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This invention relates to multifunctional antioxidant/antiwear additives and to compositions comprising lubricants, greases and other solid lubricants thereof containing a minor amount of mixed alcohol/dithiocarbamate derived borate.
The metal surfaces of machinery or engines operate under heavy or normal loads wherein the metal is under friction, even when being lubricated. Thus, there is always metal wear which in some cases can be excessive. It is clear that lubricants used to protect the metal surfaces do not completely prevent wear at the points of metal to metal contact. Consequently, the performance of the machine or engine will suffer, and in aggravated cases the machine or engine may be become completely inoperative from the wear caused by the friction and the load.
There have been many attempts to devise additive systems to improve the extreme pressure/load carrying properties of a lubricant. The non-metallic derivatives of the present invention provide lubricating oil compositions with enhanced antioxidant/antiwear and extreme pressure/load carrying characteristics and are believed to be capable of overcoming some of the aforementioned deficiencies of prior art additives.
Lubricants, such as lubricating oils and greases, are subject to oxidative deterioration at elevated temperatures or upon prolonged exposure to the elements. Such deterioration is evidenced, in many instances, by an increase in acidity and in viscosity, and when the deterioration is severe enough, it can cause metal parts to corrode. Additionally, severe oxidation leads to a loss of lubrication properties, and in especially severe cases this may cause complete breakdown of the device being lubricated. Many additives have been tried, however, many of them are only marginally effective except at high concentrations. Improved antioxidants are clearly needed.
Antioxidants or oxidation inhibitors are used to minimize the effects of oil deterioration that occur when, for example, hot oil is contacted with air. The degree and rate of oxidation will depend on temperature, air and oil flow rates and, of particular importance, on the presence of metals that may catalytically promote oxidation. Antioxidants generally function by prevention of chain peroxide reaction and/or metal catalyst deactivation. They prevent the formation of acid sludges, darkening of the oil and increases in viscosity due to the formation of polymeric materials.
Water (moisture) is another critical problem. In spite of even extraordinary precautionary efforts water is found as a film or in minute droplets in vessels containing various hydrocarbon distillates. This brings about ideal conditions for corrosion and damage of metal surfaces of the vessels and the materials contained therein. Also in the lubrication of internal combustion engines, for example, quantities of water are often present as a separate phase within the lubricating system. Another serious problem in respect to metallic surfaces in contact with adjacent metallic surfaces is the surface wear caused by the contact of such surfaces. One material capable of simultaneously coping with such problems effectively is highly desireous.
The use of metal dithiocarbamates (such as zinc, nickel, or lead dialkyl dithiocarbamates) are known as effective antioxidants and antiozonants for many rubbers and polymers in various kinds of applications, such as SBR and NBR.
The non-metallic (ashless) dithiocarbamates, such as 4,4'-methylene bis(dibutyl dithiocarbamate), have been well known for their antioxidant and extreme pressure properties in lubricant applications.
The use of borate has been widely reported as having beneficial multifunctional friction reducing properties, as well as antioxidant properties in lubricant applications.
It has now been found that the use of these alcohol or hydroxy-hydrocarbyl/dithiocarbamate-derived hydroxy borates provides exceptional antioxidant and antiwear/EP activity with potential antifatigue and high temperature stabilizing properties. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
This invention relates generally to display systems and more specifically to a waiting time display system capable of monitoring and visually or audio-visually indicating the waiting time or transaction time at each of a plurality of locations.
Such a system is useful in business situations, for example banks, wherein a plurality of reception or service desks or counters are simultaneously available for serving customers. It is useful to provide a display at each of these service counters of the expected time required to complete the transaction currently taking place, so that a waiting customer may select an appropriate counter for his transaction.
Additionally, it is useful to provide a centralized display of the waiting times or transaction times at all of these service desks or counters for use by supervisory personnel in guiding or ushering customers to appropriate service counters. Moreover, the time data collected at this centralized supervisory desk may be recorded for later analysis to determine the optimum distribution of services among the plural service desks and to ascertain the efficiency of operation at each service desk.
It will be appreciated from the foregoing that such a waiting time display system may find use in various applications such as hotel check-in/check-out counters, ticket counters at railway stations, airports or the like, race tracks, or any similar application.
It will be recognized that a waiting time display system in accordance with the invention, having the foregoing features, to be described in detail hereinbelow, exhibits a number of advantages. For example, each service desk or counter may be operated at its optimum efficiency, thereby optimizing or minimizing the waiting time for customers or clients. Moreover, the monitoring of these waiting times or transaction times at a central location enables direction of clients or customers to one or more service counters where they will be more promptly served. This enhances customer relations, as well as creating an optimum distribution of work load among service personnel, thus minimizing personnel fatigue. Additionally, it is possible to utilize the recorded data to further optimize customer services and personnel work loads. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
Application submitted for listing the Notes on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange ISIN US87927VAT52
Begining on January 19, 2008 the notes will be redeemable at the price greater of 100% of the principal and the sum of the present values of remaining payments discounted at discounted at a rate equal to USD 3M LIBOR - 0.36%
This website uses third-party analytics cookies to collect aggregate information on the number of users and how they visit this site. If you need more information or wish to refuse the consent to some or all cookies please click here. By closing this banner or accessing any of the underlying content you are expressing your consent to the use of cookies. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Temperature dependence of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions in the edible frog (Rana esculenta).
The change in frequency of individual emissions in the European edible frog (Rana esculenta) when the temperature of the frog is modified, is part of a complex pattern of interaction between spontaneous otoacoustic emissions. At high temperatures (above 24 degrees C) two emissions are always detected (e.g., one near 800 Hz and one near 1200 Hz). The higher-frequency emission is lower in level and has a wider bandwidth than the lower-frequency emission. It is also often asymmetric and sometimes breaks into two emissions when an external suppressor tone is applied. When the temperature is decreased, these emissions are reduced in frequency at a rate of 0.04 octave/degree C. The higher-frequency emission becomes narrower and taller, and the lower-frequency emissions becomes broader and less intense. At approximately 18 degrees C the lowest of these emissions (now between 600 and 700 Hz) disappears and is replaced by a new emission approximately 100 Hz lower in frequency. When the temperature is carefully controlled the two emissions can exist simultaneously. The lowest-frequency emission changes 0.015 degree C/octave suggesting that the mechanisms controlling the frequency of this emission may be different than those determining the frequencies of the other emissions. All but the lowest-frequency emissions are maximal in level and have minimal bandwidth when the frequency is close to 700 Hz, which is interpreted as evidence that these emissions are filtered by a temperature-independent process. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Interactions among Peers and International Organizations in the 2019 Asian Chemical Congress Held in Taipei.
In their editorial, Reuben Jih-Ru Hwu and Theresa Kueckmann reflect on the objective of the 18th Asian Chemical Congress (ACC). The ACC is a biennial event organized by members of the Federation of Asian Chemical Societies (FACS), an official supporting organization for the publication of the three ACES journals Chemistry-An Asian Journal, Asian Journal of Organic Chemistry, and ChemNanoMat. This special issue showcases the high quality of the 2019 ACC, featuring contributions by Keynote and Invited Speakers. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[PATIENT WITH PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE].
Peptic ulcer disease is represented by a lesion in the mucosa of the digestive tract due to imbalance of its aggressive and protective mechanisms. The main external factors of the development of peptic ulcers are Helicobacter pylori infection and the use of non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). Symptoms of peptic ulcer disease are a common reason for visiting the family physician. All patients with symptoms of dyspepsia under the age of 50 and without the alarm symptoms should be tested whether H. pylori is present by performing the Urea Breath Test or stool antigene testing, and infection, if found, should be treated. Endoscopic examination is obligatory in patients older than 50 years and those with alarm symptoms. „Sequential therapy“ is recommended in Croatia as the first-line treatment of H. pylori infection, or triple therapy that comprises applying a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) in combination with amoxicillin and metronidazole. Four weeks after eradication therapy the control testing for H. pylori should be performed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
from tests import TestCase
from .helper import visible
from quodlibet.qltk.entry import ValidatingEntry, UndoEntry, Entry
from quodlibet.query._query import Query
import quodlibet.config
class TEntry(TestCase):
def test_set_max_width_chars(self):
with visible(Entry()) as e:
e.set_max_width_chars(4)
nat1 = e.get_preferred_width()[1]
e.set_max_width_chars(40)
nat2 = e.get_preferred_width()[1]
self.assertTrue(nat1 < nat2)
class TValidatingEntry(TestCase):
def setUp(self):
quodlibet.config.init()
self.entry = ValidatingEntry(Query.validator)
def test_changed_simple(self):
self.entry.set_text("valid")
def test_changed_valid(self):
self.entry.set_text("search = 'valid'")
def test_changed_invalid(self):
self.entry.set_text("=#invalid")
def test_custom_validator(self):
x = []
def valid(text):
x.append(text)
return text
entry = ValidatingEntry(valid)
entry.set_text("foo")
self.assertEqual(x, [u"foo"])
self.assertTrue(isinstance(x[0], str))
def tearDown(self):
self.entry.destroy()
quodlibet.config.quit()
class TUndoEntry(TestCase):
def setUp(self):
self.entry = UndoEntry()
def __equal(self, value):
entry_val = self.entry.get_text()
self.failUnlessEqual(value, entry_val)
def __insert(self, text, pos):
self.entry.insert_text(text, position=pos)
self.entry.set_position(pos + len(text))
def __delete_left(self, start, end):
self.entry.set_position(start)
self.entry.delete_text(start, end)
self.entry.set_position(start)
def __delete_right(self, start, end):
self.entry.set_position(end)
self.entry.delete_text(start, end)
self.entry.set_position(start)
def test_undo_reset(self):
entry = self.entry
self.__insert("foo", 0)
self.__insert("bar", 0)
entry.reset_undo()
entry.undo()
entry.undo()
entry.undo()
self.__equal("barfoo")
def test_undo_norm(self):
entry = self.entry
self.__insert("foo", 0)
entry.undo()
self.__equal("")
entry.redo()
self.__equal("foo")
def test_undo_space(self):
entry = self.entry
self.__insert("f", 0)
self.__insert(" ", 1)
self.__insert("o", 2)
entry.undo()
self.__equal("f ")
entry.undo()
self.__equal("")
def test_undo_insert_end(self):
entry = self.entry
self.__insert("f", 0)
self.__insert("o", 1)
self.__insert("o", 2)
entry.undo()
self.__equal("")
entry.redo()
self.__equal("foo")
def test_undo_insert_end_2(self):
entry = self.entry
self.__insert("f", 0)
self.__insert("o", 1)
self.__insert("o", 2)
self.__insert("bar", 3)
entry.undo()
self.__equal("foo")
entry.redo()
self.__equal("foobar")
def test_undo_insert_middle(self):
entry = self.entry
self.__insert("foo", 0)
self.__insert("b", 1)
self.__equal("fboo")
entry.undo()
self.__equal("foo")
entry.undo()
self.__equal("")
def test_undo_delete(self):
entry = self.entry
self.__insert("foobar", 0)
self.__delete_left(3, 4)
self.__equal("fooar")
self.__delete_right(1, 3)
self.__equal("far")
entry.undo()
self.__equal("fooar")
entry.undo()
self.__equal("foobar")
def test_undo_delete_space(self):
entry = self.entry
self.__insert("foob ar", 0)
self.__delete_right(6, 7)
self.__equal("foob a")
self.__delete_right(5, 6)
self.__delete_right(4, 5)
self.__delete_right(3, 4)
self.__delete_right(2, 3)
entry.undo()
self.__equal("foob")
def tearDown(self):
self.entry.destroy()
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Q:
Anaglyph (3D) digital artwork with Photoshop
Is it possible to take digital artwork and create an anaglyph (3D) version of it in Photoshop (or any similar program)? How?
I would like show some digital artwork in stereoscopic 3D.
I'm aware that for photographs you need two pictures taken from diferent positions. Since I want to apply this effect to digital artwork, I don't know how to create these two pictures.
Thanks!
A:
To create an anaglyph you need TWO images/photos depicting a scene from two slightly different angles.
Photoshop tutorial available here.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
# Brunch
RECIPES FOR COZY WEEKEND MORNINGS
recipes Georgeanne Brennan
photography Laurie Frankel
# Contents
Introduction
Starters
Egg Dishes
Morning Sweets
Main Dishes
Side Dishes
Beverages
Brunch Menus
Index
# Brunch Entertaining
Brunch is an ideal meal for daytime entertaining for a variety of reasons. Because two meal periods are combined into one wonderful feast, guests feel they can indulge, leaving the host with many options for recipes. In addition, brunch is usually a casual get-together enjoyed on weekends and vacations when there are no strict timelines. Because of the informal setting and flexible menu, children can easily be included in the festivities, making brunch a great way to celebrate with family and friends of all ages.
## CREATING THE OCCASION
Almost any occasion can be celebrated at a brunch, including birthdays, engagements, anniversaries, graduations, and the many other holidays and events that occur throughout the year. But brunch can also be enjoyed as an event all its own, for no other reason than the desire to share a relaxing afternoon with family and friends. If you are new to entertaining, brunch is a great meal to start with, as you only need to select one or two dishes for the menu. In addition, the recipes are typically easy to prepare. Happening as it does at the most relaxed time of the week, and featuring breakfast and light luncheon foods that are associated with comfort and leisure, brunch epitomizes both casual entertaining and festive celebrations.
## SERVING STYLES
Brunch dishes lend themselves readily to informal presentations. For a small gathering of guests seated around a table, it's logical to serve the meal family-style: Bring the food out on serving platters from which guests can help themselves and pass the dish along. For large groups or to allow weekend guests to serve themselves at their own pace, a buffet is a good choice. Transform any tabletop into a buffet by stacking plates, flatware, napkins, and serving dishes on it. (For tips on setting up a brunch buffet, turn to see recipe.) Of course, brunches do not always have to be casual affairs. When the occasion or your mood calls for it, you can make the meal as formal as you like, setting the table with your best linens, glassware, and tableware, and serving the food individually plated.
Keeping Foods Warm
To keep pancakes and waffles warm while you finish cooking all the batter, transfer the cooked items to a rack set over a baking sheet and put in a preheated 200°F oven until ready to serve. You can also use this method with sausage, bacon, and potatoes.
Make-Ahead Tip
When making pancakes, waffles, or quick breads, combine the dry ingredients in one bowl and pour the wet ingredients into another the night before you cook them. In the morning, simply whisk the ingredients together to make the batter.
The versatility of brunch allows for great flexibility when it comes to where and how you serve it, if you choose to host a formal or informal meal, and whether you present the food on individual plates, family style, or as a buffet.
The dining room is one choice locale for brunch. Most tables will comfortably seat six to eight guests. For smaller gatherings, seating guests in a kitchen large enough to hold a table, or one with an adjoining breakfast nook, is an ideal way to make sure that everyone can mingle throughout the meal. This will create a relaxed mood and the proximity to the kitchen activities allows willing guests to assist you with the food.
There are other venues for brunch besides the predictable dining table. Living rooms can work well, especially if you are serving a large crowd or utilizing a buffet. Rearrange furniture as needed to provide convenient, comfortable seating; don't forget to include tables for guests to rest their plates.
If the weather is warm, consider serving the meal outside. Set up the buffet near a door with easy outdoor access or in the yard on a table that is protected from sunlight. Be sure to position tables, chairs, or blankets on the lawn beneath umbrellas or trees to shade your guests while they eat.
Tips for Successful Brunch Entertaining
• Pick a serving style—formal or informal, individually plated, family style, or buffet—that matches your mood, the number of guests, and any time constraints.
• Select a location that's right for the style of the brunch and the season—in the dining room, in an eat-in kitchen, in the garden, or in a large living room.
• Choose a menu that combines make-ahead dishes with last-minute preparations; use the season or the weather and the preferences of your guests to help you make decisions about your menu selections.
• The night before the brunch, clean the house, set the table, choose the serving vessels and utensils, and do as much advance cooking as you can.
• If you are serving a brunch outdoors, consider supplying mesh domes to keep bugs away from the food.
• For a pretty finishing touch, choose a simple centerpiece or floral arrangement to create a focal point for your meal. For smaller tables or meals served at the kitchen counter, put an individual bloom in a bud vase at each place setting.
Baked-Goods Station
Fill plates or napkin-lined baskets with Oatmeal-Blueberry Muffins (see recipe), Orange-Zest Scones (see recipe), or Brown-Sugar Coffee Cake (see recipe), or serve purchased breads and bagels. Position the items near an electrical outlet where a toaster can be plugged in safely. Add bowls of toppings so guests can help themselves.
Cereal Buffet
Place containers of homemade granola (see recipe) or a favorite dry cereal on a counter with serving spoons. Offer flavored yogurt such as Orange-Blossom Yogurt (see recipe) and a pitcher of milk. Supplement these with bowls of dried fruit and toasted nuts. Stack bowls, spoons, and napkins nearby.
## PLANNING THE MENU
Remember that brunch doesn't need to be a multicourse affair. One hearty dish, such as Steak & Eggs (see recipe), can be more than enough. Alternatively, adding a starter or baked item can make for an elegant, lingering event. Also, the occasion, guest list, and season will help you determine the best menu choices. If the your guest list will include children, consider serving waffles, pancakes, or the kid-friendly Croque-Monsieur (see recipe). A celebratory meal could feature a more upscale main dish, such as Salmon Eggs Benedict (see recipe). During the spring, when asparagus is at its peak, serve Spring Vegetable Frittata (see recipe). If you are hosting a brunch for a holiday during the cold winter months, choose a more substantial dish such as Red Flannel Hash (see recipe) or Sausage & Cheddar Strata (see recipe).
As for beverages, there are a profusion of appropriate brunch choices. Hot drinks such as freshly brewed coffee or tea are classic standbys, but consider including other warm beverages such as Mexican Hot Chocolate (see recipe) or Chai Tea Latte (see recipe), too. For a special touch, serve Sparkling Ginger Lemonade (see recipe). If you want to serve cocktails as well, try a Spiced Bloody Mary (see recipe) or a Classic Bellini (see recipe). For more drink ideas, turn to pages 108–119.
Cooking is easier if you pair dishes that are prepared at the last minute with those that can be made ahead of time. It is also a good idea to balance your brunch menu with a combination of both savory and sweet dishes. Recipes rich in butter or cheese are best served with those that feature fruit, for example. Finally, be sure to offer meatless dishes for vegetarians and nonalcoholic beverages for nondrinkers and children.
## SETTING THE SCENE
Set the table the night before you entertain so that you will have more time the next morning to prepare the meal and visit with your arriving guests. Choose serving vessels that complement the shapes and colors of the food and appropriate serving utensils.
Simple bouquets of seasonal flowers or baskets or bowls of fruits featured in the menu are all that are needed for attractive, easy-to-make centerpieces. To complete the mood, play music that suits the tastes of your guests, keeping it at a low volume so it won't interfere with conversations. For more tips on creating a simple centerpiece and setting a brunch table, turn to pages 18 and 32.
Self-Service Juice Bar
For a casual brunch, place a bowlful of chilled, halved oranges or grapefruits on a buffet or kitchen counter alongside an electric juicer or manual juice press. Guests can squeeze a glass of fresh juice for themselves.
Beverage Bar
Hand squeeze one or more citrus juices such as orange, blood orange, or grapefruit, or purchase freshly squeezed juices from the store. Pour the juices into glass pitchers and refrigerate until well chilled. When you're ready to serve, arrange the pitchers of juice on a sideboard or counter with small juice glasses. Provide sparkling water and ice cubes in case guests wish to make citrus spritzers.
# starters
Tips for a Brunch Centerpiece
Citrus Salad
Fresh Berry Salad with Mint
Green Salad with Almonds
Warm Spinach Salad
Cucumber Gazpacho
Lox & Bagel Bar
Granola & Yogurt Parfait
# Tips for a Brunch Centerpiece
A centerpiece can be the decorative focal point of a brunch table. Keep it low and simple so that it does not obstruct the line of sight or overwhelm the food.
Choose a low vase or other container that will allow the guests to converse easily across the table once it is filled. Make sure it has a wide base for stability.
Fill the vessel two-thirds full with citrus fruits, river stones, or beach glass. Add lukewarm water to come halfway up the sides of the vase.
Insert the flowers into the vase one stem at a time, using the fruits or stones to anchor the stems.
Aim for a pleasing shape and balance of color. If you are using a variety of flowers, insert the largest ones first, then fill in with the smaller ones.
Citrus Salad
Here, buttery Spanish Marcona almonds, available in specialty-food stores, contrast nicely with the sweet Medjool dates and tangy citrus used in this wintertime salad. If you like, you can substitute burgundy-fleshed blood oranges for the navel oranges.
Extra-virgin olive oil, 2 tablespoons
Fresh grapefruit juice, 1 tablespoon
Raspberry vinegar, ½ teaspoon
Sea salt or kosher salt, ¼ teaspoon
Freshly ground pepper, ¼ teaspoon
Grapefruits, 2
Navel or Valencia oranges, 3
Medjool dates, 6, each pitted and cut lengthwise into 6 pieces
Small arugula leaves, 1 cup
Marcona almonds, 2 tablespoons
In a large bowl, combine the olive oil, grapefruit juice, vinegar, salt, and pepper and mix well with a fork to make a vinaigrette.
Working with 1 grapefruit at a time, and using a large knife, cut off a slice from the top and bottom of the fruit to expose the flesh. Stand the grapefruit on a flat end and, following the curve of the fruit, cut away all the peel and white pith. Working over a clean bowl, cut along both sides of each segment to free it from the membrane and let it fall into the bowl. Repeat to section the oranges. Using the tip of a knife, dislodge and discard any seeds in the citrus segments, then cut the segments in half. (The citrus fruits can be sectioned up to 4 hours in advance, covered, and refrigerated until you are ready to continue.)
Using a slotted spoon, transfer the citrus segments to the bowl with the vinaigrette. Add half of the dates and the arugula leaves. Gently toss the ingredients to coat them with the vinaigrette.
Divide the salad evenly among chilled salad plates, garnish with the remaining dates and the almonds, and serve right away.
SERVES 4–6
Fresh Berry Salad with Mint
This simple salad makes a perfect addition to a brunch held during the summer months. Small spinach leaves provide a crisp and colorful counterpoint to the soft-textured blue and red berries, while the honey-lemon dressing brings out their sweetness.
Honey, 1 teaspoon
Fresh lemon juice, 2 teaspoons
Fresh blueberries, 1 cup
Fresh blackberries, 1 cup
Fresh raspberries, 1 cup
Fresh mint, 2 tablespoons chopped
Small spinach leaves, 1 cup
In a small bowl, combine the honey and lemon juice and mix well with a whisk to make a dressing. Set aside. In a bowl, combine the blueberries, blackberries, raspberries, and mint.
Pour the honey-lemon dressing over the berries and mint and, using a large spoon, mix gently, taking care not to break the berries. Add the spinach leaves and mix gently again.
Divide the salad evenly among chilled salad plates. Serve right away.
SERVES 4–6
Green Salad with Almonds
Mixed salad greens, readily available in a variety of combinations, often include mildly bitter varieties, such as radicchio, escarole, and arugula. Here, the pleasing bitterness is tempered by toasted nuts and a tangy-sweet vinaigrette made with Champagne vinegar and honey.
Whole almonds, ½ cup
Extra-virgin olive oil, 3 tablespoons
Champagne vinegar, 1 tablespoon
Honey, 1 teaspoon
Sea salt or kosher salt, ½ teaspoon
Freshly ground white pepper, ¼ teaspoon
Small mixed salad greens, 5 cups
Fresh chives, 1 tablespoon minced
Preheat the oven to 350°F. Spread the almonds in a single layer on a rimmed baking sheet. Toast in the oven, stirring once or twice, until pale gold and fragrant, about 15 minutes. Transfer to a plate and let cool completely. (The nuts can be toasted up to 3 days in advance and stored in an airtight container at room temperature.)
In a large bowl, combine the olive oil, vinegar, honey, salt, and pepper and mix with a fork to make a vinaigrette. Add the salad greens and toss to coat evenly with the vinaigrette. Add all but 1 tablespoon of the toasted almonds and toss again.
Divide the salad evenly among chilled salad plates, garnish with the chives and the reserved almonds, and serve right away.
SERVES 4–6
Warm Spinach Salad
The nutty flavor and smooth, firm texture of golden chanterelle mushrooms make them an excellent addition to this warm salad. Their seasoned cooking juices are a flavorful base for the dressing. You can rinse, dry, and refrigerate the spinach leaves the night before serving.
Extra-virgin olive oil, 3 tablespoons
Shallot, 2 teaspoons minced
Garlic, 1 clove, minced
Chanterelle mushrooms, ½ pound, brushed clean and cut lengthwise into quarters
Sea salt or kosher salt, ½ teaspoon
Freshly ground pepper, ½ teaspoon
Sherry vinegar, 1 tablespoon
Spinach leaves, 6 cups (about 2 bunches), stems removed
In a frying pan over medium heat, warm 2 tablespoons of the olive oil. Add the shallot, garlic, mushrooms, and ¼ teaspoon of the salt. Sauté until the mushrooms are golden and soft, 4–5 minutes. Remove from the heat, and, using a slotted spoon, transfer the mushroom mixture to a bowl, cover with aluminum foil to keep warm, and set aside. Leave the drippings in the pan.
To make the dressing, return the pan to medium heat and add the remaining 1 tablespoon olive oil and ¼ teaspoon salt, the pepper, and the vinegar to make a dressing. Heat, stirring, just until hot, about 1 minute, then pour into a large bowl.
Add the spinach to the bowl and toss to coat evenly with the dressing. Add the reserved mushroom mixture and toss again until the ingredients are evenly distributed.
Divide the salad evenly among salad plates and serve right away.
SERVES 4–6
Cucumber Gazpacho
Serrano chiles add a touch of heat to this sophisticated cold soup. For a bit of tomato flavor without changing the color, add peeled and seeded green heirloom tomatoes, such as two Green Zebras or a handful of Green Grape tomatoes, to the blender with the cucumbers.
Nonfat plain yogurt, 1½ cups
Day-old baguette, 3 slices, torn into 1-inch pieces
Cucumbers, 6, peeled, halved, seeded, and coarsely chopped (about 6 cups)
Sherry vinegar, 1 tablespoon
Sea salt or kosher salt, ½–1 teaspoon
Fresh lemon juice, 1 tablespoon
Serrano chiles, 2, seeded and coarsely chopped
Red or green bell pepper, 1, seeded and coarsely chopped
Fresh chives, 3 tablespoons chopped plus whole chives, cut into 4-inch lengths, for garnish
In a bowl, combine the yogurt and bread pieces, stirring lightly to mix. Let stand for about 10 minutes to allow the bread to soften.
Meanwhile, put the cucumbers in a blender and purée until smooth. Add the yogurt and bread, vinegar, salt, lemon juice, chiles, bell pepper, and chopped chives and purée until smooth. (You may need to purée the soup in 2 batches to avoid spills.) Pour into a large bowl, cover, and refrigerate for at least 4 hours or up to overnight to chill thoroughly and blend the flavors.
Divide the soup evenly among chilled bowls and garnish with the whole chives, crossing them over each other. Serve right away.
SERVES 6–8
Lox & Bagel Bar
Nothing could be simpler than to start a brunch with a welcoming spread of bagels, lox, cream cheese, and condiments. Arrange the ingredients so that the guests can help themselves, leaving you free to prepare the rest of the meal or pour drinks.
Bagels in assorted flavors, 12
Whipped cream cheese, 1 pound
Lox, ¾ pound thinly sliced
Capers, 1 cup, well-drained
Red onion, 2 cups minced
Lemons, 3, each cut into 6 wedges
Clear a wide serving area, such as a sideboard, a kitchen counter, or a table. If desired, cover it with a tablecloth or place mats.
Carefully cut the bagels in half horizontally and toast them if you wish. Place the bagels in a napkin-lined basket and put the basket at the far left of the serving area.
Spoon the cream cheese into a small bowl and set it, along with 1 or 2 spreaders, to the right of the bagels. Arrange the lox on a platter, separating the slices slightly so that they are easy to pick up. Set the lox platter, with a serving fork or two, to the right of the cream cheese.
Put the capers in a second small bowl, and the onion in a third. Put the lemon wedges on a plate. Place these items to the right of the lox, along with the appropriate serving utensils (spoons for the capers and onion, and a couple of forks for the lemons).
Invite your guests to serve themselves (working from left to right at the buffet), first spreading a bagel half with cream cheese, then topping it with the lox, and finally adding the condiments of choice.
SERVES 6–8
Granola & Yogurt Parfait
This crunchy, honey-laced granola can be made up to one week in advance, giving you extra time to put together other dishes the morning of the brunch. Plain yogurt enhanced with orange-flower water and orange zest makes an easy but elegant accompaniment.
GRANOLA
Old-fashioned rolled oats, 2 cups
Yellow millet, ½ cup
Shelled sunflower seeds, 1 cup
Chopped pecans, ½ cup
Chopped almonds, ½ cup
Canola oil, ½ cup
Floral honey, ½ cup
Light brown sugar, 3 tablespoons firmly packed
Ground cinnamon, 1 teaspoon
Vanilla extract, 1 teaspoon
ORANGE-BLOSSOM YOGURT
Nonfat plain yogurt, 1½ cups
Orange-flower water, 2 teaspoons
Orange zest, 2 teaspoons finely grated
To make the granola, preheat the oven to 300°F. In a large bowl, combine the oats, millet, sunflower seeds, pecans, almonds, oil, honey, brown sugar, cinnamon, and vanilla extract. Using a wooden spoon, mix the ingredients until evenly distributed; the mixture will be stiff and sticky.
Spread the granola mixture on a large rimmed baking sheet and place in the oven. Bake, stirring from time to time, until browned and crisp, 45–60 minutes. Remove from the oven and let cool completely. When cool, break apart any clumped bits of granola. (You can store the granola in an airtight container at room temperature for up to 1 week.)
To make the orange-blossom yogurt, put the yogurt in a bowl. Add the orange-flower water and orange zest and mix well. (The yogurt can be mixed up to 1 day ahead of time and refrigerated.)
Divide the granola evenly among small bowls. Pour the yogurt over the top, dividing evenly, and serve right away.
MAKES ABOUT 4½ CUPS; SERVES 4–6
# egg dishes
Tips for Setting the Brunch Table
Spring Vegetable Frittata
Piperade & Poached Eggs
Poached Eggs
Ham & Cheddar Omelet
Huevos Rancheros
Fried Eggs
Smoky Vegetable Scramble
Scrambled Eggs
Baked Eggs with Spinach
Salmon Eggs Benedict
# Tips for Setting the Brunch Table
A well pulled together table can reflect the mood of the occasion—even a casual brunch—and helps make the meal a comfortable and memorable experience.
Select a pretty tablecloth or attractive place mats and complementary napkins. Fold the napkins neatly and place them on top of or to the left of each plate.
Position the flatware in the order in which they will be used, working from the outside in. Place the forks on the left, and the knife, blade inward, and a spoon, if needed, to the right of the plate.
Arrange the glassware to the right above the knife. Place a small spoon on the coffee cup's saucer.
Create an interesting detail such as placing a flower on top of each napkin or a hand-written place card on each plate.
Spring Vegetable Frittata
Vary the cheeses, vegetables, and herbs to customize this dish to your own taste. This frittata, redolent with asparagus, cherry tomatoes, and goat cheese, can be made up to one hour in advance and kept at room temperature until you are ready to serve it.
Asparagus spears, 16, tough ends removed
Large or extra-large eggs, 8, lightly beaten
Half-and-half, 2 tablespoons
Fresh goat cheese, 2 ounces, crumbled
Sea salt or kosher salt, ½ teaspoon
Freshly ground pepper, ½ teaspoon
Unsalted butter, 1 tablespoon
Extra-virgin olive oil, 1 tablespoon
Shallot, 2 tablespoons minced
Cherry tomatoes, ½ cup stemmed and halved
Fresh tarragon, 1 tablespoon minced
Bring 1 inch of water to a boil in a steamer pan. Place the asparagus in the steamer rack, set over the boiling water, cover, and steam until the asparagus can be easily pierced with a fork, 4–5 minutes. Remove from the steamer and plunge into a bowl of ice water for 4–5 minutes to halt the cooking. Drain, cut into ½-inch pieces, and set aside.
Preheat the broiler and position a rack 8 inches from the heat source. In a bowl, combine the eggs, half-and-half, cheese, salt, and pepper and whisk until evenly distributed, about 2 minutes.
In a 14-inch ovenproof frying pan, melt the butter with the olive oil. When the butter foams, add the shallot and sauté until softened, 2–3 minutes. Quickly layer the asparagus pieces and the tomatoes in the pan and pour the egg mixture over them. Reduce the heat to low and cook just until the eggs are set around the edges, 3–4 minutes. Using a heatproof rubber spatula, lift the edge and tip the pan so the uncooked egg runs underneath. Place the pan under the broiler and cook until the top of the frittata is set and a knife inserted into the center comes out clean, 4–5 minutes.
Remove the frittata from the broiler and sprinkle with the tarragon. Cut into wedges and serve hot, warm, or at room temperature.
SERVES 4–6
Piperade & Poached Eggs
Piperade, a classic Basque dish featuring sweet peppers, onions, and tomatoes, is used here as a flavorful base for poached eggs. Piment d'Espelette is a fiery chile from the Basque region. It is typically dried, ground, and sold in tins at specialty-food stores.
Extra-virgin olive oil, 2 tablespoons
Yellow onion, 1 large, minced
Red bell pepper, 1 large, seeded and thinly sliced crosswise into rings
Green bell pepper, 1 large, seeded and thinly sliced crosswise into rings
Ripe, juicy tomatoes, 4, peeled, seeded, and coarsely chopped
Garlic, 1 clove, minced
Sea salt or kosher salt, ½ teaspoon
Freshly ground black pepper, ¼ teaspoon
Piment d'Espeletteor cayenne pepper, ¼ teaspoon
Large or extra-large eggs, 4
In a frying pan over medium heat, warm the olive oil. Add the onion and sauté until translucent, 2–3 minutes. Add the red and green bell peppers and sauté until they begin to soften, 3–4 minutes. Cover and cook until the vegetables are very soft and limp, 3–4 minutes more. Stir in the tomatoes, garlic, salt, black pepper, and piment d'Espelette. Re-cover, reduce the heat to low, and cook until the mixture thickens, about 20 minutes. Keep the mixture warm. (The piperade can be made up to 2 days in advance, covered, and refrigerated. Reheat gently just before serving.)
Poach the eggs as directed on see recipe.
To serve, divide the piperade among warmed individual bowls and top each serving with a poached egg. Serve right away.
SERVES 4
Poached Eggs
Poached eggs are a versatile brunch staple. Serve them as is with a couple of side dishes, or pair them with other morning favorites such as Salmon Eggs Benedict (see recipe) or Red Flannel Hash (see recipe). For the best results, use the freshest eggs available.
Fresh lemon juice, 1 teaspoon
Large or extra-large eggs, 8
Sea salt or kosher salt
Freshly ground pepper
Fill a large sauté pan with water to a depth of 2 inches and add the lemon juice. Place over medium heat and bring just to a simmer. Break 1 egg into a small bowl or cup and gently slip it into the simmering water. Quickly repeat with the remaining eggs, keeping them about 1 inch apart. Reduce the heat to low and simmer gently, basting the eggs occasionally with spoonfuls of the water, until the whites are set and the yolks are glazed over but still soft, 4–5 minutes.
Using a skimmer or slotted spatula, remove the eggs from the water, drain briefly on paper towels, and trim any ragged edges from the whites with a knife or kitchen scissors. Slide the eggs onto plates, season to taste with salt and pepper, and serve right away.
SERVES 4
Ham & Cheddar Omelet
The favorite combination of ham and cheese comes together here in a simple omelet. To complete the menu, offer Potato Pancakes (see recipe) or (Roasted Spiced Apples see recipe), and Blood Orange Mimosas (see recipe).
Large or extra-large eggs, 8
Sea salt or kosher salt, ½ teaspoon
Freshly ground pepper, ½ teaspoon
Unsalted butter, 1½ tablespoons
Smoked ham, ½ pound, cut into ½-inch cubes
White Cheddar cheese, ¼ pound, shredded
Green onions, 4, with 2 inches of tender green tops, finely chopped
Break the eggs into a bowl. Add the salt and pepper and beat with a fork until the whites and yolks are blended.
In a 14-inch nonstick frying pan over medium heat, melt the butter. When the butter foams, add the eggs and stir slowly with a heatproof rubber spatula until the eggs begin to thicken, just a few seconds, then reduce the heat to low. As the eggs cook and set along the edges, lift the set portions with the spatula and tip the pan to allow the uncooked egg to run underneath. Continue to cook, lift, and tip until the eggs are set, about 1 minute for a softer texture or about 20 seconds longer for a firmer texture.
Sprinkle the ham, cheese, and green onions on one half of the omelet, leaving a 1-inch border along the edge. Slip the spatula under the uncovered half and flip it over to cover the fillings. Cook for another 30–40 seconds to heat the fillings.
Slide the omelet onto a warmed platter. Using a large knife, cut the omelet crosswise into 2- to 3-inch pieces and serve right away.
SERVES 4–6
Huevos Rancheros
It is well worth the effort to make this classic ranchero sauce, which gets its smoky bite from ancho chiles. You can make the sauce up to two days in advance, let it cool completely, and then refrigerate it in an airtight container. Accompany with your favorite beans and rice.
Beef broth, 1 cup, boiling
Ancho chiles, 3
Corn or canola oil, 5 tablespoons
White onion, ½ cup chopped
Garlic, 2 cloves, minced
Whole tomatoes, 1 can (28 ounces)
Fresh oregano, 1 tablespoon, or 1 teaspoon dried oregano
Ground cumin, ½ teaspoon
Sea salt or kosher salt, ½–1 teaspoon
Ground chipotle chile, ½ teaspoon
Large or extra-large eggs, 8
Corn or flour tortillas, 8, warmed
In a heatproof bowl, combine the broth and chiles. Soak the chiles until soft, 8–10 minutes. Drain the chiles, reserving the broth. Tear off the stem ends from the chiles and discard. Slit the chiles lengthwise, scrape out and discard the seeds, and coarsely chop the flesh. Set aside.
In a large frying pan over medium-high heat, warm 2 tablespoons of the oil. When the oil is hot, add the onion and sauté until translucent, 2–3 minutes. Add the garlic and sauté just until soft, about 1 minute. Remove from the heat.
In a blender or food processor, combine the chopped chiles, sautéed onion and garlic, tomatoes and their juice, half of the oregano, and the cumin. Process to a smooth purée, then pour into the pan. Place over medium heat and cook, stirring, until it thickens and bubbles, about 2 minutes. Add salt to taste, the chipotle, and about ½ cup of the reserved broth. Cook for 1–2 minutes, then taste and adjust the seasoning. Continue to cook, stirring occasionally, until the sauce is thick but pourable, 1–2 minutes. Keep warm.
Fry the eggs sunny-side up or over easy as directed on see recipe.
For each serving, put 2 eggs on a warmed plate with 1–2 spoonfuls of the sauce. Serve right away, accompanied by the tortillas.
SERVES 4
Fried Eggs
Featuring fried eggs on a brunch menu means you can customize the cooking to the tastes of your guests. Ask if they prefer their eggs sunny-side up (with a clear, bright yellow yolk) or over easy (with a yolk that has a slightly opaque film).
Unsalted butter or canola oil, 2 tablespoons
Large or extra-large eggs, 8
Sea salt or kosher salt
Freshly ground pepper
For eggs cooked sunny-side up, melt the butter in a large frying pan over medium-high heat. When the butter foams, break the eggs into the pan, spacing them about 1 inch apart. Reduce the heat to low and sprinkle the eggs with salt and pepper to taste. Cover the pan and cook until the whites are set and the yolks begin to firm around the edges, 5–7 minutes. Using a slotted metal spatula, transfer the eggs to individual plates and serve right away.
For eggs cooked over easy, melt the butter in a large frying pan over medium-high heat. When the butter foams, break the eggs into the pan, spacing them about 1 inch apart. Reduce the heat to low and sprinkle the eggs with salt and pepper to taste. Cook until the whites are set and the yolks begin to firm around the edges, 5–7 minutes. Using a slotted metal spatula, turn over the eggs and cook just until the yolks form an opaque film, 30–45 seconds. (For a firmer yolk, cook for 1–1½ minutes on the second side.) Transfer the eggs to individual plates and serve right away.
SERVES 4
Smoky Vegetable Scramble
Green garlic flavors this simple scramble laced with smoky Gouda cheese and sweet red peppers. If you can't find green garlic, a regular garlic clove can be used. Round out this dish with a side of Herbed Pork Sausages (see recipe) or a platter of fresh fruit.
Green garlic, 2 stalks, or 1 clove garlic
Extra-large eggs, 8
Sea salt or kosher salt, ½ teaspoon
Freshly ground pepper, ½ teaspoon
Unsalted butter, 2 tablespoons
Red bell pepper, 1, seeded and finely chopped
Smoked Gouda cheese, ¼ pound, cubed
Fresh flat-leaf parsley, 2 tablespoons minced
Cut off and discard the green stalks from the green garlic. Remove the coarse outer skin from the bulb and then mince the bulb. (If using a garlic clove, peel it, halve it lengthwise, remove and discard the bitter green sprout at its center, and mince.) Set aside.
Break the eggs into a bowl. Add the salt and pepper and beat with a fork until the whites and yolks are blended.
In a frying pan over medium heat, melt the butter. When the butter foams, add the minced garlic and bell pepper and sauté until the garlic is translucent, 2–3 minutes. Pour in the eggs, then reduce the heat to low. Cook, stirring intermittently with a heatproof rubber spatula for larger curds, or frequently for smaller curds, until the eggs are cooked to the desired consistency, about 5 minutes for a soft texture, or 7–8 minutes for a firmer one. Stir in the cheese and parsley about 2 minutes before the eggs are done to your liking.
Spoon the eggs onto a warmed platter and serve right away.
SERVES 4–6
Scrambled Eggs
Scrambled eggs are an excellent addition to any brunch menu, whether they are served on individual plates with side dishes, such as Crispy Pepper Bacon (see recipe) and Roasted Rosemary Potatoes (see recipe), or as a part of a larger, buffet-style meal.
Large or extra-large eggs, 8
Sea salt or kosher salt, ½ teaspoon
Freshly ground pepper, ½ teaspoon
Unsalted butter, 2 tablespoons
Break the eggs into a bowl. Add the salt and pepper and beat with a fork until the whites and yolks are blended.
In a large frying pan over medium heat, melt the butter. When the butter foams, reduce the heat to low. Add the eggs and cook, stirring intermittently with a heatproof rubber spatula for larger curds, or frequently for smaller curds, until the eggs are cooked to the desired consistency, 4–5 minutes for a soft texture, and 7–8 minutes for a firmer one.
Spoon the eggs onto a warmed platter and serve right away.
SERVES 4
Baked Eggs with Spinach
These classic French eggs are elegantly presented in their cooking ramekins, so choose attractive vessels to complement your table setting. For a variation, replace the bed of spinach with Piperade (see recipe), using about one-half cup for each ramekin.
Unsalted butter, 1 tablespoon plus 2 teaspoons
Spinach, 1½ pounds (about 2 bunches), large stems removed
Sea salt or kosher salt, 1½ teaspoons
Large or extra-large eggs, 4
Freshly ground pepper, ¼ teaspoon
Heavy cream, 4 teaspoons
Preheat the oven to 350°F. Rub the inside of four ½-cup ramekins with the 1 tablespoon butter.
Fill a large pot three-fourths full with water, bring to a boil over high heat, and add 1 teaspoon of the salt. Drop in the spinach and cook until limp and tender but still bright green, about 4 minutes. Drain through a colander and immediately rinse under running cold water to halt the cooking. Drain well and squeeze firmly to remove excess water. Coarsely chop the spinach. (The spinach can be cooked, cooled, and chopped up to 1 day in advance; cover and refrigerate until needed.)
Divide the chopped spinach evenly among the prepared ramekins, making a bed in the bottom. Dot each bed with ½ teaspoon of the remaining butter, cut into bits. Break an egg into each ramekin. Sprinkle the eggs with the remaining ½ teaspoon salt and the pepper, dividing evenly. Drizzle each egg with 1 teaspoon of the cream. Arrange the ramekins on a rimmed baking sheet.
Bake the eggs until the whites are set and the yolks are firm around the edges and soft in the center, about 15 minutes. Remove from the oven and serve right away.
SERVES 4–6
Salmon Eggs Benedict
Eggs Benedict, gilded with butter-rich hollandaise sauce, is a quintessential special-occasion brunch dish. In this recipe, smoked salmon is substituted for the traditional Canadian bacon and a ripe tomato is added for a different spin on the classic.
HOLLANDAISE SAUCE
Unsalted butter, ½ cup
Fresh lemon juice, 1½ tablespoons
Large egg yolks, 3
Boiling water, 4 tablespoons
Sea salt or kosher salt, ¼ teaspoon
Cayenne pepper, ¼ teaspoon
Large eggs, 8
English muffins, 4, halved
Tomato slices, 8
Fresh chives, chopped for garnish
Smoked salmon, ½ pound thinly sliced
To make the hollandaise, in a saucepan over medium heat, melt the butter. Remove from the heat and keep warm. In a small nonaluminum saucepan, warm the lemon juice over low heat. Pour water to a depth of about 1 inch into the bottom part of a double boiler and bring to a low simmer. Add the egg yolks to the top part of the double boiler and place over, but not touching, the barely simmering water. Cook the yolks, whisking constantly until they begin to thicken, about 3–4 minutes, then add 1 tablespoon of the boiling water. Continue to whisk until the yolks thicken, 1–2 more seconds. Whisk in 1 tablespoon of the boiling water, and continue whisking to thicken. Repeat twice, adding 1 tablespoon boiling water each time. Whisk in the warmed lemon juice and remove the pan from the heat. Very slowly pour in the melted butter while whisking constantly. Whisk in the salt and cayenne pepper and keep whisking until the sauce triples in volume, 3–4 more minutes.
Poach the eggs as directed on see recipe.
For each serving, toast 2 English muffin halves and place, cut side up, on a warmed plate. Top each half with 1 tomato slice, one-eighth of the smoked salmon, and 1 egg. Spoon 2 tablespoons of the hollandaise sauce over each egg, garnish with the chives, and serve right away.
SERVES 4
# morning sweets
Tips for Making the Perfect Pot of Tea
Buttermilk Waffles
Strawberry-Rhubarb Compote
Stuffed French Toast
French Toast & Apple Chutney
Ricotta & Banana Pancakes
Brown-Sugar Coffee Cake
Orange-Zest Scones
Oatmeal-Blueberry Muffins
Blackberry Blintzes
Blintz-Style Pancakes
Jam-Filled Sweet Crêpes
# Tips for Making the Perfect Pot of Tea
Making great tea is easy if you remember a few key steps: start with cold, fresh spring water; warm the teapot first; and use high-quality loose tea instead of tea bags.
Warm the teapot by pouring a small amount of boiling spring water into it, swirling the water, letting it sit for a minute or two, and then pouring it out.
Add loose-leaf tea to the pot, allowing 1 teaspoon for each person, plus 1 extra teaspoon for the pot. Pour in 1 cup boiling spring water per person.
Cover the pot and let the tea steep for 2–7 minutes, depending on the type of tea and how strong you prefer it. Strain the brewed tea into teacups.
Set out the accompaniments—milk, sugar cubes, and lemon slices—for serving. Have a napkin-lined plate nearby to place the strainer after pouring.
Buttermilk Waffles
These waffles are a perennial brunch favorite and a great addition to your menu. If some of your guests are children, you can serve them with butter and syrup instead of the compote. Every waffle iron is different, so be sure you are familiar with the manufacturer's directions.
All-purpose flour, 2½ cups
Baking powder, 2¼ teaspoons
Baking soda, ½ teaspoon
Salt, ½ teaspoon
Large or extra-large eggs, 3, separated
Buttermilk, 2 cups
Unsalted butter, 5 tablespoons, melted and slightly cooled, plus more melted butter for cooking
Sugar, 2 teaspoons
Strawberry-Rhubarb Compote (see recipe)
Preheat a waffle iron following the manufacturer's directions. In a large bowl, whisk together the flour, baking powder, baking soda, and salt. In another bowl, whisk the egg yolks until blended, then whisk in the buttermilk and the 5 tablespoons melted butter. Add the yolk mixture to the flour mixture and whisk until a smooth batter forms.
In a bowl, using a handheld electric mixer, beat the egg whites and sugar until stiff peaks form, about 2 minutes. Using a rubber spatula, gently fold the whites into the batter until incorporated.
Lightly brush the waffle iron with melted butter. Pour enough batter for 1 waffle into the preheated waffle iron. Using a rubber spatula, quickly spread the batter to within ¼ inch of the edge of the iron. Close the lid and do not disturb for at least 1 minute. Cook the waffle until no steam is visible and the lid opens easily, 3–5 minutes, or according to the manufacturer's directions. Using a spatula, remove the waffle from the iron, place on a warmed platter, and cover with aluminum foil to keep warm. Repeat until all of the batter has been used.
Divide the waffles among individual plates, top with the Strawberry-Rhubarb Compote, and serve right away.
MAKES 12 WAFFLES; SERVES 6–8
Strawberry-Rhubarb Compote
This compote is almost jamlike and makes a delicious accompaniment to Buttermilk Waffles (see recipe). The longer the rhubarb cooks, the more it breaks down; the relatively short cooking time here ensures the bite-sized rhubarb chunks will remain intact.
Rhubarb, 5 stalks, ends trimmed, strings removed, and stalks cut into ½-inch pieces
Sugar, ⅓ cup
Strawberries, 1 pound (about 2 pints), hulled and halved lengthwise
Fresh lemon juice, 1 teaspoon
In a nonaluminum saucepan, combine the rhubarb and sugar and let stand for 30 minutes. Place the pan over medium heat and cook, stirring often. During the first few minutes of cooking, the rhubarb will release its juices. If the mixture looks dry, stir in 2–3 teaspoons water. Continue to cook until the rhubarb pieces are soft but not dissolving, about 8 minutes total. During the final 3 minutes of cooking, stir in the strawberries and lemon juice.
Remove the compote from the heat and let cool, about 10 minutes. (The compote can be made up to 2 days in advance. Let cool completely, then cover tightly and refrigerate.) Serve the compote warm or at room temperature.
MAKES ABOUT 4 CUPS
Stuffed French Toast
French toast can be savory, with a sprinkle of salt and pepper, or sweet, with the addition of jam. This version falls between the two, with the cream cheese contributing the savory element and the citrus marmalade adding its fruity sweetness.
Large or extra-large eggs, 5
Sugar, 1 teaspoon
Salt, ¼ teaspoon
Unsalted butter, 4–6 tablespoons
Whole-wheat or white bread, 8 slices
Cream cheese, ½ pound at room temperature
Citrus marmalade such as orange, kumquat, or Meyer lemon, ½ cup
Break the eggs into a shallow bowl, add the sugar and salt, and beat with a fork until the whites and yolks are blended. In a large frying pan over medium heat, melt 4 tablespoons of butter. When the butter foams, immerse the bread slices, one at a time, in the beaten eggs and then place them in the hot pan, adding as many as will fit without crowding. Cook until lightly golden on the bottom, about 4 minutes. Using a spatula, turn them over and cook until the second side is lightly golden, about 4 minutes more. Transfer the toasts to a warmed platter and cover with aluminum foil to keep warm. Repeat with the remaining slices, adding more butter as needed to prevent sticking.
Spread 4 of the slices with a layer of cream cheese, dividing it evenly. Then spread a layer of marmalade over the cream cheese, again dividing it evenly. Top with the remaining 4 slices.
Return the frying pan to medium heat, adding more butter as needed to prevent sticking. When the butter foams, place the filled French toasts in the pan and cook just until the bottom is golden brown, about 1 minute. Gently flip the toasts and cook the other sides until golden brown, about 1 minute more. Transfer to warmed individual plates and serve right away.
SERVES 4
French Toast & Apple Chutney
This old-fashioned French toast is made with egg-rich brioche. A side of homemade apple chutney, sweetened with dried fruits and a dessert wine, is the perfect accompaniment. Serve this hearty autumn dish with Crispy Pepper Bacon (see recipe).
APPLE CHUTNEY
Granny Smith apples, 8, peeled, cored, and cut into 1-inch cubes
Golden raisins, ½ cup
Dried figs, ¼ cup chopped
Light brown sugar, 1 cup firmly packed
Late-harvest Riesling, or other sweet dessert wine, 1 cup
Lemon zest, 1 tablespoon grated
Fresh lemon juice, 1 tablespoon
Large or extra-large eggs, 8
Unsalted butter, 4–6 tablespoons
Brioche, 8 slices, each about 1 inch thick
Confectioners' sugar, ¼ cup
To make the apple chutney, in a nonaluminum saucepan, combine the apples, raisins, figs, brown sugar, wine, lemon zest, and lemon juice. Place over medium heat and warm, stirring, until the sugar dissolves. Reduce the heat to very low, cover, and cook, stirring occasionally, until the apples can be easily pierced with a fork, about 40 minutes. Remove from the heat and set aside to cool to room temperature. (The chutney can be made up to 2 weeks in advance. Let cool completely, then cover tightly and refrigerate.)
Break the eggs into a shallow bowl and beat with a fork until the whites and yolks are blended. In a large frying pan over medium heat, melt 2 tablespoons of the butter. When the butter foams, immerse the brioche slices, one at a time, in the beaten eggs and then place them in the hot pan, adding only as many as will fit without crowding. Cook until golden brown on the bottom, about 4 minutes. Turn them over with a spatula and cook until the other side is golden, about 4 minutes more. Transfer the toasts to a warmed platter and cover with aluminum foil to keep warm. Repeat with the remaining brioche slices, adding more butter as needed to prevent sticking.
