Error, Loading multiple images I was looking at this answer over here, however it didn't really fix my problem. For some reason the manifest.xml doesn't overwrite my changes, even though I deleted my build folder. I am trying to load up 5 images on the screen, however even after optimizing them; they still run out of memory. I was watching a video that teaches image scaling. It did solved a small portion of my problem. I am able to load my background image, however I wasn't able to load my other 4 images. How can I optimize more efficiently? I was watching this video regards Bitmap optimization by Android, however I didn't understand much from it. Here is my source code MainActivity.java package com.example.cliente.myapplication; import android.content.res.Resources; import android.graphics.Bitmap; import android.graphics.BitmapFactory; import android.os.Bundle; import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity; import android.widget.ImageView; public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity { private static final float BYTES_PER_PX = 4.0f; ImageView backgroundImage, upImage, downImage, leftImage, alertImage; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); backgroundImage = findViewById(R.id.background_image); loadImage(backgroundImage, R.drawable.background); upImage = findViewById(R.id.up_arrow_image); loadImage(upImage, R.drawable.up); downImage = findViewById(R.id.down_arrow_image); loadImage(downImage, R.drawable.down); leftImage = findViewById(R.id.left_arrow_image); loadImage(leftImage, R.drawable.left); alertImage = findViewById(R.id.alert_image); loadImage(alertImage, R.drawable.alert); } private void loadImage(ImageView image, int imgSrc) { if (readBitmapInfo() > MemUtils.megabytesFree()) { subSampleImage(image, 32); } else { image.setImageResource(imgSrc); } } private float readBitmapInfo() { final Resources res = this.getResources(); final BitmapFactory.Options options = new BitmapFactory.Options(); options.inJustDecodeBounds = true; BitmapFactory.decodeResource(res, R.drawable.background, options); final float imageHeight = options.outHeight; final float imageWidth = options.outWidth; return imageWidth * imageHeight * BYTES_PER_PX / MemUtils.BYTES_IN_MB; } private void subSampleImage(ImageView image, int powerOf2) { if (powerOf2 < 1 || powerOf2 > 2) { return; } final Resources res = this.getResources(); final BitmapFactory.Options options = new BitmapFactory.Options(); options.inJustDecodeBounds = false; options.inSampleSize = powerOf2; final Bitmap map = BitmapFactory.decodeResource(res, R.drawable.background, options); image.setImageBitmap(map); } } MemUtils.java package com.example.cliente.myapplication; public class MemUtils { public static final float BYTES_IN_MB = 1024.0f * 1024.0f; public static float megabytesFree() { final Runtime rt = Runtime.getRuntime(); final float bytesUsed = rt.totalMemory(); final float mbUsed = bytesUsed / BYTES_IN_MB; final float mbFree = megabytesAvailable() - mbUsed; return mbFree; } public static float megabytesAvailable() { final Runtime rt = Runtime.getRuntime(); final float bytesAvailable = rt.maxMemory(); return bytesAvailable / BYTES_IN_MB; } } A: So I had 2 errors to begin with. OOM (out of memory) exception, thanks too @Chisko, I used a library called Picasso to solve my problem. Another issue was Canvas: trying to draw too large... problem. Which I needed to move my images from drawable-mdpi to drawable-xxhdpi. Here is the solution to my problem: package com.example.cliente.myapplication; import android.os.Bundle; import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity; import android.widget.ImageView; import com.squareup.picasso.Picasso; public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity { ImageView backgroundImage, upImage, downImage, leftImage, alertImage; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); backgroundImage = findViewById(R.id.background_image); Picasso.get().load(R.drawable.background).into(backgroundImage); upImage = findViewById(R.id.up_arrow_image); Picasso.get().load(R.drawable.up).into(upImage); downImage = findViewById(R.id.down_arrow_image); Picasso.get().load(R.drawable.down).into(downImage); leftImage = findViewById(R.id.left_arrow_image); Picasso.get().load(R.drawable.left).into(leftImage); alertImage = findViewById(R.id.alert_image); Picasso.get().load(R.drawable.alert).into(alertImage); } }

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It would be nice if projects were as easy to manage as a teddy bear. Image by estherase via Flickr I will honestly admit, I didn’t know what was meant by the fuzzy front end until I was looking for some resources about keeping custom application development on track. I had heard about the agile methodology and the scrum methodology, but I hadn’t heard the phrase the “fuzzy front end” until recently. Part of the reason I’m sharing this is because I’ve been in a situation where some of the tenants of what marks the fuzzy front end have reemerged towards the end of a project that I’m working on. It’s really scary because the fuzzy front end should really be the beginning of a project. For those involved with innovation, the fuzzy front end is that odd period of time at the very beginning of a project when you know that you have to do something and you are gathering all the requirements and desires about the project, prior to developing a project. What is interesting to me is that in the articles I have been reading about the fuzzy front end, almost all point out that the key activities that go on in the fuzzy front end are not always the same. More importantly, even within the same organization, this period of time does not happen with the same steps. Now, I’ve been in a project for a long time and I’m seeing a lot of the things that we were seeking answers for at the beginning of the project, occurring again right before we are ready to wrap up the project. After spending so much time trying to prepare for what was needed, a new wealth of ideas, concerns, and requests are flooding in. In reading material by Johan Frishammar and Henrik Floren titled “Achieving Success in the Fuzzy Front End Phase of Innovation“, they outlined 17 success factors. I’m well beyond the fuzzy front end, but I am finding out that several of their success factors are really good strategies to combat this second wave of input that feels a lot like I’m at the beginning again. The presence of idea visionaries or product champions – This success strategy that Frishammar and Floren outlined really harkens back to a person or persons who are forward thinking and can think of the large picture. I have found that a lot of the reasons why we are struggling to complete and we are re-evaluating stuff that was done years ago, is because the focus was now on the nitty-gritty details, and not the overall picture. I’m too in the trenches right now to be seen as the idea visionary or champion – so I had to bring in someone else to be that person – our CEO. The entire team had a discussion on the history of the project and how it is to fit into the bigger picture. It was a nice shot in the arm for some. An adequate degree of formalization – I haven’t heard too many stories of other nonprofits being really rigid in their structure, but I know that formalization varies from agency to agency. I tend to believe that I’m in an organization that is pretty darn flexible. While that is great for almost everything we do, it also makes project management difficult. As this project has had bumps in the road, we’ve had to put more formal methods of documenting what is going on into place. If this was done at the very beginning, and assignments given, it wouldn’t be seem as a band-aid for the situation. But now that we have identified the struggles we have had, putting in a structure has helped out. It is perfect to know that you are sending out minutes of meetings outlining decisions that were made. It gives a formal outline of what was done and tangible proof of agreements. Project management and the presence of a project manager – It was hinted to in the last step that I identified. Now, I cannot stress how vital it is for someone to play this role. If you are struggling with a project and no one has really stepped up to be the leader in coordinating efforts, take the time to either identify the project manager, or take the lead yourself and be the project manager. It might mean more time on your side, but the group will gain traction and start moving forward again with just this simple change. Beneficial external cooperation with others actors – I believe that the agile methodology and the scrum methodology shows how a team can move forward a project in development. But if you are having new ideas or requirements arriving at the table, late in the game, it can be harmful. I believe that you are never going to build a project that satisfies every single persons need, but when new people are inserted into your group, if they know nothing, someone has to give them the guided tour. Someone has to educate the new member to where you are and how you are operating. If you get too many new members, your entire group changes and adjustments have to be made. I wish I could include every bell and whistle that is desired by every user, but it isn’t possible. What’s important is to get the most important and critical items, and know that it isn’t all going to happen. Project priorities – This success step can be awfully difficult to address if you are in a project that crosses between multiple departments. I like to compare this to when upgrading to a new version of Microsoft Office. There are some departments that the biggest concern is how different is Outlook. There are other departments that are more concerned if Word operates better. Of course you then have the accounting department that is all about Excel. When you have a mixed team working together on a project, each member is probably going to have a different priority. If you have to stop forward progress and identify what are the priorities of this project overall, then stop and do that. It gets everyone back on the same page and you combat the feeling that you are heading back to the Fuzzy Front End. I know that this is a process and also realize that while we near the end of this particular project, we are also nearing the beginning of the fuzzy front end again. It happens when you start mentioning “phase two” or “next version”. These aren’t bad things. But it can be a game changer if you cannot find a way to identify these items for this next cycle and find a way to close the project that you are on right now. I’m finding the reading about the fuzzy front end interesting and exciting. I want to learn a lot more about it because I know that as a nonprofit techie, I am going to really be involved with it more in the future.

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[Preoperative chemotherapy for advanced colorectal carcinomas--comparison of histological effect between UFT + leucovorin tablet and UFT alone]. The authors analyzed the histological effect of preoperative chemotherapy for 41 colorectal advanced cancer patients using resected specimens. Twenty patients in the UFT + LV group received 400 mg/day of UFT and 30 mg/day of leucovorin for 10-14 days just before the operations. Twenty-one patients with UFT alone received UFT 400 mg/day during the same period. Only one patient in the UFT + LV group developed the side effect of mild leukocytopenia. The histological effect of the UFT + LV group was superior to that of the UFT alone group (p = 0.03). The number of Grade 1a and 1b in the UFT + LV group was 14 (60.9%) and 7 (30.4%), while in the UFT group 16 (66.7%) and 2 (8.3%). Histological examination revealed no lesions which showed Grade 2 and 3 in both groups. There was the tendency for the histological effect in moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas to be superior to that in well-differentiated adenocarcinomas in both group. The histological effect in metastatic lymph nodes was superior to that in the original colorectal lesions in both groups. This suggests preoperative chemotherapy with UFT + LV and UFT could achieve the clinical down-staging of advanced colorectal cancer.

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

Just form in "self-utilized writers" on Google and you can see heaps of people to decide from. In addition, removing of the roots must be ruled out as a thing to consider. Do not cut the central chief, which is the main trunk. can outcome and eliminate balanced timber, hardwoods, softwoods, shrubs and vines. Meta Keywords: tree trimming austin, austin tree removal, tree trimming Meta Description: - Maintain all of your passwords and log-ins structured and quickly obtainable. Arborists are experts with certain knowledge in tree management.

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Introduction ============ Genital infection with *Chlamydia trachomatis* ('chlamydia') is the most commonly diagnosed sexually transmitted infection (STI) in Europe \[[@r1],[@r2]\]. If left untreated, genital chlamydia infection can cause serious complications in both women and men, including pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy, tubal factor infertility and epididymitis \[[@r3]\]. Prevalence is generally highest in young adults \[[@r4]-[@r6]\]. A recent systematic review found estimates of prevalence in Europe and other high-income countries among sexually-experienced ≤ 26-year-olds ranged from 3.0% to 5.3% in women and 2.4% to 7.3% in men \[[@r7]\]. Chlamydia control activities vary across Europe, ranging from case management for diagnosed cases to opportunistic testing among asymptomatic individuals \[[@r8]\]. In England, in recognition of the public health importance of genital chlamydia infection, the National Chlamydia Screening Programme (NCSP) was introduced in 2003 and was active nationwide by 2008. The programme aims to reduce chlamydial infections and associated complications by detecting and treating asymptomatic infections through opportunistic screening. The NCSP recommends all sexually active under-25-year-olds be tested for genital chlamydia infection annually or on change of sexual partner (whichever is the most frequent) and those who test positive should be offered a re-test around 3 months after treatment \[[@r3]\]. Screening is accessible through a range of providers, which include general practitioners (GPs), pharmacies, contraception services, sexual health and reproductive services and pregnancy termination services \[[@r9]\]. In 2013, over 1.7 million chlamydia tests were carried out among 15--24-year-olds in both specialist sexual health services (genitourinary medicine clinics (GUM)) and non-specialist services with over 139,000 positive chlamydia results reported (hereafter 'diagnoses' refers to 'positive chlamydia results') \[[@r10]\]. Understanding changes in chlamydia tests and diagnosis will better inform us of the NCSP's effects on chlamydia infections and can facilitate programme evaluation in regards to both genital chlamydia prevalence and understanding related complications. Gaining an understanding of the NCSP's impact is also useful for other European countries considering the optimal approach to chlamydia control \[[@r11]\]. Annual data on testing and diagnoses are required for parameterisation of mathematical models which explore the effect of chlamydia screening on chlamydia prevalence. As acknowledged by authors of previous mathematical modelling studies of chlamydia screening, one of the limitations of current models is the availability of robust data on chlamydia tests and diagnoses in this context. A comprehensive overview of testing practices before and during NCSP implementation can also facilitate interpretation of trends in chlamydia-related complications. However, since 2000, national monitoring and surveillance systems that include reported chlamydia tests and diagnoses in England have evolved considerably \[[@r10],[@r12],[@r13]\] resulting in reporting gaps in the data. These gaps include non-reported data from specific years, settings or age groups; missing age and sex data; and referrals between settings. In this paper, we estimate chlamydia testing and diagnosis rates by age group among men and women aged 15 to 44 years between 2000 and 2012 using data from several datasets and a sample of GP records, combined with data-driven and evidence-based assumptions, to fill the gaps in these data. Our estimates of chlamydia testing and diagnosis rates are needed to provide robust data for mathematical models that can be used to evaluate chlamydia control activities. Methods ======= Data sources ------------ Data on chlamydia tests and diagnoses were compiled from several data sources. The data available varied according to the years and test settings covered and the extent to which data were provided by age group ([Figure 1](#f1){ref-type="fig"}). ![Schematic of available chlamydia activity data from national monitoring and surveillance systems in specialist sexual health services and non-specialist services, England, 2000--2012](eurosurv-22-30453-f1){#f1} Specialist sexual health services --------------------------------- Numbers of chlamydia tests and diagnoses carried out in specialist sexual health services were derived from the KC60 statistical return (2000--2008) and genitourinary medicine clinic activity dataset (GUMCAD, 2009--2012). Details of these datasets are reported elsewhere \[[@r12]\]. Briefly, the KC60 was a mandatory statistical return which provided an aggregated dataset of diagnoses and services delivered in specialist sexual health services in England up to 2008. Between 2000 and 2002 the number of tests were not recorded; diagnoses were broken down by sex but not age. Tests were included from 2003 and broken down by sex but not age; diagnoses were available by sex and age for uncomplicated chlamydial infections but not available by age for complicated chlamydial infections. GUMCAD, which was introduced in 2009, is a mandatory disaggregated data return of STI diagnoses and services provided submitted by all specialist services across England \[[@r12]\]. The number of tests and diagnoses are available by sex, age and sexual orientation. Non-specialist sexual health services ------------------------------------- Chlamydia tests and diagnoses made outside specialist sexual health services were derived from three nationally collated datasets: 1. NCSP statistical returns (2003--2011): a disaggregated return from testing venues of all chlamydia tests and diagnoses among 15--24-year-olds tested as part of the NCSP between 2003 and September 2012. 2. Aggregated laboratory return (2008--2011): this return captured data from all laboratories that collected tests and diagnoses among 15--24-year-olds reported from outside of specialist sexual health services and not as part of the NCSP between April 2008 and September 2012 (e.g. in hospitals or in GP settings not carried out as part of the NCSP). 3. Chlamydia Testing Activity Dataset (CTAD, 2012): CTAD is a disaggregated data return from laboratories that replaced the NCSP statistical return and aggregated laboratory return in 2012. CTAD captures all publicly funded chlamydia tests and diagnoses in England for all ages \[[@r10],[@r13]\]. Before the introduction of CTAD in 2012, national monitoring and surveillance systems in England did not cover chlamydia testing carried out among those aged 25 years and over attending non-specialist clinics \[[@r12],[@r13]\]. We therefore supplemented the datasets described above using data from the clinical practice research datalink (CPRD). CPRD comprises anonymised patient-level medical records of registered patients in a sample (ca 10%) of GPs across the United Kingdom (UK) \[[@r14]-[@r16]\]. Attendances for chlamydia tests and diagnoses among men and women aged 15--44 years between 2000 and 2011 were identified using a pre-defined selection of 'Read Codes' (diagnostic codes used in primary care, data not shown). Duplicate codes within a 42-day period were considered part of the same episode and subsequently excluded. With the exception of data from CPRD, estimates of testing coverage (number of tests as a percentage of the population) and diagnosis rates (number of diagnoses per 100,000 population) were calculated using population denominators provided from the Office of National Statistics \[[@r17]\]. Testing and diagnosis rates reported in CPRD were calculated by dividing the number of tests and diagnoses by the person-years contributed by the registered practice population in each year by sex and age group \[[@r14]\]. Data and evidence base to address the known limitations of national monitoring and surveillance systems ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- After combining the datasets, we made a series of adjustments to resolve gaps in the data and calculate minimum and maximum plausible estimates of chlamydia testing coverage and diagnosis rates for each age group by sex and year in both specialist and non-specialist services ([Figure 2](#f2){ref-type="fig"}). We define adjustments to the data as modifications (as described below) rather than statistical adjustments. The datasets were adjusted to account for missing age and sex variables, differences in case definitions (complicated and uncomplicated chlamydial infections), referrals between non-specialist and specialist services, and missing data for certain years. Some adjustments to the data could be undertaken using more than one possible method. To justify the methods used, sensitivity analyses, statistical tests and comparisons to other research were used ([Table 1](#t1){ref-type="table"}). ![Flowchart summarising combinations and adjustments to the data from specialist sexual health services and non-specialist sexual health services to construct plausible minimum and maximum estimates of chlamydia tests and diagnosis rates by sex and age group, England, 2000--2012](eurosurv-22-30453-f2){#f2} ###### Rationale for methods used for adjustments to the data for estimating numbers of chlamydia tests and diagnoses by age group and sex, before and during the implementation of the National Screening Programme, England, 2000--2012. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Adjustment and adjustment number^a^ Assumption Data and evidence base for assumption ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Reallocation of **complicated** chlamydia diagnoses into age groups.\ Assumes that the age distribution of diagnoses for complicated chlamydia in 2000 to 2008 was equivalent to that seen for uncomplicated chlamydia during the same period. 1\) A Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to statistically compare the uncomplicated and complicated chlamydia diagnosis distributions. This test showed no significant difference between distributions.\ Adjustment number: 1 2) Alternatively, we could have reallocated complicated diagnoses captured between 2000 and 2008 according to the distribution of complicated diagnoses found in 2009. However, the results of a sensitivity analysis showed limited difference between methods (maximum percentage difference of 0.3% (range of 0.04--0.3%)). Reallocation of **tests** between 2003 and 2008 according to the age group distribution in 2009.\ Assumes that the age distribution of tests between 2003 and 2008 was equivalent to that seen in 2009. The rationale for this is based on two other observations:\ Adjustment number: 1 1) The age distribution for chlamydia diagnoses coming from specialist services between 2003 and 2008 were comparable to the age distribution of diagnoses in 2009 (ANOVA test non-significant).\ 2) There was no variation in the age distribution for chlamydia tests coming from specialist services between 2009 and 2012 (ANOVA test non-significant). Imputing data for 15 to 24-year-olds before 2008 and for \> 24--year-olds before 2012 in **non-specialist** services.\ Assumes that all testing in non-specialist services for 15--24-year-olds before 2008, and in \> 24-year-olds before 2012 followed a similar trend to that found in GP services. We considered it a reasonable assumption that any changes seen in GP settings would also be reflected in other non-specialist services.\ Adjustment number: 2 Alternatively, we could have based this on the trend seen in specialist services. However, results from an audit of waiting times in specialist services show large increases in access to specialist services over this period following the first National Sexual Health Strategy \[[@r18]\]. Increases in testing outside of specialist services are therefore unlikely to have been of the same magnitude. Imputing the number of chlamydia **tests** in **specialist** services between 2000 and 2002.\ Assumes a consistent trend in positivity over time from 2000 to 2008. This adjustment was based patterns seen within later years of the data. The trend in positivity on which this adjustment was made was calculated using 2003--2008 data, rather than 2003--2012, being the period before full implementation of the NCSP and the GUMCAD surveillance system, which may have led to some changes in the available data. Adjustment number: 2 Allowing for **referrals** from non-specialist to specialist services.\ Assumes a constant rate of referrals between non-specialist to specialist services between 2000 and 2012. Our assumption is consistent with a previous study \[[@r21]\], which reported a steady referral rate between 2000 and 2004 from GP settings into specialist services. Adjustment number: 3 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ANOVA: analysis of variance; GP: general practice; GUMCAD: Genitourinary Medicine Clinic Activity Dataset; NCSP: National Chlamydia Screening Programme. ^a^Adjustment number refers to the numbers found in the flowchart in [Figure 2](#f2){ref-type="fig"}. Unknown age group or sex ------------------------ Due to missing fields or aggregated reporting, tests and diagnoses could be reported without known sex or age group, therefore in these instances tests and diagnoses were reallocated according to the age and sex distributions seen in each year (see adjustment number 1 in [Figure 2](#f2){ref-type="fig"} and [Table 1](#t1){ref-type="table"}). Between 2000 and 2008, diagnoses coming from specialist services were coded as either 'uncomplicated' or 'complicated' chlamydia (i.e. complicated when diagnosed with chlamydial PID and epididymitis). Complicated chlamydia diagnoses were not reported by age group. Based on a two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the age distributions for 'complicated' and 'uncomplicated' chlamydia diagnoses in specialist services between 2009 and 2011 were not significantly different (borderline, p = 0.053). We therefore assumed the distributions were not significantly different between 2000 and 2008 and the 'complicated' diagnoses were reallocated into age groups according to the age distribution of 'uncomplicated' diagnoses. Between 2003 and 2008, chlamydia tests in specialist services were reported by sex but not by age group. We therefore reallocated tests reported during this period into age groups according to the age group distribution of tests in 2009. This is based on analysis of variance tests (ANOVA) showing a non-significant difference between the age distribution of diagnoses between 2003 and 2012 (p = 1.0) and a non-significant difference between the age distribution of tests between 2009 and 2012 (the years where tests by age were reported, p = 0.9). Non-reported data: age group ---------------------------- During the analysis period, there are two major gaps in reporting where no data were collected through national monitoring and surveillance systems: (i) Before 2003, the number of chlamydia tests in specialist services were not collected; and (ii) in non-specialist services, data on chlamydia tests and diagnoses were incomplete before 2012, this included non-reported data for 15--24-year-olds before 2008 and for \> 24-year-olds before 2012. To produce plausible estimates of total activity during these periods we imputed these data (see adjustment number 2). Firstly, in order to impute the number of chlamydia tests in specialist services between 2000 and 2002, we used logistic regression to estimate the linear trend in positivity (percentage of chlamydia tests resulting in a positive diagnosis) between 2003 and 2008. Using the trend in positivity observed between 2003 and 2008, we predicted the positivity for 2000 to 2002. The model-predicted positivity trends were applied to the estimated diagnoses in order to estimate the numbers of tests in each year and age group from 2000 to 2002. Secondly, we constructed minimum and maximum estimates of chlamydia testing coverage and diagnosis rates carried out in non-specialist services for 2000 to 2011 to allow for the uncertainty arising from non-reported data. Minimum estimates of chlamydia testing coverage and diagnosis rates were based on data available in the datasets (NCSP statistical returns and aggregated laboratory returns), combined with test and diagnosis rates derived from GP settings (CPRD) in those years where data were incomplete. To estimate maximum activity in non-specialist services, we used Poisson regression to estimate trends in test and diagnosis rates in the period where data from non-specialist services were incomplete or not reported. We then applied these model-estimated incidence rate ratios to the most recent 'complete' year of non-specialist services data (2008 for 15--24-year-olds; 2012 for \> 24-year-olds). Referrals from non-specialist to specialist services ---------------------------------------------------- Individuals cannot be followed between non-specialist and specialist services in the datasets as different identifiers are used. Since 2012, a diagnostic code to indicate referrals from non-specialist services with a chlamydia diagnosis into specialist services was introduced (C4X code) \[[@r18],[@r19]\]. We calculated the proportion of referrals in 2012, which ranged from 3.8% to 15.6% by age group. In both the minimum and maximum estimates of activity in specialist services, testing coverage and diagnosis rates were adjusted to allow for potential duplication between services, based on the proportions of referrals in 2012, assuming the rate of referrals was constant across the period (see adjustment number 3). While it is feasible that this has changed, this was considered a reasonable assumption as Hughes et al. reported a steady referral rate of 10% in 2000 to 2004 from GPs into specialist services \[[@r20]\], which is similar to the overall referral rate calculated for 2012 (8.4%). Men who have sex with men ------------------------- This dataset was compiled with an aim to mathematically model heterosexual transmission of chlamydia. MSM were therefore removed from the minimum-activity estimate for specialist services (see adjustment number 4). Sexual orientation is not available for tests and diagnoses outside of specialist services, so this could not be adjusted for. Results ======= [Figure 3](#f3){ref-type="fig"} shows the chlamydia testing and diagnosis rates by services according to the years and age groups before adjustments were made to the data. ![Reported rates of chlamydia tests and diagnoses captured in specialist sexual health services and non-specialist services by sex and age group, Panels A), C) and E) show tests; Panels B), D) and F) show diagnosis rates, England, 2000--2012](eurosurv-22-30453-f3){#f3} [Table 2](#t2){ref-type="table"} shows the compiled data sources for all genital chlamydia testing and diagnosis activity by age group and sex. ###### Minimum and maximum estimates for chlamydia testing coverage and diagnosis rates in 15 to 44-year-old women and men across all service types. ---------- ---------- -------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- **Chlamydia testing coverage in women (per 100 persons)** **Chlamydia testing coverage in men (per 100 persons)** ** Minimum estimates** ** Maximum estimates** ** Minimum estimates** ** Maximum estimates** **15--19-year‑olds** **20--24-year‑olds** **25--34-year‑olds** **35--44-year‑olds** **15--19-year‑olds** **20--24-year‑olds** **25--34-year‑olds** **35--44-year‑olds** **15--19-year‑olds** **20--24-year‑olds** **25--34-year‑olds** **35--44-year‑olds** **15--19-year‑olds** **20--24-year‑olds** **25--34-year‑olds** **35--44-year‑olds** **Year** **2000** 3.1 5.5 2.7 1.1 9.7 11.1 5.4 2.4 1.1 2.9 2.0 0.8 2.0 3.9 2.5 1.0 **2001** 3.8 6.6 3.6 1.5 11.1 12.8 6.2 2.7 1.3 3.5 2.2 0.8 2.4 4.7 2.8 1.2 **2002** 4.8 8.5 4.3 1.9 13.0 14.9 7.0 3.1 1.6 4.4 2.6 1.0 3.1 5.8 3.3 1.4 **2003** 6.3 11.2 6.0 2.8 14.9 17.1 7.9 3.5 2.0 5.4 3.0 1.1 3.8 7.0 3.6 1.5 **2004** 8.5 14.1 7.3 3.6 16.8 19.3 8.9 3.9 2.4 6.2 3.5 1.3 4.7 8.1 4.3 1.8 **2005** 10.3 15.6 8.0 4.0 19.0 21.5 9.9 4.4 3.1 7.1 4.0 1.5 5.6 9.2 4.8 2.0 **2006** 11.1 16.3 8.2 4.1 21.2 23.8 10.9 4.9 3.5 7.8 4.3 1.6 6.8 10.4 5.4 2.2 **2007** 15.1 18.7 9.0 4.5 24.2 27.2 12.4 5.5 5.5 9.3 4.9 1.8 8.4 12.1 6.2 2.5 **2008** 27.3 30.4 9.9 4.8 27.3 30.4 13.8 6.2 10.2 13.4 5.3 2.0 10.4 13.9 6.8 2.8 **2009** 35.7 38.8 10.4 5.2 35.7 38.8 14.8 6.8 16.1 18.8 5.3 2.0 16.3 19.3 7.1 2.9 **2010** 43.0 43.3 10.4 5.2 43.0 43.3 16.0 7.5 23.9 23.3 5.4 2.1 24.0 23.9 7.5 3.1 **2011** 39.3 41.6 10.6 5.3 39.3 41.6 17.5 8.4 19.0 19.8 5.4 2.1 19.2 20.6 8.1 3.4 **2012** 33.9 39.9 19.2 9.3 33.9 39.9 19.2 9.3 14.2 18.2 7.7 3.0 14.5 19.2 8.8 3.7 **Chlamydia diagnosis rates in women (per 100,000 persons)** **Chlamydia diagnosis rates in men (per 100,000 persons)** **Minimum estimates** **Maximum estimates** **Minimum estimates** **Maximum estimates** **15--19-year-olds** **20--24-year-olds** **25--34-year-olds** **35--44-year-olds** **15--19-year-olds** **20--24-year-olds** **25--34-year-olds** **35--44-year-olds** **15--19-year-olds** **20--24-year-olds** **25--34-year-olds** **35--44-year-olds** **15--19-year-olds** **20--24-year-olds** **25--34-year-olds** **35--44-year-olds** **Year** **2000** 891.1 1,043.1 256.7 56.5 2,488.6 1,909.5 502.6 113.3 235.7 621.8 268.1 78.8 387.1 815.7 343.4 113.5 **2001** 987.5 1,162.3 305.5 62.9 2,589.5 2,012.8 530.8 117.2 255.7 717.7 291.7 81.8 431.7 925.5 372.9 120.8 **2002** 1,130.7 1,293.3 311.3 67.0 2,756.4 2,182.7 548.9 120.2 318.6 849.1 330.6 87.8 519.3 1,088.3 412.1 129.4 **2003** 1,244.1 1,402.0 327.8 68.3 2,871.2 2,288.0 564.6 120.0 356.3 969.4 345.8 94.0 589.8 1,241.3 440.2 134.6 **2004** 1,508.3 1,538.9 344.7 73.4 2,952.0 2,388.4 572.3 118.4 424.5 1,108.8 390.5 94.8 674.9 1,383.8 490.9 138.5 **2005** 1,576.5 1,588.3 344.6 64.6 2,968.4 2,408.1 574.8 118.9 489.4 1,189.2 408.4 97.2 736.8 1,460.3 521.0 143.7 **2006** 1,594.2 1,568.0 340.3 68.7 2,954.7 2,417.4 581.6 115.0 535.0 1,267.3 439.2 103.8 811.2 1,572.9 565.8 155.2 **2007** 2,022.5 1,782.3 381.3 74.7 3,034.0 2,510.8 597.1 119.4 704.0 1,415.6 474.6 110.7 912.5 1,696.3 611.7 164.2 **2008** 2,979.6 2,516.9 379.3 68.4 2,979.6 2,516.9 604.0 117.3 946.9 1,716.1 477.6 105.4 957.6 1,751.5 632.6 163.7 **2009** 3,033.9 2,621.4 355.2 59.8 3,033.9 2,621.4 587.2 116.4 1,020.2 1,854.3 435.3 99.8 1,032.6 1,895.4 605.8 163.5 **2010** 2,972.8 2,598.7 318.9 61.5 2,972.8 2,598.7 566.2 115.8 1,049.4 1,879.1 416.3 94.5 1,063.8 1,928.0 606.0 163.2 **2011** 2,786.6 2,547.1 327.2 64.9 2,786.6 2,547.1 599.3 120.0 970.9 1,754.0 414.8 91.4 989.9 1,829.5 647.0 184.1 **2012** 2,791.8 2,639.5 587.6 117.3 2,791.8 2,639.5 587.6 117.3 935.5 1,830.2 589.7 130.0 953.8 1,913.7 678.7 186.8 ---------- ---------- -------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- Between 2000 and 2008, there was a large range between minimum and maximum estimate scenarios for both testing coverage and diagnosis rates. For example, in 15--19-year-old women in 2000, diagnosis rates ranged from 891 to 2,489 diagnoses per 100,000 persons. In both scenarios and across all age groups (15--44-year-olds), estimated testing coverage and diagnosis rates were higher in women than men. In women and men of all age groups (15--44-year-olds), there was an overall increase in chlamydia testing coverage and diagnosis rates from 2000 to 2012 in all settings. The greatest increases in both testing coverage and diagnosis rates were seen among 15 to 24-year-olds, with the greatest increase in this age group found between 2008 and 2010. From 2010 there was a small decline in testing and diagnosis rates among 15--24-year-olds. Whereas the minimum estimate scenario showed a large increase in estimated diagnosis rates in women from 2000, a more gradual increase was seen for the maximum estimate scenario. In both minimum and maximum estimate scenarios, estimated diagnosis rates were relatively stable from 2008 to 2012 in women and men. Discussion ========== We used data captured by a range of monitoring and surveillance systems to construct a dataset representing all genital chlamydia testing and diagnosis activity taking place in England between 2000 and 2012. Gaps in the available data mean there is considerable uncertainty around the total amount of testing and diagnoses in the years before 2008. We therefore constructed minimum and maximum estimates to acknowledge this but set bounds on the uncertainty within the data. The changes seen in chlamydia testing and diagnosis rates are in line with the evolution of the NCSP and chlamydia testing in England. An overall increase in testing and diagnosis rates were observed among 15--44-year-olds, which is likely due to increased awareness and better practice of chlamydia testing in England. The greatest increase in rates were observed in 15--24-year-olds, relating to an increase in opportunistic testing targeted in under-25-year-olds, as part of the NCSP from 2003. A sharp increase was seen from 2008 due to the nationwide implementation of the NCSP in 2008, accompanied by national targets for testing coverage. The decline in testing rates from 2010 may be explained, in part, by the changes in targets for testing during this period \[[@r21]\]. The constructed dataset resulting from our work has several applications. From these findings we have a better understanding of the potential effects of the NCSP on testing coverage and diagnoses. However, this does not provide the complete picture, as further insight is needed to understand how prevalence and/or incidence have changed in the context of the programme. Mathematical modelling offers a means to do this and our constructed data can be used to parameterise such models to better quantify the public health impact of the NCSP. Our data can also be used to parameterise and validate mathematical models designed to explore optimum approaches to chlamydia control (e.g. by varying rates of partner notification or changing the population tested). The findings of such modelling would be of benefit beyond England as the principles of chlamydia epidemiology and likely impact of different chlamydia control measures would likely hold across many different countries. Findings from such analyses could therefore inform chlamydia control activities in Europe and elsewhere. In addition, these data can serve as a reference for interpreting trends in chlamydia-related complications. For example, trend in rates in PID, a complication associated with STIs including chlamydia, can be compared with chlamydia rates and determine if any changes reflected in one may be reflected in the other \[[@r22]\]. This is important for evaluation of the NCSP as an aim of the programme is to reduce associated complications through opportunistic screening. Again, findings from such studies would have relevance beyond England, as a better understanding the impact of chlamydia control on complications is needed to inform decisions about how best to approach chlamydia control \[[@r11]\]. The main strength of our analysis is the use of data from well-documented and established datasets, in which the changes in coding, testing practices and gaps in the data are understood. There are, however, some limitations. While every effort has been made to use data-driven and evidence-based assumptions to adjust for missing data, it is possible that our estimates have resulted in some over- or under- estimation of activity. We used data on referral patterns in 2012 to de-duplicate testing episodes between settings. However de-duplication of testing or diagnosis episodes is likely to be incomplete. For example, if an individual visited two different specialist services for the same testing episode, it would not be possible to remove the duplicate record. For this analysis, only tests undertaken by publicly-funded services have been counted, as private tests are excluded as part of the data collection specification \[[@r13]\]. When dealing with data where the age and sex were unknown, we used statistical tests to guide our decision about the most appropriate distribution to apply to the data. In the case of complicated chlamydia diagnoses, our finding was of borderline significance meaning that we may have incorrectly allocated by age group. However, as complicated diagnoses made up a minority of diagnoses from specialist sexual health services over this period (\< 3.5%) this is unlikely to have made a substantial difference to the resulting dataset. Sensitivity analysis showed that applying an alternative assumption (i.e. reallocate according to the age distribution seen in 2009) made negligible difference. It is feasible that reallocating tests of unknown age in 2003 to 2008 according to the age-group distribution of tests in 2009 may have introduced error, as the NCSP was being rolled out in these earlier years. During the analysis period, more sensitive and specific chlamydia tests have become available \[[@r23]\]. There is potential for both false negative and false positive results to have occurred over this period due to imperfect sensitivity and specificity of enzyme immunoassay (EIA) tests in particular, which were phased out in England during the mid-2000s \[[@r23]\]. We did not adjust our estimated diagnosis rates for test performance, as the test platforms used were not routinely collected and the exact performance characteristics are difficult to apply given the absence of an agreed gold standard \[[@r24]\]. Given the nature of this work and the absence of data, there are limited sources in the literature to validate our estimates. However, findings from the second National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-2, a stratified probability survey of British general population carried out in 1999--2000) are consistent with the estimated diagnosis rates calculated in this work. For example among 20--24-year-old Natsal-2 participants who had ever had sex, 0.7% (95% confidence interval 0.2--2.0%) of men and 1.7% (1.0--2.9%) of women reported having been diagnosed with chlamydia in the last year \[[@r25]\]. In our constructed dataset, assuming that each diagnosis represents an individual, the minimum and maximum estimates of percentage tested in 2000 was 0.6% to 0.8% in 20--24-year-old men and 1.0% to 1.9% in women, thus falling within the 95% confidence limits of the survey-based estimates. Currently, we do not have other external validation methods. While there is uncertainty in the absolute numbers of chlamydia tests and diagnoses estimated in the earlier years of our analysis period, it is highly likely that testing and diagnosis rates did increase from at least the early 2000s onwards. This is especially the case among under-25-year-olds as the target age group for the NCSP, which was implemented on a phased basis in 2003 and achieved national implementation by 2008 \[[@r9],[@r26]\]. Data from the second and third Natsal studies in 1999--2000 (Natsal-2) and 2009--2011 (Natsal-3)) indicate that diagnoses have increased substantially over the decade, with the percentage of 16--24-year-olds who reported a chlamydia diagnosis in the last 5 years increasing from 1.5% (1.2--1.8) to 4.1% (3.6--4.7) in women and from 0.8% (0.5--1.1) to 4.0% (3.4--4.8) in men \[[@r4]\]. It is likely therefore that our maximum scenario estimates of diagnoses in earlier years in women are an overestimate. However, we retained this liberal estimate of diagnoses in the maximum scenario as we could not narrow these plausible ranges further on the basis of the available data. The problem of missing data from chlamydia surveillance systems is not one limited to England. Surveillance systems across Europe are known to vary in their completeness with respect to diagnoses, and few countries routinely collect and report data on testing, which is invaluable in interpreting trends in diagnoses of chlamydia, given that it is a largely asymptomatic infection. So, could our approach be applied to other settings? Our analysis has highlighted the multiple complexities in undertaking such an exercise, even in the context of England, where surveillance systems are more complete than many others in Europe and have included testing denominators for several years \[[@r8]\]. However, it is possible that multiple data sources from other countries may be combined in a similar fashion to ascertain minimum and maximum estimates, through application of reasonable assumptions about the completeness of the data or relationships between them. Such an undertaking would need to be carried out on a case by case basis, involving in-country experts with in-depth knowledge of data collection systems as well as an understanding of healthcare systems and changes in policy and practice over time. Conclusions =========== Our analysis provides plausible comprehensive estimates of chlamydia testing and diagnosis activity in England from 2000. Since 2012, developments in monitoring and surveillance systems for chlamydia and other STI in England, embodied by CTAD and GUMCADv2, have allowed a comprehensive record of chlamydia testing and diagnosis activity from a single data source with far less uncertainty, enabling more robust assessment and evaluation of the English NCSP in future years. It is possible that similar methods to ours could be used for data captured in surveillance systems in applicable countries across Europe, however, our analysis highlights the potential complexities faced when estimating testing and diagnosis activity from multiple and changing data sources. When examining trends over time using monitoring and surveillance data or compiling data from different sources, we recommend that known limitations be carefully considered and addressed where possible. **Conflict of interest:** None declared. **Authors' contributions:** SW and KS had the original idea for the study. NC and SW compiled the data. NC, SW, KS, CD, YC, and GH advised on the methods for compiling the data. SD, BS, and AT provided data from the original surveillance systems and advised on their use. NC wrote the first draft of the paper. All authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript and approved the final version. [^1]: Correspondence: Nastassya L Chandra (<[email protected]>)