Sift the confectioners' sugar evenly over the French toasts. Serve right away, accompanied by the apple chutney.
SERVES 4
Ricotta & Banana Pancakes
Adding ricotta cheese to pancake batter gives the pancakes a light texture, as does beating the egg whites separately before folding them into the batter. In addition to the sweet banana topping, you can serve these pancakes with pure maple syrup.
SPICED BANANAS
All-purpose flour, 2 tablespoons
Sugar, 1 tablespoon
Ground cinnamon, ½ teaspoon
Nutmeg, ¼ teaspoon freshly grated
Firm bananas, 2, cut into ½-inch pieces
Unsalted butter, 1 tablespoon
All-purpose flour, 1 cup
Baking powder, 1 tablespoon
Salt, ¼ teaspoon
Large or extra-large eggs, 2, separated
Whole-milk ricotta cheese, 1 cup
Whole milk, ⅔ cup
Sugar, 2 tablespoons
Unsalted butter for cooking
To make the spiced bananas, in a small bowl, combine the flour, sugar, cinnamon, and nutmeg. Dredge the bananas in the mixture and shake off the excess. In a frying pan over medium-high heat, melt the butter. When the butter foams, add the coated bananas and fry until crisp, about 5 minutes. Transfer to paper towels to drain.
In a large bowl, whisk together the flour, baking powder, and salt. In another bowl, whisk together the yolks, ricotta, and milk. Stir the egg mixture into the flour mixture just until blended. In a bowl, using a handheld electric mixer, beat the egg whites and sugar until stiff peaks form, about 2 minutes. Using a rubber spatula, gently fold the whites into the ricotta mixture until incorporated.
Heat a griddle over medium-high heat. Add 2 teaspoons butter. When the butter foams, pour 2 tablespoons of batter onto the griddle into rounds about 3 inches in diameter and spaced 1 inch apart. Cook until the batter bubbles and the bottoms are golden, 1–2 minutes. Turn over the pancakes with a spatula and cook the other side until golden, 1–2 minutes more. Transfer the pancakes to a warmed platter and cover with aluminum foil to keep warm. Cook the remaining batter, adding more butter to the griddle as needed. Spoon the spiced bananas over the top of the pancakes and serve warm.
MAKES ABOUT 24 SMALL PANCAKES; SERVES 6–8
Brown-Sugar Coffee Cake
This classic coffee cake owes its extra-moist texture to the sour cream in the batter. Serve it as part of a brunch buffet, as a sweet foil to Spring Vegetable Frittata (see recipe), or to complement Fresh Berry Salad with Mint (see recipe).
All-purpose flour, 1½ cups
Granulated sugar, ½ cup
Baking powder, 2 teaspoons
Salt, ½ teaspoon
Large or extra-large egg, 1
Sour cream, ½ cup
Whole milk, ¼ cup
Unsalted butter, 4 tablespoons, melted and slightly cooled
Granny Smith apple, 1, peeled, cored, and chopped (about 1 cup)
TOPPING
Light brown sugar, ½ cup firmly packed
All-purpose flour, ¼ cup
Cold unsalted butter, 3 tablespoons, cut into ½-inch pieces
Chopped walnuts, ½ cup
Preheat the oven to 400°F. Butter an 8-inch square baking pan.
In a large bowl, whisk together the flour, granulated sugar, baking powder, and salt. In a medium bowl, whisk the egg just until the yolk and white are blended. Add the sour cream, milk, and melted butter and mix well. Pour the egg mixture into the flour mixture and stir just until the ingredients are blended. Stir in the chopped apple. Spread the batter evenly in the prepared baking pan.
To make the topping, in a bowl, combine the brown sugar, flour, and butter. Using your fingertips, work the ingredients together until a coarse, crumbly mixture forms. Add the walnuts and mix well with your fingertips. Sprinkle the topping evenly over the batter.
Bake the coffee cake until the topping is browned and a sharp knife inserted into the center comes out clean, about 30 minutes. Let cool for about 5 minutes, then cut into squares and serve warm or at room temperature.
SERVES 6–8
Orange-Zest Scones
Orange zest lends its tangy flavor to these simple scones. Serve them with lemon curd to reinforce the fresh citrus flavor. They are a delicious accompaniment to Herbed Pork Sausages (see recipe) and can easily be paired with any style of eggs.
All-purpose flour, 2½ cups
Light brown sugar, ½ cup firmly packed
Baking powder, 2 teaspoons
Baking soda, 1 teaspoon
Salt, 1 teaspoon
Orange zest, ¼ cup coarsely grated
Cold unsalted butter, 6 tablespoons, cut into ½-inch pieces
Whole milk, ½ cup plus 1 tablespoon
Large egg, 1, lightly beaten
Fresh orange juice, 3 tablespoons
Golden raisins, ¼ cup
Purchased lemon curd, 1 cup for serving
Preheat the oven to 400°F. Lightly butter a rimmed baking sheet.
In a food processor, combine the flour, brown sugar, baking powder, baking soda, salt, and orange zest and pulse to mix the ingredients. Add the butter and pulse just until the mixture is the consistency of coarse meal, 4–5 times. Then, add the milk, egg, and orange juice and process just until the mixture holds together, about 20 seconds. Transfer the dough to a bowl and stir in the golden raisins.
Turn the dough out onto a lightly floured work surface and gently knead into a ball. Using a floured rolling pin, roll out the dough to about ½ inch thick. Flour a 3-inch round biscuit cutter and use it to cut out as many rounds as possible, placing them on the prepared baking sheet. Gather the scraps, press them together, roll them out, cut out more rounds, and add them to the baking sheet. (You should have about 12 rounds total.)
Bake until the scones are golden brown, about 15 minutes. Transfer them to a wire rack and let cool for 15 minutes. Spoon the lemon curd into a small bowl. Serve the scones warm, with the lemon curd.
MAKES 12 SCONES; SERVES 6
Oatmeal-Blueberry Muffins
Toasting the oatmeal brings out its flavor and adds a subtle nutty taste to these muffins. Frozen or fresh blueberries can be used, making this a good year-round recipe. For the best results, be careful not to break the berries when you add them to the batter.
Quick-cooking rolled oats, 1¼ cups
All-purpose flour, 1 cup
Sugar, ⅓ cup
Baking powder, 1 teaspoon
Baking soda, ½ teaspoon
Salt, ½ teaspoon
Buttermilk, 1 cup
Large or extra-large egg, 1
Unsalted butter, 4 tablespoons, melted and slightly cooled
Fresh or frozen blueberries, 1 cup
Preheat the oven to 425°F. Line a 12-cup muffin tin with paper or silicone liners.
In a frying pan over medium heat, toast the oats, stirring constantly with a wooden spoon, until they are fragrant and show just a hint of gold, 4–5 minutes. Remove from the heat and let cool slightly.
In a bowl, whisk together the toasted oats, flour, sugar, baking powder, baking soda, and salt. Add the buttermilk, egg, and melted butter and mix with a wooden spoon until the dry ingredients are moistened. Gently stir in the blueberries.
Divide the batter among the prepared muffin cups, filling them nearly to the brim. Bake the muffins until they are puffed and lightly browned, 20–25 minutes. Let cool in the pan for 10 minutes, then turn out onto a rack. Serve warm or at room temperature.
MAKES 12 MUFFINS; SERVES 6
Blackberry Blintzes
Blintzes, cousins to French crêpes, are thin, pliable pancakes that are filled with fruit or cheese, folded or rolled, and then baked or briefly fried before serving. This version features a sweet blackberry filling with a rich sour cream topping.
Blackberries, 1 pound (about 2 pints)
Granulated sugar, ½ cup
Blintz-Style Pancakes (see recipe), 8
Unsalted butter, 3 tablespoons, melted
Confectioners' sugar for serving
Sour cream for serving
Preheat the oven to 375°F. Butter 1 large or 2 small baking dish(es) large enough to hold the rolled pancakes in a single layer.
In a saucepan over medium heat, combine the blackberries and granulated sugar. Heat, stirring constantly, until the sugar dissolves and the berries are warmed through, 4–5 minutes. The berries should still be whole. Remove from the heat.
To fill the blintzes, place 1 pancake on a work surface. Spoon about 2 tablespoons of the berry mixture in the center of a pancake. Fold the edge nearest you over the filling, then fold in the sides and roll up the pancake into a compact cylinder. Place the filled blintz seam side down in the prepared baking dish. Repeat until all of the blintzes have been filled. Drizzle the filled blintzes with the melted butter.
Bake the blintzes until lightly golden and hot all the way through, about 20 minutes. Remove from the oven and let the pan cool on a wire rack for about 5 minutes.
Using a fine-mesh sieve, sift confectioners' sugar lightly over the blintzes, and pour any leftover filling over the top. Serve warm and pass the sour cream in a bowl at the table.
MAKES 8 BLINTZES; SERVES 4
Blintz-Style Pancakes
These thin pancakes are light but sturdy, so they can be stuffed with flavorful fillings and then baked. Use them to make Blackberry Blintzes (see recipe) or fill them with the fruit or cheese mixture of your choice, roll them tightly, and bake them as directed.
All-purpose flour, 1 cup
Salt, ½ teaspoon
Whole milk, 1¼ cups
Water, ½ cup
Large egg, 1
Unsalted butter, 1 tablespoon, melted, plus 4 teaspoons for cooking
In a large bowl, whisk together the flour and salt. Add the milk and water and whisk until blended and no lumps remain. Beat in the egg and the 1 tablespoon melted butter until smooth and lump free.
Heat a 7- or 8-inch frying pan, preferably nonstick, over medium-high heat. When it is hot, add ½ teaspoon of the butter. Tilt the pan from side to side to coat the bottom with the butter as it melts. Pour about ¼ cup of the batter into the pan, quickly tilting and swirling the pan to coat the bottom with the batter. Let the pancake cook until the edges brown and begin to curl and pull away from the pan, 1–2 minutes. Using tongs, turn the pancake over and cook the other side just until lightly golden, 20–30 seconds more. It should not brown. Transfer the pancake to a platter and cover with aluminum foil to keep warm. Repeat until all of the batter has been used, adding ½ teaspoon butter to the pan before cooking each pancake. (You should have about 8 pancakes.)
MAKES 8 PANCAKES; SERVES 4
Jam-Filled Sweet Crêpes
Crêpes, the thin, delicate pancakes beloved of French cooking, make a wonderful brunch dish. For easy and tasty fillings, provide bowls of assorted jams. A selection of soft cheeses, such as ricotta, cream, or farmer cheese, can be offered as well.
Large or extra-large eggs, 4
Whole milk, 1¾ cups plus more as needed for thinning
All-purpose flour, ⅓ cup
Sugar, 2 tablespoons
Salt, ½ teaspoon
Unsalted butter, about 5 tablespoons for cooking
Assorted jams such as blackberry, cherry, plum, and strawberry for serving
In a large bowl, whisk the eggs with the 1¾ cups milk. Slowly add the flour, sugar, and salt, whisking constantly to avoid lumps. Cover and refrigerate for 2 hours. When ready to cook, stir the batter well. It should be the consistency of heavy cream. If it is too thick, thin with a little more milk.
Heat a 12-inch nonstick frying pan over medium-high heat. When it is hot, add about 1 teaspoon of the butter. Tilt the pan from side to side to coat the bottom with the butter as it melts. Pour about ¼ cup of the batter into the pan, quickly tilting and swirling the pan to coat the bottom with the batter. Pour any excess batter back into the bowl and put the pan back on the heat. Let the crêpe cook until its center bubbles and the edges begin to dry, about 30 seconds. Using tongs, turn the crêpe over and cook the other side until golden, about 20 seconds more. Transfer the crêpe to a plate and cover with aluminum foil to keep warm. Repeat with the remaining butter and crêpe batter, adding about 1 teaspoon of butter to the pan before cooking each crêpe. (You should have 16 crêpes total.)
To serve, put the jams in small bowls and set them on the table with individual spreaders. Invite your guests to take 2–4 crêpes, fill them with the jam(s) of choice, and fold or roll the crêpes over the jam.
MAKES 16 CRÊPES; SERVES 4–8
# main dishes
Tips for Brewing Great Coffee
Steak & Eggs
Caramelized Onions
Red Flannel Hash
Turkey & Yukon Gold Hash
Chicken & Fontina Panini
Poached Chicken Breasts
Sausage & Cheddar Strata
Breakfast Pizzas
Pizza Dough
Croque-Monsieur
# Tips for Brewing Great Coffee
Beloved by coffee afficionados, a French press coffee pot will produce deep, rich, fresh coffee, a few cups at a time. For the best flavor, always use freshly ground coffee beans.
Warm the pot by pouring some boiling spring water into it, swirling the water, letting it sit for a minute, and then pouring it out.
Measure coarsely ground coffee into the pot, allowing 2 tablespoons per cup. Pour in ¾ cup just-boiled spring water per cup. Place the lid on the pot with the strainer just touching the top of the water.
Let the coffee steep for 4–6 minutes, depending on how strong you prefer your brew. Then, slowly push down the strainer as far as it will go to trap the grounds.
Serve the coffee right away. Set milk or half-and-half and sugar on the table for your guests.
Steak & Eggs
This classic brunch offering is dressed up with the addition of warm Caramelized Onions (see recipe). Sautéed Cherry Tomatoes (see recipe), Roasted Rosemary Potatoes (see recipe), and Sweet Polenta with Pecans (see recipe) also make great accompaniments.
Unsalted butter, 1½ tablespoons
Boneless rib-eye or other steaks, 4, each about ½ inch thick
Sea salt or kosher salt, 2 teaspoons
Freshly ground pepper, 1½ teaspoons
Large or extra-large eggs, 4
Caramelized Onions (see recipe)
In a large frying pan over medium-high heat, melt the butter. When it foams, add the steaks and sprinkle with 1 teaspoon of the salt and ¾ teaspoon of the pepper. Cook until the steaks are browned on the bottom, about 4 minutes. Using a spatula or tongs, turn over the steaks and sprinkle with the remaining 1 teaspoon salt and ¾ teaspoon pepper. Cook the steaks until done to your liking, 3–4 minutes more for medium-rare, or 5–6 minutes more for medium. Transfer the steaks to a warmed platter, reserving the juices in the pan, and cover with aluminum foil to keep warm.
Return the pan to medium heat and warm the pan juices. When they are hot, crack the eggs into the pan and fry the eggs sunny-side up or over easy as directed on see recipe.
Divide the steaks among warmed individual plates. Top each steak with a portion of Caramelized Onions and serve right away, with a fried egg alongside.
SERVES 4
Caramelized Onions
This method of cooking onions brings out their natural sugars, mellowing their usually sharp flavor. These can be made up to two days in advance. Let them cool completely, cover them tightly, and store them in the refrigerator. Reheat them gently just before using.
Unsalted butter, 1 tablespoon
Extra-virgin olive oil, 1 tablespoon
Yellow onions, 1½ pounds, very thinly sliced on a mandolin or with a knife
Fresh thyme leaves, 1 teaspoon
Sea salt or kosher salt, ½ teaspoon
Water, dry white wine, or beef broth, 2 tablespoons
In a large frying pan over medium heat, melt the butter with the olive oil. When the butter foams, add the onions, thyme, and salt and stir well. Reduce the heat to very low, cover, and cook until the onions soften and release their juices, 25–30 minutes. Uncover and stir well. Increase the heat to medium and continue to cook, stirring frequently, until the onions are golden brown and caramelized, about 10 minutes more.
Add the water and scrape up any browned bits from the bottom of the pan. Remove from the heat and serve warm.
MAKES 1–2 CUPS
Red Flannel Hash
Red flannel hash is so-called because beets are added to the typical mixture of boiled potatoes, corned beef, and onions, turning the dish a distinctive red color. A classic way to serve hash at brunch is to top it with one or two Poached Eggs (see recipe).
Beets, 2, stems trimmed down to 1 inch
Red or white boiling potatoes, 3, of uniform size (about 1 pound)
Corned beef, 1 pound, cut into ½-inch cubes
Corn, canola, or other vegetable oil, 2 tablespoons
Yellow onion, 1 small, chopped
Sea salt or kosher salt, ¼–½ teaspoon
Freshly ground pepper, ½ teaspoon
Fresh flat-leaf parsley, ¼ cup chopped
Place the beets in a saucepan, cover with water by 2 inches, and bring to a boil over high heat. Reduce the heat to medium, cover, and cook until the beets can be pierced with a fork, about 1 hour. Meanwhile, in another saucepan, cover the potatoes with water by 2 inches and bring to a boil over high heat. Reduce the heat to medium, cover, and cook until the potatoes can be pierced with a fork, 35–40 minutes.
Drain the cooked beets and potatoes and let both cool. Peel the cooled beets and potatoes and then cut them into ¼-inch cubes.
In a bowl, stir together the potatoes, beets, and corned beef. In a large frying pan over medium-high heat, warm the oil. Add the onion and sauté until translucent, 2–3 minutes. Layer the corned beef mixture on top of the onion and press flat with a metal spatula. Sprinkle with the salt to taste and the pepper. Cook, without turning, until a brown crust has formed on the bottom and the edges pull away from the sides of the pan, about 20 minutes.
Remove from the heat and invert a large, flat platter on top. Using pot holders, hold both the frying pan and the platter firmly and invert them together. Lift off the frying pan, exposing the crusty bottom of the hash. Sprinkle with the parsley, cut into wedges, and serve.
SERVES 4
Turkey & Yukon Gold Hash
Here, ground turkey makes a lighter version of a classic brunch dish. Serve it with cornbread wedges, Poached Eggs (see recipe), or turn it into a scramble by adding four or five beaten eggs and skipping the extra cooking that creates the crust.
Yukon gold potatoes, 1 pound, of uniform size
Sea salt or kosher salt, 3 teaspoons
Grapeseed, canola, or other vegetable oil, about 3 tablespoons
Ground turkey, 1 pound
Fresh sage, 2 tablespoons chopped
Freshly ground pepper, ½ teaspoon
Green bell pepper, 1, seeded and finely chopped
Yellow onion, ⅔ cup chopped
Place the potatoes in a saucepan, cover with water by 2 inches, add 2 teaspoons of the salt, and bring to a boil over high heat. Reduce the heat to medium, cover, and cook until the potatoes can be easily pierced with a fork, 35–40 minutes. Drain, let cool, then peel and cut the potatoes into ¼-inch cubes.
In a frying pan over high heat, warm 1 tablespoon of the oil. Add the ground turkey, sage, ½ teaspoon of the salt, and ¼ teaspoon of the pepper. Sauté until browned, 7–8 minutes. Transfer the turkey to paper towels to drain. Leave the fat in the pan.
In a bowl, combine the turkey, potatoes, and bell pepper. Add oil to the pan to total 2 tablespoons fat and oil and warm over medium-high heat. Add the onion and sauté until softened, 2–3 minutes. Layer the turkey mixture on top of the onion and press flat with a metal spatula. Add the remaining salt and pepper. Cook, without turning, until a brown crust forms on the bottom, 15–20 minutes.
Remove from the heat and invert a large, flat platter on top. Using pot holders, hold both the frying pan and the platter firmly and invert them together. Lift off the frying pan, exposing the crusty bottom of the hash. Sprinkle with the parsley, cut into wedges, and serve.
SERVES 4
Chicken & Fontina Panini
Sandwiches grilled in a pan or a panini press make a satisfying brunch dish, and can be easily varied to offer guests different selections. Try panini with sliced ham or turkey, roasted bell peppers or eggplant, and Gruyère, goat, or blue cheese.
Focaccia, 4 pieces, each 4 inches square
Mayonnaise, ¼ cup
Dijon mustard, 2 teaspoons
Poached Chicken Breasts (see recipe), 2, cut into thin slices
Arugula leaves, 1 cup
Fontina cheese, ¼ pound, thinly sliced
Extra-virgin olive oil, 2–4 teaspoons
Preheat a panini press according to the manufacturer's directions, or heat a large nonstick frying pan over medium-high heat. Meanwhile, cut each focaccia square in half horizontally and place the bottoms and tops cut side up on a work surface. In a small bowl, combine the mayonnaise and mustard. Spread the cut surface of each focaccia square with the mayonnaise mixture. Layer the sliced chicken breasts, arugula leaves, and cheese on the bottom halves, dividing the ingredients evenly, then put the remaining focaccia pieces on top, spread-side down.
Brush the panini press or frying pan with 1 teaspoon olive oil. Place the sandwiches in the press or pan and brush the tops with another 1 teaspoon of the olive oil. If using a panini press, close the machine and cook until the bread shows golden grid marks, 3–5 minutes. (If using a frying pan, flatten the sandwiches slightly with a spatula, and then cook until the bottom is golden brown, about 5 minutes. Turn the sandwiches over, press down again with the spatula, and then cook until the other side is golden, 3–4 minutes more.)
To serve, cut each sandwich in half on the diagonal and place on warmed individual plates. Serve warm, with extra sauce on the side, if desired.
MAKES 4 SANDWICHES; SERVES 4
Poached Chicken Breasts
These flavorful, moist chicken breasts are a brunch staple. They can be used to make Chicken & Fontina Panini (see recipe), in egg scrambles, or as a filling for omelettes. Cooking them with their bones and skin intact ensures that the meat stays juicy.
Bone-in, skin-on chicken breasts, 2 (about ⅔ pound)
Sea salt or kosher salt, 1 teaspoon
Freshly ground pepper, 1 teaspoon
Extra-virgin olive oil, 2 teaspoons
Fresh sage, 2 teaspoons minced
Dry white wine, ¼ cup
Season the chicken breasts all over with the salt and pepper. In a deep sauté pan over medium-high heat, warm the 2 teaspoons olive oil. When the oil is hot, add the chicken breasts, skin side down, and sprinkle with the sage. Cook until the skin is golden, 4–5 minutes. Turn the breasts over and cook the other side until lightly golden, 3–4 minutes more.
Add the wine and stir to scrape up the browned bits clinging to the pan bottom. Add water to cover the chicken breasts by ½ inch, cover the pan, reduce the heat to low, and simmer gently until the chicken is opaque throughout, about 20 minutes. Using a slotted spoon, transfer the chicken to a colander to cool and discard the poaching liquid. (The chicken can be made up to 1 day in advance. Let cool completely, then cover tightly and refrigerate.)
Pull off the skin from the chicken breasts and discard. Use your fingers to pull all the meat from the bones in a single piece and discard the bones. Use as desired.
MAKES 2
Sausage & Cheddar Strata
Strata, Italian-style bread pudding, makes a hearty one-dish meal that needs only fruit or a salad to complete the menu. For a variation, use one-half pound of bacon instead of sausage, and one-quarter pound of Gorgonzola for the Cheddar.
Sausages, such as mild Italian, chicken and fennel, or andouille, 3 links (about 3 pounds)
Day-old baguette, ciabatta, or other country-style bread, 15 slices, each about 2 inches in diameter and ½ inch thick
Cheddar cheese, ¼ pound, coarsely shredded
Large or extra-large eggs, 3
Whole milk, 1½ cups
In a frying pan over medium heat, sauté the sausages, turning occasionally, until golden brown on all sides, 5–6 minutes for fully cooked sausages and 12–15 minutes for uncooked sausages. Remove from the heat and transfer to a cutting board. Let the sausages cool, then cut into slices ½ inch thick.
Butter a deep 2½-quart baking dish. Arrange one-third of the bread slices on the bottom of the prepared dish, cutting the slices if needed to fill any gaps. Top with one-third of the sausages, and then with one-third of the cheese. Repeat the layering 2 more times, ending with cheese. Break the eggs into a bowl, pour in the milk, and whisk until well blended. Pour the egg mixture into the baking dish, being careful not to dislodge the layers. Cover and refrigerate for at least 1 hour or for up to 24 hours before baking.
Preheat the oven to 350°F. Cover the strata with aluminum foil and bake for 45 minutes. Remove the foil and continue to bake until the top is golden brown and a knife inserted into the center comes out clean, about 15 minutes more. Transfer the baking dish to a wire rack, cover loosely with aluminum foil, and let cool for about 10 minutes.
Scoop the strata onto warmed plates and serve right away.
SERVES 4–6
Breakfast Pizzas
Popular in France and Italy, these egg-topped pizzas will be a conversation starter at the brunch table. They should be served as soon as they are baked, making them the perfect choice for a casual brunch centered around the kitchen island.
Bulk pork or chicken sausage, 1 pound
Cornmeal for cooking the pizzas
Pizza Dough (see recipe), rolled into six 8-inch rounds
Olive oil for brushing
Feta cheese, 6 ounces, crumbled
Large or extra-large eggs, 6
Sea salt or kosher salt
Freshly ground pepper
Green onion, 4, with 2 inches of tender green tops, minced
Preheat the oven to 450°F.
Warm a frying pan over medium-high heat. Add the sausage and sauté, breaking up the meat with a wooden spoon, until the pieces are about the size of walnuts and show only a hint of pink, about 7–8 minutes. Using a slotted spoon, transfer the sausage to paper towels to drain.
Dust a rimless baking sheet with cornmeal and place a dough round on it. Top the dough round with one-sixth each of the sausage and cheese, leaving an area in the center uncovered to put the egg. Brush the crust edges with oil.
Crack an egg onto the uncovered center of the pizza round and sprinkle with salt and pepper to taste. Place the baking sheet on the middle rack of the oven. Bake until the crust is crisp and golden, the cheese is melted, and the egg is fully cooked, about 12 minutes.
Remove the pizza from the oven and, using 2 spatulas, carefully transfer it to a plate. Top with the green onions.
Serve the pizza right away. Repeat until all of the dough rounds have been topped and baked.
MAKES SIX 8-INCH PIZZAS; SERVES 6–12
Pizza Dough
This pizza dough is perfect for Breakfast Pizzas (see recipe), but it is versatile and can be tailored to complement any brunch menu. Top it with your favorite combination of sauce, cheese, vegetables, and meat and bake each round as directed.
Active dry yeast, 1 envelope
Warm water, 1½ cups
Extra-virgin olive oil, 2 tablespoons
Semolina flour, ½ cup
Salt, 1 tablespoon
All-purpose flour, 3–4 cups, plus extra for dusting
In the bowl of a stand mixer, sprinkle the dry yeast over the warm water and let stand until foamy, about 4 minutes. Place the bowl on the mixer fitted with the dough hook and add the olive oil, semolina flour, and salt; mix until combined. Add the all-purpose flour, ½ cup at a time, and knead with the dough hook until the dough is smooth but not sticky, about 10 minutes.
Form the dough into a ball, put in a lightly oiled bowl, and turn to coat with oil. Cover the bowl with a clean kitchen towel and let rise in a warm, draft-free place until doubled in bulk, about 1 hour.
Punch down the dough, transfer to a lightly floured work surface, and divide equally into 6 balls, kneading the balls briefly as you shape them. Cover with the towel and let rise until doubled in bulk, about 45 minutes. Working with 1 ball of dough at a time, flatten and gently stretch or roll out into a round about 8 inches in diameter.
Top, bake, and use the pizza dough as desired.
MAKES SIX 8-INCH DOUGH ROUNDS
Croque-Monsieur
This French favorite is essentially a ham sandwich covered with bubbling-hot cheese sauce. It is perfect at a casual brunch, paired with a green salad. To make croque-madames, top each sandwich with a Fried Egg (see recipe) before adding the sauce.
Unsalted butter, 2 tablespoons at room temperature
Brioche or sandwich bread, 8 slices
Ham, 8 thin slices
CHEESE SAUCE
Unsalted butter, 2 tablespoons
All-purpose flour, 2 tablespoons
Sea salt or kosher salt, 1½ teaspoons
Cayenne pepper, ⅛ teaspoon
Whole milk, 1½ cups
Gruyère cheese, ¾ cup shredded
Butter one side of each slice of bread. Lay 2 slices of ham on the unbuttered side of one slice, then top with a second slice, buttered-side up. Repeat with the remaining ham and bread.
To make the sauce, in a saucepan over medium heat, melt the butter. Remove the pan from the heat and whisk in the flour, salt, and pepper. Return the pan to medium heat and slowly whisk the milk. Reduce the heat to low and cook, stirring, until the sauce thickens, about 15 minutes. Stir in ¼ cup of the cheese and remove from the heat.
Position a rack about 6 inches from the heat source, and preheat the broiler. Line the rack of a broiler pan with aluminum foil.
Meanwhile, warm a large frying pan over medium heat. When it is hot, place the sandwiches in the pan and cook until the bottoms are golden, about 4 minutes. Turn over the sandwiches and cook until the other sides are golden, about 4 minutes more.
Transfer the sandwiches to the broiler pan and pour about ¼ cup of the cheese sauce over each sandwich. Top the sandwiches with the remaining ½ cup cheese, dividing it evenly. Broil the sandwiches until the sauce bubbles and the cheese is golden, 4–5 minutes. Remove from the broiler, transfer to warmed plates, and serve right away.
MAKES 4 SANDWICHES
# side dishes
Tips for Setting Up a Brunch Buffet
Sautéed Cherry Tomatoes
Roasted Spiced Apples
Roasted Rosemary Potatoes
Sweet Polenta with Pecans
Savory Bread Pudding
Potato Pancakes
Crispy Pepper Bacon
Herbed Pork Sausages
Chicken-Apple Sausages
# Tips for Setting Up a Brunch Buffet
Brunch buffets should convey abundance. Choose a table that is just large enough to hold everything and select food that is easy to eat from a plate balanced on the knees.
Drape a sideboard or counter with a colorful tablecloth; bundle the flatware in complementary napkins.
Determine the traffic flow, then set plates and bowls at the beginning of the buffet and the flatware at the end. This will help guests move easily along the buffet.
Arrange the food in the order in which it will be eaten. Serve some of the items on pedestals or in footed bowls to create an attractive look and to facilitate serving.
Adorn the buffet with a flower arrangement or other accessories, if desired, provided they do not interfere with serving. Remember to put out appropriate serving utensils for each dish.
Sautéed Cherry Tomatoes
Cherry tomatoes require just a few minutes of cooking to warm them through. Here, they are accented by aromatic fresh basil leaves. Serve this easy side dish alongside Steak & Eggs (see recipe) or Sausage & Cheddar Strata (see recipe).
Extra-virgin olive oil, 3 tablespoons
Cherry tomatoes, 3 cups, preferably a mixture of colors and shapes, stems removed
Sea salt or kosher salt, ½ teaspoon
Fresh basil leaves, ½ cup, preferably a mixture of purple and green varieties
In a large frying pan over medium-high heat, warm the olive oil. When hot, add the tomatoes and cook, stirring constantly with a wooden spoon, until shiny and some of the skins just begin to burst, 4–5 minutes. Sprinkle with the salt and transfer to a serving bowl.
Add the basil leaves, and turn several times. Serve hot, warm, or at room temperature.
SERVES 4–6
Roasted Spiced Apples
Apples stuffed with sugar and nuts are a flavorful accompaniment to dishes that include bacon, ham, or sausage. Select a good cooking apple—one that holds its shape in the intense heat of the oven—such as Granny Smith, Gala, or Golden Delicious.
Large, firm cooking apples, 6
Dark brown sugar, ¾ cup firmly packed
Chopped pecans, ½ cup
Lemon zest, 4 teaspoons finely grated
Nutmeg, 1½ teaspoons freshly grated
Ground cardamom, ½ teaspoon
Pure maple syrup, 3 tablespoons
Unsalted butter, 2 tablespoons, cut into 6 pieces
Cinnamon sticks, 6, each 4–5 inches long
Preheat the oven to 350°F. Using a circular apple corer, remove the core from the apples, stopping ½ inch from the bottom. Set aside.
In a small bowl, using a large spoon, stir together the brown sugar, pecans, lemon zest, nutmeg, and cardamom. Add the maple syrup and mix well. Using a small spoon, pack the center of each apple with one-sixth of the mixture. Dot the top of each apple with one-sixth of the butter.
Carefully place the apples in a baking dish just large enough to hold them snugly. Insert a cinnamon stick into the stuffed core of each apple, pushing it down as far as it will go. Add water to a depth of ¼ inch to the baking dish.
Roast the apples, using a spoon to baste them several times with their juices, until the skins shrivel and the flesh can be easily pierced with a fork, 45 minutes.
Let cool for 5 minutes, then serve warm, directly from the baking dish.
SERVES 6
Roasted Rosemary Potatoes
If you can't find small red potatoes, cut larger ones into 2-inch pieces. You can substitute 2 tablespoons of sage or thyme for the rosemary. For an old-fashioned meal, serve these potatoes with Herbed Pork Sausages (see recipe), Fried Eggs (see recipe), and toast.
Small red potatoes, 1½ pounds, each about 1 inch in diameter, unpeeled
Extra-virgin olive oil, 2 tablespoons
Sea salt or kosher salt, 2–3 teaspoons
Freshly ground pepper, 1 teaspoon
Fresh rosemary, 2 tablespoons minced
Preheat the oven to 350°F. Place the potatoes in a shallow baking dish just large enough to hold them snugly in a single layer. Drizzle the potatoes with the olive oil and, using a wooden spoon, turn to coat them well with the oil. Sprinkle with the salt to taste, the pepper, and the rosemary, and turn again to coat.
Roast the potatoes, turning once or twice, until the skin wrinkles and the potatoes can be easily pierced with a fork, about 1¼ hours.
Transfer the potatoes to a warmed, shallow serving bowl and serve hot or at room temperature.
SERVES 4–6
Sweet Polenta with Pecans
Serve this comforting, cool-weather dish with Herbed Pork Sausages (see recipe) or Crispy Pepper Bacon (see recipe) for a complete meal. Any leftover polenta can be chilled, then sliced and fried and served with another dish, such as Piperade & Poached Eggs (see recipe).
Pecans, ½ cup
Water, 6 cups
Salt, 1 tablespoon
Polenta, 1 cup
Unsalted butter, 1 tablespoon
Mascarpone cheese, ½ cup
Pure maple syrup, 1–2 teaspoons
Preheat the oven to 300°F. Spread the pecans in a single layer on a rimmed baking sheet. Toast in the oven, stirring once or twice, until they take on color and are fragrant, about 10 minutes. Transfer to a plate and let cool completely, then coarsely chop and set aside. (The nuts can be toasted and chopped up to 3 days in advance and stored in an airtight container at room temperature.)
In a saucepan, bring the water to a boil over high heat and add the salt. Slowly pour in the polenta in a steady stream, stirring constantly with a wooden spoon. Reduce the heat to low and cook, stirring frequently, until the water is absorbed and the polenta has thickened and pulls away from the sides of the pan, about 40 minutes. Remove from the heat and stir in the butter and mascarpone.
Transfer the polenta to a warmed serving bowl, drizzle with the maple syrup, and garnish with the toasted pecans. Serve right away.
SERVES 4
Savory Bread Pudding
The texture of this pudding will be either chewy or soft, depending on the type of bread you prefer to use. Coarse-crumbed country-style bread makes a sturdier pudding, while fine-crumbed sandwich bread yields a softer version.
Dry country-style bread or sandwich bread, 12–16 slices
Whole milk, 2½–3 cups
Large or extra-large eggs, 5
Sea salt or kosher salt, 1 teaspoon
Freshly ground pepper, 1 teaspoon
Gruyère cheese, ½ pound, coarsely shredded
Mixed fresh herbs, such as flat-leaf parsley, chives, and tarragon, ½ cup chopped
Romano cheese, ¼ cup freshly grated
Unsalted butter, 1 tablespoon, cut into pieces
Preheat the oven to 350°F. Butter a 3-quart soufflé dish.
Place the bread slices in a shallow bowl and pour in 2 cups of the milk. Let the bread soak up the liquid, 5–10 minutes. (If the bread is very dry, it will take longer and may require up to ½ cup more milk.) Remove the bread, squeeze out any excess milk with your hands, and put the bread in a clean bowl. Discard the milk.
In another bowl, combine the eggs, salt, pepper, and the remaining ½ cup milk and whisk to blend. Layer one-third of the bread in the prepared dish. Top with one-third of the Gruyère cheese and half of the herbs. Repeat the layers, reserving 1 tablespoon of the herbs. Arrange the last third of the bread on top and sprinkle with the remaining Gruyère cheese and the Romano cheese. Pour the egg mixture evenly over the top. Use a knife to push the bread away from the sides of dish, letting the egg mixture run to the bottom. Dot the top of the bread pudding with the butter.
Bake the bread pudding until the top is crusty and golden and a knife inserted into the center comes out clean, 45–60 minutes. Garnish with the reserved herbs, scoop the pudding onto warmed individual plates, and serve right away.
SERVES 6–8
Potato Pancakes
The trick to making crisp pancakes is to use potatoes with a very high starch content and to squeeze out all of their excess moisture before you fry them. Serve these with any egg dish or as a classic accompaniment to a Lox & Bagel Bar (see recipe).
Russet potatoes, 1½–2 pounds, peeled
Extra-large eggs, 2, lightly beaten
All-purpose flour, 1½ tablespoons
Yellow onion, 1 tablespoon grated
Sea salt or kosher salt, ¾ teaspoon
Grapeseed or canola oil, or unsalted butter, ¼–½ cup
Sea salt or kosher salt, 1 teaspoon
Crème fraîche, ½ cup for serving
Using the large holes on a box grater-shredder, coarsely shred the potatoes into a bowl. Using your hands, squeeze out as much moisture as possible from the potatoes, then place them in a clean bowl. Add the eggs, flour, onion, and salt to the potatoes and mix well with a wooden spoon.
In a frying pan over medium-high heat, warm the oil. Working in batches, drop tablespoonfuls of the potato mixture into the hot oil, spaced about 2 inches apart, and flatten each into a 3-inch round with a metal spatula. Cook until the pancakes are golden brown on the bottom, 1–2 minutes. Using the spatula, turn the pancakes over and cook until the other side is golden brown and the pancakes are cooked through, 1–2 minutes more. Do not let them burn. Transfer the pancakes to paper towels to drain, then transfer to a warmed platter and cover with aluminum foil to keep warm. Repeat to cook the remaining potato mixture, adding more oil as needed.
Sprinkle the pancakes with the sea salt. Serve warm, accompanied by the crème fraîche.
MAKES ABOUT TEN 3-INCH PANCAKES; SERVES 4
Crispy Pepper Bacon
Although bacon comes with many cures and flavors, it is easy to flavor your own with a little freshly ground black pepper. Experiment with different kinds of peppercorns, such as Aleppo, Tellicherry, or Malabar, to make the flavor even more distinctive.
Applewood–smoked bacon, 8 thick slices
Coarse freshly ground pepper, 1 tablespoon
Preheat the broiler and position an oven rack about 8 inches from the heat source. Line the lower part of a broiler pan with aluminum foil and put the upper rack in place.
Lay the bacon slices on a work surface. Rub the pepper evenly over one side of the bacon slices, pressing with your fingertips to make sure the pepper adheres. (The bacon can be seasoned up to 24 hours in advance, tightly wrapped, and stored in the refrigerator.)
Lay the bacon on the broiler pan. Broil, turning once, until the bacon is crispy, about 8 minutes total. Serve right away.
SERVES 4
Herbed Pork Sausages
It's easy to prepare your own sausage patties by adding fresh herbs and other seasonings to ground pork. You can use a dry pan when you fry these patties because the pork will release enough of its natural fat for sautéing without the need for extra oil.
Ground pork, 1 pound
Sea salt or kosher salt, 2 teaspoons
Freshly ground pepper, 1 teaspoon
Fresh sage, 2 tablespoons minced
Fresh thyme leaves, 1 teaspoon minced
In a bowl, combine the pork, salt, pepper, sage, and thyme and mix with a wooden spoon until well blended. Using your hands, shape the mixture into 8 patties, each 3 inches in diameter and ½ inch thick. (The patties can be made up to 2 days ahead of time, tightly wrapped, and stored in the refrigerator. You can also freeze them for up to 6 weeks: Stack the patties, separating them with a sheet of waxed paper or aluminum foil, and freeze in heavy-duty resealable plastic bags. Thaw overnight in the refrigerator before cooking.)
Heat a frying pan over medium-high heat. When the pan is hot, add the patties. Reduce the heat to medium and cook until the patties are golden brown on the bottom, about 6 minutes. Using a metal spatula, turn over the patties and cook until the other side is golden brown, about 5 minutes more. Transfer to paper towels to drain briefly. Serve right away.
MAKES 8 PATTIES; SERVES 4–8
Chicken-Apple Sausages
It's easy to make homemade breakfast sausage in your food processor. The secret is to partially freeze the meat—here, lean chicken breast and bacon—before grinding, and to use a juicy ingredient, such as tart apples, to keep the sausages moist.
Boneless, skinless chicken breasts, 1½ pounds, placed in the freezer for 1 hour
Sliced bacon, ¼ pound, placed in the freezer for 1 hour
Unsalted butter, 1 tablespoon
Granny Smith apples, 2, peeled, cored, grated, and squeezed dry
Coriander seeds, 2 teaspoons
Fennel seeds, 1 teaspoon
White or black peppercorns, 2 teaspoons
Sea salt or kosher salt, ½ teaspoon
Nutmeg, ½ teaspoon freshly grated
Cayenne pepper, ¼ teaspoon
Extra-virgin olive oil, 2 tablespoons
Working in batches, put the chicken in a food processor and pulse until coarsely ground, 6–8 times. Transfer to a large bowl. Add the bacon to the food processor and pulse until coarsely ground, 3–4 times. Add the bacon and butter to the bowl with the chicken and mix with a wooden spoon until well blended. Add the apples to the bowl.
In a clean spice mill, combine the coriander seeds, fennel seeds, and peppercorns and grind to a medium-fine grind. Add the spices to the chicken mixture along with the salt, nutmeg, and cayenne pepper and mix with your fingertips until well blended. Using your hands, shape the sausage mixture into 12–14 patties, each about 3 inches in diameter and ½ inch thick. (The patties can be made up to 1 day ahead of time, tightly covered, and refrigerated.)
In a large frying pan over medium-high heat, warm the olive oil. Working in batches if necessary to avoid crowding, add the patties and cook until golden brown on the bottom, 3–4 minutes. Using a metal spatula, turn the patties over and cook until the other side is golden brown, 3–4 minutes more. Transfer to paper towels to drain briefly. Serve right away.
MAKES 12–14 PATTIES; SERVES 6–8
# beverages
Tips for a Brunch Cocktail Bar
Sparkling Ginger Lemonade
Strawberry-Banana Smoothie
Spiced Iced Coffee
Mexican Hot Chocolate
Chai Tea Latte
Ramos Fizz
Blood Orange Mimosa
Classic Bellini
Grapefruit-Prosecco Cocktail
Spiced Bloody Mary
# Tips for a Brunch Cocktail Bar
For intimate gatherings, set up a cocktail bar right in the party room on a counter or side table. In addition to the cocktails, provide nonalcoholic choices for nondrinkers.
Place a colorful runner or place mats on a counter, console table, or sideboard.
Group the glassware, an ice bucket, mixing spoons, and measuring implements on the surface in a logical flow to facilitate drink making.
Arrange the ingredients, such as spicy tomato juice and vodka for Bloody Marys or sparkling wine and orange juice for mimosas, next to the glassware.
Set out garnishes in small bowls: lime wedges or celery stalks for Bloody Marys, halved orange slices for mimosas. Stack cocktail napkins at the end of the bar.
Sparkling Ginger Lemonade
Here, classic lemonade is updated with spicy-sweet fresh ginger and a splash of sparkling water. It's the perfect drink for a summer brunch served outdoors. Look for crystallized ginger in the baking section of well-stocked grocery stores and in specialty-food markets.
Water, 4 cups
Fresh ginger, ½ cup thinly sliced
Fresh lemon juice, ¾ cup (about 5 lemons)
Sugar, ¾ cup, or to taste
Sparkling water, 2½ cups, well chilled
Ice cubes
Lemon slices for garnish
Crystallized ginger, 6 strips for garnish
In a nonaluminum saucepan over high heat, boil the water. Add the ginger, cover, and remove from the heat. Let stand for 5 minutes. Taste and, for a stronger ginger flavor, let stand for an additional 5–10 minutes. Pour through a sieve placed over a glass jar, cover, and refrigerate until well chilled.
Pour the lemon juice into a large pitcher. Gradually add the sugar, whisking constantly until dissolved. Stir in the sparkling water. Taste and add more sugar to suit your taste.
To serve, fill chilled glasses with ice cubes. Pour in equal amounts of the ginger infusion and the lemon mixture, and stir well with a long-handled spoon. Garnish each glass with a lemon slice and candied ginger strip and serve right away.
SERVES 6
Strawberry-Banana Smoothie
Fresh fruit blended with fresh orange juice and vanilla yogurt makes a refreshing, healthy brunch beverage for adults and kids alike. Change the berries to your liking, substituting raspberries, blackberries, or blueberries for the strawberries, or use a combination.
Strawberries, 3 cups, sliced, plus 4 whole berries for garnish
Ripe bananas, 2, cut into 1-inch pieces
Fresh orange juice, 1½ cups
Fresh lemon juice, splash
Vanilla yogurt, ½ cup
In a blender or food processor, combine the strawberries, bananas, orange juice, and lemon juice. Process until the mixture is smooth, 30–45 seconds. Add the vanilla yogurt and process until thoroughly blended, about 20 seconds.
To serve, pour the mixture into tumblers or large wine glasses. Float a strawberry on each drink and serve right away.
SERVES 4
Spiced Iced Coffee
During the warmer months, replace steaming mugs of hot coffee with this aromatic brew flavored with orange zest, cocoa powder, and sweet spices. Take care that the coffee does not steep for too long or the flavors will become too strong.
Coffee, 4½ cups freshly brewed, hot
Sugar, 6 tablespoons
Dutch-process cocoa powder, 3 tablespoons
Cinnamon sticks, 2
Whole cloves, 6
Orange zest, 4 strips, each about 3 inches long by 1 inch wide
Ice for serving
Milk or half-and-half for serving
In a heatproof bowl or large, heatproof pitcher, combine the coffee, sugar, and cocoa powder. Stir thoroughly to dissolve the sugar and cocoa. Add the cinnamon stick and cloves. Twist each piece of orange zest to release the essential oils, then add to the hot liquid. Let the coffee stand at room temperature for 1 hour, stirring occasionally, to infuse the flavors.
Pour the coffee mixture through a sieve to remove the spices and zest, then cover and refrigerate until very cold, about 2 hours.
To serve, fill chilled tumblers with ice cubes. Stir the coffee mixture, then pour over the ice until the glasses are three-fourths full. Fill the glasses the rest of the way with milk and stir well with a long-handled spoon. Serve right away.
SERVES 6
Mexican Hot Chocolate
In Mexico, the traditional hot chocolate beverage is flavored with sugar, cinnamon, and often ground almonds, which lend body to the drink. Tablets made from a combination of these ingredients can be found in well-stocked grocery stores and Hispanic markets.
Milk or water, 4 cups
Mexican chocolate tablets, 2 (about ¼ pound total weight), broken into small pieces
Vanilla bean, 1 (optional)
In a saucepan over low heat, warm 1 cup of the milk. Add the chocolate tablet pieces and stir with a wooden spoon until melted. Add the remaining 3 cups milk and the vanilla bean, if using, and let simmer for several minutes.
Remove the pan from the heat. Lift out the vanilla bean, if using, and reserve for another use. Using a whisk, beat the chocolate mixture vigorously until a thick layer of foam covers the surface, about 2 minutes.
To serve, pour into mugs or heatproof cups, distributing the foam evenly among the mugs. Serve right away.
SERVES 4
Chai Tea Latte
This delicious alternative to coffee is based on a traditional Indian recipe. For the best flavor, infuse the tea with the spices just before serving. You can also serve this drink over ice: Let the strained mixture cool to room temperature and refrigerate until well chilled.
Cardamom pods, 4
Cinnamon stick, 2-inch piece
Whole cloves, 4
Water, 2 cups
Milk, 2 cups
Sugar, 3 tablespoons
Darjeeling tea, 4 bags
Using a mortar and pestle, lightly crush the cardamom, cinnamon, and cloves. In a saucepan, combine the crushed spices, water, and milk and bring to a boil over high heat. Reduce the heat to low and simmer, uncovered, until the spices release their flavor, about 2 minutes. Add the sugar and tea and continue simmering until the tea is infused into the liquid, about 1 minute longer. Strain through a sieve, rinse the pan, and return the tea mixture to the pan.
Place the pan over very low heat and, using a whisk, beat the tea mixture vigorously until a slight layer of foam covers the surface and the tea mixture is warmed through, 1–2 minutes.
To serve, pour the tea mixture into mugs or heatproof cups, distributing the foam evenly among the cups. Serve right away.
SERVES 4
Ramos Fizz
This frothy cocktail was invented by a New Orleans restaurateur in the late nineteenth century and is still popular on brunch menus throughout the South. If you are concerned about the eggs in your area, replace the raw egg whites with pasteurized egg whites.
Gin, 1 cup
Fresh lemon juice, 2½ tablespoons
Fresh lime juice, 1¼ tablespoons
Superfine sugar, 2½ tablespoons
Egg whites, 4 (see note)
Heavy cream, 2½ tablespoons
Orange-flower water, 10 drops
Ice, 2¼ cups crushed
Club soda, about 1⅓ cups, chilled
Freshly grated nutmeg for dusting (optional)
In a blender, combine the gin, lemon and lime juices, sugar, egg whites, cream, orange-flower water, and crushed ice. Blend until well mixed and frothy, about 1 minute.
To serve, divide the mixture among 4 highball glasses. Fill the glasses nearly to the top with club soda, and dust with nutmeg, if using. Serve right away.
SERVES 4
Blood Orange Mimosa
Blood oranges are at their peak from mid-December through March and their distinctive red flesh and juice adds a dramatic flair to the classic mimosa. If you can't find blood orange juice, substitute freshly squeezed Valencia orange or grapefruit juice.
Orange liqueur, ¼ cup
Freshly squeezed blood orange juice, ½ cup
Champagne or sparkling white wine, 2 cups
Blood orange, 1 slice for garnish
Pour 1 tablespoon triple sec, 2 tablespoons blood orange juice, and ½ cup Champagne into each of 4 chilled Champagne flutes or wine glasses. Stir briefly with a long-handled spoon to mix.
To serve, cut the blood orange slice into quarters. Garnish each cocktail with an orange slice quarter and serve right away.
SERVES 4
Classic Bellini
Harry Cipriani of Harry's Bar in Venice invented this peach-flavored cocktail in 1948. You can still find it on the menu there today. For this recipe, you will need only a small amount of the simple syrup; store the rest in the refrigerator for up to 3 months.
SIMPLE SYRUP
Water, 1 cup
Sugar, 1 cup
Ripe white peach, 1, pitted but not peeled, cut into 1-inch cubes
Fresh lemon juice, 1 teaspoon
Prosecco, Champagne, or sparkling wine, 2 cups chilled
To make the simple syrup, simmer the water in a saucepan set over medium-high heat. Add the sugar and stir until completely dissolved. Remove the pan from the heat and set aside to cool the syrup to room temperature. Pour the syrup into a clean bottle, cap it tightly, and refrigerate until needed.
Put the cubed peach flesh, lemon juice, and 1 teaspoon simple syrup in a blender and blend until smooth.
To serve, divide the mixture among 4 chilled Champagne flutes. Gently pour in the sparkling wine. Stir gently with a long-handled spoon and serve right away.
SERVES 4
Grapefruit-Prosecco Cocktail
Prosecco is a light, fruity sparkling wine from Italy that can be found in most high-quality wine shops. Here, it is mixed with fresh grapefruit juice and a touch of orange liqueur to make a simple and refreshing brunch cocktail.
Orange liqueur, ¼ cup
Fresh pink grapefruit juice, ½ cup
Prosecco, 2 cups
Pink grapefruit wedges, 4 for garnish
Pour 1 tablespoon orange liqueur, 2 tablespoons pink grapefruit juice, and ½ cup prosecco into each of 4 chilled Champagne flutes or wine glasses. Stir briefly with a long-handled spoon to mix.
To serve, garnish each cocktail with a pink grapefruit wedge and serve right away.
SERVES 4
Spiced Bloody Mary
A ubiquitous choice on brunch menus across the country, this classic cocktail was reputedly invented in the 1920s in Paris. Each restaurant has its own unique blend of piquant spices and flavorings. Here, the drink features the smoky flavor of ground cumin.
Vodka, 1 cup
Tomato juice, 2 cups
Fresh lime juice, ¼ cup
Freshly ground black pepper, 2 teaspoons
Sea salt or kosher salt, 1 teaspoon
Ground cumin, 1 teaspoon
Worcestershire sauce, 8 dashes
Hot pepper sauce, 8 dashes
Lime wedges, 4 for garnish
Celery stalks with leaves, 4 for garnish
Pour the vodka, tomato juice, and lime juice into a glass pitcher. Add the pepper, salt, cumin, Worcestershire sauce, and hot sauce and stir well with a long-handled spoon.
To serve, fill 4 highball glasses with ice and pour the tomato juice mixture into the glasses. Garnish each glass with a lime wedge and celery stalk and serve right away.
SERVES 4
# Brunch Menus
The recipes in this book were developed to complement one another. The examples that follow represent only a handful of the many possible combinations. When planning your brunch menu, keep in mind the character of the recipes: those rich in butter or cheese pair well with those featuring fruit, and combination of savory and sweet dishes balances the menu. In addition, try to combine dishes that have different preparation times: pair a dish that needs to be cooked at the last-minute with something that can be prepared ahead of time.
South-of-the-Border– Style Brunch
Huevos Rancheros
Rice & beans
Warm flour or corn tortillas
Mexican Hot Chocolate
Spiced Bloody Mary
Casual Brunch in the Kitchen
Green Salad with Almonds
Breakfast Pizzas
Fresh fruit
Self-Service Juice Bar
Game Day Brunch Buffet
Red Flannel Hash
or Turkey & Yukon Gold Hash
Poached Eggs
Sautéed Cherry Tomatoes
Roasted Spiced Apples
Sparkling Ginger Lemonade
Spiced Bloody Mary
Brunch with Close Friends
Fresh Berry Salad with Mint
French Toast & Apple Chutney
or Stuffed French Toast
Herbed Pork Sausages
Chai Tea Latte
Grapefruit-Proscecco Cocktail
Family Brunch
Buttermilk Waffles
Kid-friendly toppings: fresh berries, whipped cream, chopped nuts
Scrambled Eggs
Chicken-Apple Sausages
Strawberry-Banana Smoothie
Mexican Hot Chocolate
Wintertime Fête
Citrus Salad
Salmon Eggs Benedict
Roasted Rosemary Potatoes
Blood Orange Mimosa
Make-Ahead Brunch in the Garden
Cucumber Gazpacho
Spring Vegetable Frittata
Brown-Sugar Coffee Cake
Spiced Iced Coffee
Ramos Fizz
Bistro-Style Brunch
Orange-Zest Scones
Baked Eggs with Spinach
Crispy Pepper Bacon
Classic Bellini
Index
A
Almonds
Granola
Green Salad with Almonds
Apples
Apple Chutney
Brown-Sugar Coffee Cake
Chicken-Apple Sausages
Roasted Spiced Apples
Arugula
Chicken and Fontina Panini
Citrus Salad
Asparagus
Spring Vegetable Frittata
B
Bacon
Chicken-Apple Sausages
Crispy Pepper Bacon
keeping warm
Bagel and Lox Bar
Baked Eggs with Spinach
Bananas
Ricotta and Banana Pancakes
Spiced Bananas
Strawberry-Banana Smoothie
Bar. See also Beverages
juice
Lox and Bagel Bar
setting up
Beef
Red Flannel Hash
Steak and Eggs
Beets
Red Flannel Hash
Bellini, Classic
Bell peppers
Cucumber Gazpacho
Piperade and Poached Eggs
Smoky Vegetable Scramble
Turkey and Yukon Gold Hash
Beverages. See also Bar
Blood Orange Mimosa
Chai Tea Latte
Classic Bellini
coffee
Grapefruit-Prosecco Cocktail
Mexican Hot Chocolate
planning
Ramos Fizz
Sparkling Ginger Lemonade
Spiced Bloody Mary
Spiced Iced Coffee
Strawberry-Banana Smoothie
tea
Blackberries
Blackberry Blintzes
Fresh Berry Salad with Mint
Blintzes
Blackberry Blintzes
Blintz-Style Pancakes
Blood Orange Mimosa
Bloody Mary, Spiced
Blueberries
Fresh Berry Salad with Mint
Oatmeal-Blueberry Muffins
Bread
Chicken and Fontina Panini
Croque-Madames
Croque-Monsieur
Cucumber Gazpacho
French Toast and Apple Chutney
Lox and Bagel Bar
Pizza Dough
Sausage and Cheddar Strata
Savory Bread Pudding
Stuffed French Toast
Breakfast Pizzas
Brown-Sugar Coffee Cake
Buffets
advantages of
cereal
outdoor
sample menu for
setting up
Buttermilk Waffles
C
Cake, Brown-Sugar Coffee
Caramelized Onions
Centerpieces
Cereals
buffet of
Granola
Chai Tea Latte
Champagne
Blood Orange Mimosa
Classic Bellini
Cheese
Breakfast Pizzas
Cheese Sauce
Chicken and Fontina Panini
Croque-Madames
Croque-Monsieur
Ham and Cheddar Omelet
Lox and Bagel Bar
Ricotta and Banana Pancakes
Sausage and Cheddar Strata
Savory Bread Pudding
Smoky Vegetable Scramble
Spring Vegetable Frittata
Stuffed French Toast
Sweet Polenta with Pecans
Chicken
Breakfast Pizzas
Chicken and Fontina Panini
Chicken-Apple Sausages
Poached Chicken Breasts
Chocolate
Mexican Hot Chocolate
Spiced Iced Coffee
Chutney, Apple
Citrus Salad
Classic Bellini
Cocktail bar, setting up
Coffee
brewing
Spiced Iced Coffee
Coffee Cake, Brown-Sugar
Compote, Strawberry-Rhubarb
Crêpes, Jam-Filled Sweet
Crispy Pepper Bacon
Croque-Madames
Croque-Monsieur
Cucumber Gazpacho
D
Dates
Citrus Salad
E
Eggs
Baked Eggs with Spinach
Breakfast Pizzas
Croque-Madames
Fried Eggs
Ham and Cheddar Omelet
Huevos Rancheros
Piperade and Poached Eggs
Poached Eggs
Ramos Fizz
Salmon Eggs Benedict
Scrambled Eggs
Smoky Vegetable Scramble
Spring Vegetable Frittata
Steak and Eggs
English muffins
Salmon Eggs Benedict
F
Family-style meals
Figs
Apple Chutney
Floral arrangements
Formal meals
French toast
French Toast and Apple Chutney
Stuffed French Toast
Fresh Berry Salad with Mint
Fried Eggs
Frittata, Spring Vegetable
G
Gin
Ramos Fizz
Ginger Lemonade, Sparkling
Granola and Yogurt Parfait
Grapefruit
Citrus Salad
Grapefruit-Prosecco Cocktail
Green Salad with Almonds
Guests
help from
seating
H
Ham
Croque-Madames
Croque-Monsieur
Ham and Cheddar Omelet
Hash
Red Flannel Hash
Turkey and Yukon Gold Hash
Herbed Pork Sausages
Hollandaise Sauce
Huevos Rancheros
I
Informal meals
J
Jam-Filled Sweet Crêpes
Juice bar
L
Latte, Chai Tea
Lemonade, Sparkling Ginger
Location, selecting
Lox and Bagel Bar
M
Menus
planning
sample
Mexican Hot Chocolate
Mimosa, Blood Orange
Muffins, Oatmeal-Blueberry
Mushrooms
Warm Spinach Salad
O
Oats
Granola
Oatmeal-Blueberry Muffins
Omelet, Ham and Cheddar
Onions, Caramelized
Oranges
Blood Orange Mimosa
Citrus Salad
Orange-Blossom Yogurt
Orange-Zest Scones
Strawberry-Banana Smoothie
Outdoor meals
P
Pancakes
advance preparation for
Blackberry Blintzes
Blintz-Style Pancakes
keeping warm
Potato Pancakes
Ricotta and Banana Pancakes
Panini, Chicken and Fontina
Parfait, Granola and Yogurt
Peaches
Classic Bellini
Pecans
Roasted Spiced Apples
Sweet Polenta with Pecans
Piperade and Poached Eggs
Pizzas
Breakfast Pizzas
Pizza Dough
Poached Chicken Breasts
Poached Eggs
Polenta, Sweet, with Pecans
Pork. See also Bacon; Ham
Breakfast Pizzas
Herbed Pork Sausages
Potatoes
keeping warm
Potato Pancakes
Red Flannel Hash
Roasted Rosemary Potatoes
Turkey and Yukon Gold Hash
Prosecco
Classic Bellini
Grapefruit-Prosecco Cocktail
Pudding, Savory Bread
R
Raisins
Apple Chutney
Orange-Zest Scones
Ramos Fizz
Raspberries
Fresh Berry Salad with Mint
Red Flannel Hash
Rhubarb-Strawberry Compote
Ricotta and Banana Pancakes
Roasted Rosemary Potatoes
Roasted Spiced Apples
S
Salads
Citrus Salad
Fresh Berry Salad with Mint
Green Salad with Almonds
Warm Spinach Salad
Salmon
Lox and Bagel Bar
Salmon Eggs Benedict
Sandwiches
Chicken and Fontina Panini
Croque-Madames
Croque-Monsieur
Sauces
Cheese Sauce
Hollandaise Sauce
Sausages
Chicken-Apple Sausages
Herbed Pork Sausages
keeping warm
Sausage and Cheddar Strata
Sautéed Cherry Tomatoes
Savory Bread Pudding
Scones, Orange-Zest
Scrambled Eggs
Serving styles
Simple Syrup
Smoky Vegetable Scramble
Smoothie, Strawberry-Banana
Soups
Cucumber Gazpacho
Sparkling Ginger Lemonade
Spiced Bananas
Spiced Bloody Mary
Spiced Iced Coffee
Spinach
Baked Eggs with Spinach
Fresh Berry Salad with Mint
Warm Spinach Salad
Spring Vegetable Frittata
Steak and Eggs
Strata, Sausage and Cheddar
Strawberries
Strawberry-Banana Smoothie
Strawberry-Rhubarb Compote
Stuffed French Toast
Sweet Polenta with Pecans
T
Tables
centerpieces for
seating guests at
setting
Tea
brewing
Chai Tea Latte
Tomatoes
Cucumber Gazpacho
Huevos Rancheros
Piperade and Poached Eggs
Salmon Eggs Benedict
Sautéed Cherry Tomatoes
Spiced Bloody Mary
Spring Vegetable Frittata
Turkey and Yukon Gold Hash
V
Vegetables. See also individual vegetables
Smoky Vegetable Scramble
Spring Vegetable Frittata
Vodka
Spiced Bloody Mary
W
Waffles
advance preparation for
Buttermilk Waffles
Warm Spinach Salad
Wine
Apple Chutney
Blood Orange Mimosa
Classic Bellini
Grapefruit-Prosecco Cocktail
Y
Yogurt
Cucumber Gazpacho
Granola and Yogurt Parfait
Orange-Blossom Yogurt
Strawberry-Banana Smoothie
1045 Sansome Street, Suite 100, San Francisco, CA 94111
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WILLIAMS-SONOMA
Founder and Vice-Chairman Chuck Williams
WELDON OWEN INC.
Chief Executive Officer John Owen
President and Chief Operating Officer Terry Newell
Chief Financial Officer Christine E. Munson
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Vice President and Publisher Hannah Rahill
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Associate Editor Juli Vendzules
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Designer Ashley Martinez
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Color Manager Teri Bell
Production and Reprint Coordinator Todd Rechner
BRUNCH
Conceived and produced by Weldon Owen Inc.
Copyright © 2015 by Weldon Owen Inc. and Williams-Sonoma Inc.
All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data is available.
Digital Edition ISBN: 978-1-61628-987-4
Print Edition ISBN: 978-1-74089-609-2
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Weldon Owen wishes to thank the following people for their generous support in producing this book:
Photographer Laurie Frankel; Food Stylist Kevin Crafts; Photographer's Assistant Sean Dagen; Food Stylist's Assistants Alexa Hyman and Victoria Woollard; Copyeditor Sharon Silva; Proofreader Melissa Eatough; and Indexer Ken DellaPenta.
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320 Md. 714 (1990)
580 A.2d 176
STEVEN ADAM SCHOCHET
v.
STATE OF MARYLAND.
No. 76, September Term, 1988.
Court of Appeals of Maryland.
October 9, 1990.
Argued before MURPHY, C.J., and ELDRIDGE, COLE, RODOWSKY, McAULIFFE, ADKINS and BLACKWELL, JJ.
Reargued before MURPHY, C.J., and ELDRIDGE, COLE, RODOWSKY, McAULIFFE, ADKINS[*] and CHASANOW, JJ.
Joseph P. Suntum (Miller, Miller & Canby, Chartered, both on brief), Rockville, for petitioner.
Stephen J. Shapiro, Gerard J. Gaeng, Debra A. Jung, Whiteford, Taylor & Preston, Baltimore, amicus curiae, for American Civil Liberties Union of Maryland, Inc.
David W. Ogden, Thomas N. Griffin, III, Donald B. Verrilli, Jr., Harry H. Rieck, Jenner & Block, Washington, D.C., amicus curiae, for Maryland Psychological Ass'n, Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality, American College of Sexologists, Society for the Scientific Study Of Sex, And Population Planning Associates.
Gary E. Bair, Asst. Atty. Gen. (J. Joseph Curran, Jr., Atty. Gen., both on brief), Baltimore, for respondent.
ELDRIDGE, Judge.
Two major issues are presented in this case. First, does Maryland Code (1957, 1987 Repl.Vol.), Art. 27, § 554, providing criminal penalties for "unnatural or perverted sexual practices," encompass consensual, noncommercial, heterosexual activity between adults in the privacy of the home? Second, if Art. 27, § 554, criminalizes such activity, does it violate either the Constitution of the United States or the Maryland Declaration of Rights? As we shall answer the first question in the negative, we do not reach the second question.
I.
An eight-count indictment was filed in the Circuit Court for Montgomery County, charging the petitioner, Steven Adam Schochet, with various sexual offenses. All of the charged offenses were committed upon the same alleged victim during one night in October 1986.
Counts one and four of the indictment charged Schochet with rape in the first degree and rape in the second degree, in violation of Maryland Code (1957, 1987 Repl.Vol.), Art. 27, §§ 462 and 463, based upon his engaging in vaginal intercourse with the complaining witness, Dovie Sullivan, allegedly by force or threat of force, against the will and without the consent of the complaining witness. Counts two, three, five, and six of the indictment charged Schochet with first and second degree sexual offenses, in violation of Art. 27, §§ 464 and 464A, based upon his allegedly engaging in anal intercourse and fellatio with Ms. Sullivan, all by force or threat of force, against the will and without the consent of the complaining witness.
Count seven charged Schochet with sodomy, in violation of Art. 27, § 553,[1] based upon his allegedly having anal intercourse with Ms. Sullivan. Count eight, which is the only count on which Schochet was convicted, charged him with committing "a certain unnatural and perverted sexual practice with" Ms. Sullivan, namely fellatio, in violation of Art. 27, § 554.[2] Schochet filed a pretrial motion to dismiss counts seven and eight on the ground that they were constitutionally infirm, but the circuit court denied the motion.
At Schochet's trial two entirely different versions of the incident giving rise to the charges were presented to the jury, one by the complaining witness and one by Schochet. The verdicts indicated that the jury credited Schochet's version and not that of Ms. Sullivan. Nevertheless, we shall set forth both versions.
Dovie Sullivan testified that on the evening of October 3, 1986, she was at home with her 11-year-old daughter. The daughter went to bed about 10:30 p.m., and Ms. Sullivan stayed up, drinking and listening to music in celebration of her divorce. Ms. Sullivan heard a knock at her door at approximately 12:30 a.m. When she answered the door, she found the defendant, Steven Schochet, whom she did not know, standing outside. He said that he was looking for a friend named Denise, and he asked to use the telephone to call the apartment next to Sullivan's. Ms. Sullivan let him in the apartment to use the telephone.
When Schochet was inside the apartment he began to admire the stereo system and continued to make conversation about it. Ms. Sullivan tried to direct his attention to the telephone, but he ignored her, went into the kitchen, and asked her to fix him a drink and something to eat. When she told him to leave, he looked at her very strangely, and she became frightened. He continued to make himself at home and acted as if he belonged in her apartment. He wandered throughout the apartment while Ms. Sullivan followed asking him to leave. She testified that she did not scream or try to get help because her daughter was asleep, and she feared for her daughter's safety as well as her own.
Ms. Sullivan went on to testify that Schochet eventually made his way to her bedroom where he forced her to perform fellatio and have vaginal sexual intercourse. She stated that, although he had no weapon and made no overt threats, she was afraid of him. Next, Schochet fixed himself something to eat, then took her back to her bedroom, and again forced her to perform fellatio and have vaginal and anal intercourse. Afterwards, he told her that he needed some rest and went to sleep on the bedroom floor.
According to Dovie Sullivan, the next morning she got up to send her daughter off to school and told Schochet to remain in the bedroom so that her daughter would not see him. Sullivan stated that she locked the bedroom door behind her. After her daughter left for school, she ordered Schochet to leave. Sullivan stated that he made her follow him to his car so that she would not call the police. When Schochet drove off, she went back to her apartment and went to sleep for a few hours. After she awoke and was getting ready to leave for work, she heard a knock at the door. She looked through the peephole on the door and saw that it was Schochet. He accused her of giving him "crabs" and demanded that she give him some money so that he could go to a doctor. She refused to open the door, and Schochet left. She then went to work for a few hours, and, when she returned home, she saw Schochet's car in the parking lot. Ms. Sullivan went into her apartment, and within five minutes there were four policemen at the door. They questioned her about a report which they had received concerning an abused child. The police officers noticed that she was upset and left a number where she could contact someone if she wanted to talk. Sullivan was later visited by a female detective, and she gave the detective a statement concerning the events of the previous night which led to the charges against Schochet.
Steven Schochet testified to the following version of events. On the night of October 3, 1986, Schochet was attending a fraternity party in College Park, Maryland. He left the party to visit a friend named Denise. He had visited this friend frequently at her apartment. When he arrived at his friend's apartment, he was told that she was at a party in another building. Schochet went to the other building where he heard loud music coming from one of the apartments. Assuming that he had found the party, he knocked on the door, and Dovie Sullivan answered. Schochet asked for Denise, and Sullivan told him that she could not hear him because her music was too loud. She invited him in, turned down the music and asked him what he wanted. He told her, and she said she did not know a Denise. When he started to leave, she told Schochet to relax and have a drink. She fixed him a coke, and they began to talk. She began to kiss him, then unzipped his pants and performed fellatio on him. She invited him to her bedroom, and there they had consensual sexual intercourse. Schochet testified that at no time did he have or attempt to have anal intercourse with her.
The next morning, Schochet remained in Sullivan's bedroom at her request while she sent her daughter off to school. He went back to sleep, and later he left when she asked him to. He went home and there discovered that he had contracted "crabs." Schochet went back to Sullivan's apartment to ask if she would take him to a doctor and pay for the examination and treatment. She would not give him the money or take him to the doctor. Schochet testified that he felt used and angry; in retaliation he called the police and falsely reported that Sullivan was abusing her daughter.
Following the presentation of evidence and the denial of Schochet's motion for judgment of acquittal, the defense requested the court to instruct the jury that, under the circumstances of the case, consent was a defense to the seventh and eighth counts charging sodomy and fellatio. Defense counsel argued that the criminal statutes did not apply to consensual conduct "between two heterosexual adults, in the privacy of one of their homes." The court denied the request. The court also denied defense counsel's request to argue to the jury that consent was a defense to the charges in counts seven and eight.
In the court's instructions with regard to counts one through six, the court informed the jury concerning the need for the prosecution to prove lack of consent and force or threat of force. For example, with regard to count six, charging second degree sexual offense based on fellatio, the court instructed the jury in part as follows:
"In order to convict the Defendant of second degree sexual offense the State must prove:
"One: That the Defendant committed fellatio ... with Ms. Sullivan.
"Two: That the act was committed by force or threat of force.
"Three: That the act was committed without the consent of Ms. Sullivan."
After defining "fellatio," the court went on:
"The amount of force necessary depends upon the circumstances. No particular amount of force is required, but it must be sufficient to overcome the resistance of the victim.
"You must be satisfied that the victim either resisted, and the resistance was overcome by force, or threat of force, or that the victim was prevented from resisting by force or threat of force.
"The victim must have resisted to the extent of her ability at the time, unless her resistance, or will to resist was overcome by force, or fear that was reasonable under the circumstances.
"Finally, consent means agreeing to the sexual act, rather than submitting as a result of force, or threat of force."
With regard to count eight, however, the court instructed the jury that all that the State had to prove was "that the defendant placed his penis in the mouth of Ms. Sullivan, which is the act of fellatio."[3]
After deliberations, the jury returned verdicts of not guilty as to counts one through seven, including the count of sodomy. A verdict of guilty was returned as to count eight, the charge of unnatural and perverted sexual practice, i.e., fellatio. Schochet received a sentence of five years with all but eighteen months suspended and was to be placed on five years of supervised probation upon his release. Upon Schochet's motion to reconsider the sentence, the court resentenced him to five years incarceration, all of which was suspended, and placed him on five years of supervised probation.
Schochet appealed to the Court of Special Appeals, arguing primarily that Art. 27, § 554, "is unconstitutional as applied to private and noncommercial sexual acts between consenting heterosexual adults." Schochet also claimed that his sentence was based on impermissible considerations and that it violated the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
A divided Court of Special Appeals affirmed. Schochet v. State, 75 Md. App. 314, 541 A.2d 183 (1988). In rejecting the argument that Schochet's conviction violated a federal constitutional right of privacy, the majority opinion in the Court of Special Appeals, after reviewing numerous Supreme Court cases,[4] concluded that there was no "constitutional protection for sexual activity orthodox or unorthodox, heterosexual or homosexual at least outside of marriage." 75 Md. App. at 339, 541 A.2d at 195. The court also rejected Schochet's arguments that the circuit court considered impermissible matters at sentencing and that the five year suspended sentence violated the Eighth Amendment. Judge Wilner dissented, maintaining that the conduct which was punished in this case is constitutionally protected by the Fourteenth Amendment and Article 24 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights. 75 Md. App. at 362-363, 541 A.2d at 206-207. Judge Wilner took the position
"(1) that there is a Constitutionally protected zone of privacy, ill-defined perhaps but nonetheless existing, that shields certain fundamental personal conduct and expression from substantial governmental interference; (2) that the conduct at issue here, when engaged in under the circumstances noted, falls within that zone of privacy; (3) that, although inclusion within this zone does not necessarily endow an activity with total immunity from governmental interference, it does require that the government show a strong and compelling justification for the interference; and (4) that no such showing ha[d] been made here."
Schochet v. State, supra, 75 Md. App. at 357, 541 A.2d at 204.
Schochet filed a petition for a writ of certiorari, raising the question of whether, under the United States Constitution and the Maryland Declaration of Rights, Art. 27, § 554, is valid "as applied to the noncommercial, consensual, sexual intimacies between heterosexual adults in private." Schochet also raised the same two sentencing issues which had been raised in the Court of Special Appeals. The State filed a cross-petition for a writ of certiorari, arguing that the question of § 554's constitutionality, as applied to consensual, noncommercial, heterosexual conduct in private, was not really presented because the jury's verdicts did not necessarily mean that the fellatio was consensual and because the State had introduced sufficient evidence of force. This Court granted Schochet's petition and denied the State's cross-petition. In light of the charges, the evidence, the jury instructions, the arguments before the jury, and the jury's verdicts (particularly the acquittal on count six), we agree with the Court of Special Appeals that the constitutional issue raised by Schochet was presented. The jury obviously concluded that the State had failed to prove that the sexual activity was nonconsensual.
The case was initially briefed and argued before us on the three issues presented in Schochet's certiorari petition. After the first oral argument, the Court sua sponte added a new issue and ordered reargument. The additional issue was as follows:
"As a matter of statutory construction, and considering the principle that if reasonably possible courts will construe a statute so as to avoid a serious constitutional question, does Maryland Code (1957, 1987 Repl. Vol.), Art. 27, § 554, encompass consensual, noncommercial, heterosexual activity between adults in the privacy of the home?"
As previously indicated, we answer this question in the negative and, therefore, do not decide the other issues raised.
II.
This Court has emphasized that "`if a legislative act is susceptible of two reasonable interpretations, one of which would not involve a decision as to the constitutionality of the act while the other would, the construction which avoids the determination of constitutionality is to be preferred.'" Heileman Brewing v. Stroh Brewery, 308 Md. 746, 763-764, 521 A.2d 1225 (1987), quoting Maryland State Board of Barber Examiners v. Kuhn, 270 Md. 496, 505, 312 A.2d 216, 221 (1973). "Stated differently, `a construction of a statute, giving rise to doubts as to its constitutionality, should be avoided if the language permits.'" Ibid., quoting Baltimore County v. Missouri Realty, 219 Md. 155, 159, 148 A.2d 424, 427 (1959). See Board of Trustees v. City of Baltimore, 317 Md. 72, 97, 562 A.2d 720 (1989), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 110 S.Ct. 1167, 107 L.Ed.2d 1069 (1990); Yangming Transport v. Revon Products, 311 Md. 496, 509-510, 536 A.2d 633 (1988), and cases there cited.
In the instant case, the constitutional issue which divided the Court of Special Appeals is sufficiently substantial for the above-quoted principle to be applicable. The State does not contend otherwise. As shown by the excellent and extensive majority and dissenting opinions below, very strong arguments, based on Supreme Court decisions and language in Supreme Court opinions, can be made on both sides of the constitutional right to privacy issue presented here.
Moreover, among the courts addressing the constitutionality of punishing consensual, heterosexual acts between consenting adults in private, there is a significant division throughout the country. For example, in State v. Pilcher, 242 N.W.2d 348, 359 (Iowa 1976), the Supreme Court of Iowa held that a statute similar to Art. 27, § 554, was
"unconstitutional as an invasion of fundamental rights, such as the personal right of privacy, to the extent it attempts to regulate through use of criminal penalty consensual [oral sex] practices performed in private by adult persons of the opposite sex."
The Court of Appeals of New York, in People v. Onofre, 51 N.Y.2d 476, 488, 434 N.Y.S.2d 947, 951, 415 N.E.2d 936, 940-941 (1980), cert. denied, 451 U.S. 987, 101 S.Ct. 2323, 68 L.Ed.2d 845 (1981), held that a New York statute violated the federal constitutional right of privacy when applied to persons deciding to engage in "`deviant' [sexual] conduct, so long as the decisions are voluntarily made by adults in a noncommercial, private setting." The New York court also held that the statute, by proscribing certain sexual conduct by persons not married to each other, but not prohibiting the same conduct by persons married to each other, violated the right to equal protection of the laws. 51 N.Y.2d at 492, 434 N.Y.S.2d at 953, 415 N.E.2d at 942-943. See, e.g., Post v. State, 715 P.2d 1105, 1107, 1109 (Okl.Crim.App.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 890, 107 S.Ct. 290, 93 L.Ed.2d 264 (1986) (holding that a statute violated the federal constitutional right of privacy when applied to heterosexual "non-violent consensual activity between adults in private," and pointing out "that twenty-two states have decriminalized private consensual sodomy between adults"); Commonwealth v. Bonadio, 490 Pa. 91, 415 A.2d 47 (1980). See also Cotner v. Henry, 394 F.2d 873, 875 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 393 U.S. 847, 89 S.Ct. 132, 21 L.Ed.2d 118 (1968); Buchanan v. Batchelor, 308 F. Supp. 729 (N.D.Tex.), vacated on other grounds, 401 U.S. 989, 91 S.Ct. 1222, 28 L.Ed.2d 526 (1970); State v. Saunders, 75 N.J. 200, 381 A.2d 333, 340 (1977).
On the other hand, some courts have reached the opposite conclusion. In State v. Santos, 122 R.I. 799, 818, 413 A.2d 58, 68 (1980), a case where the jury apparently found that heterosexual conduct between adults in private was consensual, the Supreme Court of Rhode Island held "that the [federal constitutional] right of privacy is inapplicable to private unnatural copulation between unmarried adults."
State v. Poe, 40 N.C. App. 385, 252 S.E.2d 843, cert. denied, 298 N.C. 303, 259 S.E.2d 304 (1979), appeal dismissed, 445 U.S. 947, 100 S.Ct. 1593, 63 L.Ed.2d 782 (1980), involved the situation where a man and a woman, both adults and not married to each other, engaged in consensual fellatio in private. In upholding the criminal conviction of the man, the North Carolina court stated (40 N.C. App. at 388-389, 252 S.E.2d at 845):
"Conceding for purposes of argument that a husband or wife could not be prosecuted for engaging in fellatio in private with his or her spouse, we do not believe it creates an unreasonable class to treat unmarried persons differently. The state can forbid certain types of sexual conduct. The statute under which the defendant was prosecuted forbids homosexual as well as heterosexual unnatural sex acts. It has been upheld as to homosexual acts.... In this state, fornication and adultery have been proscribed since at least 1805, G.S. 14-184. We believe the state, consistent with the Fourteenth Amendment, can classify unmarried persons so as to prohibit fellatio between males and females without forbidding the same acts between married couples. We hold that the constitutional right of privacy does not protect the defendant in this case."
In Dixon v. State, 256 Ind. 266, 270-271, 268 N.E.2d 84, 86 (1971), an adult male was convicted for an act of cunnilingus performed upon an adult female at the latter's home. The court, assuming "for the sake of argument that the prosecuting witness did consent," held that the conviction did not violate the defendant's federal constitutional right of privacy. See State v. Elliott, 89 N.M. 305, 551 P.2d 1352 (1976). See also State v. Bateman, 113 Ariz. 107, 110-111, 547 P.2d 6, 9, 10, cert. denied, 429 U.S. 864, 97 S.Ct. 170, 50 L.Ed.2d 143 (1976) (two cases, one involving "lewd and lascivious acts" between persons married to each other and the other involving the same type of acts between unmarried individuals; the court construed the Arizona statute as limited to "nonconsensual sexual conduct" with respect to the married couple, but encompassing "sexual activity between two consenting adults in private" with respect to the acts of the unmarried couple; the court upheld the statute as construed). Cf. Lovisi v. Slayton, 539 F.2d 349, 351, 352 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 977, 97 S.Ct. 485, 50 L.Ed.2d 585 (1976).
We express neither agreement nor disagreement with any of the above-cited cases. We simply point out that the approximately even division among appellate courts reinforces our conclusion that the constitutional issue here presented is a very difficult one.
III.
Although the State does not contend that the constitutional right to privacy issue in this case is insubstantial, the State does argue against applying the principle that a statute should be construed so as to avoid a serious constitutional question. The State correctly notes that "[o]nly when a statute is ... reasonably susceptible to two different interpretations can this Court avoid deciding a constitutional question by choosing the interpretation that is clearly valid." (Respondent's Supplemental Brief, p. 6 n. 1). See Heileman Brewing v. Stroh Brewery, supra, 308 Md. at 764, 521 A.2d at 1234 ("a construction which avoids a constitutional issue must be reasonable; it must be permitted by the statutory language"); Davis v. State, 294 Md. 370, 378, 451 A.2d 107, 111 (1982), and cases there cited. The State asserts that "[i]n the present case, the constitutional question must be decided because the language of Article 27, Section 554 is plain and is not susceptible of more than one interpretation." (Respondent's Supplemental Brief, p. 2).
In urging that § 554 is not susceptible to a construction which excludes from its coverage consensual, noncommercial, heterosexual activity between adults in the privacy of the home, the State points out that the statute makes no reference to the factors of consent-nonconsent, commercial-noncommercial, etc. The State emphasizes: "The statute draws no distinction between consensual and nonconsensual activity and, further, does not distinguish commercial from noncommercial, public from private, homosexual from heterosexual, married from unmarried, or adult from juvenile activity. The provision applies to `[e]very person... who shall be convicted of placing his or her sexual organ in the mouth of any other person....'" (State's Supplemental Brief, p. 4).
What the State's argument overlooks, however, is that the very broad and sweeping nature of § 554's language, with no specifics except a description of some of the "unnatural or perverted" sexual acts encompassed, renders the statute reasonably susceptible to different constructions. The statute's silence concerning the matters of consent, privacy, marriage, etc., creates legitimate questions regarding the reach of the statute.
General statutes like § 554, which, if given their broadest and most encompassing meaning, give rise to constitutional questions, have regularly been the subject of narrowing constructions so as to avoid the constitutional issues. For example, Yangming Transport v. Revon Products, supra, 311 Md. 496, 536 A.2d 633, involved a statute which stated that a foreign corporation doing any interstate, intrastate or foreign business in this State, without registering or qualifying, may not maintain a suit in the courts of this State. Because giving the statute its literal, broad all-encompassing meaning would present substantial issues under the federal constitution's Commerce Clause, we construed the statute to apply only to foreign corporations engaging in a substantial amount of localized business activity in Maryland.
Another example is In Re James D., 295 Md. 314, 455 A.2d 966 (1983), involving a statute making parents financially responsible for certain losses resulting from their child's delinquent acts. The statute literally applied to "the parent of a child" committing a delinquent act, without any limitation whatsoever based on the relationship between the parent and the child. This Court, applying the principle that a statute should be interpreted to avoid a serious constitutional issue, decided "`to construe the statute more narrowly than its literal wording.'" 295 Md. at 327, 455 A.2d at 972. The Court held that "parent" within the meaning of the statute did not include a parent whose child had been committed to the custody of the State when the delinquent acts occurred.
Wilson v. Bd. of Sup. of Elections, 273 Md. 296, 328 A.2d 305 (1974), also dealt with broad language which was given a narrowing construction in order to avoid issues concerning the language's validity. Wilson involved a proposed amendment to the Baltimore City charter which prohibited the construction of any stadium in Baltimore City "with the use of public funds." Again applying the rule that provisions should be construed so as to avoid doubts over their validity, this Court held that the words "public funds" meant "funds of the City of Baltimore." 273 Md. at 301-303, 328 A.2d at 308-310. See also, e.g., Board of Trustees v. City of Baltimore, supra, 317 Md. at 97-98, 562 A.2d at 732-733 (construing broad delegation of legislative power language to be advisory only, in order to avoid a serious issue concerning validity); Mangum v. Md. St. Bd. of Censors, 273 Md. 176, 187-192, 328 A.2d 283 (1974) (construing definition of "obscenity" in movie censorship law narrowly, in light of First Amendment requirements); City of Baltimore v. Concord, 257 Md. 132, 139-143, 262 A.2d 755 (1970); Miller v. State, 174 Md. 362, 372-374, 198 A. 710 (1938).
Consequently, in order to avoid serious constitutional issues, this Court has repeatedly given a narrow construction to statutes containing broad general language. Under our cases, the broad, nonspecific language of Art. 27, § 554, is subject to a limiting construction in order to avoid a substantial constitutional issue.
In light of the rule that statutes should be construed so as to avoid casting doubt upon their constitutionality, statutory provisions like § 554 have elsewhere been interpreted to exclude consensual, noncommercial, heterosexual activity between adults in private. For example, in Commonwealth v. Balthazar, 366 Mass. 298, 318 N.E.2d 478 (1974), the defendant was convicted under a statute proscribing an "unnatural and lascivious act with another person," based upon an act of fellatio performed upon him by the prosecuting witness. The Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, after pointing to cases articulating "the constitutional right of an individual to be free from government regulation of certain sex-related activities," concluded that the statute "must be construed to be inapplicable to private, consensual conduct of adults." 366 Mass. at 301-302, 318 N.E.2d at 480-481. See Commonwealth v. Hill, 377 Mass. 59, 62-63, 385 N.E.2d 253, 256 (1979).
The principle that a statute will be construed so as to avoid a serious constitutional question is applicable to Art. 27, § 554. Under that principle, § 554 does not encompass consensual, noncommercial, heterosexual activity between adults in the privacy of the home.
IV.
The reported opinions of this Court involving Art. 27, § 554, as well as the opinions under § 553 proscribing sodomy, confirm our conclusion that § 554 does not apply to noncommercial, heterosexual acts between consenting adults in the privacy of the home. None of the opinions of this Court upholding convictions under either § 554 or § 553 has involved sexual activity under such circumstances.
Thus, many cases in this Court involving §§ 554 or 553 have been prosecutions for homosexual activity. McKenzie v. State, 236 Md. 597, 204 A.2d 678 (1964); Bradbury v. State, 233 Md. 421, 197 A.2d 126 (1964); Canter v. State, 224 Md. 483, 168 A.2d 384 (1961); Jefferson v. State, 218 Md. 397, 147 A.2d 204 (1958); Taylor v. State, 214 Md. 156, 133 A.2d 414 (1957); Gregoire v. State, 211 Md. 514, 128 A.2d 243 (1957); Blake v. State, 210 Md. 459, 124 A.2d 273 (1956); Davis v. State, 3 H. & J. 154 (1810) (involving an earlier sodomy statute, Ch. 57 of the Acts of 1793). See also Fletcher v. State, 256 Md. 310, 260 A.2d 34 (1970).
Several cases have involved prosecutions for sexual acts with minors. State v. Grady, 276 Md. 178, 345 A.2d 436 (1975); McKenzie v. State, supra; Bradbury v. State, supra; Jefferson v. State, supra; Saldiveri v. State, 217 Md. 412, 143 A.2d 70 (1958); Taylor v. State, supra; Gregoire v. State, supra. Nonconsensual sexual acts have been prosecuted under §§ 554 and 553 or predecessor statutes. Daniels v. State, 237 Md. 71, 205 A.2d 295 (1964); Wampler v. Warden, 231 Md. 639, 191 A.2d 594 (1963); Berger v. State, 179 Md. 410, 20 A.2d 146 (1941); Davis v. State, supra.
Finally, cases in this Court have upheld convictions under § 554 based on engaging or attempting to engage in fellatio in places which could not be considered "private." Neville v. State, 290 Md. 364, 430 A.2d 570 (1981); Haley v. State, 200 Md. 72, 88 A.2d 312 (1952); Berger v. State, supra. The distinction between engaging in such conduct in private and in non-private areas was expressly recognized in the Neville case. Judge Rodowsky for the Court in Neville explained as follows (290 Md. at 377-378, 430 A.2d at 576-577):
"Neville asserts that § 554 is unconstitutional `as applied to consenting adults of the opposite sex acting in private.' While the questions presented in the petitions for certiorari have characterized the conduct here as being `private,' and while that characterization may well be properly applied to the locations here involved in other contexts, the private nature of particular conduct in a given location for constitutional right of privacy purposes is a matter of degree determined by all of the circumstances. Here, where the conduct even if consensual, is fellatio, and even if we assume, arguendo, that constitutional personal autonomy could under some circumstances protect that sexual act, we do not believe that constitutional personal autonomy prohibits enforcement of § 554 under the facts of the present case."
* * * * * *
"The clear majority of consensual fellatio cases which have considered arguments based on personal autonomy have looked to the location and other circumstances to determine if any right of privacy could apply."
The Court then held (290 Md. at 378-379, 430 A.2d at 577):
"We hold that Md.Code, Art. 27, § 554 was constitutionally applied to each petitioner. Each petitioner engaged in this intimate sexual activity during daylight hours in a place which was out of doors, which was in a well populated community, and which was equally as accessible to uninvited other persons as it was to petitioners."
And, summarizing many cases throughout the country, the Neville opinion observed (290 Md. at 381, 430 A.2d at 578, footnotes omitted):
"Statutes prohibiting oral [sex acts], which could be read to include conduct between consenting adults, have not been struck down where the statute was validly applied to the defendant because his conduct was not in private, or took place in prison, or was with a minor or was accomplished by force."
Despite the many cases in this Court involving §§ 554 and 553, none has been a prosecution based on consensual, noncommercial, heterosexual activity between adults in the privacy of the home. This is a strong indication that such conduct is not within the contemplation of § 554.
V.
In addition to its argument that § 554 cannot reasonably be interpreted to exclude the consensual conduct found in this case, the State makes a legislative history argument. The argument, however, is not based upon any legislative history associated with the initial enactment of § 554 by Ch. 616 of the Acts of 1916.[5] Instead, it is based upon legislative history concerning Ch. 573 of the Acts of 1976.
Ch. 573 of the Acts of 1976 essentially repealed former Art. 27, §§ 461-462A and 464, and added new sections 461-464E to Art. 27 of the Code. The effect of the new sections was, inter alia, to divide the offense of rape into first degree rape and second degree rape, and to enact new sexual offenses in the first degree through the fourth degree. See Pitcher, Rape And Other Sexual Offense Law Reform In Maryland, 7 U.Balt.L.Rev. 151 (1977). Where the persons involved are all adults, and the victim is not mentally defective, physically incapacitated, or helpless, these new offenses all require proof that the act was "against the will and without the consent of the other person."
As originally introduced and as approved by the Senate Judicial Proceedings Committee, Senate Bill 358, which became Ch. 573 of the Acts of 1976, would have repealed Art. 27, §§ 553 and 554. The Senate Judicial Proceedings Committee report on Senate Bill 358 stated:
"Present law proscribes consensual anal (sodomy) or oral (perverted practices) sexual acts. Since these crimes [under §§ 553 and 554], when committed between consenting adults, are very rarely prosecuted because of their clandestine and personal nature, they are not a proper subject of statutory recognition by prohibition."
Nevertheless, before final enactment, Senate Bill 358 was amended so as not to repeal §§ 553 and 554. Those sections were left intact.
The State argues that this 1976 legislative history shows that the General Assembly intended § 554 to encompass consensual, noncommercial, heterosexual activity between adults in private. The State claims that this is shown by the Senate Committee's recognition that § 554 extends to consensual activity and the General Assembly's refusal to repeal § 554.
The State's argument is unpersuasive. There are several reasons why the General Assembly may have chosen to retain § 554, which are fully consistent with the view that § 554 does not cover consensual, noncommercial, heterosexual activity between adults in private. For example, the General Assembly may have decided that consensual homosexual acts should still be prohibited, or that consensual sexual acts in non-private places, such as involved in Neville v. State, supra, should remain criminal. Some consensual sexual acts involving minors may not, because of the age-bracket requirements, fall within the new sexual offense statutes. Construing § 554 so as to exclude consensual, noncommercial, heterosexual activity between adults in private, leaves § 554 quite viable. Many activities which would not be prohibited by the rape and sexual offense statutes would still fall within the prohibition of § 554.
Under the circumstances of this case, Art. 27, § 554, does not encompass the act for which the petitioner was convicted. Therefore the conviction must be reversed.
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS REVERSED. CASE REMANDED TO THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS WITH DIRECTIONS TO REVERSE THE JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR MONTGOMERY COUNTY AND REMAND THE CASE TO THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR MONTGOMERY COUNTY WITH DIRECTIONS THAT A JUDGMENT OF ACQUITTAL BE ENTERED. COSTS IN THIS COURT AND IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS TO BE PAID BY MONTGOMERY COUNTY.
Concurring opinion by CHASANOW, J.
Dissenting opinion by MURPHY, C.J., in which McAULIFFE, J., joins.
MURPHY, Chief Judge, dissenting.
The majority holds that Maryland's "Unnatural or perverted sexual practices" statute, Maryland Code (1957, 1989 Repl.Vol.), Article 27, § 554, which prohibits fellatio among other proscribed acts, does not encompass such conduct where it is not engaged in for commercial purposes and involves consenting adults of opposite sexes in the privacy of the home. The Court does not, therefore, address the constitutional question of whether, in the circumstances of this case, the act of fellatio, proscribed by § 554, is conduct protected by the constitutional right of privacy.
In its disposition of this case, the Court has applied the principle that where a statute is susceptible to two reasonable interpretations, that interpretation which avoids a determination of the statute's constitutionality is preferred. I do not find that the principle is applicable in this case because the language of § 554 is not susceptible, reasonably, to the interpretation placed upon it by the Court. That there may be a significant division throughout the country as to the constitutionality of statutes similar to § 554 provides no basis to conclude that the language of the Maryland statute lends itself to more than one reasonable interpretation of its provisions. On its face, § 554 does not exclude from its coverage consensual, noncommercial, heterosexual activity between adults in private. Indeed, the statute is all-inclusive in its coverage; it does not distinguish between consensual and nonconsensual acts, nor does it distinguish between commercial and noncommercial sexual activity, public from private, homosexual from heterosexual, married from unmarried, or adult from juvenile activity. The statute criminalizes sexual acts deemed to be "unnatural" or "perverted," describes those acts, and provides no exceptions from the prohibited conduct.
Section 554 was enacted in 1916, a staid time in our history when the sexual mores of the people were far less tolerant than the moral attitudes that prevail in today's society. While there is no legislative history which sheds light on the legislative aim or purpose in enacting § 554, its plain words convey but one meaning that it does not exclude, as here, the consensual, noncommercial act of fellatio between heterosexual adults in private. The statute has remained unchanged to this day. Whatever the legislative motivation for outlawing "unnatural or perverted sexual practices" whether it was on grounds of public morality or public health the statute's meaning today is the same as its meaning in 1916. That the language of § 554 is broad and "sweeping," as the majority states, cannot be bootstrapped into a rational holding that it is thereby subject to two reasonable interpretations. On the contrary, the statute's all-encompassing language was plainly intended to reach those "unnatural" or "perverted" sexual practices, therein so vividly described, without exception. No other reasonable conclusion is evident.
Concluding as I do that § 554 includes the type of sexual conduct in this case, I would consider the constitutional question presented whether nonmarital, private consensual adult heterosexual relations of a type characterized by the legislature as "unnatural or perverted" are protected by the constitutional right of privacy. On this issue, I stand with the majority of the Court of Special Appeals in Schochet v. State, 75 Md. App. 314, 541 A.2d 183 (1988), and would hold that § 554 does not violate the constitutional right of privacy as to consensual, adult, heterosexual fellatio in private. In his scholarly opinion for the divided intermediate appellate court, Judge Moylan carefully analyzed Supreme Court and other authorities. As his opinion is simply beyond improvement, I adopt its reasoning and consequently would affirm the judgment in this case.
By way of postscript, I share Judge Moylan's observation that there has been a massive sexual revolution in the last quarter of this century and that modes of sexual expression once thought to be unnatural or perverted may now be part of the commonplace experience of a significant majority of Americans. Schochet, supra, 75 Md. App. at 350, 541 A.2d 183. If this be so, the legislature, as the elected representatives of the people, and as the primary body which declares the public policy of this State, should consider decriminalizing those sexual acts which it finds no longer are offensive to the present circumstances of our people.
Judge McAULIFFE authorizes me to state that he joins in the views expressed in this dissenting opinion.
CHASANOW, Judge, concurring:
I concur in the judgment in this case for the reasons stated by Judge Wilner in his dissenting opinion in Schochet v. State, 75 Md. App. 314, 541 A.2d 183 (1988).
NOTES
[*] Adkins, J., now retired, participated in the hearing and conference of this case while an active member of this Court; after being recalled pursuant to the Constitution, Art. IV, § 3A, he also participated in the decision and the adoption of the opinion.
[1] As to the nature and scope of the offense of sodomy under Art. 27, § 553, see, e.g., Daniels v. State, 237 Md. 71, 72, 205 A.2d 295 (1964); Bradbury v. State, 233 Md. 421, 423, 197 A.2d 126 (1964); Canter v. State, 224 Md. 483, 485, 168 A.2d 384 (1961); Davis v. State, 3 H. & J. 154, 157 (1810) ("The crime of sodomy is too well known to be misunderstood, and too disgusting to be defined, farther than by merely naming it") (per Nicholson, J.). See also R. Perkins & R. Boyce, Criminal Law 465-469 (3d ed. 1982).
[2] Art. 27, § 554, provides as follows:
"§ 554. Unnatural or perverted sexual practices.
"Every person who is convicted of taking into his or her mouth the sexual organ of any other person or animal, or who shall be convicted of placing his or her sexual organ in the mouth of any other person or animal, or who shall be convicted of committing any other unnatural or perverted sexual practice with any other person or animal shall be fined not more than one thousand dollars ($1,000.00), or be imprisoned in jail or in the house of correction or in the penitentiary for a period not exceeding ten years, or shall be both fined and imprisoned within the limits above prescribed in the discretion of the court.
"And in any indictment for the commission of any of the acts, hereby declared to be offenses, it shall not be necessary to set forth the particular unnatural or perverted sexual practice with the commission of which the defendant may be charged, nor to set forth the particular manner in which said unnatural or perverted sexual practice was committed, but it shall be sufficient if the indictment set forth that the defendant committed a certain unnatural and perverted sexual practice with a person or animal, as the case may be."
[3] The State's Attorney's jury argument regarding count eight also emphasized that consent was not a defense. He stated:
"The last two counts have to do with the sodomy and fellatio, crimes that the Defendant has been charged with. I will start with those, because those are pretty much the easiest.
"The law of Maryland, as the Judge has instructed you, is basically that consent is not a defense to those particular crimes.
"In this case it is pretty easy as far as the fellatio part of it is concerned, because the Defendant, by his own admission, committed that engaged in that act, with Ms. Sullivan. So you all shouldn't have any problem with the first offense, as it applies in this case."
[4] The Court of Special Appeals discussed, inter alia, Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186, 106 S.Ct. 2841, 92 L.Ed.2d 140 (1986); Carey v. Population Services Int'l, 431 U.S. 678, 97 S.Ct. 2010, 52 L.Ed.2d 675 (1977); Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 93 S.Ct. 705, 35 L.Ed.2d 147 (1973); Eisenstadt v. Baird, 405 U.S. 438, 92 S.Ct. 1029, 31 L.Ed.2d 349 (1972); Stanley v. Georgia, 394 U.S. 557, 89 S.Ct. 1243, 22 L.Ed.2d 542 (1969); Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479, 85 S.Ct. 1678, 14 L.Ed.2d 510 (1965).
[5] The parties have not called our attention to any 1916 legislative history relevant to the statutory interpretation issue in this case, and we have discovered no such legislative history.
| {
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} |
Hello world!
Why hello world? After so many decades, we’re still stuck with this. It’s the first program that any newbie programmer writes. Well at least that’s the claim to fame for this program.
I say, down with Hello World! There should be something more interesting than writing the same thing for so many years. We should move on, maybe “Hello Moon”, or “Hello Universe”, or “How you doin’!” or maybe, “This is some text!”. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
1. Technical Field
The present invention pertains to temperature sensing and monitoring systems. In particular, the present invention pertains to systems for measuring and displaying the temperature of intravenously delivered fluids and other medical items.
2. Discussion of Relevant Art
Intravenously delivered fluids and other medical items are generally required to have temperatures within specific temperature ranges in order to avoid serious injury to a patient. Although there exist warming systems to heat items to their corresponding temperature ranges, medical personnel generally do not have a manner in which to ascertain temperature of the items once the items have been removed from those systems. In addition, medical personnel generally do not have a manner in which to ascertain fluid temperature during infusion into a patient. The relevant art has attempted to overcome these problems by providing a manner in which to measure and indicate temperature of fluids prior to delivery to a patient. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 522,866 (Weinhagen et al), U.S. Pat. No. 803,352 (Meyer) and U.S. Pat. No. 2,204,764 (Mayo) disclose containers having thermometers attached thereto for indicating the temperature of fluid residing in the containers. The containers are constructed to enable the thermometer bulb to access the fluid for temperature measurement.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,864,976 (Parker) discloses a laminated digital thermometer secured to a container, such as a wine bottle or a baby bottle, for determining the temperature of a fluid contained therein. The thermometer is in the form of a digital thermometer strip providing a specific digital temperature indication of fluid within the container.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,859,360 (Suzuki et al) discloses a blood bag having a temperature-monitoring device in the form of a tag or label adhered to the bag outer surface. The temperature-monitoring device includes plural reversible temperature indicators each associated with a specific temperature range to indicate a current temperature of the blood, and an irreversible temperature indicator to indicate that the blood has currently or previously reached a predetermined temperature. The reversible indicators individually provide visual indications in response to the current blood temperature being within a corresponding range, while the irreversible indicator maintains a visual indication once the predetermined temperature has been reached.
With respect to ascertaining fluid temperature during infusion, U.S. Pat. No. 3,651,695 (Brown) discloses a temperature indicator for fluid conduits that changes color in response to temperature. A color reference chart is provided adjacent the indicator to indicate the temperatures corresponding to the color variations.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,806,528 (Magliochetti) discloses an irrigation fluid delivery system including a fluid delivery tube having a temperature sensing device for measuring and providing a visual indication of the fluid temperature prior to delivery to a patient. The temperature sensing device is disposed in the tube in stripe form and typically exhibits at least one color change in response to a change in temperature to indicate fluid temperature.
The relevant art suffers from several disadvantages. In particular, the Weinhagen et al, Meyer and Mayo devices require special attachment mechanisms to affix thermometers to containers, while the containers are configured to provide the thermometers with access to the fluid, thereby increasing complexity and cost of these systems. Further, in the case of medical or sterile fluids, these systems enhance the possibility of fluid contamination, thereby risking injury to a patient. Moreover, since the thermometers tend to be rigid and fragile, the thermometers may be easily damaged during transport and/or storage of the containers. In addition, thermometer temperature indications tend to be difficult to read, thereby requiring additional time and complicating ascertainment of the fluid temperature.
Although the Parker and Suzuki et al temperature devices are less intrusive and display a specific digital temperature indication of a fluid, these devices operate within a narrow temperature range. Thus, the Parker and Suzuki et al temperature devices are limited in application to fluids having acceptable temperatures within a specific and narrow temperature range. If a fluid temperature extends beyond that narrow range, these devices do not provide a manner in which to indicate that temperature.
The Brown and Magliochetti systems do not provide a specific temperature indication. Rather, these systems employ color indications requiring users to reference or recollect the temperature color scheme, thereby requiring additional time and complicating ascertainment of fluid temperature. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
Lekhureng
Lekhureng is a large village in Ga-Matlala in the Mogalakwena Local Municipality of the Waterberg District Municipality of the Limpopo province of South Africa. It is located 79 km northwest of the city of Polokwane
References
Category:Populated places in the Mogalakwena Local Municipality | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Yusefvand Rural District
Yusefvand Rural District () is a rural district (dehestan) in the Central District of Selseleh County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 8,951, in 1,883 families. The rural district has 46 villages.
References
Category:Rural Districts of Lorestan Province
Category:Selseleh County | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
This map by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis shows rates of growth in per capita personal income across the country.
Written by
Michigan's metropolitan areas recorded some of the best percentage gains in per capita personal income of any urban areas in the U.S. in 2011, according to new government data reported Monday.
The Detroit area saw its per capita personal income - defined as personal income divided by population - rise 2.9%, and the Ann Arbor and Bay City areas saw their income rise 2.7%. The Monroe area saw its income rise 3.3% in 2011 from the year before, the 17th-best showing of any of the 366 metropolitan areas in the U.S.
• Database: See your county's per-capita income and how it's changed
... | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Cyprus at the 2005 Mediterranean Games
Cyprus (CYP) competed at the 2005 Mediterranean Games in Almería, Spain with a total number of 36 participants (23 men and 13 women).