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

FILED NOT FOR PUBLICATION NOV 09 2012 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U .S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT JEANETTE NEIL, No. 11-35996 Plaintiff - Appellant, D.C. No. 3:10-cv-00429-MA v. MEMORANDUM * COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY, Defendant - Appellee. Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Oregon Malcolm F. Marsh, Senior District Judge, Presiding Submitted November 6, 2012 ** Portland, Oregon Before: RIPPLE, McKEOWN, and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges.*** * This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). *** The Honorable Kenneth F. Ripple, Senior Circuit Judge for the Seventh Circuit, sitting by designation. After successfully challenging the denial of her application for Social Security disability insurance benefits in the district court, Neil moved for $4,998.69 in attorney’s fees pursuant to the Equal Access to Justice Act (“EAJA”), 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d). The requested fees were based on 26.5 hours billed by Neil’s lead counsel and a junior attorney. The district court awarded Neil $4,411.65, reflecting a downward adjustment of $587.04, to account for improperly billed clerical tasks, inadequately explained and vague billing entries, and block billing. Neil then filed a Rule 59(e) motion to alter or amend the judgment, which the district court denied. This appeal followed. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and we affirm. Under the EAJA, a prevailing party in a suit against the United States for review of an agency action is entitled to an award of attorney’s fees unless “the position of the United States was substantially justified or that special circumstances make an award unjust.” 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(A). However, such an award must be reasonable. Id. § 2412(d)( 2)(A). “A fee applicant should maintain billing records in a manner that enables a reviewing court to easily identify the hours reasonably expended.” Brandt v. Astrue, No. 08-0658-TC, 2009 WL 1727472, at *3 (D. Or. June 16, 2009). 2 We “review the district court’s calculation of the reasonable hours and hourly rate for abuse of discretion.” Moreno v. City of Sacramento, 534 F.3d 1106, 1111 (9th Cir. 2008). Although “the district court must give reasons for reducing fees,” Costa v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 690 F.3d 1132, 1135 (9th Cir. 2012) (citing Moreno, 534 F.3d at 1111), “a district court can impose a reduction of up to 10 percent—a ‘haircut’—based purely on the exercise of its discretion and without more specific explanation.” Id. at 1136 (citing Moreno, 534 F.3d at 1112). We find that the district court did not abuse its discretion in declining to award Neil attorney’s fees for purely clerical tasks such as filing documents and preparing and serving summons. See Missouri v. Jenkins, 491 U.S. 274, 288 n.10 (1989) (holding that an attorney may not seek reimbursement for purely clerical tasks at an attorney rate); Nadarajah v. Holder, 569 F.3d 906, 921 (9th Cir. 2009) (holding that clerical tasks such as filing and organization “should have been subsumed in firm overhead rather than billed at paralegal rates”); Brandt, 2009 WL 1727472, at *4 (finding that attorney time spent drafting and serving summons was non-compensable clerical work). In addition, the district court acted within its discretion in reducing Neil’s fee award by .3 hours to account for an August 12, 2011 entry that was vague and 3 inadequately explained. Brandt, 2009 WL 1727472 at *3 (“Where billing records are lacking in detail, a reviewing court may reduce the fee to a reasonable amount.”) (citing Fischer v. SJB-P.D. Inc., 214 F.3d 1115, 1121 (9th Cir. 2000)). Finally, the district court’s deduction of ten (10) percent from time spent preparing the opening brief to account for block billing and use of quarter-hour billing increments was not an abuse of discretion. See Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 437 (1983) (holding that an application for attorney’s fees must be supported by billing records that enable the reviewing court to easily identify the hours reasonably expended); Welch v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 480 F.3d 942, 948 (9th Cir. 2007) (holding that the district court has “authority to reduce hours that are billed in block format[,]” because “block billing makes it more difficult to determine how much time was spent on particular activities”) (citations omitted). AFFIRMED. 4

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

As today’s story on the historically long odds James Holmes faces in his insanity plea for the Aurora theater shootings notes, Colorado is one of only 11 states in the country that places the burden of proving sanity on the prosecution. Thirty-five states say it is up to the defendant to prove insanity. Four states — Kansas, Utah, Idaho and Montana — have abolished the insanity defense altogether or have a “guilty but insane” verdict. Every person is presumed to be sane; but, once any evidence of insanity is introduced, the people have the burden of proving sanity beyond a reasonable doubt. Why did Colorado decide to do things that way? Just because. The prosecution’s burden of proving insanity has been in state law for generations. As a Colorado Supreme Court decision from 1940 notes, the not guilty by reason of insanity plea has been explicitly in state law since 1927. Before that, defendants could raise insanity claims under a basic not guilty plea. The burden was always on the prosecution to prove sanity. “Now, as formerly,” the state Supreme Court wrote in a 1933 ruling, “when the question is properly raised, the burden is upon the people to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant, when he committed the act charged, was sane.” That’s not the way other states did it. In 1968, when the state Supreme Court took up the burden-of-proof issue in a seminal ruling, the dissenting opinion by Justice Robert H. McWilliams listed 24 states that put the burden on the defendant. As McWilliams noted, Oregon’s law had required the defendant to prove insanity since 1864. The justices in that ruling — Juhan v. District Court — were grappling with the constitutionality of a law the legislature passed to shift the burden from the prosecution to the defense. McWilliams argued that the federal courts were OK with the burden being on the defendant, and he said that the placement of the burden on the prosecution held no special significance: It is perhaps of historical interest to note that when this court by judicial decision adopted the rule that the People had the burden of proof in this regard it was not on any basis that “due process” required such a rule. On the contrary, it was simply on the basis that such rule was then believed to be “the better doctrine” and as of that time, at least, represented the so-called “weight of authority.” … I contend that this court, or the General Assembly, could have gone “either way” on the question[.] But McWilliams was greatly outnumbered; only one other justice joined his dissent. The majority, led by Chief Justice Ostis Otto Moore, ruled that it is fundamental to courtroom fairness that the prosecution has the burden of proof in criminal cases — whether the proof is for guilt or sanity. And it didn’t matter what other states had done or what the federal courts had ruled OK. This was about what was right for Colorado. Moore wrote: It cannot be done … for the very simple reason that in this state our concept of due process of law prohibits it. McWilliams was steamed, writing in his dissent that the decision was the first time any court in the country had ruled in a published decision that requiring a defendant to prove insanity was unconstitutional. But the 1968 decision stood, and it remains precedent today. And it continues to have real consequences. In this year’s legislative session, state Rep. Frank McNulty, R-Highlands Ranch, introduced a bill to again try to put the burden of proof on a defendant claiming insanity. McNulty said he came up with the idea while listening to a radio report on Holmes’ case.

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

Q: В консоль выводится ошибка почему? function sum(a){ let sum = a; function count(b){ return sum += b; } count.toString = function(){ return sum; }; return count; }; console.log( sum(1)(2) ); console.log( sum(1)(2)(2) ); console.log( sum(1)(2)(2) ); A: Текст ошибки Uncaught TypeError: sum(...)(...) is not a function Указывает в чем проблема: функция, которую возвращает функция sum не возвращает функцию. Из-за этого при попытке обратиться к результату, в данном случае число, как к функции и происходит ошибка.

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

The present invention relates to a roof truss and method of assembly. In the past, when so called portable sheds were sold, they came as a kit to be assembled by the purchaser. Typically, the walls, roof and floor components were of a molded polymeric construction. Molding could be by rotational molding or blow molding, allowing these components to be hollow and therefore light in weight while providing good weather resistance, structural strength and integrity. It was desirable to provide such storage sheds with a peaked roof to support the weight of such things as snow, and to resist the impact of falling items. Further, to ease assembly, the roof was comprised of a plurality of segments which, to improve structural integrity, utilized trusses typically made of metal. While a truss could be provided pre-assembled, it was desirable to facilitate packaging and shed assembly, therefore, the truss would be provided in a plurality of pieces which meant that the purchaser had to assemble the parts to form the truss assembly. This meant that parts had to be provided to join the truss parts together and these parts would typically include bolts, washers and nuts. Multiple tools would also be needed to effect assembly. Oftentimes, parts would be missing or would be lost during assembly causing consumer dissatisfaction. Additionally, the more parts, the more time assembly took. Experience has shown that a truss that is completely assembled by a consumer can take 20-30 minutes to assemble. Thus, it is desirable to provide an improved truss that is easier to assemble with fewer parts while preserving effective packaging. The inventive truss can be assembled in under 5 minutes.

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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8. Major Episodes in American Labor History: An Austrian Reevaluation, Part II Up until the 1930s there was freedom of contract between workers and employers by which they could make, accept, or reject any offers of remuneration. With the 1930s comes the idea of exclusive bargaining agents decided upon by a majority of workers, and compulsory to all. It becomes hard to impose injunctions to stop union violence. Massive strikes, dominated by complete strangers, are permitted in this legal order. Morgan Reynolds listed seven distinct ways in which unions imposed costs upon the economy. In an unhampered market workers will tend to do better over time. That is because of business investment in capital goods. This increases the productivity of labor. Lower prices and higher quality result in an increasing standard of living without any coercion or government intervention. Lecture 8 of 10 from Thomas Woods' The Truth About American History: An Austro-Jeffersonian Perspective.

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If you're tired of cancel culture and censorship subscribe to Reclaim The Net. As more lectures go online because of the coronavirus pandemic, some professors are worried that what they’re teaching could be exposed to “right wing sites” and are discussing ways to limit the distribution of what they teach online. These discussions started when Texas Christian University Associate Professor of Political Science Emily Farris tweeted: “If you are recording a lecture on anything controversial, be prepared for right wing sites to ask students to share it.” Double your web browsing speed with today's sponsor. Get Brave. Dr. Rachel Michelle Gunter, a Professor of History at a community college in North Texas, responded by tweeting that she’s “taking steps to limit this but nothing is foolproof.” In a follow-up tweet, Gunter added: “Instead of posting videos direct to LMS [Learning Management System] (which would then own them) I’m posting links to the videos on youtube. The videos themselves are “unlisted” meaning you can’t find them in a search or if you go to my page-only if you have the direct link. Doesn’t stop link sharing though.” Columbia University Political Science Professor Jeffrey Lax also replied to Gunter’s tweet and added that he’d been “thinking about” his lectures being shared and wrote, “even if not recording, can’t student’s record?” Farris, Gunter, and Lax didn’t share which lecture topics they were trying to prevent from being shared online but some of the other replies on Twitter pointed to lectures on “elections,” “gun safety,” “politicization of immigration,” “women’s health,” and “white nationalism.” If you're tired of cancel culture and censorship subscribe to Reclaim The Net.

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1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a floor plate assembly for a well known tube-type cartridge magazine commonly used in semi-automatic firearms or handguns. The floor plate assembly of the present invention acts as a base or closure element for the magazine and is rigidly attached thereto to provide a base for the usual thrust transmission plate of the magazine spring. More particularly, the invention relates to the particular configuration of a floor plate assembly which enables a cooperation between the magazine base and a particular handgun grip configuration. 2. Description of the Prior Art The use of magazine base plates or butt plates as grip enhancers for the handle of various handgun grip designs is well known in the art. U.S. Pat. No. 4,343,107 to Kaltenegger for instance utilizes an extended sleeve about the magazine base in combination with a base plate to enlarge the grip area of the gun handle while providing increased cartridge capacity. U.S. Pat. No. 5,557,872 to Langner is another example wherein the magazine base plate assembly is used to house a power supply for a laser sighting device. The magazine base plate of Langner also cooperates with the gun handle to increase the grip area. U.S. Pat. No. 5,438,783 to Sniezak et al discloses a magazine butt plate or floor plate which extends below the bottom end of the front and a portion of the side walls of the gun handle in order to enhance the gripping surface as well as to accommodate different length magazine tubes. As is common with this type of construction, the magazine floor plate is located completely below and extends beyond the bottom walls of the forward finger grip area of the gun handle. As shown in the Stukas U.S. Pat. No. 2,620,582 and the Musgrave U.S. Pat. No. 4,107,863, other base plate configurations have been utilized to provide a forwardly extending projection which may be used to aid in the withdrawal of the magazine from the magazine well. Although the majority of magazine floor plate designs locate the floor plate completely below the bottom perimeter of the gun handle to thus extend the finger grip area, it is well known to provide an upwardly extending shoulder or indexing tab which engages a recess in the bottom edge of the front wall of the gun handle. The conventional practice, however, is to fair the surface of the base plate smoothly into the front contour of the gun handle. Examples of this construction are noted in the Boland et al U.S. Pat. No. 5,584,136 and Baldus et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,862,619. Certain recent semi-automatic handgun designs incorporate a magazine well for receiving magazines with relatively flat and reduced thickness floor plates which only partially cover the grip base and do not add appreciably to the grip length. Examples of this configuration are shown in the Glock U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,539,889; 4,825,744 and 4,893,546. This design is also present in recent Glock handgun models 17-24. The practice is to provide the front wall of the grip handle with a semi-circular cut-out leaving a void directly above the magazine floor plate. The purpose of the cut-out is to allow the user to eject the magazine by finger pressure in the event of jamming or malfunction of the magazine release mechanism. This particular design has certain drawbacks in the nature of discomfort due to the rough and uneven surfaces presented to the little finger of the gripping hand. The effect of the rough and uneven surfaces is to actually reduce the grip length since the third finger becomes relatively ineffective. The semi-circular cut-out portion of the front wall of the handgrip has rather sharp edges because of the usual flared bottom end of the grip handle which can actually hamper rapid manual ejection of the empty magazine. Needless to say, the provision of a cut-out section in the front wall of the gripping surface also greatly increases the possibility of entry of unwanted debris into the magazine well. The aesthetic appeal of the overall gun handle is severely diminished by the cut-out section of the grip area as well as the foreshortened magazine floor plate which leave the impression of an unfinished product. It is well appreciated in the handgun art that pleasing contours and ornamental enhancement are valuable assets. The aesthetic appeal of a well dressed overall appearance enhances marketability and is sought after by handgun connoisseurs. Also, professionals who depend on handgun protection appreciate good craftsmanship and a "finished" appearance.

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Q: Foreign key to multiple records I have two tables like so: Table1 | itemid (PK)| | typeid (FK)| | item count | Table2 | typeid (PK)| | type name | Table2 have 4-5 records in it. ...And I'm stuck at this point... Basically the item can be of all types (it can have typeid (FK) = NULL or all 4-5). I just can't get my head round this..At the moment when I add new item to Table1 (using phpmyAdmin ui) it gives me a choice of one FK as a dropdown list.. But what if the item is of two or three types..? It's probably a piece of cake but my brain has stalled... What would be the best way to do it? A: Your design support 1-to-many relationship. Perhaps, you need many-to-many relationship between Table1 and Table2. If yes, you need to add a new link table: Table3: itemid(FK) typeid(FK)

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898 F.2d 150 U.S.v.Caballero* NO. 89-2809 United States Court of Appeals,Fifth Circuit. MAR 01, 1990 1 Appeal From: S.D.Tex. 2 DISMISSED. * Fed.R.App.P. 34(a); 5th Cir.R. 34.2

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The clinical management of co-morbidity. The clinical management of co-morbidity of psychiatric illness and substance abuse disorders (SAD) is complex. Each condition requires management in its own right. Either conjoint treatment is required or clinicians in psychiatric services must develop expertise in the management of SAD and clinicians in SAD services must develop expertise in the management of psychiatric illness. To date few serious attempts have been made for the development of integrated services in Australia. Specific clinical issues are highlighted; the principles of intervention are presented and the use of a systematic protocol is suggested.

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ATP6B1 gene mutations associated with distal renal tubular acidosis and deafness in a child. A large proportion of autosomal recessive distal renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is associated with mutations in the ATP6B1 gene encoding the B1 subunit of H+-ATPase. H+-ATPase is one of the key membrane transporters for net acid excretion in the alpha-intercalated cells of the medullary collecting duct. Sensorineural hearing loss frequently accompanies this type of distal RTA. Mutational analysis of the ATP6B1 gene in a 9-year-old Korean boy with distal RTA and sensorineural hearing loss found 2 heterozygous missense point mutations. Although a single case report, this is the second report documenting ATP6B1 mutations in recessive distal RTA with sensorineural hearing loss after the original report by Karet et al and confirms the novelty of these mutations.

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Tyres for road-going vehicles are typically provided with a complex pattern of grooves, known as tread, for displacing water from between the tyre and a road surface in order to improve traction in wet conditions. Because of the safety importance of tyre tread, national laws typically prescribe minimum tread depths for the tyres of road-going vehicles. For example, the tyres of a domestic car in the United Kingdom are required to have a minimum depth of the tread of 1.6 mm in a continuous band throughout the central 75% of the tread width and around the complete circumference of the tyre. Heavier vehicles in the UK have similar requirements but to a minimum depth of 1 mm. Tread depth, however, is difficult to measure accurately. Often only an unreliable, qualitative visual inspection may be performed. Quantitatively, a manual tread depth gauge, comprising a simple sliding ruled plunger may be used to determine an approximate tread depth at a single point on the tyre's surface. Manual devices of this type suffer from a wide variation in readings from operator to operator, and they cannot practicably be used to determine the tread depth across and around most or all of the tyre's rolling surface. As purchasing and fitting replacement tyres can form a significant part of the total cost of running a vehicle, premature replacement can be regarded as wasteful. This is especially true for fleet operators, such as a bus and haulage company, who have large numbers of tyres to replace each year. Conversely, continuing to use tyres that do not satisfy legal or commercial minimum tread requirements may be illegal and can compromise vehicle safety. Thus, a system for easily monitoring the wear of a tyre is required. Since removing the wheel from a vehicle is a time-consuming operation, it is desirable that in situ tread depth measuring can occur (i.e. with the tyre still on the vehicle). Having to drive the vehicle onto a “rolling road” in a garage or depot is often undesirable due to it being time-consuming (potentially requiring both a driver and an assistant) and space-consuming. Rather, a portable apparatus for in situ measuring is desired, which can be used by a single operator on stationary vehicles for a thorough inspection of the vehicle's tyre surface. In this way, no additional space in a garage or depot is required, and vehicles can be efficiently parked, and the drivers dismissed, before tyre monitoring commences. U.S. Pat. No. 5,895,845 (Buerger) describes a mobile device for measuring the tread depth of a tyre at a single point. The device is arranged so that it can be manually swept along a single line across the width of the tyre in the axial direction. However, scanning only along a single line will not detect excessive wear or erratic bald spots on the tyre's surface; nor can it provide information for checking that the tread forms a continuous band around the circumference of the tyre. Since tyre wear is often not, in practice, circumferentially uniform, this is a significant shortcoming when a thorough inspection of the tyre is required. This device is not able to confirm compliance with legal minimum tread requirements with a high degree of confidence. U.S. Pat. No. 6,789,416 (Tracy et al.) also teaches a device for measuring a tyre tread profile by automatically scanning a laser spot along a line across the width of the tyre in the axial direction. It also therefore suffers the same shortcomings in this regard as the device of U.S. Pat. No. 5,895,845. Furthermore, it employs a motor-driven toothed belt to move a range finder along the length of a rod while measurement is being taken. Such reliance on moving parts is undesirable. U.S. Pat. No. 5,987,978 (Whitehead) describes a handheld device provided with guide rollers allowing the device to be rolled around the circumference of the tyre, and having an inclined, facetted mirror, with a saw-tooth profile, spanning the width of the tyre, in order that light from a single light source located away from the tyre may directed at the tyre. However, the Applicant has calculated that in order to transfer a useful amount of light onto the tyre surface, such a mirror arrangement would need to be inclined close to 45 degrees, and therefore result in a device at least as high as the tyre is wide, which would make it awkward to handle and far too big to fit within the space between the tyre surface and a typical vehicle's wheel arch (a gap of typically up to 100 mm in places for a commercial vehicle). At shallower angles, such as are suggested in the drawings, the facetted mirror would direct only a line of spots of light onto the tyre's surface rather than a continuous line of light, thus yielding poor coverage of the whole width of the tyre's rolling surface.

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‘Slow walk’ protest held on road in Kirby Misperton A 'slow walk' protest took place at Kirby Misperton this afternoon, as protesters walked in front of vehicles leaving the hydraulic fracturing site. Five members of the protest community walked in the road in front of three vehicles as they left the site, along Habton Road, Kirby Misperton, from 12.50pm to 1.10pm. Police Liaison Officers ensured everyone was safe, and local traffic was able to pass by the scene of the protest. After the 20-minute protest, the vehicles continued on their way. North Yorkshire Police have adopted a ‘neighbourhood policing’ approach to the protests at Kirby Misperton, working with people on all sides of the issue, including protesters and the local community. Superintendent Alisdair Dey, of North Yorkshire Police, said: “Throughout this operation we’ve been balancing the needs and wishes of everyone at Kirby Misperton, minimising disruption to the local community and ensuring protests are peaceful and safe. “We respond proportionately to any protest activity, so whenever possible we reduce the number of officers at Kirby Misperton, and redeploy them to policing duties elsewhere in North Yorkshire.”