Medals
Silver
Boxing
Men's Featherweight (– 57 kg): Ovidiu Bobîrnat
Results by event
Boxing
Men's Featherweight (– 57 kg)
Ovidiu Bobîrnat
Men's Welterweight (– 69 kg)
Yury Dabrynski
Men's Super Heavyweight (+91 kg)
Costas Philippou
See also
Cyprus at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Cyprus at the 2008 Summer Olympics
References
Official Site
Category:Nations at the 2005 Mediterranean Games
2005
Mediterranean Games | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Just got the good news today, daughter #2 is expecting. This will be our 2nd grand. Daughter #1 had a girl May 2010 so now she'll have someone to play with.
And even better ... it means another trip to England (cause that's where the kids are) :)
She's due in early October. I haven't been to England in the autumn yet. Hubby and I were just today talking about going back to Kew Gardens different times of the year - and lookie lookie - here it is!!
But the BEST part ... I MUST make a quilt!!
OK ... it's off to search out the perfect baby quilt. I know I saw some awesome one's here the board in the last year ... I *think* I bookmarked them.
I LOVE it when I have to make a quilt as a gift! It makes me soooo happy! Ooooo ... and a matching diaper bag!!
Weeeeeeeeeeeeee ....
01-28-2012, 01:57 PM
sahm4605
supper awesome nothing better than a new baby.
01-28-2012, 02:02 PM
JenniePenny
Oh, so much to be happy about! Lucky lady!
01-28-2012, 02:21 PM
Jackie Spencer
Congratulations!!
01-28-2012, 02:25 PM
penski
Congratulations
01-28-2012, 02:30 PM
azwendyg
Wow, Congratulations!!! It's not difficult to tell you are just a bit excited about this. :thumbup:
01-28-2012, 02:30 PM
maryb119
Comgratulations!!! I can't wait to see pictures of the new quilt! ..... and the baby, of course!
01-28-2012, 02:34 PM
EmbQuilt
Fabulous! God Bless your daughter during this time! Can't wait to see baby and quilt pictures. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Red Hat’s released its dual-support mode OpenStack Platform 10, for rapid cloud adoption.
The branded OpenStack box continues Red Hat’s drive to reduce the headache of installing and running the open-source cloud for those of us who are not rocket scientists.
But OpenStack Platform 10 also accompanies a shift in build, partnering and support from Red Hat to catch an edge on rival Linux distros also boxing OpenStack.
As revealed by The Reg, here, OpenStack Platform 10 introduces two support options, one and three years - the latter can be extended to five.
The former will see Red Hat target Agile shops wanting latest features in the newest OpenStack releases but with the safety of a support hand to hold.
Also new in OpenStack Platform 10 is Distributed Continuous Integration (DCI) for key partners – first sign-ups are Dell, NEC and Rackspace.
DCI will see partners test their hardware as new versions of OpenStack Platform evolve so systems are ready sooner, rather testing at the end of Red Hat’s build process.
Long term, DCI could be extended to include customers.
DCI follows a re-structuring of Red Hat engineering to shorten the development and test time of OpenStack Platform – from five months to two on version 10.
The goal is to move to “within weeks” in future.
Radhesh Balakrishnan, general manager of OpenStack at Red Hat, told The Reg: “This is our moment to cement our leadership from an OpenStack perspective.
“We have the largest number of paid distribution customers across the globe so by responding to needs of fast-moving customers and via managed services partners addressing customers who don’t have the skill set, we want to gain much more rapid and broad-based adoption of [Red Hat] OpenStack.”
Red Hat is targeting existing RHEL customers, newbies to OpenStack but lacking the technical chops in this Linux for the cloud, and rival OpenStack spinners.
Target customers with OpenStack Platform 10 are enterprises and partners in telco and network function virtualization (NFV).
Balakrishnan claimed Red Hat’s received interest from Hewlett-Packard Enterprise Helion customers in the wake of that giant’s software sale to MicroFocus and the passing of HP’s own branded OpenStack development to fellow Linux spinner SUSE.
OpenStack Platform 10 continues the drive of all in this game, including Red Hat, of eliminating the rocket science from installing and managing OpenStack.
Features include customizable service and administration roles via Red Hat OpenStack Platform Director. This lets you scale different components such as compute or storage at different times rather than go for a big-bang rollout.
The Data Plane Developer Kit (DPDK) component of Open vSwitch has been added with Single Root Input/Output Virtualisation (SR-IOV) to speed performance of network-intensive workloads.
The DPDK and SR-IOV duet will, Red Hat claims, lead to speeds comparable with bare metal.
Dell is the first Red Hat partner to be certified ready for Red Hat OpenStack Platform 10 – Red Hat promised “several more coming soon.” ® | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Hunter Enis
George Hunter Enis (born December 10, 1936 in Fort Worth, Texas) is a former American collegiate and Professional Football quarterback who played for three seasons in the American Football League. He played for the Dallas Texans in 1960, the San Diego Chargers in 1961, and the Oakland Raiders and the Denver Broncos in 1962. He played college football at Texas Christian University, and currently serves on their Board of Trustees.
See also
Other American Football League players
References
External links
Pro Football Reference
Category:1936 births
Category:Living people
Category:American football quarterbacks
Category:TCU Horned Frogs football players
Category:Dallas Texans (AFL) players
Category:San Diego Chargers players
Category:Sportspeople from Fort Worth, Texas
Category:Oakland Raiders players
Category:Denver Broncos (AFL) players
Category:Denver Broncos coaches
Category:American Football League players | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Q:
accessing arrays in json object without using keys
I have a JSON object of arrays
data = {
China: ["Guangzhou","Fax"],
Majorette: ["Fungous","Godzilla"],
Bhutan: ["Thimphu","Parr","Photofinishing"]
}
I want to access name of cities in an array without explicitly mentioning the name of countries as list is very long.
var cities = [];
for(var i in data.China) {
cities[i] = data.China[i];
}
How should I do for all the countries?
A:
This should populate the cities array:
var data = {
China: ["Guangzhou","Fax"],
Majorette: ["Fungous","Godzilla"],
Bhutan: ["Thimphu","Parr","Photofinishing"]
}
var cities = [];
for(var i in data){
if(data.hasOwnProperty(i)){
for(var j in data[i] ){
if(data[i].hasOwnProperty(j)){
cities.push(data[i][j]);
}
}
}
}
console.log(cities);
JSFIDDLE Demo
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Q:
how to check if there is any item which is to be added in array is empty
how to check that if any item String is added in array and that is empty so how to remove that from array at run time
i have array like
NSArray *myArray = [[NSArray alloc] initWithObjects:iphone,droid,blackberry,donotUse,window,other,nil];
i want that if iphone is empty at runtime it should not be in the array.
becuase if it is empy then it does not show rest of the values so how to fix this issue.
A:
Use NSMutableArray instead and only add if it is different from nil:
NSMutableArray *arr = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init];
if([iphone length] > 0)
[arr addObject:iphone];
...
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
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New Report Examines the Growth of Aspergillosis Treatment Market Forecast to 2024
Aspergillosis is a medical condition in which infection or allergic reaction is caused due to aspergillus mold which are generally found in the environment. Various types of aspergillosis are allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, allergic aspergillus sinusitis, aspergilloma, chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, invasive aspergillosis, and cutaneous (skin) aspergillosis.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis affects approximately 15% cystic fibrosis patients, 2.5% asthma and tuberculosis patients. Hence, the aspergillosis treatment market is projected to witness strong growth due to increase in number of cases of aspergillosis and increase in treatment options. Moreover, growing awareness about aspergillosis treatment among the population, rising demand for treatment, increasing incidence of aspergillosis, and improvement in its diagnosis methods propel the aspergillosis treatment market.
Currently, the aspergillosis treatment market is experiencing extensive research and development with significant number of new product introduction. This encourages manufactures to cater to the increasing patient demand for efficient and effective treatment modality. The aspergillosis treatment market is a one of the highly consolidated markets, with significant share held by top industry players such as Pfizer, Inc., Novartis AG, Astra Zeneca plc, Abbott Laboratories, Inc., Merck & Co., and GlaxoSmithKline. Most of the companies undertake considerable research efforts toward development of novel drug regimen coupled with substantial support in terms of funding. This has contributed to the growth of this market. Therefore, high unmet needs for curative treatment of aspergillosis will present significant opportunity in the market. Growth of the global aspergillosis market is likely to be driven by emerging economies in Asia, where the disease prevalence is comparatively high.
Rising incidence and prevalence of aspergillosis explains the need of aspergillosis treatment in the region, and thereby the potential of aspergillosis drugs in the market. Therefore, rising incidence of aspergillosis is a major factor driving the aspergillosis treatment market in the region. Other major factors boosting the market are rising demand for advanced aspergillosis treatment, intra-industry competition, and increasing new entrants. The aspergillosis treatment market is consolidated due to increase in inorganic growth activities such as mergers and acquisitions. However, declining prices led by increasing competition have impacted industry profit margins. Therefore, most of the players have adopted the strategy of increasing research activities to develop novel products in the aspergillosis treatment market.
The aspergillosis treatment market has recorded continuous growth annually. Moreover, factors which declining cost of aspergillosis treatment, patent loss and increasing number of generic drugs are driving the growth of aspergillosis treatment market. Increasing operational cost and rising number of new entrants such as regional and multinational industry players are the key factors fueling the growth of the aspergillosis treatment market.
The global aspergillosis treatment market has been segmented based on drug class and region. Based on drug class, the aspergillosis treatment market has been segmented into antifungals and corticosteroids. In terms of region, the aspergillosis treatment market is divided into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. North America is anticipated to account for significant share of the aspergillosis treatment market during the forecast period. However, the market in Asia Pacific is projected to expand at a significantly high CAGR during the forecast period.
The market study report offers an extensive and in-depth assessment of the aspergillosis treatment market and also contains situational analysis, facts, insights, historical data, and statistically supported market data which is validated through industry key opinion leaders. It also offers market estimations with the help of suitable assumptions and methodologies. The market research report contains deep analysis and thorough information according to market segments such as product type, application and region.
Transparency Market Research (TMR) is a global market intelligence company providing business information reports and services. The company’s exclusive blend of quantitative forecasting and trend analysis provides forward-looking insight for thousands of decision makers. TMR’s experienced team of analysts, researchers, and consultants use proprietary data sources and various tools and techniques to gather and analyze information. Our business offerings represent the latest and the most reliable information indispensable for businesses to sustain a competitive edge. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Stay connected
Thank you for supporting our cause to make shaving a better experience.
As a token of our appreciation, we will share updates with you and you will also be listed as a contributor on our page at EverSharpEdge.com
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"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Scan the shadowy history of strife between Spider-Man and the conniving Chameleon
Published
Jul 20, 2009
Updated
Jul 22, 2009
Share:
Comments:
By Jim Beard
Lesson from Spider-Man: The unseen enemy can often be the deadliest enemy of all. While many of the wall-crawler's opponents attack in blustery fashion, the crafty Chameleon's contents himself with tactics of distraction, duplicity and disguise.
Crawling out from under a rock once again this August 12 in AMAZING SPIDER-MAN #602, the Chameleon seems intent on reminding Spidey of their long and lethal history together. Claiming the title of the wall-crawler's very first super villain and possessing the ability to appear as virtually anyone, this cunning crook's taxed our hero to the limits on more than a few occasions.
Stay close as we walk through the following sordid stories and we'll clue you in on exactly how to spot...the Chameleon!
Distracted by his need for money and smarting from his rejection by the Fantastic Four, Spider-Man unknowingly slipped into a clever trap set by the wily Chameleon. The criminal hoped to pose as the web-slinger to steal some missile defense plans but didn't count on being foiled by Spidey's spectacularly acute spider-sense.
MARVEL TEAM-UP #27 (1974)
Disguised as the Hulk's friends Rick Jones, the Chameleon commanded the green behemoth on a mission to bust his own friend Joe Cord out of prison. Spider-Man managed to involve himself in the chaos that ensued and unmasked his enemy in front of the Hulk. A gun battle with the police followed the break-out and hapless Joe lost his life in the crossfire.
The Chameleon, now able to physically mold his skin into any set of features, attempted to refocus his criminality and get on with the complete destruction of the United States. Unfortunately, he chose a victim with ties to Peter Parker, which led to defeat at the hands of Spider-Man. The Chameleon then ran off with his tail between his legs, scheming new schemes.
AMAZING SPIDER-MAN #343 (1991)
Having recently repelled attacks by other foes, Spider-Man suffered complete power-loss from a devilish device of the Chameleon's. The wall-crawler and the Black Cat tracked down the band of baddies and Spidey reactivated his powers with the machine. His plots once again exposed, the Chameleon offered up his partners for a beat-down and escaped to plot another day.
SPECTACULAR SPIDER-MAN #245 (1997)
After being revealed as the half-brother of the late Kraven the Hunter, the Chameleon's newest gambit involved incapacitating Spider-Man and heading out disguised as Peter Parker to seduce Mary Jane. Mrs. Parker tumbled to the truth and held off Spidey's oldest foe with a baseball bat while the wall-crawler himself risked severe electrical shock to escape from his cage. Running away again, the Chameleon seemingly fell dead under the bullets of an apparently alive Kraven...
Alas, the Chameleon can never truly die-he just becomes someone else! Check out AMAZING SPIDER-MAN #602 on August 12 to see who he poses as next!
PREVIOUS IN Comics
The classic adventures of Spider-Man from the early days up until the 90's! Meet all of Spidey's deadly enemies, from the Green Goblin and Doctor Octopus to Venom and Carnage, plus see Peter Parker fall in love, face tragedy and triumph, and learn that with great power comes great responsibility.
The classic adventures of Spider-Man from the early days up until the 90's! Meet all of Spidey's deadly enemies, from the Green Goblin and Doctor Octopus to Venom and Carnage, plus see Peter Parker fall in love, face tragedy and triumph, and learn that with great power comes great responsibility. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
I would like to point out that the car H&H will be selling is NOT K3015, I own K3015. The car that is for sale is the Ex J.H.T. Smith single seat race car that was built by Smith in 1937 on a spare un-numbered K3 chassis. The single seat race car was rebuilt as a conventional two seater K3 a few years ago. I should point out that H&H are not selling it as K3015.
To answer your original question re value and the estimate they put on it. I am probably going to get shot down in flames for saying this but it is just my opinion. At the end of the day the value of a car is determined by what someone is willing to pay on the day, not what I think.
First let me start by saying that I personally believe K3's are undervalued in the market. Why this is so I do not know.
However the value shown on the H&H website probably shows where the market has been, not taking into account recent global financial crisis. By this I mean the value for the real K3015 (sorry Peter).
This car is a bit of a anomaly. If Peter is right (and I have no reason to not believe that he is), the car has providence back to 1937 when it is possible that a spare K3 chassis was sold by the factory. It is clear that under this scenario the car is NOT one of the complete K3's built by the factory and hence all other things being equal should be valued less than one that was. One thing that remains unclear is when did the chassis adopt the number K3015-2 and was K3015 clearly in the public domain when it did. If the chassis left the factory with no chassis number then it should be reported as a no chassis number chassis.
In any event this is clearly a matter that the Register should be involved in, including a discussion with the auctioneer as to how the car should be best represented.
I do not have an opinion on any of those cars, but a statement that K3015-2 is not build up by the factory while K3015 is does not make any sence to me.
As far as my information goes in the late 30's K3015 was taken apart, with most parts being transplanted on what is now K3015-2, leaving K3015 as a dammaged chassis only. So it is obvious K3015 has been rebuild at a (mutch) later date by someone using parts that were never on this chasis. How can you call this one build-up by the works ??
Shouldn't H&H be at least describing this car as 1937 manufacture and not 1934 as currently on their website? The twists and turns of MMM provenance is complicated enough without listing blatently misleading dates when it is obvious that so many people know the true history of this car. Anyway, what's the problem with this car? Surely it's genuine history is interesting in it's own right, why can't H&H sell it on it's true merits?Terry
Since 1937, K3015-2 (as it is now called) existed as a complete fully working racing car with provenance and as we all is a Brooklands record holder (for all time). At the time this car was built (by J.H.T.Smith), the original damaged chassis, K3015, should have been destroyed. In my humble opinion, the true identity of K3015-2 is in fact K3015. There never were two K3's existing for this chassis number 'til now. The fact that a proper genuine pre war racing car with much history and provenance with Brooklands records has been destroyed for financial gain is a disgrace and in my opinion anyone associated with doing this should be truly ashamed of themselves - true enthusiasts they are not. Also, the fact that a K3 has now been totally replicated on its original chassis does not mean that history can be ignored. K3015-2 is a continuance of the ORIGINAL K3015 and therefore should be recognised as such. Shame that financial gain has to get in the way. It would be interesting to see what the courts made of this - similar to "old number one" Bentley methinks.
It's never that simple, the "original" 75 year old racing car is something I for one would like to see. Bits get added & bits get discarded. Sometimes it's an insignificant nut & bolt, sometimes its a gearbox, engine or yes even the chassis. These bits are then re-used by somebody further down the food chain until, one day (because of modern man's obsession with "collectables") the value actually starts to go up. There are unoriginal cars with complete time-lines, original cars with incomplete time-lines & everything else in-between. All such things will have an effect on the value, car or clock. A car converted in period to a single seater may be judged less desirable in the market today than a 2 seater because the ss version is not eligable for some of todays "blue riband" events. Personaly, I'm less interested in the value, than what I'm actually looking at. Is a J2 restored from a bare chassis still considered to be a J2 - of course it is. Are there MMMs out there rebuilt from nothing more than a reclaimed log-book from a car that was scrapped when it was just err scrap - probably. However good research will usually clarify the picture.
If you believe BBC documentaries - a modern "historic" racing history actually adds more value these days that a period history, make of that what you will.
The Triple-M Register has been faced with a number of cases where two cars have claimed the same chassis number (VIN in DVLA terms). In the majority of these cases we are able to confirm the identity of one of the claimants whilst identifying the other as, in reality, having a different chassis number (i.e. the genuine original chassis serial number stamp on the right front dumb-iron bracket is different from the one assumed by the owner). In such cases the second car is re-registered here under its real chassis number if known or in some cases where no original chassis stamp is apparent, the car is registered as chassis number ˘????÷ preceded by the model letter (J, L, PA etc.). .
However, in one or two cases it can be shown by reference to a coherent document and components trail, that the MG factory issued/sold a spare chassis. In some cases this chassis was then used to build a second car whilst the original chassis was either scrapped if damaged or sold on. In such cases, provided that evidence is convincing that a proportion of major components from the original factory built car were transferred to the new un-numbered chassis and provided that a coherent document trail for this second car exists, it was the decision of the Triple-M Register Committee that a rule should be operated by the Register as laid out in section 3.1.3 of the Register Rules & Guidelines (these are published in the Foreword to the Triple-M Register listing 2009, available from the Register Librarian).
The case of K 3015 and K 3015/2 is one such example. The matter was considered by the Triple-M Committee at its meeting on 16/12/01 and the decision taken that the identity of both the original and second chassis associated with this chassis number could clearly be differentiated and that the car then belonging to Mr. S. Beer would be registered as K 3015 as it was built on the original chassis whilst that then belonging to Mr. P. Gregory would be registered as K 3015/2 as it was built on an un-numbered chassis supplied by the factory in 1937.
You are quite correct in saying ˘Since 1937, K3015-2 (as it is now called) existed as a complete fully working racing car with provenance and as we all know is a Brooklands record holder (for all time)÷.
You are however not correct in saying ˘At the time this car was built (by J.H.T.Smith), the original damaged chassis, K3015, should have been destroyed.÷ When Smith built the new single seat race car in 1937 the original chassis was not damaged in any way and there was no reason, at all, for it to be destroyed. Smith being a second hand car dealer was only too happy to sell it on with other parts from K3015.
I agree with you, and others, it is a shame that a very historic pre war racing car (the Smith single seat car) has been dismantled and built into TWO cars, a copy of the single seat race car and a copy of a Mille Miglia car.
This is an interesting discussion, similar to one that I had with Dick Knudson over 10 years ago and before the MMM committee ruled on these two cars. Values will be commercially found.
The debate that Dick and I had is recalled here.
Dick viewed that K3015 was still the same car with the new chassis added as this continued the car in its competition program therefore it has continuous history. He was aware the chassis was damaged and was using this as his base for argument. He stated ˘in an ideal world the damaged chassis should have been destroyed and documented as such÷.
My argument was: as the original chassis has survived, the original history accumulated by chassis K3015 is important now there are 2 cars. The subsequent history using a new chassis is attributed to the second car now known as K3015-2. The original history before dismantling is attributed to the original chassis so itĂs K3015Ăs history.
My opinion then and still now is this: if the original chassis, discarded, damaged etc, still exists then that is the foundation component that is used to build a K3, so any completed vehicle using this original chassis should be known as K3015. The other vehicle with the subsequent history is still equally famous and important and the decision to call it K3015-2 is correct.
Essentially a new car was made when the old chassis was not destroyed. If it had been destroyed then the new car was a rebuilt car that could claim continuous history as K3015.
If someone finds an engine and builds a car around this then in my view itĂs a wonderful place to put an historic engine, but it should not then claim the identity of the former car that the engine came from.
Paul Skilleter of Jaguar magazine holds the opposite view and has written a scenario about a D Type Jaguar that was re bodied using fibreglass, new engine a V8, new suspension etc. The discarded body, engine, suspension etc were given to a neighbour who expressed interest in the damaged and worn parts, who then subsequently rebuilt them all back into a completed car. Skilleter claimed that the new parts were the continuation of the old car and assumed the identity of the original D type. The neighbour had only a replica D type.
I challenged this view but he never replied. As the neighbour has the original founding component and has repaired it, the body in this case, in my view he has the original car.
Since your posting and in particular your comment that Dick Knudson ˘was aware the chassis was damaged÷ I have been in touch with J. Hall, who has probably done more research on K3Ăs than any other person, to ask if he had come across any evidence that the original chassis was changed because it was damaged or that the original chassis had been damaged prior to the new chassis being used, his answer was NO to both questions. He was also surprised to hear that Dick Knudson ˘was aware the chassis was damaged÷ because he has got a copy of Dick KnudsonĂs extensive notes on K3Ăs and there is no mention in them of the original chassis having been damaged.
I have a copy, in J.H.T. SmithĂs handwriting, of the article he and Dennis Jenkinson wrote about K3015 and the single seat race car (K3015-2) and there is no mention in the article about the original chassis having been damaged, I would have thought he would have mentioned the fact if it was the case.
Len Goff (the present owner of K3015-2), has written a book titled ŠMagnette-isedĂ which collates the history of K3015 and K3015-2 and despite having researched the history of both cars very thoroughly there is no mention of the original chassis having been damaged.
The reason for pursuing the matter of whether the original chassis was damaged or not is because, as so often happens these days, when something is put in writing, like ˘the chassis was damaged÷, it gets taken as fact whether it is true or not. All I am trying to do is to get to get the facts recorded accurately.
If anyone has any period (pre war) information that the original chassis was either involved in an accident or that it was damaged in any way J. Hall and I would like to see the evidence so that the facts can be recorded for posterity.
My reference to Dick Knudson or Richard L. Knudson to be correct was as I said from memory over 10 years ago, in fact it was precisely April - May 1995 when Dick published an article in his Sacred Octagon magazine headed ----Fakes, Frauds, and Replicas... and, yes, Reproductions, too---
Below I include the section where he describes K3015.
˘K3015 is a car with a continuous history, therefore, it must be considered Genuine. A discarded chassis from this car exists, and England's MMM Register insists on calling that hunk of scrap metal K3015 as well. lsn't it time someone took a stand?
What makes a car? Does a chassis do it? Does a skeleton make a man? I refer you to the Bible, 1 Corinthians 2: 14 "For the body does not consist of one member but of many." Consider the -wry of K3015.
In October of 1934 John Smith bought K30l5 directly from the factory. In the next few seasons he actively campaigned it at Brooklands and other venues. In 1937 he decided to make it into a single seater. Jack and George Grey who did the ERA , bodies made what I consider to be the prettiest single seater body ever made for an M.G. With this new body, Smith went completely through the car mechanically. Now the chassis had been bent, flexed, twisted, and drilled, so he rang up the works in Abingdon and asked them if they had a spare chassis. They did, and Smith got it. As most of us M.G. enthusiasts are, he was reluctant to throwaway the old chassis, so he put it out back with bunch of other used parts. Some years later a chap came along and bought some parts from Smith including the old, discarded chassis. In the meantime Smith continued to use and race his car for more than 40 years! He died and the car in its 1937 form is still raced by an old friend of Smith's. Now comes the incredible part. There are those historians who claim that the Smith single seater is not a K3 and that the chassis that was scrapped is the real car. What rubbish! The sad part of this saga is that one day someone will build a fake around that junk chassis and pass it off as the real thing when in reality it is just trash. I just hope that when that car is built using that castoff chassis, it is represented for what it really is and that nothing is done to muddy the character and history of the genuine K3015. K3015 is a Genuine K3 (see below). Sadly, this is where the "old boy" network could come into play. If the "right" person gets that chassis and builds a Reconstruction K3 on it, then it could easily become accepted as the genuine. And guess what? A discarded chassis from K3026 has now surfaced. If the genuine versions of K3015 and K3026 are not regarded as the only recognizable versions of these two cars by the MMM Register, then they soon will have more K3s on their roster then were ever made at Abingdon.
Denis Jenkinson is probably a name known to many of you. Jenkinson is a long time writer for the British publication, Motor Sport. He gained fame as Stirling Moss's navigator in the Mille Miglia when they won in a Mercedes 300 SLR. He is extremely active in the vintage car hobby in England and is the author of The Directory of Historic Racing Cars (Aston Publications, 1987). It is a credit to Jenkinson and to his book that it formed the basis for an opinion handed down in a court case in England involving an historic Bentley. The judge regularly quoted the book and its definitions; from its use in this case, the book should form a basis for classifying cars. The glossary from the book is extremely well thought out and does not represent any special interest. Jenkinson, so far as I know, like Knudson, has no axe to grind. I know that I do not have an historic M.G. nor do I have any hope of ever owning one. I'd just like to see the record set straight and kept that way.÷
I entered dialogue with Dick after publication of the above article (especially the K3015 reference) that in full covers 6 pages.
He held very strong views but I must say from my recollection of the correspondence that took place between us, he did consider my views.
Peter, Dicks reference to The chassis ˘being bent, flexed, twisted, and drilled÷ after 14 years my memory recalled that passage to my description ˘Damaged÷ So I apologise for that reference. I know it can mean the same but as you correctly warn history must be accurately recorded.
The above is published information so I guess you must next make contact with Dick to establish where he obtained his research information for the article.
When John Smith owned Parade Motors in Mitchum I used to call in there from time to time. I lived in nearby Wimbledon at the time. On one occasion his two mechanics out the back were working on the car and I was able to help them out with some parts they needed from my spares.
I had a long chat with John and we talked about the history of the car. He said that the chassis was changed because the old one was "bent and cracked" and he had thought it better to use the new one from the factory.
In my eyes his action in changing the chassis were justified and such a change did not stop that car from being K3015. Its history continued and in my view that is the most important thing. It did not stop being K3015 because the chassis was changed any more than it would have done if the engine or back axle had been changed. With hindsight he should of course have destroyed the original chassis but I guess these things were not very importanat in those far off days.
Despite the changes to K3015 in recent years and the removal of the Smith body which I think is a great pity I would still consider it ( the Smith car ) to be the original car.
If a car gets dismantled and the parts dispersed to the extent that it no longer exists as a motor car that is another matter. The continuity of history stops at that point and it is in my mind debateable whether a car that is rebuilt around a possible part of an original chassis or some other part of an original car should ever be allowed to claim that it is the original car even if there is evidence that the part came from the original car. I think there are too many historic cars like this on the Register and history has already been "muddied" for future generations.
Having said all that I have to say Peter that your re-creation of the K3 is absolutely superb and great credit to you.
I knew JHT Smith well in the late 60's early 70's. He was a very entertaining man in the pub although he was somewhat embarrassing. He was very loud and unbelievably foul mouthed using the "C word" rather too much regardless of whether there were any ladies present. He never took any prisoners. You always had to keep your wits about you when dealing with him or he would eat you alive. He tried very hard to get me to swap my MGA Twin Cam for an N type special that he had and couldn't shift. It was the car that Donald Lake had for a while and then I think Richard Last had it. The reg was CG****. We never did the deal because we both wanted a cash adjustment! However the negotiations were great fun. Heated and hysterical at the same time.
As Terry says the single seater K3 was always in the workshop out at the back of Parade Motors and was often discussed. His description of the original chassis that he discarded was colourful to say the least and could not be repeated here. Needless to say he regarded it as scrap.
There was and is only one K3015. This is not about history, but as ever is simply about money. JHT would have loved this situation. He was always at the front of the queue to fleece anyone stupid enough to part with their money. So if whoever is selling the old chassis as the real car can persuade someone to part with a large amount of cash they can rest easy knowing that they would have had JHT's full support. I suppose that gives the old chassis a kind of continuous history if perhaps a rather dubious one.
Martin, I agree with your sentiments entirely. But of course it is not the car with the original chassis that is coming up for sale at auction. Money is still the motivator though, which is why the single seater body was removed and replaced with a replica Mille Miglia one.
A question for Peter Green: Is the registration number JB3180 the original one for K3015? | {
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Global rating agency Fitch on Monday said that a high price tag of $70 million per Mhz is a big deterrent for telcos like Airtel and Vodafone Idea to bid for 5G spectrum auction.
"Fitch believes the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India's (TRAI) 5G spectrum price for spectrum band of 3300-3600MHz of $70 million per M Hz is expensive compared with 3G and 4G spectrum auctions in the past," it said.
"At the current price, each telco will need to commit roughly around $7 billion for a pan-India licence for 100MHz of 5G spectrum. The timing of 5G spectrum auction is uncertain, although we believe that the auction is unlikely to happen in 2019, and may occur only in 2H20 as the Indian government and TRAI may require time to prepare for spectrum auctions.
"We expect limited participation in the 5G spectrum auctions by Bharti and Vodafone-Idea - given the expensive spectrum and limited business case of 5G in the short to medium term."
It also added that 5G does not have much commercial viability in India.
"We believe that 5G may have only limited commercial viability in the short term, as 4G penetration is still low in India and there is little appealing content or applications - which cannot be addressed by 4G speeds. Furthermore, Indian telcos lack extensive intra-city fibre infrastructure, which is responsible for poor internet experience relative to other markets and is also critical in order to provide a seamless 5G experience. Management has publicly stated that it may not participate in the 5G spectrum auction at current prices," it said.
In June, Communications Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad had said that the government is likely to hold the auction this year and also start trials in the next 100 days.
The report also said that the Indian ARPU (average revenue per user) is one of the lowest in the world, at $1.7 per month.
"We believe that Indian consumers can afford to spend more on mobile services. This is evident from average monthly user data consumption increasing by 10 times since Jio's market entry in September 2016, even though the average industry tariff has declined by over 50 per cent. We believe that data demand will remain robust even if telcos were to slightly increase data tariff per megabyte. Data consumption has been driven by the cheaper tariff and proliferation of more affordable Chinese smartphones."
In the same report focused on Bharti Airtel, the agency said the third biggest telco, by subscribers, will earmark $1 billion towards upfront 5G spectrum payments in FY20.
The agency said it has a stable rating on Bharti's 'BBB-' rating as it feels the average revenue per user are on the way up and also due to de-leveraging work through the sale of non-core assets by the company.
Despite the experience of the last two years, where the entry of the deep-pocketed Reliance Jio wrecked the telecom market, the agency said it expects competition to ease as three broadly equally sized telcos have emerged, each with a 31-33 per cent revenue market share.
"We expect the blended average tariff to rise by 5-10 per cent during FY20, underpinned by the incumbents' introduction of a minimum mobile tariff of ₹35," it said.
This estimate was attributed to expectation of Jio starting to raise tariffs gradually as it starts to focus on monetisation of its large investment.
"However, we have factored in a conservative upfront 5G spectrum payment of $1 billion for Bharti in FY20. Indian telcos are generally required to pay around one-third of the cost of the spectrum upfront, with the remaining balance over 16 years after a two-year payment holiday. In January 2018, TRAI extended existing deferred spectrum liability payment to 16 years from 10 years," it said.
Bharti had a total debt of $11 billion (excluding the $6.1 billion of deferred spectrum liabilities) at FY19, including short-term debt of $5.2 billion. Cash and equivalents were $1.5 billion. Bharti intends to use $3.5 billion equity injection to pay a significant portion of the Indian rupee-denominated short-term debt, it said.
"We also believe that it intends to use $680 million in equity proceeds from Airtel Africa to repay debt at 100% subsidiary Bharti Airtel International (Netherland) B.V (BAIN) or the debt at the African operating companies. The company used $1.45 billion raised through private placement of a stake in Airtel Africa during FY19, to call $995 million on its 2023 unsecured notes outstanding at BAIN," it said.
This story has been published from a wire agency feed without modifications to the text. Only the headline has been changed.
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Q:
Images from googleusercontent.com giving 404
A few days ago, images from a website I maintain stopped being displayed in Gmail. The Google's Image Cache Proxy returns 404 on every image. I can confirm that they are accessible on the server itself and the newsletter displays fine outside gmail.com, even in Gmail's own mobile app (it apparently does not use Google Image Proxy). I can even confirm, that Google's bot fetches these images regularly from the server itself with the server responding 200 status and sending the image. The images in question are png and jpg, no svgs (which appear to have had problems in the past according to my research)
Is there a known remedy for this and why is Google this evil? Is there a special header that should be set for this? Like Cache-Control header that is required by their Image Proxy specifically?
A:
The PHP application was serving a corrupted image when incorrectly handling Accept-Language header which Google Bot sends. Same incorrect handling happened when sending no extra headers to the page.
On the page where was supposed to be an image was a notice saying:
Undefined index: HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE in /var/www/myweb.com/public/constants.php on line 3
The notice reports a 200 HTTP status, which is why I was not able to catch it right away. Google Bot however fetched it as an invalid image and in turn reported a 404 error.
I solved it by installing php-intl package.
| {
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UI- The Smooth Drag option now works for anyone that's spectating (whether through DotaTV or as a broadcaster).- Reduced waiting time in hero picker during All Random to 10 seconds.- Reworked how your personal hero performance is done on your profile page (provide feedback here http://dev.dota2.com/forumdisplay.php?f=431).- Added preview for summoned items like the panda and watcher golem to store and backpack.- Added the ability to filter out empty teams from the team list.
WEBAPI- Added Captain's Mode Picks and Bans.- Added ability upgrade order and times to each player.- Added inventory for additional units (Lone Druid's Spirit Bear).- Added an API for getting match details in the order they were recorded.
The co-op story is far from over. Hoyts privateers have ambushed the four survivors and taken them hostage. Its up to you and your friends to escape an underground prison and find a way off this island of insanity.
Beta Updates: -Right-click Construct 2 in your library, select Properties, and select the Betas tab. -Beta updates give you the latest features sooner, but be warned that they can be unstable or have glitches that the main updates don't have. -Please report any issues you find here
Next time you restart your Steam client, you will download this update.
- Fixed a crash when going into options with certain systems / triple screen resolutions- Fixed a case where some systems would always invalidate the user's laptime when crossing the finish line- Fixed auto-detection of hardware that could sometimes act up and apply improper settings- Fixed a crash that could occur when changing visual settings between two gameplay sessions- Fixed Apex Hunt Expert challenge for RaceRoom Raceway Bridge and Hockenheim GP that had too easy targets.- MediaHub now shows information about the currently selected screenshot in the lower right corner- The menu that appears at the end of a Hillclimb run was missing the browser bar- Fixed a case where the user could not delete a screenshot from the MediaHub- Fixed a case where the cockpit cam animated driver would be stuck in a full lock position - Bezel corrected resolutions should now correctly be saved between two game starts- Fixed a conflict between the menu setting for transmission (auto/manual) and the keyboard shortcut to toggle transmission mode while driving (F4 key)- Fixed a case where destroying the car would not return the player to the garage as long as the car was moving- Losing a wheel is now properly considered terminal damage for the car- Updates to login screen, splash screen and minor fixes to the menus
[ NOTABLE ]- Nerfed the Deagle.- Added a feature to spectate friends games via GOTV.  -In 'Play With Friends,' if a friend is on an official matchmaking server the WATCH option will appear next to their name.- DM immunity changes:  -Default immunity was raised to 10s.  -Moving cancels immunity.
Guns of Icarus Online January Update - Release NotesContent - New Raid on the Refinery Crazy King map - Zales Handbook, new in-game player manual - New accessories and Steampipe and The Warrior costumes in-store
Features - New Crazy King game mode, point capture with a moving point - Steam Achievements integrated - Map Vote - vote for your next match after each battle - Level Weather: new effects for rain and frost - Level Weather: wind and moving storms - Indication of blocked players - Add Back to Main Menu button in Loading Screen while waiting for connection
Map Changes - King of the Flayed Hills is now Crazy King - moving sandstorms added to Scrap on the Dunes
Fixes - Fixed some networking issues that could cause client state to not sync properly (causing various strange bugs with reload, fire, and repair state display). - The Light Quality setting in Options now more aggressively controls cloud quality. Try reducing it if you have framerate drops when looking at large cloudbanks. - Missing rock collider in Canyon Ambush now fixed - Fixed issue with components on fire not colliding properly - Fixed resolution settings being improperly applied - Surrender button no longer in spectator mode - Fixed extinguisher animation bug in avatar preview - Corrected Lumberjack ironsights layout
Player - Collectors Edition costume pack has been expanded to include 6 costumes, one Ladies and one Gents for each class. Anyone who already has the CE or 4-pack will retroactively have the additional costumes automatically unlocked. If you have the CE and and have already purchased one of these new additions, then we'll give you your choice of another item of equal value. Just email us at [email protected] and let us know which item youd like! - The Facebook Like and Steam recommendation drive is still happening! Like us now or write a recommendation on Steam for a chance to win goodies.
We're introducing a new feature with this patch--Salvage! Now you can clean up that mess left after a battle and profit from it at the same time. Any units or AirMechs with a repair ability can also use it to Salvage destroyed units for Credits ingame. It's still a bit buggy, and a work in progress, but we're interested to see how this adds to options during gameplay. Do I spend time cleaning up this area for extra income, or press the battle against the enemy? As time is your most valuable resource in AirMech, it opens up interesting choices for the player. Feedback in the forums is welcome!
Faction Charters! They are working now, but be aware that the Faction Charter is consumed when you create the Faction! We do not want a million Factions, and do not want people renaming them. Think very carefully before you create it, because it costs 1000 Diamonds every time you create one. This price is designed so that people only create Factions when they are serious. Don't have the Diamonds? Chances are someone who you want to start the Faction with does, just ask nicely.
Updates:- New AirMech Variant: Steampunk Saucer- New Hat Flair: Football Helmet- New Quests: Power Play- Faction Creation interface implemented- Increased the range in which healing units willing prioritize disabling an active Bear Trap by.- Increased the amount of quests that award diamonds.- Re-added the Help button to the pause menu.- Made some modifications to secure/capture outpost order regarding how units attack outposts they are securing- Added Salvage System. Destroyed units can be reclaimed by healing units and Osprey. - Network error messages should now appropriately be translated to their respective languages.- Added a Waiting timer to the matchmaking lobby.- New badges added for people with gold/silver VIP status.
Balance changes:- Fixes to overly high Grinder damage. Grinder base melee DPS is now 210.- Grinder can now be impacted by the Stasis effect, reducing damage by half. Normally this effect only applies reduced attack speed, but due to how the Grinder functions it made more sense to work towards damage instead of attack speed to achieve a similar result.- Grinder will no longer damage stasis mines/bear traps.- Modification of neutral units on Duel and Nesthorn- make map neutral units not abductable- add a short radar unjam range on all AirMechs
Bug Fixes:- Fixed a bug with the Tomcat Striker variant preview displaying detached wings.- Cleaned up text display at lower resolutions.- Fixed the explosion effect on the creeper detonate animation.- Fixed the alignment of the version number display in game that was trailing off the right side of the screen.- Hats should now fit correctly on all Warthog variants.- Fixes to CPU lag detection (previously referred to as FPS lag)- Bug fix for spectators sometimes stuck in game at the end of a match- Bug fix to Saucers increased abduction rate on ability level up (wasnt working) | {
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Reversible left ventricular diastolic dysfunction on Doppler tissue imaging predicts a more favorable prognosis in chronic heart failure.
Early (e')/late (a') diastolic mitral annular velocity ratio is a powerful independent predictor of poor prognosis in patients with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Doppler tissue imaging, however, may change over time according to intervention and medical treatment. The aim of the present study was to prospectively evaluate whether, in clinically stable patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), the decrease of an initially high e'/a' ratio on long-term therapy predicts a more favorable outcome. One hundred and eighty-one adult patients with CHF and high e'/a' ratio (≥ 0.74) underwent repeat echocardiography 6 months after the initial examination, and were then followed up for a mean period of 20 months. After 6 months, e'/a' ratio did not change in 95 patients, whereas it was significantly decreased (<0.74) in the remaining 86 patients. During follow-up, 55 participants (30%) had cardiac events. According to multivariate Cox regression analysis, decrease in e'/a' ratio, initial New York Heart Association class III or IV, and change in LV mass index as well as in systolic mitral annular velocities emerged as independent predictors of survival. The decrease of an initially high e'/a' ratio on long-term therapy predicts a more favorable outcome in clinically stable patients with CHF. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A large integration between IP and PLMN networks is under way to the benefit of wireless customers who may enjoy a lot of attractions offered by IP over traditional telecommunications protocols and in meanwhile experiencing “seamless” communications over the different types of networks which their calls may pass. This facilitates a wide diversity of communications scenarios and combination of services such as the exchange of real-time multimedia streams during voice calls. The core of the IP-PLMN integration is a 3GPP platform named IMS which has been introduced appositely to offer to the operators, the service providers, and the clients the sort of service capabilities that IP is designed to provide. The primary focus of the IMS platform is that to provide the users/clients with the ability to join multimedia session in which they are allowed to send and receive voice and data communications even when roaming. The IMS will use the emerging IP version 6 (IPv6) together with SIP protocol for the establishment of sessions and the service provisioning on mobile networks. SIP is an application-layer control (signaling) protocol for creating, modifying and terminating sessions with two or more participants. These sessions include Internet multimedia conferences, Internet telephone calls, presence service and multimedia distribution, etc. SIP supports user mobility by proxying and redirecting requests to the user's current location. For more details see [RFC3261] at the end. For the same purpose [TS—22.228] identifies the necessary requirements from the user point of view. The reference architecture for IMS subsystem can be found in [TS—23.002]. A more exhaustive description of the involved entities can be found in [TS—23.228].
SIP is based on an HTTP-like request/response transaction model; each SIP transaction consists of a request that invokes a particular method, or function, on the server and at least one response. A header is a component of a SIP message that conveys information about the message, it is structured as a sequence of header fields. Header fields are named attributes that provide additional information about a message. The details of the session, such as the type of media, codec, or sampling rate, are not described using SIP. Rather, the body of a SIP message contains a description of the session, encoded in some other protocol format. One such format is the Session Description Protocol (SDP) [RFC2327]. The SDP body is carried by the SIP message in a way that is analogous to a document attachment being carried by an email message, or a web page being carried in an HTTP message: for HTTP see [RFC2616]. A SIP request message named “MESSAGE” is introduced by the specification [RFC3428]) to carry in the request body the information needed to set up a specific service. MESSAGE is a very flexible SIP request message supported by every SIP platforms and SIP Application environments. In fact, it is a generic asynchronous SIP message that can be used inside or outside to the session. It is also possible to specialize its structure according with the service requirements. A header field “Subject” of the SIP MESSAGE Request provides a summary or indicates the nature of the SIP MESSAGE message, allowing call filtering without having to parse the session description. In the scope of supplementary service the [TS—24.081] document is a relevant prior art which specifies the procedures used at the radio interface for the following items: normal operation, registration, erasure, activation, deactivation, invocation and interrogation of line identification supplementary services. Particular relevance assume the Calling Line Identity (CLI) clauses 1 (CLIP) and 2 (CLIR). The CLI consists of a calling party BCD number and optionally, a calling party subaddress and/or a cause of no CLI. The purpose of the calling party BCD number information element is to identify the origin of a call; it is a type-4 information element. In the network to mobile station direction it has a minimum length of 3 octets and a maximum length of 14 octets. This information element is not used in the mobile station to network direction. The calling party subaddress is a type 4 information element with a minimum length of 2 octets and a maximum length of 23 octets, its purpose is to identify a subaddress (IMEI) associated with the origin of a call. When calling line identification restriction is applicable, the originating network provides the destination network with a notification that the calling party's ISDN number, with possible additional address information, is not allowed to be presented to the called party.
The Call Line Identity (CLI) is a service actually implemented to enable the end user to see who is calling his mobile device, is a feature which most mobile (and fixed) users take for granted. The existing CLI is a poor type of service indeed, all information that is possible to get is carried by only few bytes limitedly to the only downlink. This is in strident contrast with the great opportunities of service offered by the IMS platform and the expectations of the users. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
Q:
Loose coupling with entity framework
I'm trying to loosely couple this code, but I'm not sure how or if I should.
I'm using Entity Framework and DbContext is the inherited class used by the entity object TMeasure. When I run this code I'm getting this error:
'System.Data.Entity.DbContext' does not contain a definition for 'TMeasures' and no extension method 'TMeasures' accepting a first argument of type 'System.Data.Entity.DbContext' could be found (are you missing a using directive or an assembly reference?)
Can someone help me with this?
Thanks!
class MeasureRepository: IMeasureRepository
{
private DbContext db;
public MeasureRepository(DbContext db)
{
this.db = db;
}
public List<TMeasure> GetAll()
{
var results = (from i in db.TMeasures
orderby i.strMeasure
select i).ToList();
return results;
}
}
A:
You should create your own context:
//Internal class recommended
public class MeasuringContext : DbContext
{
public DbSet<Measure> Measures { get; set; }
}
And then use this context instead of the generic one:
class MeasureRepository : IMeasureRepository
{
private MeasuringContext db;
//...
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
This have already been mentioned by Filesharefreak
So i'm just going to wish Frylock the best of luck and hopefully he will be out of there as soon as possible. A lot of people have wondered what he was up to, it's not every day a Sysop on any kind of site is gone over 11 days.
"Worse case scenario I will be away for about a year but with some LUCK I will be out in about a month." | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Pages
Tuesday, December 22, 2015
The LA Cast is nearly finalized and its gonna be a mad hot combination of tried and true Roofheadz who have been with the development from the git-go, the cream of the crop of Tulsa talent, some new LA-based award-winning up-and-comers in the world of Musical Theater and one of my personal favorite young black actors in Hollywood, rounding out the cast in a pivotal, dramatic role. ROOFLESS TABLE READING with STEPHEN SCHWARTZ! LA, Sunset Blvd, Beverly Hills, Director's Guild of America bldg, Mr. Stephen Schwartz, Mr. Michael Kerker, Dreamworks, ASCAP… here we come. Y'all ain't ready!!!! Roofs will be raised in Feb!!! (sorry folks, this reading is closed to the public. Public readings are in the works though.)MORE NEWS COMING AFTER THE HOLIDAYS! Keep it locked here, on our IG, Twitter, and Facebook for more about the cast and the upcoming reading. (and yup, its true… "Roofless" staged readings are in the works for summer of 2016… the first public presentation of the show-in-progress since the New York Musical Theatre Festival!)HAPPY HOLIDAYS TO ALL OUR LOJOFAM!!!!
We've been a fan of John Boyega for many years, since first seeing him in a BBC TV movie in 2012, then subsequently seeing the AMAZING "Attack the Block." Blown away is an understatement. We've been waiting, fingers crossed, for his emergence in the US film market. In another galaxy far far away, I was a kid, adolescent and college student during the release of the original Star Wars trilogy so naturally these films have had a HUGE influence on me as a storyteller! So the premiere has a double set of thrills attached to it for me personally. To celebrate the "unknown" Mr. Boyega's overnight skyrocketing career (with GALAXY-SIZED ShoutOuts to his discoverer, teacher and agent Femi Oguns, IAG & the Identity School of Acting) we dedicated a post-a-day on instagram for the 10 days leading up to the premiere. In case you missed them, here's all 10 of our BOYEGA DAYS posts edited into one clip. BIG UPS JOHN BOYEGA!!!
(We love hidden connections… so, can anyone detect the alliteration of Boyega Days to a certain classic Hitchcock horror locale? If so, we're definitely birds of a feather. hahaha.)
Tuesday, December 8, 2015
We've been following the career of Malachi Kirby for 4 or 5 years now as he's risen from a young, unknown student actor in London to very popular presence on UK stages and screens, big and small. His upcoming journey to the shores of American consciousness will be via a project of great import and historical significance in African-American film history. He has been cast in the iconic role of young Kunte Kinte in the reboot of "Roots" (the role that launched LaVar Burton's career with an Emmy nod and secured the name Kunte Kinte as part of the cultural lexicon of our country.) Malachi stars along side a huge cast including Laurence Fishburn, Forest Whitaker, Anna Paquin, Anika Noni Rose, Derek Luke, Mekhi Phifer, Jonathan Rhys Meyers & T.I. to name just a few. Our UK fam are already familiar with him and can see him currently on the hit BBC show Jeckyll & Hyde as the shapeshifting murderer Spring-Heeled Jack Burton.
I've had to do some spring-heeled jumping of my own through lots of hoops in order to get my hands on Malachi's UK-based work over the past 4 years, hahaha, but its the rewarding kind of hoop-jumping I'm always down for. To whet your appetite as we await the "Roots" premiere, here's a taste of this brother's wide range of skills: from comedy, to drama, to action, to leading man. I know we'll be seeing much, much more of Malachi Kirby on US screens in the coming years! You heard it here, folks! Check him out!
HERE'S THE BACKSTORY of how we first stumbled on the talented Mr. Kirby:
It was back in 2011 when we first began working on a project designed to showcase some of the best Street Dancers through a strongly-structured narrative. Street Dance-centered narratives were practically nonexistent at the time, and when they did make it to the screen the stories were largely lacking in substance. We were anxious to combine the story craft we were learning from Stephen Schwartz and other great Broadway/Hollywood story men with our love of Street Dance culture (which was having its own renaissance.) The resulting project was a series entitled STORY GOT NEXT (http://www.lojowerkz.com/p/story-got-next.html)
One of the key components of Story Got Next was a strongly structured story written to be carried by a cast of talented actors with the dancers in roles that wouldn't require acting skills beyond their reach. In short, a great story that allowed great actors to act and great dancers to dance and kept the emphasis on engaging entertainment. The lead character "Story" is a former Street Dancer who suffers a debilitating stroke (see the link to the plot above.) So the casting breakdown for the lead actor looked something like this:
Male, mid 20s, with the athletic build of a Street Dancer but who, for the majority of the story, would be wheelchair-bound with limited muscle control and an inability to speak for the first half of the series. He also needed to be a romantic lead. This meant the search was on for an actor who could express a broad range of emotions with just his face, even with limited facial movement; a gravitas and street swag with a combination of vulnerability and strength; AND a strong sense of comic timing. It required an actor with an intriguing face and piercing, expressive eyes that would look great in extreme close-up. For a small, indie web-series this is a very, very tall bill to fill.
After months of searching everywhere… Long story short, I saw a still photo of Malachi through my TuTchT work with male models of color. My first thought was, "'Story' needs to look like THIS guy!" I was completely unaware that Malachi was an actor. Then for the next few hours and days, everything snowballed in a series of thrilling eureka moments as I learned more about his award-winning skills as an actor and was able to dig up some footage. At the time (2012) he was a relatively unknown young actor working on stages in London with just a couple tv movies and short film credits to his name, (along with another outstanding young brother named John Boyega…yeah. Both were products of Femi Ogun's amazing Identity School of Acting in London. Nothing more thrilling than seeing the birth of superstars!)
So the nature of "show biz" is such that we don't know if the stars will align in a way that allows "Story Got Next" to go into production, or if we'll be able to work with the talented Mr. Kirby, especially since his path will likely follow the successful progression that John Boyega has experienced. But it's still amazing to be in the position to watch his career blossom in the US as we've seen in the UK. We'll forever be supporters of Malachi Kirby and you should jump on that bandwagon too!!!
Monday, November 2, 2015
QUICK UPDATE FROM THE LoJoLAB:- "Roofless" reading for Stephen Schwartz & Michael Kerker comin up in Feb in LA.- 2 Staged readings of "Roofless" being explored for 2016. Tulsa and LA.- Our first film "HotFoot" with Lil Buck in production.- Plans for the annual T21 DIG coming together for next June. (Live Stage Show & Dance Workshops)…and this lil dude constantly flyin round our heads the whole time.
Monday, October 26, 2015
Thx to friends in high and historic places, we got the royal treatment at the world premiere concert of The Jerry Herman Songbook this weekend. The Tulsa Signature Symphony musically backed 3 Broadway stars including Tulsa-born Jason Graae in a show built around the greatest hits of legendary Broadway composer Jerry Herman. Its always dope to experience the strong roots of this art form we've become grafted into through "Roofless." Our Hip-Hop based work often makes us feel like the strange fruit on the tree, but our Broadway mentors always make us feel like celebrated playwrights of Bway's next generation. All kinda love to the show's producer Michael Kerker & the incredible show-stopping talents of Jason, Debbie Gravitte, Klea Blackhurst and everyone involved! (The concert tour also features masterclasses and workshops for local students so we got a chance to hear 4 of Tulsa's own Musical Theatre up-and-comers. Big Ups to them as well.)