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Iginla Named the NHL's Third Star of the Week BOSTON, MA -- The NHL announced today, February 10, that Bruins forward Jarome Iginla has been named the NHL’s Third Star of the Week for the week ending February 9. Montreal Canadiens goaltender Carey Price and Dallas Stars goaltender Kari Lehtonen earned the first and second stars of the week, respectively. Entering the Olympic break, Iginla rides a four-game point streak, which saw him tally two goals and five assists for seven points with a plus-five rating. The 36-year-old had three multiple-point games in his last four appearances, including the game-winning goal and his 600th career assist (ranks eighth among active NHLers) against the Vancouver Canucks on February 4. Through 57 games this season, Iginla has recorded 17 goals (tied for third on the team), 26 assists (second on the team) for 43 points (second on the team) with a plus-25 rating (tied for second on the team and tied for fourth in the NHL). The 6'1'', 210-pound native of Edmonton, Alberta was drafted by the Dallas Stars in the first round (11th overall) of the 1995 NHL Entry Draft. In 1,289 NHL games, Iginla has accumulated 547 goals and 602 points for 1,149 points.

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Chlorinated polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride based polymers are all recognized for their commercially desirable properties. Modification of these properties by the functionalization of the polymers or by the formation of graft copolymers with the polymers is desirable so that the new polymer product, while retaining some of the properties of the initial polymer, will have additional properties making it suitable for a particular use. The functionalization of and the production of graft copolymers with chlorinated polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride via the formation of an intermediate, respectively, a metalated chlorinated polyethylene or a metalated polyvinyl chloride, have been reported. See "Chemical Conversions of Halogenated Polyolefines Caused by Organo-Lithium Compounds", N. A. Plate et al, Vysokomol. soyed. 8: No. 9, pp. 1562-1567 (1966); "The Role of Chemico-Structural Effects in the Modification of Polymers", N. A. Plate, Vysokomol. soyed. A10: No. 12, pp. 2650-2661 (1968); "Chemical Transformations and Catalytic Activity of Macromolecular Polylithium Compounds Polymerization", N. A. Plate et al, J. Polymer Sci.: Part C, No. 22, pp. 547-568 (1969 ); and "Reaction of n-Butyl-lithium with Poly(vinyl Chloride)", K. Shina et al, Journal of Polymer Science: Part A-1, Vol. 4, 1069-1079 (1966). The metalation route to the functionalization of and the formation of graft copolymers from vinylidene halide based polymers holds real promise and, therefore, it is an object of this invention to provide a process for the metalation of such polymers to yield useful intermediates. The intermediates can be reacted with functional groups and can be grafted onto or from to yield the desired functionalized polymer or graft copolymer.

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Effect of bleeding site on clinical laboratory testing of rats: orbital venous plexus versus posterior vena cava. We sought to determine if there were any differences in the results of clinical laboratory tests between blood samples collected from the orbital venous plexus and the posterior vena cava of adult male rats. Thirty healthy adult male Sprague Dawley rats were anesthetized by ether inhalation, and blood samples were collected successively from the orbital venous plexus (OVP) and the posterior vena cava (PVC) for hematologic (n = 10), serum chemistry (n = 10), and coagulation (n = 10) analyses. The prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times of samples from the OVP were prolonged (17% and 288%, respectively) when compared with samples from the PVC. Respective hematologic biases were as follows: red blood cell count (7%), hemoglobin (6%), hematocrit (5%), mean corpuscular volume (-3%), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (-1%), mean corpuscular hemoglobin content (1%), white blood cell count (13%), and platelet count (-7%). Respective serum chemistry biases were as follows: sorbitol dehydrogenase (-7%), glucose (-7%), blood urea nitrogen (-10%), creatinine (-2%), total protein (4%), albumin (2%), globulin (9%), alkaline phosphatase (5%), lactate dehydrogenase (-6%), aspartate aminotransferase (-5%), alanine aminotransferase (-2%), total bilirubin (0%), direct bilirubin (0%), magnesium (-17%), sodium (4%), potassium (0), chloride (4%), calcium (-2%), phosphorous (-17%), cholesterol (3%), triglycerides (24%), creatinine kinase (-8%), 5'nucleotidase (0%), and total bile acids (4%). For hematologic testing, there were no biologically significant differences between samples collected from the OVP and PVC. The coagulation times and serum Mg and P showed biologically significant differences between samples collected from the OVP and PVC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

Q: `Required` attribute not working with tag My required attribute doesn't specify that an input field must be filled out before submitting the form. HTML:  <form class="modal-content2"> <div class="container3"> <h1>Sign Up</h1> <p>Please fill in this form to create an account.</p> <hr> <label for="firstName"><b>First Name</b></label> <input type="text" id="firstName" placeholder="Enter First Name" name="firstName" required> <label for="lastName"><b>Last Name</b></label> <input type="text" id="lastName" placeholder="Enter Last Name" name="lastName" required> <label for="username"><b>Username</b></label> <input type="text" id="username" placeholder="Enter Username" name="username" required> <label for="email"><b>Email</b></label> <input type="text" id="email" placeholder="Enter Email" name="email" required> <label for="psw"><b>Password</b></label> <input type="password" id="password" placeholder="Enter Password" name="psw" onfocus="this.value=''" required> <label for="psw-confirm"><b>Confirm Password</b></label> <input type="password" id="cfmpassword" placeholder="Confirm Password" name="psw-confirm" onfocus="this.value=''" required> <br> <br> <p>By creating an account you agree to our <a href="aboutus.html" style="color:dodgerblue">Terms & Privacy</a>.</p> <div class="clearfix"> <button type="button" onclick="document.getElementById('id02').style.display='none'" class="cancelbtn2">Cancel</button> <button type="button" class="signupbtn" onclick="signUp()">Sign Up</button> </div> </div> </form> JavaScript: function signUp() { if (document.getElementById("password").value == document.getElementById("cfmpassword").value) { var users = new Object(); users.firstName = document.getElementById("firstName").value; users.lastName = document.getElementById("lastName").value; users.username = document.getElementById("username").value; users.email = document.getElementById("email").value; users.password = document.getElementById("password").value; var postUser = new XMLHttpRequest(); // new HttpRequest instance to send user details postUser.open("POST", "/users", true); postUser.setRequestHeader("Content-Type", "application/json"); postUser.send(JSON.stringify(users)); //go to the logged in page window.location = "main.html"; } else { alert("Password column and Confirm Password column doesn't match!") } } As the required attribute does not work, users can continuously submit empty forms and those will be stored in my SQL database I don't have a <button type="submit"> in the form as this prevents me from using windows.location. I am new to programming, can someone please give some suggestions (with explanations) on what to do to fix this? Any help would be appreciated! Thanks a lot! (I am using vanilla JavaScript for this) A: The required attribute does not work because your form is not submitted. You need to specify a button with a type="submit" or <input type="submit"> to submit your form. I suggest you to move the signUp function inside the form tag like this with an onsubmit event: <form onsubmit="signUp(event)">. Then add this to you Javascript function: function signUp(event) { event.preventDefault(); ... your old code }

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

Q: how do i make the brush single? my brush on the sculpting menu every time i try to sculpt it makes a copy on the other side. i just want it to be single as you can see you have the circle with the dot telling you were the mouse is to draw. but there's a secondary dot. how do i get rid of it so i can make a single sculpt without it duplicating on the other side A: It is mirror. In tool settings deactivate this option by pressing button X: If you haven't this toolbar, enable it in menu View -> Tool Settings

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

List of Swedish billionaires by net worth This is a list of Swedish billionaires based on an annual assessment of wealth and assets compiled and published by Forbes magazine in 2019. 2019 Swedish billionaires list See also The World's Billionaires List of countries by the number of billionaires References Category:Lists of people by wealth Net worth Category:Economy of Sweden-related lists

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

Categories Check out the Archives Awards & Nominations This January and February, we’ll be finishing up our look at the second season of Star Trek: The Next Generation and moving on to the third year of the show, both recently and lovingly remastered for high definition. Check back daily for the latest review. Yesterday’s Enterprise is one of the best-loved pieces of Star Trek ever produced. Its inclusion is a given in absolutely any “best of” poll being run for Star Trek: The Next Generation or even the franchise as a whole. A rather thoughtful piece of high-concept science-fiction exploring the importance of the right people in the right time, Yesterday’s Enterprise is proof that The Next Generation has truly come of age. After two years of wandering in the wilderness, the show has finally found its feet. Of course, the production of Yesterday’s Enterprise was quite traumatic. The story and script went through multiple iterations between the original pitch and the version presented on the screen. The episode was written by pretty much the entire writing staff over the Thanksgiving weekend, racing against the clock to get it finished. Due to scheduling issues with Denise Crosby and Whoopi Goldberg, it was filmed in late December instead of early January. As with so much of the third season, there’s a sense that the episode was held together by chewing gum and rubber bands. However, also like most of the third season, that sense only comes from those delving into the behind-the-scenes stories. Looking at the episode itself, this was a show on the top of its game. The battle bridge… One the audio commentary, Ronald D. Moore provides a necessary sense of context for the production of Yesterday’s Enterprise: The context of when this thing was done is important. We were behind. All the episodes were behind. We were completing things pretty much just seconds before they were shot. … So we were right up against the wall on this one. We’d just broken the story and we all jointly wrote it together. Rather than the zenith of the season, there was a clear sense that the writing staff were fighting against time in order to get the episode finished, just trying to churn the script out. Yesterday’s Enterprise is widely regarded as one of the single best episodes of TNG, if not the best of them all. How much of a clue, going into it, did you have that it could turn out to be something special? I had none, really. I think when you come in as a visitor, as a guest to direct a series like Star Trek, which has a vast universe that you’re trying to plug yourself into, you don’t have the opportunity to compare what you’re doing to what other people have done. You have to be guided by Rick and David and the people who are actually there all the time working on it. In my case, they encouraged me to work with the material in the way that I used to in Europe and give them that thing I was supposedly bringing to them. But I did know that Yesterday’s Enterprise started off under extraordinarily unusual circumstance. Having done The Enemy, they asked me to come back and do the next show, which wasn’t Yesterday’s Enterprise. It was a different script altogether. But when I arrived for the first day of eight days of prep, they told me that they’d just discovered that Whoopi Goldberg was available and they wanted to use one of the stories that she featured in. But there was no script… So, with eight days to go, we all gathered around this big conference table in the Star Trek offices and looked at an outline, and this outline was Yesterday’s Enterprise. But it was incredibly complicated, this outline, because it involved having two bridges of the Enterprise, turning everything around and making it a completely different parallel universe, and building up ships and things like that. So we had this extraordinary situation where we on the production side went ahead with our plans. The set builders and everybody else went ahead and built these sets whilst the writers were writing. And the two, luckily, matched together completely. But we had no way of knowing that we weren’t going to go off in completely divergent paths. Fortunately, the story we were going to tell was so interesting and I think it was the first time the TNG actors were stepping into a completely different universe to their own. And they, as actors, really loved doing it. Patrick Stewart loved playing that war-like captain in a war situation after 20 years of war. So it was nerve-wracking at times. We built all these sets, and the scenes and the dialogue just fell perfectly into that. It’s phenomenal that Yesterday’s Enterprise worked as well as it did. Purple haze… In hindsight, it’s very easy to point to Yesterday’s Enterprise as the point at which the tide had turned on the show. The third season had been pretty strong up to this point, but Yesterday’s Enterprise opens a stretch of the season including The Offspring and Sins of the Father. Putting Yesterday’s Enterprise in that context, it would seem to be the moment at which absolutely everything changed on the show, as if everybody working on the series realised the full potential of the spin-off. And it’s clear that somebody at Paramount believed in Yesterday’sEnterprise. The episode’s production values are through the roof. Although it’s clear corners have been cut to save costs (the old Enterprise crew wear movie-era uniforms, the old Enterprise bridge is a re-dressed battle bridge set), the episode features a whole host of re-designed sets, adjusted costumes, special effects and model work. Although David Carson’s direction and Marvin Rush’s cinematography contribute to the episode’s cinematic feel, along with sterling work from the production design team, there’s a sense that somebody knew the episode was a winner. “Okay! Who has been filling the consoles with rock again?” That said, that somebody wasn’t necessarily working in the trenches. On the episode’s audio commentary, Ira Steven Behr and Mike Okuda remark that Yesterday’s Enterprise didn’t seem like a big deal in the early phases of production: That’s the part that always drives to me to distraction, this idea that it was the renaissance. I wish we could have enjoyed it. I wish we knew it at the time. It was so not the renaissance within the Hart Building. It was literally “I gotta get through the day.” I don’t know what anyone else was thinking but for me… Even in the art department, as you said, it was just another script. And it was a huge amount of work. This episode killed us. And I didn’t think that there was anything special to it until a few weeks after principle photography. Ron Moore, the effects supervisor, came up and he showed me the rough cut of the episode. I had no idea. On that commentary, Behr and Moore talk about the stress of corralling the writing staff into working over Thanksgiving to get the script done on time. (And Behr fondly remembering Moore’s eagerness to write not only the teaser, but the final act. “Put me in coach!”) Trent had submitted a speculative script called Yesterday’s Enterprise, about an Enterprise from the past coming through a time anomaly into the TNG present day. There was no altered universe scenario, just Picard confronted with the dilemma of sending these people back to their own time to fulfil their own destiny and avoid any possibility of altering time. Problem was, we knew from the history books that their fate ended in death and destruction. But do we tell them this and give them a fighting chance for survival, or do we avoid telling them to prevent any possible alteration of history and send them back to a certain death? This is the ethical dilemma that confronts the crew throughout the story. Simultaneously, I’d been working on my own story for a pitch about bringing Sarek on the show. Gene Roddenberry had circulated a memo saying it was unlikely they could ever afford to bring Leonard Nimoy on the show, but that Mark Lenard might be interested in making a guest appearance. I’d been working on a story that would’ve involved the Guardian of Forever and a Vulcan archeology team doing historical research on ancient Vulcan in the days of Surak, the founder of modern Vulcan philosophy. The Enterprise takes Ambassador Sarek to the Guardian planet to retrieve the archaeological team, but an accident occurs and Surak is killed. Suddenly all of history is changed when the Vulcans fail to follow the peaceful, logical path, and the present-day Federation finds itself at war with the Vulcan-Romulan Empire. Sarek, who was on the planet at the time, realizes what has happened and must convince Picard to send him back in time to repair the damage caused by Surak’s death. In effect, Sarek becomes Surak. Some of the core elements are there (altered time line, old Enterprise), but they still needed to be fused into one cohesive story. Somebody hasn’t been taking proper care of their ship… It’s worth pausing here to note that Yesterday’s Enterprise could also be seen as something of a companion piece to Harlan Ellison’s acclaimed The City on the Edge of Forever. Ellisan’s original draft for the episode included several elements trimmed from subsequent drafts for various reasons. Some were cut for budget, some were cut for time, some were cut in order to make the script run a bit smoother. One of those elements removed from Ellison’s original story was the idea of time travel altering the present. In a way, it remains in the finished episode – McCoy allowing Hitler to win the second world war effectively destroys the universe. The Enterprise crew can’t pick up any sign of civilisation in the cosmos. However, Ellison’s original idea was that the Enterprise would be morphed into the Condor, a pirate ship that had led a much harsher life. It’s not too difficult to imagine the alternate Enterprise from Yesterday’s Enterprise as a spiritual successor to the Condor. You’d imagine the Enterprise could really use some proper fuses… As if the writing team didn’t have enough to contend with inside the episode’s running time, it also brought back Denise Crosby, who had departed the show in the first season’s Skin of Evil. In The Making of Yesterday’s Enterprise, writer Eric Stillwell recounts how he came to incorporate her in later drafts: As we were talking later, Denise – who never admitted that it had been a mistake to leave the series – did admit that she missed being a part of the show and suggested, “Why don’t you write a script to bring me back.” I hadn’t really given much thought to the idea before that, but suddenly the famous words of Leonard Nimoy filled my mind: “Nobody ever dies in science fiction.” This added quite a lot to Yesterday’s Enterprise, on top of the time travel story, the changing history story and the old Enterprise story. Ronald D. Moore added the extra element of the Federation being at war with the Klingons in this alternate time line. Again with the Klingons! The script for Yesterday’s Enterprise is just this incredibly collection of different elements added at different points by different people for different reasons; it’s a wonder the script works at all, let alone that it turned out to be one of the best episodes of the franchise. Stillwell compared the writing process to “a jigsaw puzzle”, and it doesn’t sound too much like an exaggeration of what was going on behind the scenes. By all accounts, the script should have been an unholy mess, but Yesterday’s Enterprise turns out to be something of a perfect storm. It was the right combination of the the right people at the right time. In a way, it almost mirrors the tragic story of the Enterprise-C, given a doomed mission that actually makes all the difference in the world. It’s an episode that genuinely deserves its place among the mostly highly regarded episodes of Star Trek ever produced. Into the void… In Star Trek FAQ 2.0 (Unofficial and Unauthorized), Mark Clark makes a compelling case for the episode’s high profile: Many fans and critics now consider it the single greatest episode of The Next Generation. It was selected as such in six different fan polls taken over the years and was named one of the series’ best instalments by both TV Guide and Entertainment Weekly. Rick Berman lists it and The Measure of a Man as his personal favourite Next Gen episodes. Yesterday’s Enterprise also earned three Emmy nominations, winning for Outstanding Sound Editing and losing in the categories of Sound Mixing and Music (score). By any yardstick, it stands among the greatest works in the history of not only The Next Generation, but the entire franchise. While any concept like “the best” or “best of” will inevitably be subjective, it’s hard to argue with that much evidence. “That’ll be the day…” There are a lot of reasons why Yesterday’s Enterprise works. The most obvious is the sheer weight of the world crafted in forty-five minutes. Thanks to the writers, the actors, and the wonderful production design team, it’s immediately clear that we’ve shifted over to a dystopia. Picard is frequently reviewing tactical data charting Klingon fleet movements; everybody carries phasers all the time; Picard keeps a “military log” and refers to the Enterprise as a “battleship”; the lighting is darker; the camera work is a bit more claustrophobic. The script for Yesterday’s Enterprise is very good at suggesting things without stating them outright. There’s a lot to unpack about the interpersonal dynamics on the alt!Enterprise, but not a lot of time in which to do it. So the script hints and prods in particular directions, trusting the viewer to reach their own conclusions about interpersonal dynamics on board this ship that looks so familiar and yet feels so strangely alien. Getting Picard on board with this idea… Where is Troi? The obvious implication is that there’s no room for that sort of glad-handing on the alt!Enterprise. Worf’s absence reinforces the idea that this is dystopia. The teaser gave us our first glimpse of Worf laughing, reminding us of how the Klingon had integrated so completely with the crew that he could drink prune juice and talk candidly about sex. So his absence from this most brutal of timelines demonstrates that the very real cost of the war between the Federation and the Klingons. What is up between Riker and Picard, for example? The nickname “Number One” isn’t uttered in the script. The two seem to be at odds. When the Enterprise-C arrives, Riker has no time for Picard’s caution. “Respectfully, if I may suggest regardless of where they came from, they are here now and they need our help.” Picard, on the other hand, is decidedly more cautious, “Commander, we will handle this one step at a time.” Shedding some light on the matter… It becomes even more obvious in later scenes. In Piacrd’s briefing (held in his ready room), Riker sits at the back of the room, as far from his superior as possible. When Picard outlines his plan, Riker responds, “Sir, if you’d like my opinion…” Picard coldly and matter-of-factly cuts across him, “I think I’m aware of your opinion, Commander. This is a briefing. I’m not seeking your consent.” We never find out what’s at the root of this personality clash, and it’s much better that way – it’s up to the viewer to try to piece it all together. Indeed, this ambiguity permeates the episode, which makes sense when Picard is asked to sacrifice his universe on Guinan’s gut instinct. The relationship between Guinan and Picard would remain ambiguous throughout the show’s run (even after Time’s Arrow), but it’s most potent here. We already know that Guinan would follow Picard around the galaxy, but here we discover that Guinan would follow Picard to war; and also that he would allow her to join him on the frontier. Ghost ship… The script for Yesterday’s Enterprise is deliberately ambiguous about the relationship between Picard and Guinan. Their friendship and trust is treated as absoluter. When Garrett asks Picard about Guinan, he avoids specifics, “I discovered long ago that she has a special wisdom. I’ve learned to trust it.” The script doesn’t give us too much to go on, but it’s shrewd enough to trust Whoopi Goldberg and Patrick Stewart to carry the material, and they do so. (The casting on Yesterday’s Enterprise is also top notch. Supporting characters like Rachel Garrett and Richard Castillo barely exist on the page. However, veteran supporting performers Tricia O’Neill and Christopher McDonald breath a tremendous amount of life into the only two staff members of the doomed Enterprise-C that we get to know. It’s a demonstration of just how perfectly attuned every aspect of Yesterday’s Enterprise actually is.) A kiss at the end of the world… The script for Yesterday’s Enterprise is extraordinarily structured. It’s a story involving concepts like alternate universes and temporal causality. Although these had been staples of science-fiction for decades, they weren’t really part of the mainstream vernacular in the early nineties. So the fact that Yesterday’s Enterprise is able to unfold across two timelines with a minimum of exposition is quite remarkable. The script is surprisingly lean. The episode never confirms through dialogue that alt!Data’s supposition was correct and that the Enterprise-C led to peace with the Klingons. The episode trusts the audience to be able to keep up with that internal logic, without too much hand-holding. That’s an extraordinary amount of confidence in the audience, and a sign of how The Next Generation was growing in confidence and charm. Stuck in a time Worf… In Living with Star Trek: American Culture and the Star Trek Universe, Lincoln Geraghty argues that Yesterday’s Enterprise is an example of how The Next Generation helped to popularise multi-form narratives in popular culture: With Star Trek the multiform story works because it has a narrative history which serves as a basis for many of its episodes; there is already a narrative framework in place for multiple plots to expand upon and characters to harmonise with. For fans, its ‘alternate versions of reality’ are part of the way they experience their own world and, as a result, part of how they identify themselves and want to imagine the future. As ever, science fiction succeeds in extrapolating ideas about the future by using contemporary methods of storytelling very much grounded in literary tradition. Rather than being a twenty-fourth-century tale about the future, Star Trek can, and may well always, be considered a story about contemporary society and how we deal with our own past and present. In Captains’ Logs: The Unauthorized Complete Trek Voyages, actor Jonathan Frakes joked about the complexity of the show’s narrative. “To this day I do not understand Yesterday’s Enterprise. I do not know what the f%$@ happened in that episode. I’m still trying to understand it – but I liked the look.” Picard’s attempts to save on the Enterprise’s electricity bill were a constant source of frustration to Riker… While Frakes may well be joking, it’s easy to understand how the show could be confusing. It’s a testament to the writers involved that Yesterday’s Enterprise is structured so clearly and that it’s all easy enough to follow for most of the viewers at home. (At least, based on the episode’s reputation and popularity.) Yesterday’s Enterprise is an ambitious piece of storytelling. The fact that it has become a fan favourite means that it has been discussed and watched and re-watched and picked apart time and time again, but it still holds up, despite all the potential complexities in the script. That said, the episode is assisted by the willingness of the writers to delve into the franchise’s history. A lot of Yesterday’s Enterprise relies on a casual understanding of how Star Trek works. There’s no real in-depth or insider knowledge required, but it trades off the franchise’s iconography. The show casually mentions the Romulans and the Klingons, without having any (save Worf) appear on screen. It plays off the idea that even the most casual viewers will accept the possibility of the Klingon Empire and the Federation being at war with one another. The empty chair… As an aside, it’s interesting that the Klingons are winning the war. Most portrayals of the Klingon Empire in the nineties tend to portray the Empire as a spent force, a political entity rotting away from the inside. Sins of the Father will reveal that the Empire is inherently corrupt and decayed, suggesting that the Romulans have managed to reach the highest levels of influence and that the Empire is just going through the pantomime of honour and strength. Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country reveals that the Klingons sued for peace after an economic disaster in the late twenty-second century. Of course, neither had aired when Yesterday’s Enterprise was written. Although Star Trek tends to suggest the Klingon Empire stagnates in times in peace, with decay setting in quite quickly, the implication is that the Klingon Empire thrives in war. That is part of the reason why Gowran is so keen to invade Cardassia in The Way of the Warrior, with a Changeling influencing him. In contrast, the Federation is a political entity ill-suited to long and protracted warfare. Quite simply, Yesterday’s Enterprise suggests that Picard and his crew simply cannot exist in a warlike universe. Core values… In terms of the wider context of Star Trek, it’s worth noting that Yesterday’s Enterprise is an episode that revolves around the Enterprise-C, a missing link between the Enterprise-A appearing in the big-screen adventures of Captain Kirk and the Enterprise-D featured in The Next Generation. So far, The Next Generation has been somewhat reluctant to explore the big gap that exists between the classic Star Trek and The Next Generation. The show has been unwilling to commit to any concrete facts about lifespan of the Enterprise-B and the Enterprise-C. In fact, up until Yesterday’s Enterprise, we could only infer their existence from the registry number on this Enterprise. That ambiguity extended outwards to the wider fictional universe. We were told (in The Neutral Zone) that the Romulans effectively entered hibernation between the two eras. Episodes like Heart of Glory and Samaritan Snare can’t seem to decide whether the Klingons have joined the Federation. Everything is in flames… So Yesterday’s Enterprise features an attempt to fill that lacuna in continuity. It demonstrates a growing sense of comfort with the history of Star Trek, as if The Next Generation is comes to terms with its place in the larger franchise. This is an idea that is inevitably building towards the broadcast of Sarek near the end of the season and the guest appearance of Spock in Reunification; it’s a process that will be far from painless, but is a necessary part of The Next Generation growing up and coming into its own. The script even manages to touch upon all the necessary big ideas in the time allotted. At one point, Picard even questions the assumption that his timeline is somehow inherently “wrong.” It’s something that alternate universe stories tend to take for granted, assuming that the universe we are most familiar with in inherently correct. “Who is to say that this history is any less proper than the other?” Picard challenges. While Yesterday’s Enterprise never really delves into that barrel of worms, it is great to see the topic broached, even fleetingly. Ships named Enterprise… Of course, despite the literal and metaphorical darkness on board the alt!Enterprise, it’s worth noting that Yesterday’s Enterprise remains inherently optimistic. Despite the fact that it’s set in a universe where the crew of the Enterprise is brutally gunned down by marauding Klingons, and the Federation itself will soon be overrun by the enemy at the gates, Yesterday’s Enterprise is built on the idea that the right person at the right time can change the flow of history. It’s not even about winning; the Enterprise-C is almost definitely going to be destroyed in the fight. Making the attempt is enough. Trying to help is what matters. “One more ship will make no difference in the here and now,” Picard tells Garrett as he attempts to convince her to journey back into the fray. “But twenty two years ago, one ship could have stopped this war before it started.” There’s an incredible nobility to that sentiment, and a charming optimism to the idea that even an ill-fated rescue mission is important enough to change the course of history so profoundly. It’s small acts of decency, even those doomed to failure, that make the world a better place. That’s a very Star Trek idea. All the cool kids sit in the back… Which brings us to Yar. Yar is a bit of a problem character, although less so here than she has been or will be again. Yesterday’s Enterprise is quite brutal in calling out the first season death of the Enterprise’s Chief of Security. When she presses Guinan for details of her death in the original timeline, Guinan insists that she doesn’t have the details, “But I do know it was an empty death. A death without purpose.” That’s a pretty cold thing to tell a work colleague, and also a bit of scathing self-criticism from the show itself. Skin of Evil was a pretty terrible episode, for any number of reasons. However, the decision to kill of Yar so suddenly wasn’t inherently a poor choice. It could have been executed better, and it was arguably a little overly ambitious. It wasn’t a decision that the show was mature enough to carry off at the time, certainly. However, this idea that space could carry dangers real enough to kill the Chief of Security at any time over something relatively trivial is not completely without merit. Garrett, we hardly knew ye… After all, the moral of Yesterday’s Enterprise is that even doomed acts of bravery and compassion are worth something. Given that Yar was killed while trying to save Troi, surely the same logic applies. Yar died randomly and senselessly, but while doing her duty and trying to help somebody in need. The only difference is that Yar’s death didn’t bring galactic peace or anything like that, but the moral of Yesterday’s Enterprise would seem downright cynical if it were to become results-orientated. The problem with Skin of Evil was the execution, rather than the core idea. It feels a little gratuitous to bring Yar back and offer her a more “meaningful” death. Of course, this becomes an even bigger problem in retrospect. Upgrading Yar from “random senseless death” to “meaningful television death” might be a little ham-fisted and might serve to undermine the one interesting aspect of Skin of Evil, but at least the episode’s heart is in the right place. Taking it home… However, Redemption, Part II later clarifies that Yar survived the ambush and was taken captive by the Romulans, where she gave birth to a child. So, in effect, what we’ve actually shifted from is “random senseless death” to “rape victim murdered off-screen.” And all in service of a soap-opera-esque “identical relative” plotline that doesn’t ever seem to go anywhere. Again, this might not be particularly problematic on its own terms, but in the wider context of how The Next Generation tended to treat its female leads, that revelation can’t help but sting. Still, all of this is over a season away. As far as anybody was aware at the time, Yesterday’s Enterprise had given Tasha Yar a much more “important” death than the one depicted in the first season. It is really the only point where Yesterday’s Enterprise veers towards cliché, but it’s not necessarily a poor decision. It’s a piece of self-criticism that stings, because it feels like criticism misses the point of the earlier episode. Skin of Evil was an absolutely dire piece of television, but not because Yar’s death was too random or senseless; but because the show hadn’t yet figured out how do “random or senseless.” Back to normal… That’s a very minor complaint in the grand scheme of things, and it’s a criticism that can be easily dismissed. Regardless of how “random or senseless” Yar’s death was in Skin of Evil, it didn’t serve Denise Crosby well as an actress, and it didn’t serve the viewers particularly well either. So it’s perfectly reasonable to argue that this revision is fair game. And it is nice to see The Next Generation willing to engage in self-criticism and self-analysis. Much like the attempts to undermine the show’s over-confidence in the second season, this sort of self-reflection is undoubtedly a good thing. Yesterday’s Enterprise is a phenomenal piece of television. It is superbly crafted at every level of production. David Carson’s direction, the script, the production design, the performances… everybody knocks it out of the park. A fantastic job from all involved, and a demonstration of just what The Next Generation was capable of at this point in its life cycle 11 Responses This season in general and episodes like this in particular was the first time Picard’s crew felt like human beings – in some ways the Federation humans of the early show felt far more alien than the Cardassians or Klingons, with their cold arrogance and holier than thou hyperrationalism (a trait which was present as late as ‘The Bonding’.) One aspect that I’ve always had difficulty with is the existance of Guinan on the Enterprise in this altered timeline. What is a civilian bartender even doing on the flagship at such a desperate moment in a long running war? Although I can justify it by arguing that she was somehow Picard’s confidante in this time line as well, and that he insisted she be assigned. (Besides, the bar is easy enough to justify on a war ship assigned to deep space with over 700 people on board. One imagines shore leave is a low priority.) Then again, given it’s unlikely that Time’s Arrow happened in this alternate universe, one wonders how Picard and Guinan became so close. Time travel and alternate universes make my head hurt. Then again, as you said, the episode really is strong enough to justify such a leap of faith. My personal favorite episode of all of Trek I admit, though honestly I don’t really know why, to this day I’m not sure. Even after reading this and a bunch of other reviews, just not sure 😛 I just really like it, and it seems to have had a huge impact on the franchise, being the basis for later episode (like ENT’s Twilight and I’m sure a bunch of other episodes I’m sure but can’t remember atm :P) and was cited even by the AbramsTrek writers as a major influence. So didn’t Star Trek 09’s premise of a portal sending a ship back to time, changing the timeline get ripped off from this episode? I think it’s the producers of the Abrams Trek’s favorite episode. Also apparently Parallels was a favorite of theirs, and the Unification two parter, which it all draws from. Strange that a TOS reboot draws so much from TNG. And yeah, excellent episode, prob my personal favorite. Though superficial, my favorite part is the bridge. It still stands the test of time and looks 100 times better than the normal bridge. I love the lighting. Too bad the Wesley decapitation scene never got filmed, that would have made this perhaps the greatest thing to ever be filmed for all of eternity. Oh and Worf I believe was originally going to be the one leading the Klingon attacks. So it would have had Worf murdering all his friends. Fucked up… I don’t remember who said it, but I once read a quote that argued in fiction you get one big “get”, one massive contrivance that starts off the story – maybe it’s the characters being in the right place at the right time, maybe it’s the fact that only they have the ability to help. After that, you’re at the audience’s indulgence. I’d argue that the Enterprise-D encountering the Enterprise-C is the episode’s big “get”, if that makes sense. It’s the entire plot of the episode, so it’s a contrivance that the script can get away with. While I do not find this episode as overwhelming as the consensus demands, the style and Picard’s line “The war is going very bad for the Federation” alone gives me the creeps. This whole episode, showing only a glimpse of another universe and the Klingon war, felt A LOT more believable than the whole of ST:Discovery’s attempt at this Klingon war-issue.

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

Events Career Development Workshop: Why You Need an Internship Date and Time Tuesday October 22, 20133:00pm - 3:45pm Description An internship provides you with practical work experience in your chosen field and can better prepare you for the professional job search. This workshop will help you explore your opportunities and discuss the benefits of an internship and other experiential education.The workshop will meet in the Administration Building, Room 218.

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

Feasibility of insertion/implantation of 2.0-mm-diameter gold internal fiducial markers for precise setup and real-time tumor tracking in radiotherapy. To examine the feasibility and reliability of insertion of internal fiducial markers into various organs for precise setup and real-time tumor tracking in radiotherapy (RT). Equipment and techniques for the insertion of 2.0-mm-diameter gold markers into or near the tumor were developed for spinal/paraspinal lesions, prostate tumors, and liver and lung tumors. Three markers were used to adjust the center of the mass of the target volume to the planned position in spinal/paraspinal lesions and prostate tumors (the three-marker method). The feasibility of the marker insertion and the stability of the position of markers were tested using stopping rules in the clinical protocol (i.e., the procedure was abandoned if 2 of 3 or 3 of 6 patients experienced marker dropping or migration). After the evaluation of the feasibility, the stability of the marker positions was monitored in those patients who entered the dose-escalation study. Each of the following was shown to be feasible: bronchoscopic insertion for the peripheral lung; image-guided transcutaneous insertion for the liver; cystoscopic and image-guided percutaneous insertion for the prostate; and surgical implantation for spinal/paraspinal lesions. Transcutaneous insertion of markers for spinal/paraspinal lesions and bronchoscopic insertion for central lung lesions were abandoned. Overall, marker implantation was successful and was used for real-time tumor tracking in RT in 90 (90%) of 100 lesions. No serious complications related to the marker insertion were noted for any of the 100 lesions. Using three markers surgically implanted into the vertebral bone, the mean +/- standard deviation in distance among the three markers was within 0.2 +/- 0.6 mm (range -1.4 to 0.8) through the treatment period of 30 days. The distance between the three markers gradually decreased during RT in five of six prostate cancers, consistent with a mean rate of volume regression of 9.3% (range 0.015-13%) in 10 days. Internal 2.0-mm-diameter gold markers can be safely inserted into various organs for real-time tumor tracking in RT using the prescribed equipment and techniques. The three-marker method has been shown to be a useful technique for precise setup for spinal/paraspinal lesions and prostate tumors.

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

Spatiotemporal dynamics of cross-polarized wave generation. We use time-domain spatially and spectrally resolved interferometry to investigate cross-polarized wave (XPW) generation in barium fluoride. We find that the XPW pulse is square root of 3 smaller than the input in the spatiotemporal domain, regardless of input chirp. Additionally, we calculate a temporally dependent focal length resulting from the nonlinear interaction and discuss its implications.

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

スポンサーリンク以下ネットの反応。政府がやっているなら絶対的に順序が逆ですし、民間企業の手柄を横取りしようとしているなら最低です。そして「無料配布」なら当然のようにそれを宣伝するでしょうから、おそらく有料なんでしょうね。今も避難している１０万人以上の方々の中には、肉体的・精神的・経済的、いろんな意味での弱者がたくさんいるはずです。そんな人たちは、こんな報せを聞いたら「今も大変だけど、今後どうなるんだろう」という不安で押しつぶされそうになるはずです。まずは、被災者に対して「絶対大丈夫」「国が何とかする」という姿勢を見せなければなりません。今からでも遅くないので政府買い取りで「無料配布」にしてください。税金はこういう場面で使われなければなりません。

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

On Wednesday evening's edition of "The O'Reilly Factor," Bill O'Reilly used the murder of Walter L. Scott as an excuse to spout the total fabrication that "police shootings of black Americans" are "way, way down." "Police shootings have fallen 70 percent, police shootings of black Americans, 70 percent, in the last 40, 50 years. So they're way, way, down. In 2012, the last stats available, 123 blacks were killed by police, 326 whites were killed. So there doesn't seem to be, as some people would have you believe, that police are trying to hunt down young black men and take their lives." Advertisement: However, O'Reilly got this number from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's fatal injuries database which is actually fairly unreliable since coroners and doctors are not obligated to disclose that there was police involvement in deaths they record. Given that fact, and the fact that the statistics O'Reilly used counts hispanic people as white, Politifact determined that O'Reilly's statistics are mostly false. In fact, FiveThirtyEight reports that black people are killed at a much higher rate than white people: In 2014 and March of 2015,Mapping Police Violence counted 297 people killed by police around the country who were unarmed.1 Of those people, 117 were African-American, 167 were not, and the project couldn’t identify race for 13. That means 41 percent of unarmed people killed by police during that time in the database (with an identified race) were African-American, far out of proportion in a country that was 14 percent African-American in 2013. Among people who were armed when killed by police and for whom researchers had race data, 25 percent were African-American. Watch the clip below, but remember to take O'Reilly's "facts" with a healthy dose of skepticism:

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

Tinoka railway station Tinoka railway station () is located in Pakistan. See also List of railway stations in Pakistan Pakistan Railways References External links Official Web Site of Pakistan Railways Category:Railway stations in Chiniot District

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

The order by Beijing police, reported by the Beijing Times on Tuesday, comes a day after a city-wide crackdown on illegal weapons, which led to the seizure of 1,123 knives and 327 guns. Netizens have already ridiculed the move as ineffectual. “I can understand the police departments’ concerns,” social commentator Yao Bo wrote in a Sina Weibo post. “But what if someone goes into a supermarket and kills someone with a Durian?” […]The order comes less than 24 hours after a Beijing native, surnamed Wang, stabbed four people at Carrefour shopping centre in Beijing’s western district around noon on Monday. […]Wang had used a knife sold at the Carrefour shopping centre in his attack. He had been released from a Beijing mental hospital on January 11 after undergoing five months of treatment for an unspecified illness, police said. While several customers reached by the Global Times in the Xicheng Carrefour said they felt inconvenienced, one customer surnamed Yang said that she felt safer after the knife shelves were cleared. “Knives should not be put on sale in a supermarket in the first place as they are dangerous articles,” Yang said. Wang Hongwei, a public security expert with the Renmin University of China, said that the halt on knife sales is a temporary solution and would not radically solve the problem of injury cases concerning mental health patients or petitioners. “It is not the knife that kills; it is the person who uses it. Instead of hiding away the potential weapons, government should establish a better system to supervise those patients and raise the public awareness to care for and protect them,” Wang said. [Source] […]At this very sensitive moment when every person’s life can be put at risk, the public expects authorities to come up with meaningful solutions. Nonetheless, they seldom feel satisfied with the moves taken by authorities, arguing that China is full of knives already and bans on sales will hardly keep them out of the hands of attackers. […]The US’ experience in regulating guns has taught China some lessons. Americans debate the possibilities of enacting federal legislation to eliminate easy access to guns whenever there is a shooting case like the one in Connecticut last year. A ban on owning a gun in the US, even it benefits the whole society, is impossible to carry out due to the country’s adherence to its constitution. Public opinion, after each extreme case, should criticize violence first and help limit the scope of such cases. Meanwhile, Chinese authorities should take a long-term view when looking into public opinion. They have to reflect on every case and consider issues such as the treatment of the mentally ill, rather than rushing to knee-jerk solutions that do nothing. Wu Boxin, a professor from the Chinese People’s Public Security University, told the Global Times that the public should be aware that such cases reflect the twisted relationship between the public and certain government officials. “In violent incidents like these, the suspects might have suffered improper treatment from the authorities or they misunderstood directions from the government. When such discontent accumulates and the suspects can’t find a way to vent their anger, they might end up choosing violence as solution,” Wu said, adding that there is no excuse for committing such extreme violence. Zhou Xiaozheng, a professor of sociology at the Renmin University of China, compared the case to that of Yang Jia, a Beijing resident who murdered six Shanghai policemen with a knife in 2008 after being arrested by the Shanghai police for riding an unlicensed bicycle. Yang claimed that he had been beaten by the police. [Source]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

Johann Benzenberg Johann Friedrich Benzenberg (5 May 1777 – 7 June 1846) was a German astronomer, geologist, and physicist. Biography Benzenberg was born near Elberfeld, Germany on 5 May 1777 to Heinrich Benzenberg and Johanna Elisabeth. He married Charlotte Platzhoff in 1807. After studying theology at Herborn and Marburg, he travelled to Göttingen where he became interested in science through attending lectures by Georg Christoph Lichtenberg and Abraham Gotthelf Kästner. Benzenberg obtained a PhD from the University of Duisburg in 1800 and became a professor of mathematics at the women's college of Düsseldorf in 1805. After the Napoleonic occupation of Germany he immigrated to Switzerland where he became interested in politics. Benzenberg's interest in politics led him to write extensively on issues such as the constitution of Prussia. In 1844 Benzenberg built a private observatory, the Düsseldorf-Bilk Observatory, in Bilk, which he later donated to the city along with a grant to pay for a resident astronomer. In 1798, whilst still a student at the University of Göttingen, Benzenberg and Heinrich Wilhelm Brandes studied the atmospheric altitude of meteors, collecting the first evidence that they were inside the atmosphere. Later, in 1802 and 1804, Benzenberg helped prove the Earth's rotation by conducting experiments originally suggested by Isaac Newton; dropping balls from a height. References Category:People from Elberfeld Category:1777 births Category:1846 deaths Category:University of Göttingen alumni Category:German physicists

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

How an RNA ligase discriminates RNA versus DNA damage. T4 RNA ligase 2 (Rnl2) exemplifies a family of RNA-joining enzymes that includes protozoan RNA-editing ligases. Rnl2 efficiently seals 3'-OH/5'-PO4 RNA nicks in either a duplex RNA or an RNA:DNA hybrid but cannot seal DNA nicks. RNA specificity arises from a requirement for at least two ribonucleotides immediately flanking the 3'-OH of the nick; the rest of the nicked duplex can be replaced by DNA. The terminal 2'-OH at the nick is important for the attack of the 3'-OH on the 5'-adenylated strand to form a phosphodiester, but dispensable for nick recognition and adenylylation of the 5'-PO4 strand. The penultimate 2'-OH is important for nick recognition. Stable binding of Rnl2 at a nick depends on contacts to both the N-terminal adenylyltransferase domain and its signature C-terminal domain. Nick sensing also requires adenylylation of Rnl2. These results provide insights to the evolution of nucleic acid repair systems.

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

The Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line, AS52, carries a single functional copy of the bacterial gpt gene stably integrated into the CHO genome. Mutations at gpt are recovered as 6-thioguanine resistant colonies and may arise in these cells as a result of the loss of functional gpt sequences through i) intrachromosomal deletion, ii) mitotic recombination or iii) gene conversion. The site of integration of the gpt locus appears to allow the recovery these complex mutations where such events will be conditionally lethal at the analogous hemizygous X-linked hprt locus. Thus, AS52 cells are sensitive to induced mutagenesis by a variety of clastogens which are often classified as nonmutagens in other assays. Two agents under study are 5-azacytidine (5AC) and 1-beta-D-arabino-furanosylcytosine (ara-C). Neither 5AC nor ara-C are mutagenic at the hprt locus but both are potent mutagens at the gpt locus in AS52 cells. Ara-C has been demonstrated to generate deletions or recombination/gene conversion events and efforts are underway to define the spectrum of mutations induced by 5AC. We are continuing to refine the AS52 cell system to provide a more precise description of complex mutations. Efforts are underway to evaluate the requirement for perfect sequence homology and/or a role for mismatch repair in the regulation of mitotic recombination in mammalian cells. Similar studies in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes have implicated mismatch repair in the regulation of recombination. These studies have direct bearing on the mechanisms by which mutations are induced by agents that saturate or inhibit mismatch repair. Such agents may be particularly recombinogenic and the AS52 cell line may be uniquely capable of detecting these events. Finally, we are continuing to use the pi vx-system to isolate deletion endpoints for molecular characterization from lambda genomic libraries derived from selected AS52 mutants.