Basking in the shine of these Broadway pros makes us even more anxious for our upcoming trip to LA to present the latest draft of "Roofless" to mentors Stephen Schwartz and Michael Kerker during the week of the 2016 ASCAP/Dreamworks Musical Theatre Festival. We're making plans to take a table-full of some of Tulsa's greatest talent for the table reading in mid Feb. We'll be launching a Go Fund Me campaign to help cover expenses, with some dope new LoJoWerkz percs. More "Roofless" news coming soon. Stay tuned! - T&J
Wednesday, August 5, 2015
around the first of the year inLAwith our esteem'ed (pronounced Shakespeareanly, of course) mentors, whose names we shant drop because they are so high up in the stratosphere of Broadway luminaries that dropping said names all the way down to our lowly level might hurt some innocent bystander.
NEW TABLE READINGS also give us the chance to pull out one of our goofy favs from our promo video library. Check out a ridiculously LoonyTuned look at how we conduct our table reads. (This footage is from ASCAP Headquarters, DGA building in LA. 5 or 6 years ago I think.) Click it out below:
So for years, each time we assembled a cast for a reading or developmental performance Jerome and I discussed how we needed a graphic that showed all the show's characters to help interested actors quickly see the types we're seeking. So finally - after many years and over 3,000 actors have been through the "Roofless" casting process (betta late than neva, hahaha) and in anticipation of a couple important readings coming up, we pulled the illustration together. Ladies and gentlemen, we present the archetypal Roofheadz. (l to r) R'Yonne, Dimples, Hogeye, Nine, Loomin', Sela, Lil Man, Scope, Marquee, Father & Tha Devil… and levitating, or rather, "levibreaking," above the principals is the character who has come to represent the flava of "Roofless" and, in essence, the flava of all our work, Tagz!
Some model creds: My work as TuTchT IMAGING has put me in association with some of the top male models of color around the globe. I gotta shout out the brothers whose images I drew from in developing this cast illustration. Their brilliant work always inspires me. S/O to Broderick Hunter, CyKeem White, Ronald Epps, Designer/Model C.Milano, Australia's Prince, and top UK model Harry Uzoka, among others. And, of course, a longterm S/O to Stephen Christopher and J Photogj Frieson Jr for working with us years ago to develop the flying Tagz character. The Sela illustration is based on images of the beautiful Joan Smalls.(The similarity of these and other models to the characters depicted in this illustration does not represent any involvement in, or endorsement of "Roofless" on their part ...Not yet anyway, hahaha. One of these brothers might soon be flexing his acting chopz as part of one of our table reading casts.)
Thursday, May 28, 2015
HAPPY BORNDAY to the "JO" half of LoJoWERKz!!!I know he wouldn't want me to make a big deal out of it, or put him on blast, so here's just a simple #TBT pic of my best homie & creative partner Jerome Johnson the way he looked when I first met him. Who would have thought this skinny lil 14-year-old homie would grow into my longest-lasting and most productive relationship. About 25 years and counting. I'm eternally grateful for this punk here; for his love of Truth, his tenacity, his low tolerance of self-delusion and general stupidity, his choreographic, lyrical & storytelling skills (he's a helluva hook writer too!) and, of course, his similarly twisted brain! | {
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The accolades keep pouring in for the world fastest man Usian Bolt.
The Jamaican triple world record holder was awarded with an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree by the University of the West Indies Mona in Kingston.
The institution cite Bolt’s “athletic prowess” and his “contribution to regional advancement.”
The 25-year-old sprinter will now be referred to as Dr. The Honourable Ambassador Usain Bolt.
Despite the phenomenal achievements by the man considered to be the fastest human alive, students at UWI does not share the same enthusiasm as the institution.
“I must say that in all my life this is indeed the first time I have ever been embarrassed to be a student of the UWI Mona. Giving Bolt such an honour is indeed an act of stupidity beyond normal proportions to say the least,” one student allegedly said. “Sorry but Usain Bolt being given a doctorate makes a mockery of the entire tertiary education system,” said another.
Do you think Usain Bolt deserve to be honored with an Honorary Doctor of Law (LLD).
gallery | {
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Author
Topic: [News]Koeman backtracks on Niasse (Read 15414 times)
There is also the fact that Niasse might have improved in the last 18 months to take into consideration too. When he first joined he was falling over his own shoelaces and looked like a comedy act and granted he might not be great technically but he also might have been nervous, younger, new environment, not played at this level before, just not up to speed....
On Saturday he didn't look like the same player who couldn't control a football when he played in that joke of a game against West Ham at home. Maybe just maybe he's learnt a lot in the past 18 months and now understands what he has to do in this country to make an impression; his tracking back, dispossessing, passing and getting on his bike into the area for his goal showed a sign that if nothing else maybe Unsworth has instilled some good habits into him.
This isn't to say we should necessarily expect good things from him but as a replacement for the Valencia-type role last season he may just prove useful over a long season.
There is also the fact that Niasse might have improved in the last 18 months to take into consideration too. When he first joined he was falling over his own shoelaces and looked like a comedy act and granted he might not be great technically but he also might have been nervous, younger, new environment, not played at this level before, just not up to speed....
On Saturday he didn't look like the same player who couldn't control a football when he played in that joke of a game against West Ham at home. Maybe just maybe he's learnt a lot in the past 18 months and now understands what he has to do in this country to make an impression; his tracking back, dispossessing, passing and getting on his bike into the area for his goal showed a sign that if nothing else maybe Unsworth has instilled some good habits into him.
This isn't to say we should necessarily expect good things from him but as a replacement for the Valencia-type role last season he may just prove useful over a long season.
Good point 18 months is a long time to evolve as a player. Just hitting his peak years as a striker. You got to love the guy. I hope he becomes a great player for us.
Echo podcast reckon Niasse was reintroduced to first team affairs under the request of the board.
Thats what I suspected. You can't go complaining to the media that you've got no productivity up front and have this fella in the u23's knocking in goals regularly while getting paid £50k a week but never getting a chance in the first team.
There's only so much you can push the board about the failure to get a forward before they pushed back.
« Last Edit: September 28, 2017, 02:52:05 PM by Ross »
Logged
There are only two things I can't stand in this world. People who are intolerant of other people's cultures... and the Dutch.
Echo podcast reckon Niasse was reintroduced to first team affairs under the request of the board.
I would like to think so. If we're going to be run more professionally we need to show a bit more backbone right through the whole club and demand that standards are raised and no-one dictates their own terms. I kind of get the feeling Koeman had the impression Everton were lucky to have him last season (based on nothing but an opinion and his sometimes scathing remarks of what he inherited), but maybe this season we're hopefully giving him the impression he's not expendable and for trousering £6m/year comes expectations that are commensurate with that amount of money.
I would like to think so. If we're going to be run more professionally we need to show a bit more backbone right through the whole club and demand that standards are raised and no-one dictates their own terms. I kind of get the feeling Koeman had the impression Everton were lucky to have him last season (based on nothing but an opinion and his sometimes scathing remarks of what he inherited), but maybe this season we're hopefully giving him the impression he's not expendable and for trousering £6m/year comes expectations that are commensurate with that amount of money.
Exactly, we aren't fuckin desperate anymore we can leave them instead of waiting for them to leave us, will take some getting used to but it's a delicious prospect, calling the shots instead of assuming the "position"
I knew that someday I was going to die, and I knew that before I died, two things would happen to me. That number one; I would regret my entire life, and number two; that I would want to live my life over again. | {
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Abstract
Along the path of water flowing in a river basin are many water-related human interventions that modify the natural systems. Rainwater harvesting is one such intervention that involves abstraction of water in the upstream catchment. Increased water withdrawal at upstream level is an issue of concern for downstream water availability to sustain ecosystem services. The Modder River basin, located in the central South Africa, is experiencing intermittent meteorological droughts causing water shortages for agriculture, livestock and domestic purpose. To address this problem a technique was developed for small scale farmers with objective of harnessing rainwater for crop production. However, the impact of a wider adoption of this technique by farmers on the water resources has not been quantified. In this regard, the SWAT hydrological model was used to simulate the impact of such practice on the water resources of the river basin. The scenarios studied were: pasture (PAST), conventional agriculture (Agri-CON) and agriculture using rainwater harvesting (Agri-IRWH). The result showed that the highest mean monthly direct flow was obtained on Agri-CON land use (18 mm), followed by PAST (12 mm) and Agri-IRWH land use (10 mm). The Agri-IRWH scenario reduced runoff by 38% compared to Agri-CON, which justifies its intended purpose. On the other hand, it was found that the Agri-IRWH contributed to more groundwater recharge (40 mm) compared to PAST (32 mm) and Agri-CON (19 mm) scenarios. Although, there was a visible impact of the rainwater harvesting technique on the water yield when considered on a monthly time frame, the overall result showed that there was a substantial benefit of using the rainwater harvesting technique for agricultural production (Agr-IRWH) without impacting significantly on the mean annual water yield. | {
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} |
Q:
intercepting KeyDown event on a WinForm when Trackbar exists
This is ridiculous. I have a KeyDown event I am interested in(to get DownArrow Key event) for a WinForm. I added a trackbar, which gets Autofocus(I dont know how). And now, when I press the DOWN arrow key - it automatically changes the value of the Trackbar and my code for the Winform is not working. I tried HIDING the Trackbar with a button but to no avail. I even have
e.SuppressKeyPress = true;
in my Form1_KeyDown() handler.
Help, I am going haywire.
A:
You can override ProcessCmdKey method. check out below links for more information.
Up, Down, Left and Right arrow keys do not trigger KeyDown event
http://www.getdotnetcode.com/gdncstore/free/Articles/Overriding%20a%20Controls%20ProcessCmdKey%20Function.htm
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.windows.forms.control.processcmdkey(v=vs.85).aspx
| {
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} |
Q:
Is there a way to configure SonarQube updatecenter url
Our security team does not allow the machine hosting SQ to access the web be it directly or through a proxy. Instead they decided to retrieve on a daily basis the update-center.properties file found at http://update.sonarsource.org/update-center.properties and make it available on an internal web server on an URL such as http:///sonarqube/update-center.properties (I have to follow this decision... so please do not tell me that it's not the way you would have achieved security as it is out of my reach.)
Is there a way to configure SonarQube's update-center URL / host (version 4.5.4 LTS) ? If yes please explain how this can be achieved.
Thanks in advance.
A:
The property is sonar.updatecenter.url. Default value is indeed http://update.sonarsource.org/update-center.properties.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
{#sp1 .421}
{#sp2 .422}
| {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Dan Scavino Jr., center, tweeted that Michigan Rep. Justin Amash is a "big liability" for the state and encouraged a GOP primary opponent to oust him in 2018. | Andrew Harnik/AP Trump aide accused of Hatch Act violation after urging Amash primary challenge
A senior adviser to President Donald Trump on Saturday urged a primary challenge against a House Freedom Caucus member, prompting charges that he may have violated federal law against using his official position to sway an election campaign.
Dan Scavino Jr., director of social media and senior White House adviser, tweeted that Rep. Justin Amash (R-Mich.) is a "big liability" for his state and encouraged a GOP primary opponent to oust him in 2018.
"[email protected] is bringing auto plants & jobs back to Michigan. @justinamash is a big liability. #TrumpTrain, defeat him in primary," Scavino wrote.
But that tweet, sent from Scavino's personal Twitter account, immediately landed him in controversy as ethics lawyers called out Scavino for possibly violating the Hatch Act, a Depression-era law that regulates campaigning by government officials.
.@realDonaldTrump is bringing auto plants & jobs back to Michigan. @justinamash is a big liability.#TrumpTrain, defeat him in primary. — Dan Scavino Jr. (@DanScavino) April 1, 2017
"Look at the official photo on this page. Read the Hatch Act and fire this man NOW. Someone call OSC," Richard Painter, a former ethics attorney in the George W. Bush White House, wrote on Twitter, referring to the Office of Special Counsel, the independent agency charged with monitoring and enforcing the law.
White House press office officials and Scavino did not immediately respond to requests for comment.
Trump has waged an ongoing battle with leaders and members of the hard-line Freedom Caucus following the defeat of the American Health Care Act, the bill backed by Trump and Speaker Paul Ryan that aimed to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act.
The president blamed caucus members including North Carolina Rep. Mark Meadows, Ohio Rep. Jim Jordan, and Amash, as well as Democrats, after the bill was pulled as a result of the lack of lawmakers' support.
Amash responded to Scavino on Saturday afternoon, saying: "Trump admin & Establishment have merged into #Trumpstablishment. Same old agenda: Attack conservatives, libertarians & independent thinkers."
More than an hour later, he tweeted a link to a fundraising site: "Bring it on. I'll always stand up for liberty, the Constitution & Americans of every background. You can help here: https://causes.anedot.com/justin-amash."
Amash, a four-term congressman, hit back at Trump this past week after the president criticized the Freedom Caucus.
"It didn't take long for the swamp to drain @realDonaldTrump. No shame, Mr. President. Almost everyone succumbs to the D.C. Establishment," Amash tweeted Thursday.
Amash has been a consistent thorn in the side of establishment Republicans, who have tried to oust the 36-year-old lawmaker before, notably when Republican leaders backed businessman Brian Ellis over the incumbent in the 2014 primary. Amash bested Ellis 57 percent to 43 percent.
| {
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Syndrome delineation involving orofacial clefting.
A table comparing the number of syndromes with orofacial clefting for the years 1971, 1978, and 1990 is presented and discussed. Over 300 such disorders are known today. A second table is presented showing the frequency of associated anomalies with orofacial clefting. The wide range of frequencies found in various studies probably reflects the type of ascertainment. Undoubtedly, the process of syndrome delineation will further increase the number of disorders with orofacial clefting in the future. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Q:
Apache PDFBox - Adobe Acrobat prompts saving
I'm using Apache PDFBox version 2.0.16 to add paging to an existing PDF file.
My method is working great, the generated PDF is fine. However, when I open the file with Adobe Acrobat Reader, if I try to close the file, it prompts an alert asking me if I want to save the file even though I haven't edited anything, and the file is not editable at first.
I can't manage to understand what's happening, and how to prevent it from prompting saving
My code is the following :
private void paging(ByteArrayOutputStream os) throws IOException {
PDDocument doc = PDDocument.load(new ByteArrayInputStream(os.toByteArray()));
PDFont font = getFont(doc);
PDPageTree pages = doc.getDocumentCatalog().getPages();
for (int i = 0; i < pages.getCount(); i++) {
PDPage page = pages.get(i);
PDPageContentStream contentStream = new PDPageContentStream(doc, page, PDPageContentStream.AppendMode.APPEND, true, false);
contentStream.beginText();
contentStream.setFont(font, FONT_SIZE);
contentStream.setNonStrokingColor(Color.BLACK);
contentStream.newLineAtOffset(page.getCropBox().getWidth() - 40, 15);
contentStream.showText((i + 1) + " / " + pages.getCount());
contentStream.endText();
contentStream.close();
}
doc.save(os);
doc.close();
}
A:
reset 'os' before saving, so that your ByteArrayOutputStream gets cleared and positioned at the beginning.
os.reset();
Also call load() directly with the byte array:
PDDocument.load(os.toByteArray());
and update to the current version, which is 2.0.19 at this time.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!-- Copyright 2015 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved. -->
<resources xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:xliff="urn:oasis:names:tc:xliff:document:1.2">
<string name="place_autocomplete_search_hint" msgid="4600782048316473865">"ရှာဖွေရန်"</string>
<string name="place_autocomplete_clear_button" msgid="2132213647576279742">"ရှာဖွေမှုကို ရှင်းပါ"</string>
</resources>
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
// File implement/oglplus/enums/texture_swizzle_coord_class.ipp
//
// Automatically generated file, DO NOT modify manually.
// Edit the source 'source/enums/oglplus/texture_swizzle_coord.txt'
// or the 'source/enums/make_enum.py' script instead.
//
// Copyright 2010-2015 Matus Chochlik.
// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
// See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
// http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
//
namespace enums {
template <typename Base, template<TextureSwizzleCoord> class Transform>
class EnumToClass<Base, TextureSwizzleCoord, Transform>
: public Base
{
private:
Base& _base(void) { return *this; }
public:
#if defined GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_R
# if defined R
# pragma push_macro("R")
# undef R
Transform<TextureSwizzleCoord::R> R;
# pragma pop_macro("R")
# else
Transform<TextureSwizzleCoord::R> R;
# endif
#endif
#if defined GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_G
# if defined G
# pragma push_macro("G")
# undef G
Transform<TextureSwizzleCoord::G> G;
# pragma pop_macro("G")
# else
Transform<TextureSwizzleCoord::G> G;
# endif
#endif
#if defined GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_B
# if defined B
# pragma push_macro("B")
# undef B
Transform<TextureSwizzleCoord::B> B;
# pragma pop_macro("B")
# else
Transform<TextureSwizzleCoord::B> B;
# endif
#endif
#if defined GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_A
# if defined A
# pragma push_macro("A")
# undef A
Transform<TextureSwizzleCoord::A> A;
# pragma pop_macro("A")
# else
Transform<TextureSwizzleCoord::A> A;
# endif
#endif
#if defined GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_RGBA
# if defined RGBA
# pragma push_macro("RGBA")
# undef RGBA
Transform<TextureSwizzleCoord::RGBA> RGBA;
# pragma pop_macro("RGBA")
# else
Transform<TextureSwizzleCoord::RGBA> RGBA;
# endif
#endif
EnumToClass(void) { }
EnumToClass(Base&& base)
: Base(std::move(base))
#if defined GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_R
# if defined R
# pragma push_macro("R")
# undef R
, R(_base())
# pragma pop_macro("R")
# else
, R(_base())
# endif
#endif
#if defined GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_G
# if defined G
# pragma push_macro("G")
# undef G
, G(_base())
# pragma pop_macro("G")
# else
, G(_base())
# endif
#endif
#if defined GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_B
# if defined B
# pragma push_macro("B")
# undef B
, B(_base())
# pragma pop_macro("B")
# else
, B(_base())
# endif
#endif
#if defined GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_A
# if defined A
# pragma push_macro("A")
# undef A
, A(_base())
# pragma pop_macro("A")
# else
, A(_base())
# endif
#endif
#if defined GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_RGBA
# if defined RGBA
# pragma push_macro("RGBA")
# undef RGBA
, RGBA(_base())
# pragma pop_macro("RGBA")
# else
, RGBA(_base())
# endif
#endif
{ }
};
} // namespace enums
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Q:
Do you take into consideration DialUp connections still?
I'm working on a web application that has a lot to download (javascript, images, videos, etc), and I was wondering how many people still consider dial up while developing large web applications?
Is there a rule of thumb that you use to determine the individual page sizes? (i.e. home page must be less than 200k)
A:
Remember that today's dial-up is now the phone/mobile market! Making your pages faster to load is better for every user.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Fourth Court of Appeals
San Antonio, Texas
MEMORANDUM OPINION
No. 04-18-00901-CV
Gupreet KOCHAR,
Appellant
v.
Mark WASSERMAN d/b/a Chick-fil-A Medical Center FSU,
Appellee
From the County Court at Law No. 10, Bexar County, Texas
Trial Court No. 2017CV02440
Honorable David J. Rodriguez, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice
Sitting: Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice
Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice
Irene Rios, Justice
Delivered and Filed: July 24, 2019
AFFIRMED
Gupreet Kochar slipped and fell at a Chick-fil-A restaurant and sued the restaurant’s prior
franchisee, Mark Wasserman. Wasserman moved for summary judgment, arguing he, in his
individual capacity, did not own or control the premises. The trial court granted the motion. On
appeal, Kochar relies on a property tax record and a webpage from Chick-fil-A’s website listing
Wasserman as the “restaurant operator.” Concluding this evidence does not raise a fact issue as to
a prior franchisee’s ownership or control of the premises, we affirm.
04-18-00901-CV
BACKGROUND
Wasserman executed a Franchise Agreement with Chick-fil-A, Inc. to operate a restaurant
in San Antonio. The Franchise Agreement named Wasserman, individually, as the “franchisee”
and the restaurant “operator,” and the agreement became effective on January 1, 2015. The
Franchise Agreement provided a franchisee may assign his rights under the agreement to a
corporation formed for the sole purpose of operating the franchised restaurant.
Before the Franchise Agreement became effective, Wasserman formed a corporation
“CMIL & FAMILY, INC.” for the sole purpose of operating the franchised restaurant. Wasserman
was named as the sole director of CMIL. Under an “Assignment and Consent to Assignment
Agreement,” Wasserman, individually, assigned “all the right, title and interest of [Wasserman] in
and to . . . the Franchise Agreement . . . and the Business,” to CMIL. The Assignment and Consent
to Assignment Agreement also became effective on January 1, 2015.
Kochar sued Wasserman, individually, alleging he slipped and fell at the Chick-fil-A
restaurant on August 27, 2016. Kochar alleged Wasserman was negligent by failing to protect him
against dangerous conditions on the premises. Wasserman filed an answer, generally denying
Kochar’s allegations and, in a verified denial, alleged he was not a proper party to the proceeding
because he was not the owner, operator, or franchisee of the restaurant.
Wasserman filed a traditional and no-evidence motion for summary judgment. He argued
he owed no legal duty to Kochar because he assigned all of his rights and interests to the restaurant
to CMIL. In his summary judgment response, Kochar relied on: (1) a property tax record that,
according to Kochar, shows Wasserman owned “fixtures, equipment, and personal property” on
the premises; and (2) a webpage on Chick-fil-A’s website listing Wasserman’s name under the
heading “restaurant operator.” Granting Wasserman’s motion, the trial court rendered summary
judgment against Kochar. Kochar timely appealed.
-2-
04-18-00901-CV
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review the trial court’s grant of a traditional or no-evidence summary judgment de
novo. Valence Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005). To prevail on a
traditional motion for summary judgment, the movant must show that no genuine issue of material
fact exists and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Provident
Life & Accident Ins. Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 215–16 (Tex. 2003). We review a no-evidence
summary judgment using the well-established legal sufficiency standard. King Ranch, Inc. v.
Chapman, 118 S.W.3d 742, 750–51 (Tex. 2003); see also TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i). In reviewing a
summary judgment, we take as true all evidence favorable to the non-movant, indulging every
reasonable inference and resolving any doubts in the non-movant’s favor. Knott, 128 S.W.3d at
215.
DISCUSSION
Kochar argues he produced evidence raising a fact issue that Wasserman, individually,
owed a duty to protect him against dangerous conditions on the premises where he slipped and
fell. “[T]he duty to make the premises safe or warn of dangerous conditions generally runs with
the ownership or control of the property, and a defendant’s liability under a premises liability
theory rests on the defendant’s assumption of control of the premises and responsibility for
dangerous conditions on it.” United Scaffolding, Inc. v. Levine, 537 S.W.3d 463, 474 (Tex. 2017)
(internal quotation marks omitted). In other words, “[t]o establish premises liability, a plaintiff
must show that the defendant had control over and responsibility for the premises.” Cohen v.
Landry’s Inc., 442 S.W.3d 818, 824 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, pet. denied).
The parties dispute whether Wasserman, individually, is the proper defendant. “Under
Texas law, a corporation is presumed to be a separate entity from its officers and shareholders.”
Richard Nugent & CAO, Inc. v. Estate of Ellickson, 543 S.W.3d 243, 266 (Tex. App.—Houston
-3-
04-18-00901-CV
[14th Dist.] 2018, no pet.). A plaintiff bears the burden to plead and prove a theory to pierce the
corporate veil. U.S. KingKing, LLC v. Precision Energy Servs., Inc., 555 S.W.3d 200, 213 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2018, no pet.). Kochar did not plead or attempt to prove any corporate-
veil-piercing theory to impose liability on Wasserman for CMIL’s acts or omissions, and instead
sought to prove Wasserman, individually, owned or had control of the restaurant premises.
Kochar does not dispute Wasserman satisfied his initial summary judgment burden to
establish he did not own, have possession, or have any control over the premises because he
assigned all of his rights under the Franchise Agreement to CMIL. Instead, Kochar contends the
two documents he produced in response to Wasserman’s summary judgment motion created a fact
issue about control: (1) the property tax record; and (2) a webpage from Chick-fil-A’s website
listing Wasserman as the “restaurant operator.” Wasserman argues this evidence does not create a
fact issue that he, individually, owned and controlled the premises. We agree.
The tax record, which consists of a printout of property details from the Bexar County
Appraisal District’s website, does not mention Wasserman or CMIL. Instead, the tax record states
the owner of the property is “Medical Drive Retail LP.” Although Kochar contends this record
shows Wasserman “held the personal property of the premises in his individual name,” the record
does not contain any such information. The record before us does not support Kochar’s assertions. 1
The only other evidence Kochar relies on is a webpage from Chick-fil-A’s website. The webpage
shows “Mark Wasserman” is listed as the “restaurant operator,” and contains the restaurant’s
address, phone number, and days and hours of operation, as well as a map to the restaurant. Kochar
produced no affidavit or other evidence explaining this listing or showing Wasserman is listed in
his individual capacity, as opposed to his capacity as director of CMIL. Furthermore, this listing
1
We do not address whether, had the record supported Kochar’s assertions, evidence of ownership of personal
property in a restaurant is evidence of ownership or control of the premises.
-4-
04-18-00901-CV
would require a jury to speculate as to whether Wasserman and Chick-fil-A executed a subsequent
agreement naming Wasserman, individually, as franchisee of the restaurant again, or giving
Wasserman, individually, some right to control the premises. Evidence that requires such
speculation is not competent summary judgment evidence. See Branson v. Spiros Partners Ltd.,
No. 04-07-00007-CV, 2007 WL 4547502, at *2 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Dec. 28, 2007, no pet.)
(mem. op.).
We hold Kochar failed to produce evidence raising a genuine issue of material fact as to
whether Wasserman, individually, owned or controlled the premises. Without such ownership or
control, Wasserman, individually, owed Kochar no “duty to make the premises safe or warn of
dangerous conditions.” See United Scaffolding, Inc., 537 S.W.3d at 474. The trial court therefore
properly granted Wasserman’s motion for summary judgment.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice
-5-
| {
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
} |
Huskevarna 1 year ago
Maybe next season they will actually use Henry all season, like they should have for the past 3. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Today's typical PBXs are essentially comprised of a collection of different types of Peripheral Equipment (PE) and a call processing applications all subtending from a single or hierarchical Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) switch. The types of PE typically found include those dedicated to line side access (i.e., telephone termination) support, trunk side access (i.e., network termination), and centralized, shareable resources such as conference bridges, echo cancellers, and Dual Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) receivers, to name a few. In each of these cases, all of them are rather tightly bundled together in terms of not only physical packaging, but more importantly, in terms of Operation and Management (OAM). The main function of a PBX being call processing, the relationship between it and each PE is “one-to-one”, “dedicated”, and “ownership-based”. Call processing not only maintains the state of calls, it also maintains the state of users, telephones, trunks, conference bridges, etc., and defines the usage paradigm. Telephone resources (e.g., keys, lamps, displays, speaker, etc.) and contention for them, are not managed by the phone itself, but rather by the call processing application subject to the same ownership paradigm. For example, any adjunct application such as a voice Mail (VM) can only access/control PBX and terminal resources indirectly through the call processing application, since it is the call processing application that ‘owns’ these resources, keeps state information for them, etc. Furthermore, a user trying to context select between an existing call and a call waiting or a call on hold, must interact with call processing rather than the terminal.
This model lacks flexibility and does not provide the opportunity to share the voice PE resources. A system providing these advantages would inherently give users enhanced services. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
#ifndef BOOST_SERIALIZATION_UNORDERED_MAP_HPP
#define BOOST_SERIALIZATION_UNORDERED_MAP_HPP
// MS compatible compilers support #pragma once
#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1020)
# pragma once
#endif
/////////1/////////2/////////3/////////4/////////5/////////6/////////7/////////8
// serialization/unordered_map.hpp:
// serialization for stl unordered_map templates
// (C) Copyright 2002 Robert Ramey - http://www.rrsd.com .
// (C) Copyright 2014 Jim Bell
// Use, modification and distribution is subject to the Boost Software
// License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
// http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
// See http://www.boost.org for updates, documentation, and revision history.
#include <boost/config.hpp>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <boost/serialization/utility.hpp>
#include <boost/serialization/unordered_collections_save_imp.hpp>
#include <boost/serialization/unordered_collections_load_imp.hpp>
#include <boost/serialization/archive_input_unordered_map.hpp>
#include <boost/serialization/split_free.hpp>
namespace boost {
namespace serialization {
template<
class Archive,
class Key,
class HashFcn,
class EqualKey,
class Allocator
>
inline void save(
Archive & ar,
const std::unordered_map<Key, HashFcn, EqualKey, Allocator> &t,
const unsigned int /*file_version*/
){
boost::serialization::stl::save_unordered_collection<
Archive,
std::unordered_map<Key, HashFcn, EqualKey, Allocator>
>(ar, t);
}
template<
class Archive,
class Key,
class HashFcn,
class EqualKey,
class Allocator
>
inline void load(
Archive & ar,
std::unordered_map<Key, HashFcn, EqualKey, Allocator> &t,
const unsigned int /*file_version*/
){
boost::serialization::stl::load_unordered_collection<
Archive,
std::unordered_map<Key, HashFcn, EqualKey, Allocator>,
boost::serialization::stl::archive_input_unordered_map<
Archive,
std::unordered_map<Key, HashFcn, EqualKey, Allocator>
>
>(ar, t);
}
// split non-intrusive serialization function member into separate
// non intrusive save/load member functions
template<
class Archive,
class Key,
class HashFcn,
class EqualKey,
class Allocator
>
inline void serialize(
Archive & ar,
std::unordered_map<Key, HashFcn, EqualKey, Allocator> &t,
const unsigned int file_version
){
boost::serialization::split_free(ar, t, file_version);
}
// unordered_multimap
template<
class Archive,
class Key,
class HashFcn,
class EqualKey,
class Allocator
>
inline void save(
Archive & ar,
const std::unordered_multimap<
Key, HashFcn, EqualKey, Allocator
> &t,
const unsigned int /*file_version*/
){
boost::serialization::stl::save_unordered_collection<
Archive,
std::unordered_multimap<Key, HashFcn, EqualKey, Allocator>
>(ar, t);
}
template<
class Archive,
class Key,
class HashFcn,
class EqualKey,
class Allocator
>
inline void load(
Archive & ar,
std::unordered_multimap<
Key, HashFcn, EqualKey, Allocator
> &t,
const unsigned int /*file_version*/
){
boost::serialization::stl::load_unordered_collection<
Archive,
std::unordered_multimap<
Key, HashFcn, EqualKey, Allocator
>,
boost::serialization::stl::archive_input_unordered_multimap<
Archive,
std::unordered_multimap<Key, HashFcn, EqualKey, Allocator>
>
>(ar, t);
}
// split non-intrusive serialization function member into separate
// non intrusive save/load member functions
template<
class Archive,
class Key,
class HashFcn,
class EqualKey,
class Allocator
>
inline void serialize(
Archive & ar,
std::unordered_multimap<
Key, HashFcn, EqualKey, Allocator
> &t,
const unsigned int file_version
){
boost::serialization::split_free(ar, t, file_version);
}
} // namespace serialization
} // namespace boost
#endif // BOOST_SERIALIZATION_UNORDERED_MAP_HPP
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Ukrainian Studite Monks
Studite Brethren (MSU , , Monakhy Studytskoho Ustavu) are a religious society of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.
The Studite rule was developed at the Stoudios monastery of Constantinople, from the 5th century onward, especially by Saint Theodore the Studite (760–826). The rule was brought to Kievan Rus in the 11th century by Saint Theodosius of Kiev. In the 17th century all Ukrainian monasteries were united in the Order of Saint Basil the Great, following a path similar to that taken by Western Rite monasticism. With the dire situation of Ukrainian monasticism and the reform of the Basilian Order in the end of the 19th century, Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky decided to also reintroduce monasticism based on the Studite rule. By the beginning of the 20th century the first monastery was established and in 1919 moved into the Holy Dormition Lavra in Univ a former Basilian monastery which at that time served as the residence of the Metropolitan. Fr Lev Gillet was, for a short time, a member of this community. Before the development of the monastery was interrupted by Soviets in 1939 there were 225 Studite monks in eight monasteries.
The Communists attempted to destroy this particular branch of the Ukrainian church, in 1946 they forcefully subjected it to the Moscow Patriarchate and the Univ Lavra was turned into a concentration camp for Greek Catholic clergy who openly refused to serve them and renounce their loyalty to the Pope. In 1947 the Archimandrite of the Studite monks, Blessed Clement Sheptytsky was arrested and martyred in Siberia in 1951. The Studite monks in Ukraine were forced into the underground where they secretly served the Catacomb Church. A small group of monks, who during the war ended up in Western Europe, emigrated to Canada where they established the Holy Dormition Monastery in Woodstock, Ontario in 1951. When in 1963 Major Archbishop Joseph Slipyj was released from the Soviet Gulags he took the Studite monks under his personal patronage and established the Studion monastery of St Theodore the Studite in the Papal summer residence of Castelgandolfo. In 1978 Lubomyr Husar, the future Major Archbishop of Kyiv and Halych, became the Archimandrite of the Studites.
With the collapse of the Soviet Union the Studite reestablished their monasteries in Ukraine. On Christmas Eve of 1991 the bells of the Univ Lavra tolled for the first time in half a century, that night also announcing the rebirth of Ukraine.
Today, there are 90 Studite monks in eight monasteries. The Studites are known for opting to preserve all the Eastern Rite traditions in the Ukrainian Catholic Church, and run a successful publishing house, 'Svichado' (). They are also heavily involved in the collection and preservation of Greek Catholic church art, including icons, wooden sculptures, tapestries and metal work.
Notable members
Lubomyr Husar
Leonid Feodorov
See also
Byzantine Discalced Carmelites
Order of Saint Basil the Great
References
External links
Profile at GCatholic.org
St. Theodore of Stoudios Catechesis (Kindle Edition in Ukrainian)
Canadian Studite Monastery
Category:Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
Category:Christian monasticism | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a video clock signal generator which receives a light emitted from a light source by a linear scale through a vibration scanner, detects a light reflected by or transmitted through a grating of the linear scale and processes an output signal thereof to generate a clock pulse, and more particularly to a video clock signal generator in an optical scan type image input device such as a laser scan microscope which scans a light irradiated to a sample and senses a reflected light, a transmitted light or a fluorescent light from the sample in accordance with a position of the light to form an image.
2. Related Background Art
An optical scan type image input device disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,212,018 generates a video clock signal by using a linear scale. It is easy to realize and hard to be affected by disturbance.
In the prior art, a laser beam from a laser light source is focused and reflected by a mirror surface of a scanner, and the reflected light is directed onto a linear scale as a scanning light spot by the rotation of the scanner. The light spot is scanned to cross a grating of the linear scale. Since it crosses the grating as it is scanned, an intensity of the laser beam transmitting through the linear scale varies. The modulated laser beam is converted to a modulated signal by a photo-sensor and the modulated signal is comparated at an appropriate level so that a video clock signal is generated in accordance with the rotation of the scanner.
The prior art discloses the scanner which uses a polygon mirror although a scanner which reciprocally scans a light spot on a linear scale such as a galvanometer or a resonance type galvanometer (resonant mirror which vibrates at its resonance frequency) is also known.
Particularly, the resonant mirror is effective for the image input by high speed scan because of its high vibration frequency. However, since the resonance frequency varies by the affect of change in an environment such as a temperature, an amplitude is not stable even if an input frequency is constant, and it is difficult to form an ideal image.
In order to increase an image density, it is necessary to increase the number of video clock signals. In order to increase the video clock signals while keeping a swing angle of the scanner at a constant level, the size of the linear scale may be doubled and a focal distance of a focusing lens may be elongated to double the amplitude of the light spot. Alternatively, a pitch of the grating of the linear scale may be reduced to one half and a diameter of the light spot may be reduced to one half. However, when the focal distance of the focusing lens is elongated, the diameter of the light spot on the linear scale increases and a light spot which is small enough to the pitch of the grating cannot be attained. Same is true when the pitch of the grating is reduced to one half. In the prior art optical scan type image input device, there is a limit in the increase of the number of video block signals whatever scanner may be used.
In the prior art device, the frequency of the amplified photo-sensor output is multiplied by a PLL (phase-locked loop) circuit, and it is supplied to a comparator to generate a required number of clock signals. The number of video clock signals may be increased by increasing the frequency multiplication factor by the PLL circuit. Where the amplitude of the scanner and the scan velocity are constant, an enlarged image may be formed by this method. However, in order to increase the multiplication factor, it is necessary to use a high speed IC for the PLL circuit, and even with such a high speed IC, the circuit may not be compatible with a high frequency or the configuration of the PLL circuit is complex. As a result, it is not easy to attain an enlarged image. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
El ministro del Interior italiano, Matteo Salvini, ha aplaudido la decisión de la Capitanía Marítima de Barcelona de retener en puerto al buque Open Arms que realiza tareas de rescate de migrantes en el Mediterráneo central. “Stop a traficantes y ONG, también a la izquierda, en España, se dan cuenta de que tenemos razón”, ha escrito el líder de La Liga en su Twitter.
Salvini, con un discurso abiertamente antiinmigración y responsable de la política de puertos cerrados que impide que desembarquen en Italia migrantes, se congratulaba así de que España, a través de una decisión administrativa, impida a uno de los barcos de rescate más activos ejercer su principal actividad.
Un despacho de la capitanía Marítima de Barcelona, con el beneplácito de la Dirección General de la Marina Mercante, denegaba el pasado día 8 de enero la autorización para que el buque volviese a la zona de búsqueda y rescate libia. El documento justifica su decisión en la violación de numerosos convenios internacionales cuyo incumplimiento no es responsabilidad directa del barco o de su tripulación, sino de los Estados responsables de coordinar los rescates en ese tramo del Mediterráneo. Solo este año, en esta ruta que lleva a Italia y Malta, ya han muerto cinco de cada cien personas que intentaron cruzarlo, según la Organización Mundial para las Migraciones.
Los convenios incumplidos por el buque español obligan a que una vez prestado auxilio a náufragos en el mar, estos deben ser desembarcados en el puerto seguro más cercano. Como los Estados ribereños, Italia y Malta, no permiten el desembarco de migrantes, barcos de rescate como Open Arms se ven obligados a realizar largas travesías con un número elevado de personas a bordo para poder llegar a puerto. Este extremo, según el despacho, compromete “la seguridad intrínseca del buque, de la tripulación y de las personas auxiliadas”.
Óscar Camps, fundador de Proactiva Open Arms, propietaria del barco, se mostró sorprendido con lo que calificó de “decisión política”. “Uno no se espera una conferencia sobre política internacional en un despacho. Falta decirnos que les dejemos morir”, lamentó Camps. “El Open Arms debe ser el barco más fiscalizado de España, tenemos todo en regla. Si a todos los barcos que atraviesan la zona se les niega el despacho porque si rescatan no podrán desembarcar en un puerto seguro próximo, no habría más embarcaciones en el Mediterráneo”, aseguró.
El ministro de Fomento, José Luis Ábalos, de quien depende tanto la Capitanía Marítima como la Dirección General de la Marina Mercante, defendió este lunes la decisión que calificó de "respuesta administrativa claramente recurrible". Ábalos, que en septiembre destacaba “la colaboración” y el “ejemplo valiente” de la organización a la que llegó a ofrecer que ayudase con los rescates en el Estrecho, negó también que haya habido arbitrariedad en la decisión.
La retención del Open Arms en puerto se sucede a una serie de obstáculos que diferentes países han impuesto a los barcos de rescate en el Mediterráneo. El último barco a retirarse, hace poco más de un mes, fue el Aquarius, al que el Gobierno de Pedro Sánchez autorizó para desembarcar 630 migrantes en el puerto de Valencia en junio. Las ONG que fletaban el buque desde 2016, Médicos Sin Fronteras y SOS Méditerranée, mantuvieron que su decisión de abandonar era "el resultado de una campaña encabezada por el Gobierno italiano y respaldada por otros Estados europeos, para deslegitimar, desacreditar y obstaculizar” su trabajo. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Advanced age and comorbidity increase the risk for adverse events after revision total hip arthroplasty.
With the institution of quality-assurance parameters in health care, physicians must accurately measure and report the true baseline rates of adverse events (AEs) after complex surgical interventions. To better quantify the risk of AEs for revision total hip arthroplasty (THA), we divided a cohort of 306 patients (322 procedures) into age groups: group I (<65 years, n = 138), group II (65-79 years, n = 119), and group III (≥80 years, n = 65). Ninety-day rates of major AE were 9%, 19%, and 34% in the groups, respectively. Group III had an increased chance of experiencing major AE compared with groups I and II. Age and Charlson Comorbidity Index independently predicted major complications, whereas body mass index, sex, and type of revision did not. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
/* eslint-disable */
require('eventsource-polyfill')
var hotClient = require('webpack-hot-middleware/client?noInfo=true&reload=true')
hotClient.subscribe(function (event) {
if (event.action === 'reload') {
window.location.reload()
}
})
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Q:
Keys of a dictionary of lists to a row-enumerated, tab-delimited csv file
My dictionaries that include names of characters and their offsets look like this:
{'Amestris': [(2247, 2255)],
'Beda': [(3266, 3270)],
'Fuery': [(2285, 2290),
(2380, 2385),
(2686, 2691),
(2723, 2728),
'Gloria': [(1565, 1571)],
'Hawkeye': [(22, 29),
(832, 839),
(999, 1006),
(1119, 1126),
(1927, 1934),
(3007, 3014),
(4068, 4075)]}
My desired output would be the keys of the dictionary (the character names).
In addition, the first column should be enumerating the character names as their Ids, starting from 0.
The tab-delimited csv file should look like this:
Id Label
0 Amestris
1 Beda
2 Fuery
3 Gloria
4 Hawkeye
So far I've reached this point:
import csv
import pickle
exmen = pickle.load(open("exmen.p", "rb"))
with open('mycsvfile.csv', 'w') as f:
i = 0
fieldnames = ['Id', 'Label']
w = csv.writer(f, delimiter=' ', fieldnames=fieldnames)
w.writeheader()
w.writerow(i(dict(fieldnames, (key))) for key in exmen)
I'm getting this error message:
line 28, in <module>
w = csv.writer(f, delimiter=' ', fieldnames=fieldnames)
TypeError: 'fieldnames' is an invalid keyword argument for this function
I'm not sure how to include the headers Id and Label other than using fieldnames and how to implement the enmuerating of the rows, here I tried to apply i = 0 and tried to find somewhere in the last line to apply an i += 1 but it gave me the error warning syntax error
Any ideas for improving the code?
Thanks in advance!
A:
fieldnames is only an argument for csv.DictWriter which you do not need here. You could try sth. along the following lines, using csv.writer:
with open('mycsvfile.csv', 'w') as f:
w = csv.writer(f, delimiter='\t') # tab delimited
w.writerow(['Id', 'Label']) # just write header row
w.writerows(enumerate(exmen)) # write (id, key) rows
If exmen is common dict, there is no guarantee of the keys' order. You can do:
w.writerows(enumerate(sorted(exmen)))
to enforce alphabetical order.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Q:
Creating a ContextMenu with available web applications
I'm developing an application that needs to open a web browser in order to show a web page. In addition, the user can open using my own application, so I need to display all the available web browsers and the then handle the option the user chose.
So far, I open the context menu, but I don't know how to populate it with the items I need.
public void onCreateContextMenu(ContextMenu menu, View v,
ContextMenuInfo menuInfo) {
Log.d("WebOff","Creating ContextMenu");
menu.setHeaderTitle("MyTitle");
menu.setHeaderIcon(R.drawable.MyIcon);
menu.add("MyItem");
}
What I want to achieve looks something
like this, but with the browsers installed in the device and my application.
Thanks in advance.
A:
Try this
public void onCreateContextMenu(ContextMenu menu, View v, ContextMenuInfo menuInfo) {
String url = "http://www.google.com";
Intent i = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW);
i.setData(Uri.parse(url));
ComponentName caller = new ComponentName(Activity.this, Activity.class);
menu.addIntentOptions(0, 0, 0,caller, null, i, Menu.FLAG_APPEND_TO_GROUP,null) ;
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
package com.matie.redgram.ui.common.views.adapters;
import android.content.Context;
import android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import com.matie.redgram.data.models.main.items.PostItem;
import com.matie.redgram.ui.common.views.widgets.postlist.PostItemView;
import com.matie.redgram.ui.common.views.widgets.postlist.PostViewHolder;
import com.matie.redgram.ui.posts.views.LinksView;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
/**
* Created by matie on 04/04/15.
*/
public abstract class PostAdapterBase extends RecyclerView.Adapter<PostViewHolder>{
private final Context context;
private final int layoutResId;
private final LayoutInflater inflater;
private List<PostItem> items = Collections.emptyList();
private LinksView linksView;
public PostAdapterBase(Context context, int layoutResId){
this.context = context;
this.layoutResId = layoutResId;
this.inflater = LayoutInflater.from(context);
}
public void replaceWith(List<PostItem> items){
this.items = new ArrayList<>(items);
notifyDataSetChanged();
}
public void setPostItemListener(LinksView linksView){
this.linksView = linksView;
}
public PostItem getItem(int position){
return items.get(position);
}
public List<PostItem> getItems() {
return items;
}
public int getViewTypeCount() {
return getTypeCount();
}
public LayoutInflater getInflater() {
return inflater;
}
//has to be implemented in sub-class and will inflate the specified view according to type
public abstract View getDynamicView(int type, View dynamicView, ViewGroup dynamicParent);
public abstract int getItemType(int position);
public abstract int getTypeCount();
@Override
public PostViewHolder onCreateViewHolder(ViewGroup parent, int viewType) {
PostItemView v = (PostItemView)inflater.inflate(layoutResId, parent, false);
View dynamicView = getDynamicView(viewType, v.getDynamicView(), v.getDynamicParent());
if(!dynamicView.equals(v.getDynamicView())){
v.getDynamicParent().removeAllViews();
v.getDynamicParent().addView(dynamicView);
}
v.setDynamicView(dynamicView);
if(linksView != null){
return new PostViewHolder(v, linksView);
}
return new PostViewHolder(v);
}
@Override
public void onBindViewHolder(PostViewHolder holder, int position) {
// Log.d("ITEM VIEW HOLDER" , holder+"");
// Log.d("ITEM VIEW" , holder.getItemView()+"");
holder.getItemView().bindTo(items.get(position), position);
}
@Override
public int getItemCount() {
return items.size();
}
@Override
public int getItemViewType(int position) {
return getItemType(position);
}
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
CNNA
Companhia Nacional de Navegação Aérea ("National Aerial Navigation Company", usually known as CNNA) was a Brazilian aircraft manufacturer of the 1940s established by Henrique Lage. It produced Muniz designs under licence, as well as prototypes for a wide range of civil aircraft. Its greatest successes were the HL-1 and HL-6, which were purchased in number by the Brazilian government for the country's aeroclubs as part of a pilot training initiative. Business ceased in 1951.
Aircraft
Muniz M-7
Muniz M-9
CNNA HL-1
CNNA HL-2
CNNA HL-3
CNNA HL-6
CNNA HL-8
CNNA HL-14
References
São Paulo Technical Museum website
Category:Aircraft manufacturers of Brazil | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
And we begin this hour with politics. It's day two of the Democratic National Convention in Charlotte, North Carolina. Tonight's headliner is former President Bill Clinton. And we have our own headliner, NPR's Mara Liasson, who's joining us from Charlotte with a look ahead. Hey, Mara.
MARA LIASSON, BYLINE: Hi, Melissa.
BLOCK: And there is some news today. President Obama will no longer be accepting his party's nomination tomorrow in the vast football stadium there in Charlotte. The organizers are saying the weather forced the event indoors.
LIASSON: Well, that's what they say, and there are going to be a lot of disappointed people who had tickets to that. Of course the Republicans immediately pounced and said the reason they're canceling it is because they couldn't fill the stadium, and they are pointing to weather reports that say it'll be just fine tomorrow night.
The fact is there has been a lot of rain, really torrential downpours here. They didn't want to risk having to evacuate the stadium in the middle of the event. And the Obama campaign said they had already given out 65,000 tickets, with 19,000 on a waiting list. The stadium holds about 73,000, and they say that they're going to try to give every one of those ticket holders entry to another event with the president between now and Election Day.
BLOCK: And do you see this having any kind of impact on the campaign?
LIASSON: Well, they miss out on the optics of a big stadium, cheering him on, and they miss out on some of the organizing benefits. Giving these volunteers a ticket was a real motivation and reward for their work. But still, there'll be plenty of enthusiasm inside, in the smaller venue in the arena here.
For a supposedly unenthusiastic party, these Democrats are pretty fired up not just to beat Mitt Romney, but for President Obama. And I thought the speakers last night on the first night of the convention really lit into Romney with a level of gusto that was certainly coordinated, but higher than I was expecting. It also shows the benefits of having the last word, of being able to go after the other guy's had his convention.
BLOCK: Well, let's talk about the speakers who'll be trying to fire up the crowd there tonight. One of them is Elizabeth Warren. She's in a tough race, running for the U.S. Senate in Massachusetts. She led the effort to create the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. What do you see her role as being tonight?
LIASSON: Well, she's an absolute hero to the left-wing base of the Democratic Party. But she's struggling in Massachusetts, and that really maddens and mystifies Democrats. This is Ted Kennedy's seat in a year when President Obama is going to be on the top of the ballot.
So, tonight, she has to do herself some good, do the president some good, without reminding liberals why they're disappointed in the president on some issues. But I think that she will be really popular.
And she is the one, by the way, who initially formulated the you didn't build that line that's been ripped out of context by the Republicans. So she is an articulate defender of why the public sphere is important and it's an important foundation for prosperity.
BLOCK: And as we mentioned, Mara, the star of the show tonight is Bill Clinton. We talked about this on the program earlier this week. He and President Obama have a fraught relationship. It was, though, an invitation directly from President Obama to President Clinton to make the speech tonight and officially, I gather, put his name into nomination.
LIASSON: Right. It's the first time a former president has put a sitting president's name in nomination. President Clinton is incredibly popular. His favorable ratings have never been higher. He presided over a period of peace and prosperity. His implied message will be stick with Obama. We can do that again.
The Republicans, of course, are trying to use him as a foil. Newt Gingrich said today, oh, Clinton was a great president. Obama is pathetically bad in comparison. Of course he didn't think that about Bill Clinton at the time.
(LAUGHTER)
LIASSON: But he - but the Obama campaign feels that Clinton can tell the Obama story better than anyone, including Obama, and he can lay out the Democratic agenda in a way that's understandable. He can take the fight to Mitt Romney without looking mean.
Of course there's a risk. Not only there's the risk of making the president pale by comparison or look smaller, but also sometimes Bill Clinton goes off message. Not long ago, he said that Mitt Romney had a sterling business career. And the other day, we asked the Obama high command, who's vetting Bill Clinton's speech? And they said, Bill Clinton.
So you can't really control him, but there has been the famous rivalry between the two men, which is now patched up. Back in 2008, of course, he called President Obama, then-candidate Obama, a fairy tale. But the bottom line is the campaign feels he's a huge asset; otherwise, they wouldn't be using him in campaign advertising.
BLOCK: OK. Mara, thanks so much.
LIASSON: Thank you, Melissa.
BLOCK: That's NPR national political correspondent Mara Liasson at the Democratic National Convention in Charlotte. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright National Public Radio. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Noncovalent interactions in peri-substituted chalconium acenaphthene and naphthalene salts: a combined experimental, crystallographic, computational, and solid-state NMR study.
Twelve related monocation chalconium salts [{Nap(EPh)(E'Ph)Me}(+){CF(3)SO(3)}(-)] 2-4, [{Acenap(Br)(EPh)Me}{CF(3)SO(3)}(-)] 5-7, and [{Acenap(EPh)(E'Ph)Me}(+){CF(3)SO(3)}(-)] 8-13 have been prepared and structurally characterized. For their synthesis naphthalene compounds [Nap(EPh)(E'Ph)] (Nap = naphthalene-1,8-diyl; E/E' = S, Se, Te) N2-N4 and associated acenaphthene derivatives [Acenap(X)(EPh)]/[Acenap(EPh)(E'Ph)] (Acenap = acenaphthene-5,6-diyl; E/E' = S, Se, Te; X = Br) A5-A13 were independently treated with a single molar equivalent of methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (MeOTf). In addition, reaction of bis-tellurium compound A10 with 2 equiv of MeOTf afforded the doubly methylated dication salt [{Acenap(TePhMe)(2)}(2+){(CF(3)SO(3))(2)}(2-)}] 14. The distortion of the rigid naphthalene and acenaphthene backbone away from ideal was investigated in each case and correlated in general with the steric bulk of the interacting atoms located at the proximal peri positions. Naturally, introduction of the ethane linker in acenaphthene compounds increased the splay of the bay region compared with equivalent naphthalene derivatives resulting in greater peri distances. The conformation of the aromatic rings and subsequent location of p-type lone pairs has a significant impact on the geometry of the peri region, with anomalies in peri separations correlated to the ability of the frontier orbitals to take part in attractive or repulsive interactions. In all but one of the monocations a quasi-linear three-body C(Me)-E···Z (E = Te, Se, S; Z = Br/E) fragment provides an attractive component for the E···Z interaction. Density functional studies confirmed these interactions and suggested the onset of formation of three-center, four-electron bonding under appropriate geometric conditions, becoming more prevalent as heavier congeners are introduced along the series. The increasingly large J values for Se-Se, Te-Se, and Te-Te coupling observed in the (77)Se and (125)Te NMR spectra for 1, 3, 4, 9, 10, and 13 give further evidence for the existence of a weakly attractive through-space interaction. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Louis Pappe
Louis Pappe was a French gymnast. He competed in the men's team event at the 1908 Summer Olympics.