{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }

/* * Copyright (c) 2004, 2005 Topspin Communications. All rights reserved. * Copyright (c) 2005 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved. * Copyright (c) 2005, 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. * Copyright (c) 2005 Mellanox Technologies. All rights reserved. * Copyright (c) 2004 Voltaire, Inc. All rights reserved. * * This software is available to you under a choice of one of two * licenses. You may choose to be licensed under the terms of the GNU * General Public License (GPL) Version 2, available from the file * COPYING in the main directory of this source tree, or the * OpenIB.org BSD license below: * * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or * without modification, are permitted provided that the following * conditions are met: * * - Redistributions of source code must retain the above * copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following * disclaimer. * * - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above * copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following * disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials * provided with the distribution. * * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS * BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN * ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE * SOFTWARE. */ #include <linux/gfp.h> #include <linux/hardirq.h> #include <linux/sched.h> #include <asm/io.h> #include <rdma/ib_pack.h> #include "mthca_dev.h" #include "mthca_cmd.h" #include "mthca_memfree.h" enum { MTHCA_MAX_DIRECT_CQ_SIZE = 4 * PAGE_SIZE }; enum { MTHCA_CQ_ENTRY_SIZE = 0x20 }; enum { MTHCA_ATOMIC_BYTE_LEN = 8 }; /* * Must be packed because start is 64 bits but only aligned to 32 bits. */ struct mthca_cq_context { __be32 flags; __be64 start; __be32 logsize_usrpage; __be32 error_eqn; /* Tavor only */ __be32 comp_eqn; __be32 pd; __be32 lkey; __be32 last_notified_index; __be32 solicit_producer_index; __be32 consumer_index; __be32 producer_index; __be32 cqn; __be32 ci_db; /* Arbel only */ __be32 state_db; /* Arbel only */ u32 reserved; } __attribute__((packed)); #define MTHCA_CQ_STATUS_OK ( 0 << 28) #define MTHCA_CQ_STATUS_OVERFLOW ( 9 << 28) #define MTHCA_CQ_STATUS_WRITE_FAIL (10 << 28) #define MTHCA_CQ_FLAG_TR ( 1 << 18) #define MTHCA_CQ_FLAG_OI ( 1 << 17) #define MTHCA_CQ_STATE_DISARMED ( 0 << 8) #define MTHCA_CQ_STATE_ARMED ( 1 << 8) #define MTHCA_CQ_STATE_ARMED_SOL ( 4 << 8) #define MTHCA_EQ_STATE_FIRED (10 << 8) enum { MTHCA_ERROR_CQE_OPCODE_MASK = 0xfe }; enum { SYNDROME_LOCAL_LENGTH_ERR = 0x01, SYNDROME_LOCAL_QP_OP_ERR = 0x02, SYNDROME_LOCAL_EEC_OP_ERR = 0x03, SYNDROME_LOCAL_PROT_ERR = 0x04, SYNDROME_WR_FLUSH_ERR = 0x05, SYNDROME_MW_BIND_ERR = 0x06, SYNDROME_BAD_RESP_ERR = 0x10, SYNDROME_LOCAL_ACCESS_ERR = 0x11, SYNDROME_REMOTE_INVAL_REQ_ERR = 0x12, SYNDROME_REMOTE_ACCESS_ERR = 0x13, SYNDROME_REMOTE_OP_ERR = 0x14, SYNDROME_RETRY_EXC_ERR = 0x15, SYNDROME_RNR_RETRY_EXC_ERR = 0x16, SYNDROME_LOCAL_RDD_VIOL_ERR = 0x20, SYNDROME_REMOTE_INVAL_RD_REQ_ERR = 0x21, SYNDROME_REMOTE_ABORTED_ERR = 0x22, SYNDROME_INVAL_EECN_ERR = 0x23, SYNDROME_INVAL_EEC_STATE_ERR = 0x24 }; struct mthca_cqe { __be32 my_qpn; __be32 my_ee; __be32 rqpn; u8 sl_ipok; u8 g_mlpath; __be16 rlid; __be32 imm_etype_pkey_eec; __be32 byte_cnt; __be32 wqe; u8 opcode; u8 is_send; u8 reserved; u8 owner; }; struct mthca_err_cqe { __be32 my_qpn; u32 reserved1[3]; u8 syndrome; u8 vendor_err; __be16 db_cnt; u32 reserved2; __be32 wqe; u8 opcode; u8 reserved3[2]; u8 owner; }; #define MTHCA_CQ_ENTRY_OWNER_SW (0 << 7) #define MTHCA_CQ_ENTRY_OWNER_HW (1 << 7) #define MTHCA_TAVOR_CQ_DB_INC_CI (1 << 24) #define MTHCA_TAVOR_CQ_DB_REQ_NOT (2 << 24) #define MTHCA_TAVOR_CQ_DB_REQ_NOT_SOL (3 << 24) #define MTHCA_TAVOR_CQ_DB_SET_CI (4 << 24) #define MTHCA_TAVOR_CQ_DB_REQ_NOT_MULT (5 << 24) #define MTHCA_ARBEL_CQ_DB_REQ_NOT_SOL (1 << 24) #define MTHCA_ARBEL_CQ_DB_REQ_NOT (2 << 24) #define MTHCA_ARBEL_CQ_DB_REQ_NOT_MULT (3 << 24) static inline struct mthca_cqe *get_cqe_from_buf(struct mthca_cq_buf *buf, int entry) { if (buf->is_direct) return buf->queue.direct.buf + (entry * MTHCA_CQ_ENTRY_SIZE); else return buf->queue.page_list[entry * MTHCA_CQ_ENTRY_SIZE / PAGE_SIZE].buf + (entry * MTHCA_CQ_ENTRY_SIZE) % PAGE_SIZE; } static inline struct mthca_cqe *get_cqe(struct mthca_cq *cq, int entry) { return get_cqe_from_buf(&cq->buf, entry); } static inline struct mthca_cqe *cqe_sw(struct mthca_cqe *cqe) { return MTHCA_CQ_ENTRY_OWNER_HW & cqe->owner ? NULL : cqe; } static inline struct mthca_cqe *next_cqe_sw(struct mthca_cq *cq) { return cqe_sw(get_cqe(cq, cq->cons_index & cq->ibcq.cqe)); } static inline void set_cqe_hw(struct mthca_cqe *cqe) { cqe->owner = MTHCA_CQ_ENTRY_OWNER_HW; } static void dump_cqe(struct mthca_dev *dev, void *cqe_ptr) { __be32 *cqe = cqe_ptr; (void) cqe; /* avoid warning if mthca_dbg compiled away... */ mthca_dbg(dev, "CQE contents %08x %08x %08x %08x %08x %08x %08x %08x\n", be32_to_cpu(cqe[0]), be32_to_cpu(cqe[1]), be32_to_cpu(cqe[2]), be32_to_cpu(cqe[3]), be32_to_cpu(cqe[4]), be32_to_cpu(cqe[5]), be32_to_cpu(cqe[6]), be32_to_cpu(cqe[7])); } /* * incr is ignored in native Arbel (mem-free) mode, so cq->cons_index * should be correct before calling update_cons_index(). */ static inline void update_cons_index(struct mthca_dev *dev, struct mthca_cq *cq, int incr) { if (mthca_is_memfree(dev)) { *cq->set_ci_db = cpu_to_be32(cq->cons_index); wmb(); } else { mthca_write64(MTHCA_TAVOR_CQ_DB_INC_CI | cq->cqn, incr - 1, dev->kar + MTHCA_CQ_DOORBELL, MTHCA_GET_DOORBELL_LOCK(&dev->doorbell_lock)); /* * Make sure doorbells don't leak out of CQ spinlock * and reach the HCA out of order: */ mmiowb(); } } void mthca_cq_completion(struct mthca_dev *dev, u32 cqn) { struct mthca_cq *cq; cq = mthca_array_get(&dev->cq_table.cq, cqn & (dev->limits.num_cqs - 1)); if (!cq) { mthca_warn(dev, "Completion event for bogus CQ %08x\n", cqn); return; } ++cq->arm_sn; cq->ibcq.comp_handler(&cq->ibcq, cq->ibcq.cq_context); } void mthca_cq_event(struct mthca_dev *dev, u32 cqn, enum ib_event_type event_type) { struct mthca_cq *cq; struct ib_event event; spin_lock(&dev->cq_table.lock); cq = mthca_array_get(&dev->cq_table.cq, cqn & (dev->limits.num_cqs - 1)); if (cq) ++cq->refcount; spin_unlock(&dev->cq_table.lock); if (!cq) { mthca_warn(dev, "Async event for bogus CQ %08x\n", cqn); return; } event.device = &dev->ib_dev; event.event = event_type; event.element.cq = &cq->ibcq; if (cq->ibcq.event_handler) cq->ibcq.event_handler(&event, cq->ibcq.cq_context); spin_lock(&dev->cq_table.lock); if (!--cq->refcount) wake_up(&cq->wait); spin_unlock(&dev->cq_table.lock); } static inline int is_recv_cqe(struct mthca_cqe *cqe) { if ((cqe->opcode & MTHCA_ERROR_CQE_OPCODE_MASK) == MTHCA_ERROR_CQE_OPCODE_MASK) return !(cqe->opcode & 0x01); else return !(cqe->is_send & 0x80); } void mthca_cq_clean(struct mthca_dev *dev, struct mthca_cq *cq, u32 qpn, struct mthca_srq *srq) { struct mthca_cqe *cqe; u32 prod_index; int i, nfreed = 0; spin_lock_irq(&cq->lock); /* * First we need to find the current producer index, so we * know where to start cleaning from. It doesn't matter if HW * adds new entries after this loop -- the QP we're worried * about is already in RESET, so the new entries won't come * from our QP and therefore don't need to be checked. */ for (prod_index = cq->cons_index; cqe_sw(get_cqe(cq, prod_index & cq->ibcq.cqe)); ++prod_index) if (prod_index == cq->cons_index + cq->ibcq.cqe) break; if (0) mthca_dbg(dev, "Cleaning QPN %06x from CQN %06x; ci %d, pi %d\n", qpn, cq->cqn, cq->cons_index, prod_index); /* * Now sweep backwards through the CQ, removing CQ entries * that match our QP by copying older entries on top of them. */ while ((int) --prod_index - (int) cq->cons_index >= 0) { cqe = get_cqe(cq, prod_index & cq->ibcq.cqe); if (cqe->my_qpn == cpu_to_be32(qpn)) { if (srq && is_recv_cqe(cqe)) mthca_free_srq_wqe(srq, be32_to_cpu(cqe->wqe)); ++nfreed; } else if (nfreed) memcpy(get_cqe(cq, (prod_index + nfreed) & cq->ibcq.cqe), cqe, MTHCA_CQ_ENTRY_SIZE); } if (nfreed) { for (i = 0; i < nfreed; ++i) set_cqe_hw(get_cqe(cq, (cq->cons_index + i) & cq->ibcq.cqe)); wmb(); cq->cons_index += nfreed; update_cons_index(dev, cq, nfreed); } spin_unlock_irq(&cq->lock); } void mthca_cq_resize_copy_cqes(struct mthca_cq *cq) { int i; /* * In Tavor mode, the hardware keeps the consumer and producer * indices mod the CQ size. Since we might be making the CQ * bigger, we need to deal with the case where the producer * index wrapped around before the CQ was resized. */ if (!mthca_is_memfree(to_mdev(cq->ibcq.device)) && cq->ibcq.cqe < cq->resize_buf->cqe) { cq->cons_index &= cq->ibcq.cqe; if (cqe_sw(get_cqe(cq, cq->ibcq.cqe))) cq->cons_index -= cq->ibcq.cqe + 1; } for (i = cq->cons_index; cqe_sw(get_cqe(cq, i & cq->ibcq.cqe)); ++i) memcpy(get_cqe_from_buf(&cq->resize_buf->buf, i & cq->resize_buf->cqe), get_cqe(cq, i & cq->ibcq.cqe), MTHCA_CQ_ENTRY_SIZE); } int mthca_alloc_cq_buf(struct mthca_dev *dev, struct mthca_cq_buf *buf, int nent) { int ret; int i; ret = mthca_buf_alloc(dev, nent * MTHCA_CQ_ENTRY_SIZE, MTHCA_MAX_DIRECT_CQ_SIZE, &buf->queue, &buf->is_direct, &dev->driver_pd, 1, &buf->mr); if (ret) return ret; for (i = 0; i < nent; ++i) set_cqe_hw(get_cqe_from_buf(buf, i)); return 0; } void mthca_free_cq_buf(struct mthca_dev *dev, struct mthca_cq_buf *buf, int cqe) { mthca_buf_free(dev, (cqe + 1) * MTHCA_CQ_ENTRY_SIZE, &buf->queue, buf->is_direct, &buf->mr); } static void handle_error_cqe(struct mthca_dev *dev, struct mthca_cq *cq, struct mthca_qp *qp, int wqe_index, int is_send, struct mthca_err_cqe *cqe, struct ib_wc *entry, int *free_cqe) { int dbd; __be32 new_wqe; if (cqe->syndrome == SYNDROME_LOCAL_QP_OP_ERR) { mthca_dbg(dev, "local QP operation err " "(QPN %06x, WQE @ %08x, CQN %06x, index %d)\n", be32_to_cpu(cqe->my_qpn), be32_to_cpu(cqe->wqe), cq->cqn, cq->cons_index); dump_cqe(dev, cqe); } /* * For completions in error, only work request ID, status, vendor error * (and freed resource count for RD) have to be set. */ switch (cqe->syndrome) { case SYNDROME_LOCAL_LENGTH_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_LOC_LEN_ERR; break; case SYNDROME_LOCAL_QP_OP_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_LOC_QP_OP_ERR; break; case SYNDROME_LOCAL_EEC_OP_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_LOC_EEC_OP_ERR; break; case SYNDROME_LOCAL_PROT_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_LOC_PROT_ERR; break; case SYNDROME_WR_FLUSH_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_WR_FLUSH_ERR; break; case SYNDROME_MW_BIND_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_MW_BIND_ERR; break; case SYNDROME_BAD_RESP_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_BAD_RESP_ERR; break; case SYNDROME_LOCAL_ACCESS_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_LOC_ACCESS_ERR; break; case SYNDROME_REMOTE_INVAL_REQ_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_REM_INV_REQ_ERR; break; case SYNDROME_REMOTE_ACCESS_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_REM_ACCESS_ERR; break; case SYNDROME_REMOTE_OP_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_REM_OP_ERR; break; case SYNDROME_RETRY_EXC_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_RETRY_EXC_ERR; break; case SYNDROME_RNR_RETRY_EXC_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_RNR_RETRY_EXC_ERR; break; case SYNDROME_LOCAL_RDD_VIOL_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_LOC_RDD_VIOL_ERR; break; case SYNDROME_REMOTE_INVAL_RD_REQ_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_REM_INV_RD_REQ_ERR; break; case SYNDROME_REMOTE_ABORTED_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_REM_ABORT_ERR; break; case SYNDROME_INVAL_EECN_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_INV_EECN_ERR; break; case SYNDROME_INVAL_EEC_STATE_ERR: entry->status = IB_WC_INV_EEC_STATE_ERR; break; default: entry->status = IB_WC_GENERAL_ERR; break; } entry->vendor_err = cqe->vendor_err; /* * Mem-free HCAs always generate one CQE per WQE, even in the * error case, so we don't have to check the doorbell count, etc. */ if (mthca_is_memfree(dev)) return; mthca_free_err_wqe(dev, qp, is_send, wqe_index, &dbd, &new_wqe); /* * If we're at the end of the WQE chain, or we've used up our * doorbell count, free the CQE. Otherwise just update it for * the next poll operation. */ if (!(new_wqe & cpu_to_be32(0x3f)) || (!cqe->db_cnt && dbd)) return; be16_add_cpu(&cqe->db_cnt, -dbd); cqe->wqe = new_wqe; cqe->syndrome = SYNDROME_WR_FLUSH_ERR; *free_cqe = 0; } static inline int mthca_poll_one(struct mthca_dev *dev, struct mthca_cq *cq, struct mthca_qp **cur_qp, int *freed, struct ib_wc *entry) { struct mthca_wq *wq; struct mthca_cqe *cqe; int wqe_index; int is_error; int is_send; int free_cqe = 1; int err = 0; u16 checksum; cqe = next_cqe_sw(cq); if (!cqe) return -EAGAIN; /* * Make sure we read CQ entry contents after we've checked the * ownership bit. */ rmb(); if (0) { mthca_dbg(dev, "%x/%d: CQE -> QPN %06x, WQE @ %08x\n", cq->cqn, cq->cons_index, be32_to_cpu(cqe->my_qpn), be32_to_cpu(cqe->wqe)); dump_cqe(dev, cqe); } is_error = (cqe->opcode & MTHCA_ERROR_CQE_OPCODE_MASK) == MTHCA_ERROR_CQE_OPCODE_MASK; is_send = is_error ? cqe->opcode & 0x01 : cqe->is_send & 0x80; if (!*cur_qp || be32_to_cpu(cqe->my_qpn) != (*cur_qp)->qpn) { /* * We do not have to take the QP table lock here, * because CQs will be locked while QPs are removed * from the table. */ *cur_qp = mthca_array_get(&dev->qp_table.qp, be32_to_cpu(cqe->my_qpn) & (dev->limits.num_qps - 1)); if (!*cur_qp) { mthca_warn(dev, "CQ entry for unknown QP %06x\n", be32_to_cpu(cqe->my_qpn) & 0xffffff); err = -EINVAL; goto out; } } entry->qp = &(*cur_qp)->ibqp; if (is_send) { wq = &(*cur_qp)->sq; wqe_index = ((be32_to_cpu(cqe->wqe) - (*cur_qp)->send_wqe_offset) >> wq->wqe_shift); entry->wr_id = (*cur_qp)->wrid[wqe_index + (*cur_qp)->rq.max]; } else if ((*cur_qp)->ibqp.srq) { struct mthca_srq *srq = to_msrq((*cur_qp)->ibqp.srq); u32 wqe = be32_to_cpu(cqe->wqe); wq = NULL; wqe_index = wqe >> srq->wqe_shift; entry->wr_id = srq->wrid[wqe_index]; mthca_free_srq_wqe(srq, wqe); } else { s32 wqe; wq = &(*cur_qp)->rq; wqe = be32_to_cpu(cqe->wqe); wqe_index = wqe >> wq->wqe_shift; /* * WQE addr == base - 1 might be reported in receive completion * with error instead of (rq size - 1) by Sinai FW 1.0.800 and * Arbel FW 5.1.400. This bug should be fixed in later FW revs. */ if (unlikely(wqe_index < 0)) wqe_index = wq->max - 1; entry->wr_id = (*cur_qp)->wrid[wqe_index]; } if (wq) { if (wq->last_comp < wqe_index) wq->tail += wqe_index - wq->last_comp; else wq->tail += wqe_index + wq->max - wq->last_comp; wq->last_comp = wqe_index; } if (is_error) { handle_error_cqe(dev, cq, *cur_qp, wqe_index, is_send, (struct mthca_err_cqe *) cqe, entry, &free_cqe); goto out; } if (is_send) { entry->wc_flags = 0; switch (cqe->opcode) { case MTHCA_OPCODE_RDMA_WRITE: entry->opcode = IB_WC_RDMA_WRITE; break; case MTHCA_OPCODE_RDMA_WRITE_IMM: entry->opcode = IB_WC_RDMA_WRITE; entry->wc_flags |= IB_WC_WITH_IMM; break; case MTHCA_OPCODE_SEND: entry->opcode = IB_WC_SEND; break; case MTHCA_OPCODE_SEND_IMM: entry->opcode = IB_WC_SEND; entry->wc_flags |= IB_WC_WITH_IMM; break; case MTHCA_OPCODE_RDMA_READ: entry->opcode = IB_WC_RDMA_READ; entry->byte_len = be32_to_cpu(cqe->byte_cnt); break; case MTHCA_OPCODE_ATOMIC_CS: entry->opcode = IB_WC_COMP_SWAP; entry->byte_len = MTHCA_ATOMIC_BYTE_LEN; break; case MTHCA_OPCODE_ATOMIC_FA: entry->opcode = IB_WC_FETCH_ADD; entry->byte_len = MTHCA_ATOMIC_BYTE_LEN; break; case MTHCA_OPCODE_BIND_MW: entry->opcode = IB_WC_BIND_MW; break; default: entry->opcode = MTHCA_OPCODE_INVALID; break; } } else { entry->byte_len = be32_to_cpu(cqe->byte_cnt); switch (cqe->opcode & 0x1f) { case IB_OPCODE_SEND_LAST_WITH_IMMEDIATE: case IB_OPCODE_SEND_ONLY_WITH_IMMEDIATE: entry->wc_flags = IB_WC_WITH_IMM; entry->ex.imm_data = cqe->imm_etype_pkey_eec; entry->opcode = IB_WC_RECV; break; case IB_OPCODE_RDMA_WRITE_LAST_WITH_IMMEDIATE: case IB_OPCODE_RDMA_WRITE_ONLY_WITH_IMMEDIATE: entry->wc_flags = IB_WC_WITH_IMM; entry->ex.imm_data = cqe->imm_etype_pkey_eec; entry->opcode = IB_WC_RECV_RDMA_WITH_IMM; break; default: entry->wc_flags = 0; entry->opcode = IB_WC_RECV; break; } entry->slid = be16_to_cpu(cqe->rlid); entry->sl = cqe->sl_ipok >> 4; entry->src_qp = be32_to_cpu(cqe->rqpn) & 0xffffff; entry->dlid_path_bits = cqe->g_mlpath & 0x7f; entry->pkey_index = be32_to_cpu(cqe->imm_etype_pkey_eec) >> 16; entry->wc_flags |= cqe->g_mlpath & 0x80 ? IB_WC_GRH : 0; checksum = (be32_to_cpu(cqe->rqpn) >> 24) | ((be32_to_cpu(cqe->my_ee) >> 16) & 0xff00); entry->wc_flags |= (cqe->sl_ipok & 1 && checksum == 0xffff) ? IB_WC_IP_CSUM_OK : 0; } entry->status = IB_WC_SUCCESS; out: if (likely(free_cqe)) { set_cqe_hw(cqe); ++(*freed); ++cq->cons_index; } return err; } int mthca_poll_cq(struct ib_cq *ibcq, int num_entries, struct ib_wc *entry) { struct mthca_dev *dev = to_mdev(ibcq->device); struct mthca_cq *cq = to_mcq(ibcq); struct mthca_qp *qp = NULL; unsigned long flags; int err = 0; int freed = 0; int npolled; spin_lock_irqsave(&cq->lock, flags); npolled = 0; repoll: while (npolled < num_entries) { err = mthca_poll_one(dev, cq, &qp, &freed, entry + npolled); if (err) break; ++npolled; } if (freed) { wmb(); update_cons_index(dev, cq, freed); } /* * If a CQ resize is in progress and we discovered that the * old buffer is empty, then peek in the new buffer, and if * it's not empty, switch to the new buffer and continue * polling there. */ if (unlikely(err == -EAGAIN && cq->resize_buf && cq->resize_buf->state == CQ_RESIZE_READY)) { /* * In Tavor mode, the hardware keeps the producer * index modulo the CQ size. Since we might be making * the CQ bigger, we need to mask our consumer index * using the size of the old CQ buffer before looking * in the new CQ buffer. */ if (!mthca_is_memfree(dev)) cq->cons_index &= cq->ibcq.cqe; if (cqe_sw(get_cqe_from_buf(&cq->resize_buf->buf, cq->cons_index & cq->resize_buf->cqe))) { struct mthca_cq_buf tbuf; int tcqe; tbuf = cq->buf; tcqe = cq->ibcq.cqe; cq->buf = cq->resize_buf->buf; cq->ibcq.cqe = cq->resize_buf->cqe; cq->resize_buf->buf = tbuf; cq->resize_buf->cqe = tcqe; cq->resize_buf->state = CQ_RESIZE_SWAPPED; goto repoll; } } spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cq->lock, flags); return err == 0 || err == -EAGAIN ? npolled : err; } int mthca_tavor_arm_cq(struct ib_cq *cq, enum ib_cq_notify_flags flags) { u32 dbhi = ((flags & IB_CQ_SOLICITED_MASK) == IB_CQ_SOLICITED ? MTHCA_TAVOR_CQ_DB_REQ_NOT_SOL : MTHCA_TAVOR_CQ_DB_REQ_NOT) | to_mcq(cq)->cqn; mthca_write64(dbhi, 0xffffffff, to_mdev(cq->device)->kar + MTHCA_CQ_DOORBELL, MTHCA_GET_DOORBELL_LOCK(&to_mdev(cq->device)->doorbell_lock)); return 0; } int mthca_arbel_arm_cq(struct ib_cq *ibcq, enum ib_cq_notify_flags flags) { struct mthca_cq *cq = to_mcq(ibcq); __be32 db_rec[2]; u32 dbhi; u32 sn = cq->arm_sn & 3; db_rec[0] = cpu_to_be32(cq->cons_index); db_rec[1] = cpu_to_be32((cq->cqn << 8) | (2 << 5) | (sn << 3) | ((flags & IB_CQ_SOLICITED_MASK) == IB_CQ_SOLICITED ? 1 : 2)); mthca_write_db_rec(db_rec, cq->arm_db); /* * Make sure that the doorbell record in host memory is * written before ringing the doorbell via PCI MMIO. */ wmb(); dbhi = (sn << 28) | ((flags & IB_CQ_SOLICITED_MASK) == IB_CQ_SOLICITED ? MTHCA_ARBEL_CQ_DB_REQ_NOT_SOL : MTHCA_ARBEL_CQ_DB_REQ_NOT) | cq->cqn; mthca_write64(dbhi, cq->cons_index, to_mdev(ibcq->device)->kar + MTHCA_CQ_DOORBELL, MTHCA_GET_DOORBELL_LOCK(&to_mdev(ibcq->device)->doorbell_lock)); return 0; } int mthca_init_cq(struct mthca_dev *dev, int nent, struct mthca_ucontext *ctx, u32 pdn, struct mthca_cq *cq) { struct mthca_mailbox *mailbox; struct mthca_cq_context *cq_context; int err = -ENOMEM; cq->ibcq.cqe = nent - 1; cq->is_kernel = !ctx; cq->cqn = mthca_alloc(&dev->cq_table.alloc); if (cq->cqn == -1) return -ENOMEM; if (mthca_is_memfree(dev)) { err = mthca_table_get(dev, dev->cq_table.table, cq->cqn); if (err) goto err_out; if (cq->is_kernel) { cq->arm_sn = 1; err = -ENOMEM; cq->set_ci_db_index = mthca_alloc_db(dev, MTHCA_DB_TYPE_CQ_SET_CI, cq->cqn, &cq->set_ci_db); if (cq->set_ci_db_index < 0) goto err_out_icm; cq->arm_db_index = mthca_alloc_db(dev, MTHCA_DB_TYPE_CQ_ARM, cq->cqn, &cq->arm_db); if (cq->arm_db_index < 0) goto err_out_ci; } } mailbox = mthca_alloc_mailbox(dev, GFP_KERNEL); if (IS_ERR(mailbox)) goto err_out_arm; cq_context = mailbox->buf; if (cq->is_kernel) { err = mthca_alloc_cq_buf(dev, &cq->buf, nent); if (err) goto err_out_mailbox; } spin_lock_init(&cq->lock); cq->refcount = 1; init_waitqueue_head(&cq->wait); mutex_init(&cq->mutex); memset(cq_context, 0, sizeof *cq_context); cq_context->flags = cpu_to_be32(MTHCA_CQ_STATUS_OK | MTHCA_CQ_STATE_DISARMED | MTHCA_CQ_FLAG_TR); cq_context->logsize_usrpage = cpu_to_be32((ffs(nent) - 1) << 24); if (ctx) cq_context->logsize_usrpage |= cpu_to_be32(ctx->uar.index); else cq_context->logsize_usrpage |= cpu_to_be32(dev->driver_uar.index); cq_context->error_eqn = cpu_to_be32(dev->eq_table.eq[MTHCA_EQ_ASYNC].eqn); cq_context->comp_eqn = cpu_to_be32(dev->eq_table.eq[MTHCA_EQ_COMP].eqn); cq_context->pd = cpu_to_be32(pdn); cq_context->lkey = cpu_to_be32(cq->buf.mr.ibmr.lkey); cq_context->cqn = cpu_to_be32(cq->cqn); if (mthca_is_memfree(dev)) { cq_context->ci_db = cpu_to_be32(cq->set_ci_db_index); cq_context->state_db = cpu_to_be32(cq->arm_db_index); } err = mthca_SW2HW_CQ(dev, mailbox, cq->cqn); if (err) { mthca_warn(dev, "SW2HW_CQ failed (%d)\n", err); goto err_out_free_mr; } spin_lock_irq(&dev->cq_table.lock); if (mthca_array_set(&dev->cq_table.cq, cq->cqn & (dev->limits.num_cqs - 1), cq)) { spin_unlock_irq(&dev->cq_table.lock); goto err_out_free_mr; } spin_unlock_irq(&dev->cq_table.lock); cq->cons_index = 0; mthca_free_mailbox(dev, mailbox); return 0; err_out_free_mr: if (cq->is_kernel) mthca_free_cq_buf(dev, &cq->buf, cq->ibcq.cqe); err_out_mailbox: mthca_free_mailbox(dev, mailbox); err_out_arm: if (cq->is_kernel && mthca_is_memfree(dev)) mthca_free_db(dev, MTHCA_DB_TYPE_CQ_ARM, cq->arm_db_index); err_out_ci: if (cq->is_kernel && mthca_is_memfree(dev)) mthca_free_db(dev, MTHCA_DB_TYPE_CQ_SET_CI, cq->set_ci_db_index); err_out_icm: mthca_table_put(dev, dev->cq_table.table, cq->cqn); err_out: mthca_free(&dev->cq_table.alloc, cq->cqn); return err; } static inline int get_cq_refcount(struct mthca_dev *dev, struct mthca_cq *cq) { int c; spin_lock_irq(&dev->cq_table.lock); c = cq->refcount; spin_unlock_irq(&dev->cq_table.lock); return c; } void mthca_free_cq(struct mthca_dev *dev, struct mthca_cq *cq) { struct mthca_mailbox *mailbox; int err; mailbox = mthca_alloc_mailbox(dev, GFP_KERNEL); if (IS_ERR(mailbox)) { mthca_warn(dev, "No memory for mailbox to free CQ.\n"); return; } err = mthca_HW2SW_CQ(dev, mailbox, cq->cqn); if (err) mthca_warn(dev, "HW2SW_CQ failed (%d)\n", err); if (0) { __be32 *ctx = mailbox->buf; int j; printk(KERN_ERR "context for CQN %x (cons index %x, next sw %d)\n", cq->cqn, cq->cons_index, cq->is_kernel ? !!next_cqe_sw(cq) : 0); for (j = 0; j < 16; ++j) printk(KERN_ERR "[%2x] %08x\n", j * 4, be32_to_cpu(ctx[j])); } spin_lock_irq(&dev->cq_table.lock); mthca_array_clear(&dev->cq_table.cq, cq->cqn & (dev->limits.num_cqs - 1)); --cq->refcount; spin_unlock_irq(&dev->cq_table.lock); if (dev->mthca_flags & MTHCA_FLAG_MSI_X) synchronize_irq(dev->eq_table.eq[MTHCA_EQ_COMP].msi_x_vector); else synchronize_irq(dev->pdev->irq); wait_event(cq->wait, !get_cq_refcount(dev, cq)); if (cq->is_kernel) { mthca_free_cq_buf(dev, &cq->buf, cq->ibcq.cqe); if (mthca_is_memfree(dev)) { mthca_free_db(dev, MTHCA_DB_TYPE_CQ_ARM, cq->arm_db_index); mthca_free_db(dev, MTHCA_DB_TYPE_CQ_SET_CI, cq->set_ci_db_index); } } mthca_table_put(dev, dev->cq_table.table, cq->cqn); mthca_free(&dev->cq_table.alloc, cq->cqn); mthca_free_mailbox(dev, mailbox); } int mthca_init_cq_table(struct mthca_dev *dev) { int err; spin_lock_init(&dev->cq_table.lock); err = mthca_alloc_init(&dev->cq_table.alloc, dev->limits.num_cqs, (1 << 24) - 1, dev->limits.reserved_cqs); if (err) return err; err = mthca_array_init(&dev->cq_table.cq, dev->limits.num_cqs); if (err) mthca_alloc_cleanup(&dev->cq_table.alloc); return err; } void mthca_cleanup_cq_table(struct mthca_dev *dev) { mthca_array_cleanup(&dev->cq_table.cq, dev->limits.num_cqs); mthca_alloc_cleanup(&dev->cq_table.alloc); }

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

Q: How do you make lambda a symbol when importing all Sympy functions? If I import sympy with: from sympy import * Then how do set lambda to be a symbol and not a function? E.g. lambda = symbols('lambda') In my case, likely because sympy has all its functions imported (I am working in a sympy only environment so it is convenient), I receive the error: lambda = symbols('lambda') ^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax Is there any way to avoid this if I am importing all the functions from sympy? Thank you A: This is because lambda is a keyword for creating lambda functions. You can't use it as your variable name. You'll have to find a new name. Even if you find a way to assign lambda to something, it won't work because it's not parsed as a potential variable name. For example: lambda_ = symbols('lambda') will not have the same error.

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

using UnityEngine; using System.Collections; using UnityEngine.UI; /// <summary> /// Base class for objects and npcs /// Works hand in hand with ObjectInteraction /// </summary> public class object_base : UWEBase { public bool testUse = false; //The Object interaction that is on this object. protected ObjectInteraction _objInt; //For the context menu public static string ItemDesc; public static string UseableDesc; public static string PickableDesc; public static string UseObjectOnDesc; public static bool UseAvail; public static bool PickAvail; public static bool TalkAvail; //Static Properties public short ObjectIndex { get { return (short)objInt().ObjectIndex; } } public int item_id { get { return objInt().item_id; } set { objInt().item_id = value; } } public short xpos { get { return objInt().xpos; } set { objInt().xpos = value; } } public short ypos { get { return objInt().ypos; } set { objInt().ypos = value; } } public short zpos { get { return objInt().zpos; } set { objInt().zpos = value; } } public short heading { get { return objInt().heading; } set { objInt().heading = value; } } public short ObjectTileX { get { return objInt().ObjectTileX; } set { objInt().ObjectTileX = value; } } public short ObjectTileY { get { return objInt().ObjectTileY; } set { objInt().ObjectTileY = value; } } public short flags { get { return objInt().flags; } set { objInt().flags = value; } } public short enchantment { get { return objInt().enchantment; } set { objInt().enchantment = value; } } public short doordir { get { return objInt().doordir; } set { objInt().doordir = value; } } public short invis { get { return objInt().invis; } set { objInt().invis = value; } } public short isquant { get { return objInt().isquant; } set { objInt().isquant = value; } } public short quality { get { return objInt().quality; } set { objInt().quality = value; } } public int next { get { return objInt().next; } set { objInt().next = value; } } public short owner { get { return objInt().owner; } set { objInt().owner = value; } } public int link { get { return objInt().link; } set { objInt().link = value; } } //Mobile Properties public short npc_whoami { get { return objInt().npc_whoami; } set { objInt().npc_whoami = value; } } public short npc_voidanim { get { return objInt().npc_voidanim; } set { objInt().npc_voidanim = value; } } public short npc_xhome { get { return objInt().npc_xhome; } set { objInt().npc_xhome = value; } } public short npc_yhome { get { return objInt().npc_yhome; } set { objInt().npc_yhome = value; } } public short npc_hunger { get { return objInt().npc_hunger; } set { objInt().npc_hunger = value; } } public short npc_health { get { return objInt().npc_health; } set { objInt().npc_health = value; } } public short npc_hp { get { return objInt().npc_hp; } set { objInt().npc_hp = value; } } public short npc_arms { get { return objInt().npc_arms; } set { objInt().npc_arms = value; } } public short npc_power { get { return objInt().npc_power; } set { objInt().npc_power = value; } } public short npc_goal { get { return objInt().npc_goal; } set { objInt().npc_goal = value; } } public short npc_attitude { get { return objInt().npc_attitude; } set { objInt().npc_attitude = value; } } public short npc_gtarg { get { return objInt().npc_gtarg; } set { objInt().npc_gtarg = value; } } public short npc_heading { get { return objInt().npc_heading; } set { objInt().npc_heading = value; } } public short npc_talkedto { get { return objInt().npc_talkedto; } set { objInt().npc_talkedto = value; } } public short npc_level { get { return objInt().npc_level; } set { objInt().npc_level = value; } } public short npc_name { get { return objInt().npc_name; } set { objInt().npc_name = value; } } public short npc_height { get { return objInt().npc_height; } set { objInt().npc_height = value; } } public short ProjectileHeadingMajor { get { return objInt().ProjectileHeadingMajor; } set { objInt().ProjectileHeadingMajor = value; } } public short ProjectileHeadingMinor { get { return objInt().ProjectileHeadingMinor; } set { objInt().ProjectileHeadingMinor = value; } } public short Projectile_Speed { get { return objInt().Projectile_Speed; } set { objInt().Projectile_Speed = value; } } public short Projectile_Pitch { get { return objInt().Projectile_Pitch; } set { objInt().Projectile_Pitch = value; } } public short Projectile_Sign { get { return objInt().Projectile_Sign; } set { objInt().Projectile_Sign = value; } } ///A trigger to activate when this object is picked up. //public string PickupLink; /// <summary> /// Gets the object interaction that this object base works with /// </summary> /// <returns>The object interaction.</returns> public ObjectInteraction objInt() { if (_objInt == null) { _objInt = this.GetComponent<ObjectInteraction>(); } return _objInt; } protected virtual void Start() { InitSound(); } /// <summary> /// For when this object is activated by code. Eg buttons /// </summary> public virtual bool Activate(GameObject src) {//Unimplemented items return false; } /// <summary> /// Object is attacked or damaged in some way. /// </summary> /// <returns><c>true</c>, if attack was applyed, <c>false</c> otherwise.</returns> /// <param name="damage">Damage.</param> public virtual bool ApplyAttack(short damage) { return false; } /// <summary> /// Applies the attack from a known source /// </summary> /// <returns><c>true</c>, if attack was applyed, <c>false</c> otherwise.</returns> /// <param name="damage">Damage.</param> /// <param name="source">Source.</param> public virtual bool ApplyAttack(short damage, GameObject source) { return ApplyAttack(damage); } /// <summary> /// Outputs the look description of the object /// </summary> /// <returns>The <see cref="System.Boolean"/>.</returns> public virtual bool LookAt() { //CheckReferences(); UWHUD.instance.MessageScroll.Add(StringController.instance.GetFormattedObjectNameUW(objInt()) + OwnershipString()); if ((link != 0) && (objInt().isQuant == false) && (enchantment == 0)) { if (ObjectLoader.GetItemTypeAt(link) == ObjectInteraction.A_LOOK_TRIGGER) { ObjectInteraction obj = ObjectLoader.getObjectIntAt(link); if (obj != null) { obj.GetComponent<object_base>().Activate(this.gameObject); } } } return true; } /// <summary> /// Activation of this object by another. EG key on door /// </summary> /// <returns><c>true</c>, if by object was activated, <c>false</c> otherwise.</returns> /// <param name="ObjectUsed">Object used.</param> public virtual bool ActivateByObject(ObjectInteraction ObjectUsed) { //CheckReferences(); if (UWCharacter.InteractionMode == UWCharacter.InteractionModeUse) { FailMessage(); UWHUD.instance.CursorIcon = UWHUD.instance.CursorIconDefault; CurrentObjectInHand = null; return true; } else { return false; } } /// <summary> /// The object is used by the player. /// </summary> /// Checks if the player is already holding something or using something else on this object. public virtual bool use() { if (CurrentObjectInHand == null) { if ((objInt().isUsable == true) && (objInt().PickedUp == true)) { BecomeObjectInHand(); return true; } else { if (objInt().isUsable) {//Hope this does'nt mess up everything! if ( ( (link != 0) && (objInt().isQuant == false) || (link == 1) && (objInt().isQuant) ) && (enchantment == 0) ) {//Not a quantity or an enchanted item. if (ObjectLoader.GetItemTypeAt(link) == ObjectInteraction.A_USE_TRIGGER) { ObjectLoader.getGameObjectAt(link).GetComponent<trigger_base>().Activate(this.gameObject); } } } return false; } } else { return ActivateByObject(CurrentObjectInHand); } } /// <summary> /// Checks the external references for this object /// </summary> /*protected void CheckReferences() { if (objInt==null) { objInt = this.gameObject.GetComponent<ObjectInteraction>(); } if ((objInt!=null) && (ml==null)) { ml=UWHUD.instance.MessageScroll; } }*/ /// <summary> /// This object becomes the object in hand in order to be use /// </summary> public void BecomeObjectInHand() {//In order to use it. //UWHUD.instance.CursorIcon = objInt().GetInventoryDisplay().texture; CurrentObjectInHand = this.objInt(); UWCharacter.InteractionMode = UWCharacter.InteractionModeUse; InteractionModeControl.UpdateNow = true; } /// <summary> /// Player talks to the object. /// </summary> /// <returns><c>true</c>, if to was talked, <c>false</c> otherwise.</returns> public virtual bool TalkTo() { //000~001~156~You cannot talk to that. UWHUD.instance.MessageScroll.Add(StringController.instance.GetString(1, StringController.str_you_cannot_talk_to_that_)); return true; } /// <summary> /// Player tries to eat this object. /// </summary> /// For when the player tries to eat certain objects by dragging them on top of the paper doll face. For future use? public virtual bool Eat() { return false; } /// <summary> /// For special events when an object is picked up. Eg silver seed or pickup traps /// </summary> /// If object has a pickup link then the object referenced is activated public virtual bool PickupEvent() { if ((link != 0) && (objInt().isQuant == false) && (enchantment == 0)) { if (ObjectLoader.GetItemTypeAt(link) == ObjectInteraction.A_PICK_UP_TRIGGER) { ObjectLoader.getGameObjectAt(link).GetComponent<trigger_base>().Activate(this.gameObject); link = 0; } } if (CanBeOwned()) { if (((owner & 0x1f)) != 0) //if ((owner < 31) && (owner >0)) { if (_RES == GAME_UW1) { if ((owner == 13) && (Quest.instance.QuestVariables[32] == 4)) {//Do not signal theft if the item belongs to a knight and the player is now a knight owner = 0; return false; } } SignalTheft(UWCharacter.Instance.transform.position, owner, 4f); owner = 0; } } return false; } /// <summary> /// For special events when an object is dropped. Eg setting the map is_quant value back to zero /// </summary> /// <returns><c>true</c>, if event was droped, <c>false</c> otherwise.</returns> public virtual bool DropEvent() { return false; } /* if (PickupLink!="") { GameObject obj = GameObject.Find (PickupLink); if (obj!=null) { if (obj.GetComponent<trigger_base>()!=null) { obj.GetComponent<trigger_base>().Activate(); } } } return false;*/ /// <summary> /// Event when Item is put into inventory /// </summary> /// <returns><c>true</c>, if item away was put, <c>false</c> otherwise.</returns> /// <param name="slotNo">Slot no.</param> public virtual bool PutItemAwayEvent(short slotNo) { return false; } /// <summary> /// PLayer puts the object on in an inventory slot. /// </summary> /// <returns><c>true</c>, if event was equiped, <c>false</c> otherwise.</returns> /// <param name="slotNo">Slot no.</param> public virtual bool EquipEvent(short slotNo) { return false; } /// <summary> /// Player takes an object out of an inventory slot. /// </summary> /// <returns><c>true</c>, if equip event was uned, <c>false</c> otherwise.</returns> /// <param name="slotNo">Slot no.</param> public virtual bool UnEquipEvent(short slotNo) { return false; } /// <summary> /// Failure message to display when this object is used on a another object that has no use for it. Eg a key on a sign. /// </summary> /// <returns><c>true</c>, if message was failed, <c>false</c> otherwise.</returns> public virtual bool FailMessage() {//000~001~152~You cannot use that. \n UWHUD.instance.MessageScroll.Add(StringController.instance.GetString(1, StringController.str_you_cannot_use_that_)); return false; } /// <summary> /// Return the weight of the object stack /// </summary> /// <returns>The weight.</returns> public virtual float GetWeight() { if (objInt() == null) { return 0.0f; } else { return (float)(objInt().GetQty()) * GameWorldController.instance.commonObject.properties[item_id].mass * 0.1f;// .Mass[item_id]*0.1f; //return (float)(objInt().GetQty())* GameWorldController.instance.commobj.Mass[item_id]*0.1f; } } /// <summary> /// Code to call when merging two objects. /// To support cases where merging an object means the object becomes something different. /// Eg coin into stack of coins /// </summary> public virtual void MergeEvent() { return; } /// <summary> /// Another item Id this object could potentially have. Eg coin/gold coin. /// By default it's normal item_id is returned /// </summary> /// <returns>The item identifier.</returns> public virtual int AliasItemId() { return item_id; } /// <summary> /// Code to call when spliting an item and the split changes the item fundamentally. /// </summary> public virtual void Split() { return; } /// <summary> /// Copies the object base. /// </summary> /// <param name="target">Target.</param> /// Possible use in room management when an object is stuck with DontDestroyOnLoan() // public virtual void CopyObject_base(GameObject target) // { // object_base objBase=target.AddComponent<object_base>(); // objBase.PickupLink=PickupLink; //} /// <summary> /// Changes the type of the object. Eg when destroyed and it needs to become debris. /// </summary> /// <returns><c>true</c>, if type was changed, <c>false</c> otherwise.</returns> /// <param name="newID">New ID.</param> /// <param name="itemType">Item type.</param> /// You must manually remove the existing object_base from this object when calling this public virtual bool ChangeType(int newID) { objInt().ChangeType(newID); return true; } /// <summary> /// Gets the identification Skill levels required for identifying the enchantment.. /// </summary> /// <returns>The identification levels.</returns> /// <param name="EffectID">Effect ID to test</param> public int getIdentificationLevels(int EffectID) { //TODO:Decide on what to do about values. More powerful effects are harder to id? switch (EffectID) { default: //Debug.Log("EffectID" + EffectID + " unknownn"); return Random.Range(1, 31);//This is totally wrong! } } /// <summary> /// Gets the sprite name that is displayed when the object is equipped in inventory /// </summary> /// <returns>The equip string.</returns> // public virtual string getEquipString() //{ // return GameWorldController.instance.objectMaster.particle[item_id]; //} public virtual Sprite GetEquipDisplay() { return objInt().GetInventoryDisplay(); } /// <summary> /// Gets the context menu text. /// </summary> public string GetContextMenuText(int item_id, bool isUseable, bool isPickable, bool ObjectInHand) { if (invis == 1) { UseAvail = false; TalkAvail = false; PickAvail = false; return ""; } ItemDesc = ContextMenuDesc(item_id); TalkAvail = false; if (isUseable) { UseableDesc = ContextMenuUsedDesc();//TODO:Controls UseAvail = true; } else { UseableDesc = ""; UseAvail = false; } if (ObjectInHand) { UseObjectOnDesc = ContextMenuUseObjectOn_World(); } else { if (isPickable) { PickableDesc = ContextMenuUsedPickup(); PickAvail = true; } else { PickableDesc = ""; PickAvail = false; } } if ((UWCharacter.InteractionMode == UWCharacter.InteractionModePickup) && (CurrentObjectInHand != null)) {//I'm actually throwing something. UseAvail = false; UseableDesc = ""; PickableDesc = ""; } if (ObjectInHand) { if (UseAvail == true) { return ItemDesc + "\n" + UseObjectOnDesc;// + " " + UseObjectOnDesc; } else {//I'm throwing an object. return ItemDesc; } } else { if ((UseableDesc != "") || (PickableDesc != "")) { return ItemDesc + "\n" + UseableDesc + " " + PickableDesc; } else { return "";//no object description returned. } } } /// <summary> /// Item description for the context menu /// </summary> /// <returns>The menu desc.</returns> /// <param name="item_id">Item identifier.</param> public virtual string ContextMenuDesc(int item_id) { return StringController.instance.GetSimpleObjectNameUW(item_id); } public virtual string ContextMenuUsedDesc() { return "L-Click to " + UseVerb(); } public virtual string ContextMenuUsedPickup() { return "R-Click to " + PickupVerb(); } public virtual string ContextMenuUseObjectOn_World() { return "L-Click to " + UseObjectOnVerb_World(); } public virtual string ContextMenuUseObjectOn_Inv() { return "R-Click to " + UseObjectOnVerb_Inv(); } public virtual string UseVerb() { return "use"; } public virtual string PickupVerb() { return "pickup"; } public virtual string ExamineVerb() { return "examine"; } public virtual string UseObjectOnVerb_World() { return "use object on"; } public virtual string UseObjectOnVerb_Inv() { return "swap/combine"; } //public virtual Vector3 GetImpactPoint() //{ // return this.gameObject.transform.position; //} public override Vector3 GetImpactPoint() { return this.gameObject.transform.position; } public virtual GameObject GetImpactGameObject() { return this.gameObject; } /// <summary> /// Requests a sprite from tmOBJ /// </summary> /// <returns><c>true</c>, if sprite was set, <c>false</c> otherwise.</returns> /// <param name="sprt">Sprt.</param> /// <param name="SpriteIndex">Sprite index.</param> public bool setSpriteTMOBJ(SpriteRenderer sprt, int SpriteIndex) { if (sprt == null) { return false; } if (SpriteIndex != -1) { //sprt.sprite = Resources.Load <Sprite> (SpriteName);//Loads the sprite.;//Assigns the sprite to the object. sprt.sprite = GameWorldController.instance.TmObjArt.RequestSprite(SpriteIndex); //currentSpriteName=SpriteName; objInt().animationStarted = true; return true; } return false; } /// <summary> /// Sets a sprite from TMFLat /// </summary> /// <returns><c>true</c>, if sprite TMFLA was set, <c>false</c> otherwise.</returns> /// <param name="sprt">Sprt.</param> /// <param name="SpriteIndex">Sprite index.</param> public bool setSpriteTMFLAT(SpriteRenderer sprt, int SpriteIndex) { if (sprt == null) { return false; } if (SpriteIndex != -1) { sprt.sprite = GameWorldController.instance.TmFlatArt.RequestSprite(SpriteIndex); objInt().animationStarted = true; return true; } return false; } /// <summary> /// Special event to occur when this item is in the inventory and is moved to another level /// </summary> public virtual void InventoryEventOnLevelEnter() { } /// <summary> /// Special event to occur when this item is in the inventory and is moved to another level /// </summary> /// Used mainly to update wands and their spell object links public virtual void InventoryEventOnLevelExit() { } /// <summary> /// Event to raise when object is saved. /// </summary> public virtual void OnSaveObjectEvent() { //TODO:objects which are in motion (eg projectiles) will be updated to move between the mobile and static object lists as appropiate //as well as update their positioning values. /* if object is in motion Reset rotation if needed. get direction along xy and z planes convert to mobile object files. ensure object is in mobile object list else ensure object is in static object list. clear values as needed */ } /// <summary> /// Determines whether this object type can be picked up regardless of what is set in common object properties. /// </summary> /// <returns><c>true</c> if this instance can be picked up; otherwise, <c>false</c>.</returns> public virtual bool CanBePickedUp() { return false; } /// <summary> /// Returns if the item in question can be owned by an NPC /// </summary> /// <returns><c>true</c> if this instance can be owned; otherwise, <c>false</c>.</returns> public bool CanBeOwned() { return (GameWorldController.instance.commonObject.properties[item_id].CanBelongTo == 1); } /// <summary> /// String for displaying the ownership of the object in question. /// </summary> /// <returns>The string.</returns> public virtual string OwnershipString() { if (CanBeOwned()) { if (((owner & 0x1f)) != 0) //if ((owner < 31) && (owner >0)) { return " belonging to" + StringController.instance.GetString(1, 370 + (owner & 0x1f));//This is what uw formats says. I think this is wrong... } } return ""; } /// <summary> /// Signals the theft of this object to a specific race /// </summary> public static void SignalTheft(Vector3 position, int Owner, float range) { foreach (Collider Col in Physics.OverlapSphere(position, 4.0f)) { if (Col.gameObject.GetComponent<NPC>() != null) { if ((Col.gameObject.GetComponent<NPC>().GetRace() == (Owner & 0x1f))) { string OwnerName = StringController.instance.GetString(1, 370 + (Owner & 0x1f)); string reaction = ""; Col.gameObject.GetComponent<NPC>().npc_attitude--;//Make the npc angry with the player. if (Col.gameObject.GetComponent<NPC>().npc_attitude <= 0) { Col.gameObject.GetComponent<NPC>().npc_attitude = 0; Col.gameObject.GetComponent<NPC>().npc_gtarg = 1; //XG Col.gameObject.GetComponent<NPC>().gtarg = UWCharacter.Instance.gameObject; //Col.gameObject.GetComponent<NPC>().gtargName = UWCharacter.Instance.gameObject.name; Col.gameObject.GetComponent<NPC>().npc_goal = (short)NPC.npc_goals.npc_goal_attack_5; reaction = StringController.instance.GetString(1, StringController.str__is_angered_by_your_action_); } else { reaction = StringController.instance.GetString(1, StringController.str__is_annoyed_by_your_action_); //StringController.instance.GetString(1,370+(owner & 0x1f) ) } UWHUD.instance.MessageScroll.Add(OwnerName.Trim() + reaction); } } } } /// <summary> /// Finds the trap of the specified type in chain of execution of linked items /// </summary> /// <returns><c>true</c>, if trap in chain was found, <c>false</c> otherwise.</returns> /// <param name="link">Link.</param> /// <param name="TrapType">Trap type.</param> public virtual ObjectInteraction FindObjectInChain(int link, int ItemType) { if (link != 0) { ObjectInteraction objLink = CurrentObjectList().objInfo[link].instance; if (objLink != null) { if (objLink.GetItemType() == ObjectInteraction.A_DELETE_OBJECT_TRAP) {//Stop infinite loops if (ItemType == ObjectInteraction.A_DELETE_OBJECT_TRAP) { return objLink; } else { return null; } } if (objLink.GetItemType() == ItemType) { return objLink; } else { return FindObjectInChain(objLink.link, ItemType); } } } return null; } /// <summary> /// Event to occur when object moves to world object list /// </summary> public virtual void MoveToWorldEvent() { } /// <summary> /// Event to occur when object moves to inventory object list /// </summary> public virtual void MoveToInventoryEvent() { } public virtual void Update() { if (testUse) { testUse = false; use(); } //Uncomment this code to watch objects fly off in different directions! /* if (this.name=="_Gronk") { return; } if (this.transform.parent!=GameWorldController.instance.DynamicObjectMarker()) { return; } if (objInt().debugindex>256) { return; } //Update the projectile position based on various factors //Missile position is based on a cardinal compass heading n,ne,e,se etc and a clockwise rotation of 0 to 31 units to the next heading. npc_xhome = (short)(transform.position.x/1.2f); npc_yhome = (short)(transform.position.z/1.2f); //if (rgd==null) //{//Use the stored values for motion control instead of the applied force. Vector3 dir; Quaternion deflectionXY = Quaternion.AngleAxis(45f * (float)(ProjectileHeadingMinor)/32f,Vector3.up); //Quaternion deflectionZ; float z; if (Projectile_Sign == 0) {//projectile goes down //deflectionZ = Quaternion.AngleAxis(-90f * (float)(Projectile_Pitch)/7f,Vector3.right); z = -1 * ( (float)(Projectile_Pitch)/7f) ; } else {//projectile goes up //deflectionZ = Quaternion.AngleAxis(+90f * (float)(Projectile_Pitch)/7f,Vector3.right); z = +1 * ((float)(Projectile_Pitch)/7f) ; } switch (ProjectileHeadingMajor) { case 1: //ne dir = new Vector3(1f,z,1f);break;//ok case 2: //e dir = new Vector3(1f,z,0f);break;//ok case 3: //se dir = new Vector3(1f,z,-1f);break;//ok case 4: //s dir = new Vector3(0f,z,-1f);break; case 5: //sw dir = new Vector3(-1f,z,-1f);break; case 6: //w dir = new Vector3(-1f,z,0f);break; //ok case 7: //nw dir = new Vector3(-1f,z,1f);break;//ok default: //north case 0: dir = new Vector3(0f,z,1f);break;//ok } //this.transform.Translate (deflectionXY * dir * Time.deltaTime); timeforce+=Time.deltaTime; if (timeforce >=1f) { timeforce=0f; if (this.GetComponent<Rigidbody>()!=null) { this.GetComponent<Rigidbody>().AddForce(deflectionXY * dir ); } }*/ } /// <summary> /// Converts the properties in the mobile object values to a vector /// </summary> /// <returns>The properties to vector.</returns> /// <param name="obj">Object.</param> /// Assumes object has no rotation. public static Vector3 ProjectilePropsToVector(object_base obj) { Vector3 dir; Quaternion deflectionXY = Quaternion.AngleAxis(45f * (float)(obj.ProjectileHeadingMinor) / 32f, Vector3.up); //Quaternion deflectionZ; float z; if (obj.Projectile_Sign == 0) { //projectile goes down z = -1 * ((float)(obj.Projectile_Pitch) / 7f); } else { //projectile goes up z = +1 * ((float)(obj.Projectile_Pitch) / 7f); } switch (obj.ProjectileHeadingMajor) { case 1: //ne dir = new Vector3(1f, z, 1f); break; //ok case 2: //e dir = new Vector3(1f, z, 0f); break; //ok case 3: //se dir = new Vector3(1f, z, -1f); break; //ok case 4: //s dir = new Vector3(0f, z, -1f); break; case 5: //sw dir = new Vector3(-1f, z, -1f); break; case 6: //w dir = new Vector3(-1f, z, 0f); break; //ok case 7: //nw dir = new Vector3(-1f, z, 1f); break; //ok default: //north case 0: dir = new Vector3(0f, z, 1f); break; //ok } // Debug.Log(deflectionXY*dir); return deflectionXY * dir; } /// <summary> /// Event to call when the object is destroyed fully. /// </summary> public virtual void DestroyEvent() { } /// <summary> /// Sound effect initialisation for the object. /// </summary> public virtual void InitSound() { } }

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

All Saints Food Bank The food bank at All Saints has been in existence for around 13 years. However it is only in recent times that it has been used extensively. Up till our recent meeting food parcels were given out without asking for any details from the recipients. The food cupboard was replenished by members of the congregation and the food parcels were given out by members of the office staff or the caretaker on occasion. So numbers claiming food parcels were not recorded until now. I have since met with Diane Bennett ,who runs Caring Hands at The Evesham Christian Centre in Bewdley St,who kindly showed me her record keeping and we are now keeping a basic tally of how many food parcels are given out, to whom and for what reason. We will pass on the data to Diane at regular intervals so that her records for Evesham are more comprehensive.We have recently forged a link with The Cooperative Supermarket in Evesham High St and they are collecting food on our behalf in store and have volunteered to deliver it to church as and when. This has happened fortuitously at the same time that our uptake of food parcels has seen a definite increase.We also have an agreement with Diane at Evesham Christian Centre that they can refer suitable people for showers and this happens from time to time.The food parcels are made up and put into bags before they are required and it is estimated that they would last an individual for up to 3 days. We are taking steps to ensure that the food provided is varied and nutritious and provides a balanced diet subject to availability.Some of those who are using the food bank are homeless or sofa surfing, others have had their benefits stopped or reduced, have been referred by other agencies and generally have fallen on hard times. We are doing our best to help them with your support.Whilst all donations to the food bank are gratefully received, it would be useful if we could provide the following items which are recommended by The Trussell Trust, a charity that runs over 300 foodbanks nationally.•Milk (UHT or powdered)•Sugar (500g)•Fruit juice (carton)•Soup•Pasta sauces•Sponge pudding (tinned)•Tomatoes (tinned)•Cereals•Rice Pudding (tinned)•Tea bags/instant coffee•Instant mashed potato•Rice/pasta•Tinned meat/fish•Tinned fruit•Jam•Biscuits or snack bars.This list is not exhaustive but is helpful if you are thinking what might be useful to give!Thankyou to all who have supported and do support the food bank here in All Saints. Sadly the need is increasing but by meeting this need as we do we are fulfilling in part our mission in our local community.John Webster

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

Amazon RDS for MySQL features Working with Amazon RDS for MySQL Amazon RDS allows you to use the AWS Management Console or a simple set of web services APIs to create, delete and modify relational database instances (DB Instances). You can also control access and security for your instance(s) and manage your database backups and snapshots. For a full list of the available Amazon RDS APIs, please see the Amazon RDS API Guide. Migrating to Amazon RDS for MySQL If your application already relies on a MySQL database, importing data to Amazon RDS is simple. In general, to migrate your data to Amazon RDS you simply: Create a DB Instance with the compute, storage capacity and access controls required. For smaller databases (e.g. up to 1 GB), extract the data with mysqldump and pipe it directly into Amazon RDS. Below is an example showing the “acme” database being copied to Amazon RDS: For larger databases, build your database schema in Amazon RDS, then convert the data into a flat file and import it into your DB Instance using the mysqlimport utility. Below is an example showing the “acme” database being copied to Amazon RDS: Paying for What You Use You will be charged at the end of each month for the Amazon RDS resources you actually consume. Once a DB Instance you have created is available for connection, you will be charged for each hour your DB Instance is running. Each DB Instance will run until termination, which occurs when you issue an API call to delete the DB Instance, or in the event of an instance failure. Partial DB Instance hours consumed are billed as full hours. In addition to DB Instance hours, you are also billed for your monthly storage, I/O requests, and backups. If you scale your storage capacity within the billing period, your bill will be pro-rated accordingly.

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

Cell proliferation and cell cycle control: a mini review. Tumourigenesis is the result of cell cycle disorganisation, leading to an uncontrolled cellular proliferation. Specific cellular processes-mechanisms that control cell cycle progression and checkpoint traversation through the intermitotic phases are deregulated. Normally, these events are highly conserved due to the existence of conservatory mechanisms and molecules such as cell cycle genes and their products: cyclins, cyclin dependent kinases (Cdks), Cdk inhibitors (CKI) and extra cellular factors (i.e. growth factors). Revolutionary techniques using laser cytometry and commercial software are available to quantify and evaluate cell cycle processes and cellular growth. S-phase fraction measurements, including ploidy values, using histograms and estimation of indices such as the mitotic index and tumour-doubling time indices, provide adequate information to the clinician to evaluate tumour aggressiveness, prognosis and the strategies for radiotherapy and chemotherapy in experimental researches.

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

Anthropogenic Activities Induce Depletion in Microbial Communities at Urban Sites of the River Ganges. The Ganges is the largest river of India, worshiped by Hindus with a belief that bathing in the river causes the remission of sins and is considered very pure. It is heavily polluted by the unrestricted human usage including ritual practices, urbanization, and industrialization. Such perturbations may subsequently influence the bacterial community composition and ecosystem functioning. Here, we applied targeted amplicon sequencing to determine the impact of spatial variation on the microbial community assemblage of the Ganga River. The river bacterial community demonstrates taxonomic variability across the sites with accumulation of Firmicutes (20.9%) Verrucomicrobia (6.09%), Actinobacteria (4.51%), and Synergistetes (1.16%), at rural site while Proteobacteria (49.4%) and Bacteroidetes (12.7%) predominate at urban sites. Furthermore, sites under study establish the unique taxonomic signature which could represent the impact of spatial variation on the microbial community assemblage.

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

Q: "What happens when" or "what happen when"? Should I write "what happens when" or "what happen when"? Does it depend on if I know if the "what" that happens is plural or singular, or is it always the same? Provided "what happens" is correct in all situations, how about this: "What happens when [something]? Two things: [one thing that happens] and [another thing that happens]." A: I can't find a grammatical rule that explains this, but I do know that "What happen when" sounds very wrong. It should be What happens when. A: "What" is a pronoun, and you use the third person singular form of the verb, which for most simple verb means a suffix of "s". "What happens" is correct.

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

Honey bee males and queens use glandular secretions to enhance sperm viability before and after storage. Internal fertilization requires live sperm to be transferred from male to female before egg fertilization. Both males and females assist the insemination process by providing sperm with glandular secretions, which have been inferred to contain subsets of proteins that maintain sperm viability. Here we show that in the honeybee (Apis mellifera) secretions of the male accessory glands, the major contributors towards seminal fluid, enhance sperm survival. We further demonstrate that the protein fraction of the male accessory gland secretion is indeed important for achieving the maximal effect on sperm survival. After sperm storage, the queens also provide sperm with secretions from spermathecal glands and we show that these secretions have a comparable positive effect on sperm viability. SDS gels show that the proteomic profiles of accessory gland secretion and spermathecal fluid secretion hardly overlap, which suggests that males and females use different proteins to enhance sperm viability during, respectively, ejaculation and final sperm storage.

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

Scholarships for students in community schools and employees’ children Since 2006, the Company has awarded scholarships to employees’ children and also needy students with good performance and good conduct every May, in order to promote education and better life quality of youth in neighboring communities. This year, the Company awarded 50 scholarships to students (kindergarten to primary education levels) of Wat Sawaswaree Srimaram school, 20 scholarships to students (secondary education levels) of Wat Noi Noppakun school. Donation and sports/computer equipment to neighboring communities and government agencies The Company also sponsors sports event for Wat Sawaswaree Srimaram community and Noen Po Municipal Office. The Company gave computer equipment to Wat Phraya Krai Police Station to support its database work, donated money to Wat Sawaswaree Srimaram elderly community, and offered money to support goodwill activity of Pornwarin Nutrawong, the nurse tutor with “volunteer spirit” of Wachira Hospital. Gunkul Engineering Public Company Limited

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

Australia's government has pledged at least $34m (50 million Australian dollars) to help native plants and animals recover from the country’s devastating bushfires. Some ecologists estimate that one billion animals have died and much of the damage caused by the fires may be irreparable. Al Jazeera's Jessica Washington reports from Mogo in New South Wales, one of the worst-hit areas.

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

Q: multer-s3-transform file upload is not working I'm using multer-s3-transform to upload file to s3, but before upload I want to resize file, and save in two different size. Following is my code, no error occur, but file is not uploading. let multer = require("multer-s3-transform"); const aws = require('aws-sdk'); const sharp = require('sharp'); aws.config.update({ secretAccessKey: process.env.AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY, accessKeyId: process.env.AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID ); const s3 = new aws.S3(); var upload = multer({ storage: multerS3({ s3: s3, bucket: process.env.AWS_BUCKET_NAME, shouldTransform: function (req, file, cb) { console.log("hereeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee"); let originalname = file.originalname; file.stream.once('data', async function (firstChunk) { let magic = firstChunk.toString('hex', 0, 4); let extName = path.extname(originalname).toLowerCase(); // let filename = req.file.fieldname + '-' + Date.now() + path.extname(req.file.originalname); if (checkMagicNumbers(magic, extName, req)) { console.log("Valid File***************************"); cb(null, true); } }); }, transforms: [{ id: 'original', key: async function (req, file, cb) { let basePath = await getDynamicFilePath(req, false); console.log(basePath, "Path ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^"); let filePath = basePath; let filename; if (req.params.container === "resumes") { void function (req, file, callback) { filename = Date.now().toString() + '-' + file.originalname; filePath += "/cropped_" + filename; }() } else { filename = Date.now().toString(); filePath += "/cropped_" + filename; } console.log(filePath, "path -------------------"); cb(null, filePath); }, transform: function (req, file, cb) { cb(null, sharp().resize(330, 512)) } } { id: 'thumbnail', key: async function (req, file, cb) { let basePath = await getDynamicFilePath(req, false); console.log(basePath, "Path ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^"); let filePath = basePath; let filename; if (req.params.container === "resumes") { void function (req, file, callback) { filename = Date.now().toString() + '-' + file.originalname; filePath += "/normal" + filename; }() } else { filename = Date.now().toString(); filePath += "/normal_" + filename; } console.log(filePath, "path -------------------"); cb(null, filename); }, transform: function (req, file, cb) { cb(null, sharp().resize(1200, 628)); } } ] }) }).single("file"); upload(req, res, function (err, filePath) { console.log(err, "Error"); console.log(filePath, "*************"); }); Everything is working if I use from multer-s3, except image resizing, but with multer-s3-transform no error occur, and file is not uploading, and never goes to this lines: console.log(err, "Error"); console.log(filePath, "*************"); I have found the problem, its in following code block where I want to check file magic number. file.stream.once('data', async function (firstChunk) { let magic = firstChunk.toString('hex', 0, 4); let extName = path.extname(originalname).toLowerCase(); // let filename = req.file.fieldname + '-' + Date.now() + path.extname(req.file.originalname); if (checkMagicNumbers(magic, extName, req)) { console.log("Valid File***************************"); cb(null, true); } }); If I comment this, every thing is working. It seems when taking magic number of file, file is changed to stream, and upload not work, a way to change stream back to file may work. A: For me changing to the following worked. let uploadToCloud = (req, res) => { let bufferUpload = multer({ storage: multer.memoryStorage(), limits: { fileSize: 10485760 } }).single('file'); bufferUpload(req, res, async function (err) { try { let buffer = new Buffer(req.file.buffer); let magic = buffer.toString('hex', 0, 4); let extName = path.extname(req.file.originalname).toLowerCase(); let filename; if (checkMagicNumbers(magic, extName, req)) { // Your codes } } catch (error) { res.status(400).json(error); res.end(); return; } }); };

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

Q: Scope variable data not changing in AngularJS I want to change scope vairable data by below code but it is not working. I am not getting any error but it is not working like expected. $scope.secondcity1 = false; $scope.hidecity1 = function() { alert(secondcity1); $scope.secondcity1 = false; $scope.city1 = ''; alert(secondcity1); } I am using alert(secondcity1); this to show alert box but it is not showing anything, <div ng-style="{'display':secondcity1 == false?'none':'block'">  <button type="button" class="remove" ng-click="hidecity1()">-</button> </div> above code is also not working. I am expecting to hide the div but it is not hiding it. A: Try this, in AngularJs to access objects you have to use $scope like $scope.object $scope.secondcity1 = false; $scope.hidecity1 = function() { alert($scope.secondcity1); $scope.secondcity1 = false; $scope.city1 = ''; alert($scope.secondcity1); }

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

About Us Go Forward Pest Control was founded on October 14, 2009. It has started its operation as a Manpower provider. After 5 years of operations, the company has decided to venture into pest control service and pest control product distribution business. read more »

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

Georges-Kévin Nkoudou Georges-Kévin Nkoudou Mbida (; born 13 February 1995) is a French professional footballer who plays as a winger for Beşiktaş. Club career France He made his Ligue 1 debut on the opening game of the 2013–14 season on 11 August 2013 against SC Bastia. He replaced Serge Gakpé in the last minute of the game. In June 2015, Nkoudou completed a move to Marseille for £1 million. His performances during the 2015–16 season led to him finishing 30th in UEFA's Best Player in Europe poll. Tottenham Hotspur On 31 August 2016, Nkoudou was transferred to Tottenham Hotspur for a reported fee of £11 million, signing a five-year deal with the club. He made his Spurs debut against Gillingham in the League Cup when he came on in the 60th minute for Christian Eriksen, this was followed by a very short debut in the league when he came on in the 90th minute against Middlesbrough. He made 17 appearances for the club in the 2016–17 season, mostly as substitutes and starting only in two games – an EFL Cup game against Liverpool on 25 October 2016 and an FA Cup tie against Wycombe Wanderers on 28 January 2017. In his first start of the 2017–18 season, Nkoudou scored his first goal for Tottenham in the Champions League group match against APOEL on 6 December 2017 that ended in a 3–0 win. On 8 January 2018, Nkoudou completed a loan move to Premier League club Burnley until the end of the 2017–18 season. He failed to break into the first team regularly and was mainly a back-up to Jóhann Berg Guðmundsson, going on to make eight appearances. Nkoudou returned to Tottenham for the 2018–19 season, but found it difficult to break into the first team. He made his first appearance of the season coming off the bench in the fourth round League Cup match against West Ham. He again came on as a substitute in the League match against Fulham, and provided a crucial cross for the winning goal by Harry Winks. On 31 January 2019, Nkoudou joined Monaco on loan for the remainder of the 2018–19 season. Besiktas Nkoudou signed to Besiktas on 22 August 2019 in a £4.6 million deal. International career Born in France, Nkoudou is of Cameroonian descent. Nkoudou is a youth international for France at various levels. Career statistics Club References External links Category:1995 births Category:Living people Category:Sportspeople from Versailles Category:French footballers Category:France youth international footballers Category:France under-21 international footballers Category:Association football wingers Category:FC Nantes players Category:Olympique de Marseille players Category:Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players Category:Burnley F.C. players Category:AS Monaco FC players Category:Beşiktaş J.K. footballers Category:Ligue 1 players Category:Premier League players Category:Süper Lig players Category:French expatriate footballers Category:Expatriate footballers in England Category:Expatriate footballers in Monaco Category:Expatriate footballers in Turkey Category:French expatriate sportspeople in England Category:French expatriate sportspeople in Monaco Category:French expatriate sportspeople in Turkey Category:French people of Cameroonian descent

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

0 KSP Residual norm 181.019 1 KSP Residual norm 0.0484793 2 KSP Residual norm 0.00010267

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

Migrant crisis: Police clear Paris's 'Stalingrad' camp Published duration 4 November 2016 Related Topics Europe migrant crisis image copyright Reuters image caption The number of people sleeping at the Paris camp soared after the Calais "Jungle" was closed French authorities have cleared a makeshift migrant camp housing more than 3,000 people in Paris. Several hundred men began queuing near the Stalingrad metro station before 06:00 local time (05:00 GMT) and the first bus left shortly afterwards. They were taken to reception centres in the Paris region, AFP news agency reported. The operation followed the evacuation of about 7,000 people from the "Jungle" camp in Calais a week ago. A spokeswoman for the Paris prefecture said the operation ran smoothly. The migrants, many from war-torn countries such as Afghanistan and Sudan, would be able to make asylum requests once they were in holding centres, she said. Some 600 police officers took part in the evacuation, she added. image copyright Reuters image caption Many of the migrants said they were happy to leave the makeshift camp image copyright Reuters image caption The migrants were living rough in increasingly cold and unsanitary conditions Why Stalingrad? BBC's Hugh Schofield in Paris image copyright AFP/getty image caption The camp extended for several hundred metres The pocket of Paris around Stalingrad metro, the Villette canal basin and the Avenue de Flandres had become a fixed point on the migrants' map of Europe. Africans and Middle Easterners travelling north from Italy or west from Greece knew there would be a reception of some kind waiting for them there. Aid groups had a system in place. The neighbourhood is "populaire", in other words leftwing, so there was more local sympathy than there might otherwise be. Migrants also knew they could make the contacts here that would take them further down the road. The Paris encampment had become a stepping stone on the route to Calais - and from there to the UK. But the Calais route is blocked, for now. Word got out that there was no point chancing the Channel. And with winter approaching it made more sense to stay in Paris. Hence the build-up of the past few weeks. The cork was at Calais. The bottleneck was Stalingrad. The Stalingrad camp was previously cleared in July and September, but migrants quickly returned and their numbers grew as the Calais camp was closed. "I have no idea where we are going. Paris or nearby, it's fine for me. The important thing for me is to have papers. I've been here for a month in a tent, it's good to leave," said Khalid, a 28-year-old migrant.