References
Category:Year of birth missing
Category:Year of death missing
Category:French male artistic gymnasts
Category:Olympic gymnasts of France
Category:Gymnasts at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Category:Place of birth missing | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Q:
How to get progressbar start() info from one window (class) to other?
There is a main window with menu and the progressbar. A correspondence window with OK button opens upon menu command and the OK button starts the process (here: 3 sec. sleep).
The correspondence window is created via inheritance from a class I have not provided here (If required for answer, please let me know). The methods apply and ok override existing methods in the mother class.
Now my problem: Since the progressbar sits in the main window (class App) and progressbar(start) and progressbar(stop) in the correspondence window I somehow have to pass (start) and (stop) via the mother class tkSimpleDialog.Dialog to class App. So I thought I also override the __init__(self..) method, provide self. to progressbar.
How can I make this work?
import Tkinter, ttk, tkFileDialog, tkSimpleDialog, time, threading
class App:
def __init__(self, master, progressbar):
self.progress_line(master)
def progress_line (self, master):
self.progressbar = ttk.Progressbar(master, mode='indeterminate')
self.progressbar.place(anchor = 'ne', height = "20", width = "150", x = "175", y = "30")
class AppMenu(object):
def __init__(self, master, progressbar):
self.master = master
self.menu_bar()
def menu_bar(self):
menu_bar = Tkinter.Menu(self.master)
self.menu_bar = Tkinter.Menu(self.master)
self.master.config(menu=self.menu_bar)
self.create_menu = Tkinter.Menu(self.menu_bar, tearoff = False)
self.create_menu.add_command(label = "do", command = self.do)
self.menu_bar.add_cascade(label = "now", menu = self.create_menu)
def do(self):
do1 = Dialog(self.master, progressbar)
class Dialog(tkSimpleDialog.Dialog):
def __init__(self, parent, progressbar):
tkSimpleDialog.Dialog.__init__(self, parent, progressbar)
self.transient(parent)
self.parent = parent
self.result = None
self.progressbar = progressbar
body = Frame(self)
self.initial_focus = self.body(body)
body.pack(padx=5, pady=5)
self.buttonbox()
self.grab_set()
if not self.initial_focus:
self.initial_focus = self
self.protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", self.cancel)
self.geometry("+%d+%d" % (parent.winfo_rootx()+50, parent.winfo_rooty()+50))
self.initial_focus.focus_set()
self.wait_window(self)
def ok(self, event=None):
self.withdraw()
self.start_foo_thread()
self.cancel()
def apply(self):
time.sleep(5)
def start_foo_thread(self):
global foo_thread
self.foo_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.apply)
self.foo_thread.daemon = True
self.progressbar.start()
self.foo_thread.start()
master.after(20, check_foo_thread)
def check_foo_thread(self):
if self.foo_thread.is_alive():
root.after(20, self.check_foo_thread)
else:
self.progressbar.stop()
master = Tkinter.Tk()
progressbar = None
app = App(master, progressbar)
appmenu = AppMenu(master, progressbar)
master.mainloop()
error messages:
first after clicking ok:
Exception in Tkinter callback
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/lib-tk/Tkinter.py", line 1410, in __call__
File "ask-progressbar.py", line 57, in ok
self.start_foo_thread()
File "ask-progressbar.py", line 66, in start_foo_thread
self.progressbar.start()
AttributeError: Dialog2 instance has no attribute 'progressbar'
second: after closing app
Exception in Tkinter callback
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/lib-tk/Tkinter.py", line 1410, in __call__
File "ask-progressbar.py", line 26, in do
do1 = Dialog2(self.master, progressbar)
File "ask-progressbar.py", line 33, in __init__
self.transient(parent)
File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/lib-tk/Tkinter.py", line 1652, in wm_transient
TclError: can't invoke "wm" command: application has been destroyed
A:
Below is a working version of your code. There were a number of issues I had to fix because you didn't change a number of things in the code from my answer to your other question about progressbars.
The answer to your main question here is basically that you have to pass the instance around and remember it when necessary in the various class instances involved so that their methods will have it available through theself argument when they need it. Also, the way you were trying to derive and override the tkSimpleDialog.Dialog base class methods was both over-complicated and incorrect as well.
Usually the best (and simplest) thing to do is just supply your own validate() and apply() methods since that's how it was designed to work. If you also need your own __init__() constructor, it's important to only pass parameters to the base class' method that it understands from within the one in the subclass. If you need more functionality, it can usually be provided via additional derived-class-only methods, that only it or other classes you've also created know about.
Anyway, here's what I ended-up with:
import Tkinter, ttk, tkFileDialog, tkSimpleDialog, time, threading
class App:
def __init__(self, master):
self.progress_line(master)
def progress_line(self, master):
# the value of "maximum" determines how fast progressbar moves
self._progressbar = ttk.Progressbar(master, mode='indeterminate',
maximum=4) # speed of progressbar
self._progressbar.place(anchor='ne', height="20", width="150",
x="175", y="30")
@property
def progressbar(self):
return self._progressbar # return value of private member
class AppMenu(object):
def __init__(self, master, progressbar):
self.master = master
self.menu_bar()
self.progressbar = progressbar
def menu_bar(self):
self.menu_bar = Tkinter.Menu(self.master)
self.master.config(menu=self.menu_bar)
self.create_menu = Tkinter.Menu(self.menu_bar, tearoff=False)
self.create_menu.add_command(label="do", command=self.do)
self.menu_bar.add_cascade(label="now", menu=self.create_menu)
def do(self):
Dialog(self.master, self.progressbar) # display the dialog box
class Dialog(tkSimpleDialog.Dialog):
def __init__(self, parent, progressbar):
self.progressbar = progressbar
tkSimpleDialog.Dialog.__init__(self, parent, title="Do foo?")
def apply(self):
self.start_foo_thread()
# added dialog methods...
def start_foo_thread(self):
self.foo_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.foo)
self.foo_thread.daemon = True
self.progressbar.start()
self.foo_thread.start()
master.after(20, self.check_foo_thread)
def check_foo_thread(self):
if self.foo_thread.is_alive():
master.after(20, self.check_foo_thread)
else:
self.progressbar.stop()
def foo(self): # some time-consuming function...
time.sleep(3)
master = Tkinter.Tk()
master.title("Foo runner")
app = App(master)
appmenu = AppMenu(master, app.progressbar)
master.mainloop()
Hope this helps.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Looks like we are headed to a court battle.
Treasury Secretary Steve Mnuchin answered the 5pm deadline set by House Democrats to turn over Trump’s tax returns with a simple answer. Go take a long walk off a short pier.
NBC News has the breathless report.
WASHINGTON — The Treasury Department said Friday that it would not comply with congressional subpoenas to provide six years of President Donald Trump’s tax returns. Treasury Secretary Steve Mnuchin sent a letter to House Ways and Means Committee Chairman Richard Neal, D-Mass, before the 5 p.m. ET deadline to hand over the documents. Mnuchin said that, on advice of the Justice Department, Treasury had determined that the committee’s request “lacks a legitimate legislative purpose,” and so the department is not “authorized to disclose the requested returns.” “For the same reasons, we are unable to provide the requested information in response to the Committee’s subpoena,” Mnuchin said.
What the Democrats are doing is transparent politics and a complete abuse of the relevant statutes. There is no constitutional oversight for Congress to look into aspects of a President’s business ventures before he was even President. Their proper oversight role extends to his time in office, dealing with aspects of his office. Congressional committees are not meant to be personal opposition research arms, digging through years old tax returns hoping to create negative innuendo.
We know that Trump hasn’t done anything illegal. How? Because the IRS is a thing that exists. If Trump had broken any laws dealing with his taxes or businesses, he would have been charged years and years ago. I have no doubt the IRS under Obama would have come down hard on him during 2016 if there was anything there to pursue. There’s clearly not.
This isn’t about actual oversight or illegality. No, what Democrats want is to do is publicize complicated financial transactions and try to spin them into nefarious activity, most likely to assert that other countries have “leverage” over the President.
Democrat Chariman Richard Neal responded to Mnuchin’s denial.
Neal responded Friday saying that the law provides “clear statutory authority” for him to request and received access to tax returns and return information. “The law, by its terms, does not allow for discretion as to whether to comply with a request for tax returns and return information,” he wrote. “Given the Treasury Secretary’s failure to comply today, I am consulting with counsel on how best to enforce the subpoenas moving forward.”
The question of whether Neal has a legitimate legislative reason to seek the returns is easy to answer. Of course he doesn’t. He’s claiming that they need to ensure the IRS is auditing the President, per legal requirements, but that’s ludicrous. The idea that the IRS would break the law for Trump is a laughable premise. It’s full of career bureaucrats, who historically vote Democrat over 90% of the time. No one at the IRS is protecting Donald Trump.
The issue will be the language in the law though. It does appear to give Congress broad power to request returns, despite the fact that it was never meant to be used this way, i.e. to target Presidents for political reasons. While the statute itself favors Democrats, Congress can’t operate within an oversight role without a legitimate legislative reason for doing so because that’s the legal basis for all of their oversight powers. Neal’s claims are shallow on their face and he’s trying to open Pandora’s box when it comes to misusing Congressional power against political opponents.
Regardless, I fully expect an Obama appointed judge to be given this case and for him to rule against the President, no matter the facts at hand. Eventually, Democrats are going to get their wish and see Trump’s taxes. It’ll just depend on whether the court battle drags out past 2020, making the issue irrelevant.
————————————————-
Enjoying the read? Please visit my archive and check out some of my latest articles. I’ve got a new twitter! Please help by following @bonchieredstate. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
This invention relates generally to a gas turbine engine, and, more specifically, to a combustion system for a gas turbine engine.
In at least some known gas turbine engine combustion systems, to facilitate reducing the possibility of lean blow-out, or a blow out caused when the environment has a low fuel to air ratio, diffusion fuel is used to start turbine operation. Depending on the turbine, diffusion fuel injected through fuel nozzles may become concentrated downstream from the fuel injection nozzles. The increased concentration of diffusion fuel may undesirably increase a fuel rich fuel/air ratio downstream from the fuel injection nozzles such that the fuel/air ratio is increases beyond the upper design limit. Such a fuel rich environment may exceed a rich blow out (RBO) boundary causing the diffusion fuel flame to blow out. More specifically, most known rich blow outs occur at about 80% of turbine speed during turbine start up.
Some known combustion systems compensate for the fuel rich environment by reducing the flow of diffusion fuel and injecting a fuel premixed with air before the turbine obtains full operating speed. A turbine start-up that injects premixed fuel before the turbine reaches full speed may be referred to, for example, as a “lean-lean start.” However, because the premix fuel flame is more unstable than diffusion fuel flames, to facilitate stabilizing the flame more fuel must be supplied to a premix fuel flame than to a diffusion fuel flame. For example, in some known systems, approximately 50% or more of the total fuel injected into the combustor is premix fuel injected through one of the plurality of nozzles within the combustor.
In at least some known combustors, a lean-lean start may increase the local liner wall temperature near the premix fuel flame. Such an increase in temperature generally occurs because of the disproportionate amount of premixed fuel supplied to one of the fuel nozzles, as compared to the amount of fuel supplied to other nozzles within the combustor. Moreover, such an increase in temperature may prematurely wear the combustor hardware surrounding the flame, such as, for example, the combustor liner and/or transition pieces. As a result, such combustor hardware may be replaced more frequently than if the start-up combustion temperatures were maintained at a lower temperature. To compensate for higher temperatures, some known combustors include components that are more resistant to thermal wear. Such components may add cost and/or weight to the engine compared to engines having combustors that do not include thermally resistant components. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
Are insurance products, such as home, travel or pet insurance, available through Motability?
Motability, the Charity, offer travel insurance, home insurance and pet insurance. The sales of which help Motability raise funds for those who may need additional support. These insurance products are offered in partnership with other suppliers. You can find out more information by visiting their website www.motability.org.uk | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Satipatthana - Wikipedia
sposami puttana
Other articles where Pūtanā is discussed: rakshasa: Pūtanā, a female demon, is well known for her attempt to kill the infant Krishna by offering him milk from her | {
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A northern Indiana man who allegedly threatened to “kill as many people as he could” at an elementary school near his home was arrested by officers who later found 47 guns and ammunition hidden throughout his home, the Associated Press reports.
Von. I. Meyer, 60, of Cedar Lake, was arrested Saturday, Dec. 15, after prosecutors filed formal charges of felony intimidation, domestic battery and resisting law enforcement against him. He was being held Sunday without bond at the Lake County Jail, pending an initial hearing on the charges, police notified the media via a statement.
Cedar Lake Police officers were called to Meyer’s home early Friday after he allegedly threatened to set his wife on fire once she fell asleep, the statement said.
Meyer also threatened to enter nearby Jane Ball Elementary School “and kill as many people as he could before police could stop him,” the statement said. Meyer’s home is less than 1,000 feet from the school and linked to it by trails and paths through a wooded area, police said.
Police said in the statement that they notified school officials and boosted security at all area schools Friday, Dec. 15 — the same day 26 people, including 20 students, were shot and killed at an elementary school in Newtown, Conn.
On Saturday, officers served warrants at Meyer’s home and arrested him. The statement said police had learned that Meyer kept many weapons in his older, two-story home and “is a known member of the Invaders Motorcycle Gang.”
Officers searched the home, finding 47 guns and ammunition worth more than $100,000 hidden throughout the home. Many of the weapons were collector’s guns.
Cedar Lake is about 45 miles southeast of Chicago.
A dispatcher with Cedar Lake Police said that the police chief was not available for interviews until Monday.
Lake County police spokeswoman Patti Van Til said Sunday that a SWAT team from the department assisted in serving Saturday’s warrants. | {
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The Budget Impact of Hepatitis C Treatment in Ireland 2001-2012.
Chronic Hepatitis C (HCV) is estimated to infect 20,000 to 50,000 people in Ireland. National estimates of the number of patients who have been treated for HCV, their demographics and the cost associated with that treatment have not been published. Prescriptions for the treatment of HCV from 2000-2012 were established by interrogating the records of the High-Tech Drug Scheme and the pharmacy records of the Genitourinary Medicine and Infectious Diseases department of St. James Hospital. 2320 patients were initiated on treatment for HCV. Over €27 million was spent on HCV treatment. €25.5 million was spent on anti-viral therapy and €2 million was spent on haematological growth factor support for the management of adverse effects. The budget impact of HCV treatment has been significant in Ireland. New agents for HCV will have a greater budget impact but should require less spend on adverse event management. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
For several months my 4 year old has been asking to build one of our dogs 'Skippy', a dog house. We have three dogs. Kayla stays inside the house and the other two, Skippy and Bear, are living large each day in comfy down filled doggie beds in a section of our garage, like Kings. Not sure why my son thought Skippy would want to give that all up for a new dog house!
So a few weeks ago, dad constructed a dog house with the help of the boys.
Dad was responsible for putting the house together.
And the boys were responsible for making sure that Skippy would fit through the door.
I also gave the boys full responsibility to "decorate" Skippy's new digs, since I don't have much resume experience with decorating Dog Houses.
And let me tell you , they sure do! Not only did we get an original, one of a kind painted dog house
We got a very happy little boy with paint on him from his hair to his toes | {
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Griffin Valuation Advisory are very pleased to be a Front of Jersey Partner with the Western Force for the 2015 season. We wish the team every success in their 10th season of Super Rugby and look forward to our continued association with them into the future. | {
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UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 97-1998
ELIZABETH JOHNSON,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
versus
UNITED STEELWORKERS OF AMERICA, AFL-CIO CLC,
Defendant - Appellee,
and
NORTON COMMUNITY HOSPITAL,
Defendant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western Dis-
trict of Virginia, at Big Stone Gap. James P. Jones, District
Judge. (CA-96-216-B)
Submitted: October 20, 1997 Decided: January 9, 1998
Before HALL, WILKINS, and MICHAEL, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
Elizabeth Johnson, Appellant Pro Se. Daniel Martin Kovalik, UNITED
STEELWORKERS OF AMERICA, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Scott Wayne
Mullins, Coeburn, Virginia, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
See Local Rule 36(c).
PER CURIAM:
Appellant appeals the district court's order granting Defen-
dant's motion for summary judgment and denying counsel's motion for
leave to withdraw. We have reviewed the record and the district
court's opinion and find no reversible error. Accordingly, we
affirm on the reasoning of the district court. Johnson v. United
Steelworkers, No. CA-96-216-B (W.D. Va. June 26, 1997). We dispense
with oral argument because the facts and legal contentions are ade-
quately presented in the materials before the court and argument
would not aid the decisional process.
AFFIRMED
2
| {
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In the United States Court of Federal Claims
OFFICE OF SPECIAL MASTERS
(Filed: April 13, 2020)
* * * * * * * * * * * * * *
DAVID FAIRCHILD, * UNPUBLISHED
*
* No. 13-487V
Petitioner, *
* Special Master Dorsey
v. *
* Attorneys’ Fees and Costs
*
SECRETARY OF HEALTH *
AND HUMAN SERVICES, *
*
Respondent. *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Richard Gage, Richard Gage, P.C., Cheyenne, WY, for petitioner
Heather L. Pearlman, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for respondent.
DECISION ON ATTORNEYS’ FEES AND COSTS1
On July 18, 2013, David Fairchild (“petitioner”) filed a petition for compensation under
the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, 42 U.S.C. §300aa-10, et seq.,2 (“Vaccine
Act”). Petitioner alleged that he suffered from brachial neuritis as a result of the tetanus vaccine
he received on February 29, 2012. Petition at 1. On September 10, 2019, the parties filed a
proffer, which the previously assigned special master adopted as his Decision awarding
compensation on September 20, 2019. Decision, ECF No. 166.3
1
This Decision will be posted on the website of the United States Court of Federal Claims' website, in accordance
with the E-Government Act of 2002. 44 U.S.C. § 3501 note (2012). This means the Decision will be available to
anyone with access to the internet. As provided by 44 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(d)(4)B), however, the parties may object
to the published Decision’s inclusion of certain kinds of confidential information. Specifically, Under Vaccine Rule
18(b), each party has 14 days within which to request redaction “of any information furnished by that party: (1) that
is a trade secret or commercial or financial in substance and is privileged or confidential; or (2) that includes medical
filed or similar files, the disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of privacy.” Vaccine
Rule 18(b). Otherwise the whole decision will be available to the public in its current form. Id.
2
The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program is set forth in Part 2 of the National Childhood Vaccine
Injury Act of 1986, Pub. L. No. 99-660, 100 Stat. 3755, codified as amended, 42 U.S.C. §§ 300aa-1 to -34 (2012)
(“Vaccine Act” or “the Act). All citations in this decision to individual sections of the Vaccine Act are to 42 U.S.C.
§§ 300aa.
3
On October 4, 2019, the instant case was reassigned to the undersigned for resolution of attorneys’ fees and costs.
On October 18, 2019, petitioner filed an application for attorneys’ fees and costs. Motion
for Attorney Fees and Costs (“Fees App.”) (ECF No. 172). Petitioner requests total
compensation in the amount of $120,415.82, representing $95,222.90 in attorneys’ fees and
$23,867.92 in costs. Fees App. at 4. Pursuant to General Order No. 9, petitioner warrants that he
has personally incurred $1,325.00 in pursuit of this litigation. Fees App. at 155. Respondent filed
his response on October 28, 2019 indicating that he did not oppose petitioner’s motion because
he believed the statutory requirement for attorneys’ fees had been met in the instant case.” Id. at
2.
For the reasons discussed below, the undersigned GRANTS petitioner’s motion and
awards a total of $114,939.23.
I. Discussion
Under the Vaccine Act, the special master shall award reasonable attorneys’ fees and
costs for any petition that results in an award of compensation. 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-15(e)(1).
When compensation is not awarded, the special master “may” award reasonable attorneys’ fees
and costs “if the special master or court determines that the petition was brought in good faith
and there was a reasonable basis for the claim for which the petition was brought.” Id. at
§15(e)(1). Because compensation was awarded to petitioner, the undersigned finds that he is
entitled to an award of reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs.
a. Reasonable Attorneys’ Fees
The Federal Circuit has approved use of the lodestar approach to determine reasonable
attorney’s fees and costs under the Vaccine Act. Avera v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 515
F.3d 1343, 1349 (Fed. Cir. 2008). Using the lodestar approach, a court first determines “an
initial estimate of a reasonable attorney’s fee by ‘multiplying the number of hours reasonably
expended on the litigation times a reasonable hourly rate.’” Id. at 1347-58 (quoting Blum v.
Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 888 (1984)). Then, the court may make an upward or downward
departure from the initial calculation of the fee award based on other specific findings. Id. at
1348.
Counsel must submit fee requests that include contemporaneous and specific billing
records indicating the service performed, the number of hours expended on the service, and the
name of the person performing the service. See Savin v. Sec’y of Health and Human Servs., 85
Fed. Cl. 313, 316-18 (2008). Counsel should not include in their fee requests hours that are
“excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary.” Saxton v. Sec’y of Health and Human Servs.,
3 F.3d 1517, 1521 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (quoting Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 434 (1983)). It
is “well within the special master’s discretion to reduce the hours to a number that, in [her]
experience and judgment, [is] reasonable for the work done.” Id. at 1522. Furthermore, the
special master may reduce a fee request sua sponte, apart from objections raised by respondent
and without providing a petitioner notice and opportunity to respond. See Sabella v. Sec’y of
Health & Human Servs., 86 Fed. Cl. 201, 209 (2009).
2
A special master need not engaged in a line-by-line analysis of petitioner’s fee
application when reducing fees. Broekelschen v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 102 Fed. Cl.
719, 729 (2011). Special masters may rely on their experience with the Vaccine Program and its
attorneys to determine the reasonable number of hours expended. Wasson v. Sec’y of Health
and Human Servs., 24 Cl. Ct. 482, 484 (Fed. Cl. Nov. 19, 1991) rev’d on other grounds and aff’d
in relevant part, 988 F. 2d 131 (Fed. Cir. 1993). Just as “[t]rial courts routinely use their prior
experience to reduce hourly rates and the number of hours clamed in attorney fee requests …
[v]accine program special masters are also entitled to use their prior experience in reviewing fee
application.” Saxton, 3 F. 3d at 1521.
i. Reasonable Hourly Rates
Petitioner requests the following rates of compensation for the work of her attorneys: for
Mr. Gage, $300.00 per hour for work performed in 2015, $311.00 per hour for work performed
in 2016, $318.00 per hour for work performed in 2017, and $326.00 per hour for work performed
in 2018, and $338.00 per hour for work performed in 2019; for Ms. Kristen Blume, $251.00 per
hour for work performed in 2016, $260.00 per hour for work performed in 2017 and $270.00 per
hour for work performed in 2018; for Mr. Dustin Lujan, $150.00 per hour for work performed in
2015 and 2016; for Ms. Kristen Rieman, $150.00 per hour for work performed in 2017; and for
paralegals, either $112.00 or $120.00 per hour.
Ms. Blume’s requested rates for 2017 and 2018 are unreasonable because they exceed
what she has previously billed at and been awarded. See, e.g., Demitor v. Sec’y of Health &
Human Servs., No. 17-564V, 2020 WL 1027955, at *4-5 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 7, 2020);
Williams v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 15-1224V, 2019 WL 7482148, at *2 (Fed. Cl.
Spec. Mstr. Dec. 2, 2019); Ellis v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No., 2019 WL 3315326, at
*7 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Jun. 24, 2019). The undersigned will therefore compensate her work at
$251.00 per hour for these years consistent with these prior rulings. This results in a reduction of
$753.10.4
ii. Reasonable Hours Expended
The undersigned has reviewed the submitted billing entries and has determined that the
final award of attorneys’ fees must be reduced due to excessive interoffice communication. The
undersigned and her fellow special masters have previously emphasized the inefficiency that
results when multiple attorneys work on one case. See Sabella, 86 Fed. Cl. at 214-15 (affirming
a special master’s reduction of fees for overstaffing where three attorneys from two different
firms worked on the same case). The undersigned, and other special masters, have previously
warned Mr. Gage’s firm about excessive interoffice communication. Mack v. Sec’y of Health &
Human Servs., No. 15-149V, 2017 WL 5108680, at *5 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Sep. 28, 2017).
Despite previous warnings however, this issue still exists. Upon review of the billing entries, the
undersigned notes that there are dozens of entries for Mr. Gage billing for conferences with
4
This includes 0.2 hours billed by Mr. Blume in 2019 which Mr. Gage warranted that he would voluntarily waive.
Status Report at 1 (ECF No. 179).
3
paralegals, or for paralegals billing for conferences with Mr. Gage. To their credit, most of the
more recent entries discuss the nature of the conference and the undersigned notes Mr. Gage’s
effort to correct issues of vagueness which were present in previous fees motions. However, the
cumulative effect of all the time billed for such conferences is excessive in the undersigned’s
experience. The undersigned shall therefore reduce the final award of attorneys’ fees by five
percent, resulting in a reduction of $4,723.49.5
b. Attorneys’ Costs
Petitioner requests a total of $23,867.92 in attorneys’ costs. This amount includes the cost
of acquiring medical records, postage, copies, travel costs for counsel to attend the entitlement
hearing in Washington, DC, and work done by petitioner’s life care planner, expert on damages,
and economic expert. The undersigned has reviewed petitioner’s request for attorneys’ costs and
finds the amount to be reasonable. Petitioner has supported all requested costs with
documentation, and the work done by petitioner’s various experts appears to be reasonable in the
undersigned’s experience. Accordingly, the full amount of costs is awarded.
c. Petitioner’s Costs
Pursuant to General Order No. 9, petitioner warrants that he has personally incurred costs
of $1,325.00 as a payment to his vocational expert. This cost is reasonable and shall be
reimbursed.
II. Conclusion
Based on all of the above, the undersigned finds that it is reasonable compensate
petitioner and his counsel as follows:
Attorneys’ Fees Requested $95,222.90
(Reduction of Fees) - ($5,476.59)
Total Attorneys’ Fees Awarded $89,746.31
Attorneys’ Costs Requested $23,867.92
(Reduction of Costs) -
Total Attorneys’ Costs Awarded $23,867.92
Total Attorneys’ Fees and Costs Awarded $113,614.23
Petitioner’s Costs $1,325.00
Total Amount Awarded $114,939.23
5
($95,222.90 requested - $753.10 reduced for rate adjustment) * 0.05 = $4,723.49.
4
Accordingly, the undersigned awards the following:
1) $113,614.23 in attorneys’ fees and costs, in the form of a check payable jointly to
petitioner and petitioner’s counsel, Mr. Richard Gage; and
2) $1,325.00 in petitioner’s costs, in the form of a check payable to petitioner.
In the absence of a motion for review filed pursuant to RCFC Appendix B, the Clerk of
Court SHALL ENTER JUDGMENT in accordance with this decision.6
IT IS SO ORDERED.
s/Nora Beth Dorsey
Nora Beth Dorsey
Special Master
6
Pursuant to Vaccine Rule 11(a), entry of judgment can be expedited by the parties’ joint filing of notice renouncing
the right to seek review.
5
| {
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Model-based control of cardiac alternans on a ring.
Cardiac alternans, a beat-to-beat alternation of cardiac electrical dynamics, and ventricular tachycardia, generally associated with a spiral wave of electrical activity, have been identified as frequent precursors of the life-threatening spatiotemporally chaotic electrical state of ventricular fibrillation (VF). Schemes for the elimination of alternans and the stabilization of spiral waves through the injection of weak external currents have been proposed as methods to prevent VF but have not performed at the level required for clinical implementation. In this paper we propose a control method based on linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) control. Unlike most previously proposed approaches, our method incorporates information from the underlying model to increase efficiency. We use a one-dimensional ringlike geometry, with a single control electrode, to compare the performance of our method with that of two other approaches, quasi-instantaneous suppression of unstable modes (QISUM) and time-delay autosynchronization (TDAS). We find that QISUM fails to suppress alternans due to conduction block. Although both TDAS and LQR succeed in suppressing alternans, LQR is able to suppress the alternans faster and using a much weaker control current. Our results highlight the benefits of a model-based control approach despite its inherent complexity compared with nonmodel-based control such as TDAS. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[The structure of the complexes of DNA with non-histone chromosomal protein HMGB1 in the presence of manganese ions].
The complexes of DNA - HMGB1 protein - manganese ions have been studied using circular dichroism (CD) technique. It was shown that in such three-component system the interactions of both the protein and metal ions with DNA differ from those in two-component complexes. The manganese ions do not affect the CD spectrum of free HMGB1 protein. However, Mn2+ ions induce considerable changes in the CD spectrum of free DNA in the spectral range of 260-290 nm. The presence of Mn2+ ions prevents formation of the ordered supramolecular structures specific for the HMGB1-DNA complexes. The interaction of manganese ions with DNA has a marked influence on the local DNA structure changing the properties of protein-binding sites. This results in the serious decrease in cooperativity of the DNA-protein binding. Such changes in the mode of the DNA-protein interactions occur at concentrations as small as 0.01 mM Mn2+. Moreover, the changes in local DNA structure induced by manganese ions promote the appearance of new HMGB1 binding sites on the DNA double helix. At the same time interactions with HMGB1 protein induce alterations in the structure of the DNA double helix which increase with a growth of the protein/DNA ratio. These alterations make the DNA/protein complex especially sensitive to manganese ions. Under these conditions the Mn2+ ions strongly affect the DNA structure that reflects in abrupt changes of the CD spectra of DNA in the complex in the range of 260-290 nm. Thus, structural changes of the DNA double helix in the three-component DNA-HMGB1-Mn2+ complexes come as a result of the combined and interdependent interactions of DNA with Mn2+ ions and the molecules of HMGB1. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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"Penny, hello." "Hey, Sheldon." "What is shaking?" "I'm sorry?" "It's colloquial, a conversation opener." "So, do you find the weather satisfying?" "Are you currently sharing in the triumph of some local sports team?" "What's wrong with you?" "You're freaking me out." "I'm striking up a casual conversation with you." "S'up?" "Please don't do that." "All right, but I'm given to understand that when you have something awkward to discuss with someone, it's more palatable to preface it with banal chit chat." "So, this wasn't the awkward part?" "All right." "S'up?" "Oh, good, I used that right." "Anyway, you're aware that Leonard has entered into a new romantic relationship which includes a sexual component?" "Okay, feeling the awkward now." "Her name is Dr. Stephanie Barnett and she is a highly distinguished surgical resident at Freemont Memorial." " Leonard told me." " Good." "What he may have left out is how important this relationship is to me." "To you?" "See, of the handful of women Leonard's been involved with, she's the only one I have ever found tolerable." "Well, what about me?" "The statement stands for itself." "Aren't you sweet?" "Anyway, should you have any interaction with her, it would be most helpful that she not see you as a sexual rival." "Yeah, I think she's pretty safe." "You say that now, but consider the following scenario:" "You're sitting in your apartment, it's late, you're alone." "Your hypothalamus is swimming in a soup of estrogen and progesterone and suddenly even Leonard seems like a viable sexual candidate." "Or a "hookup"" "as it's referred to by today's urban youth." " Really?" " Yes." "Now, should that happen," "I would ask you to find some way to suppress your libido." "I could think about you." "Fine, whatever works." "Always nice talking to you, Sheldon." "Peace out!" "Subtitles: sub-way.fr" "This is very pleasant." "Glad you're enjoying yourself." "And you said there'd never be enough pasta for the three of us." "I stand corrected." "You know, Italian housewives have a rule of thumb." "A handful of dry pasta about an inch in diameter is sufficient for each person as it doubles in volume when cooked." " That's very interesting." " Thank you." "She doesn't mean it." "She's just being nice." "Well, since Leonard seems to be dropping the conversational ball," "I guess I'll just have to pick it up." "Have you ever witnessed a violent crime?" " No." " Good." "What's your favorite fruit?" "Strawberries." "Technically not a fruit, but all right." "Where did you do your medical internship?" "Lawrence Memorial in Galveston, Texas." "Really?" "That's where I was born!" "You're kidding!" "I spent so much of my childhood at that hospital." "When I was 12, I got to ride there in a helicopter." " Why, what happened?" " Radiation burns." "A little mishap while I was building my own CAT scanner." "I'm sorry, you tried to build your own CAT scanner?" "No, I didn't try, I succeeded." "In fact, I was briefly able to see the inside of my sister's guinea pig, Snowball, before he caught fire." "It led to an interesting expression in our house:" ""Not a Snowball's chance in a CAT scanner."" "Excuse me." "When I come back, just for fun, the subject will be alternative history." "Specifically, how would the Civil War have gone differently if Lincoln had been a robot sent from the future?" "Look at that, there's even pasta left over." "Do you understand that this was supposed to be a date?" "I do." "Do you?" "Because frankly, you've been in a foul mood since I sat down." "Okay, here's my question." "Why did you sit down?" "To help." "Look, if you fail at this relationship, and history suggests you will, then we risk losing the medical officer that our landing party has always needed." "What landing party?" "You're Kirk, I'm Spock, Wolowitz is Scotty," "Koothrappali is the guy who always gets killed... and now we've got McCoy." "So, we're all standing around looking at the post-op X ray and there it is, clear as day, right in the guy's chest cavity... one of my earrings." "Oh, my God, what did you do?" "What do you think I did?" "I discreetly slipped off the other earring, put it in my pocket and then got the hell out of there!" "I have a bone to pick with you, sir." "Hi, Sheldon." "Hi, Stephanie." "I'm sorry I'm late, but your companion left the most indecipherable invitation." "What invitation?" ""We're going to the movies."" "What movie?" "What theater?" "What time?" "If you were trying to make it impossible to locate you, you couldn't have done a better job." "Clearly I could have." "It took me nearly 20 minutes to browse the history on your computer to see what movie times you looked up." "Wait here, I'll find us seats." " We have seats." " Not the right seats." "What is he doing?" "He's finding the acoustic sweet spot." "Does he always do this?" "Sometimes he brings a toy xylophone." "I am really sorry about this." "No, it's fine." "You know, he's sweet." "My apologies, you've been sitting in it all along." " You want to slide over one?" " No, just sit here." "Oh, yeah, this is it." "What, Sheldon?" "What, Sheldon?" "!" "What, Sheldon?" "!" "Tell me what you see here." "The blunt instrument that will be the focus of my murder trial?" "This is Stephanie's Facebook page." "Now, where it should say "in a relationship," what does it say?" ""Stephanie Barnett is single."" "Furthermore, earlier this evening, she threw a digital sheep at some guy named Mike." "Who's Mike?" "!" "Why does he get a digital sheep and not you?" "It's just her Facebook page and we've only been going out a couple of weeks." "You don't see it, do you?" "We're losing her." "I'm going to make this very simple for you." "You are not in this relationship." "I am." "Ergo, you have no say in anything that happens between me and Stephanie." "I'm afraid I can't allow that." "Pursuant to Starfleet General Order 104," "Section A:" "You are deemed unfit and I hereby relieve you of your command." "General Order 104, Section A does not apply in this situation." " Give me one good reason why not." " Because this is not Star Trek!" "What?" "This is banana bread." "This is a door knob." "It's my understanding that an unsolicited gift of food can be a precursor to an impromptu invitation to come in and chat." "Would you like to come in?" "I suppose I could spare a few minutes." "Were you robbed?" "How can you be sure?" "What do you want?" "I'm certain this will come as no surprise to you, but Leonard is failing in yet another relationship." " He's having problems with Stephanie?" " She's sending virtual livestock to random men on the Internet." "If I have any hope of keeping them together, I need data." "Specifically, I need to know exactly what Leonard did that caused you to pop an emotional cap in his buttocks." " What?" " Again, urban slang." "In which, I believe I'm gaining remarkable fluency." "So, what is the "down" and the "low"?" "And don't worry, this is all entirely confidential, so, you feel free to include any and all shortcomings in the bedroom." "We never got to the bedroom." "Because?" "All right, you know what?" "I'll tell you what happened." "We were young, we were very much in love, but we could only communicate through a time-traveling mailbox at my lake house." "It's not enough that you made me watch that movie, but now you mock me with it?" "Gentlemen, I have a question about dating and relationships." "You told me you were going to have the talk with him." "I've been waiting for someone to have the talk with me." "More to the point, it's about finding a way to keep Leonard and Stephanie together." "I don't think you can." "Why not?" "Look at Leonard's record." "27 days with Joyce Kim." "During which she defected to North Korea." "Two booty calls with Leslie Winkle." "For which she awarded him the nickname "Speed of Light Leonard."" " And the three hour dinner with Penny." " Which would have been two and a half if they ordered the souffle when they sat down." "Based on the geometric progression, his relationship with Stephanie should have ended after 20 minutes." "Yes, I'm aware of the math." "Y equals 27 days over 12 to the nth." "The issue remains." "How do we circumvent his inevitable rejection?" "If you want to guarantee his appeal to Stephanie, your best bet would be to kill all the other men on the planet." "Here's what you shouldn't do." "Don't shpritz him with that body spray from the commercial where the women undress when they smell it." "That doesn't work at all." "No matter how much you put on." "That's all you've got?" "Apocalyptic genocide and "go easy on the cologne"?" "What?" "Zucchini bread." " Thank you." " May I come in?" "I see." "Apparently, my earlier inquiry regarding you and Leonard crossed some sort of line." "I apologize." "Well, thank you." "Have you and I returned to a social equilibrium?" " Yes." " Great." "New topic." "Where are you in your menstrual cycle?" "What?" "!" "I've been doing some research online, and apparently, female primates, you know, apes, chimpanzees, you..." "They find their mate more desirable when he's courted by another female." "Now, this effect is intensified when the rival female is secreting the pheromones associated with ovulation." "Which brings me back to my question." "Where are you..." "Clearly, I'm 14 days too early." "All I'm saying is if they can cure yellow fever and malaria, why can't they do something about lactose intolerance?" "Leonard, you're going to have to let this go." "You had a little cheese dip, you farted." "I thought it was cute." " You want some more wine?" " Yeah, I mean..." "I assume I'm not driving anywhere tonight." "What are you doing?" "I have a craving for white asparagus that apparently is destined to go unsatisfied." "Excuse me." " What is wrong with you?" " I'm helping you with Stephanie." "By making constipated moose sounds?" "When I fail to open this jar and you succeed, it will establish you as the "alpha" male." "You see... when a female witnesses an exhibition of physical domination, she produces the hormone oxytocin." "If the two of you then engage in intercourse, this will create the biochemical reaction in the brain which lay people naively interpret as "falling in love."" "Would it work if I just punched you in the face?" "Yes, actually it would, but let's see how the lid goes." "I'm not strong enough, Leonard, you'll have to do it." " For God's sakes." " Go ahead, it's pre-loosened." "You want some help with that?" "I got it." "He's got it, and that's not surprising." "It's something I long ago came to peace with in my role as the beta male." "Open it." " Are you okay?" " No, I'm not." " I'm bleeding." " Like a gladiator!" " Honey, you're going to need stitches." " Stitches?" "With a needle?" "Well, yeah, I mean, just a few." "Yeah, hang on a sec." "FYI, I was defrosting a steak in there." "What a beautiful job Stephanie did." "I might have gone with a mattress suture instead of a blanket stitch, but you can't argue with her results." "It's a shame it won't scar." "The war wound is a time-honored badge of masculinity." "I can't remember a time when you weren't talking." "Just for the record, my efforts to establish you as the alpha male were not aided by you bursting into tears." "I did not burst into tears, my eyes just got a little watery." "Watery?" "She stuck a needle into my hand!" "Hey, how's my big cry baby?" "I didn't cry." "I'm just teasing you." "But, yeah, you did." "It's all good." "What do you say we get you home and put you to bed?" "Are you still going to spend the night?" "No, I think that you probably need to rest." "She's right." "As long as you're vomiting, coitus is contra-indicated." "Thank you, Dr. Cooper." "You're welcome, Dr. Hofstadter." "Okay, I'm going to go get your discharge papers." "What?" "You seem like a perfectly pleasant person." "I can't understand why women have such a hard time loving you." "Can you open this for me?" " Can I see your stitches?" " Sure." "Answering the question once and for all why Wolowitz bailed out of medical school." " Leonard, congratulations." " What for?" "Your Facebook status update." "Leonard Hofstadter is "in a relationship."" "What?" "No, that's not right." "Oh, man, did you switch your status before she did?" "Speaking as an expert, way to look needy." "Seriously?" "You went first, after only two weeks?" "That's bold..." "It's not bold, it's a mistake." "I didn't change my status." "Well, then who did?" "I had no choice." "He cried in front of her." "You hacked my Facebook account?" "It's hardly hacking when you use the same password for everything, "Kal-El."" "Are you insane?" "Now she's going to think I'm desperate." "You've destroyed this relationship!" "And you know what the worst part is?" "You don't even understand what you did wrong because you can't conceive of something that you are not an expert in!" " In which I am not an expert." " Don't even!" "I don't want to hear another word out of you." "What's wrong, Lassie?" "Timmy fall down the well?" "She just updated her Facebook status." ""Stephanie Barnett is in a relationship" ""with Leonard Hofstadter."" "Really?" "Look at that." "I have a girlfriend." "If I am permitted to speak again," "Dr. Sheldon Cooper for the win." | {
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Introduction {#Sec1}
============
The presence of mutations in human pluripotent stem cells (PSC), whether embryonic stem (ES) cells or induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, is a concern for their safe use in therapeutic applications. Indeed, in one case, a potential trial of retinal pigment cells from an autologous iPS cell line was abandoned because the cells carried a mutation of unknown significance^[@CR1]^. Certainly some such variants are likely to have been present in the embryos or somatic cells from which particular PSC were derived and can be classed as 'variants of origin'^[@CR2],[@CR3]^. However, the propensity of PSC to acquire genetic variants on prolonged passage poses additional concerns, not only because of the difficulty for their early detection^[@CR4]^, but also their selective growth advantages might presage malignant potential^[@CR5]^.
Acquired genetic variants of human ES cells were first noticed as non-random gains of particular chromosomes or fragments of chromosomes detected by G-banding karyotypes^[@CR6],[@CR7]^. Over succeeding years these observations were repeated in many laboratories as it became clear that certain chromosomal regions of human PSC, whether ES or iPS cells, were particularly subject to gains, notably chromosomes 1q, 12p, 17q and 20q, and the X chromosome, or losses, notably 10p, 18q and 22p^[@CR2]^. At the same time, other chromosomes, notably chromosome 4, appeared impervious to any gains or losses. More refined analyses, for example using SNV arrays^[@CR2],[@CR8]^, also began to reveal small structural variants not readily detectable by G-banding cytogenetics. For example, a small variable length CNV was found in the proximal region of chromosome 20q in 20 human ES cell lines that were otherwise scored as normal, diploid cells by G-banding^[@CR2],[@CR9],[@CR10]^. More recently, single base-pair mutations have been reported in the *TP53* gene of several human ES cell lines^[@CR11],[@CR12]^.
It seems likely that the repetitive, non-random nature of many, if not all, acquired mutations observed in human PSC results from their conferring a selective growth advantage. Certainly, chromosomal variants when initially observed in a small proportion of cells in a culture commonly come to predominate within very few passages, while experiments in which small numbers of variant cells have been mixed with their normal counterparts confirm the strong selective growth advantage of the variants^[@CR13]^. Time lapse imaging of the growth patterns of variant and normal cells also indicates marked effects on the ability of the cells to form viable long-term colonies after passaging by overcoming multiple bottlenecks that restrict the ability of normal cells to proliferate^[@CR14]^. Further, in the minimal amplicon of the chromosome 20 CNV, it has been possible to identify the likely driver gene, *BCL2L1*, overexpression of which inhibits apoptosis and increases survival of the variant cells^[@CR15],[@CR16]^. Likewise, the mutations in *TP53* are likely to provide a growth advantage by suppressing apoptosis^[@CR11],[@CR12]^.
There have been many estimates of mutation rate in the germline and soma, although finding consensus in the reported rates is confounded by the variety of experimental and analytical methodologies used in their calculation. One recent study cites rates of 3.3 × 10^−11^ and 2.66 × 10^−9^ mutations per base-pair, per mitosis, in the germline and soma, respectively^[@CR17]^. By comparison, Rouhani et al 2016^[@CR3]^ estimated the mutation rate in two human iPS cell lines and one widely used human ES cell line (H9), as 0.18 × 10^−9^ mutations per base-pair, per cell division, whereas the corresponding mutation rate in somatic cells was ten-fold higher. In another study of one human iPS cell line^[@CR18]^ estimated a rate of 3.5 ± 0.5 base-pair substitutions per population doubling---equivalent to about 1 × 10^−9^ mutations per base-pair, per cell division. Still, little detail is known of the mutation rates in PSC, which might arise from erroneous repair, or from defects in mitosis, for example, leading to chromosome non-dysjunction. Further, the possibility that some repetitive genomic variants reflect hotspots for chromosome rearrangements or other mutations cannot be excluded. PSC are one of the few 'normal' diploid cell types that do not undergo senescence and can be maintained indefinitely in vitro. Other diploid somatic cells undergo senescence, whereas other easily accessible cells that can be grown indefinitely are likely to be transformed cancer cells. Further, cell cycle control in PSC differs with respect to the lack of key checkpoints, notably the G1/S checkpoint^[@CR19]^, or the CHK1 checkpoint in S-Phase DNA replication resulting in apoptosis of PSC in response to DNA replication stress, in contrast to somatic cells^[@CR20]^. This might reflect the relation of PSC to the rapidly dividing pluripotent cells of the early embryo for which there may be a survival advantage if cells suffering DNA damage undergo apoptosis rather than repair the damage.
Most studies in human PSC to date have been concerned with mutations providing a selective advantage, as these are the most frequently and easily detected when screening cell lines. However, estimating the underlying mutation rate is more difficult and can be confounded by the emergence of an advantageous or cell-lethal mutation, both of which could bias the mutational load of the population. To de-couple mutation from selection it is necessary to distinguish acquired de novo mutations, occurring during prolonged cell culture, from variants-of-origin mutations (i.e. those already present in the parental cells) and to estimate the frequency of their appearance before the selective overgrowth of any advantageous mutations.
In this study, to determine the rate and types of mutation that occur during culture of human PSC, we have used a cloning strategy coupled with whole-genome-, whole-genome bisulfite- and RNA-sequencing to compare two well characterised, clinical grade human ES cell lines, as well as the effects of culture in the presence of a Rho-kinase inhibitor, now commonly used in routine culture of human PSC, and of culture under low oxygen (5% O~2~) conditions. We have tested whether the mutations are randomly distributed throughout the genome or clustered in regions related to chromatin structure and gene expression. Our results indicate that the mutation rate is low compared to estimates in somatic or cancer cells and can be further reduced by culture under low oxygen conditions. Furthermore, the mutational signature of human PSC is similar to that of other cultured human cells, but low oxygen culture does alter the frequency of some types of base-pair change associated with oxidative damage.
Results {#Sec2}
=======
Experimental design {#Sec3}
-------------------
For these experiments, we chose two male human ES cell lines, MShef4 and MShef11 that we had derived under GMP-like conditions suitable for their potential clinical use in regenerative medicine. During their initial derivation, banking and characterisation, no karyotypic variants of MShef4 had been observed, and it was designated, a priori, as a genetically more stable line. By contrast, several cultures of MShef11, though not those used to produce master and working banks, were found to contain chromosomal aberrations (unpublished observations) and so this line was designated, a priori, as genetically less stable. To assess the mutation rates in these cells, the strategy we adopted was to produce a clonal subline that was karyotypically diploid, grow that clone for a defined period, and then produce a series of subclones that were subjected to whole-genome sequencing, as well as whole-genome bisulfite sequencing and RNA sequencing (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}).Fig. 1Schematic representation of the experimental design.Schematic representation of the experimental regime, in which MShef4 and MShef11 human ES cell lines were cultured for an extended period under different growth-conditions. Stock cultures of MShef4 and MShef11 were cloned by single-cell deposition to ensure a homogeneous starting point. A clone of each was then recloned to generate Parent Clones that were then cultured under the different growth-conditions for a period exceeding three months---MShef4 clone B8, standard conditions, 109 days (19 passages); MShef11 clones E4 & E7, standard conditions, 111 days (25 passages); MShef11 clones F1 & F4, standard conditions + [Y27632](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/Y27632), 115 days, (25 passages); MShef11 clone G8 low oxygen, 111 days (25 passages) to give subclone cohort N, and 111 days + 28 days in standard oxygen (25 + 6 passages) to give subclone cohort Q. At the end of the expansion period cultures were recloned again into standard conditions to obtain subclone cohorts (J, O, P, K, L, N and Q, respectively, as shown), from which genetic material was extracted as early as possible (5 passages) for sequencing analysis.
Mutation rate between cell lines and growth-conditions {#Sec4}
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Whole-genome sequence (WGS) data were analysed using the CaVEMan variant detection algorithm (Cancer Genome Project, <https://github.com/cancerit/CaVEMan>). Following quality control 12,555 SNVs were identified for subsequent analysis (see Methods of details).
The rate of somatic substitution mutation in each cohort of MShef4 and MShef11 subclones was assessed by calculating the number of de novo SNVs acquired per day of culture, per base-pair of sequenced haploid genome^[@CR21]^ (Supplementary Data [1](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"}). The mutations rates for MShef4 and MShef11 grown in standard conditions were both low (0.37 × 10^−9^ and 0.28 × 10^−9^ SNVs per day, respectively) and not significantly different (*P* = 0.084) (Fig. [2a](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). The mutation rate for MShef11 in the presence of [Y27632](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/Y27632) was not significantly different, at 0.3 × 10^−9^ SNVs per day, per base-pair (*P* = 0.6). However, MShef11 grown under low oxygen did have a significantly lower mutation rate compared to standard conditions (*P* = 0.000034) with a median of 0.13 × 10^−9^ SNVs per day per base-pair, a reduction of 54%.Fig. 2Mutation rate and genomic distribution of single-nucleotide variant mutations in different growth-conditions.Box and whisker plots showing haploid mutation rates and genomic distribution of single-nucleotide variant mutations in subclones of MShef4 (*N* = 20) and MShef11 (*N* = 19) grown under standard conditions, and subclones of MShef11 cultured with the rho-kinase inhibitor [Y27632](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/Y27632) at passage (*N* = 20) or cultured in low oxygen (*N* = 21). Boxes represent 25th--75th percentiles; whiskers show the min and max ranges; horizontal lines indicate the median values. **a** The median mutation rates (shown below each plot) for MShef4 and MShef11, cultured in standard conditions, and MShef11 cultured with the rho-kinase inhibitor [Y27632](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/Y27632) were not significantly different. However, MShef11 cultured in low oxygen exhibited a \~54% lower mutation rate (unpaired two-tailed *t*-tests with Welch's correction; *P* = \< 0.0001). ns: *P* \> 0.05; \**P* ≤ 0.05; \*\**P* ≤ 0.01, \*\*\**P* ≤ 0.001; \*\*\*\**P* ≤ 0.0001. **b** Across all chromosomes only the X-chromosome mutation rate deviated from the genome-wide rates, being elevated in all growth conditions, although only significant in MShef4 and MShef11 under low oxygen, assessed by independent pairwise two-tailed Mann-Whitney tests comparing the median genome-wide rate in each condition with that of each chromosome (Bonferroni-adjusted *P* = \< 0.007; *P* = \< 0.034). When data from all growth conditions were combined, the elevated X-chromosome mutation rate remained significant (*P* = \< 0.05). ns: *P* \> 0.05; \**P* ≤ 0.05; \*\**P* ≤ 0.01, \*\*\**P* ≤ 0.001; \*\*\*\**P* ≤ 0.0001. **c** Across coding and non-coding regions, normalised to the genomic DNA content of each class of region, under each growth-condition intergenic DNA showed higher mutation rates than exons and introns. For intergenic DNA: MShef11 standard vs MShef11 low oxygen *P* \< 0.001; For intronic DNA: MShef4 standard vs. MShef11 standard *P* = 0.004, MShef11 standard vs MShef11 low oxygen *P* = 0.017; For exonic DNA: MShef11 standard vs MShef11 low oxygen *P* \< 0.0001. Asterisks indicate level of significance between groups assessed by independent pairwise two-tailed Mann-Whitney testing. ns: *P* \> 0.05; \**P* ≤ 0.05; \*\**P* ≤ 0.01, \*\*\**P* ≤ 0.001; \*\*\*\**P* ≤ 0.0001. Source data are provided in Supplementary Data [1](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"}.
Distribution of base-pair mutations across the genome {#Sec5}
-----------------------------------------------------
To determine whether mutations occurred randomly and were distributed uniformly across the genome, or if there was an enrichment of mutations on particular chromosomes, we quantified the haploid mutation rate per chromosome, per day, per sequenced base-pair^[@CR21]^ and compared each to the genome-wide mutation rate. Due to a high level of noise generated from aligning and mapping mutations to the Y chromosome, we excluded this from this analysis. When we applied paired Mann-Whitney testing with Bonferroni correction to compare the median mutation rates of each chromosome to the respective genome-wide rate under each growth condition, none of the autosomes showed significant deviation from the genome-wide rate. However, the X chromosome showed an elevated mutation rate in all growth conditions (Fig. [2b](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}), although this was significant only in the MShef4 standard and MShef11 low oxygen conditions (*P* = 0.007; *P* = 0.034). Nevertheless, when data from all growth conditions were combined into a single dataset, the mutation rate of genes on the X chromosome, but on none of the autosomes, continued to show a small but significantly (*p* \< 0.05) elevated mutation rate.
We next measured the haploid mutation rates of intergenic, intronic and exonic regions, as annotated in the GRCh37 genome assembly, and normalised to the base-pair content of each class of feature (Fig. [2c](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). For these three features there was no difference in mutation rate between MShef11 grown in standard conditions or with [Y27632](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/Y27632), but the mutation rates of all features were reduced in MShef11 grown under low oxygen (intergenic *P* = \< 0.000049; intronic *P* = 0.00006; exonic *P* = 0.043). There was a significant difference between the intronic mutation rate of MShef4 and MShef11 grown in standard conditions, with MShef4 having the higher mutation rate (*P* = 0.04). Within each growth-condition group, the median mutation rates of introns and exons were similar, but intergenic DNA had approximately double the mutation rate of exons or introns. This may be a result of preferential DNA repair in genic regions, as has been reported by others^[@CR22],[@CR23]^. We asked if the elevated mutation rates seen on the X chromosome was due to a high proportion of intergenic DNA, but it does not show an unusually high intergenic DNA content (Supplementary Fig. [5a](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}, upper panel) suggesting that the elevated mutation rate of this chromosome is not linked to its intergenic content alone. We also considered the GC nucleotide content of each chromosome, given the higher mutability of GC compared to AT nucleotides. Again, the X chromosome does not possess an unusually high GC content (Supplementary Fig. [5a](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}, lower panel).
We also measured the mutation rates within a variety of other genomic features (Supplementary Fig. [5b](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). In most cases, we found a similar pattern of difference between groups, with subclones derived from low oxygen parental clones displaying a significantly lower mutation rate than other groups. Two exceptions that showed slightly elevated mutation rates across all groups were CpG islands and transcription factor-binding sites (TFBS). Both showed a slightly higher mutation rate than other features (with the exception of intergenic regions), with no significant differences in mutation rates between groups, suggesting that such genomic regions are particularly susceptible to mutation. However, given the small number of subclones that acquired mutations in these regions we could not draw further conclusions on the significance of this finding. The mutation rates over a variety of histone marks were also calculated (Supplementary Fig. [5b](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). In the case of three types of histone mark (H3K4me1, H3K4me3, and H3K36me3), MShef4 had slightly higher though significant mutation rate than MShef11 grown under standard conditions (*P* = 0.029; *P* = 0.008; *P* = 0.023). In two cases (H3K9me3 and H3K27me3) MShef11 grown in low oxygen had a significantly lower mutation rate than MShef11 grown in standard conditions (*P* = 0.0008; *P* = 0.013).
Pattern of mutational pressure and mutation signatures {#Sec6}
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It is possible to extract unique mutational signatures from WGS data by examining the frequencies of different types of base substitution and the up- and downstream context surrounding the SNV^[@CR24],[@CR25]^ (Supplementary Data [2](#MOESM3){ref-type="media"}). These signatures can provide information about the type of mutational stress experienced by cells.
Low-resolution mutation spectra showed that MShef4 and MShef11 grown in standard conditions or with [Y27632](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/Y27632) had a very similar pattern of base substitution. However, subclones derived from low oxygen culture had a slightly different pattern of substitution mutations compared to the other conditions (Fig. [3a](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}) with significantly fewer C \> A transversions (*P* = 0.047) and significantly more T \> C transitions (*P* = 0.045) compared to standard conditionsFig. 3Pattern of base substitutions and mutation signatures.**a** Bar and dot chart showing low-resolution mutational spectra and proportions of each of seven point mutation classes detected in MShef4 standard (*N* = 20), MShef11 standard (*N* = 19), MShef11 + [Y27632](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/Y27632) (*N* = 20), and MShef11 low oxygen (*N* = 21) subclones. Bars indicate the mean proportion of each class of mutation for each cell line/growth-condition group; dots indicate individual subclones in each group. C \> A transversions and C \> T transitions are most prevalent in the data. A two-tailed *t*-test showed MShef11 cultured in low oxygen to have a significant reduction in C \> A transversions compared to standard conditions (*P* = 0.037) whilst Wilcoxon testing also showed a small increase in T \> C transitions (*P* = 0.045). **b** High-resolution mutational spectra derived from the combined mutation data all subclones grown in each growth-condition. Each of the six possible point mutations is subdivided into 16 classes on the basis of the 5' and 3' nucleotides flanking the mutation, resulting in 96 possible substitution classes. C:G \> A:T and C:G \> T:A mutations are most prevalent in the data. These spectra can be correlated with 30 mutation signatures annotated in the Catalogue of Somatic Substitutions in Cancer (COSMIC) database^[@CR53]^ to explore the aetiology of mutation. **c** Dendrogram showing the similarity of all growth-condition groups based on their mutational profiles. MShef4 and MShef11 cultured in standard conditions exhibited the most similar mutational profiles, whereas the low oxygen condition is the most dissimilar in mutation profile compared to all other groups. Source data are provided in Supplementary Data [2](#MOESM3){ref-type="media"}.
High-resolution spectra (considering base-pairs flanking each mutation) produced a mutation profile that was similar between cell lines and growth conditions, with a predominance of C \> A transversions (particularly in the *G*C*A* and *T*C*T* context) and C \> T transitions (Fig. [3b](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). When we compared the mutational profile of each condition with 30 annotated in the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) database, our data correlated most closely with COSMIC signature 18 (cosine correlation = 0.873), which is associated with oxidative stress and is a hallmark of in vitro cell culture^[@CR25],[@CR26]^. The reduced C \> A component observed in MShef11 under low oxygen fits with a model of reduced oxidative stress, as oxidative species predominantly affect guanine (which is captured in the C \> A class). Similarity-clustering showed that MShef4 and MShef11 grown in standard conditions acquired the most similar mutation profiles, followed by MShef11 cultured with [Y27632](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/Y27632), and the low oxygen condition as an outgroup (Fig. [3c](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}) indicating that low oxygen culture induced the largest difference in mutational profile of all conditions tested.
INDELs and structural variants {#Sec7}
------------------------------
To detect INDELs we used the *PINDEL* INDEL-calling algorithm (github.com/genome/pindel). Following quality control and excluding calls with length greater than 100 bp, as well as 291 calls that were recurrent in subclones of the same cohort, a total of 1171 de novo INDELs remained for analysis including single-base INDELs \[572 insertions; 573 deletions; 26 complex\] (Supplementary Figures [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}--[4](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}; Supplementary Data [3](#MOESM4){ref-type="media"}). Out of 1171 INDELs, 578 are single-base INDELs of which 350 are insertions and 228 are deletions. Taken together, the median INDEL mutation rate was \~10-fold lower than that of base-pair substitutions (Fig. [4a](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}). As with SNVs, we observed a lower mutation rate in MShef11 grown in low oxygen compared to MShef11 grown under standard conditions (0.15 × 10^−10^ vs 0.26 × 10^−10^ INDELs per day, per base-pair; *P* = 0.02) and we observed a significant difference in median deletion mutation rates between MShef11 grown under low oxygen vs. MShef11 grown in standard conditions (0.05 × 10^−10^ vs 0.16 × 10^−10^ deletions per day, per base-pair; *P* = 0.0008) (Fig. [4a, b](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}). We detected no systematic deviation in INDEL mutation rates per chromosome (Supplementary Fig. [6a](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}), and we did not find any enrichment of INDELs at regions associated with common recurrent change in human PSC (for example chromosomes 1q, 12p, 17q, 20q). Due to the overall low number of INDEL mutations, it was not possible to make further meaningful analysis of rates within different regions of the genome.Fig. 4Mutation rate and genomic distribution of insertion and deletion mutations in different growth-conditions.**a** Box and whisker plots showing haploid mutation rates all INDELs in subclones derived from clones grown in different conditions. MShef11 subclones derived from low oxygen (*N* = 21) showed a significantly reduced INDEL mutation rate compared to subclones from standard conditions (*N* = 19) (assessed by unpaired two-tailed *t*-test with Welch's correction; *P* = \< 0.02). Taken together, the mutation rates of INDELs were approximately 10-fold lower than the mutation rates of single-nucleotide variants. Boxes represent the 25th--75th percentiles of the data; whiskers show the min and max range of the data; horizontal lines indicate the median value. ns: *P* \> 0.05; \**P* ≤ 0.05; \*\**P* ≤ 0.01, \*\*\**P* ≤ 0.001; \*\*\*\**P* ≤ 0.0001. **b** Box and whisker plots showing haploid mutation rates of insertion, deletion and complex (mixed insertion and deletion) mutations in cells grown in different conditions. MShef11 subclones derived from low oxygen (*N* = 21) showed a significantly reduced number of deletions compared to those from standard conditions (*N* = 19) (assessed by unpaired two-tailed *t*-tests with Welch's correction; *P* = \< 0.0008). The mutation rates of complex INDELs (mixed insertion and deletion) were 10-20X lower than the rates of insertions or deletions across all cell lines and growth conditions. Boxes represent the 25th--75th percentiles of the data; whiskers show the min and max range of the data; horizontal lines indicate the median value. ns: *P* \> 0.05; \**P* ≤ 0.05; \*\**P* ≤ 0.01, \*\*\**P* ≤ 0.001; \*\*\*\**P* ≤ 0.0001. Source data are provided in Supplementary Data [3](#MOESM4){ref-type="media"}.
All growth-condition groups showed some evidence of larger structural rearrangements. Using the BRASS structural rearrangement-calling algorithm ([www.github.com/cancerit/BRASS](http://www.github.com/cancerit/BRASS)), we detected, in different subclones, three deletions, del(2)(p16.1p16.1), del(10)(q26.13q26.13) and del(12)(q22q22), two tandem duplications, dup(4)(q22.2q22.2), dup(12)(q14.3q14.3) and one translocation,?der(20)t(11;20)(q21;p11.23). In addition, we found one translocation,?der(12)t(8;12)(q21.11;p11.22), in two subclones of one cohort of MShef11 under normal culture conditions, most likely reflecting a mutation early in the culture of the parent clone (Supplementary Table [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). Of these variants, one translocation involved chromosome 12, and another involved chromosome 20, a deletion involved chromosome 10 and a tandem duplication and a deletion involved chromosome 12. These chromosomes are all well known to be associated with common karyotypic changes in human PSC but, with the exception of a breakpoint in a region of chromosome 10p associated with repeated deletions^[@CR2]^, none of the break points involved in the variants observed here were in regions associated with the common karyotypic changes of these chromosomes. However, there were too few such rearrangements to permit a meaningful analysis.
De novo mutations in genes {#Sec8}
--------------------------
Across all subclones, we detected 5695 de novo SNVs in 4095 genes in the GRCh37 genome assembly (including those unannotated) (Supplementary Data [1](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"}) 4694 mutations mapped to introns and 225 SNVs occuured in exons resulting in 90 missense, 7 nonsense and 27 synonymous ammino accid substitutions. A further 985 SNVs mapped to regions within 1 kb up- or downstream of genes, 114 to 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs), 27 to genes encoding non-coding RNAs, and 15 to splice regions or essential splice sites (Supplementary Fig. [6b](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). We further analysed whether nonsense mutations or mutations in splice sites had any effects on transcript levels (Supplementary Table [2](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). In only two of these mutations did we find evidence of reduced mRNA levels. MShef11 + [Y27632](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/Y27632) subclone K2 harbored a nonsense mutation in the gene *DNAJC6*, which exhibited a 43% decrease in expression compared to the mean of other subclones in this cohort (2.7 vs. 4.7) while MShef4 subclone J13 harbored a splice region mutation in the gene *C11orf73*, which exhibited a 32% decrease in expression compared to the mean of its cohort (8.4 vs. 12.34). Eight genes acquired INDELs that produced frame-shift mutations, each occurring in a unique subclone (Supplementary Data [3](#MOESM4){ref-type="media"}). Although some of the affected genes are expressed in the undifferentiated cells (Supplementary Data [4](#MOESM5){ref-type="media"}), we did not note any that have any obvious special significance for human PSC biology.
We did not find any de novo mutations in genes known to be important in maintaining stem cell pluripotency and homeostasis, nor any mutations in *BCL2L1*, which is frequently amplified in human PSC cultures, or the common 20q11.21 copy-number variation that results in its duplication. A recent study identified a subset of human PSC lines harbouring multiple mutations in the *TP53* gene, which are frequently seen in cancers and which may drive selective advantage in vitro^[@CR12]^. However, we did not detect any *TP53* point mutations nor INDELs in any of our 80 independent subclones.
We also compared our data to the NCBI public archive of clinically relevant variants (ClinVar) and found a single de novo SNP in one MShef4 subclone, a C \> T transition in the penultimate 3' exon of *SNCAIP*---an α-synuclein-interacting protein on chromosome 5q, associated with Parkinson's disease. This substitution has an allelic frequency of 0.00001647, based on 60,706 individuals of diverse genetic backgrounds in the Broad Institute Exome Aggregation consortium. It results in a missense-coding mutation R806C but is not classed as clinically pathogenic. It lies immediately 5' to a second, clinically recognised germline missense-coding SNP also considered to be clinically benign. Overall, the absence of clinically recognised mutations in our data is reassuring, as it suggests that even following prolonged culture the acquisition of known, pathological mutations is extremely low.
Properties of mutated genes {#Sec9}
---------------------------
We searched for characteristics of genes that had acquired de novo SNVs, in order to understand what might render them more, or less susceptible to mutation (Supplementary Data [4](#MOESM5){ref-type="media"}). For this analysis, we defined a gene as the entire annotated region from the GRCh37 genome assembly, comprising introns, exons and UTRs. To measure the relationship between gene size and mutation, we binned genes into 20 kb size bins, and calculated the mean mutational load (SNVs per base-pair of gene) per bin. In a model of stochastic mutation, we would predict an equal mutational load across all genes. However, we observed mutational load decreasing with increasing size, in genes up to 20 kb (Fig. [5a](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}) indicating that the smallest genes were disproportionately mutated. Further, the size distribution of the top 10% most-highly mutated genes was significantly smaller than that of the bottom 10% of their least-mutated counterparts (Fig. [5b](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}). GO analysis using the PANTHER (Protein ANalysis THrough Evolutionary Relationships; (<http://www.pantherdb.org/>). Classification System highlighted some association of these genes with various signalling pathways, but as the mutations occurred across independent subclones and growth conditions, we cannot ascribe any particular significance to these enrichments (Supplementary Table [3](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}) (Supplementary Data [5](#MOESM6){ref-type="media"}). From these data we conclude that mutation does not occur stochastically over genes, and that other mechanisms must contribute to their mutability.Fig. 5Relationship between gene size, expression, and mutation.**a** Dot plot showing the mutational load of genes in relation to their size. Mutated genes from all growth-condition groups were binned by size into 20 kb bins. Dots represent individual bins containing genes of increasing size; the *y*-axis indicates the mean number of mutations per base-pair for each bin (natural log scale). Mutational load decreased with increasing gene size. **b** Density plot showing the distribution in gene size for the 10% of genes with highest mutation load (dashed grey line) compared to an equal number of the least-mutated genes (dashed black line) and to all mutated genes (solid black line). Genes with a high mutational burden were small compared to the overall size distribution and were significantly smaller than genes with a low mutational burden. **c** Dot plots showing the percentage of mutated genes per subclone with occurrences of mutation at increasing distances from transcription start sites (TSS). The *x*-axis denotes distance from the TSS (kb); the *y*-axis shows the percentage of genes within each bin that harbour mutation. The data show increasing mutation prevalence with increased distance from TSS. **d** Scatter plots showing of the relationship between mutational load (*y*-axis) and gene expression (*x*-axis) in MShef4 and MShef11 under all conditions (natural log scale). Plots indicate a weak positive correlation between expression and mutation. Solid coloured lines indicate the fitted linear regression models for each group; shaded regions around regression lines indicate 95% confidence intervals for the models. Spearman correlation test statistics and *P-*values are shown for each group (MShef4 standard:.rho = 0.24; MShef11 standard: rho = 0.22; MShef11 + [Y27632](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/Y27632): rho = 0.28; MShef11 low oxygen: rho = 0.2). Source data are provided in Supplementary Data [4](#MOESM5){ref-type="media"} and [5](#MOESM6){ref-type="media"}.
Active transcription has been identified as a bottleneck for genomic stability, as DNA replication, repair, and transcriptional machinery can physically interfere with one another (reviewed in ref. ^[@CR27]^). Further, local differences in chromatin structure may render those regions of a gene more or less susceptible to mutation. To test the relationship between transcription, gene expression, and mutation in our data we measured the proportion of genes harbouring mutation at varying distance from their transcription start sites (TSS). We found the prevalence of mutation increased with increasing distance from TSS (Fig. [5c](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}), as has been observed previously^[@CR24]^.
To analyse the relationship between gene expression and mutation we used the gene expression estimates from RNA-seq data for MShef4 and MShef11 subclones derived from each growth-condition (Supplementary Data [4](#MOESM5){ref-type="media"}). We calculated FPKM expression values of mutated genes in each cell line and growth condition independently, and excluded those genes with log(FPKM) values below 1, considering them to be unexpressed. We then correlated the expression levels of mutated genes with their corresponding mutational load (mutations per bp) and found a trend of positive correlation between gene expression and mutational load (Fig. [5d](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}). To further quantify this effect, we used a Linear Mixed Effect model (LMER) using the formula: *Mutation_Load \~ Gene_Expression* + *Mutation_Effect* + *(1* \| *Gene_Length)*. This accommodates the non-random effect of the gene length as described above and the impact of that mutation type can have on gene expression. The LMER reached convergence and confirmed the positive trend as pictured in the scatter plots; we also found that the LMER applied to mutated genes that were not expressed or with very low expression, described an opposite correlation trend (Supplementary Figure [7](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}).
Epigenetic changes across the genome {#Sec10}
------------------------------------
Epigenetic changes have been detected in human PSC, although evidence that they may provide growth advantages is less clear. Loss of X-inactivation, termed erosion, has been reported a number of times in female human PSC^[@CR28],[@CR29]^ and may correlate with the observation that gain of X chromosomes may provide a growth advantage to human PSC as it is one of the non-random genetic changes commonly seen^[@CR2],[@CR4]^. To look for epigenetic changes, we used whole-genome bisulphite sequencing (WGBS) data obtained from the original starting cultures of MShef4 and MShef11 grown in standard conditions, the parental clones derived from those cultures and expanded in different conditions, and the subclones derived from those parental clones (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). We measured DNA methylation levels over a range of genomic features annotated in the GRCh38 genome assembly: tiled regions containing 100 CpGs across the entire genome, CpG islands, promoters, and annotated genic regions (Supplementary Data [6](#MOESM7){ref-type="media"}--[9](#MOESM10){ref-type="media"}). We then compared cell lines and growth-conditions at different stages of the experiment.
The original starting populations of MShef4 and MShef11 grown in standard conditions (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}) had comparable methylation levels to one another across all genomic features (Supplementary Fig. [8](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). In most cases, the parental clones derived from those starting cultures also had similar methylation patterns to one another. However, Wilcoxon rank-sum testing showed that both parental clones grown in low oxygen (G8 and G2) had a significant decrease in methylation compared to those grown in standard conditions (both *P* = \< 0.001), with a particularly large decrease in G8 and a mean reduction of 3.6% (Fig. [6a](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}). The reduction in methylation seen under low oxygen appeared reversible, as the subclones derived from G2 and G8 in low oxygen but expanded under standard conditions prior to WGBS showed reversion back to 91% methylation, equivalent to their counterparts from standard conditions. (Fig. [6a](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}). Overall we found a weak relationship between promoter methylation and gene expression.Fig. 6Epigenetic changes.**a** Beanplots showing global DNA methylation levels of MShef11 starting cultures, parental clones grown in standard or low oxygen conditions, and the subclones derived from those conditions. Methylation was assessed over tiled probes across the genome, each containing 100 CpGs. Both parental clones grown in low oxygen show a small decrease in methylation, particularly clone G8. This decrease in methylation was reversible, as subclones derived from low oxygen revert to normal methylation levels following expansion in standard conditions. Source data are provided in Supplementary Data [6](#MOESM7){ref-type="media"}. **b** DNA methylation of promoters in MShef4 subclones (*N* = 20). Promoter regions were defined as regions surrounding transcription start sites, with 1500 kb upstream and 500 kb downstream context. Beanplots (left panels) show DNA methylation levels of promoters with and without CpG islands, in a randomly selected subset of MShef4 J subclones. For both classes of promoter, the starting culture and the parental clone, B8, derived from that starting culture had comparable methylation levels, whereas each J subclone showed hypermethylation of a subset of CpG island-containing promoters compared to its parental clone, B8. Density scatter plots (right panels) show the distribution of promoter methylation levels between the MShef4 starting culture and its derived parental clone, B8, and between the parental clone B8 and an example subclone, J1. The density scatter plots show comparable levels of non-CpG island-promoter methylation between starting culture material and parental clone B8, but hypermethylation of CpG island-containing promoters in subclone J1 compared to parental clone B8. Source data are provided in Supplementary Data [9](#MOESM10){ref-type="media"}--[12](#MOESM13){ref-type="media"}. **c** Top panel; heatmap showing the relative expression of de novo *methyltransferase* (*DNMT*) genes in MShef4 (*N* = 20) and MShef11 (*N* = 19) subclones from standard conditions. Lower panel; box and whisker plots showing the normalised expression counts (fragments per million reads) for *DNMT* genes in MShef4 and MShef11 standard subclones. Both *DNMT3B* and *DNMT3L* are more highly expressed in MShef4 subclones (*P* = 7.2^−8^ and *P* = 2^−8^). Boxes represent the 25th--75th percentiles of the data; whiskers show the min and max range of the data; horizontal lines indicate the median value. ns: *P* \> 0.05; \**P* ≤ 0.05; \*\**P* ≤ 0.01, \*\*\**P* ≤ 0.001; \*\*\*\**P* ≤ 0.0001. Source data are provided in Supplementary Data [13](#MOESM14){ref-type="media"}.
MShef4 subclones (J1-20) as a group showed striking hypermethylation of CpG island-containing (CGI) promoters compared to MShef11 subclones (Supplementary Fig. [8](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). To test if this effect was due to a single aberrant subclone skewing the grouped data, or if the hypermethylation had occurred in many independent subclones, we used higher-depth WGBS data from a subset of seven independent MShef4 subclones (Supplementary Data [10](#MOESM11){ref-type="media"}, [11](#MOESM12){ref-type="media"}) and compared the methylation levels of each to their parental clone, B8. Each subclone showed substantial hypermethylation of a subset of CpG island-containing promoters (Fig. [6b](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}, top panels; Supplementary Fig. [9](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}, left panels). This showed that the effect was not restricted to a single aberrant subclone and had likely occurred in all subclones in the cohort following single-cell deposition and expansion. Of the 11,677 CGI promoters measured, 1905 were hypermethylated by at least 20% across all seven subclones (Supplementary Data [12](#MOESM13){ref-type="media"}) although the levels were highly variable. However, only two CGI-containing promoters were hypermethylated by an equivalent level (±5%) across all subclones (these were directly upstream of the long non-coding RNA *FP236383.12* and the ribosomal gene *RNA5-8S5*, located on chromosomes 21 and 22, respectively) indicating no consistency in the patterns of hypermethylation and no common predecessor with the epigenetic alterations. In contrast, methylation of non-CGI promoters was similar between each subclone and its parental clone, B8 (Fig. [6b](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}, bottom panels; Supplementary Fig. [9](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}, right panels). We measured the expression of de novo methyltransferase genes (DNMTs) in MShef4 subclones (Supplementary Data [13](#MOESM14){ref-type="media"}) and found significantly elevated expression of *DNMT3B* and *DNMT3L* (*P* = 7.2^−8^; *P* = 2^−8^) compared to MShef11 subclones (Fig. [6c](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}). Both genes are involved in de novo methylation, and their relative overexpression in MShef4 subclones may account for the observed hypermethylation of CpG island-containing promoters.
Differences in imprint methylation and expression {#Sec11}
-------------------------------------------------
Given the epigenetic differences observed in our data, we examined imprinting in the subclones, which is regulated by the epigenetic status of imprint control regions (ICRs). Although imprinting in human PSC seems to be relatively stable, loss of imprints are sometimes seen, though with unknown significance^[@CR30]^. In contrast, naive human PSC^[@CR31],[@CR32]^ have less stable imprinting. For this analysis, we integrated WGBS and RNA-seq data to look for differences in ICR methylation and related imprinted gene expression (Supplementary Data [14](#MOESM15){ref-type="media"}). Comparing the methylation status of 26 known ICRs in the starting cultures, in the parental clones grown in different growth-conditions, and in their respective subclones, the mean ICR methylation was 64% across all groups, and close to the expected 50% CpG methylation resulting from one fully methylated and one unmethylated parental allele. Individual ICRs ranged between 7.6--96.9%, and methylation of some ICRs fluctuated between groups (Fig. [7a](#Fig7){ref-type="fig"}). Closer examination showed differences in the overall methylation of ICRs, between starting cultures, the parental clones and the subclones. The MShef4 starting culture had higher average ICR methylation than its MShef11 counterpart; MShef11 clones grown in low oxygen had elevated ICR methylation compared to their parental culture, and all subclone groups acquired higher ICR methylation compared to their clones-of-origin (Supplementary Fig. [10](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}).Fig. 7Imprint methylation and expression.**a** Heatmap showing the methylation levels of 26 imprint control regions (ICRs) in starting cultures, parental clones, and subclones, grouped by cell line and growth-condition. Individual ICRs show a wide range of methylation levels with some notable inter- and intra-group variation. Source data are provided in Supplementary Data [14](#MOESM15){ref-type="media"}. **b** Top panel; heatmap showing the relative expression of four selected imprinted genes: *FAM50B, H19, ZIM2*, and *MIMT1* in MShef4 and MShef11 subclones. Both *FAM50B* and *H19* are more highly expressed in MShef4 subclones; *ZIM2* and *MIMT1* are more variable in their expression. Lower panel; dot plots showing the correlation between ICR methylation and the expression of four imprinted genes, in a subset of MShef4 and MShef11 subclones with WGBS data of sufficient depth to permit such analysis (selected subclones indicated by asterisks in top panel). In all cases differences in gene expression correlate with a change in ICR methylation. Source data are provided in Supplementary Data [15](#MOESM16){ref-type="media"}.
To examine the effects of differences in ICR methylation, we measured the expression of 75 imprinted genes in our subclones and compared cell lines and growth-condition groups (Supplementary Data [14](#MOESM15){ref-type="media"}). All MShef4 subclones showed differential expression of several clusters of imprints, relative to MShef11 (Supplementary Fig. [11](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}) with one cluster having comparatively increased expression, and at least two clusters showing reduced expression. In particular, expression of *H19*, *IGF2*, and *NLRP2* was systematically different between MShef4 and MShef11 subclones. Furthermore, imprint expression between MShef4 subclones was more homogenous than between MShef11 subclones, which showed greater variation within, and between growth-condition groups (Supplementary Fig. [12](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). In a set of subclones that showed significant variation in imprint expression, and for which sufficient WGBS depth was available, four imprinted genes, *MIMT1*, *ZIM2*, *FAM50B* and *H19*, all showed an inverse correlation between ICR methylation and gene expression as anticipated (Fig. [7b](#Fig7){ref-type="fig"}). Overall, the methylation patterns were subject to environmental growth conditions, in a way that was cell-line dependent.
Discussion {#Sec12}
==========
Understanding genetic and epigenetic change in human PSC during in vitro culture is important in the context of regenerative medicine, as these cells represent a starting point for stem cell-based therapeutics. Thus, developing culture conditions that minimise change is important for improving safety in clinical applications of human PSC-derived therapeutics. It is encouraging that following culture over an extended period of time and multiple passages, both the human PSC in this study acquired a relatively low burden of single-nucleotide base substitutions, and none of the common genetic variation seen in human PSC. This is consistent with the view that the common non-random genetic changes observed in human PSC are driven by the selective growth advantage of rare but random mutations. However, estimating the underlying rate of mutation in PSC is difficult because by the time mutants become detectable their frequency may be grossly distorted by the effects of selection of those that offer a growth advantage. The clongenic strategy that we adopted to obviate this difficulty is, however, complex and expensive, so that it was only feasible to analyse two human ES cell lines, and the necessary production and selection of clones with which to carry out the analysis might itself have introduced distortions. Nevertheless, the rates we observed under normal growth conditions (0.37 × 10^−9^ and 0.28 × 10^−9^ SNV per day, for genetically independent human ES cell lines (MShef4 and MShef11, respectively) are not significantly different and are comparable with two other recent studies of human PSC (0.18 × 10^−9^ and 1 × 10^−9^ SNV per base-pair, per cell division, respectively)^[@CR3],[@CR18]^. They are substantially lower than the mutation rates estimated in somatic cells. The two ES cell lines used in our present study are mostly likely genetically unrelated, and one was derived from a frozen embryo and one from a fresh embryo. By contrast the lines studied by Rouhani were iPS cell lines, derived by reprogramming. That the mutation rate in all of these lines was comparably low, suggests that this may be a feature of PSC in general, irrespective of their means of derivation. It is also notable that in a study of a single locus, *Aprt*, in mouse ES cells,^[@CR33]^ concluded that the mutation rate in mouse ES cells is substantially lower than in corresponding somatic cells.
An increasing number of reports link culture conditions and reagents to the occurrence of genetic variants^[@CR7],[@CR34]--[@CR36]^. Clearly, existing in vitro culture conditions are sub-optimal for the maintenance of genetically normal stem cells and, while the mechanisms that underlie genetic variation are unclear, it is possible that exposure to factors such as mutagenic chemical components in growth media, and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species could drive mutation. Importantly, though, the Rho-Kinase inhibitor, [Y27632](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/Y27632), which is now widely used in PSC culture did not affect the mutation rate despite concerns that its anti-apoptotic effects might enhance the appearance of mutations. However, our data did show about a 50% reduction in mutation rate in cells cultured under low (5%) oxygen compared to standard conditions, which may be a consequence of reduced levels of reactive oxygen species generated through oxidative stress. This oxygen level, which has also been reported to affect the behaviour and differentiation capacity of PSC (e.g.^[@CR37],[@CR38]^), more closely mimics the oxygen tension experienced in the early embryo^[@CR39]^. Our results do suggest a benefit for maintaining human PSC cultures in a low oxygen environment, though to avoid exposure to fluctuating oxygen levels, for example to atmospheric oxygen during passaging and other manipulations, this requires the use of a dedicated low oxygen workstation, as we have done in this study.
The mechanisms underlying mutation have been investigated most thoroughly in the context of cancer, where the patterns of base substitution observed in specific cancer types has been deconvoluted and linked to their causative environmental agents or to aberrant biological mechanisms^[@CR24],[@CR25]^. In this study, cultures from all growth-conditions showed a strong correlation with a mutation signature frequently detected in cultured cells and linked to oxidative stress (COSMIC signature 18). Similar observations were also made in other studies of the mutational burden in human iPS cells^[@CR40]--[@CR42]^. Consistent with this, low oxygen culture induced a change in mutational signature, resulting in a reduced C \> A component in signature 18.
A stochastic model of mutation would predict a roughly equal rate of change across all regions of the genome. Indeed, we found that mutation was evenly distributed across the chromosomes, with the exception of the X chromosome, which exhibited a slightly elevated mutation rate compared to the genome-wide average. Because MShef4 and MShef11 are both male cell lines it is possible that this is a male specific phenomenon. For example, the absence of a second copy of the X chromosome for repair by homologous recombination, or increased transcription rates from X chromosomes in male PSC to compensate for the presence of two active X chromosomes in female PSC, may partly account for the elevated mutation rate. Nevertheless, we did find differences between genomic regions, with an elevated mutation rate in intergenic DNA compared to coding-region DNA, though in the genic regions we found no difference in mutation rate between exons and introns. This suggest that differences in chromatin structure or functional activity render those regions more or less mutagenic and that an antagonistic relationship between transcription and DNA repair^[@CR27]^ may be compensated by preferential DNA repair in genic regions, as has been reported by others^[@CR22],[@CR23]^. On the other hand, high transcriptional activity may hinder DNA repair processes as we did find a weak correlation between mutational load and gene activity, a relationship that has previously been observed in yeast^[@CR43]^, though in contrast to observations in tumor cells^[@CR24]^. That discrepancy might reflect differences in cell cycle control and response to DNA damage in embryonic cells compared to somatic cells^[@CR20]^.
Further to the rates of change caused by mutation, we also observed significant differences in the epigenetic status of the two human ES cell lines we studied. Previous studies of PSC have detected cell-line-specific and culture-induced epigenetic changes in general DNA methylation^[@CR34],[@CR44]^ and at specific loci such as imprint control regions^[@CR2],[@CR30],[@CR45]^. We detected a small reduction in global DNA methylation levels in MShef11 clones cultured in low oxygen, which was reversible following subcloning and expansion in standard oxygen conditions. In mouse ES cells, resetting to a naive state is accompanied by hypomethylation of the genome to a level comparable with the inner cell mass (ICM) ^[@CR31],[@CR46],[@CR47]^. Thus, if low oxygen culture mimics conditions in the early embryo, we might expect to see some level of hypomethylation. However, the small decrease in methylation detected in this study (mean reduction of 3.6% in CpG methylation in low oxygen cultures) is much less than the decrease seen in cells extracted from the ICM or following naive reprogramming (reduction of \~40% in CpG methylation in ICM or naïve human ES cells^[@CR48]^). Furthermore, one clone appeared more responsive to low oxygen than the other, making it difficult to accurately assess the effect of this condition on DNA methylation. We also saw significant hypermethylation of CpG island-containing promoters following subcloning of MShef4. This hypermethylation had occurred in multiple independent subclones, suggesting a global effect across the entire cohort. This event might be a stress-induced response to single-cell cloning and is worth considering in the context of PSC maintenance, given the dynamic nature of epigenetic change in PSCs. Finally, we saw a significant variation in the expression of imprinted genes and the methylation status of imprint control regions (ICRs). Overall, we detected variability in ICR methylation in subclones, compared to their parental clones or the starting cultures from which they were derived. MShef4 subclones exhibited a different pattern of imprint expression to MShef11 subclones, with little variation between subclones. For some imprints, MShef11 subclones showed significant subclonal variation, and we were able to detect specific instances in which changes in ICR methylation correlated with changes in accompanying imprint expression. These findings suggest that DNA methylation is highly dynamic, responsive to growth-conditions and culture practices, and can vary in a cell-line-specific manner. However, as we did not find a correlation between epigenetic change and mutation, the two may be unrelated forms of variation.
Overall, the striking conclusion from this study is the low mutation rate in human PSC, whether affecting SNV or INDELS, despite the frequent reports of common genetic variants in the literature. Most likely, the latter reflects an ascertainment bias. In the ISCI study of 120 pairs of human PSC in early and late passage, 79 lines remained karyotypically normal^[@CR2]^ while in a sequencing study of 140 human ES cell lines^[@CR12]^, only six acquired mutations in TP53, all results consistent with an underlying low mutation rate in human PSC. Of course, one unknown is whether PSC lines that have acquired growth advantages through long periods in culture may have an altered mutation rate, perhaps a mutator phenotype. Evidently, the mutation burden in human PSC can be reduced by culture conditions, such in a low oxygen environment, but it seems that the appearance of common variants is largely a consequence of selection rather than underlying mutation. Minimising the appearance of such variants will, then, depend primarily upon identification and moderating of the mechanisms by which they exhibit a growth advantage.
Methods {#Sec13}
=======
Cell lines and culture methods {#Sec14}
------------------------------
Derivation and maintenance of the MShef4 and MShef11 cell lines was performed in the Sheffield Centre for Stem Cell Biology under HFEA licence R0115-8-A (Centre 0191) and HTA licence 22510, in a clean room setting, following strict standard operating procedures. The embryos used to derive MShef4 (frozen embryo) and MShef11 (fresh embryo) were donated from different Assisted Conception Units, and so likely from different donors, following fully informed consent, with no financial benefit to the donors, and were surplus or unsuitable for their IVF treatment. Briefly, the embryos, were cultured using standard IVF culture media (Medicult), to the blastocyst stage. Following removal of the trophectoderm using a dissection laser the embryos were explanted whole onto either mitotically inactivated human neonatal fibroblasts (human feeders) in standard KOSR/KODMEM (Life Technologies) medium in the case of MShef4 or onto Laminin-511 (Biolamina) and Nutristem medium (Biological Industries) in the case of MShef11. Both cell lines were initially maintained at 37^o^C under 5% O~2~/5% CO~2~, until the lines were established, after which maintenance switched 5% CO~2~ in air at 37 °C. Cultures were passaged using a manual technique, cutting selected colonies under a dissection microscope at an average split ratio of 1:2 every 7 days. Both lines have been deposited at the [UK Stem Cell bank](https://www.nibsc.org/ukstemcellbank).
Parental material for these experiments was taken from fully characterised research bank frozen stocks known to contain high quality undifferentiated human ES cells, with a normal 46, XY karyotype frozen at passage P36 (MShef4) and P15 (MShef11). Cells were thawed onto mitomycin C-inactivated human fibroblast feeders, maintained in Nutristem and passaged using the manual cutting technique. After expansion for seven (MShef4) and five (MShef11) passages, the lines were cloned by single-cell deposition using a FACSJazz flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson) into 96-well plates with human feeders, Nutristem medium and Rho-Kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, [Y27632](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/Y27632)^[@CR49]^. After 24 h the medium was changed to remove ROCK inhibitor and the developing clones observed over 2 weeks before being manually picked and expanded in Nutristem on human feeders at 37 °C under an atmosphere of 5% CO~2~ in air, without the use of [Y27632](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/Y27632). From each line we selected a clone that we then recloned by single-cell deposition as above to yield parent clones at passage levels P53 (MShef4) and P35 (MShef11) (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}) with which to initiate the mutation analysis.
In the case of MShef4, we initially isolated ten parent clones by single-cell deposition. At the earliest possible time during their expansion we carried out an initial cytogenetic and SNP array screen to exclude any clones that may have acquired gross karyotypic changes (Supplementary Table [4](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). A single parent clone (designated B8) was selected for mutation analysis. This was grown under standard growth-conditions (Nutristem medium and mitomycin C treated human fibroblast feeders without the use of [Y27632](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/Y27632)) for a total of 109 days (19 passages) following single-cell deposition, after which a cohort of 20 subclones (Cohort J) was isolated and expanded through a further five passages to provide sufficient DNA and RNA for sequencing.
In the case of MShef11, a number of parent clones were similarly isolated but then grown under one of three conditions: Ten clones were cultured under the same standard conditions as the MShef4 clones, 10 clones were cultured under similar conditions but with the ROCK inhibitor, [Y27632](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/Y27632), added during each passage and 10 clones, to be maintained in low oxygen, were immediately transferred after single-cell deposition to a Ruskinn Sci-tive Workstation (Ruskinn Technology, Bridgend, Wales), equipped with an integrated microscope and incubator so that the cells could be passaged continually under an atmosphere of 5% O~2~/5% CO~2~ in nitrogen without exposure to atmospheric oxygen. These clones were expanded and screened as early as possible by cytogenetics and SNP array to exclude gross variants, and genetically normal clones were carried forward for further analysis (Supplementary Table [4](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). Two such parent clones (E4 and E7) were grown under standard conditions, and two (F1 and F4) were grown in the presence of the Rho-Kinase inhibitor at each passage, for 111 days (25 passages) and 115 days (25 passages), respectively. We then produced two cohorts of subclones from each parent clone for sequence analysis: Standard condition, Cohorts O and P (10 and 9 subclones, respectively); Rho-Kinase inhibitor condition, Cohorts K and L (10 subclones each). In the case of low oxygen, two parent clones (G8 and G2) were grown for 111 days (25 passages) but for technical reasons we were only able to produce nine viable subclones (Cohort N) from one of these (clone G8). Therefore, a further cohort of 12 subclones (Cohort Q) was derived from a continuation culture of the first low oxygen clone, G8, but only after it had been removed from low oxygen at 111 days and maintained under standard conditions for a further 28 days (six passages) (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}).
DNA sequencing {#Sec15}
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Genomic DNA was isolated (DNeasy kit, Qiagen) from each parental cell line, all clones and subclones and used for whole-genome sequencing^[@CR3]^ using the Illumina HiSeqX10 platform (Supplementary Data [15](#MOESM16){ref-type="media"}). For whole-genome bisulphite (WGBS), libraries^[@CR50]^ were prepared by sonicating 500 ng genomic DNA using a Covaris Sonicator into 300-400 bp long fragments, followed by end-repair, A-tailing and methylated adapter (Illumina) ligation using NEB-Next reagents. Subsequently, libraries were bisulphite-treated using EZ DNA Methylation-Direct Kit (Zymo), followed by library amplification with indexed primers using KAPA HiFi Uracil+ HotStart DNA Polymerase (Roche). All amplified libraries were purified using AMPure XP beads (Agencourt) and assessed for quality and quantity using High-Sensitivity DNA chips on the Agilent Bioanalyzer. High-throughput sequencing of all libraries was carried out with a 125 bp paired-end protocol on a HiSeq 2000 instrument (Illumina). Raw sequence reads from WGBS libraries were trimmed to remove poor quality reads and adapter contamination, using [Trim Galore (v0.4.4)](http://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/trim_galore/). The remaining sequences were mapped using Bismark (v0.18.0)^[@CR51]^ with default parameters to the human reference genome GRCh38 in paired-end mode. Reads were deduplicated and CpG methylation calls were extracted from the deduplicated mapping output using the Bismark methylation extractor (v0.18.0) in paired-end mode. Clones grown in different conditions were sequenced to 15--23X genomic coverage. Subclones were initially multiplexed by group, resulting in 0.8X average coverage per subclone, and 16X average coverage per group. Selected subclones were individually re-sequenced, resulting in 10X average coverage per subclone (Supplementary Data [16](#MOESM17){ref-type="media"}).
RNA sequencing {#Sec16}
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Total RNA was isolated using an RNeasy kit (Qiagen). Poly-A-enriched libraries were generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. RNA-seq libraries were sequenced on Illumina HiSeq2500 by 75-bp paired-end sequencing. Raw sequence reads were trimmed to remove poor quality reads and adaptor contamination using [Trim Galore](http://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/trim_galore/) and mapped to the human GRCh37 hs37d5 reference assembly accompanied by the Ensembl 75 human transcriptome annotations with HiSAT2 (<https://www.nature.com/articles/nmeth.3317>). On average, 24X exonic coverage was obtained per subclone group (Supplementary Data [16](#MOESM17){ref-type="media"}).
Data processing and quality control {#Sec17}
-----------------------------------
For WGS data, 150 bp paired-end trimmed sequencing reads were aligned to the GRCh37 reference genome using BWA. Marking of duplicates and their removal were performed using biobambam ([www.github.com/gt1/biobambam2](http://www.github.com/gt1/biobambam2)). Mutations were then called using the CaVEMan (Cancer Variants Through Expectation Maximization) computational framework^[@CR25]^. All somatic mutations that passed the standard threshold established by Alexandrov et al.^[@CR25]^ were filtered for Median Alignment Score (ASMD) of reads greater than 130, and no clipped bases were considered. This identified SNVs present in each set of subclones from both lines and all culture conditions, by subtracting the genetic variation in the relevant parental line for each subclone. Annotated SNPs from the general population and matching with dbSNP entries, which were present in the parental cultures and clones were also removed. From all 80 subclones from both cell lines and all culture conditions 19,579 de novo SNVs (with respect to genomic position and base substitution) passed the initial quality score criteria described above (Supplementary Figures [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}-[4](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}; Supplementary Data [1](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"}). Of these, we excluded 4069, which fell below an allelic frequency of 0.2. Additionally, we omitted from subsequent analyses one MShef11 subclone from the +[Y27632](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/Y27632) culture condition, and one MShef11 subclone from the low oxygen culture condition since both exhibited very high mutation rates with unusual mixed allelic frequencies, most likely because they were not derived from single cells. We also excluded from the analysis a set of 2350 SNVs that recurred in two or more subclones since they most likely represented mis-calls. After these eliminations, a set of 12,555 SNVs remained and was used to calculate the mutation rates for each cell line under each growth condition. In the case of INDELs we used the *PINDEL* INDEL-calling algorithm ([www.github.com/genome/pindel](http://www.github.com/genome/pindel)) to detect mutation; we only considered those that passed a standard filtering score \>250. From all 80 subclones from both cell lines and all culture conditions 1884 INDELs passed the initial quality score criteria described above (Supplementary Figs. [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}-[4](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}; Supplementary Data [3](#MOESM4){ref-type="media"}). Of these, we excluded 713 that fell below an allelic frequency of 0.2 or the base length was greater than 100. We also excluded the two outlier subclones as previously. After these eliminations, a set of 1171 INDELs remained and was used to calculate the mutation rates for each cell line under each growth condition.
RNA-seq data were analysed using the freely available sequence data analysis software SeqMonk v1.38.2 (Andrews S; Babraham Bioinformatics, <https://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/seqmonk/>). QC was performed using the built-in SeqMonk RNA QC pipeline to assess data content and mapping efficiency. Genome features were derived from the GRCh37 genome assembly in SeqMonk. For inter-sample gene expression comparisons, data were quantified as non-transcript-length-normalised counts (fragments per million reads) of merged transcript isoforms, using the SeqMonk RNA-seq quantification pipeline. For analysis of gene expression within a single sample, data were quantified as transcript length-normalised counts (fragments per kilobase per million reads) of merged transcript isoforms, using the SeqMonk RNA-seq quantification pipeline.
Bisulphite data was also analysed using SeqMonk v1.38.2 (Andrews S; Babraham Bioinformatics, <https://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/seqmonk/>). Quality control was performed within SeqMonk to assess average read coverage and depth over features of interest. Duplicate parental clones cultured in different growth-conditions were analysed as replicate sets; multiple subclones derived from each condition were analysed as grouped data. Analysis was performed using built-in bisulphite quantification pipelines, with the stringency of analysis matched to the level and depth of coverage of samples.
Mutation signatures {#Sec18}
-------------------
All selected mutations were then used to extract mutational signatures. For this purpose, the matrix decomposition algorithm was used as implemented in the R package *SomaticSignatures*^[@CR52]^. *SomaticSignatures* identifies mutational signatures using the methodology described by Nik-Zainal^[@CR24]^. Signatures identified were then compared with the set of somatic mutations identified by Alexandrov et al.^[@CR25]^ using *deconstructSig* and *mutationalPatterns* packages in R. Cosine similarity was used to rank the signature against the catalogue.
Rate calculations and statistical analysis {#Sec19}
------------------------------------------
Genome mutation rates were calculated by dividing the number of mutations per replicate subclone by the number of days maintained in culture, then by the total number of sequenced base-pairs in the GRCh37 genome assembly^[@CR21]^. Mutation rates of individual chromosomes or selected genomic features were calculated by dividing the number of mutations per subclone by the number of days in culture, then by the total base-pair content of each chromosome or genomic feature. In all calculations, rates were normalised to account for two copies of each autosome.
To test for differences between the mutation rates of growth-condition groups, we first used D'Agostino & Pearson and Shapiro-Wilk normality tests to measure the distribution of the data. Data that passed both tests at *P* = \< 0.05 were considered normally distributed. When data were normally distributed, we used Student's *t*-test with Welch's correction to correct for unequal standard deviations. When one or both sets of data were not normally distributed, we used non-parametric Mann-Whitney rank testing.
To identify chromosomes with mutation rates that varied significantly from the genome-wide rate, we first used D'Agostino & Pearson and Shapiro-Wilk normality tests to measure the distribution of the data for each chromosome and for the genome-wide rate. Data that passed both tests at *P* = \< 0.05 were considered normally distributed. In each growth-condition individual chromosomes were compared with the respective genome-wide rate on a pairwise basis. When both the chromosomal and genome-wide data were normally distributed, we compared them using Student's *t*-test with Welch's correction to correct for unequal standard deviations. When one or both of the chromosomal or genome-wide data were not normally distributed we used non-parametric Mann-Whitney rank testing. Data were corrected for multiple tests (22 tests x 4 growth conditions = 88 tests) using the Bonferroni method to produce adjusted *P*-values.
Intronic and exonic regions were classified based on their annotated positions in the GRCh37 genome assembly. Intergenic DNA was classified as regions between annotated genic regions and was mutually exclusive to the exonic and intronic regions. Unsequenced regions of intergenic DNA (including the ends of some chromosomes, and at centromeric regions) were excluded from the analysis. To calculate mutation rates the number of SNVs falling in each region was divided by the total genomic DNA content of those regions, accounting for two copies of each autosome. Other genomic regions were identified according to annotation tracks from the [Ensembl](http://grch37.ensembl.org/index.html) and ENCODE (<https://www.encodeproject.org/reference-epigenomes/ENCSR323FKB/>) websites.
For mutations falling within annotated genes, the distance of each SNVs relative to the TSS was calculated. TSS were identified based on annotations from the UCSC table browser. Mutations in genes were then binned into 1000 bp bins relative to their respective TSS, with increasing distance from the TSS. For each bin, the proportion of genes with a mutation at that distance from the TSS was calculated with relative to the total number of genes per bin, based on all those in the GRCh37 genome assembly.
FPKM values for mutated genes were calculated using SeqMonk software and combined with mutation rate data derived from CaVEMan. Log transformed values were checked for normality of distribution in Prism 6, then correlated by Spearman Product Moment testing using the base R function *cor.test* and the in-built Prism 6 correlation test. The LMER was implemented using the function *lmer()* in R within the package *lme4*.
Reporting summary {#Sec20}
-----------------
Further information on research design is available in the [Nature Research Reporting Summary](#MOESM20){ref-type="media"} linked to this article.
Supplementary information
=========================
{#Sec21}
Supplementary Information Supplementary Data 1 Supplementary Data 2 Supplementary Data 3 Supplementary Data 4 Supplementary Data 5 Supplementary Data 6 Supplementary Data 7 Supplementary Data 8 Supplementary Data 9 Supplementary Data 10 Supplementary Data 11 Supplementary Data 12 Supplementary Data 13 Supplementary Data 14 Supplementary Data 15 Supplementary Data 16 Supplementary Data 17 Peer Review File Reporting Summary Description of Additional Supplementary Files
**Peer review information** *Nature Communications* thanks Yasuhiro Murakawa and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Peer reviewer reports are available.
**Publisher's note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary information
=========================
**Supplementary information** is available for this paper at 10.1038/s41467-020-15271-3.
This work was funded by the UK Regenerative Medicine Platform under a grant (MR/L012537/1) from the MRC, and also supported by the Wellcome Trust (WT206194)
The scientific conception, management and co-ordination of the project was provided by P.W.A. and K.Y.; The derivation and banking of the MShef4 and MShef11 human ES cell lines was carried out by Z.H., R.W. and A.W. under the direction of H.D.M. Culture and cloning of the cells for mutation analysis and DNA, RNA and library preparation was carried out by S.G., Z.H., O.T., R.W. and A.W.; Analysis of whole-genome and bisuphite DNA sequence data and RNA sequence data were carried out by J.A., S.A., F.K., F.v.M., M.M., S.N.-Z., W.R. and O.T.; The manuscript was drafted by P.W.A., I.B., P.J.G., Z.H., F.v.M., M.M., S.N.-Z., W.R., O.T. and K.Y.
The authors declare that all data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and its supplementary information files or from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. All raw data have been deposited in the [European Genome-phenome Archive](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ega/home) under accession codes: [EGAS00001001561](https://ega-archive.org/studies/EGAS00001001561) (whole Genome sequencing), [EGAS00001001625](https://ega-archive.org/studies/EGAS00001001625) (whole Genome Bisulphite Sequencing) and [EGAS00001001655](https://ega-archive.org/studies/EGAS00001001655) (mRNA sequencing). All processed source data underlying all Figures and Supplementary Figures and Tables are available in the Supplementary Data files as indicated in the relevant Figure Legends.
W.R. is a consultant and shareholder of Cambridge Epigenetix but all other authors declare no competing interests.
| {
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Anglican Bishop of Santiago
The Anglican Bishop of Santiago is a bishop in the Anglican communion, the head of the Anglican Diocese of Santiago within the Anglican Church of Chile. Until 2018, the bishop and diocese were "of Chile", in the Anglican Church of South America.
The diocese was founded in 1963 from the Diocese of the Falkland Islands.
The diocesan seat is the Santiago Community Church in Santiago. The incumbent diocesan bishop is Tito Zavala (born 1954), who was appointed in 2000.
In November 2018, the former Chile diocese become a province in its own right, subdivided into four new dioceses (Santiago, Valparaiso, Temuco, and Conception); Zavala remained in post, as his See and Diocese were renamed Santiago, and he was additionally elected inaugural metropolitan bishop and Primate/Presiding Bishop of the province.
Bishops
Kenneth Walter Howell (4 February 190915 September 1995) was a British-born Anglican bishop who served as the first bishop of the diocese. He was deaconed in Advent 1933 (17 December) and priested the next Advent (23 December 1934) — both times by Richard Parsons, Bishop of Southwark, at Southwark Cathedral. He was consecrated a bishop by Michael Ramsey, Archbishop of Canterbury, at Westminster Abbey on 18 October 1963.
List of bishops
1963–1971: Kenneth Howell, Bishop of Chile, Bolivia, and Peru
1969–1977: Colin Bazley, assistant bishop for Cautin & Malleco (until 1975), then for the Santiago region
1970–1972: David Pytches, assistant bishop for the Valparaíso region
1972–1976: David Pytches, Bishop of Chile, Bolivia, and Peru
1977–2000: Colin Bazley, Bishop of Chile, Bolivia, and Peru (until October 1977), of Chile and Bolivia (until October 1981), and of Chile alone
12 June 19942018: Abelino Apeleo, auxiliary bishop (became diocesan Bishop of Temuco)
1998–2000: Tito Zavala, bishop coadjutor (succeeded as diocesan)
1 January 2000present: Tito Zavala (Chile until 2018, Santiago since)
19 March 2016present: Nelson Ojeda, auxiliary bishop
19 March 2016present: Alfred Cooper, auxiliary bishop
15 July 20182018: Enrique Lago, auxiliary bishop (became diocesan Bishop of Concepción)
15 July 20182018: Samuel Morrison, auxiliary bishop (became diocesan Bishop of Valparaíso)
References
External links
Official website
*
* | {
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Common shining cockroach
The common shining cockroach (Drymaplaneta communis) is a cockroach native to south-east Australia. It feeds on organic matter and is often found under the bark of eucalypt trees. During the late 1990s and 2000s, this cockroach appears to have had a population explosion in Sydney and Melbourne and is commonly found inside houses. This population increase likely coincides with an extended dry period, where many suburban gardeners added mulch to their gardens which provided a habitat for the common shining cockroach. Despite commonly being found inside houses, the common shining cockroach does not pose the same health risk as introduced cockroaches.
References
Category:Cockroaches
Category:Insects of Australia
Category:Insects described in 1893 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Dynamic analysis of the effects of upper lip pressure on the asymmetry of the facial skeleton in patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate.
Our purpose was to assess quantitatively the effect of increased upper-lip pressure on asymmetry of the facial bones in patients with unilateral complete lip-alveolar-palatal clefts. We collected computed tomographic images from 16 patients with unilateral complete lip-alveolar-palatal clefts and classified them into two groups based on absence/presence of alveolar bone grafting. We categorized eight patients (9.6 +/- 2.0 years old) who had not been treated with alveolar bone grafting as the ABG(-) group and the other eight patients (9.3 +/- 1.6 years old) who had received alveolar bone grafting as the ABG(+) group. After producing a computer-aided design model for each patient, we applied a uniform load on the anterior aspects of the maxilla, alveolus, and teeth of the model to simulate the upper-lip pressure. Then we calculated the degree of distortion each model presented using the finite element method. We compared the distortion pattern between the ABG(-) and ABG(+) groups. In the ABG(-) patients, asymmetry of distortion between the cleft and noncleft sides was present in wide areas involving the orbit, nasal bone, piriform margin, and anterior wall of the maxillary sinus. In the ABG(+) patients, asymmetry of distortion was limited to rather small areas. In unilateral complete lip-alveolar-palatal clefts patients, the upper-lip pressure works to dislocate the cleft-side segment to a more posterior position than the noncleft-side segment. This finding implies that the increased lip pressure exacerbates facial asymmetry of these patients. The exacerbating effect on facial asymmetry is alleviated by alveolar bone grafting. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A Podcast about Digital Technology
The Digital Life is an online radio show that explores important, timely topics in the world of digital design and technology. Created by Involution Studios, a top software design agency whose clients include Apple, Microsoft and Oracle.
IoT tags
November 16, 2018
Episode Summary
This week on The Digital Life, we discuss the Productivity Paradox, inspired by the recent article in MIT Technology Review, “Advanced tech, but growth slow and unequal: paradoxes and policies”. While we’re experiencing an unprecedented boom in technology, the accompanying massive productivity boost that we might expect to see has failed to materialize. In fact, in many major economies, productivity growth is slowing. So, what’s the reason for this unexpected outcome? To begin with, our ability to absorb, integrate, and leverage technologies effectively — from mobile to artificial intelligence to the internet of things — has limits. While the technology might be present, it is not been distributed and utilized in ways that have yielded productivity gains in rapid fashion. Constructing the systems, workflows, and roles to take advantage of these new technologies will take time. And, in concert with these, it will be vital that, as a society, we develop policies that support and enable people to shift into new work roles and invest time in learning new skills. Join us as we discuss.
Welcome to episode 284 of The Digital Life, a show about our insights into the future of design and technology. I’m your host, Jon Follett, and with me is founder and cohost Dirk Knemeyer.
Dirk:
Greetings listeners.
Jon:
This week we’re going to be talking about the productivity paradox, so called, which is inspired by the article in MIT’s Technology Review magazine called, “Advanced tech, but growth slow and unequal: paradoxes and policies”. So, in the short article on technology review, there’s actually quite a bit of sort of broad policy recommendations which we may get into some of those, I doubt we’ll cover them all in our show today, but encourage listeners to check out MIT’s Technology Review magazine, which is a lot of fun to read.
So, the article presents this so called productivity paradox, which is essentially sort of mapping this boom in technology. So we have all our fantastic digital technologies that we talk regularly about on the show. And then sort of maps that to this strange results which is slowing productivity growth in major economies across the world. So what is the reason for this increase in technology and then subsequent sort of flat lining of productivity? And that’s sort of what the article digs into and suggests some policy tweaks or a full out changes in some areas that I tend to agree with.
What’s funny is the premise itself, the productivity paradox, I find kind of funny because it’s this idea that this one thing that we’re measuring, which is sort of how effectively and efficiently we can create value is this really important metric. And I understand, yes, from an economic perspective that may really a critical metric. I think it’s also interesting or important that we consider that efficiency and productivity are not the sole important metrics of our day to day lives and economy. But we won’t dig into that argument too much on the show.
Dirk:
I mean, the bottom line Jon is that that’s 19th century thinking. Those are constructs and systems and economic theories that were developed now hundreds of years ago, totally out of step with where we’re at today and where we’re going tomorrow.
Jon:
Yeah, that’s a great way of putting it. Thanks for phrasing it that way. The thing that I do think is interesting, and what the article cites as a problem is this technology penetration throughout various businesses and users and people throughout the economy. So the technology is there but it’s not being used to its full potential, or even to in some cases any of its potential. And this is what is causing this productivity paradox.
So let’s dig into that, that question, right? So what’s interesting is we can take a look at pretty much any emerging or even some what we’d call standard technologies now and we can look at each of those and see how poorly they’re being used. So now, not to pick on the internet of things because there was obviously his huge hype cycle in 2017 and 2016 in which pretty much everything was going to be connected to the internet of things. That hype cycle’s since moved on to artificial intelligence. Now everything’s going to have artificial intelligence in it. he Internet of things. That hype cycles since moved on to artificial intelligence. Now everything’s going to have artificial intelligence in it. Thanks very much technology press.
But the Internet of things, even though it’s sort of current chunks along and we’re seeing more and more evidence of sort of sensor laden products, buildings, cities, et cetera, slowly coming online that the truth is that this is a multi year process to get these products, and even longer for things like smart cities to get online. And then after that, you’ve got this sea of data which some may be useful, some may not be useful. And take years to pour through that. And then figure out how you are going to automate things around that data, which means you need to recognize the patterns in the data and then make tweaks and then see how those adjustments work out.
And that’s very realistic scenario and that doesn’t even take into account all the operation and maintenance, things failing, projects not getting financing or getting off the ground. So this is not what we talk about a lot in the technology industry but it’s the very un-sexy adoption of technology over time. And if you look at graphs and charts of the 20th century and seeing how long it took electricity, cars, electric lights, telephones, all these things to achieve market penetration and become useful to people, you’ll see that it takes tens of years for this to happen.
So sorry if that busts the hype cycle for folks but I mean, it wouldn’t be much of a sale if you say hey, let’s get your smart city online. A decade later you might see something out of it.
Dirk:
Yeah, we’ve talked, I know you and have I talked about this a lot. I’m not sure how much we’ve talked about it on the show but it’s an infrastructure problem. It takes a long time to have physical infrastructure that people have invested in that’s in place at the personal level like a home, at the city level like the vast infrastructure undergirding the cities that we live in. It’s just non trivial to transform those things. There is a level of physical barrier that does move it into decades instead of months or years.
Now, what’s interesting though is with software we see much faster evolution, with personal consumer technology, particularly today, we see much faster evolution. Like if we think about it, an analog might be thinking about like televisions and radios, which those technologies also moved more slowly back then. But the limitations weren’t infrastructure based. They were technology based.
Today technology is developing at a much more rapid pace. And so we see, for example, the evolution from an iPod to an iPhone is less than a decade. And that’s massive. I mean that’s revolutionary. So a lot of it is about the context and what the physical constraints are and sort of the bigger the thing, when you, again, when it’s a level of a home or a city, the more that those constraints, it doesn’t matter where the tech is, you’re just going to hit that like a fricking hammer because people don’t have the money. The country doesn’t have the money. We can’t just re-implement everything.
Jon:
That’s right. And to add to your infrastructure comment, I would also say there are sort of workflow and process and on a deeper level or a cultural issues that come along with each of these technologies. So I’ll give an example. For instance, in say like the late 90s, early 2000s, working remotely was still sort of just a weird thing that you had to get permission to do, right? So it was permission based, sort of like, hey, you’re getting special treatment, you get to work at home in your pajamas, you’re taking advantage of the system and technology is allowing you to do this in some way or another.
Today, there are companies that for better or worse, right, are, are entirely virtual. They don’t have headquarters anymore. They work from a combination of shared office space, people working at home and then convening in sort of rented space when they need to sort of hold large events or meetings. So that’s a generational change. It took a solid 20 years for the idea of the virtual company, and I’m sure there were some early adopters of that. But this sort of cultural norm that is the expectation of a pardon the phrase, maybe maybe the younger set the millennial set, right? That was not the case when as a Gen X where I was thinking, hey, it’d be nice to work home one day a week at one of my earlier places of employment. And they were like, nope, you gotta be here. You gotta be in the office.
That was a, my boss’s boss was an older school gentlemen and really wanted everybody in the office. Flex time was considered revolutionary. The fact that I didn’t come in at, I wasn’t there at like eight o’clock in the morning. I came in at like nine-thirty, that was nuts. So that was unheard of.
Dirk:
Yeah, I mean we’re running into other barriers now. You know, we talked about technology and infrastructure, but those are cultural barriers right? Culture can slow things down as well. Certainly the technology has been in place for remote work going back to relatively early days of the internet. I mean, my career after graduate school started in ’99 and the technology was there for me to work at home just as much as I am today. Now there’s new software, like right now we’re using Zoom, which is a better piece of software to sort of enhance the connection between the remote working and the HQ so to speak.
But those differences are marginal. When we have email and everybody was using email professionally, which is basically 20 years old now, we had the tools that we needed along with old school telephones, mobile phones to work remotely. But the cultural gravity well of there’s this other way that things are done and those things are based on all of these beliefs, assumptions, values, frames of the world. It took a long time to overcome that.
So there’s all of these factors. It would be interesting to read and maybe somebody already already written something about it. I haven’t come across it, that sort of breaks down all of the factors that block implementation to go from technology or concept to manifestation in the world. Because it’s super nuanced.
Jon:
Yeah. I mean, and I can think of tons of examples of this in our practice at the studio, at Go Invo, where we encounter healthcare software and technology. And a lot of the barriers to adoption are the way people have gotten used to doing things. I hate to say it but the fax is still a popular way of transferring information in certain areas of healthcare. I mean that’s just [crosstalk 00:13:13].
Yeah, I don’t know what to do when I encounter a required field that says fax. I just enter all fives or all ones. I’m sure you do the same. So if those are all the factors that sort of make realizing productivity from all these technological advances, if those are some of the different factors that make it difficult right now, we can only assume that those same blockers are going to be in the fact as further technology develops and intersects and creates all these promising possibilities. Whether it’s artificial intelligence powered software, genomics powered healthcare, the aforementioned internet of things, creating smarter cities. These are all going to run for the buzz saw of infrastructure and culture.
And I think where there’s enough capital to force those things through, in very select areas, I think we’ll see some successes, also making hampered a little bit by all of the problems that early adopters experience of course.
Dirk:
Sorry, you know Jon, when you were saying that, if they had the vision, the place to do it would be some place like Dubai. Instead of taking that blank slate and investing in Bentleys and old school, or very modernly designed but still skyscrapers, instead of investing in these 20th century icons of progress and success, if they said we’re going to take just the most ballsy technology and build whole communities using it, boy that’s the sort of case where you could really see something happen. Because you have huge areas with lack of infrastructure. You have gigantic amounts of money. You have people wanting to show how powerful and smart that they are.
That’s the, to me if somebody wanted to leap forward and say look what’s possible, that would be the kind of situation where to do it.
Jon:
Yeah, I’m sure that there’s, I’m not familiar with the economy of Dubai. I know that there are various initiatives around innovation in the Middle East, precisely because of, I mean eventually the oil does run out and they have to have other industries. But yes, point taken. That would be the perfect storm of lack of infrastructure and sort of the possibilities of great wealth.
So this article sort of concludes with some recommendations around policy, which I think are useful. And one of those, of course, is this idea about pace of change for the worker and the ideas around what do we have in place to allow people to adapt to new industries, to change in their industry, to maybe even taking on a whole new set of skills that they never thought they would need to learn. We’ve dealt with this topic a bit around the idea of AI automation and I think you and I are fairly adaptable in adopting skills. But certainly on a large scale I could see tremendous need for this ongoing education and re-skilling of workers.
So I did think that policy recommendation, of course broad and not including a lot of specifics, that’s the right direction. We’re really not talking about that too much as a country yet. I would almost see an additional layer to the education system that’s required. We have our public schools and we have public and private colleges. I think there’s another layer of education that needs to happen in order for modern economies to be able to continue to be productive and compete in the future.
Dirk:
If you go back to some our past episodes like with Ben Nelson, I think what he’s doing at Minerva, it’s not revolutionary really. It’s sort of a big stride that’s different from where we are now. But it’s sort of foreshadowing the kinds of things that will need to be happening, where the education is more integrated into communities, where the sort of teacher, student relationship is one that is more virtualized. That these sort of curriculums are more integrated and more sort of practical. And a sort of professional oriented at the end of the day. So I think there are blueprints of where that will go. It’s just going to take time, time for it to evolve as always.
Jon:
Yeah and I loved that interview and episode on Minerva. It got me to thinking that we talk a lot at Go Invo about owning your healthcare data and the patient being the center of, 99% of your health happens outside of the doctors office, right? I suspect that it’s not going to be 99% of your education happens outside of school. But the idea that there’s this huge chunk of education that’s going to be required once you’re outside of the so called years where you’re a student. So it’s expected for younger folks to be students through high school and into college. But it’s less so expected for adults to be part of that and continually learning.
I’d love to have my own repo of education and whether it’s virtualized or not and just be able to track what I’m learning over time and continually learn. I think owning our educational mechanisms in some shape or form, whether it’s to show the credits, so it shows that I’m learning, or just simply for our own ability to track these things, I think the student as the center of education might be an interesting model in the future as well.
Listeners, remember that while you’re listening to the show you can follow along with the things that we’re mentioning here in real time. Just head over to the digitalife.com, that’s just one l in the digital life and go to the page for this episode. We’ve included links to pretty much everything mentioned by everyone. So it’s a rich information resource to take advantage of while you’re listening or afterward if you’re trying to remember something that you liked. You can find The Digital Life on iTunes, SoundCloud, Stitcher, Player FM and Google Play. And if you’d like to follow us outside the show you can follow me on Twitter at jonfollett. That’s J-O-N F-O-L-L-E-T-T. And of course the whole show is brought to you by GoInvo, a studio designing the future of healthcare and emerging technologies, which you can check out at goinvo.com. That’s G-O-I-N-V-O dot com. Dirk?
Dirk:
You can follow me on Twitter at dknemeyer, that’s at D-K-N-E-M-E-Y-E-R and thanks so much for listening.
Jon:
So that’s it for episode 284 of The Digital Life. For Dirk Knemeyer, I’m Jon Follett and we’ll see you next time.
Dirk is a social futurist and a founder of GoInvo. He envisions new systems for organizational, social, and personal change, helping leaders to make radical transformation. Dirk is a frequent speaker who has shared his ideas at TEDx, Transhumanism+ and SXSW along with keynotes in Europe and the US. He has been published in Business Week and participated on the 15 boards spanning industries like healthcare, publishing, and education.
On The Digital Life, we’ve previously discussed the concept of super technologies under the moniker of Smartware. Together, these technologies promise to create a radical inflection point at the same scale as personal computers in the 1970s, the Internet in the 1990s, and mobile computing in the 2000s. Join us as we discuss!
October 27, 2017
Episode Summary
For our podcast topic this week, we discuss the design proposal by Sidewalk Labs—a smart city technologies firm, owned by Alphabet, Google parent’s company—for the City of Toronto. Sidewalk Labs will be partnering with the city to create a mixed-use community on Toronto’s waterfront. The aim of the pilot project is to build a smart city from the ground up, drawing on recent technological innovations in software analytics, the IoT, and self-driving cars, as well as improvements in methods of construction, waste disposal, and energy systems. Concerns about privacy abound, however. A recent Toronto Star editorial voiced some skepticism that promises of security and privacy protection would actually be built into the new infrastructure of the smart city. Join us as we discuss.
August 10, 2017
Episode Summary
On The Digital Life this week, we discuss the difficulties that early adopters can encounter when using new consumer technology. In many instances, the first version of a tech product is no better than a beta release. Initial consumer iterations are often test cases for unproven inventions that can barely survive QA. Today, with so many tech products being released on a regular basis, the role of the early adopter is akin to that of an innovation guinea pig. So, why be an early adopter?
June 22, 2017
Episode Summary
On The Digital Life this week, we explore Amazon’s recent purchase of high-end grocery chain Whole Foods and how this transaction will impact the future of retail. For its $14 billion investment, Amazon gets, among other things, a strong real estate portfolio in areas of the US with wealthy, desirable demographics; sophisticated food industry logistics and warehousing; a host of purchasing relationships and agreements; and some potentially rich customer data.
It’s a little ironic that an e-commerce giant such Amazon now has an unique opportunity to redefine brick-and-mortar retail as well. But, the company has been experimenting in this space for a few years. Its Amazon Go offering, for instance, is a IoT-enabled grocery store which enables customers to forgo the checkout line. People can walk in, tap their mobile phones on a turnstile, grab what they like from the shelves, and just walk out again — no waiting in line required. We can imagine that Amazon’s retail technology might soon make an impact on its newly purchased grocery stores. Join us as we discuss the evolution of the retail and the consequences of the Amazon acquisition of Whole Foods. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
[Adaptive Cards Javascript SDK](../README.md) › [TextColor](textcolor.md)
# Enumeration: TextColor
## Index
### Enumeration members
* [Accent](textcolor.md#accent)
* [Attention](textcolor.md#attention)
* [Dark](textcolor.md#dark)
* [Default](textcolor.md#default)
* [Good](textcolor.md#good)
* [Light](textcolor.md#light)
* [Warning](textcolor.md#warning)
## Enumeration members
### Accent
• **Accent**:
___
### Attention
• **Attention**:
___
### Dark
• **Dark**:
___
### Default
• **Default**:
___
### Good
• **Good**:
___
### Light
• **Light**:
___
### Warning
• **Warning**:
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Body Makeup
Thank you for visiting Body-Makeup.com. This is your one stop destination for Body Makeup! We have a great selection to choose from, starting with Foundation and Stretch Mark Makeup. It does not matter what you're looking for we can help you find it here at Body-Makeup.com. All this in a simple to use shopping interface. Checkout securely online with the help of Body-Makeup.com. Please come again! | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
Audio range volume slider Javascript/HTML5
I'm in my first week of learning how to code and running into some trouble with HTML5 audio on how to connect a slider to the volume.
My code is below and any suggestions are appreciated. The main part I'm unsure about is my script for setVolume(); I'm just having trouble getting my head around it.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<head>
<title>Slider + Play/Pause</title>
<script>
"use strict";
/*function playMusic() {
document.getElementById("mediaClip").play();
}*/
var mediaClip = document.getElementbyId("mediaClip");
var volume1 = document.getElementbyId("volume1");
function playPause() {
var mediaClip = document.getElementById("mediaClip");
if (mediaClip.paused) {
mediaClip.play();
} else {
mediaClip.pause();
}
}
function change() {
var button1 = document.getElementById("button1");
if (button1.value==="Play") button1.value = "Pause";
else button1.value = "Play";
}
function setVolume() {
var mediaClip = document.getElementById("mediaClip").value;
document.getElementById("mediaClip").value = mediaClip;
mediaClip.volume = document.getElementById("volume1").value;
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<audio id="mediaClip" src="takeMeToChurchHozier.mp3" controls>
<p>Your browser does not support the audio element</p>
</audio>
<br/>
<input onclick="change();playPause()" type="button" value="Play" id="button1">
<br/>
<input type="range" onchange="setVolume()" id='volume1' min=0 max=1 step=0.01 value='1'>
</body>
</html>
A:
In your setVolume() function, change your code to this :
var mediaClip = document.getElementById("mediaClip");
mediaClip.volume = document.getElementById("volume1").value;
Explanation:
I changed the first line of code from var mediaClip = document.getElementById("mediaclip").value; to var mediaClip = document.getElementById("mediaClip"); because to change the attribute or property of an element, you need to use this syntax element.property not element.value.property.
I deleted the second line completely, because neither it meant anything nor it was required there. Think about it, why will you assign the value of an element to the current value of the element???
Your third line (in my code, it is second line) is unchanged.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
The draw for the group stage of Northern Arena has taken place, with the eight competing teams having been drawn into two groups.
Scheduled for November 10-13, the event will bring the 2016 Northern Arena event season to an end after a first stop in Toronto, where Immortals ran out victors after beating Cloud9 in the final.
With $100,000 at stake and eight participating teams, the tournament will take place at two different locations: Sheraton Montreal, which will stage the group stage matches and the semi-finals, and the Bell Centre, where the grand final will take place.
Liquid will be looking to bounce back from their Pro League finals run
Below you can find the group draw in full:
Group A Group B G2 Envy Liquid OpTic Heroic NRG Complexity CLG
The full tournament schedule will be released by the Canadian League of Gamers, the event's organisers, in the coming days. Tickets to the grand final, on November 13, can be purchased over at Evenko's website. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Riboflavin depletion impairs cell proliferation in adult human duodenum: identification of potential effectors.
Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is an essential dietary component with a known function in oxidative metabolism. Our previous data using a rat model of riboflavin deficiency suggested that riboflavin also functions as a luminal signaling molecule regulating crypt development and cell turnover. Riboflavin deficiency is prevalent in both high- and low-income countries across the globe. This study aims to establish whether riboflavin deficiency has consequences for gastrointestinal (GI) morphology in adults and what the effects and effectors of any such alteration may be. Duodenal biopsies and blood samples were collected from a cross-section of gastroscopy patients. Crypt morphology and cell division were studied by immunohistochemistry, and biochemical riboflavin status was determined. Additionally a cell culture model of riboflavin deficiency was developed and analyzed using a combination of flow cytometry, and microarray and clonogenic assays. Duodenal crypts from subjects in the lowest quartile of riboflavin status were significantly shorter (P=0.023), less cellular (P=0.007), and had fewer cell divisions (P=0.034) than the crypts of subjects in the top quartile of riboflavin status. Following riboflavin depletion of colon cells in culture, cell cycle slowed. Microscopy revealed impaired mitosis and accumulation of aneuploid cells. Alterations in gene expression profiles reflected this alteration, with several mitosis-related genes altered, including AspM, cyclin B1, and Birc5 downregulated and Kif23 upregulated. Riboflavin depletion in vitro caused irreversible loss of proliferative potential of cells. Riboflavin depletion in adult humans impairs proliferation and proliferative potential of intestinal cells, which may have implications for gastrointestinal function. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[While I'm still getting back up to speed, please enjoy this recipe for 'instant' pickled radishes, great in any bento or in a salad. Originally published in May 2009. It's kind of funny to re-read this post and realize we were still waffling about buying a house in France or not. I guess we did, after all!]
While radishes are available year-round, spring seems to be the perfect time to enjoy their crisp, peppery crunchiness. They are also really pretty. I love them just as-is, perhaps with a little salt, or sliced up in salads, but I've also been playing around with various formulas to make instant pickles or ichiyazuke (一夜漬け, or 'overnight pickles') with them. Here's one result that's sweet, salty, sour and peppery - a great bento box side dish. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Q:
Difference between at least and less than binomial probability
Got a two part question given to me (I used binomial Distribution to solve)
If the probability that an individual moves outside of his or her
country of residence in a given year is $0.12$, what is the probability
that less than $3$ out of a sample of $15$ move outside the country?
I approached it like this:
Less than three means $0$, $1$, or $2$.
The calculation for $0$ is:
$$
\frac{15!}{0!(15-0)!}0.12^0(1-.012)^15
$$
The calculation for $1$ is:
$$
\frac{15!}{1!(15-1)!}0.12^1(1-.012)^14
$$
The calculation for $2$ is:
$$
\frac{15!}{2!(15-2)!}0.12^2(1-.012)^13
$$
Now:
$$
P(X=0) \approx 0.147\\
P(X=1) \approx 0.300\\
P(X=2) \approx 0.287\\
P(X=0)+P(X=1)+P(X=2) \approx .3+.287+.147 \approx .734
$$
I am assuming that unless I botched the math then it should be correct.
The second question however asks
"At least two move out of the country"
I am struggling to see the difference here, I know they are different however my question is, how do I go about solving the second one? Do I just use $P(X=2)$ as my answer?
Any help would be appreciated,
Regards
A:
At least two means $2,3,4,\ldots,13,14$, or $15$; you could work it the same way, but you’d have $14$ terms to compute and add up. It’s easier to notice that at least two covers all possibilities except $0$ and $1$. Calculate the probability that fewer than $2$ move, and subtract that from $1$.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
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# Multi-label classification
Multi-label classification problem is a task to predict labels given two or more categories.
Each sample $$i$$ has $$l_i$$ labels, where $$L$$ is a set of unique labels in the dataset, and $$0 \leq l_i \leq |L|$$.
This page focuses on evaluation of such multi-label classification problems.
# Example
This page introduces toy example dataset for explanation.
## Data
The following table shows examples of multi-label classification's prediction.
Suppose that animal names represent tags of blog posts and the given task is to predict tags for blog posts.
The left column shows the ground truth labels and the right column shows predicted labels by a multi-label classifier.
| truth labels| predicted labels |
|:---:|:---:|
| cat, bird | cat, dog|
| cat, dog | cat, bird|
| cat | (*no truth label*)|
| bird | bird |
| bird, cat | bird, cat|
| cat, dog | cat, dog, bird |
| dog, bird | dog |
# Evaluation metrics for multi-label classification
Hivemall provides micro F1-score and micro F-measure.
Define $$L$$ is the set of the tag of blog posts, and $$l_i$$ is a tag set of $$i$$-th document.
In the same manner, $$p_i$$ is a predicted tag set of $$i$$-th document.
## Micro F1-score
F1-score is the harmonic mean of recall and precision.
The value is computed by the following equation:
$$
\mathrm{F}_1 = 2 \frac
{\sum_i |l_i \cap p_i |}
{ 2* \sum_i |l_i \cap p_i | + \sum_i |l_i - p_i| + \sum_i |p_i - l_i| }
$$
> #### Caution
> Hivemall also provides `f1score` function, but it is old function to obtain F1-score. The value of `f1score` is based on set operation. So, we recommend to use `fmeasure` function to get F1-score based on this article.
The following query shows the example to obtain F1-score.
```sql
WITH data as (
select array("cat", "bird") as actual, array("cat", "dog") as predicted
union all
select array("cat", "dog") as actual, array("cat", "bird") as predicted
union all
select array("cat") as actual, array() as predicted
union all
select array("bird") as actual, array("bird") as predicted
union all
select array("bird", "cat") as actual, array("bird", "cat") as predicted
union all
select array("cat", "dog") as actual, array("cat", "dog", "bird") as predicted
union all
select array("dog", "bird") as actual, array("dog") as predicted
)
select
fmeasure(actual, predicted)
from data
;
```
> 0.6956521739130435
## Micro F-measure
F-measure is generalized F1-score and the weighted harmonic mean of recall and precision.
The value is computed by the following equation:
$$
\mathrm{F}_{\beta} = (1+\beta^2) \frac
{\sum_i |l_i \cap p_i |}
{ \beta^2 (\sum_i |l_i \cap p_i | + \sum_i |l_i - p_i|) + \sum_i |l_i \cap p_i | + \sum_i |p_i - l_i|}
$$
$$\beta$$ is the parameter to determine the weight of precision.
So, F1-score is the special case of F-measure given $$\beta=1$$.
If $$\beta$$ is larger positive value than `1.0`, F-measure reaches micro recall.
On the other hand,
if $$\beta$$ is smaller positive value than `1.0`, F-measure reaches micro precision.
If $$\beta$$ is omitted, hivemall calculates F-measure with $$\beta=1$$ (: equivalent to F1-score).
The following query shows the example to obtain F-measure with $$\beta=2$$.
```sql
WITH data as (
select array("cat", "bird") as actual, array("cat", "dog") as predicted
union all
select array("cat", "dog") as actual, array("cat", "bird") as predicted
union all
select array("cat") as actual, array() as predicted
union all
select array("bird") as actual, array("bird") as predicted
union all
select array("bird", "cat") as actual, array("bird", "cat") as predicted
union all
select array("cat", "dog") as actual, array("cat", "dog", "bird") as predicted
union all
select array("dog", "bird") as actual, array("dog") as predicted
)
select
fmeasure(actual, predicted, '-beta 2.')
from data
;
```
> 0.6779661016949152
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Normotensive ischemic acute kidney injury as a manifestation of intra-abdominal hypertension.
Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH), leading to abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS), is a frequent cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in surgical and trauma intensive care units not commonly recognized by nephrologists. Multiple organ systems are often affected and frequently culminate in disastrous outcomes. The diagnosis of AKI as a manifestation of IAH requires a high index of clinical suspicion, especially, because laboratory and imaging studies are unreliable. Early recognition and treatment of the condition is associated with good clinical outcome. We report a typical case of normotensive ischemic AKI as a manifestation of IAH following abdominal surgery. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Ultimate Canada is excited to officially announce the 2018 Team Canada Rosters that will compete at the 2018 WFDF World Junior Ultimate Championships. The 2018 WJUC will take place in Waterloo, Canada, from August 18th to 25th, 2018.
Representing Canada is a privilege, but representing your country on home soil is an even bigger honor! These athletes will be supported by a team of qualified coaches and manager, and are eager to get Canada's support!
2018 U20 Team Canada Women's 2018 U20 Team Canada Men's Head Coach: Troë Weston
A. Coaches: Emma Seaborn & Kathryn Pohran
Manager: Christiane Marceau Head Coach: Mike Fung
A. Coaches: Todd Melville & Brayden Gee
Manager: Christiane Marceau Ada Chang (Vancouver, BC)
Andrea Moir (Vancouver, BC)
April Hortelano (Surrey, BC)*
Breanna Dar (Vancouver, BC)
Brittney Dos Santos (Toronto, ON)
Cassidy Gee (Vancouver, BC)
Catherine (Catie) Akune (Vancouver, BC)
Emily Scott (Ottawa,ON)*
Florence Dionne (Montréal, QC)*
Jasmine Chan (Richmond, BC)*
Jazmin Ulalan (Toronto, ON)
Julie Lee (Vancouver, BC)
Kelly Smith (Toronto, ON)
Khrystianne Peralta (Pitt Meadows, BC)*
Madison Ong (Saskatoon, SK)
Meagan Gillis (Winnipeg, MB)*
Miranda Lam (Vancouver, BC)*
Pénélope Robert (Québec, QC)
Rachel Cooc (Markham, ON)
Rebecca Mesburis (Etobicoke, ON)
Roxanne Goderre (Alma, QC)
Samantha Burrage (Winnipeg, MB)
Sarah Jacobsohn (Winnipeg, MB)
Tracey Dao (Toronto, ON)*
Wynne Gee (Ottawa, ON)
Yasmin Bañares (Winnipeg, MB)
Yuki Chui (Burnaby, BC)
Zoe Luke (Vancouver, BC) Abeer Lamba (Surrey, BC)
Aidan Hayter (Ottawa, ON)
Alex Bédard (Edmonton, AB)
Barrett Wachholz (Barrie, ON)
Bassam Abdullah (Winnipeg, MB)
Benjamin Cheer (Ottawa, ON)*
James McClean (Markham, ON)
Jason Lee (Vancouver, BC)*
Jeffrey Boris (Winnipeg, MB)
Jordan Steele (Winnipeg, MB)
Justin Pettenuzzo (Victoria, BC)
Keenan Ashley (Winnipeg, MB)*
Kieran Charnock (Newmarket, ON)
Kullin Merilees (North Vancouver, BC)*
Luc Comiré (Newtonville, ON)
Nabil Chaouch (Québec, QC)
Nathan Ambrose ( , ON)*
Nicholas Cheng (Vancouver, BC)*
Noah Hoffman (Winnipeg, MB)*
Owen Armstrong (Barrie, ON)
Ryan Eisbrenner (Winnipeg, MB)
Ryan McDonald (Winnipeg, MB)
Scott Graham (Ottawa, ON)
Sean Bennett (Winnipeg, MB)
Stephen Crew (Winnipeg, MB)*
Vincent Genest (Québec, QC)*
Wilkie Lewis (Toronto, ON)
Ywan Cohonner (Montréal, QC)
*currently listed as Alternate | {
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} |
**OBJECTIVE:** Sagittal strip craniectomy, is widely used for the treatment of sagittal craniosynostosis to normalize head shape, yet few 3D studies have investigated the rate and location of shape change following surgery. The aim of this study was to determine the velocity and location of the major shape changes after limited incision sagittal strip craniectomy with barrel staving and postop helmet therapy.
**METHODS:** After IRB approval, a retrospective chart review of all patients treated with strip craniectomy and barrel stave's at our institution was undertaken. Selection criteria included: 1) diagnosis of sagittal craniosynostosis; 2) treatment age less than 200 days; 3) compliance with and completion of helmet therapy through 1 year of age. Results of cranial index (CI), maximal anterior-posterior length and maximal width were obtained from preoperative 3D surface scans to the end of helmet therapy. To determine the stabilization of CI, longitudinal CI measurements were obtained during helmet therapy. Then the measurements were fitted using an exponential equation and the end point of CI was estimated when the curve stabilizes at a change less than 0.01 CI/day. Postoperative results were classified as excellent (CI \> 80), good (CI 70--80) and poor (CI \< 70)^1^. In addition, the change in head shape from preoperative to postoperative was evaluated using 3D analysis.
**RESULTS:** 20 patients met selection criteria (6 Female, 14 male). The average age of surgery was 109.2 ± 19.7 days (range 83--146). There was a significant increase in the CI from 71.7 ± 3.8 (range 63--77.9.) preoperative to 81.1 ± 4.2 (range 73--89.8) postoperative. 60% of patients had an excellent result and 40% had a good result. The average duration of postoperative helmet therapy was 334 ± 97.8 days (range 132--514.). The average postoperative time until stabilization of cranial index was 52.4 ± 24.7 days. 3D analysis demonstrated the posterior third to have the most change in shape, and this was both in skull height and anterior-posterior dimension. No postoperative complications occurred.
**CONCLUSIONS:** Limited incision sagittal strip craniectomy with barrel staving and postop helmet therapy produces a rapid change in CI and head shape. This suggests that the duration of helmet therapy may be shortened which could impact cost and burden of care. Further studies are needed to determine the effects of varied duration of postoperative helmet orthotic therapy and head shape.
**REFERENCES:**
1\. Jimenez DF, Barone CM: Endoscopic technique for sagittal craniosynostosis. Child Nervous System 28:1333--39, 2012
| {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Chaseley Trust, a British assisted living facility, is attracting international attention for their unique approach to patient care: They occasionally employ the services of strippers and escorts for their residents.
"People have needs," manager Helena Barrow told The Sun. "We are there to help. We respect our residents as individuals so that's why we help this to happen. If we refused, we would not be delivering a holistic level of care."
Advertisement:
But news of Chaseley residents' extracurricular activities has ignited a nationwide debate about the rights of the disabled and sex in assisted living facilities -- in addition to a local investigation into the practice.
"This has the potential to place vulnerable East Sussex residents at risk of exploitation and abuse," an East Sussex County Council spokesman told The Inquisitr.
But Barrow doesn't see a problem, and believes empowering residents to have safe, active sex lives is part of the facility's approach to holistic patient care. In fact, she was turned on to the idea by the TLC Trust, an organization that campaigns for the sexual rights of disabled men and women.
Advertisement:
Still dubious? Barrow sums the policy up with some sexual real talk. As she told the Daily Mail: | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Disqus
When Your Confidence Gets Knocked.
28 June 2017
I never intended to take a month long break from this space of mine. It also wasn't a conscious decision. Something came along though and pulled the rug from under me. I've never been the most confident person and this something took whatever confidence I did have and left with it. I nearly made the decision to not come back here at all. I've had the mouse hovered over the 'delete blog' option on more than one occasion. I couldn't do it though. I have never claimed to be the best writer in the world but Rosy Cheeks & Muddy Feet is my safe place and when push came to shove I just couldn't part with it. I spoke with my sister yesterday and she told me just to sit down and write. To not overthink it.. Just write..
When you get knocked down it's so easy to sit there and pick apart everything. What happened. Why did it happen? For me that then spirals into every other aspect of my life. My self esteem has always been balancing on a knife edge and it's something that I have to intentionally work on daily. I try to never put myself out there, always happy to hide in the background away from attention. I look at Emilie now, at 3 years old and I love her confidence. Her excitement at the smallest of things. At her age she doesn't care what people think. She loves life and she loves hard. That's probably one of my favourite things about children. They're so innocent that they don't see the bad in the world yet. They don't dwell on the past or worry about the future. They live in that moment. I wish they never had to loose that.
This month long break has taught me something though. No matter how many times your confidence gets shaken. No matter how many times you fall down. It doesn't matter, as long as you get back up. I teach that to my kids so I should practice it myself. Deleting this blog probably would have been the easy option but then what? Writing is a part of me. It's something that I've loved since before I can remember. I'm not going to change that just because I had a bad experience.
So here I am. Confidence knocked but my motivation & drive still intact. Onwards and upwards! | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
931 So.2d 946 (2006)
Martin ALEXANDER, Appellant,
v.
STATE of Florida, Appellee.
No. 4D04-1001.
District Court of Appeal of Florida, Fourth District.
May 10, 2006.
Rehearing Denied July 21, 2006.
*948 Paul Morris of the Law Offices of Paul Morris, P.A., Miami, for appellant.
Charles J. Crist, Jr., Attorney General, Tallahassee, and Daniel P. Hyndman, Assistant Attorney General, West Palm Beach, for appellee.
DONNER, AMY STEELE, Associate Judge.
Appellant, Martin Alexander ("Alexander"), appeals decisions of the trial court as follows: (1) the judge's decision to exclude exculpatory testimony of a DNA expert and (2) the judge's introduction and reference to an accident reconstructionist as an "expert." We have jurisdiction. See Fla. R.App. P. 9.030(b)(1)(A), 9.140(b)(1)(A).
We find no error in the trial court's reference to the accident reconstructionist as an "expert." However, because the trial judge abused her discretion in preventing the exculpatory testimony, we reverse and remand for a new trial.
I. FACTS
Alexander was charged in Count I with driving with a blood alcohol level over .08 percent and contributing to the cause of death of a human being, in Count II of driving under the influence of alcohol to the extent that his normal faculties were impaired and contributing to the cause of death of a human being, and in Count III of driving under the influence and contributing to the cause of injury to the person of another. After the jury found Alexander guilty of the lesser included offense of DUI in all three counts, the trial court abated Counts II and III and sentenced him to nine months in jail and three months probation on Count I. Alexander argues in this appeal that the trial court erred by excluding exculpatory testimony of a DNA expert listed on the State's witness list and referring to the State's accident reconstructionist as an "expert."
At trial, evidence was presented that Alexander was driving a car when he struck a golf cart, killing a young girl and injuring her mother. During the course of the trial, a witness testified regarding his experience and training in DUI investigation, and his expertise in accident investigation and reconstruction. When the State tendered the witness as an accident investigation and reconstruction expert, Alexander objected, stating it was improper for the trial court to inform the jury that the witness was an expert. Alexander felt such designation would inappropriately *949 confer additional credibility upon the witness's testimony.
The trial judge overruled Alexander's objection and responded to the objection in the jury's presence by referring to the witness as an expert. The witness then testified as an accident reconstruction expert. When instructing the jury prior to deliberations, the trial judge provided the instruction regarding the reliability of expert testimony. See Fla. Std. Jury Instr. (Crim.) 3.9(A). The instruction provides:
Expert witnesses are like other witnesses, with one exceptionthe law permits an expert witness to give [his][her] opinion.
However, an expert's opinion is reliable only when given on a subject about which you believe [him][her] to be an expert.
Like other witnesses, you may believe or disbelieve all or any part of an expert's testimony.
Id. (emphasis added).
At the time of the accident, Alexander told an officer that he had been drinking. Evidence was presented at trial that, prior to the accident, Alexander consumed between two and three alcoholic beverages while playing golf and an additional four alcoholic beverages afterward. Two blood samples were drawn from Alexander. One tested 0.23 grams percent blood alcohol level, and the other tested at 0.26 grams percent blood alcohol level.
Alexander's theory of the case was that the blood samples he had given had been switched with samples taken from another person. During the State's case-in-chief, Alexander cross-examined witnesses to establish the procedure utilized to test the blood samples he gave. There was also testimony indicating that the blood alcohol levels represented did not comport with the amount of alcoholic beverages Alexander allegedly consumed.
In order to support his theory that someone else's blood was tested, Alexander sought to present testimony of a DNA expert. The expert was listed on the State's witness list, but later removed. The DNA expert was not listed on Alexander's witness list. Additionally, Alexander conceded he was the driver of the automobile; therefore, DNA evidence was unnecessary to establish this fact and was excluded pursuant to a motion in limine. The expert's name had not been read to the jurors. However, the expert was ready to testify. A continuance was not necessary for the purpose of presenting the expert's testimony.
Several curative measures were suggested to prevent any prejudice to the State as a result of the absence of the expert on the Defendant's witness list. Alexander suggested that the expert's name be read to the jurors at that time. Additionally, the State requested a Richardson hearing and a one-week continuance in order to obtain the DNA testing Alexander claimed could have been conducted to ensure his blood was the blood with the elevated blood alcohol level.
The trial judge did not hold a Richardson hearing and accused the defense of "sandbagging." The trial judge determined that Alexander was required to list the DNA expert before she could testify. Therefore, the trial court excluded the testimony. No additional consideration was made regarding other available alternatives to excluding Alexander's proffered evidence. The trial court also did not consider whether the DNA expert's testimony would surprise the State.
II. EXCLUSION OF EXCULPATORY TESTIMONY IS REVERSIBLE ERROR
A trial court's decision to exclude evidence is reviewed for abuse of discretion. *950 Welty v. State, 402 So.2d 1159, 1163 (Fla.1981). While a trial judge has broad discretion to exclude evidence proffered by the defense, this discretion is not unlimited. Castaneda ex rel. Cardona v. Redlands Christian Migrant Ass'n, 884 So.2d 1087, 1093 (Fla. 4th DCA 2004).
This Court has previously determined that "[t]here are few rights more fundamental than the right of an accused to present witnesses in his or her own defense." Jenkins v. State, 872 So.2d 388, 389 (Fla. 4th DCA 2004). A defendant's fundamental right to defend himself or herself under the Sixth Amendment is denied when exculpatory evidence is excluded. Wessling v. State, 877 So.2d 877, 879 (Fla. 4th DCA 2004); Mattear v. State, 657 So.2d 46, 47 (Fla. 4th DCA 1995).
Under Richardson v. State, 246 So.2d 771, 775 (Fla.1971), a hearing should be held to determine the extent and nature of any prejudice resulting from a party's alleged discovery violation. A Richardson hearing requires the trial judge to "decide whether the discovery violation prevented the aggrieved party from properly preparing for trial ... [and] determine the appropriate sanction to invoke for the violation." Smith v. State, 372 So.2d 86, 88 (Fla.1979). Excluding exculpatory evidence is a drastic measure to cure prejudice to the State and should be used only as a last resort. Casseus v. State, 902 So.2d 294, 295 (Fla. 4th DCA 2005). Other curative measures should be explored prior to excluding exculpatory testimony.
As a result of Alexander's failure to list the DNA expert on his witness list, the trial court was required to hold a Richardson hearing prior to excluding the evidence, or imposing any other sanction. Delgado v. State, 890 So.2d 1269, 1271 (Fla. 5th DCA 2005). Failing to disclose a witness prior to trial is insufficient by itself to exclude that witness. Tomengo v. State, 864 So.2d 525, 529 (Fla. 5th DCA 2004); see also Lucas v. State, 376 So.2d 1149, 1151 (Fla.1979). A showing of prejudice to the opposing party is required. Lucas, 376 So.2d at 1151; see also Richardson, 246 So.2d at 775 (prejudice in preparation for trial).
Here, the State does not argue that it was prejudiced. Rather, the State argues that the DNA expert's testimony would be irrelevant. We believe the DNA expert's testimony was relevant. Alexander's counsel successfully argued that the amount of alcohol Alexander ingested did not comport with the test results presented by the State. The DNA expert's testimony would have bolstered Alexander's position that his blood was not the blood that was tested. See § 90.401, Fla. Stat. (2005). Furthermore, Alexander could have argued that the State had a duty to compare the DNA of his blood with the testing sample.
The State's position that the evidence was properly excluded based on surprise is likewise unsupported by the record. The DNA expert was listed by the State on its witness list. The witness's testimony was not foreign to the State. Additionally, such surprise could have more properly been avoided by allowing a recess of the proceedings so that the State could depose the DNA expert or hire another DNA expert to rebut the testimony. Wessling, 877 So.2d at 879. Granting the State's requested continuance would have prevented any prejudice or surprise.
Accordingly, we find that the trial court abused its discretion in excluding the testimony of the DNA expert. The trial court should have conducted a Richardson hearing as requested by the State in order to properly weigh any prejudice to the State. Delgado, 890 So.2d at 1271. Any prejudice *951 or surprise could have been avoided by permitting deposition or continuance. Since Alexander's fundamental right to present evidence in his defense was denied, the trial judge abused her discretion in excluding the DNA expert's exculpatory evidence. Alexander's ability to present a complete defense was harmed as a result.
III. REFERRING TO THE ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTIONIST AS AN "EXPERT" WAS NOT ERROR
Having determined that the trial court erred in excluding the exculpatory evidence of the DNA expert, we do not have to reach the second contention on appeal. However, we hold that the trial court's reference to the accident reconstructionist as an "expert" was not harmful error under the facts presented here.
A trial judge is precluded from commenting on the weight of the evidence presented. See § 90.106, Fla. Stat. (2005); Brown v. State, 678 So.2d 910, 911 (Fla. 4th DCA 1996). The choice to designate a witness as an expert lies within the sound discretion of the trial court. Rose v. State, 506 So.2d 467, 470 (Fla. 1st DCA 1987); see also Fogelman v. State, 648 So.2d 214, 219 (Fla. 4th DCA 1994) (great latitude afforded in controlling witnesses). Reversal is appropriate where the trial judge abused his or her discretion in determining that a witness should be designated as an expert. See White v. State, 817 So.2d 799, 806 (Fla.2002).
Here, the trial judge simply stated that she would permit the testimony of the witness as an expert. Expert testimony is admissible as "expert" testimony. §§ 90.702-.706, Fla. Stat. (2005). The statement here does not amount to an inappropriate comment on the witness's credibility. However, the better procedure would have been to permit the witness to testify without reference to his or her status as an expert. When coupled with the court's instruction to the jury that expert testimony should be given the same weight as other witness testimony, we can find no abuse of discretion in the trial court's reference to the witness as an expert. See Fla. Std. Jury Instr. (Crim.) 3.9(A).
IV. CONCLUSION
Because the trial court erred in excluding the exculpatory testimony of the DNA expert, we reverse the conviction and sentence, and remand the case for a new trial.
Reversed and Remanded.
GUNTHER and FARMER, JJ., concur.
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US President Donald Trump lashes out at CNN reporter about misreporting, who responds, "I think our record on telling the truth is far better than yours." | {
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/*
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/* long double version of the functions. */
#define _NEW_COMPLEX_LDOUBLE 1
#include "complex_internal.h"
#include "cexp.def.h"
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Heartland Film Festival
The Heartland International Film Festival is a film festival held each October in Indianapolis, Indiana. The festival was first held in 1992, its goal is to "inspire filmmakers and audiences through the transformative power of film".
Grand Prize and Audience Choice Award-winning films
References
External links
Official website
Heartland Film
Category:Film festivals in Indiana
Category:Festivals in Indianapolis
Category:Film festivals established in 1992
Category:1992 establishments in Indiana
Category:October events | {
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Eynehankuzviran, İhsaniye
Eynehankuzviran is a village in the District of İhsaniye, Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey.
References
Category:Populated places in Afyonkarahisar Province
Category:İhsaniye District
Category:Villages in Turkey | {
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Longer term health of young and middle-aged adults following unintentional falls at home resulting in hospitalisation.
Unintentional falls at home are a common cause of admissions to hospital amongst young and middle-aged adults. This population-based study investigated the longer-term health, physical and psychological outcomes following such injuries, and the predictors of these sequelae. Individuals aged 25-60 years admitted to hospital in the Auckland region between July 2005 and June 2006 following an unintentional fall at home were interviewed soon after the injury (baseline) and 15-months following the injury. Information collected at baseline on pre-injury status was analysed in relation to changes in general health and functioning, psychological outcomes, and role limitations at follow-up. Of the 328 participants eligible for study, 251 (77%) completed the follow-up interview. Reductions in general health and overall functioning (compared with pre-injury status) were reported by 25% and 43% of participants, respectively. In multivariate analyses, predictors of specific adverse outcomes at follow-up included increasing age (reduction in functioning), lower limb injuries (reductions in general health and functioning); female gender (psychological sequelae); injury severity score ≥9 (anxiety and depression); and length of hospital stay (fear of falling and post-traumatic stress symptoms). The significant longer-term reductions in health and levels of functioning reveal the importance of strengthening efforts to prevent falls amongst young and middle-aged adults, and identifying groups at increased risk of longer-term disability who could benefit from targeted interventions. | {
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A new video by Indonesia’s Corruption Eradication Commission, the KPK, suggests the agency is taking a closer look than ever before at the country’s palm oil sector.
Many palm oil companies aren’t paying their taxes, and corruption in the licensing process for plantations is rife, according to the KPK.
Smallholders control only around a quarter of Indonesia’s oil palm, according to the KPK.
Indonesia’s graft-ridden palm oil sector is in need of an “overhaul,” according to the nation’s anti-corruption agency.
The agency, known as the KPK, is helping guide a sweeping review of outstanding licenses for oil palm plantations, many of which have been issued in violation of procedures. Indonesia is the world’s top producer of palm oil, an edible oil used throughout the industrial food system.
Last week, the KPK published a video about the palm oil sector, arguing that the industry could be a force for positive change, if not for the widespread corruption that underlies the social and environmental problems with which the industry is often associated.
Uncontrolled oil palm expansion has helped catapult Indonesia toward the top of the list of greenhouse gas emitters, as carbon-rich forests and peatlands are indiscriminately cleared to make way for plantations.
Palm oil companies often take advantage of the lack of legal clarity over who owns land in Indonesia, seizing territory occupied by indigenous and other rural communities, and sending in the police when they resist.
“There are many loopholes that open the way for corruption in the palm oil sector,” Laode Syarif, deputy head of the KPK, says in the video.
One problem flagged by the KPK is that palm oil companies aren’t paying their taxes. Tax revenues from palm oil fell in 2014, even while production and exports soared.
“Many companies do not comply with their tax obligations,” the video’s narrator says.
Corruption is also rife in the permitting process for plantations. The KPK points out that many companies have been allowed to operate in forest areas that are supposed to be off-limits for oil palm cultivation.
Only around a quarter of Indonesia’s oil palm is owned by “smallholders,” according to the KPK. That contradicts a widely circulated figure that 40 percent of the country’s oil palm belongs to smallholders.
The Indonesian government considers any plantation smaller than 25 hectares (62 acres) to be a “smallholding.”
“We hope that Indonesia’s oil palm belongs to the people, not to be monopolized by certain companies,” Laode says.
The KPK also notes that government funds for palm oil are sucked up by the biofuels program, which is diverted to a handful of large conglomerates instead of to farmers who could use it for replanting.
Earlier this year, a union of oil palm smallholders sued the Indonesian government over the allocation of a billion-dollar fund that they say fails to help them rejuvenate their low-yielding oil palms and instead unfairly subsidizes large biofuel producers.
The KPK notes that almost all of the money from the fund has gone to “three large business groups”: Wilmar, Musim Mas and Darmex.
“The KPK has a strong reason to assess the sector,” Laode says, citing past cases in Sumatra, Borneo and Sulawesi where politicians have been arrested for graft related to licensing for plantations.
Investigations published jointly by Mongabay and The Gecko Project have chronicled how politicians have used shell companies and proxy owners as vehicles for corruptly selling licenses to multinational plantation firms.
In one case, the politician in charge of Seruyan, a district in Indonesian Borneo, issued licenses to 18 companies owned by his relatives and cronies. These individuals quickly flipped the companies, with the licenses attached, to Wilmar International and Triputra Agro Persada, two of the biggest conglomerates operating in the sector.
The KPK investigated the politician, Darwan Ali, but never pressed charges.
In another case, the politician in charge of Gunung Mas, another district in Borneo, gave licenses to five companies set up by his campaign manager in the months before he was to stand for re-election. The companies were sold to a Malaysian firm for millions of dollars. Today, the company is using the licenses to clear rainforest in the heart of Borneo.
Both the politician, Hambit Bintih, and his campaign manager, Cornelis Nalau Antun, were jailed for attempting to bribe the chief justice of Indonesia’s Constitutional Court to swing the election in their favor, apparently using the money from the land deals to pay off the judge.
“If managed properly, oil palm can in fact serve as an instrument to alleviate poverty and narrow down development gaps,” the video concludes. “Corrupt practices in the sector can be eliminated.”
Banner: An oil palm fruitlet. Image by Rhett A. Butler/Mongabay.
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