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I am writing in response to my friend, AC Griffiths, and her article which appeared under the headline “I’m young, I voted Liberal and I am not a bigot”. I, too, am young. I voted Labor. I know AC Griffiths is not a bigot, but I believe she is misguided Credit:Andrew Meares Griffiths wrote her article after I expressed my dismay at her promoting a party whose members – not all, but many – actively campaigned against same-sex marriage and turned LGBTIQ relationships into a topic for national debate. As her friend, and as a lesbian, I was hurt that young voters could so readily forget or ignore the experience of myself and others during that time.

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Surface enhancement of water at the ionic liquid-gas interface of [HMIM][Cl] under ambient water vapor. The ionic liquid-gas interface of 1-hexyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride, [HMIM][Cl], was examined in the presence of water vapor using lab-based ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) at room temperature. The interfacial water uptake was measured quantitatively in the pressure range of high vacuum up to a maximum of 5 Torr (27% RH) and back to high vacuum in a systematic manner. Water mole fractions in the interface determined from APXPS were compared to previously published tandem differential mobility analysis results on [HMIM][Cl] nanodroplets. Our findings show that water constitutes a significantly larger mole fraction at the interface when compared to the bulk. Additionally, the reverse isotherms showed that the uptake of water at the interface of [HMIM][Cl] is a reversible process.

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

Soon, Isaac Asimov's legendary Foundation trilogy will be coming to HBO. But what do you need to know about this series, which explores questions of fate versus determinism and the cyclical nature of history? Here's our complete primer on this enduring science-fiction classic. Top image: Foundation and Empire, art by Chris Foss. The news that Interstellar's Jonah Nolan would be writing and producing the adaptation broke last week, shortly after he expressed his admiration for Asimov's opus in an interview with Indiewire: I fucking love the Foundation novels by Isaac Asimov —they're certainly not unknown, but that's a set of books I think everyone would benefit from reading. That's a set of books where the influence they have is just fucking massive; they have many imitators and many have been inspired by them, but go back and read those, and there are some ideas in those that'll set your fucking hair on fire. In fact, Foundation has inspired writers from Douglas Adams to George Lucas, and public figures as varied as Paul Krugman and Newt Gingrich. In 1966, the Foundation Trilogy received the Hugo Award for Best All-Time Series, beating out the Lord of the Rings. (Asimov himself confessed surprise at winning the award, believing, as many others, that the category had been explicitly created to honor Tolkien's work.) It's an accomplishment all the more remarkable given that the story driving the Foundation Trilogy — an epic tale of the fall and rise of future galactic empires —contains virtually none of the usual tropes that are associated with science fiction. The novels span the entire galaxy, but no extraterrestrials make an appearance. It depicts the future history of human society, but it's neither explicitly a utopian nor dystopian parable. There's plenty of futuristic technology—from faster-than-light spacecraft to personal force fields—but all of this serves as the background, not the driver, of the plot. In fact, Foundation appears to contradict Asimov's own definition of science fiction, as a "branch of literature which deals with the reaction of human beings to changes in science and technology." In this case, though, Asimov would later explain that he set out to create a genre he called "social science fiction." He used the future as a template to explore a pivotal idea that we've been asking for centuries: Are there laws of human history as immutable as the laws of physics? The Decline and Fall of the Galactic Empire It's not easy to summarize a series as massive in scope as Foundation. But, Josh Wimmer and Alasdair Wilkins do a first-rate job in a four-part exegesis of the books that they wrote for io9 in 2011: The Foundation series began as a set of short stories Asimov wrote under the guidance of legendary Astounding Science Fiction editor John W. Campbell. The stories were inspired by Asimov's reading of Edward Gibbon's The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, and their premise is so simple, it feels almost inevitable. There is a Galactic Empire, consisting of countless planets spread across millions of light-years. The brilliant Hari Seldon has used a science of his own invention, called psychohistory, to determine that the Empire is near collapse. Psychohistory is a blend of crowd psychology and high-level math. An able psychohistorian can predict the long-term aggregate behavior of billions of people many, many years in the future. (However, it only works with large groups: Psychohistory is almost useless for predicting the behavior of an individual. Also, it's no good if the group being analyzed is aware it's being analyzed — because if it's aware, the group changes its behavior.) The books that came to be called the original Foundation Trilogy (Foundation, Foundation and Empire, and Second Foundation) were not written as novels; they're the collected Foundation stories Asimov wrote between 1941 and 1950. They deal chiefly with the "first" Foundation, based on the planet Terminus in the galaxy's periphery. The stories are connected chronologically, but are separated by decades, and for the most part each features a different set of characters. The basic idea is always the same, though, at least in the beginning: The relatively tiny Foundation has to survive against a more powerful enemy, and it can only do so by recognizing and working with the historical forces contributing to its situation. Again, at least at first, every Foundation story centers on what is called a Seldon crisis — a convergence of apparently insurmountable external and internal problems. The crises were all predicted by Hari Seldon — who appears near the end of each story in hologram form to confirm that the Foundation has navigated the latest one correctly — but the Foundation itself isn't given the benefit of his foreknowledge. After all, if they knew what he knew, their behavior wouldn't be psychohistorically predictable!" The work that inspired Asimov, Edward Gibbon's multi-volume series, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, published between 1776 and 1789, remains a masterpiece of historiography. Gibbon saw Rome's fall not as a consequence of specific, dramatic events, but as the result of gradual transformations including the decline of civic virtue and the rise of Christianity, which made the Romans less vested in worldly affairs, shifting their attention towards the rewards waiting for them in the Kingdom of Heaven. As Robert Kaplan has noted: The Decline and Fall instructs that human nature never changes, and that mankind's predilection for faction, augmented by environmental and cultural differences, is what determines history….The brilliance of the Decline and Fall lies in Gibbon's ability to build a narrative out of individual agency and the surprises of history…..even as the sheer accumulation and repetition of events over centuries ultimately robs many an effective emperor (each with a distinct personality early in the story) of his identity in the reader's mind, and as the initially successful restoration flows into the larger movement of decline. Only patterns, rather than individuals, endure at the end of the three volumes. These ideas are manifest throughout Asimov's novels. But the other influence on Asimov, which is often overlooked, is that he was immersed in studies of chemistry at the time he began writing his Foundation stories. The creation of "psychohistory" was intended to be a melding of the physical and social sciences. As he explained in a 1987 interview published in the journal Science Fiction Studies: I wanted to consider essentially the science of psychohistory, something I made up myself. It was, in a sense, the struggle between free will and determinism. On the other hand, I wanted to do a story on the analogy of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, but on the much larger scale of the galaxy. To do that, I took over the aura of the Roman Empire and wrote it very large. The social system, then, is very much like the Roman imperial system, but that was just my skeleton. At the time I started these stories, I was taking physical chemistry at school, and I knew that because the individual molecules of a gas move quite erratically and randomly, nobody can predict the direction of motion of a single molecule at any particular time. The randomness of their motion works out to the point where you can predict the total behavior of the gas very accurately, using the gas laws. I knew that if you decrease the volume, the pressure goes up; if you raise the temperature, the pressure goes up, and the volume expands. We know these things even though we don't know how individual molecules behave. It seemed to me that if we did have a galactic empire, there would be so many human beings—quintillions of them—that perhaps you might be able to predict very accurately how societies would behave, even though you couldn't predict how individuals composing those societies would behave. So, against the background of the Roman Empire written large, I invented the science of psychohistory. Throughout the entire trilogy, then, there are the opposing forces of individual desire and that dead hand of social inevitability. The so-called "Seldon Crises" that Wimmer and Wilkins previously mentioned take on two forms: (1) Events unfold in such a way that there is only one clear path to take, or (2) The forces of history conspire to determine the outcome. But, the common factor is that free will doesn't matter. The protagonists and antagonists believe their decisions will make a difference when, in fact, the future is already written. This idea is most explicitly stated in the second book of the trilogy, Foundation and Empire, which takes place about two centuries into the Foundation era. General Bel Riose, the last great military leader of the old Galactic Empire, sets out to conquer the mysterious Foundation on behalf of the last strong emperor, Cleon II. The Empire is falling, no doubt, but these two men represent its last gasp of strength, and there is no one in the Foundation's ossifying elite who can match them. Riose seeks out an elderly nobleman named Ducem Barr, who had previous dealings with the Foundation as a younger man in the first book. Although Barr has no love for the Empire, he is the closest thing the Empire has to an expert on the Foundation, and so Riose presses him into reluctant service. Barr attempts to explain to Riose why his military campaign is doomed to failure: Barr: Without pretending to predict the actions of individual humans, Seldon's plan formulated definite laws capable of mathematical analysis and extrapolation to govern and predict the mass action of human groups.... Riose: You are trying to say that I am a silly robot following a predetermined course of destruction. Barr: No, I have already said that the science had nothing to do with individual actions. It is the vaster background that has been foreseen. Riose: Then we stand clasped tightly in the forcing hand of the Goddess of Historical Necessity. Barr: Of Psychohistorical Necessity. Riose: And if I exercise my prerogative of freewill? If I choose to attack next year, or not to attack at all? How pliable is the Goddess? How resourceful? Barr: Do whatever you wish in your fullest exercise of freewill. You will still lose. Riose: Because of Hari Seldon's dead hand? Barr: Because of the dead hand of the mathematics of human behavior that can neither be stopped, swerved nor delayed. Riose: I'll take that challenge. It's a dead hand against a living will. Initially, Riose seems to prove Barr wrong, as he achieves one victory after another. But then, all of a sudden, the war ends, when Riose is recalled and arrested by the Empire on charges of treason. Barr explains how, in hindsight, Riose was doomed to failure: There was a dead hand pushing all of us; the mighty general and the great Emperor….the dead hand of Hari Seldon. A weak general could never have endangered us, obviously. A strong general during the time of a weak Emperor would never have endangered us, either; for he would have turned his arms towards a much more fruitful target. Events have shown that three-fourths of the Emperors of the last two centuries were rebel generals and rebel viceroys before they were Emperors. So it is only the combination of strong Emperor and strong general that can harm the Foundation; for a strong Emperor cannot be dethroned easily, and a strong general is forced to turn outwards, past the frontiers. But, what keeps the Emperor strong?....He is strong, because he permits no strong subjects. A courtier who becomes too rich, or a general who becomes too popular is dangerous…..Riose won victories, so the Emperor grew suspicious….he was recalled, and accused, condemned, murdered. The Foundation wins again. The Second Foundation Is Revealed One of the most common criticisms that have been leveled at the Foundation Trilogy over the decades is Asimov's premise that human behavior never changes. At the time of Foundation's publication, many science fiction writers already held to the idea that, with dynamic advances in technology and science, human nature itself would likewise be altered. That idea has come into even sharper relief with the emergence of transhumanism—the concept that human beings will ultimately use technological and biological tools to alter the course of their own evolution. How could psychohistory predict behavior on a mass scale when its participants were no longer fully human? The next part of Foundation touches upon that question, albeit in a more indirect way. Asimov introduces a character named the Mule—a mutant who possesses the mental ability to alter human emotions. He can turn adversaries into allies, transforming feelings of hatred into those of intense loyalty. Or he can inspire feelings of widespread fear and panic. The Mule uses these abilities to conquer the Foundation. In this case, the "dead hand of Hari Seldon" is of no help, since the science of psychohistory could never have anticipated the emergence of a mutant with these abilities. The Mule is the unpredictable variable in the equations of history. The only ones who can defeat the Mule are the members of the secretive Second Foundation, which is only alluded to in the previous novels. The Second Foundation was established by Hari Seldon to continue and perfect his work—and develop the skills that will make them paramount in the mental sciences. As the head of the Second Foundation explains to a student: Conditions have been so arranged and so maintained that in a millennium from its beginnings— six hundred years from now, a Second Galactic Empire will have been established in which Mankind will be ready for the leadership of Mental Science. In that same interval, the Second Foundation in its development, will have brought forth a group of Psychologists ready to assume leadership. Or, as I have myself often thought, the First Foundation supplies the physical framework of a single political unit, and the Second Foundation supplies the mental framework of a ready-made ruling class. But, the defeat of the Mule has forced the Second Foundation to come out of hiding. The First Foundation is now aware of their influence, which threatens the Seldon Plan. As Asimov established at the very beginning of his narrative, psychohistory only works if the group being analyzed is unaware it's being analyzed — because if it's aware, the group changes its behavior. What's more, there are members of the First Foundation who believe that a future where humanity is governed by the Second Foundation is hardly better than being ruled over by the Mule. A complex plan is put into place, with the end result being that the First Foundation believes it has destroyed the Second Foundation, which, in fact, survives so that it can fulfill its destiny and that of humanity. But Wait, There's more… The conclusion of the Foundation Trilogy proved to be a contentious one in the years following its publication. The takeaway is that humanity as a whole is incapable of change and therefore doesn't possess free will. The only solution is a benevolent ruling class that can save us from ourselves. In his introduction to a special 2012 edition of the Foundation Trilogy, Nobel Prize-Winning economist Paul Krugman wrote: We never get to see the promised Second Empire, which may be just as well, because it probably wouldn't be very likeable. Clearly, it's not going to be a democracy— it's going to be a mathematicized version of Plato's Republic, in which the Guardians derive their virtue from the axioms of psychohistory. What this means for the books is that while a relatively bourgeois society may be the winner, Asimov is neither endorsing that society nor giving it a special long-run destiny. What this means for the storytelling is that the struggles don't have to be and aren't structured as a conventional tale of good guys versus villains, and the novels have that unexpected cynicism. Yet, for some readers, as Wimmer and Wilkins observe, this conclusion left behind a "metaphysical hole." Asimov strives to address that in his long-awaited sequel, Foundation's Edge, which he published in 1982 (and which won the Hugo Award in 1983). In this standalone novel, set 500 years into the Foundation era, the First and Second Foundations both discover threats to their existence. The First Foundation has come to the conclusion that the Second Foundation was never actually destroyed; while the Second Foundation discovers evidence that they are being manipulated by an unknown group with similar abilities. (Sort of their version of the Dark Sith.) Their respective missions bring them together to a world known as Gaia—a superorganism where all living creatures are part of a group consciousness, while still retaining their individual identities. This is revealed to be the true destiny of the human race, to become part of a vast shared consciousness forming an entity called Galaxia. Fans remain as divided, if not more so, over the conclusion to Foundation's Edge. On the one hand, Asimov pointedly addresses the themes he left dangling in the original trilogy. On the other hand, he put his own masterwork on trial and found it wanting. In the years prior to his death in 1992, Asimov would write three more Foundation books—two prequels and a sequel. But, the Foundation Trilogy and, to a lesser extent, Foundation's Edge, are considered the central works of the series. Reportedly, Nolan's focus will be on the original trilogy—although that doesn't rule out the possibility that he'll incorporate some characters and themes from the other books. But, the main question on everyone's minds is whether this will this work as a TV series. There isn't much action in the Foundation books, which are heavy on exposition and light on character development. But Nolan's devotion to the source material seems genuine — not least, because it clearly influenced his deft work on Person of Interest, a series built upon the premise of an artificial intelligence that can foresee threats. Unlike Hari Seldon, we'll have to be content with waiting for the actual future of this project to unfold.

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Family filter bug hits Virgin Media customers Published duration 10 November 2014 image copyright Virgin Media image caption Network problems forced servers behind the filtering system to crash Many Virgin Media customers struggled to browse the web this weekend as the firm's filtering system broke down. Like all big UK ISPs, Virgin uses a filtering system to help children avoid seeing inappropriate content. However, many people found they could not visit any sites as the server behind the filtering system crashed. Virgin apologised to customers about the content blocking and said it moved quickly to fix the problem. Filter failure The problems emerged on 8 November when many people suddenly found it impossible to visit almost any website. According to tech news site The Register the cause was traced to a fault on the server behind Virgin's Websafe filtering system. This inspects requests to see websites to work out if access should be granted. For some reason, far more traffic than normal was being routed to this server which stopped it working and meant many Virgin customers could not reach any site at all. Many people complained on Twitter about their troubles. Many were annoyed because they had not signed up to use the filtering system at all and did not want it policing their activity. Web expert Mark Goodwin said : "Dear @virginmedia, please turn off websafe until you know it's not breaking things for everybody. Thanks. A (rather unsatisfied) customer." Virgin responded to many of the tweets apologising for the "hiccup". It advised many people to turn their home router off and back on again to help resolve the problem. Virgin said it got the server behind the Websafe system fixed late on Saturday. In a statement it said: "A small number of our customers were temporarily unable to browse the internet for a couple of hours [on] Saturday evening because of a problem with one of our servers. It was quickly fixed but we apologise for any inconvenience caused." Filtering systems on the UK's ISPs were brought in at the behest of the government which wanted them offered to all new customers.

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Forskolin upregulation of NOS I protein expression in porcine ciliary processes: a new aspect of aqueous humor regulation. To determine whether nitric oxide synthase (NOS) protein expression can be modulated by forskolin in porcine ciliary processes. Western blot analysis using mouse monoclonal antibodies against NOS I (neuronal NOS or nNOS), NOS II (macrophage NOS or macNOS), and NOS III (endothelial NOS or eNOS) was performed in porcine ciliary processes. Expression of NOS I and II was also assessed in the presence or in the absence of 1 microM forskolin exposure (4 and 24 hours). All three NOS isoforms could be detected in isolated porcine ciliary processes. Protein expression for NOS I was about 6 times higher than for NOS III and 15 times higher than for NOS II. In comparison to controls, after forskolin exposure, NOS I protein expression was increased by about 1.5-fold. No change could be observed in NOS II protein expression after forskolin exposure. Nitric oxide is involved in transepithelial fluid transport of different organs (lung, kidney, colon, etc.) and is suspected to play a role in ciliary processes by modulating the aqueous humor production. The present study indicates that forskolin (which increases cAMP production) modulates NOS I protein expression in isolated porcine ciliary processes. These results suggest that selective inhibition of NOS I could be tried for reducing aqueous humor production. The clinical relevance requires further investigations.

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

Monday, November 16, 2009 Mossad took minister: Iran TEHRAN: An Iranian former deputy defence minister who has been missing for nearly three years was abducted by Israeli agents and was now being held in Israel, several Iranian news websites reported yesterday. Ali Reza Asgari, a retired general who served in Iran's Revolutionary Guard, disappeared while on a private trip to Turkey in December, 2006. In March of this year, a former German Defence Ministry official said Mr Asgari had defected and was providing information to the West on Iran's nuclear program. Iranian officials and Mr Asgari's family have claimed that he was abducted. One of yesterday's web reports, on a site called Alef, said German and British intelligence services assisted Israeli agents in abducting Mr Asgari and taking him to Israel. The site, www.alef.ir, is close to a conservative Iranian law-maker. "On the basis of a two-year investigation carried out by concerned bodies, Asgari was abducted by foreign intelligence services and is being held in a Zionist prison," the site reported, apparently referring to an Iranian intelligence probe into the matter. "Asgari was abducted with the co-operation of Mossad as well as German and British intelligence services and was finally taken to Israel," the news report said. Israel's Foreign Ministry refused to comment. Hans Ruehle, a former chief of the planning staff of the German Defence Ministry, wrote in a Swiss newspaper in March that Mr Asgari told the West that Iran was financing North Korean steps to transform Syria into a nuclear weapons power, leading to an Israeli air-strike that targeted a site in Syria on September 6, 2007. The US claims the site was a nearly finished nuclear reactor, but Syria denies that and says the facility was an unused military installation. Mr Ruehle said Mr Asgari, who was instrumental in establishing the Hezbollah militant group in Lebanon, "changed sides" and provided information to the West on Iran's own nuclear program. The US and its European allies, as well as Israel, suspect Iran is intent on using a civilian nuclear program as a cover for developing nuclear weapons. Iranian officials have said Mr Asgari was not linked to Iran's nuclear program, but Western media reports have said he has co-operated with US intelligence and is considered a "high value" defector. Mr Asgari arrived in Turkey on December 7, 2006, and disappeared on December 9.

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Mountains and Rivers Without End (disambiguation) Mountains and Rivers Without End is a 1996 epic poem by American poet Gary Snyder. Mountains and Rivers Without End may also refer to: Streams and Mountains Without End, a silk scroll painting by the Korean artist Yi In-Mun Mountains and Rivers Without End, a 1968 chamber symphony inspired by the painting by American composer Alan Hovhaness

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Archangel Michael I Allow That Which No Longer Serves Me To Leave My Life Now. I Bless it & Let It Go No matter the situation, no matter the challenge, Michael stands ready with his sword and host of Angels to protect and serve all who call upon him for assistance. He clears the path of obstacles, he gives us strength and courage to carry on during the dark times in our lives. He fills us with hope, inspiration, and faith that the Universe is always on our side. Michael protects against negative or psychic attack and astral debris that can cling to our energy fields. Archangel Michael is often pictured with a sword and shield to represent his ability to bring protection as well as to cut away that which is no longer needed in our lives. Even though Michael is an Angel, His energy may still be called upon during shamanic cord cutting rituals in order to insure the cords are permanently severed and rapid healing of the cuts takes place. Michael is also associated with fire, it is a purifying fire that burns away the dross and insures that alchemical reactions within the psyche produce the "gold" that one is seeking, in this case evolution and spiritual enlightenment. And yet Michael is more than just an Archangel for enlightenment, he is an Angel for awareness of all levels of life, including the mundane and the physical. There is no concern or problem that Michael cannot and will not address when he is called upon to do so. This makes Michael what I call "all purpose" archangel as he appears when needed to be of support, assistance and protection in any situation unlike the other Archangels such as Auriel who is primarily associated with wisdom or Raphael who is associated with healing although their energies can be combined and called upon along with Michael's as needed. Michael assists us in transforming our self- limitations, he brings faith and courage as well as the understanding that one is never alone and that all Guardian Angels are emissaries of Michael's sent to watch over and guide us. Some say that Michael was the first Archangel that Spirit created and his name symbolizes his position as the right hand of God or Spirit. It is Michael that moves through us when we seek to right a wrong, protect those who come to us for assistance and support and to help bring greater awareness and light into the world. If you look at a sword and shield, the light bounces from it, illuminating everything in it's path. So it is the same with Michael's energy, it is not only the power to cut through limitation and falsehood but also the light that allows us to discern the truth from the fabrication. I Am Always Immediately Supported, Assisted & Guided When I Ask The Universe For Help With Anything Archangel Michael stands first and foremost for protection and assistance in times of stress and need. It is the cutting awareness that all one needs to do is ask for help from the higher powers and that support is surely on it's way. For those who believe they are unworthy or the Divine would find their problems and fears too trivial or not spiritual enough to be worthy of consideration, This Angel has appeared to remind you that ALL are worthy of support and love from the Universe! Nothing is too small or trivial for the Divine to direct the full attention and flow of the Universe towards it's resolution and that all are more than worthy of living a joyful, happy and abundant life. For those who believe it is their karmic duty to pay off some sort of debt for an something they may have done several lifetimes ago, Archangel Michael comes through to show the individual that ALL things serve a higher purpose. To judge one event or lifetime as sinful or wrong is the product of a belief system that seeks to control others so that a few may prosper and have power while others are enslaved to support these few. Archangel Michael then acts as a purifying fire to assist the individual in seeking the truth for themselves, what resonates within their own heart as truth for them and not simply buying into the dogma of another. If it serves a person's evolution to continue to believe in the dogma and "sins" of this and prior lifetimes, then they shall of course continue to do so for this Michael will never take away one's free will. However if an individual is ready to move beyond the old concepts and beliefs, this Archangel will surely support in the cutting of the old ties that bind. If this Angel has appeared for you today, it may be an indication that some sort of cleansing and protection is needed at this time. Or perhaps you need to gather your inner courage and strength to pursue a new goal or dream that has been beckoning you. Michael brings empowerment to help you be all that you can be in this life if you are willing to take the next step that you know inside you need to take. I Know What I Need To Do & I Do It With Ease. This Frees Me To Move Forward Into My Promised Land At times, Michael appears when we need a bit of a nudge, a prod from his sword if you will, to get us unstuck and the energy flowing in our lives again. Or perhaps you have been buying into someone else's belief systems that are not helpful or healing for you. Archangel Michael says it is now time to develop your own beliefs that are centered around joy, worthiness and expectations of the best that life has to offer! Archangel Michael's primary message to you today is to believe in yourself and believe that the Universe is seeking right now to lead you out of the darkness and into the light. All you need do is call upon Michael's energy with your heart and you will find he has been standing next to you, supporting and shielding you all this time. What to watch for with this Angel's presence: People that can serve as protectors or guardians for you in some way, these may include family members, friends, colleagues or even folks you have yet to meet. When someone offers you support or assistance in some way, saying YES! and accepting with Gratitude opens the door for even more to come to you! New opportunities to expand your resources in some way. This Angel is as concerned with protecting your Life's work, business, career, money, and so forth as any other area of your life. Be open to new opportunities that can help you expand what you are already doing or help you to find a career that is much more aligned with the needs of your Soul. Needing to mentor or protect others who are coming to you for support and guidance. This may also include a project or goal that is dear to your heart that you need to focus on especially strongly right now. Or if you are someone who is already giving and giving and giving to many others, it may be time to focus more on doing and giving to yourself. Remember, the more you take care of you, the more you will have to give to others! If you are facing a situation that seems impossible to resolve and is causing you a lot of stress and pain, call upon Michael to help you resolve the issues and then stand by to honour what your inner guidance tells you to do! Light a candle dedicating it to Michael and meditate in front of it or simply allow it to burn for as long as you feel it appropriate. (be sure to follow all standard safety precautions when burning candles!) You may also choose to write a letter to this angel, placing it underneath the candle holder or lying in front of the holder. There are also 14 day candles that can be found at many supermarkets or catholic supply shops that have a representation of Michael on the front and a prayer on the back. Shops such as Walgreen's and Sav-on also often carry these candles. Other ways to work with the energy of Archangel Michael is to sort through all those things in your life, be they job related, personal, people, things in your home that you no longer resonate with, belief systems, even old projects or goals that no longer fit who you are and give them all permission to go! You can do this on a physical level by clearing clutter and old papers from your home/office and by consciously admitting that a goal you once had needs to be released and you are now letting it go. Thank all these things for once having served you, Bless them, and then ask Michael to carry them away.

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Microfluidic cellular and molecular detection for Lab-on-a-Chip applications. The power of the "Lab on a Chip" concept lies primarily in its ability to detect and manipulate at the cellular and molecular level with sufficiently high throughputs. With careful design and scaling considerations, molecular and cellular detectors (or sensors) facilitated by controlled microfluidic separation, purification, sorting, and mixing operations are more sensitive and specific. In this presentation, I will depict three levels of detection: DNA, protein, and cell. For DNA detection, a droplet microfluidic platform enables rapid and homogenous mixing in confined picoliter volumes for molecular hybridization fluorescence images. For proteins, I will discuss how an acoustic cavity mixer enabled an order of magnitude increase in speed of detection. Finally, a novel microfluidic device based on dielectrophoresis (DEP) enables the detection and sorting of biological cells based on their dielectric properties.

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

Q: Generate different types of enemies with different randomness What I want - I want to have some magic function getEnemyType(currentLevel), which will return, for example, a number. Number is enemy type, let's say, there are ten (10) types. 1 - the easiest, 10 - the hardest. I can't even find the idea, where to dig, to get such algorythm: I give this magic function current level number and it calculate suitable enemy type with increasing and decreasing chanse of getting hard or easy enemy. Example: Level 1: function will generate random type from array of one element: [1], okay Level 2: generating random types from such set: [1,1,2], reason is to have more easy and less hard enemies. Level 3: [1,1,1,2,2] ... Level 50: [1,7,7,9] (more 7s, less 9s for challenge, and little number of 1s for fun) Level 10000: [1, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10] Ideally game must be infinite, so I can just add enemy types to suit increasing difficulty. Is this real? :) A: One solution for solving this problem: Python (pseudo) code: def getEnemyTypesByLevel(Level): # max is maximal Difficulty Options = [ {"Count":1, "Max":1, "Exponent":1.0}, {"Count":3, "Max":2, "Exponent":1.2}, {"Count":5, "Max":2, "Exponent":1.3}, ... {"Count":8, "Max":10, "Exponent":42.0} ] DifficultyArray = [] CurrentOption = Options[Level] Base = 1.5 i = 0 while i < CurrentOption["Count"]: Difficulty = (random.random() * Base) ** CurrentOption["Exponent"] Difficulty = max(CurrentOption["Max"], Difficulty) DifficultyArray.append(Difficulty) i += 1 return DifficultyArray instead of using the Exponent function you can use logarithmic functions or any arbitary function, depending on your wishes. I hope this helps. Edit 1: Added the Base constant/value, without it it doesn't really do what you want.

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Taking the lead for christchurchbronxville excellency Tag: independent surveyor What does a typical workday of a chartered property surveyor NYC glimpse like? You can claim that nearly no two times are the exact same while in the job of surveying. It may be a reasonably unpredictable job. That’s a little something a lot of professional surveyors like about their occupation — the variety. This profession is large in scale. Surveyors do the job in residential households, in professional corporations, in planning and enormous scale advancement. They are doing assessments, consultations, and function both equally proactively and reactively when a little something goes completely wrong. No matter whether you happen to be dealing with a residential surveyor or perhaps a commercial surveying professional, you can expect to realize that these folks have a very huge total of knowledge similar into the environment of construction. Their job entails getting intensive information about structures, security, federal government rules and specifications, hearth safety, and more. They have to recognise flaws in workmanship, security dangers, and evaluate the impact of potential improve over the ecosystem as well as general public. Several surveyors function for a variety of clientele and have the chance to vacation during a considerable place so as to do their work. Below are a few of your forms of work opportunities a chartered surveyor could acquire calls to carry out: Inspect Properties Becoming Bought For anyone who is buying a home, an inspection frequently ought to be performed prior to the lender will approve financing. A surveyor will assess and examine the property and current a report back to the financial institution. This is often generally accomplished for re-financing of the house in addition. A surveyor should help a potential lender evaluate no matter whether or not a house is worth funding and / or assistance together with the real valuation from the house. Electricity Assessments A chartered surveyor can assess the electricity efficiency of a constructing. This will permit a quality and /or could result in recommendations. Many aspects of a making could involve assessment and inspections for government rules likewise previous to a sale or permitting of a developing. Inspection of Residential and Industrial Buildings Residential Commercial constructing assessment and inspection may very well be anything a surveyor does often when properties are undergoing variations, change of ownership, or when anything goes wrong. Fireplace prevention assessments are a legal need and many places could have to have inspection such as: floors, roofs, the outside, out structures, plus much more. The regions inspected will rely, mainly, over the style of inspection remaining performed.

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Report Writing - Evidence Collection This segment identifies the need to ensure the evidence listed in the report matches the evidence tag placed on the item. William Fogarty suggests double checking the report prior to booking the evidence to ensure there is no incorrect information listed in the report.

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Offensive Rebound Putbacks Putback attempts are shots taken by a player within four seconds of getting an offensive rebound. Name Putbacks %of total at rim shots coming on putbacks %of total made baskets at rim coming on putbacks Putback FG% at rim %of total 2pt Jumpers coming on Putbacks %of total made 2pt Jumpers coming on Putbacks Putback FG% 2pt Jumpers Iorio, Sam 16 14.3% 16.1% 71.4% 1.7% 0.0% 0.0% Nelson, Sa'Eed 11 2.9% 3.0% 57.1% 4.2% 3.4% 25.0% Motuzis, Larry 8 3.6% 5.1% 80.0% 4.3% 14.3% 100.0% Bragg, Marvin 6 18.5% 19.0% 80.0% 8.3% 0.0% 0.0% Little, Jesse 5 9.1% 4.5% 33.3% 20.0% 66.7% 100.0% Diallo, Cheikh 3 13.6% 18.8% 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% --- Cimino, Matt 3 37.5% 16.7% 33.3% 0.0% 0.0% --- Beckton Jr., Stacy 2 3.6% 0.0% 0.0% 3.6% 0.0% 0.0% Macarchuk, Nick 2 22.2% 14.3% 50.0% 0.0% --- --- Washington, James 1 0.0% 0.0% --- 14.3% 0.0% 0.0% LaMont, Drew 1 0.0% 0.0% --- 14.3% 50.0% 100.0% McFarland, Tyler 0 --- --- --- --- --- --- Brown, Kevin 0 0.0% --- --- --- --- --- Total 58 6.9% 7.7% 65.1% 4.5% 6.5% 46.2% Offensive Transition Splits The data in this table relate to the initial shot attempts of possessions. Transition shots are defined as occuring within the first 10 seconds of a possession after a steal, defensive rebound, or opponent score. Start of Poss % of initial attempts eFG% % Shots at rim FG% at rim % Shots 2pt Jumpers FG% 2pt Jumpers % Shots 3pt FG% 3pt Rebound, 0-10 s 8.1% 52.2% 54.3% 58.7% 9.5% 9.1% 36.2% 35.7% Rebound, 11-30 s 22.2% 48.3% 28.8% 53.3% 16.3% 23.1% 54.9% 35.4% Opp score, 0-10 s 3.3% 31.9% 44.7% 42.9% 4.3% 0.0% 51.1% 16.7% Opp score, 11-30 s 44.3% 53.1% 30.7% 59.0% 21.6% 39.4% 47.7% 37.0% Steal, 0-10 s 7.0% 62.4% 78.2% 70.9% 6.9% 14.3% 14.9% 26.7% Steal, 11-30 s 3.5% 46.0% 40.0% 50.0% 14.0% 14.3% 46.0% 34.8% Transition 18.4% 52.5% 61.7% 62.6% 7.6% 10.0% 30.7% 28.4% Defensive Statistics Team Defensive Summary Shot Type % of Shots FG% % of Shots Blocked Unblocked FG% At Rim 42.9% 59.7% 9.6% 66.1% 2pt Jumpers 24.5% 43.0% 6.4% 45.9% 3pt Shots 32.5% 38.3% 1.3% 38.9% Defensive Transition Splits The data in this table relate to the initial shot attempts of possessions. Transition shots are defined as occuring within the first 10 seconds of a possession after a steal, defensive rebound, or opponent score.

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Q: C# Windows Forms: OpenFileDialog Strange Issues This is kinda strange, let me try to explain it as best as possible: When I create a new file and Save it, it saves correctly (test.xml). When I make changes to this file and Save it, it saves correctly (to test.xml) When I make changes again to this file or just choose Save As, it works correctly (newtest.xml) However, when I do a file open, make changes to a file (test.xml) and click Save it is saving to (newtest.xml). This is in my MainForm.cs if (this.openEditorDialog1.ShowDialog(this) == DialogResult.OK && editForm != null) { editForm.Close(); editForm = new EditorForm(this); editForm.OpenFile(this.openEditorDialog1.FileName); editForm.Closing += new CancelEventHandler(EditorForm_Closing); editForm.MdiParent = this; editForm.Show(); } private void biFileSave_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { if (!editForm.HasFileName) { if (this.saveEditorDialog1.ShowDialog(this) == DialogResult.OK) { this.ActiveDiagram.SaveSoap(this.saveEditorDialog1.FileName); editForm.FileName = this.saveEditorDialog1.FileName; } } else { this.ActiveDiagram.SaveSoap(this.saveEditorDialog1.FileName); } This is in my EditorForm.cs public void OpenFile(string strFileName) { diagramComponent.LoadSoap(mainForm.openEditorDialog1.FileName); this.FileName = mainForm.openEditorDialog1.FileName; this.tabControl1.SelectedTab = DiagramTab; } I'm sure it has to do with the what I'm doing in the EditoForm but I can't seem to figure it out. A: else { this.ActiveDiagram.SaveSoap(this.saveEditorDialog1.FileName); It looks like you want: this.ActiveDiagram.SaveSoap(editForm.FileName);

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Q: Exception with objects in an array I have a mini-project and a lot of classes. I created an exception for a field, it doesn't work public C(..., int yearX, ...) throws InitException { if (year == 2000) { ... year = yearX; ... } else throw new InitAnneeEC(); } A: Your problem is in your constructor you compare year but you don't set it's value first, so the exception always happen. public C(..., int yearX, ...) throws InitException { if (year == 2000) { ... year = yearX; ... } else throw new InitAnneeEC(); } When you doing if (year == 2000) actually it's used the default value: 0, so the comparison always false. I guess you want to set anneeEC value with anneeE value. Try to change your code like this: public C(..., int yearX, ...) throws InitException { year = yearX; if (year == 2008) { ... } else throw new InitException(); }

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

Effect of the shooting position on the stunning of calves by captive bolt. Captive bolt stunning frontally, occipitally and on the nape of he neck was studied in 30 veal calves. The state of consciousness was judged from the electroencephalogram (EEG) recorded via surgically pre-implanted electrodes frontally on the right side of the head. Frontal stunning on the left side of the head and occipital stunning almost certainly ensured immediate unconsciousness because delta and theta waves (tending to an iso-electric line) appeared on the EEG directly after stunning. Additionally the corneal reflex was absent. Occipital placing did not result in macroscopical damage to the cortex as did frontal stunning. Shooting witha captive bolt in the nape of the neck caused unconsciousness after mean (+/- sd) 21 +/- 6 seconds. Until then the calves were fully conscious, according to the electroencephalogram and also showed a positive corneal reflex. It is therefore suggested that for the sake of animal welfare captive bolt shooting at the nape of the neck should be abandoned.

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

Quantile regression analysis of the rational addiction model: investigating heterogeneity in forward-looking behavior. The time path of consumption from a rational addiction (RA) model contains information about an individual's tendency to be forward looking. In this paper, we use quantile regression (QR) techniques to investigate whether the tendency to be forward looking varies systematically with the level of consumption of cigarettes. Using panel data, we find that the forward-looking effect is strongest relative to the addiction effect in the lower quantiles of cigarette consumption, and that the forward-looking effect declines and the addiction effect increases as we move toward the upper quantiles. The results indicate that QR can be used to illuminate the heterogeneity in individuals' tendency to be forward looking even after controlling for factors such as education. QR also gives useful information about the differential impact of policy variables, most notably workplace smoking restrictions, on light and heavy smokers.

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

Milan: Brocchi or Emery? By Football Italia staff It’s reported Milan President Silvio Berlusconi wants to keep Cristian Brocchi, but Chinese investors push for Unai Emery of Sevilla. The Rossoneri lost the Coppa Italia Final to Juventus, 1-0 in extra time last night, meaning they are out of Europe for the third year running. According to today’s media coverage, Berlusconi would gladly confirm Brocchi in the position. However, he is in negotiations to sell 70 per cent of the club to Chinese investors and until June 15 all big decisions must be run past them too. La Gazzetta dello Sport suggests the Chinese group would want to coax Emery away from Sevilla, where he’d reunite with Carlos Bacca. Sevilla have just celebrated their third consecutive Europa League trophy, beating Liverpool 3-1 in the Final. Another option is Marco Giampaolo, who has left Empoli after an impressive campaign. Watch Serie A live in the UK on Premier Sports for just £9.99 per month including live LaLiga, Eredivisie, Scottish Cup Football and more. Visit: https://www.premiersports.com/subscribenow

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[Double pylorus and pyloroduodenal fistulas: two case reports and discussion]. Congenital double pylorus is extremely rare; only 2 cases have been found in the English and French literature. Acquired double pylorus occurs more often; up to 1982, 66 cases had been reported. During 6 810 consecutive barium meal examinations over a period of 2 years, we diagnosed the condition in 5 patients. Two came to operation, at which the diagnosis was confirmed. These 2 cases are described. Acquired double pylorus is in reality a short pyloroduodenal fistula situated next to the pylorus, usually on the lesser curvature side. In the majority of cases it results from a pyloric ulcer penetrating into the duodenum. In a minority of cases the primary lesion is a duodenal ulcer penetrating into the pyloric area. Cases initially present with peptic ulcer symptoms. With the formation of the fistula, symptoms may disappear. Some authorities consider this to indicate spontaneous cure of the ulcer, thus obviating the need for further medical or surgical treatment. In the present 2 cases there was no remission of symptoms. None of the cases has been associated with malignant disease. It is thought that the condition may be recognized more often in future.

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

Q: Plotting ListLinePlots together creating a 3D view I have a *.xlsx file containing four columns, each pair representing an x and y value, so (from left to right): x_sample1, y_sample1, x_sample2, y_sample2. What I wanted to do, is put them in a ListLinePlot (or something similar) next to each other in a 3-D view. I managed to get what I wanted using ListPointPlot, but a continuous line for each sample would look better for my purposes. ListPointPlot (to my knowledge) only let me use Filling to simulate a more continuous, solid look - but that doesn't really cut it. Attached below is a picture of what I did so far and how the general look of it should be. I used a (rather ugly) workaround to get this to work: for each plot I added an artificial x value named "row" in integer values from 1-14 and these were followed by the original plot data corresponding to y and z data for this plot. The code I used is: ListPointPlot3D[{exceldaten[[All, {1, 2, 3}]], exceldaten[[All, {4, 5, 6}]], exceldaten[[All, {7, 8, 9}]], exceldaten[[All, {10, 11, 12}]], exceldaten[[All, {13, 14, 15}]], exceldaten[[All, {16, 17, 18}]], exceldaten[[All, {19, 20, 21}]], exceldaten[[All, {22, 23, 24}]], exceldaten[[All, {25, 26, 27}]], exceldaten[[All, {28, 29, 30}]], exceldaten[[All, {31, 32, 33}]], exceldaten[[All, {34, 35, 36}]], exceldaten[[All, {37, 38, 39}]], exceldaten[[All, {40, 41, 42}]]}, PlotRange -> {{0.5, 14.5}, {0.0002, 0.0006}, {0, 50000}}, Filling -> Axis, FillingStyle -> Automatic, Axes -> {False, True,True}, AxesLabel -> {None, "mobility (corresponding unit)", "cps"}, Ticks -> {header[[3 ;; 42 ;; 3]], Automatic, Automatic}, LabelStyle -> Directive[Bold, Medium], PlotLegends -> header[[3 ;; 42 ;; 3]]] A: You can use Polygon to get this effect. If you use ListPointPlot3D as well, you have easy access to the axes. a = Table[{j, i, i*Exp[-(j - 6)^2/(4)]}, {i, 1, 12}, {j, 1, 10}]; c = ColorData[97][#] & /@ Range[1, Length@a]; Show[ ListPointPlot3D[a, PlotStyle -> c], Graphics3D[{#1, Polygon[#2]}] & @@@ Transpose@{c, a} ] Which gives Or you can use EdgeForm and FaceForm to get lines Show[ ListPointPlot3D[a, PlotStyle -> c], Graphics3D[{FaceForm[None], EdgeForm[#1], Polygon[#2]}] & @@@ Transpose@{c, a} ] Edit: Obviously, you could use Line as well, which gets rid of the lines on the x-y plane. Show[ListPointPlot3D[a, PlotStyle -> c], Graphics3D[{#1, Line[#2]}] & @@@ Transpose@{c, a}]

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Category Archives: Uncategorized Post navigation You know, many times in life we as the parents are always on the go! We have yard work, house work, home projects, and a plethora of other things that always need to be accomplished. But how many times do your kids want you to stop and play with them? If your house is anything like mine, it is constantly! That is where we as the parents need to STOP and PLAY! We need not to worry so much what others think about the way our house looks, how dirty our car may be, or if the yard is manicured to perfection. Those things will be there after the chance you had to play with your kids are gone. There are only a few chances that we as parents will get to enjoy with our kids. Just to see how many, check out this app from Orange that will let you put in your kids graduation date (or other important dates) and let you see how many weekends, days, hours, minutes and seconds you have left. Once you see it, I think you will be shocked! Here are a few things that you can do with you kids over the next days, weeks, or months. Pick out a few and go for it. Be a kid with your kids for a bit and have some fun, not only will you build a bond with your kids, but memories will also be built that will last longer than fresh cut grass! Like this: I am getting fired up about Summer Camp this year!!! This year we will be going to a new camp located in the mountains of North Carolina called The Wilds. Check out their web page at http://www.wilds.org/camps/youth/jbc. Campers must be at least 9 years old by September 1, 2015, and be entering Grades 4-7. We will be going during June 8-June 13. The cost will be $375 per kid. We will start our fundraiser this January 28th with a lunch following the morning service. If you are interested, please let me know ASAP!! Like this: Have you never had to endure a person learning how to play the clarinet? It’s pretty awful. Sounds more like a person strangling a duck then anything close to actual music. But that goes with any musical instrument, doesn’t it? To become great at playing an instrument, you need to practice … to rehearse. You need to commit to sticking with it even when you don’t feel like it. This is true for faith. To grow—to mature—takes practice. It takes commitment. Which is why we’re taking a whole month to discover how commitment can show up in our lives as we practice our faith. Commitment is making a plan and putting it into practice. If we want to know God better, we need to practice our faith. But this isn’t something that comes naturally to any of us. That’s why we need a plan to put into practice. And the best place to start is with faith skills. Every so often we like to come back around and focus on four faith skills that kids can practice to help them grow in their faith and know God better. We use four words to help us remember these skills: HEAR. PRAY. TALK. LIVE. Each week this month, we’ll focus on one of the faith skills as we talk about making a plan and putting it into practice. This month, let’s think about how: (1) God created commitment and exemplifies it in being committed to us. (2) Commitment is both a reflection of and a response to God’s character. We can demonstrate His commitment to us as we commit to knowing Him more. (3) Commitment is how we follow through on the tasks set before us. So, get ready kids to show some commitment this month as we dive into God’s word! To help you out, I have placed some Bible reading plans at this link. Make sure to check them out. Share this: Like this: People have been asking what is needed to help get things ready for the backpack mission that we are doing. Well, this is what is happening and when! October 19th 3:00 ~ 5:15 We will sort the backpacks that have been turned in according to age and boy/girl. With thing that have been given to us, we need to also pack some backpacks. We will make a list of items that are needed to finish out any existing backpacks. October 26th 3:00 ~ 5:15 Finish packing the backpacks that needed other items. Box up the backpacks according to age and boy/girl. Place the Christmas Story and monthly devotions in the Bibles that will be given out. December 6th 6:00 AM load up on the church busses or private vehicles and get ready for God to move in your life. If you have have not signed up for a job while there or to let me know that you are riding the bus, please click here to get that done Like this: Here is the details for the Copper Basin Crisis Center Mission Project that we are doing this year. We will be going to the Crisis Center on Saturday, December 6th. We will be leaving the church at 6:00 AM since this is a 3 hour trip. The goal is to have things setup and going by 10:00. We will be leaving around 4:00 and coming back to the church. Cooper Basin Crisis Center There is a form shown below that will allow you to sign-up and select what you would like to do while at the Crisis Center. I need each person to sign-up with a position prior to going. If a family of 4 is going to go, I need 4 people to have signed up. This way I will know how many seats we need on the bus. One last thing! We are going on a trip to help and minister to the people of the Appalachian area. We are not going on a trip to take photos of ourselves, post photos onto social media or exploit the lifestyles of the people in the area. With that said, I am asking you not to take photos or tweet about what is done there. We will take a group photo while there for a reminder.

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Construction Jobs Growth at three-year High Jobs in construction have grown for a third successive month in July, with the employment sub-index of the Australian Industry Group’s Performance of Construction Index rising to 59 points (where figures above 50 indicate expansion). The surge of 4.8 points from June shows a faster rate of growth in the month; July’s growth in employment was the highest in almost three years. Also in July, wages growth continued, and is at a higher rate than in June, with the wages sub-index rising by 3.7 points to 64.6 points. This indicates the fastest rate of expansion in construction wages since August 2016, according to the AIG, which said the main drivers were wage increases still flowing from existing EBAs, and difficulties in filling various skilled vacancies.

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2nd pregnancy, different symptoms? This might sound a little dramatic but I'm worried because I haven't been sick (yet). With DD (dear daughter) I knew I was pregnant before I missed a period because I had horrible morning sickness almost immediately. So while I'm glad not to be curled around the toilet it makes me a little nervous too. I'm still bfing DD (dear daughter) if that makes a difference. Has anyone else had a similar experience? Tell me I'm overreacting! Comments (1) This is my 4th pregnancy and its 100% different than my other 3. I'm usually really sick but I'm not a bit sick this time. I think every pregnancy is a tad different. I'm 6 weeks 3 days and feeling great. Cramping, but not much else. I honestly wouldn't read to much into it ❤ You are passing a message to a BabyCenter staff member. For the fastest help on community guidelines violations, please click 'Report this' on the item you wish the staff to review. For general help please read our Help section or contact us.

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When Meek Mill debuted his Drake diss song, "Wanna Know," on Thursday night, the first thing that most people noticed was that the Philadelphia rapper sampled The Undertaker's classic theme song and incorporated it into the first half of the track: For comparison's sake, here is Meek Mill's song: And here is The Undertaker's theme: A short time after "Wanna Know" was released, the satirical website Huzlers posted a story about how The Undertaker had filed a $500,000 lawsuit against Meek Mill for using his song without his permission. And while the story was obviously fake—it included a fictional quote from The Undertaker with him saying, "I wouldn't have filed a lawsuit if the track was actually good"—more than a few people tweeted about it and posted it on Facebook: So we reached out to the WWE to see what response, if any, they had to Meek Mill using The Undertaker's theme, which was originally created by legendary WWE composer Jim Johnston. They released a brief but firm statement to Complex Sports. "WWE takes its intellectual property rights very seriously," the WWE statement said, "and we are looking into the matter." It's worth noting that "Wanna Know" is not currently for sale, which means Meek Mill is not profiting directly from it. But we will continue to keep you updated on the situation, and let you know if the WWE decides to pursue any action against the rapper. Send all complaints, compliments, and tips to [email protected].

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537 U.S. 943 CUYLERv.WAL-MART STORES, INC. No. 02-5321. Supreme Court of United States. October 7, 2002. 1 CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT. 2 C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied. JUSTICE BREYER took no part in the consideration or decision of this petition.

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

Print advertising is one of the most effective ways to generate leads for your business. Christie Graphic Design will use all of your branding materials to create an advertisement that will communicate your company’s specific benefits, and increase your sales.

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Demolition (1978 film) Demolition is an Australian TV movie. It was produced by Robert Bruning's Gemini Productions and screened on Channel 7. Director Kevin Dobson recalled it as an attempt by Bruning and Grundys "to make mid-Atlantic films for the US market. It was pretty ill-fated." Plot British Intelligence have been conducting sound tests in different countries on techniques to increase the ability of long-distance truck drivers to stay awake - sounds were pumped into their ears to see the results. They discover that one method could completely erase memory. An intelligence officer, Ainsley, blackmails Peter Clarke, an Australian who used to work for him as an agent, Peter Clarke, into returning to Sydney as a courier. Clarke is to take an audio tape of recordings that will erase the memory of the listener. Ainsley wants the tape to lure an enemy agent, Korcheck - the plan is to trap Korchek into listening to the tape and have his memory wiped. An American friend introduces Peter to Faith Camden and they begin an affair. Cast John Waters as Peter Clarke Belinda Giblin as Faith Camden Fred Steele as Eddie Vincent Ball as Ainsley Keith Lee as Korcheck Donald McDonald as Henderson Tracey Lee as Drag Queen The Don Burrows Quartet Tony Barry as Contact at Warehouse Allan Penney as Hudson Production Filming started in Sydney on 14 November 1977. Release Although the film was made in 1977 it did not air until 1979. The week it aired the Sydney Morning Herald did not review it. Critical Reception Filmink magazine later wrote: [The movie has] a very James Bond set up, but the treatment is surprisingly downbeat and film noir-y – Waters’ character gets beaten up a lot. However, the climax does involve Waters running through a wildlife safari park and stumbling into a lion enclosure, so that’s pretty Bond-y. The script is far too confusing for this to be effective. References External links Demolition at BFI Demoltion at AustLit (subscription required) Demolition at National Film and Sound Archive Category:1978 television films Category:Australian television films Category:English-language films Category:Australian films Category:Australian action thriller films

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

<code_set_name> EBCDIC-CA-FR <comment_char> % <escape_char> / % version: 1.0 % source: IBM 3270 Char Set Ref Ch 10, GA27-2837-9, April 1987 CHARMAP <U0000> /x00 NULL (NUL) <U0001> /x01 START OF HEADING (SOH) <U0002> /x02 START OF TEXT (STX) <U0003> /x03 END OF TEXT (ETX) <U009C> /x04 STRING TERMINATOR (ST) <U0009> /x05 CHARACTER TABULATION (HT) <U0086> /x06 START OF SELECTED AREA (SSA) <U007F> /x07 DELETE (DEL) <U0097> /x08 END OF GUARDED AREA (EPA) <U008D> /x09 REVERSE LINE FEED (RI) <U008E> /x0a SINGLE-SHIFT TWO (SS2) <U000B> /x0b LINE TABULATION (VT) <U000C> /x0c FORM FEED (FF) <U000D> /x0d CARRIAGE RETURN (CR) <U000E> /x0e SHIFT OUT (SO) <U000F> /x0f SHIFT IN (SI) <U0010> /x10 DATALINK ESCAPE (DLE) <U0011> /x11 DEVICE CONTROL ONE (DC1) <U0012> /x12 DEVICE CONTROL TWO (DC2) <U0013> /x13 DEVICE CONTROL THREE (DC3) <U009D> /x14 OPERATING SYSTEM COMMAND (OSC) <U0085> /x15 NEXT LINE (NEL) <U0008> /x16 BACKSPACE (BS) <U0087> /x17 END OF SELECTED AREA (ESA) <U0018> /x18 CANCEL (CAN) <U0019> /x19 END OF MEDIUM (EM) <U0092> /x1a PRIVATE USE TWO (PU2) <U008F> /x1b SINGLE-SHIFT THREE (SS3) <U001C> /x1c FILE SEPARATOR (IS4) <U001D> /x1d GROUP SEPARATOR (IS3) <U001E> /x1e RECORD SEPARATOR (IS2) <U001F> /x1f UNIT SEPARATOR (IS1) <U0080> /x20 PADDING CHARACTER (PAD) <U0081> /x21 HIGH OCTET PRESET (HOP) <U0082> /x22 BREAK PERMITTED HERE (BPH) <U0083> /x23 NO BREAK HERE (NBH) <U0084> /x24 INDEX (IND) <U000A> /x25 LINE FEED (LF) <U0017> /x26 END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK (ETB) <U001B> /x27 ESCAPE (ESC) <U0088> /x28 CHARACTER TABULATION SET (HTS) <U0089> /x29 CHARACTER TABULATION WITH JUSTIFICATION (HTJ) <U008A> /x2a LINE TABULATION SET (VTS) <U008B> /x2b PARTIAL LINE FORWARD (PLD) <U008C> /x2c PARTIAL LINE BACKWARD (PLU) <U0005> /x2d ENQUIRY (ENQ) <U0006> /x2e ACKNOWLEDGE (ACK) <U0007> /x2f BELL (BEL) <U0090> /x30 DEVICE CONTROL STRING (DCS) <U0091> /x31 PRIVATE USE ONE (PU1) <U0016> /x32 SYNCHRONOUS IDLE (SYN) <U0093> /x33 SET TRANSMIT STATE (STS) <U0094> /x34 CANCEL CHARACTER (CCH) <U0095> /x35 MESSAGE WAITING (MW) <U0096> /x36 START OF GUARDED AREA (SPA) <U0004> /x37 END OF TRANSMISSION (EOT) <U0098> /x38 START OF STRING (SOS) <U0099> /x39 SINGLE GRAPHIC CHARACTER INTRODUCER (SGCI) <U009A> /x3a SINGLE CHARACTER INTRODUCER (SCI) <U009B> /x3b CONTROL SEQUENCE INTRODUCER (CSI) <U0014> /x3c DEVICE CONTROL FOUR (DC4) <U0015> /x3d NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE (NAK) <U009E> /x3e PRIVACY MESSAGE (PM) <U001A> /x3f SUBSTITUTE (SUB) <U0020> /x40 SPACE <U00E2> /x42 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX <U00E7> /x48 LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA <U00E0> /x4a LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH GRAVE <U002E> /x4b FULL STOP <U003C> /x4c LESS-THAN SIGN <U0028> /x4d LEFT PARENTHESIS <U002B> /x4e PLUS SIGN <U0021> /x4f EXCLAMATION MARK <U0026> /x50 AMPERSAND <U00EA> /x52 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX <U00EB> /x53 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS <U00EE> /x56 LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX <U00EF> /x57 LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS <U00B4> /x5a ACUTE ACCENT <U0024> /x5b DOLLAR SIGN <U002A> /x5c ASTERISK <U0029> /x5d RIGHT PARENTHESIS <U003B> /x5e SEMICOLON <U005E> /x5f CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT <U002D> /x60 HYPHEN-MINUS <U002F> /x61 SOLIDUS <U00C2> /x62 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX <U00C0> /x64 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE <U00C7> /x68 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA <U00F9> /x6a LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH GRAVE <U002C> /x6b COMMA <U0025> /x6c PERCENT SIGN <U005F> /x6d LOW LINE <U003E> /x6e GREATER-THAN SIGN <U003F> /x6f QUESTION MARK <U00C9> /x71 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH ACUTE <U00CA> /x72 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX <U00CB> /x73 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS <U00CE> /x75 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX <U00CF> /x76 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS <U0060> /x79 GRAVE ACCENT <U003A> /x7a COLON <U0023> /x7b NUMBER SIGN <U0040> /x7c COMMERCIAL AT <U0027> /x7d APOSTROPHE <U003D> /x7e EQUALS SIGN <U0022> /x7f QUOTATION MARK <U0061> /x81 LATIN SMALL LETTER A <U0062> /x82 LATIN SMALL LETTER B <U0063> /x83 LATIN SMALL LETTER C <U0064> /x84 LATIN SMALL LETTER D <U0065> /x85 LATIN SMALL LETTER E <U0066> /x86 LATIN SMALL LETTER F <U0067> /x87 LATIN SMALL LETTER G <U0068> /x88 LATIN SMALL LETTER H <U0069> /x89 LATIN SMALL LETTER I <U006A> /x91 LATIN SMALL LETTER J <U006B> /x92 LATIN SMALL LETTER K <U006C> /x93 LATIN SMALL LETTER L <U006D> /x94 LATIN SMALL LETTER M <U006E> /x95 LATIN SMALL LETTER N <U006F> /x96 LATIN SMALL LETTER O <U0070> /x97 LATIN SMALL LETTER P <U0071> /x98 LATIN SMALL LETTER Q <U0072> /x99 LATIN SMALL LETTER R <U00A8> /xa1 DIAERESIS <U0073> /xa2 LATIN SMALL LETTER S <U0074> /xa3 LATIN SMALL LETTER T <U0075> /xa4 LATIN SMALL LETTER U <U0076> /xa5 LATIN SMALL LETTER V <U0077> /xa6 LATIN SMALL LETTER W <U0078> /xa7 LATIN SMALL LETTER X <U0079> /xa8 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y <U007A> /xa9 LATIN SMALL LETTER Z <U00E9> /xc0 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE <U0041> /xc1 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A <U0042> /xc2 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B <U0043> /xc3 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C <U0044> /xc4 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D <U0045> /xc5 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E <U0046> /xc6 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F <U0047> /xc7 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G <U0048> /xc8 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H <U0049> /xc9 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I <U00F4> /xcb LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX <U00E8> /xd0 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH GRAVE <U004A> /xd1 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J <U004B> /xd2 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K <U004C> /xd3 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L <U004D> /xd4 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M <U004E> /xd5 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N <U004F> /xd6 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O <U0050> /xd7 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P <U0051> /xd8 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q <U0052> /xd9 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R <U00FB> /xdb LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX <U00FC> /xdc LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS <U00B8> /xe0 CEDILLA <U0053> /xe2 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S <U0054> /xe3 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T <U0055> /xe4 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U <U0056> /xe5 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V <U0057> /xe6 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W <U0058> /xe7 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X <U0059> /xe8 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y <U005A> /xe9 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z <U00D4> /xeb LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX <U0030> /xf0 DIGIT ZERO <U0031> /xf1 DIGIT ONE <U0032> /xf2 DIGIT TWO <U0033> /xf3 DIGIT THREE <U0034> /xf4 DIGIT FOUR <U0035> /xf5 DIGIT FIVE <U0036> /xf6 DIGIT SIX <U0037> /xf7 DIGIT SEVEN <U0038> /xf8 DIGIT EIGHT <U0039> /xf9 DIGIT NINE <U00DB> /xfb LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX <U00DC> /xfc LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS <U00D9> /xfd LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH GRAVE <U009F> /xff APPLICATION PROGRAM COMMAND (APC) END CHARMAP

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }