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Stylus Frame
The Stylus features aggressive, low slung geometry built around our most robust chromoly tubeset. It really is a do everything trail bike that’s incredibly versatile and ready for anything from all day trail riding to big burly lines. It’s built to climb, descend, jump and do it with authority. It features our 12mm through-axle dropout system with 148mm Boost hub spacing, our unique yokel chainstay layout offering ample tire clearance for up to 27.5x2.6 and 26 x 3.0. With a short seattube it has plenty of standover clearance and room to drop the saddle when you need to get it right out of the way.
Built around a 160mm fork with a slack front end, the Stylus is the choice for riders who tend to favor rough terrain and need a bike that will stand up to plenty of abuse and last through the apocalypse.
Almost all Chromag frames are made from quality 4130 chromoly steel tubing. Chromoly is an abbreviation for chromium-molybdenum indicating the materials that the steel is alloyed with.
The added chromium helps increase the steels hardenability and also provide some corrosion resistance.The molybdenum helps to increase the toughness of the steel.
It has a high tensile strength but is also malleable which is what gives our frames their notorious ride quality and feel. Chromoly is often used when more strength is required than that of mild carbon steel.
It falls under the AISI (American Iron & Steel Institute) 41XX designations which is where the “41” comes from. The “30” indicates it contains approximately 0.30% carbon by weight.
Chromoly is much stronger than traditional 1020 steel and it has a higher strength to weight ratio and high tensile strength, which means we can use less material and achieve a product that can withstand the abuse that riders love to throw at it.
To purchase a complete build, please contact us directly. We are happy to answer all your questions about our bikes and products. Call: 604-905-6667 Email:[email protected]
US pricing applies to all US and International purchases.
Head Tube Badge
Your bike is special. The head tube badge is the finishing touch so we’ve always made a point of taking the time to do something interesting with it. Our head tube badges have changed over the years and are an indication of the time each bike was made. Whether it’s a cast bronze, or polished stainless steel, water cut aluminum or a 3D CNC carving, each one represents our commitment to detail.
Dropouts
As 12mm through axles have proven to be solid, reliable and convenient, we have committed most of our models to utilize this format. Our 12mm dropouts are accurate and tough and feature a removable derailleur hanger with a sturdy interface for strength and reliability. All 2017 models (excluding Monk and Nice Dreams) will follow the 148mm boost spacing.
Yokel
Our ‘Yokel’ design is a small machined junction on the chainstay that helps accommodate both tire clearance and chainring clearance. Our first versions were huge CNC yokes that bridged the entire front end of the chainstays. Over time we refined this to minimize weight by arranging our chainstay layout asymmetrically and reducing the yoke to a minimal size. It’s one of our most unique frame features and has been copied by other frame makers. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Emmanuel Adebayor: I want to be remembered in England like Didier Drogba
Emmanuel Adebayor is determined to win the FA Cup with Crystal Palace
Crystal Palace striker Emmanuel Adebayor says he would love to be remembered like Didier Drogba, should the FA Cup final against Manchester United prove to be his final match in England.
The former Togo international's future at Selhurst Park remains uncertain after signing for the club on a short-term deal in January until the end of the season.
Adebayor, who has never won the FA Cup despite spells at Arsenal, Manchester City and Tottenham, insists he wants to stay in England but admits he has offers from clubs abroad.
He told Sky Sports: "My experience in English football has been beautiful and I would love to hit and beat that target to be remembered in English football like Didier Drogba.
"It is definitely possible [that I move abroad] but you know my love for English football. I am doing everything possible to stay but, if not, I can only say thanks to all the fans, all the journalists, those who criticised me, those who fight for and defend me.
"If I have to remain in England; fine. If I have to move on; fine. I came from somewhere to come to England, if I have to move somewhere from England, why not?
Adebayor's future is uncertain after signing on a short-term deal in January
"At the end of the day I am happy and in a good moment in English football. I am lucky to still be alive. I am blessed.
"We are all human beings, no-one is perfect, we make mistakes. I have learned my lessons and that's it. We all move on in our separate ways."
Palace clash with United at Wembley on Saturday having stayed in the top-flight for another season and a determined Adebayor admits it would be "crazy" to win the FA Cup with the Eagles after playing for Arsenal, Tottenham and Manchester City.
"If it ends up being my last match in English football, winning the FA Cup, it would be beautiful. What a story," he said.
"At Arsenal I couldn't win it with them, I went to City and couldn't win it with them, I went to Tottenham and couldn't win it. Coming to win it with Crystal Palace is crazy isn't it?
"At my age now I have to win it. There is no way of saying 'maybe tomorrow'. There is no 'maybe tomorrow' for me, with what I have done already with the league, I don't think I have three or four FA Cups in me.
"Now is the right moment for me, let me go and do what I need to do to grab it." | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Pyroelectric infrared detectors are used in many applications where background electronic noise can be a severe impediment to maximizing the performance of a system which utilizes these devices. The use of pyroelectric sensors using polarized crystals for detection of thermal radiation is well known. There have been many uses developed for such pyroelectric sensors. One important application is in the field of intruder alarms in which a pyroelectric sensor is arranged to detect the infrared radiation from a human being as an indication of an intruder. The invisible glow of materials permits pyroelectric infrared detectors to be used in detecting, monitoring, locating, counting and the like applications. Since every object is emitting infrared light, every object is a transmitter.
However, some pyroelectric infrared detectors can be falsely triggered by other sources of infrared radiation such as hot air from a heating system, sunlight, or equipment which may give off heat radiation. To discriminate between an element and such environmental effects, one method is to require movement of the source of heat. For this purpose, it is known to utilize at least two collocated sensors in a differential connection so as to produce zero net signal output when both sensors are irradiated and to produce multiple pulse outputs when a person walks past the device, as illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 3,839,640 wherein two such sensors are connected in series opposition.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,441,023 discloses a compensated pyroelectric sensor having two separate but closely spaced lithium tantalate pyroelectric crystal detectors connected in parallel and poled such that output connections of opposite polarity are connected to each other. The dual sensor produces a much greater output voltage when one crystal is irradiated than would occur if the two detectors were connected series opposing.
It is also known in the prior art to connect two pyroelectric sensors in parallel opposition. Such connection will also reject signals produced by radiation common to both elements and has the advantage of a much higher sensitivity and output when only one sensor is energized. Such units also are free of the static build up problem. Typical of this type of device are the structures disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,877,308 and 3,453,432 which disclose a pyroelectric radiation detector having at least two parallel opposed connected sensors.
Pyroelectric is the ability of certain materials to generate a temporary voltage when they are heated or cooled. The resulting polarization change gives rise to a voltage across the crystal. The crystal has a thermal time constant so it will thermalize to the ambient environment after a step input. The background noise can occur since pyroelectric infrared detectors require an impedance converting amplifier which is single ended wherein any electronic perturbation from an outside source such as line frequency interference or noise from an external but nearby oscillator which may be used to operate a microprocessor circuit or other sources of electronic noise can be coupled onto the detectors. Practical pyroelectrics contain either a JFET source follower in a voltage mode or a transimpedance amplifier in a current mode. The voltage mode circuit is known to generate the best signal to noise ratio. Other infrared detectors which do not require an impedance conversion circuit such as thermopiles are relatively low impedance devices are less sensitive to this problem. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
Asian masturbating on spy camera and starting dreaming
Asian bimbo waspleasing herself and got the masturbating on the spy cam. She rubbed her sexy pussy with delicious fat lips and having got the absolute self satisfaction started dreaming on the soft coach | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Arunvadi
Princess Arunvadi (; 13 June 1857 - 26 August 1933) was a Princess of Siam (later Thailand). She was a member of Siamese royal family and a daughter of King Mongkut of Siam and Chao Chom Manda Run.
Her mother was Chao Chom Manda Run Supanimitr (a daughter of Kratai Supanimitr and Cham Supanimitr). She was given full name as Phra Chao Borom Wong Ther Phra Ong Chao Arunvadi ().
Princess Arunvadi died on August 26, 1933 at the age of 76.
References
Category:1857 births
Category:1933 deaths
Category:Chakri dynasty
Category:Thai princesses
Category:Thai female Phra Ong Chao
Category:People from Bangkok | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Showing 76-
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Hotels
The stylish and modern Pulitzer Buenos Aires is just down the street from the Plaza San Martin and offers chic furnishings, lounges, a library, a bar and restaurant, a daily breakfast buffet, and a fitness facility to guests.
Sip refreshments in the garden or lounge poolside at the Raices Esturion Hotel. Guests can indulge in treatments at the spa, go for a rousing game in the tennis court, satisfy your cravings in the hotel's Caviar Restaurant, or enjoy drinks on the terrace. A daily buffet breakfast is offered in the early morning, and a continental breakfast is served up until noon!
Slip into a state of pure relaxation at the beautiful Hotel San Agustin in picturesque Paracas. Enjoy gorgeous sea views, trendy decor, a huge outdoor pool, a game room, WiFi, beach volleyball, and much more!
Indulge in a relaxing escape to Hotel Villa Paraíso. Boasting panoramic views of the lake from the cabins, access to one of the most beautiful beaches on the island, and organized tours, the hotel places you in the heart of the area's natural beauty.
Lary Beya is nestled in the Placencia Peninsula, offering guests a choice of a wealth of options for activities on and off-property. The beachfront resort includes hammocks on every balcony and an easy walk to the bar, pool, and restaurant. The 4-star property is well-equipped to provide you with a leisurely escape.
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Get the scoop on our latest deals, newest destinations as well as vacation inspiration! | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
Do I need an Amazon account to use a Kindle?
I am looking to buy a Kindle Paperwhite (7th gen). Do I need an Amazon account for it to work? I just want to put books on it from my PC. I cannot create an Amazon Account because I have no credit card, so will my Kindle register without it?
A:
You don't need a credit Card to register your amazon account.
With amazon account, it is much easier to send your personal books to your kindle:
send books an an attachment to your personal amazon email
Use browser extensions to send webpage directly to your kindle
Alternatively you can send books via USB cable to your kindle without using an account.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Introduction {#s1}
============
With the realisation that evolution can occur rapidly, there has been growing interest in measuring short term microevolutionary responses to natural selection and attempting to predict such responses in wild populations [@pone.0090444-Charmantier1]. Understanding responses to selection is an exciting challenge, both at the fundamental level when attempting to understand and predict evolutionary mechanisms and at the applied level, as in the case of management of responses to anthropogenic changes such as global warming [@pone.0090444-Hendry1]. However, the relevance of our predictions for evolutionary trajectories in natural settings will depend on how accurately we can assess selective pressures and evolutionary potential.
Evolutionary potential is often estimated as heritability (h^2^). However, most studies have reported a discrepancy between predicted and observed evolutionary responses to selection when using the breeder\'s equation [@pone.0090444-Meril1], [@pone.0090444-Walsh1], where heritability is multiplied by selection to obtain the expected evolutionary response [@pone.0090444-Falconer1]. One of the possible explanations for this discrepancy is that the estimates of evolutionary potential are inaccurate [@pone.0090444-Hill1]. A major limitation of equating the evolutionary potential of a character with its heritability comes from the fact that phenotypes result from the interaction of several characters that are functionally, developmentally and genetically linked. Approaching phenotypes as a set of independent traits may thus give a very misleading picture of expected phenotypic responses to selection [@pone.0090444-Blows1], [@pone.0090444-Lynch1]. Hence, estimating evolutionary potential requires understanding and assessing how genetic architecture, notably genetic correlations between traits, influences responses to selection, either by constraining or by facilitating such responses [@pone.0090444-Kruuk1], [@pone.0090444-Teplitsky1].
Technically, such an assessment implies the estimation of genetic correlations as well as selection on correlated characters. The **G** matrix, the matrix of additive genetic variances and covariances, summarizes the genetic architecture for a set of traits. A geometrical representation of the **G** matrices can help to visualize how the information contained in the **G** matrices can be interpreted in terms of evolutionary potential for a given set of traits in a population. A spherical **G** matrix (with equal amount of additive genetic variance in all directions) provides an opportunity for the same amount of evolutionary response in all directions of phenotypic space. An elliptical **G** matrix, on the other hand, is characterized by a main axis of additive genetic variance (**g~max~**, [Fig. 1](#pone-0090444-g001){ref-type="fig"}, [@pone.0090444-Schluter1]). This axis represents the direction of highest evolvability in the phenotypic space, hence the direction in which an evolutionary response is facilitated [@pone.0090444-Hansen1]. If selection and **g~max~** are not aligned, the response to selection will be slower and evolvability reduced. Multivariate evolutionary constraints arise when there is little or no genetic variation in the direction of selection i.e. if some traits are genetically negatively correlated but submitted to similar (positive or negative) selection pressures, or if traits are positively correlated but submitted to antagonistic selection pressures.
![Measures of constraints on response to selection for two traits, z~1~ and z~2~.\
G is represented by the ellipse, g~max~ is the first eigenvector of G, β is the vector of directional selection, and Δz~g~ is the response to selection calculated from the multivariate breeder\'s equation in the presence of genetic correlations. e~β~, the multivariate evolvability, is the projection of the response to selection on β. θ~gmax~ is the angle between g~max~ and β. Redrawn from [@pone.0090444-Hansen1].](pone.0090444.g001){#pone-0090444-g001}
Recently, Agrawal & Stinchcombe [@pone.0090444-Agrawal1] reviewed the impact of genetic correlations on the predicted rate of adaptation, gathering results from 45 studies on various plant and animal species, but found no general pattern: genetic correlations could either constrain or facilitate response to selection. However, two recent population-based studies that used the rate of adaptation metric defined by Agrawal & Stinchcombe ([@pone.0090444-Agrawal1], see Methods) found that genetic covariances could decrease the rate of adaptation of life history traits by as much as 50% [@pone.0090444-Morrissey1], [@pone.0090444-Teplitsky2]. Hence, although it is difficult to generalize the impact of **G** on the response to selection, recent studies show that genetic constraints to evolution can be very strong. Presently, the scope for comparison of such metrics of multivariate constraints is very limited. As a result, more empirical work is needed across a range of species and traits in order to reach general conclusions about the influence of the **G** matrix on adaptation [@pone.0090444-Eroukhmanoff1].
This study aims to generalize our knowledge of constraints or facilitation on the evolution of morphological traits, and to investigate how the interplay between selection and **G** matrices leads to such constraints. Our main objective is to estimate the impact of genetic correlations on evolutionary trajectories using a comparative approach based on data from long-term field studies (\>12 years) of 10 populations of seven bird species. We chose four morphological traits (body mass, and length of tarsus, bill and wing, *i.e*., traits that represent shape and body size), because we were interested in assessing potential constraints for traits known to harbour considerable genetic variation e.g. [@pone.0090444-Falconer1], [@pone.0090444-Kruuk2], [@pone.0090444-Mousseau1]. First, we evaluate how **G** affects the predicted relative rate of adaptation, R~A~ [@pone.0090444-Agrawal1] for these morphological characters. The rate of adaptation is the expected fitness gain due to an evolutionary response to current selection. The relative rate of adaptation (R~A~) is obtained by comparing the rate of adaptation under models using observed **G** versus models with genetic correlations fixed to zero. Second, we seek to understand the origin of such patterns (1) by comparing the multivariate evolvability in the direction of the estimated directional selection (e~β~, which corresponds to the amount of predicted evolutionary response in the exact direction of current directional selection, **β**) versus the average evolvability in random directions of the phenotypic space, [@pone.0090444-Hansen1], [@pone.0090444-Hansen2]; and (2) by determining the orientation of the axis containing the highest percentage of additive genetic variance relative to the direction of selection ([Fig. 1](#pone-0090444-g001){ref-type="fig"}, [@pone.0090444-Blows2]). This can be done by assessing the angle (θ~gmax~) between **g~max~** and the directional selection **β**. These evaluations will allow the assessment of the extent to which a predicted micro-evolutionary response is facilitated or constrained by genetic correlations.
Methods {#s2}
=======
Ethical statement {#s2a}
-----------------
All data came from authorized monitoring of natural populations and did not involve keeping birds in captivity. Such long-term studies require that birds are subject to minimal disturbance, and no manipulation was performed that would have caused animal suffering. Furthermore, all studies complied with national and international guidelines. All people collecting the data had banding permits.
Species and focal traits {#s2b}
------------------------
Investigating evolutionary processes resulting from natural selection requires the use of data sets where phenotypes and relatedness are collected from populations in their natural environment. In this situation, estimating accurate **G** matrices necessitates long-term datasets with multigenerational pedigrees. We focused on four morphological traits that are most commonly measured in adult birds: wing length, tarsus length, body mass and bill length. Populations were hence selected based on the availability of a pedigree and the minimum number of morphological traits needed. We gathered 10 data sets representing seven bird species from three continents ([Table 1](#pone-0090444-t001){ref-type="table"}): red-billed gull (*Chroicocephalus scopulinus*, [@pone.0090444-Mills1]), great reed warbler (*Acrocephalus arundinaceus*, [@pone.0090444-Hasselquist1]), barn swallow (*Hirundo rustica*, two populations, [@pone.0090444-Mller1]), blue tit (*Cyanistes caeruleus*, three populations, [@pone.0090444-Blondel1]), collared flycatcher (*Ficedula albicollis*, [@pone.0090444-Alatalo1]), Savannah sparrow (*Passerculus sandwichensis*, [@pone.0090444-Wheelwright1]) and house sparrow (*Passer domesticus*, [@pone.0090444-Nakagawa1]).
10.1371/journal.pone.0090444.t001
###### Summary of basic information for each population: Percentage of individuals of unknown age in the sample, size of the pedigrees and amount of data available for each population.
{#pone-0090444-t001-1}
\% of individuals of unknown age Pruned pedigree Number of observations (Number of individuals)
-------------- --------------------- -------------------------- ------ ---------------------------------- ----------------- ------------------------------------------------ ------------- ------------- -------------
Laridae Red billed gull 1- Kaikoura, New Zealand 31 4965 5 3080 (2442) 1628 (1415) 5682 (4530) 6173 (4858)
Sylviidae Great reed warbler 2- Kvismaren, Sweden 0 551 7 918 (540) 808 (492) 869 (515) 646 (413)
Hirundinidae Barn swallow 3- Badajoz, Spain 0 1407 4 2318 (1399) 2272 (1375) 2290 (1384) 2278 (1375)
4- Kraghede, Denmark 1 487 3 561 (487) 560 (487) 561 (487) 521 (447)
Paridae Blue tit 5- Muro, France 34 921 6 1303 (899) 1312 (899) 1304 (894) 1254 (866)
6- Pirio, France 30 1124 11 2016 (1079) 1705 (937) 2081 (1104) 1647 (924)
7- Rouviere, France 13 1056 9 1797 (1045) 1786 (1042) 1803 (1043) 1744 (1022)
Muscicapidae Collared flycatcher 8- Gotland, Sweden 0.08 6731 14 9341 (6299) 9183 (6218) 9286 (6253) 6133 (4409)
Emberizidae Savannah sparrow 9- Kent Island, Canada 0 1538 11 1965 (1487) 1686 (1302) 1791 (1361) 1360 (1079)
Passeridae House sparrow 10- Lundy, UK 11 391 9 780 (360) 778 (360) 766 (358) 630 (292)
Wing length is a trait connected to flight performance and is especially important in migratory species [@pone.0090444-Leisler1] such as those included in this study (collared flycatcher, barn swallow, great reed warbler, Savannah sparrow). Tarsus length is a good approximation for overall structural size in birds, because it is a skeletal measurement [@pone.0090444-Senar1]. Body mass is also a general size measure, but more condition-dependent than tarsus length. Balbontín et al. [@pone.0090444-Balbontn1] showed that body mass reflects condition, and that as such it provides a measure of changing condition among age classes and generations. Bill length is associated with many characters, including foraging and song performance [@pone.0090444-Podos1], [@pone.0090444-Grant1]. All of these traits have been shown to be heritable in several bird species [@pone.0090444-kesson1]--[@pone.0090444-Meril3].
Estimation of the additive genetic (co)variance matrix {#s2c}
------------------------------------------------------
We estimated the **G** matrix in each population by using multivariate animal models [@pone.0090444-Henderson1], [@pone.0090444-Kruuk3]. Random effects included additive genetic effects (V~A~) and permanent environmental effects to account for repeated measurements of the same individual (V~PE~) as well as a year effect (V~year~). The analyses excluded measurements on offspring of the year. Age was included as a continuous variable (linear + quadratic) to account for aging effects on trait size. Tarsus length can change because of swelling or reduction of cartilage, wing feathers re-grow annually and are affected by aging and wear, beak length may become worn depending on diet, and body mass can be affected by age, e.g., because of decreased feeding performance. As we wanted to avoid losing power by removing individuals of unknown age (portion given in [Table 1](#pone-0090444-t001){ref-type="table"}), we used mean substitution for individuals of unknown age: age was mean-centred and those individuals were assigned an age of zero. Because of power issues and technical complexity, males and females were not analysed separately so models contained sex as a fixed effect. When available and significant, we included a polynomial date effect (degree 2 or 3, according to significance) to control for mass and bill length variation during the breeding season. This affected the residual (co) variances, but not estimates of **G**. To avoid traits with larger means ([Table 2](#pone-0090444-t002){ref-type="table"}) exerting a disproportionate effect on general patterns, we standardised traits prior to analysis. Because scaling to phenotypic variance (which can vary independently of additive genetic variance) can lead to problems of interpretation [@pone.0090444-Hansen3], we used standardization to the trait\'s overall mean [@pone.0090444-Hansen1], [@pone.0090444-Hansen3].
10.1371/journal.pone.0090444.t002
###### Summary of basic information for each population: Means and standard deviations for each trait.
{#pone-0090444-t002-2}
Wing length Tarsus length Mass Bill length
--------------------- -------------------------- ------------- --------------- -------- ------------- -------- ------- ------- ------
Red billed gull 1- Kaikoura, New Zealand 278.13 8.75 443.12 18.95 288.99 26.81 49.83 2.3
Great reed warbler 2- Kvismaren, Sweden 98.33 2.89 33.09 1.03 33.37 2.43 12.51 0.57
Barn swallow 3- Badajoz, Spain 120.52 3.08 11.15 0.53 18.33 1.56 7.53 0.55
4- Kraghede, Denmark 125.68 2.97 11.18 0.81 19.28 1.52 7.82 0.49
Blue tit 5- Muro, France 61.83 2.02 16.24 0.51 9.71 0.48 9.76 0.48
6- Pirio, France 62.1 2.05 16.04 0.51 9.31 0.5 9.74 0.45
7- Rouviere, France 65.92 2.27 16.7 0.52 11.07 0.65 9.86 0.46
Collared flycatcher 8- Gotland, Sweden 81.76 2.19 19.37 0.59 13.68 1.33 13.36 0.82
Savannah sparrow 9- Kent Island, Canada 66.59 2.68 21.07 0.7 19.71 1.62 8.09 0.38
House sparrow 10- Lundy, UK 77.71 2.17 18.55 0.83 27.61 1.86 13.29 0.58
Measurements are in millimetres (mm) and mass in grams (g).
A simple description of the multivariate animal model for one population is as follows: where **Y** is the vector of standardised phenotypic observations for all individuals, **μ** is a vector of mean phenotypes, **b** is the vector of fixed effects to be fitted (age, sex and date), and **X** is the design matrix relating phenotypic observations to the vector of fixed effects. Fixed effects were individually chosen for each population based on significance levels in a preliminary analysis ([Table S1](#pone.0090444.s003){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). For the random effects, **a** is the vector of additive genetic values, **pe** the vector of permanent environment effects, and **yr** the vector of year of measurement effect, with Z~a~, Z~pe~ and Z~yr~ their respective design matrices. All random effects are assumed to be normally distributed, and elements of **a** are assumed to be drawn from where **G** is the additive genetic variance-covariance matrix and **A** the relatedness matrix derived from the pedigree.
All pedigrees were pruned using the R package "pedantics" [@pone.0090444-Morrissey2] so they contained only informative individuals [@pone.0090444-Morrissey2]. Details for each population are given in [Table 1](#pone-0090444-t001){ref-type="table"} and [Fig. S1](#pone.0090444.s001){ref-type="supplementary-material"}.
Estimating selection {#s2d}
--------------------
To assess selection coefficients in each population, we used the classic approach by Lande & Arnold [@pone.0090444-Lande1]. Directional selection gradients (**β**) were estimated by regressing relative fitness against morphological traits. Similarly, non-linear selection (**γ** matrix) gradients were estimated using quadratic regressions, including cross products between traits, representing correlational selection gradients. Quadratic coefficients from the regression were doubled so that they became analogous to selection coefficients [@pone.0090444-Stinchcombe1].
Annual contribution to total individual fitness was estimated by yearly reproductive success (the number of fledged offspring). Morphological traits were first standardised by their means and then corrected for the same significant fixed effects as used in the animal models (i.e., effects of the fixed factors were subtracted from the actual measurement values), prior to selection analysis to obtain selection estimates consistent with the **G** matrices [@pone.0090444-Hansen1].
Each variable (fitness and morphological traits) was standardized within year, i.e. fitness was divided by annual population average success and we subtracted the mean annual phenotypic value from the overall mean standardized morphological variables.
Estimating Constraints on and Facilitations of Responses to Current Selection {#s2e}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
We estimated how genetic correlations could affect both evolutionary trajectories and relative rate of adaptation in each population. First, we estimated the impact of genetic correlations on the predicted rate of adaptation in order to assess constraints on or facilitation of a response to the current selection acting in the populations, using the metric R~A~ defined by Agrawal & Stinchcombe [@pone.0090444-Agrawal1]. This metric is the ratio between the predicted change in fitness given the predicted evolutionary change in mean phenotype per generation, in the presence of genetic correlations relative to what it would have been without these correlations. It is defined as: with where is the rate of adaptation (predicted change in fitness based on the predicted change of the mean phenotype of the population), the predicted change in average phenotype in the population calculated using the breeder\'s equation , **β** the vector of directional selection gradients, and **γ** the matrix of non-linear selection. In [equation (2](#pone.0090444.e004){ref-type="disp-formula"}), is the rate of adaptation taking into account genetic correlations, while is the rate of adaptation when all the covariances between traits are set to 0. The ratio R~A~ is then compared to 1, with a ratio larger than 1 implying higher rate of adaptation in the presence of genetic correlations (facilitation), while a ratio lower than 1 implies that genetic correlations slow down adaptation (constraint, [@pone.0090444-Agrawal1]). To estimate the overall means across populations (equivalent to a meta-analytic mean) for relative rate of adaptation R~A~, a ratio, we used the geometric mean: the overall mean was estimated for each iteration when estimating R~A~ for each population, so that a confidence interval could be built.
Evolvabilities {#s2f}
--------------
We also estimated multivariate evolvability and average evolvability [@pone.0090444-Hansen1]. Multivariate evolvability is the amount of predicted evolutionary response occurring in the exact direction of selection (e~β~, [Fig. 1](#pone-0090444-g001){ref-type="fig"}). It is estimated as
Average evolvability over random selection gradients [@pone.0090444-Hansen1] represents the evolutionary potential associated with the **G** matrix if averaged across all possible directions in the phenotypic space. It is defined as where λs are the eigenvalues of **G**. Average evolvability thus does not depend on genetic correlations [@pone.0090444-Hansen1]. Note that our definitions of multivariate evolvabilities follow Hansen and Houle [@pone.0090444-Hansen1]. Evolvability can be defined as a univariate (variance scaled to the mean) or a multivariate estimate. Following [@pone.0090444-Hansen1], [@pone.0090444-Hansen3], we use "I~A~- evolvability" for univariate estimates of additive genetic variance scaled to the mean and "e" for multivariate estimates of evolvability.
Angle between directional selection and g~max~ {#s2g}
----------------------------------------------
**g~max~** is the first eigenvector of **G** and the amount of additive genetic variance it contains is the eigenvalue of this vector. The sum of all eigenvalues of **G** represents the total additive genetic variance. Hence, the proportion of genetic variance along **g~max~** was estimated for each population by the ratio between the first eigenvalue of **G** and the sum of the four eigenvalues. This gives an assessment of the evenness of the distribution of the genetic variance in the different dimensions of **G**.
The angle between **g~max~** and the direction of selection (**β**, [Fig. 1](#pone-0090444-g001){ref-type="fig"}) estimates how close selection is from the axis that is the direction of least resistance. If selection and g~max~ are aligned, the response to selection will be maximal while it will be constrained with increasing angles (with maximum constrain at 90°). The angle between g~max~ and β was calculated using:
The angle between **g~max~** and **β** cannot exceed 90° because **g~max~** can be considered in its two opposite directions. Hence, if an angle larger than 90° was found, we took the complementary value 180-θ~gmax~.
Estimation method {#s2h}
-----------------
Both animal models and selection analyses were run using Bayesian methods with the MCMCglmm R Package [@pone.0090444-Hadfield1]. The advantage of the Bayesian approach is that the use of posterior distributions facilitates the propagation of errors in estimates [@pone.0090444-Morrissey3]. Although uncertainty around estimates of **G** matrices is usually large [@pone.0090444-Lynch1], attempts to integrate this uncertainty in the next steps (e.g., predicted response to selection) are extremely rare [@pone.0090444-Morrissey1]. One of the goals of this analysis is to provide such estimates for each quantity described above.
The posterior distribution was a sample of 1000 values for each parameter. We used a total of 1,200,000 iterations for each analysis, with a burn-in phase of 200,000 and thinning of 1000. Priors were defined for variances and covariances. We assessed two priors for variances and covariances for each analysis: (1) a parameter expanded prior [@pone.0090444-Gelman1] and (2) a slightly informative prior (V = diag(n)\*Vp/r, nu = n), where Vp is the phenotypic variance, n the number of traits and r the number of random factors. Our results were not sensitive to the choice of prior ([Fig. S2](#pone.0090444.s002){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
In the main text, we chose to present results from the model with slightly informative priors as it has a direct biological interpretation: the prior specification implies that (1) the variance is distributed evenly across the random terms and (2) traits are independent [@pone.0090444-Hadfield1]. If information is coming from the prior, as it is built with null covariances, estimated genetic covariances would be biased downwards, if anything, and our estimates conservative.
Results {#s3}
=======
G-matrices {#s3a}
----------
I~A~-evolvabilities (100× additive genetic variance of traits scaled to the square of their mean), interpreted as the expected percentage of trait change per generation if it were submitted to selection as strong as on fitness itself [@pone.0090444-Hansen4], were on average 0.061% (range 0.013%--0.178%, [Tables 3](#pone-0090444-t003){ref-type="table"}, [4](#pone-0090444-t004){ref-type="table"} and [5](#pone-0090444-t005){ref-type="table"}) across traits and populations. Heritability estimates were on average 0.30 (range 0.05--0.60, [Table S2](#pone.0090444.s004){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). High I~A~-evolvabilities did not correspond to high heritabilities, and overall both estimates were unrelated (R^2^ = 0.04). The absence of congruence between evolutionary potential predicted from heritabilities and I~A~-evolvabilities is in line with a recent review [@pone.0090444-Hansen3].
10.1371/journal.pone.0090444.t003
###### Estimates of mean standardized traits I~A~-evolvabilities (estimated V~A~×100) and genetic covariances (×100) for Red-billed gull, Great reed warbler, and the two Barn swallow populations with their 95% confidence interval.
{#pone-0090444-t003-3}
Red-billed gull Great reed warbler Barn swallow - Badajoz Barn swallow - Kraghede
------------- ----------------- -------------------- ------------------------ ------------------------- -------- ------- ------- -------- ------- ------- -------- -------
Wing 0.032 0.027 0.036 0.019 0.015 0.026 0.02 0.012 0.03 0.03 0.018 0.042
Tarsus 0.045 0.037 0.061 0.036 0.025 0.047 0.031 0.018 0.044 0.086 0.038 0.127
Mass 0.109 0.09 0.14 0.077 0.047 0.122 0.132 0.091 0.198 0.178 0.085 0.307
Bill 0.036 0.032 0.04 0.083 0.059 0.115 0.073 0.037 0.108 0.047 0.025 0.1
Wing:Tarsus 0.015 0.009 0.021 0.001 −0.003 0.009 0.004 −0.006 0.01 0.025 0.006 0.041
Wing:Mass 0.021 0.014 0.031 0.012 0.001 0.023 0.024 0.005 0.039 0.038 0.006 0.057
Wing:Bill 0.01 0.006 0.013 0.004 −0.006 0.013 0.004 −0.009 0.017 0 −0.015 0.024
Tarsus:Mass 0.038 0.025 0.052 0.027 0.01 0.042 0.022 0.001 0.042 0.031 −0.014 0.087
Tarsus:Bill 0.015 0.009 0.021 0.013 0.003 0.029 0.007 −0.009 0.024 0.006 −0.025 0.037
Mass:Bill 0.022 0.015 0.03 0.023 0.002 0.05 0.03 −0.003 0.064 0.007 −0.037 0.06
I~A~-evolvabilities were higher for mass than for other characters because of the cubic scale of this measurement, while other characters were measured on a linear scale [@pone.0090444-Hansen3].
10.1371/journal.pone.0090444.t004
###### Estimates of mean standardized traits I~A~-evolvabilities (estimated V~A~×100) and genetic covariances (×100) for the three Blue tit populations with their 95% confidence interval.
{#pone-0090444-t004-4}
Blue tit - Muro Blue tit - Pirio Blue tit - Rouvière
------------- ----------------- ------------------ --------------------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
Wing 0.018 0.013 0.026 0.013 0.009 0.018 0.02 0.015 0.024
Tarsus 0.041 0.027 0.054 0.043 0.029 0.058 0.043 0.035 0.054
Mass 0.075 0.042 0.11 0.079 0.053 0.11 0.103 0.077 0.131
Bill 0.045 0.028 0.068 0.028 0.017 0.041 0.05 0.038 0.065
Wing:Tarsus 0.01 0.003 0.017 0.012 0.005 0.017 0.007 0.002 0.011
Wing:Mass 0.012 0.002 0.025 0.012 0.005 0.022 0.017 0.009 0.025
Wing:Bill 0.008 −0.002 0.015 0.007 0 0.011 0.006 0 0.011
Tarsus:Mass 0.021 0.006 0.039 0.029 0.012 0.046 0.02 0.012 0.035
Tarsus:Bill 0.019 0.006 0.031 0.013 0.001 0.022 0.01 0.002 0.018
Mass:Bill 0.032 0.008 0.048 0.017 0.002 0.03 0.029 0.015 0.042
I~A~-evolvabilities were higher for mass than for other characters because of the cubic scale of this measurement, while other characters were measured on a linear scale [@pone.0090444-Hansen3].
10.1371/journal.pone.0090444.t005
###### Estimates of mean standardized traits I~A~-evolvabilities (estimated V~A~×100) and genetic covariances (×100) for the Collared flycatcher, Savannah sparrow and House sparrow populations with their 95% confidence interval.
{#pone-0090444-t005-5}
Collared flycatcher Savannah sparrow House sparrow
------------- --------------------- ------------------ --------------- ------- -------- ------- ------- ------- -------
Wing 0.018 0.015 0.02 0.02 0.015 0.027 0.024 0.017 0.032
Tarsus 0.037 0.033 0.043 0.036 0.025 0.047 0.09 0.051 0.135
Mass 0.115 0.095 0.133 0.117 0.081 0.177 0.174 0.108 0.241
Bill 0.045 0.039 0.056 0.087 0.058 0.109 0.09 0.06 0.13
Wing:Tarsus 0.007 0.005 0.01 0.005 0 0.013 0.027 0.014 0.046
Wing:Mass 0.015 0.009 0.019 0.015 0.005 0.032 0.036 0.023 0.061
Wing:Bill 0.006 0.003 0.01 0.01 −0.001 0.018 0.015 0.002 0.026
Tarsus:Mass 0.028 0.022 0.036 0.02 0.007 0.046 0.086 0.044 0.136
Tarsus:Bill 0.008 0.004 0.014 0.016 0 0.026 0.041 0.005 0.069
Mass:Bill 0.015 0.005 0.024 0.036 0.012 0.064 0.053 0.019 0.091
I~A~-evolvabilities were higher for mass than for other characters because of the cubic scale of this measurement, while other characters were measured on a linear scale [@pone.0090444-Hansen3].
Genetic covariances between all traits were positive in all populations ([Tables 3](#pone-0090444-t003){ref-type="table"}, [4](#pone-0090444-t004){ref-type="table"} and [5](#pone-0090444-t005){ref-type="table"}), and average genetic correlations were 0.35 (range: 0 to 0.76). In all populations, **g~max~** contained more than half of the total amount of additive genetic variance (geometric mean (95% CI): 61.3% (58, 64), [Table 6](#pone-0090444-t006){ref-type="table"}) which suggests that **G** matrices were classically elliptical rather than spherical. The first eigenvalue, which represents maximal evolvability if selection and **g~max~** are aligned [@pone.0090444-Hansen1], was of the order of 0.1 to 0.2 (values ×100, [Table 6](#pone-0090444-t006){ref-type="table"}). All traits loaded positively on **g~max~** ([Table 6](#pone-0090444-t006){ref-type="table"}), and body mass consistently had the highest loading on **g~max~**. Because the first axis of a PCA can be interpreted as a size index, this suggests that the line of genetic least resistance (**g~max~**) is associated with body size.
10.1371/journal.pone.0090444.t006
###### Percentage of variance along g~max~ and value of the first eigenvalue (×100) with 95% confidence intervals, and loading of the four morphological traits on g~max~.
{#pone-0090444-t006-6}
Percentage of variance along g~max~ First eigenvalue Wing Tarsus Mass Bill
------------------------- ------------------------------------- ---------------------- ------- -------- ------- -------
Red billed gull 63.4 (58.28, 69.46) 0.143 (0.118, 0.173) 0.24 0.415 0.839 0.257
Great reed warbler 53.66 (44.69, 64.6) 0.123 (0.082, 0.166) 0.117 0.343 0.669 0.649
Barn swallow - Badajoz 62.97 (49.32, 72.15) 0.159 (0.11, 0.23) 0.178 0.186 0.898 0.356
Barn swallow - Kraghede 63.38 (46.33, 74.2) 0.222 (0.122, 0.335) 0.251 0.309 0.916 0.054
Blue tit - Muro 64.56 (48.99, 70.71) 0.107 (0.069, 0.153) 0.185 0.388 0.752 0.499
Blue tit - Pirio 64.7 (55.52, 73.93) 0.111 (0.073, 0.143) 0.188 0.474 0.814 0.279
Blue tit - Rouvière 59.38 (52.12, 65.7) 0.127 (0.101, 0.16) 0.174 0.274 0.864 0.384
Collared flycatcher 59.5 (55.18, 64.45) 0.131 (0.111, 0.151) 0.154 0.304 0.919 0.2
Savannah sparrow 62.24 (49.06, 68.75) 0.163 (0.11, 0.217) 0.145 0.226 0.8 0.537
House sparrow 73.65 (60.72, 80.16) 0.256 (0.171, 0.383) 0.194 0.494 0.764 0.366
Natural selection on morphology {#s3b}
-------------------------------
Both the direction and strength of selection varied substantially across species but also across populations. In four of the populations (the three blue tit populations and the Kraghede population of barn swallows), directional selection was significant on bill length, tarsus or mass, but not on wing length ([Tables 7](#pone-0090444-t007){ref-type="table"}, [8](#pone-0090444-t008){ref-type="table"} and [9](#pone-0090444-t009){ref-type="table"}). In collared flycatchers, great reed warblers and Savannah sparrows ([Tables 7](#pone-0090444-t007){ref-type="table"} and [9](#pone-0090444-t009){ref-type="table"}), we found significant directional selection on two traits, and in these three cases, selection was negative on mass and positive either on wing, tarsus or bill length, respectively. We also found no evidence of significant nonlinear selection. There was evidence for negative correlated selection on tarsus and mass in blue tits (Pirio) and barn swallows (Kraghede) and on tarsus and wing in barn swallows (Badajoz). Finally, there was significant positive correlated selection on bill length and wing in blue tits (Pirio), and wing length and mass in house sparrow. No significant selection was found in red-billed gulls.
10.1371/journal.pone.0090444.t007
###### Estimates of directional and non-linear selection gradients for the Red-billed gull, Great reed warbler, and the two Barn swallow populations with their 95% confidence intervals.
{#pone-0090444-t007-7}
Red-billed gull Great reed warbler Barn swallow - Badajoz Barn swallow - Kraghede
------------- ----------------- -------------------- ------------------------ ------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ------------ ----------- ------------ ----------- -----------
\|\| β \|\| 4.22 1.94 7.24 5.23 2.53 8.17 0.54 0.22 1.48 1.06 0.4 2.02
Wing 1.14 −2.75 5.9 −0.09 −3.79 4.12 0.33 −0.72 1.5 −0.54 −1.89 1.23
Tarsus 1.86 −1.12 4.39 **4.04** **1.45** **7.69** 0.12 −0.48 0.65 **0.7** **0.09** **1.29**
Mass −1.15 −2.39 0.32 **−1.78** **−3.02** **−0.51** 0.08 −0.27 0.44 −0.17 −0.48 0.4
Bill 1.86 −1.83 5.35 0.58 −1.48 1.96 0.15 −0.25 0.59 0.32 −0.27 0.86
Wing^2^ 139.96 −27.15 243.35 15.61 −107.1 233.37 −13.47 −35.27 7.07 41.28 −15 91.45
Tarsus^2^ 29.1 −33.29 88.21 24.88 −61.64 128.76 2.78 −5.35 9.58 1 −5.6 11.14
Mass^2^ 9.26 −8.08 21.38 −0.57 −18.42 12.75 −1.71 −5.6 1.44 2.13 −1.94 5.75
Bill^2^ −57.69 −151.95 50.09 22.47 −4.12 51.95 −0.93 −5.75 2.37 4.99 −2.93 11.9
Wing:Tarsus −108.46 −274.15 28.38 −50.82 −212.11 160.11 **−22.4** **−49.61** **−0.74** 11.18 −13.68 40.7
Wing:Mass 18.4 −56.76 79.17 −41.18 −114.47 45.77 14.48 −3.85 24.46 10.04 −10.91 32.6
Tarsus:Mass −3.22 −53.47 43.52 30.94 −20.81 84.41 10.08 −0.61 15.37 **−10.96** **−20.1** **−0.71**
Mass:Bill −10.09 −62.84 50.76 4.29 −27.27 29.81 3.25 −2.06 9.56 −1.65 −9.87 6.87
Tarsus:Bill −30.88 −127.8 97.93 −39.99 −132.73 20.27 −4.47 −11.57 5.86 −2.85 −15.28 7
Wing:Bill −56.3 −273.35 124.82 12.16 −109.53 89.27 14.36 −8.2 25.07 2.55 −20.86 30.12
In bold are the estimates significantly different from zero. \|\| β \|\| is the norm of the directional selection gradient. Note that the quadratic coefficients are not doubled in this table.
10.1371/journal.pone.0090444.t008
###### Estimates of directional and non-linear selection gradients for the three Blue tit populations with their 95% confidence intervals.
{#pone-0090444-t008-8}
Blue tit - Muro Blue tit - Pirio Blue tit - Rouvière
------------- ----------------- ------------------ --------------------- ------------ ------------ ----------- ---------- --------- ----------
\|\| β \|\| 0.97 0.41 1.38 1.31 0.67 1.95 1.08 0.48 1.66
Wing 0.24 −0.53 0.91 0.46 −0.4 1.53 0.23 −0.31 1.06
Tarsus 0.48 −0.22 1.06 0.42 −0.27 1.39 **0.91** **0.3** **1.55**
Mass −0.29 −0.69 0.09 **−0.82** **−1.27** **−0.39** −0.22 −0.62 0.13
Bill **0.63** **0.13** **0.88** 0.39 −0.18 0.86 0.05 −0.29 0.46
Wing^2^ 3.43 −14.12 18.72 −15.15 −34.66 13.41 −2.15 −18.01 6.11
Tarsus^2^ 2.75 −13.17 14.73 13.96 −4.41 40.91 −6.73 −24.06 15.68
Mass^2^ −1.56 −5.86 3.06 6.16 −0.63 11.42 −2.05 −6.77 2.83
Bill^2^ −1.8 −8.19 4.09 −3.55 −11.84 2.91 2.44 −3.61 7.67
Wing:Tarsus −25.07 −43.24 10.21 −21.05 −55.97 22.68 2.72 −26.45 27.8
Wing:Mass 6.84 −11.44 22.93 11.87 −11.67 32.68 −4.46 −16.57 15.48
Tarsus:Mass 9.81 −2.19 25.34 **−27.21** **−46.44** **−6.3** −2.9 −15.78 12.68
Mass:Bill −1.77 −9.21 8.08 −0.45 −7.34 10.49 −4.38 −10.7 5.79
Tarsus:Bill 8.74 −8.22 20.52 −18.93 −38.82 2.03 −10.73 −25.35 4.48
Wing:Bill 4.59 −10.91 23.65 **28.53** **2.35** **51.24** 2.23 −16.82 17.16
In bold are the estimates significantly different from zero. \|\| β \|\| is the norm of the directional selection gradient. Note that the quadratic coefficients are not doubled in this table.
10.1371/journal.pone.0090444.t009
###### Estimates of directional and non-linear selection gradients for the Collared flycatcher, Savannah sparrow and House sparrow populations with their 95% confidence intervals.
{#pone-0090444-t009-9}
Collared flycatcher Savannah sparrow House sparrow
------------- --------------------- ------------------ --------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
\|\| β \|\| 0.93 0.57 1.53 2.34 1.33 3.49 1.91 0.74 3.67
Wing **0.74** **0.12** **1.33** 0.94 −1.13 2.4 −0.42 −2.7 2.56
Tarsus 0.52 −0.01 0.96 −1.32 −2.39 0.37 1.16 −0.26 2.43
Mass **−0.39** **−0.59** **−0.21** **−0.73** **−1.27** **−0.12** 0.05 −1.09 0.61
Bill −0.11 −0.47 0.18 **1.73** **0.86** **2.49** −0.87 −1.85 0.54
Wing^2^ 7.64 −9.72 29.03 −35.23 −89.95 21.92 3.24 −118.06 80.24
Tarsus^2^ −1.4 −11.48 5.68 0.47 −41.13 42.94 −4.57 −40.03 26.08
Mass^2^ −1.18 −2.98 0.32 −5.13 −11.24 0.09 −7.91 −18.66 2.23
Bill^2^ 0.88 −2.82 4.51 8.49 −2.38 26.02 19.05 −4.77 37.6
Wing:Tarsus −10.88 −31.36 14.78 −45.03 −105.1 21.11 −57.39 −163.83 12.26
Wing:Mass −3.71 −11.99 7.59 26.43 −2.21 62.14 **76.43** **35.36** **128.3**
Tarsus:Mass 4.57 −1.07 13.75 2.37 −25.51 24.2 10.74 −19.19 39.52
Mass:Bill −2.84 −7.46 2.59 4.2 −12.41 14.79 −11.88 −38.77 15.99
Tarsus:Bill −6.85 −21.58 5.01 −2.72 −33.07 32.1 25.05 −15.52 55.11
Wing:Bill 7.42 −10.11 21.37 −4.27 −48.02 33.75 −36 −114.1 31.27
In bold are the estimates significantly different from zero. \|\| β \|\| is the norm of the directional selection gradient. Note that the quadratic coefficients are not doubled in this table.
Constraints on predicted responses to current selection {#s3c}
-------------------------------------------------------
The predicted rate of adaptation was significantly lower in the presence than in the absence of genetic correlations (i.e., 95% of R~A~ values from the posterior distribution lower than 1) in four of the 10 populations ([Table 10](#pone-0090444-t010){ref-type="table"}, [Fig. 2](#pone-0090444-g002){ref-type="fig"}): great reed warblers, blue tits in Pirio, collared flycatchers and Savannah sparrows. On average, R~A~ was 72%, which means that because of genetic correlations, the predicted fitness gain was on average 28% lower than it would be in the absence of these correlations. Despite large confidence intervals around the geometric mean across all populations, this average decrease was significant (geometric mean with 95% CI: 0.72 (0.60, 0.85), [Fig. 2](#pone-0090444-g002){ref-type="fig"}), and no R~A~ was larger than 1.
{ref-type="table"}.](pone.0090444.g002){#pone-0090444-g002}
10.1371/journal.pone.0090444.t010
###### Rate of adaptation, evolvability and orientation of genetic variance relative to selection gradients (β) for ten bird populations.
{#pone-0090444-t010-10}
Rate of adaptation (R~A~) Multivariate evolvability (e~β~) Average evolvability () θ~gmax~ - Angle between β and g~max~
--------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- ---------------------------------- ------------------------- -------------------------------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------- ------- -------
Red billed gull 1 - Kaikoura, New Zealand 0.704 0.446 1.305 83.5 0.0349 0.0208 0.0533 0.0554 0.0498 0.0644 86.26 65.20 89.97
Great reed warbler 2 - Kvismaren, Sweden **0.751** **0.378** **0.966** **97.3** 0.0241 0.0143 0.0425 0.0578 0.0436 0.0684 87.86 68.09 89.98
Barn swallow 3 - Badajoz, Spain 0.800 0.491 1.718 45.7 0.0267 0.0082 0.1094 0.0639 0.0499 0.0853 79.14 41.42 90.00
4 - Kraghede, Denmark 0.713 0.305 1.608 67.3 0.0528 0.0127 0.1241 0.0896 0.0611 0.1225 87.74 50.22 90.00
Blue tit 5 - Muro, France 0.864 0.362 1.538 71.2 0.0306 0.0144 0.0633 0.0446 0.0338 0.0567 81.07 49.49 90.00
6 - Pirio, France **0.572** **0.346** **0.879** **98.1** 0.0257 0.0111 0.0503 0.0416 0.0320 0.0505 86.89 56.73 89.95
7 - Rouviere, France 0.741 0.506 1.208 85.7 0.0380 0.0207 0.0512 0.052 0.0455 0.0627 89.22 65.15 89.97
Collared flycatcher 8 - Gotland, Sweden **0.642** **0.487** **0.789** **100.0** 0.0239 0.0149 0.0411 0.0545 0.0489 0.0602 87.84 66.01 89.99
Savannah sparrow 9 - Kent Island, Canada **0.726** **0.498** **0.973** **98.4** 0.0477 0.0255 0.0746 0.0663 0.0536 0.0829 86.18 70.17 89.98
House sparrow 10 - Lundy, UK 0.416 0.199 1.215 89.4 0.0351 0.0108 0.0928 0.0937 0.0686 0.1254 85.24 61.97 90.00
The relative rate of adaptation R~A~ is calculated according to [eq (2)](#pone.0090444.e004){ref-type="disp-formula"} and compares the rate of adaptation in the presence and the absence of genetic correlations. If the rate of adaptation is lower than 1, genetic correlations slow down adaptation. For each population the proportion of support of the posterior distribution (PS) for the hypothesis of R~A~\<1 is also given. In bold are shown significant estimates where the posterior distribution supports the hypothesis by at least 95%. Multivariate evolvability (×100), the amount of predicted response occurring exactly in the direction of selection was calculated according to [eq (4)](#pone.0090444.e011){ref-type="disp-formula"}. Average evolvability (×100), the average evolvability in random direction of phenotypic space was calculated according to [eq (5)](#pone.0090444.e012){ref-type="disp-formula"}. The angles between selection gradients and g~max~ (θ~gmax~) were calculated according to [eq (6)](#pone.0090444.e013){ref-type="disp-formula"}.
Evolvability in the direction of **β** was on average 1.7 times lower than in random directions (mean e~β~ ×100 (95% CI): 0.0369 (0.0291; 0.0509), mean ×100 (95% CI) : 0.0638 (0.0577; 0.0680), [Table 10](#pone-0090444-t010){ref-type="table"}, [Fig. 3](#pone-0090444-g003){ref-type="fig"}), implying that current selection is acting in a direction of lower genetic variance than the average genetic variation in the phenotypic space. Confidence intervals within populations are much larger for e~β~ than for due to the uncertainty in the **β** estimates which adds to the uncertainty on **G** estimates. In accordance with these results on evolvability, the vectors **g~max~** and **β** were very close to orthogonal in most populations ([Table 10](#pone-0090444-t010){ref-type="table"}), so that if all genetic variance was along **g~max~**, no response to selection would be possible. However, other dimensions of phenotypic space include 40% of genetic variance, so that multivariate evolvabilities (e~β~, the amount of response in the exact direction of **β**) were significantly different from zero ([Table 10](#pone-0090444-t010){ref-type="table"}). These results emphasise that genetic variance remaining along dimensions other than **g~max~** also play a major role in determining evolvabilities.
{ref-type="table"}.](pone.0090444.g003){#pone-0090444-g003}
Discussion {#s4}
==========
We report consistent evidence for multivariate constraints on morphological evolution across 10 avian populations studied in their natural habitat during extensive periods exceeding 12 years. Morphological traits generally display high heritabilities and harbour ample additive genetic variation [@pone.0090444-Teplitsky3], [@pone.0090444-Charmantier2], [@pone.0090444-McCleery1]--[@pone.0090444-Dingemanse1]. Therefore they are often believed to be only weakly constrained in terms of evolutionary potential but see [@pone.0090444-Hansen3], [@pone.0090444-Meril4]. Here for linear measurements (mass excluded) we found I~A~-evolvabilities less than half (0.04% on average) of what was reported (0.09%) in the review by Hansen et al. [@pone.0090444-Hansen3]. The highest I~A~-evolvabilities were found for body mass, yet again for this trait, our estimates of I~A~-evolvability were much lower (0.12%) than the previously reported average of 0.94% [@pone.0090444-Hansen3]. In a univariate framework, for a trait with an I~A~-evolvability of 0.04%, this means that, if selection acting on this trait was as strong as on fitness itself, a change of 10% in the mean of the trait would be achieved in 240 generations [@pone.0090444-Hansen3].
Moreover, using a multivariate framework, we also found evidence of evolutionary constraints even when only four morphological traits were considered, emphasising that equating heritability with evolutionary potential can be misleading [@pone.0090444-Hansen3]. In fact, here we have shown that the predicted relative rate of adaptation (R~A~) was on average 72%, which means that the predicted rate of adaptation was lowered by 28% (1- R~A~, range 13--58%) due to the genetic correlations considered.
Two scenarios may lead to a decreased rate of adaptation: negative genetic correlations with similar direction of selection pressures or positive genetic correlations in the presence of antagonistic selection. Negative genetic correlations have gained much interest in the study of evolutionary constraints [@pone.0090444-Walsh1]. This is mainly because selection is often positive on life history traits so that trade-offs should emerge as a consequence of negative genetic correlations for these traits but see [@pone.0090444-Charmantier3]. However, genetic correlations between morphological traits generally seem to be positive ([@pone.0090444-Kruuk4], this study, review in [@pone.0090444-Roff1]). As the sign of selection on morphological traits is not always positive but depends on traits and populations ([@pone.0090444-Frentiu1], this study), opposing selection patterns within the same organisms can be common and hence lead to constraints on responses to selection. Here, this scenario is illustrated by three populations of great reed warblers, collared flycatchers and Savannah sparrows, where the relative rate of adaptation was significantly lower than one. In these populations, antagonistic selection between mass and another trait (tarsus, wing and bill length, respectively), in the presence of positive genetic correlations explain this result. Such opposing selection patterns can arise because of selection for a specific function. For example, selection on wing length can be positive or negative, depending on whether long-distance flight or manoeuvrability are favoured e.g. [@pone.0090444-Hall1]. Similarly, the sign of selection on beak size in Darwin\'s finches (*Geospiza fortis*) depends on the abundance of different seed types, which themselves depend on climatic events [@pone.0090444-Grant2]. Further studies in each population would be needed to interpret selection patterns in terms of the function of traits, and to assess the ecological determinants behind these patterns.
Such a reduction in the rate of adaptation reflects changes between the predicted responses to selection of traits whether or not genetic correlations are taken into account. In great reed warblers, univariate models (i.e., not taking into account genetic correlations) predict significant responses in tarsus length and mass to selection, but no significant response in either trait is expected in the presence of genetic correlations ([Table S3](#pone.0090444.s005){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). In collared flycatchers univariate models predict a response to selection in both wing length and mass, but multivariate models predict a significant response only in mass. In Savannah sparrows, univariate models predict a response to selection in both mass and bill length, but only bill length is predicted to respond to selection in the presence of genetic correlations ([Table S3](#pone.0090444.s005){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). In contrast, no significant antagonistic selection was found in blue tits in Pirio, but multivariate models reveal nonetheless a disappearance of the response in mass when compared to univariate models. This is probably due to the fact that selection is significantly negative on mass while although non-significant, it is positive on the three other traits.
We found a consistent pattern in that the orientation of **g~max~** was nearly orthogonal to directional selection in all populations. Although **g~max~** contained on average 60% of the additive genetic variance, the dimensions of **G** other than **g~max~** still contained ca. 40% of additive genetic variance. This suggests that genetic correlations can decrease the rate of adaptation, but do not necessarily lead to an absolute constraint (i.e., here R~A~≠0). It is thus important to consider other dimensions along which additive genetic variance is distributed, and not only **g~max~** [@pone.0090444-Hansen2], [@pone.0090444-Kimmel1], as a reduction of the rate of adaptation of 28% is lower than what could have been expected based on the relative orientation of selection and **g~max~**.
In line with this argument, evolvability in the direction of selection (e~β~) was on average lower than evolvability in random directions of the phenotypic space (), suggesting that selection may have reduced available genetic variance. This may be a very general pattern: depleted genetic variance in the direction of selection has also been found in sexually selected traits [@pone.0090444-Blows2], [@pone.0090444-Hine1], [@pone.0090444-Chenoweth1] and life history traits [@pone.0090444-Simonsen1].This result could suggest a depletion of additive genetic variance because of sustained directional selection on particular trait combinations [@pone.0090444-Walsh1]. However, there is still a debate about the stability of selection [@pone.0090444-Sipielski1], [@pone.0090444-Morrissey4], so that a spatiotemporal analysis of selection patterns in each population would be required to assess whether sustained selection can be responsible for the observed pattern. Evolvabilities from this study (either e~β~ or ) are very low compared to estimates from Simonsen and Stinchcombe [@pone.0090444-Simonsen1] on life history traits of the ivyleaf morning glory (*Ipomoea hederacea*, e~β~∼0.002) or foraging traits of three-spined sticklebacks (*Gasterosteus aculeatus*, e~β~∼0.015 and = 0.007, [@pone.0090444-Hansen2]). However, results are similar to what was found by Björklund et al [@pone.0090444-Bjrklund1] in the same collared flycatcher population that we studied. There are still very few studies reporting estimates of multivariate evolvabilities, and it is not possible yet to interpret these differences either in terms of traits or taxa, yet we hope that our results will encourage further estimates in the near future.
While our estimate of a decrease in predicted rate of adaptation (28%) is 2.5 times as large as the average decrease estimated by Agrawal & Stinchcombe [@pone.0090444-Agrawal1] in their review (11%), they also found in 12 out of 45 studies that genetic correlations decreased the rate of adaptation by more than 30%. The decrease in predicted rate of adaptation from the present study is also lower than that found by Morrissey et al. [@pone.0090444-Morrissey1] in their study of life history traits in a single island population of red deer (*Cervus elaphus*, 40%). In the Spanish population (Badajoz) of barn swallows, Teplitsky et al. [@pone.0090444-Teplitsky2] found a decrease of 48% of the rate of adaptation for life history traits whereas in the present study we found a (non-significant) decrease of 20% for morphological traits for the same population. Two main factors may help explain such differences across studies. First, it is possible that morphological and life history traits differ in the amount of genetic constraints. Second, if selection is stable, constraints might actually be detected more readily than facilitation in natural populations. If genetic correlations facilitate the response to selection, populations should adapt and be subject to less intense selection. Hence, facilitation could be a transient state whereas constraints would represent a more stable state. Further analysis of data, such as those gathered in Agrawal & Stinchcombe [@pone.0090444-Agrawal1], could provide valuable information as to when facilitation is more likely to occur. For example, does facilitation occur when organisms are subject to recent selection pressures, or when genetic architecture changes under new environmental conditions?
The existence of multivariate constraints can have important implications for the potential of a micro-evolutionary response to rapid changes in the environment such as global climate change, because the pace of microevolution may be considerably reduced. The prevalence of such genetic constraints may begin to explain why so far little evidence of evolutionary adaptation to climate change has been reported [@pone.0090444-Meril5]. The evolutionary significance of these constraints will also depend on the stability of the **G** matrix. The discussion regarding the extent to which and the conditions under which **G** is stable is still open, as some studies revealed either surprising constancy of **G** (review in [@pone.0090444-Arnold1], [@pone.0090444-Garant1]) or rapid changes [@pone.0090444-Bjrklund1].
Finally, our study showed significant multivariate constraints even though only four traits were included. This represents a very small fraction of all the traits integrated within an organism, and it is likely that constraints would become stronger if more traits were included [@pone.0090444-Kirkpatrick1]. As evidence is building that including more traits dramatically affects predicted responses to selection (e.g. [@pone.0090444-Etterson1], [Table S3](#pone.0090444.s005){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), and as our understanding and appreciation of evolutionary trajectories improves, it is becoming clear that multivariate studies should be the standard approach in evolutionary biology. Of course, including all traits is unachievable, but more comprehensive approaches based, for example, on modularity and identified suites of functionally related and highly correlated characters relatively independent of other suites of traits [@pone.0090444-Wagner1], promise to bring significant insights.
Conclusions {#s4a}
-----------
Our study assesses the generality of evolutionary constraints on morphology in birds that may arise from selection pressures such as those due to rapid environmental change. We found multivariate constraints on the predicted response to selection in morphological traits. Such traits are generally thought of as having a high evolutionary potential, which highlights the danger of equating heritability and evolutionary potential, as this can lead to an overestimation of the rate of adaptation. This can be especially problematic when assessing the sustainable rate of environmental change above which adaptation will be too slow to prevent population extinction [@pone.0090444-Chevin1].
Supporting Information {#s5}
======================
######
**Histograms of relatedness between pairs of individuals present in the pruned pedigree for each of the populations.**
(DOC)
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
**Graphical comparison of the estimates of rate of adaptation, multivariate evolvability (e~β~), average evolvability (** **) and angle between gmax and directional selection using slightly informative prior and parameter expanded prior.**
(DOC)
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
**Significance of fixed effects in final models after removal of non-significant effects.**
(DOC)
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
**Estimates of heritabilities (with traits standardized to the variance) for each population.**
(DOC)
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
**Predicted responses to selection (×100) in multivariate and univariate frameworks, and the angle between selection and predicted response to selection (Angle(R, β)).**
(DOC)
######
Click here for additional data file.
We thank J. Hadfield for statistical advice, R. Julliard for fruitful discussion and M. Morrissey, Loeske Kruuk and Fabrice Eroukhmanoff for helpful comments on a previous draft of the manuscript. We gratefully acknowledge CC-IN2P3 for providing a significant amount of the computing resources needed for this work. Thanks to all the people who helped obtain field data, especially J. Schroeder for the house sparrow project, A. Barbosa, N. Cadée, J. Cuervo, L. Garamszegi, D. Gil, I. G. Hermosell, F. Mateos, S. Merino, J. Moreno, C. Navarro and P. Ninni for the barn swallow project, J. Blondel, P. Perret, M. Lambrechts and D. Garant for the blue tit project, S. Bensch, M. Åkesson, B. Nielsen, H. Westerdahl, and Kvismare Bird Observatory for the great reed warbler project, and numerous Bowdoin undergraduates on the Savannah sparrow project.
[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
[^2]: Conceived and designed the experiments: CT AC. Performed the experiments: MT SN APM AC JB TAB CD AG BH DH LG FdL AM JAM NW JWY. Analyzed the data: CT MT SN. Wrote the paper: CT MT APM AC. Commented on the manuscript: CT MT APM SN JB TAB CD AG BH DH LG FdL JAM NTW JWY AC.
| {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
"POP!" I hear metal pulling from the rock, generally not a good sound.
"SNAP!" That last savage jerk dashes my last hope for this ending well. The earth rushes up to claim her prize and gravity proves himself once again.
For a moment I think, "I'm OK..." but the pain crashes over me like a wave.
I get the phone call early Sunday morning, my climbing partner, Matt, wants to try something hard and scary in Eldorado. He always calls me before the sun comes up and he's always psyched. I meet him at the usual spot and we head into the canyon. His friend Joseph Crotty, an Eldo classic, is meeting us there.
The scramble up the along the west face of Redgarden to the Kloof Alcove does not take long. The Kloof Alcove is a short, overhanging area with some fantastic sandstone face climbing; just my style.
Always one to encourage, Matt says, "You should try to get the onsight of the Kloof. I free soloed this a couple years ago. Rack up!"
The namesake of the alcove is a 5.10+ classic, by all accounts something I should be able to easily onsight. I look at the inviting pockets and think, "Alright, let's do this!"
I'm a bit nervous, though; I'm mostly a sport climber. I'll try just about anything with bolts on it, but I can count my trad leads on two hands. Until recently I'd free soloed harder than I'd led anything trad (5.9), and I'd never really fallen on a cam. But the route looks like a great one to push myself on.
I pull up over the first twenty foot section of unprotectable 5.9 climbing to a ledge. From an awkward stance I stretch to put in my first piece, a .3 Camalot, in a crack that's a slightly out of my reach. I can't see the placement well but I tug on it a bit. Should hold.
The route starts to diverge; some of the chalked holds go straight up along a small crack towards large pockets, and some lead left out an angled crack. Trying to remember the advice Matt gave me about traveling left, I take this route. I place another small cam in the angled crack that accepts the cam, but it has the potential to walk. As I'm thinking about backing it up Matt starts yelling, "You're off route!" I work my way back to the vertical crack and make a move through the crux.
I start to pump out, getting desperate. I look for another placement, but nothing is immediately available. Just above the next move I see a crack hungry for a cam. I set up to make a move and throw for what looks like a jug. I slap onto a sloper, not what I'm expecting. I start to slip and yell out,"Falling!" In hindsight, I probably could have held on, but it wasn't quite good enough. I've fallen hundreds, maybe thousands of times. I don't think twice. Why would this fall be different?
I fly towards the unmoving ground, taking note of my first failed piece of protection zinging down the rope. The rope pulls taught again, but only for an instant. The sound of the second piece failing echoes in my ears and I slam into the ground, lying on my back, 30 feet lower than the moment before. Miraculously I land in the space between the knife edge of a bowling-ball-sized rock and a large slab. The cam that caught for a second swung me in just enough that I didn't land on my feet, most likely avoiding a broken leg or two. I land in a reclined sitting position, impacting my tailbone but amazingly not breaking it.
No air. My body convulses, wriggling away from the point of impact like a snake, desperate to find a position I can breath in. I feel hands pushing me to the ground.
"Don't Move!" Matt and Joe hold me down so I don't hurt myself more. Finally, the air re-enters my lungs and I lay still.
I evaluate my condition. My ass hurts more than I can explain. There is a burning sensation in the middle of my back that explodes out across my body when I move. The outer part of my right hand hurts and there is a visible mark where I hit it on a rock. Otherwise I'm fine! I am alive! My head doesn't hurt, and my friends are taking care of me. They take off my climbing gear, cover me in jackets, and try to make me as comfortable as possible.
Matt calls 911, asking for a rescue, and goes down to the parking lot to meet them. Joe keeps me awake and talks to me about anything he can think of. He tells me I should call my girlfriend and let her know what happened.
"Baby, I've had an accident. I'm hurt but alive. I think I've hurt my back. Rescue is on the way. I'm going to the hospital. I'll let you know more when I know more." I cry for the first time when I am talking to her. She is crying too, taking in the news.
Rocky Mountain Rescue arrives on the scene and they begin to prepare me for the descent. The medic gives me an IV of pain meds and I'm lifted carefully into a metal litter. I'm secured by an air mattress blown up around me, limiting my movement, and my arms and legs are strapped down to keep me from falling out of the litter. Almost 30 volunteers are involved in getting me safely down the mountain. Rather than carry me down the path they make anchors every 180 feet to belay me straight down. The volunteers lower me down the steep scree field, four of the men holding on to the litter the entire time making the journey as smooth as possible.
The ambulance doors shut and I'm on the way to the hospital. The whole trip off the mountain to hospital takes about three hours.
I walk out of the hospital several hours later. I WALK out! Amazingly, after a thirty foot ground fall I can boast that I only have a compression fracture of my T11 Thoracic and a fracture in my right hand's 5th metacarpal. What hurts the most, by far, is my miraculously unbroken tailbone. It hurts to sit, to move, to much of anything. But still, it's not broken.
Recovery is hard. Sleeping is the worst. After a couple of weeks I only need to take pain pills at night. I can't just lie in bed and do nothing, so I go to the YMCA to swim and use the elliptical machine most days. I was on my swim team in high school, and getting back in the lanes is freeing.
After six weeks the back brace comes off. The bones are officially healed, but I still have to be careful. The muscles still think my back is injured. From the beginning my tailbone still hurt so much I couldn't sit so I converted my desk to a standing desk. For a month and half I was either laying down or standing. But I'm thankful; friends who have also broken their back tell me how much worse they had it. I have been in relatively little pain. The biggest struggle has been not to climb, but after I get my back brace off I start easy climbs in the gym.
My dad says that I need to evaluate the risks I'm taking in my life. Maybe he's right, but really, he's not one to talk. He recently said, "I still have you beat by twenty feet!" when I was talking to him on the phone. He fell fifty feet into a pit cave and broke his back much worse than I did back in 1995.
A lot of people asked me if I am going to trad climb again, and now over a year later I have. I've learned what I did wrong and how to avoid those mistakes:
I didn't place the best gear, I was getting pumped and didn't take the time to find better placements.
I didn't place enough gear in 30 feet (most photos I've seen of the route people have placed at least four pieces up to where I fell - compared to my two pieces of protection).
I was uncomfortable with how far back my belayer was from the wall, but I didn't say anything. The added stress of the rope at the angle it got pulled probably helped pop the second piece from its placement. If your belayer is doing something that makes you uncomfortable, say something.
I think the number one lesson that I learned coming away from this accident is that I need a change of perspective in regards to what dangerous activity I am engaged in at the time. When I fell I was climbing with a sport head on a trad route. I'm used to just going for it; I'm never scared of falling. I probably could have held the hold I fell off if I felt it were a life or death decision. And this is the key distinction: I was not climbing like I was in a dangerous situation.
Just a month before my fall I was caught in an avalanche. From that I determined that I needed to change my perspective on backcountry skiing. I'm not looking for the "sickest" lines on the deepest powder day (at least in Colorado's terribly unstable snowpack), but I'm going hiking into the beautiful backcountry and MIGHT get the opportunity to ski some sick lines if the conditions are safe. The same applies to trad climbing in relation to sport climbing. When I'm climbing on bolts I can go balls out, throwing for that distant jug, and if I miss it I take a nice whipper. There's little consequence in most situations, and I take advantage of that. But when I'm trad climbing I need to respect the rock, respect the gear, and especially respect the danger. It's still good to push yourself in dangerous situations, you just need to be smart about it. I need to be smart about it.
Two years ago I picked up ice climbing. I love it, and I kind of go at it with a fearless abandon. I have yet to fall while on lead, and I don't plan on it. But, especially after this fall, I need to evaluate the dangerous situations more carefully and place the proper respect on that activity. I need to change my headspace according to everything I do. The opposite would be like getting comfortable doing jumping jacks and thinking you're prepared to BASE jump.
I've now been climbing again for over a year, happy to have the ability to scale rocks above the ability level I was when I fell. Climbing has been a passion of mine since I was fifteen, and I'm not going to let an accident stop me. I used to ride horses as a kid, getting bucked off too many times, but I always got back on. I'm stubborn and passionate. Accidents happen, but we have to continue learning from our mistakes if we are going to keep progressing, and well, staying alive. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Q:
Hammer double tap function ...
It works onload and doesn't work again.. Is there a way to re-run the function to work everytime I double tap to zoom in and double tap to zoom out?
var element = document.querySelector('#box_content').firstChild;
Hammer(element).on("doubletap", function(){
if(element.getAttribute("width") === "320"){
element.setAttribute("width", "600");
Hammer(element).on("doubletap", function() {
if(element.getAttribute("width") === "600"){
element.setAttribute("width", "320");
}
}, false);
}
},false);
A:
I have no idea what Hammer is, however, it looks like you're adding a doubletap event everytime you double tap, which, in essence is repeatedly setting your width to "600" then back to "320" in a loop.
Instead, have only one listener, that checks the current value of width, and does the appropriate action:
Hammer(element).on("doubletap", function(){
if(element.getAttribute("width") === "320")
element.setAttribute("width", "600");
else if(element.getAttribute("width") === "600")
element.setAttribute("width", "320");
},false);
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Research note: attitudes of teachers and undergraduate students regarding three augmentative and alternative communication modalities.
The social validity of different communication modalities is a potentially important variable to consider when designing augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) interventions. To assess the social validity of three AAC modes (i.e., manual signing, picture exchange, and an iPad®-based speech-generating device), we asked 59 undergraduate students (pre-service teachers) and 43 teachers to watch a video explaining each mode. They were then asked to nominate the mode they perceived to be easiest to learn as well as the most intelligible, effective, and preferred. Participants were also asked to list the main reasons for their nominations and report on their experience with each modality. Most participants (68-86%) nominated the iPad-based speech-generating device (SGD) as easiest to learn, as well as the most intelligible, effective, and preferred. This device was perceived to be easy to understand and use and to have familiar and socially acceptable technology. Results suggest that iPad-based SGDs were perceived as more socially valid among this sample of teachers and undergraduate students. Information of this type may have some relevance to designing AAC supports for people who use AAC and their current and future potential communication partners. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Q:
Value of select drop down list with reactive forms in Angular 4
I created a form using ReactiveForms module in Angular 4. In my .ts file:
myForm: FormGroup;
dataTypes: FormArray;
ngOnInit() {
this.myForm = new FormGroup({});
this.dataTypes = new FormArray([
new FormControl("A"),
new FormControl("B"),
new FormControl("C")
]);
this.myForm.addControl('dataTypes', this.dataTypes);
}
onSubmit() {
console.log(this.myForm.value);
}
And in my html:
<form [formGroup]="myForm" (ngSubmit)=onSubmit()>
<select name="datatypes"
id="datatypes"
formArrayName="dataTypes">
<option *ngFor="let dataType of myForm.get('dataTypes').controls;
let dataIndex=index"
[ngValue]="dataIndex">
{{ dataType.value }}
</option>
</select>
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>
On clicking the submit button, I am trying to console log the value of the form submitted. The form with the drop down list is displayed correctly. The first step is to extract the value of the drop drown list selected by the user. But the console.log gives an array with all the three values and not the value selected. How will the myForm.value have only the selected value of dataTypes on submit?
A:
@Shiv, not put the "options" in the Form
ngOnInit() {
this.dataTypes=["A","B","C"] //<--just a variable
this.myForm = new FormGroup({ //<--your form only have a control dataType
datatype:""});
}
<form [formGroup]="myForm" (ngSubmit)=onSubmit()>
<select name="datatype" id="datatype">
<!--the ngFor of the variable dataTypes-->
<option *ngFor="let dataType of dataTypes;let dataIndex=index"
[ngValue]="dataIndex">{{dataType}}
</option>
</select>
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a range shift control for a manually shifted, range-type compound transmission having a xe2x80x9crepeat-Hxe2x80x9d type shift pattern. In particular, the present invention relates to an automatic override for a manually shifted, range-type transmission having a xe2x80x9crepeat-Hxe2x80x9d type shift control with a manually operated range shift selector which, above certain vehicle speeds, will prevent inadvertent shifts from the highest low range ratio into one or more of the lowest low range ratios.
2. Description of the Related Art
Vehicular compound transmissions of the range type, including the combined splitter-and-range type, are well known in the prior art and may be seen by reference to U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,754,665; 5,370,01 3; 5,737,969 and 5,950,491, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Manually shifted, range-type transmissions typically used either a xe2x80x9cdouble-Hxe2x80x9d type shift pattern wherein range shifting was automatic, or a xe2x80x9crepeat-Hxe2x80x9d type wherein the driver is required to manually operate a range selector, usually a button or switch located on the shift knob assembly. Typical xe2x80x9cdouble-Hxe2x80x9d shift range shift mechanisms may be seen by reference to U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,661,998 and 5,911,787, while typical xe2x80x9crepeat-Hxe2x80x9d shift mechanisms may be seen by reference to U.S. Pat. No. 5,899,121, the disclosures of all of which are incorporated herein by reference. xe2x80x9cRepeat-Hxe2x80x9d type shifters are often used where side-to-side shift lever movement is to be minimized.
Synchronized transmissions and transmissions utilizing enhanced synchronizers, such as boosted synchronizers, self-engaging synchronizers, double or triple cone synchronizers and/or synchronizers activated through various assist mechanisms, are known in the prior art and may be seen by reference to U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,588,516; 5,713,447; 5,738,194 and 5,738,196, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. While such enhanced synchronizers are effective to reduce the force required to shift a heavy-duty transmission, they also may permit engagement of ratios which are inappropriate for existing vehicle operating conditions.
The prior art also includes devices which will block inappropriate shifts (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,471,893 and WO 99/31409) and which will cause automatic range shifting as a function of vehicle speed (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,263,379 and 5,673,592).
The prior art devices were not totally satisfactory, as they were complicated and/or expensive and/or unduly restricted operator selection of ratios.
In accordance with the present invention, the drawbacks of the prior art are minimized or overcome by provision of a range shift control for a range-type, manually shifted transmission having a xe2x80x9crepeat-Hxe2x80x9d type shift pattern, which requires a minimal amount of added components and which will prevent inadvertent selection and engagement of ratios which could result in catastrophic damage to the transmission, but will otherwise allow the driver to select and engage other ratios.
The foregoing is accomplished by sensing the position of the shift lever in the xe2x80x9crepeat-Hxe2x80x9d type shift pattern and, if the operator shifts from the highest ratio position in low range to the lowest ratio position (or ratio positions) in low range, and if vehicle speed exceeds a predetermined reference value (about 15 to 20 MPH), automatically causing a shift to the high range ratio, regardless of the position of the manually operated range selector switch.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a range shift control for a manually shifted, range-type transmission having a xe2x80x9crepeat-Hxe2x80x9d shift mechanism, which will prevent an inadvertent engagement of a potentially catastrophic downshift.
This and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from a reading of the following description of the preferred embodiment taken in connection with the attached drawings. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
Hedeia
Hedeia is a genus of early land plants of uncertain affinity. It comprises erect axes terminating in corymbose clusters of erect sporangia.
The type species, H. corymbosa, was first described by Isabel Cookson from a few specimens in fine sandstone from near Alexandra, Victoria, Australia. She gave no derivation of the generic name. At the time, the locality was regarded as being of Silurian age, but it is now known to be Early Devonian. It is claimed that an undescribed species, also from Victoria, extends from the Early Devonian back to the Late Silurian.
H. parvula from Kazakhstan and H. sinica from China are also of Early Devonian age.
It is sometimes suggested that Hedeia and Yarravia are merely different preservations of the same type of plant.
References
Category:Devonian plants
Category:Prehistoric plant genera | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Comparative study over a 12 year period of the weights of Tasmanian children from birth to 3 years of age.
Comparisons of weight data obtained from surveys of Tasmanian children born in 1967-68, 1974 and 1979 suggest no change in birthweights but a significant decrease in weights at 1 year of age over this period. Evidence is presented to show that an observed increase in the incidence and duration of breastfeeding over the period may account for part of the decline in these weights but that other factors must also be involved. By 3 years of age there was very little difference between the weight distributions over the 12 year period. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
1. Field of the Invention
This application is directed to a process for the removal of nitrogen compounds from organic substances such as liquid hydrocarbons.
2. Description of the Prior Art
It is known to selectively sorb compounds of low polarity from mixtures with compounds of the same or greater polarity by using a crystalline alumino-silicate; U.S. Pat. No. 3,732,326. Anhydrous acidic zeolite aluminosilicates (containing cerium ions) are known to be useful as catalysts in the alkylation of isoparaffins with olefins; British Pat. No. 1,209,942.
Further, acid resistant, heat resistant molecular sieves prepared from volcanic tuff are claimed to be useful for removing low molecular weight contaminants, such as carbon dioxide and ammonia from organic substances, E. Gaeroeg et al. (Inst. High Pressure Res., Budapest) Brenn st. Chem. 50 No. 8: T 59 (August, 1969). Also acidic impurities are claimed to be selectively adsorbed from a gas stream with an activated zeolitic molecular sieve having adsorbed ammonia; the impurity may be CO.sub.2, CS.sub.2, H.sub.2 S, NO.sub.2 or C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkylmercaptans; Belgium Patent No. 729,768-69.
Lubricating oil base stocks, especially turbine oils, contain compounds with heteroatoms such as nitrogen and sulfur. The presence of small amounts of sulfur compounds in such hydrocarbons tends to be desirable. However, compounds containing nitrogen usually are not desirable. Therefore, a process which removes undesirable nitrogen compounds from various organic media, e.g., hydrocarbon oils, without reducing sulfur content is highly desirable. | {
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Begu
Saint Begu (died 31 October 690) was a nun and later became a saint from Hackness, Yorkshire (Deira). She served at the monastic conversation in the nunnery of Hackness, near Scarborough which was built by St Hilda of Whitby shortly before her death.
Begu was the woman who claimed to have witnessed Hilda's soul being borne to heaven by angels when Hilda died on 17 November 680. Tradition states that at the moment of Hilda's passing, the bells tolled. Begu awoke to find her fellow sisters in the dormitory sleeping; it is then that Begu stated she witnessed the vision of the roof of the house opening and Hilda's soul been borne into heaven. The nuns awakened and prayed for the soul of the blessed abbess until, at dawn, some monks arrived to tell them of her death.
Years after the death of Begu herself, the monks of Whitby Abbey were seeking holy relics to replace those of Hilda in 1125, as they were transferred to Glastonbury Abbey due to the 10th century Viking raids. Through a supposed revelation, a sarcophagus was uncovered at Hackness where Begu had served; it bore the inscription Hoc est sepulchrum Begu, the contents were transferred to nearby Whitby where miracles were soon reported.
Notes
Category:690 deaths
Category:Northumbrian saints
Category:Yorkshire saints
Category:7th-century Christian saints
Category:Anglo-Saxon nuns
Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:Female saints of medieval England
Category:7th-century Christian nuns
Category:7th-century English people
Category:7th-century English women
Category:Medieval English saints | {
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Intelligent location
Intelligent monitoring location selection combined with the distributed network is going to maximize the reliability of monitor results. Let us choose the best monitoring location for you, and false alarms shouldn't occur anymore. For example, if your website is hosted in Las Vegas, our system would probably use Los Angeles as a primary and Dallas as a secondary location.
Sometimes there is a good reason to use certain location (or not the closest one) - no problem! Feel free to choose monitoring location manually.
Customizable settings
Based on your need, you could find useful to use custom monitoring settings. There are tons of settings attached to different monitors (URL, POST, and PING), but there are few common settings that you can select from.
Monitoring intervals: 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 minutes
Retry intervals: 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, and 300 seconds
Maximum load time: 1-30 seconds
Retries: 1-10 times
You might also like the other key features
Reporting
Know how your services are performing
Monitoring methods
Methods for all purposes
Notifications
Be first to know
With AdminLabs service portfolio, you can serve your customers better. Awareness, immediate reactivity, and extremely transparency - the way of acting for keeping your customers happy. By using AdminLabs services, you look like a professional - and keep your business running. We know what we are talking about, let us help you! | {
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The lettuce aphid (Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley)) is a major pest occurring in lettuce worldwide. The problem stalled to be severe for lettuce production in the 1970's in North Western Europe and spread rapidly all across Europe. Then, in the 1980's, the aphid was detected in Canada. Later on, the problem was reported in the USA (California and Arizona). More recently, the lettuce aphid was found in New Zealand and Australia.
Lettuce aphids can colonize lettuce plants at any plant stage and feed preferably from younger leaves. Large amount of aphids on the plant are able to reduce plant growth and deform the shape of the head so that the lettuce heads are then not marketable. The presence of high amounts of aphids in lettuce heads is a reason for retailers to refuse to buy lettuce from growers. At young plant stage, it is possible to control the lettuce aphid using insecticide. Several products were reported efficient to control aphid population. However, resistances to chemicals were reported in some aphid population. Moreover, at maturity, it is not possible to control aphids using insecticides as chemical products cannot enter into the lettuce head.
One of the most valuable strategies to control lettuce is genetic resistance. Extensive gene bank screening was performed and some Lactuca virosa accessions were found completely resistant to Nasonovia ribisnigri (Eenink and Dieleman, Euphytica 32(3), 691-695 (1982)). However, Lactuca virosa is in the third gene pool of the Lactuca germplasm according to the definition of Harlan. Therefore, these interspecific crosses are sterile, and the use of bridge species (as L. serriola) was necessary to transfer the resistance into L. sativa. Genetic analyses showed that the resistance to Nasonovia ribisnigri was controlled by a single dominant gene (Nr gene) in a L. sativa background.
However, breeders experienced that the release of varieties resistant to lettuce aphid was not straightforward. The Nr-resistance gene was found tightly linked to recessive genes conferring strong negative side-effects. Such plants showed a reduced growth, a pale green colour and a lack of fertility in seed set. Using large-sized progeny and molecular markers enabled lettuce breeders to find resistant recombinant plants without the negative side-effect phenotype (see EP-0 921 720). These resistant plants served as the source of the resistance gene that was not linked to the negative side-effect phenotype.
After this finding, the release of varieties resistant to Nasonovia became more and more important. The resistance became a major requirement for outdoor lettuce production for processing and also for fresh market.
In 2007, populations of lettuce aphids able to infect varieties resistant to Nasonovia ribisnigri were found in four distinct areas in Europe (France and Germany but also in Belgium and Austria). Four isolates (two from France and two from Germany) were analysed further by the Netherlands Inspection Service for Horticulture (also known as Naktuinbouw). They concluded the existence of a new Nasonovia ribisnigri biotype. This biotype is officially named Nr:1 and is able to overcome the Nr resistance gene. The Nr:0 biotype of the aphid can, however, still be efficiently controlled by the Nr gene.
The presence of Nr:1 Nasonovia ribisnigri organisms on lettuce has the same disadvantages as described above for Nr:0.
Citation or identification of any document in this application is not an admission that such document is available as prior art to the present invention. | {
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When a traveller from the future recounts his memories, it’s a vision both frightening and touching that unrolls before us ...
In the future, the entire population is under a de facto dictatorship because of cerebral implants invented by one F.G. Wilson. Nolan Ska, an engineer, manages to travel back in time, with the intention of changing history by encouraging Wilson first career: novelist. But the man who will eventually become a seemingly immortal despot turns out to be a poor writer, and it will be up to Nolan to use his own memories to be his ghost writer ...
Key Points:
By the authors of award-winning series Alone, which is being adapted into a movie
A compelling look at our near future, with its technological wonders, ethical challenges and new dangers
Clear, expressive art as well suited for action sequence as for facial expressions
Part of Cinebook’s “Espresso” collection, this is a one-shot graphic novel
Fabien Vehlmann got into comics by flooding Spirou Magazine with proposed scripts until he was accepted. Since then he’s proven his mettle with such hits as Green Manor and a Spirou one-off, before becoming in 2009 the new official team for Dupuis’ flagship series with Yoann. His biggest hit is award winning series Alone, illustrated by Bruno Gazzotti. Gazzotti started by doing odd jobs at Spirou Magazine, eventually becoming Tome and Janry’s assistant on Little Spirou. In 1990 he takes over the art on SODA, a highly successful series that will make him a household name. Ralph Meyer has been passionate about comics since very early in his life, and was influenced as much by the European scene as by the American one. He created the critically acclaimed Berceuse Assassine with Tome, and Ian with Fabien Vehlmann.
(9781849182843)
SKU
9781849182843
Barcode #
9781849182843
Brand
Cinebook
Shipping Weight
0.1800kg
Shipping Height
0.257m
Shipping Length
0.184m
Be The First To Review This Product!
Help other book&volume users shop smarter by writing reviews for products you have purchased. | {
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Epigenetie alterations have been hypothesized to play important roles in carcinogenesis and tumor progression, including the development of CRPC. Work from several groups including our own demonstrates a continued critical role for the androgen receptor (AR) in CRPC. In addition, recent work from our lab defining the AR cistromes in a model of androgen-dependent prostate cancer and CRPC has shown that AR is recruited to distinct genomic sites in CRPC where it executes a distinct transcriptional program. These CRPC selective AR binding sites harbor epigenetie chromatin marks characteristic of active transcriptional enhancers and regulate a set of cell cycle regulatory genes including CDK1, CCNB1, CDC20 and UBE2C that are required for CRPC growth. These same genes are over-expressed in authentic cases of CRPC. EZH2, a SET domain histone methyltransferase known to play a role in gene silencing through H3K27 methylation is up-regulated in CRPC. In preliminary studies we have found that EZH2 can be recruited to the cis-regulatory elements of CRPC selective AR target genes such as CDK1 and UBE2C, forming a complex with AR in prostate cancer cells. Surprisingly, EZH2 directly up-regulates these AR targets in CRPC cells but not in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells. In addition EZH2 is required for the growth of CRPC cells. Thus the overall hypothesis that will be tested in this study is that the epigenetie regulator EZH2 reprograms AR function in CRPC to stimulate the induction of a set of cell cycle regulatory genes required for the AR dependent growth of CRPC. |n Aim 1 we will analyze EZH2-dependent gene expression profiles and cistromes in CRPC cells; in Aim 2 we will determine the mechanisms underlying the interaction between AR and EZH2 in modulating the specific subset of genes up-regulated in CRPC by AR; and in Aim 3 we will utilize the Biospecimen and Animal Models Core to profile gene expression, epigenetie chromatin modifications, EZH2 and AR cistromes and DNAse I hypersensitivity in xenograft models of CRPC in order to validate the findings from cell culture. | {
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It appears that you are using either an older, classic Web browser or a hand-held device that allows you to view our content but may not work with every feature of our site. If you are using an older browser, please upgrade for the best experience.
OVERVIEW
The goal of this discussion paper is to contribute to the current policy debate about how to effectively limit or reduce oil consumption and greenhouse-gas emissions from the U.S. transportation sector. The paper explains what is wrong with the status quo and therefore why new policies are needed. It examines special policy challenges in this domain, and analyzes the pros and cons of individual policy measures. Finally, the paper explores the probable overall effects of several illustrative policy packages.
A white paper will be issued in early fall 2007 that will provide a new proposal for addressing oil security and climate change in the U.S. transportation sector, taking into account comments received on the content of this discussion paper.
Energy Technology Innovation Policy
The Energy Technology Innovation Policy research group (ETIP) seeks to determine and promote the adoption of effective strategies for developing and deploying cleaner and more efficient energy technologies. | {
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Running low on willpower?
Monday, July 28, 2014
I started running 13 years ago! Imagine that for a girl who hates sports.
Sometimes it even makes mé wonder, how I stuck with it.
The power of habit
And I think the answer is that I made running into a habit. When I don't run my day just doesn't feel quite right. Running has become a habit like brushing my teeth. If I don't brush my teeth I get this nagging feeling I should.
The secret is to nót rely on willpower. Because willpower will only last you for a limited time! And when you run out, that's the time people give up and quit. And it's understandable, because they ran out of the fuel that kept them running: they ran out of willpower
So the secret is to make sure to turn running into a habit befóre you run out of willpower.
The story of willpower, and why you run out
Your willpower is run by a part of your brain that's located in the prefrontal cortex. The part right behind your forehead.
But that's not all your prefontal cortex has on its to-do list. It's also responsible for
staying focused,
handling short-term memory
solving abstract tasks
planning
So the part of your brain that's responsible has got a lot on its mind!
Running and willpower
When you decide you're going to take up running, willpower is required. You need willpower to:
actually put on your shoes
go outside
start to run
continue to run
run at least 3 times a week
Signs you're running low on willpower!
That's quite a lot. And because your brain is also doing other stuff, you'll soon find you've run out of willpower.
You'll start thinking: 'It's okay if I skip today's run. One day won't hurt.' And soon you'll skip another run, and another and before you know it you have to admit: I quit running.
Scientific evidence of limited willpower
Scientists have proven there's a limited supply of willpower. They put some nice chocolates in front of people. Most were able to resist them using their willpower. Then the scientists asked them to solve a complicated puzzle. And what do you know? Afterwards they wolfed down the chocolates!
According to the scientists they'd used brain power on solving the puzzle ánd their willpower was still low form resisting the chocolates before. So their willpower wasn't strong enough anymore.
How to turn running into a habit before your run out of willpower?
The answer is simple really: just make sure you don't ask too much of your willpower! Look at it like your kids' building blocks. Start with just one block, and then slowly add more.
That's where training programmes come in. They can help you turn the task of running, into babysteps. Just take one babystep at a time.
And don't take the next step, until the first babystep has become a habit!
This is really important! Because if it's not a habit, you'll be asking too much of your willpower.
And we all know thát's not going to last.
Once running has become a habit, you don't have to rely on the limited resource that is your willpower anymore.
Don't miss any of my posts! Get yourself a free subscription, and you'll never have to worry about missing out!
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Le mécontentement gronde un peu (beaucoup) contre Nautilus depuis quelques temps, car ce gestionnaire de fichiers, autrefois bien-aimé, a sacrifié nombre de ses fonctionnalités sur l’autel de la facilité d’utilisation. Aussi, le double panneau s’en est allé, par exemple. Ainsi, et pour commencer la convergence entre les supports mobile et desktop (oui, oui, c’est un anglicisme, je sais), Ubuntu pourrait développer son propre gestionnaire de fichiers, et l’introduire en remplacement de Nautilus pour la version 14.10.
C’est Oliver Grawert, développeur chez Canonical, qui a lancé l’idée sur la mailing list consacrée au bureau Ubuntu.
Voici une traduction maison de ses propos :
Salut, Avec le changement pour unity8 prévu pour la 14.10, il est probable que nous commencions aussi à utiliser le applications en QML qui sont développées aujourd’hui. Avec toutes les plaintes et le mécontentement quand, en amont, Nautilus supprime des trucs comme le double panneau et d’autres fonctionnalités aimées et utiles, je pense que nous pouvons faire mieux, et je pense que c’est le bon moment pour : a) Recueillir des avis b) Soumettre des listes de souhaits c) Si vous voulez contribuer, entrez en contact avec les développeurs Les nouvelles applications de base sont toutes développées à 100 % par la communauté sous l’égide de l’équipe « design » de Canonical. Le code du gestionnaire de fihciers peut être trouvé sur : https://launchpad.net/ubuntu-filemanager-app Il tourne déjà sur tablettes et téléphones et a un bon mode de convergence pour de plus grands écrans Approfondissons la discussion 🙂
Donc, pour résumer, Nautilus va disparaître dans une ou deux versions. Et j’ai envie de dire que c’est tant mieux. On se dirige vers un vrai environnement de bureau Ubuntu. Et ceux qui voudront un environnement GTK pourront s’orienter vers Ubuntu Gnome qui pourra ainsi bénéficier, à chaque fois, de la dernière version de Gnome, et pas d’une version obsolète, comme c’est le cas actuellement. | {
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Episode 126 is all about Australovenator, a megaraptoran theropod that lived in the Cretaceous in what is now Australia.
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In this episode, we discuss:
In the news:
The dinosaur of the day: Australovenator
Megaraptoran theropod that lived in the Cretaceous in what is now Australia (Queensland)
Name means “southern hunter”
Type species is Australovenator wintonensis
Species name refers to the township of Winton (found near there)
Described in 2009 by Scott Hocknull and team
Only one known specimen, nicknamed “Banjo” after Banjo Paterson (Australian bush poet, journalist, and author)
Bush poetry is a style that depicts the Australian bush (any sparsely-inhabited region in Australia, which Banjo revered as a source of national ideals)
Banjo the Australovenator has found with Diamantinasaurus, a sauropod, at the Matilda site in Australia
Other animals that lived at the same time in the same place include fish, turtles, crocodilians, insects, pterosaurs, ankylosaurians, hypsiolophodonts, sauropods (Diamantinasaurus and Wintonotitan). Plants include ferns, ginkgoes, gymnosperms and angiosperms
Most complete skeleton found in Australia of a carnivorous dinosaur that lived in the Cretaceous
Scott Hocknell called it the “cheetah of its time” (lightweight predator)
Holotype includes left dentary, teeth, partial forelimbs and hindlimbs, partial right ilium, ribs, and gastralia
About 6.6 ft (2 m) tall and 20 ft (6 m) long, weighing 1100-2200 lb (500-1000 kg)
Had recurved, serrated teeth
Lightweight and fast, could run down prey
Some similarities with Fukuiraptor and Megaraptor
Megaraptors were the dominant carnivorous dinosaurs in Australia in the mid-Cretaceous
Can see Australovenator at the Australian Age of Dinosaurs Museum of Natural History
Fun fact:
About 550 million years ago (back in the Precambrian) the Bilaterian animals evolved. The common feature in this clade is that (almost) every animal has a distinct head, and are “bilaterally symmetric” meaning the right half of the animal is a mirror of the left half. This is different than the group of “radially symmetric” animals like jellyfish or adult starfish. Early Bilaterians included things like worms, but shortly after chordates and then vertebrates evolved to include fish, dinosaurs, and eventually humans. One place you see reference to bilaterians in paleontology is with the use of the word “postcranial”, literally after the head. Since (almost) all Bilaterians (which are mostly what fossilize) have heads, it’s an easy way to refer to the rest of the animal. One of the most useful features of dinosaurs being bilaterally symmetric is that you technically only need to find one half of the animal to know exactly what it looked like.”
Sponsor:
This episode was brought to you in part by audible, for a free audio book and 30-day trial of their service use our link http://www.audibletrial.com/IKnowDino | {
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Adam Dollard des Ormeaux
Adam Dollard des Ormeaux (July 23, 1635 – May 21, 1660) is an iconic figure in the history of New France. Arriving in the colony in 1658, Dollard was appointed the position of garrison commander of the fort of Ville-Marie (now Montreal). In the spring of 1660, Dollard led an expedition up the Ottawa River to wage war on the Iroquois. Accompanied by seventeen Frenchmen, Dollard arrived at the foot of Long Sault (near present-day Carillon, Quebec) on May 1 and settled his troops at an abandoned Algonquin fort. He was then joined by forty Huron and four Algonquin allies. Vastly outnumbered by the Iroquois, Dollard and his companions died at the Battle of Long Sault somewhere between May 9 and May 12, 1660. The exact nature or purpose of Dollard's 1660 expedition is uncertain; however, most historians agree that Dollard set out to conduct a "petite guerre" (ambush) against the Iroquois, in order to delay (or avoid altogether) their imminent attack on Ville-Marie. For these reasons, Dollard is regarded as one of the saviors of New France.
Dollard in New France
Dollard was born in Lumigny-Nesles-Ormeaux, France in 1635. At the age of 23, he settled in Montreal and took up a career in the military. Aside from some military experience, nothing is known of his activities prior to his arrival in Canada. In Ville-Marie, Dollard had attained a rather positive reputation. In Histoire de Montréal, François Dollier de Casson portrays Dollard as "a youth of courage and of good family" and in the Jesuit Relations, Dollard is described as a "man of accomplishment and generalship". Most importantly, Dollard had gained the trust of Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve, who authorized Dollard's expedition to Long Sault.
There is little verifiable evidence regarding Dollard's reason for being in Canada, but it is possible he was contemplating life as a settler in the colony. Tellingly, by the end of 1659, Maisonneuve gave him a piece of land comprising 30 arpents (10 hectares). Upon Dollard's death, Pierre Picoté de Belestre inherited his land.
Expedition west and the Battle of Long Sault
Against the advice of seasoned Aboriginal fighters, Dollard got the support of the governor of Montreal, Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve, to organize an expedition west. The group comprised about 17 volunteers who had little or no experience in Aboriginal warfare. After a 10-day canoe trip up the Ottawa River, they set up camp not far from Carillon, Quebec, in a former stockade. They were soon surrounded by about 700 Iroquois and after a siege lasting several days, they were all killed or captured in what became known as the Battle of Long Sault. For reasons unknown, the Iroquois did not continue east to capture Ville-Marie. The events were witnessed by about 40 Huron allies who at times had joined the colonists in the stockade and at other times had harried the Iroquois from outside. According to some scholars, the battle so weakened the Iroquois they canceled their planned attack on Ville-Marie (Montreal) and returned home. For over a century Dollard des Ormeaux became a heroic figure in New France, and Quebec, as he exemplified selfless personal sacrifice, as well as martyrdom for the church, and for the colony. Agreements on the validity of this interpretation are debatable.
The reason for Dollard and his companions for ambushing the Iroquois is up to debate. Tradition holds that Dollard anticipated an Iroquois attack on Ville-Marie (Montreal). In response, he amassed a small force of seventeen Frenchmen, four Algonquins, and about forty Hurons. They fought to the death and saved Ville-Marie from invasion. There are many scholars who claim his reasons were different. According to André Vachon, some historians claim that Dollard was in debt and thereby sought to steal the furs from the Iroquois who were returning from their winter's hunt. This theory is often criticized. One of such criticisms lies on the fact that Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve approved of this expedition, which implied that the goals of the expedition were justified on more civil service or military grounds. The more likely reason relates to the reasons given by the traditional narrative. However, a more historical analysis of the context of late 17th century New France is better for establishing a more concrete cause for this mission.
Many historians, such as John A. Dickinson, argue that not enough attention has been given to considerations of indigenous culture in this debate. The Iroquois and the Huron at this time were in conflict with one another. Prior to 1660, the Iroquois wiped out a great many Hurons leaving very few of them in the area of Ville-Marie. Moreover, indigenous warfare, among other things, involves codes of honor. Therefore, as some historians argue, the forty Huron who went up the Ottawa River to intercept the Iroquois did so to fight them because of issues involving honor. The reasons for the Iroquois not to attack Montreal can simply be that the Iroquois did not have any immediate conflict with the French.
The location of the battle is a topic of intense controversy. Traditionally, the battle was fought along the Ottawa River near Carillon, Quebec. This location is based on nationalistic traditions on the part of Quebec historians. Supporters of this location also refer to the countless texts written after the event and for many years after which maintain this tradition. However, other scholars place the event on the northern side of the Ottawa River on the now Ross Farm in Ontario. The location being either in Ontario or Quebec has cultural implications. However, both sides of the debate agree that Dollard and his both French and Indigenous comrades would have taken the route following the Ottawa River since they sought to intercept the Iroquois coming back from their winter hunt. Similar to the Carillon advocates, the Ross farm advocates, in part, base their conclusions on tradition. Traditions include known battles between French and Iroquois in this area, old French inhabitants of the area placing the battle there, and also from the testimony of a Huron eyewitness to the battle. Archeological evidence is also referenced by Ross farm advocates. Archeological excavations of palisades (in which Dollard and his comrades fought in) and considerations of topography coincide with the testimonies of the Huron survivors along with other oral and written traditions.
Cultural legacy
Representations of Dollard as a Cultural Figure in French Canadian History
The first sources written concerning the Battle of Long Sault are a series of letters composed by Marie Guyart, founder of the Ursuline institute of New France, and a collection of compiled documents from various Jesuit missionaries entitled Relations. These sources, written immediately after Dollard's death in 1660, give descriptive accounts of the battle and emphasize the dualism between Christianity and the Barbarism of the Natives. Although he is singled out as the leader in these earliest recorded stories, Dollard des Ormeaux is not the main focus of the battle.
In 1672, François Dollier de Casson wrote Histoire de Montréal. His book included a chapter dedicated solely to Dollard des Ormeaux and the Battle of Long Sault. This work marked a shift in Dollard's personal role in the battle. In Dollier's account, Dollard becomes a central heroic figure. He is characterized by an air of mystery and strong leadership abilities. He also occupies a more active role in the proceedings. Similar to Guyart's account, Dollard is aligned with Christianity in opposition to the barbarism of the Natives.
These accounts of Dollard provided a basis that allowed him to develop into and be upheld as a heroic figure in French-Canadian culture, post-British conquest. These sources also set a precedent of anti-Native American sentiment surrounding the veneration of Dollard.
With the exception of a brief mention in the work of Charlevoix in the 1700s, Dollard and the Battle of Long Sault does not reappear in French Canadian writing until the 1840s. The re-emergence of the tale coincides with the union of Upper and Lower Canada and the ensuing fear that French Canadians would lose control over their rights. The story of Dollard was used by authors in this period, such as François-Xavier Garneau, to secure a space for the French in the national history of Canada. Garneau's text emphasizes the loyalty of Dollard and his soldiers to their nation and the unity of their action.
With the exception of a brief mention in the work of Charlevoix in the 1700s, Dollard and the Battle of Long Sault does not reappear in French Canadian writing until the 1840s. The re-emergence of the tale coincides with the union of Upper and Lower Canada and the ensuing fear that French Canadians would lose control over their rights. The story of Dollard was used by authors in this period, such as François-Xavier Garneau, to secure a space for the French in the national history of Canada. Garneau's text emphasizes the loyalty of Dollard and his soldiers to their nation and the unity of their action.
The rise of industrialization and ultramontanism in the 1860s marked another shift in the story of Dollard. The Catholic Church had become an influential representative of French Canadian interests within the country. To provide ideal moral models, the Catholic clergy wrote versions of history with an emphasis on Christian heroes. In 1865, Étienne-Michel Faillon published L'Histoire de la colonie française au Canada which included an account of the Battle of Long Sault. Faillon's writing places heavy emphasis on the duality between Christianity and barbarity. The language used by Faillon is aggrandizing and glorifies Dollard and his soldiers far more than previous accounts. Dollard, in Faillon's account, becomes an ideal model of Christian morality. Faillon's text became the canon of the Dollard story in French Canadian culture.
This attitude was perpetuated throughout the early 1900s. The writing of Lionel Groulx, for instance, portrays Dollard as a figure of French Canadian nationalism and Catholicism. Groulx's writing, in particular, emphasizes the youth of Dollard and upholds him as a model for French Canadian children.
Since controversy has come to light surrounding the circumstances of the Battle of Long Sault, modern historians have challenged traditional visions of Dollard as a hero in Quebec culture. Notable historians on this subject include E. R. Adair and Gustave Lanctot.
English history
Dollard not only occupies a prominent position in French Canadian culture but also appears as a figure in English Canadian history. In the 1860s, Francis Parkman wrote an English account of the Battle of Long Sault. His version focuses less on Catholicism and instead uses the story as a model of continuity of European settlements in the Canadas.
The arts
There have been tributes to Dollard des Ormeaux in Canadian poetry, theater, and literature. As a response to French marginalization throughout Canada, a lot of this work generally focuses on themes of heroism and the strength of French Canadian ancestors. The art also often explores Dollard's martyrdom for the growth of a nation. Natives are largely absent in these bodies of work and when represented, often depicted as negative figures.
Public statues
A monument to Dollard des Ormeaux, created by sculptor Alfred Laliberté and the architect Alphonse Venne, was inaugurated in Parc Lafontaine on June 24, 1920.
A bas-relief on the Maisonneuve Monument at Place d'Armes, Montreal, sculpted by Louis-Philippe Hébert, portrays Dollard des Ormeaux in the Battle of Long Sault.
Holiday
In Quebec, starting during the time of the Quiet Revolution, Victoria Day became unofficially known as Fête de Dollard. In 2003, provincial legislation officially declared the date to be National Patriots' Day.
Toponymy
In Quebec, as well as the Montreal suburb Dollard-des-Ormeaux, there are dozens of places, including streets, squares, and parks, which commemorate the name.
References
Category:1635 births
Category:1660 deaths
Category:1660s in Canada
Category:French emigrants to pre-Confederation Quebec
Category:Military history of Canada
Category:People of New France
Category:17th-century Roman Catholic martyrs
Category:Dollard-des-Ormeaux
Category:French military personnel killed in action
Category:Immigrants to New France | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Endoscopic and histologic resolution of gastric pseudolymphoma (reactive lymphoid hyperplasia) following treatment with bismuth and oral antibiotics.
Gastric pseudolymphoma is a rare disorder of unknown etiology that can undergo transformation into malignant lymphoma. This report describes the first case of a gastric pseudolymphoma associated with Helicobacter pylori infection that underwent complete clinical, endoscopic, and histologic resolution following treatment with bismuth subsalicylate, amoxicillin, and metronidazole. The eradication of Helicobacter pylori may have eliminated ongoing antigenic stimulation that has previously been postulated to be responsible for the development and subsequent progression of gastric pseudolymphoma. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Mast cell-derived tumour necrosis factor is essential for allergic airway disease.
Mast cells are thought to contribute to allergic airway disease. However, the role of mast cell-produced mediators, such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF), for the development of allergic airway disease is unclear. In order to define the role of mast cells in acute allergic airway disease two strains of mast cell-deficient mice (Kit(W/Wv) and Kit(W-sh/W-sh)) were studied. Compared with their wild-type littermates, Kit(W/Wv) and Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice developed significantly lower airway responsiveness to methacholine and less airway inflammation and goblet cell metaplasia, following sensitisation in the absence of adjuvant and airway challenge. Transfer of bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) from wild-type mice to Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice reconstituted both airway responsiveness and inflammation to levels similar to those in sensitised and challenged wild-type mice. In contrast, sensitised Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice reconstituted with BMMCs from TNF-deficient mice were still severely impaired in their ability to develop airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation or goblet cell metaplasia following allergen challenge. The present results demonstrate the significance of mast cells in the development of airway disease and highlight the importance of mast cell-derived tumour necrosis factor in these responses. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
FM Livni briefing in Sderot-Opening remarks
We need you to make the distinction between Hamas and between Israel. There is one designated terrorist organization which controls the Gaza Strip, and there is a state, Israel, a member of the United Nations.
FM Livni briefs foreign diplomats in Sderot (Photo: Reuters)
Briefing to the Diplomatic Corps by Vice Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs Tzipi LivniSderot, December 28, 2008
Opening remarks
The mayor of Sderot has expressed to you his thoughts from the bottom of his heart about the situation here. He expressed the way of life that the people of Sderot have been facing during the last years.
I would like to add only a few things, because this is not the first time that we are meeting in Sderot. I think that some of you were here when Sderot was targeted by missiles from the Gaza Strip and I know that the days when Israel is under attack are the days we got some sympathy from the international community.
But speaking for the government, I would like to be in a position in which I can give an answer to our citizens and not only to share their suffering with the international community. This is our responsibility as a government and this is what we are doing now, according to the military operation that has started.
A few words, not only in terms of history but to share with you how we see the situation and where we are going.
There is no need – although maybe there is – to remind everybody that Israel left the Gaza Strip a few years ago. We dismantled all of the settlements in the Gaza Strip and we took our forces out, in order to create a vision of peace. The idea was that the Gaza Strip could have been the beginning of the creation of a Palestinian state, which would have included the Gaza Strip and the West Bank as well.
This never happened because Hamas took control and now the Gaza Strip is controlled by Hamas.
Another fact is that Hamas is a terrorist organization which expresses an extreme Islamic ideology. They are not willing to accept the requirements of the international community – to accept the right of Israel to exist, to renounce violence and terrorism and to accept previous agreements between Israel and the Palestinians. This is the nature of Hamas; this is the nature of the enemy that we all face. And this is not only the problem of the State of Israel – this is the problem of the Palestinians, this is the problem of the entire region and the problem of those who share with us the same values and the aspiration to live in peace in this region.
Israel decided to act in accordance with a dual strategy. We decided to initiate the Annapolis process according to a strategy that was agreed with the international community and with the pragmatic part of the Palestinian Authority. The idea was to work with the moderates, to work with the pragmatic leadership of the Palestinian Authority in order to reach a peace treaty.
The only way to achieve peace in this region is not only to work with the moderates but also to confront terrorism, to confront those who are working against any kind of peace process and put obstacles in the way of peace. This is the obstacle in the way of the Palestinians, on the way to creating a state of their own. Because the situation in Gaza is unbearable. This is a threat to the State of Israel and undermines the legitimate government of the Palestinian Authority. They undermine any kind of attempt to reach a peace in this region.
This is something that we all share. The requirements of the Quartet, which are now a part of United Nations Security Council resolution 1850, state very clearly that in order to gain legitimacy in this region, any Palestinian or any Palestinian leadership must accept the requirements of the international community – to accept the right of Israel to exist and to renounce violence and terrorism.
So Hamas is not legitimate and Hamas control of the Gaza Strip is not legitimate. And those who suffer from this are the Israelis and those who want to live in peace in this region.
This is a zero sum game and you need to understand it. This is a zero sum game not between Israel and Hamas, this is a zero sum game between the extremists and the moderates, between Hamas and Fatah, between Abu Mazen and Haniyeh.
Everybody knows this in this region but, unfortunately, things that we all understand in this region are not the words that you are going to hear publicly – because of the pictures that the radical elements spread, because of the pictures that some parts of Arab society see on television and maybe the international community as well. But the role of the leadership is to speak up and to say yes, maybe these are the pictures. But Hamas is to blame. This is their own responsibility and these are the ones who control the Gaza Strip and these are the ones who place their own civilians in the risk of a military operation. These are the words that we expect the international community to say. I would like to hear it in English, in French, in Arabic. Not only in Hebrew.
I know that most of the international leaders know this. But sometimes it is not easy to stand up, sometimes It is difficult to speak up when these kinds of radical elements are abusing television, and abusing the situation in order to continue to spread hatred.
Where are we going with this?
As I said before, Israel did not leave the Gaza Strip in order to come back. We have no intention of controlling the lives of the Palestinians. That is not a part of our values and it is not our aspiration. But sometimes a state or a government reaches the point at which there is no other alternative.
And we tried everything.
We pulled our forces out of the Gaza Strip, we dismantled the settlements, we showed restraint. Just to remind you, the calm that was achieved through the initiative of the Egyptians six months ago worked for a few weeks, and then Hamas deliberately violated this truce by targeting Israel on a daily basis, by smuggling weapons into the Gaza Strip, by continuing to keep Gilad Shalit in captivity and refusing to accelerate the negotiations to release him, by not coming to Cairo in order to do so – because they had this feeling that the Israelis are going to do nothing, and that the Arab world is going to do nothing and, at the end of the day the international community will put pressure on Israel. I hope that they are mistaken.
This is something that we need to prove to them during these days. And Israel has paid the price for its restraint.
Six months passed and now we have longer range missiles that threaten other parts of Israel that were not under threat before. And when we needed to choose whether to launch a military operation six months ago, or to have a truce, we decided on the truce in order to give some hope of peace and quiet in this region.
But now I need to give explanations to them, and not only to the people of Sderot. A few months ago it was only the people of Sderot and some parts of this region.
We have here a member of parliament, Shai Hermesh, who is living in a kibbutz very close to the Gaza Strip, and he unfortunately has had to almost live in a shelter for weeks now. This is unbearable – a situation in which a member of the Israeli parliament needs to live in a shelter and other citizens as well. And I need to give an answer to all of these citizens.
We have tried everything – if there was any need to prove to the international community that Israel is looking for peace and quiet, we have shown it. It was proven.
And now our expectation from the international community is to support something that I knows is not easy to support. Military actions are not easy to support. You have your own public opinion, you have the pictures, and this is something that you have to give an answer to, I know that. But this is the only way that we can change the realities on the ground and that is the goal of this operation. We need to change the realities on the ground and we need to change the equation that Hamas thinks is the right equation for this region.
And in order to do so, we need to use some power. The mayor said before, that maybe Israel is stronger and it looks like the Palestinians are weaker. In a way we feel in Israel, that this is the reverse story of David and Goliath. Because the appearance is that Israel is stronger – and thank God that Israel is stronger. But we are not using our power and our forces as we could – unlike Hamas, which uses everything in order to target civilians. During this operation, we are making every effort to prevent civilian casualties.
There is a rocket now heading towards Kissufim.
So, we have the military power but we cannot use it because of our own values and not because the international community has asked us not to use it.
But the there is a point in time at which we needed to do what we are doing now. Enough is enough and we are going to use all of our forces. We are trying to avoid civilian casualties, that is true. The targets are only Hamas targets. We are talking about their headquarters; the places in which they are situated.
You can see on television that most of those who died during the attack were wearing Hamas uniforms, either black or other uniforms of Hamas, and before this military operation, we called on the civilians to leave those places that they know are Hamas headquarters or places where Hamas people live or have gathered, in order to attack Israel. We know that they abuse the civilian population centers. I think that the last time we had this gathering we showed you a film in which they used a school yard from which to target Israel. And maybe Israel is the only state in which warnings are given in advance to the civilian population to leave a place that we know we need to target a few minutes later, a few hours later or a few days later.
So, in order to change reality, the military operation is one thing. But in order to make a quick change in reality, we need you. We need the international community. We need you to put pressure on Hamas. We need you to make the distinction between Hamas and between Israel. And, excuse me, I cannot accept statements like "We call on both sides to halt the violence or to stop their military actions." There are no "both sides" in this. There is one designated terrorist organization which controls the Gaza Strip, which spreads its agenda of hatred, and which cannot accept our right to live in peace in this region; and there is a state, Israel, a member of the United Nations.
You cannot make this comparison between Israel and a terrorist organization. And the only way in which maybe we can shorten the time of the military operation is by making it clear that Israel has the right to defend itself, that Israel can take all the necessary steps to change reality, that the international community supports Israel as it continues to work against Hamas, and is not going to legitimize Hamas.
I know that you are talking and your foreign ministers are talking with other leaders in the region. And I hope that you hear from other leaders in this region – those who understand the nature of the Middle East – about the nature of the extremists in the region. I hope that they are telling you the truth. They do not want Hamas to succeed. They have their own radical elements back home. They do not want Hamas to have any kind of victory, because a Hamas victory threatens them back at home.
Maybe they cannot say this publicly, I can imagine that. But this is the reality that I want your states to understand. We are not only working against Hamas, but we are representing the need and the desire and the hope of every pragmatic leader and all of the moderates in this region to change the reality; and to send a message that the Middle East is not a neighborhood which the bully of the neighborhood can control, a neighborhood in which violence can work or succeed.
And just a part of this effort is the military operation. The other is your attitude and the way you act against terrorism and your attitude towards this operation in the next few days and weeks. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
How to generate a specific number of files in a directory in python on linux
For example, I created a directory and want to populate it with a specified number of files.
For example
File 1
File 2
File 3
etc . . .
File n
all in the same directory.
A:
Without pathlib, and cross-platform:
import os
target_path = "/path/to/target/dir"
files_num = 9
for i in range(files_num):
with open(os.path.join(target_path, "File{}".format(i+1)), "a"):
pass
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Massive gastric dilation and necrosis in anorexia nervosa: cause or effect?
A 26-year-old female with a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa was admitted and found to have massive gastric dilation and gastric necrosis. Imaging studies suggested the possibility of superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome. She was successfully managed with prompt gastric decompression and was able to resume oral nutrition. Gastric dilation and necrosis may be seen in anorexia nervosa as either an independent event or an SMA syndrome. The SMA syndrome may also be present as either an incidental finding or a true pathophysiologic entity. Finally, significant foregut dysfunction may be mistaken for an eating disorder. Although there is clearly an association between gastric dilation, the SMA syndrome, and eating disorders, cause and consequence may not always be straightforward. Prompt recognition and conservative management are advocated in the absence of abdominal catastrophe. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Sleep Training
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Hello and thank you for visiting Krisztina's website. Krisztina Otvos was raised in Budapest, Hungary and has lived in Los Angeles California since 2000. Her Elementary Education Degree and Certification in Early Childhood Development gives her a comprehensive understanding of growth and development. Furthermore, through her Newborn Care Specialist and Sleep Training Certifications she has additional education specializing in newborn care. Krisztina working as a baby nurse since 2004. Krisztina is a highly trained, CPR certified and professional baby nurse and sleep training specialist who assists you with your newborn as you adjust to your new role as a parent.
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Breastfeeding is the normal continuation of pregnancy. It is a physiological process provided by nature. Sometimes it can be difficult and ongoing support before, during and after pregnancy can be very useful. Studies have also shown that success is more likely with the support of spouses, peers and health professionals. The presence and continued support
Getting Started Breastfeeding Breastfeeding is a team effort between you and your baby. One of the keys to successful breastfeeding is simply sitting up while you breastfeed—sit up in bed, in a comfortable armchair or in a rocking chair. Use pillows behind your back, under your elbow and on your lap to support the baby.
Proper care can help your baby’s umbilical cord heal. Be sure to clean the cord with alcohol after each diaper change, if instructed to do so by your doctor. Do not pull or pick at the cord. It should fall off on its own within 2 weeks after the birth. Even after the cord falls
Colic is one of those things you can’t possibly understand unless you’ve experienced it. While colic symptoms usually subside around 4 months of age, the impact it can have on the parents and family can last much longer. The crying, the screaming, the sleeplessness, the difficulties with feeding…these aren’t things that are easily forgotten. | {
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A new study of college women and their attitudes about so-called sluttiness found that slut-shaming — calling out a woman for her supposedly promiscuous sexual behavior — actually had more to do with a woman’s social class than it did with sexual activity.
Sociologists from the University of Michigan and the University of California at Merced occupied a dorm room in a large Midwestern university, regularly interacting with and interviewing 53 women about their attitudes on school, friends, partying and sexuality from the time they moved in as freshman and following up for the next five years.
The researchers discovered that definitions of "slutty" behavior and the act of slut-shaming was largely determined along class lines rather than based on actual sexual behavior. What's more, they found the more affluent women were able to engage in more sexual experimentation without being slut-shamed, while the less-affluent women were ridiculed as sluts for being “trashy” or “not classy,” even though they engaged in less sexual behavior.
"Viewing women only as victims of men's sexual dominance fails to hold women accountable for the roles they play in reproducing social inequalities," Elizabeth Armstrong, a sociology and organizational studies professor at the University of Michigan, said in a release. "By engaging in 'slut-shaming' — the practice of maligning women for presumed sexual activity — women at the top create more space for their own sexual experimentation, at the cost of women at the bottom of social hierarchies."
Armstrong and then-graduate student Laura Hamilton, who is now a sociology professor at the UC-Merced, used the findings from their five-year longitudinal study in their book "Paying for the Party: How College Maintains Inequality."
The authors say they hope their study, which was published in the journal Social Psychology Quarterly, will shed light on the fact that slut-shaming is in fact a form of bullying. "In a few recent cases, 'slut-shaming' has played a role in the suicides of girls and young women," Armstrong said. "We hope that our findings are constructively used in campaigns against bullying.”
Armstrong and her team had originally viewed slut-shaming as based on “sexual double standards established and upheld by men, to women’s disadvantage,” they wrote in the study, which was published Wednesday. They thought that, due to societal expectations that men should seek out lots of sexual activity but that women could only do so while in a committed relationship, the women are “vulnerable to slut stigma when they violate this sexual standard and consequently experience status loss and discrimination,” they wrote.
At this particular university, which they declined to name, participation in the Greek system was “the most widely accepted signal of peer status on campus.” And as it turned out, the 23 women who were in sororities were from upper- and upper-middle-class backgrounds, likely because they had the time and money to participate in Greek life. The remaining women did not, as they came from working-, lower-middle- and middle-class backgrounds, the authors said.
The sociologists discovered through interviews and passing conversations with the women through the years that the affluent sorority girls viewed themselves as displaying femininity in a “classy” way, but that they felt the way the less-affluent women did so was “trashy.” For example, one of the affluent women said “good girls” would never wear a short skirt or a revealing top, but if she did, she wouldn’t dance seductively in that outfit at a party. But the less affluent women did, and therefore were considered "skanky."
On the other hand, the less-affluent women equated sluttiness with what they viewed as the materialism and the unfriendly, cliquey nature of women in the Greek system. One of them told the researchers that “sorority girls are kinda whorish and unfriendly and very cliquey. If you weren’t Greek, then you didn’t really matter,” they wrote.
"Surprisingly, women who engaged in less sexual activity were more likely to be publicly labeled a slut than women who engaged in more sexual activity," Armstrong said. "This finding made little sense until we realized that college women also used the term as a way to police class boundaries."
The authors discovered that the affluent women participating in sororities in fact worried less about being judged as a slut than did the less affluent women, even though they would engage in more sexual activity. That was because they kept that activity quiet and conveniently seemed to define the accepted standards surrounding sexual behavior.
But when the less affluent women tried to befriend them, the affluent women would publicly slut-shame them as a way to convey that they didn’t fit in.
"This often took the form of calling other women out for their dress or deportment, as a way of making it clear that they did not fit in with the high-status group,” Armstrong said. | {
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We noticed that you're using an unsupported browser. The TripAdvisor website may not display properly.We support the following browsers:Windows: Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome. Mac: Safari.
This market is called Mani Sithu market to be exact, located in Nyaung U. It does not make any different if you do not have time to visit this place though. Since our hotel is nearby, so after finished our hotel breakfast, we went to...More
This bustling, vibrant market is mainly for local people, which adds to its attraction. There's fruit and vegetables in profusion: we bought green tea very cheaply, and just about anything else you might need. We bought longhis and cotton shirts, which have washed well. There...More
Stopped by market after watching the sunrise and balloon launches. Arrived at about 8:15 and market was already busy with daily business. Primarily locals buying daily groceries and fare, but a dozen or so tourists looking at the souvenirs. Yes, it is a typical Asian...More
Primarily a place for locals but interesting for tourists. The first stop on our day tour our guide explained about a lot of the produce and translated with the vendors for us. The result was that we had great fun and much laughter when bartering....More
Found this little piece of heaven on our first day in Bagan. We visited twice and the food was great. Fabulous wine list and cellar. We had a bottle of Cloudy Bay, very unexpected find. Also very reasonable prices for the quality of food.
The...More
This market is good to walk inside in the morning time. We see many kinds of vegetables, fruits, flowers and clothes. The people are nice and friendly. Some souvenirs shops are very perfect with fine art works and handicrafts. We can try with local snacks....More | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
Magento 1.9.2.4 not showing downloader console
I have installed fresh copy of Magento 1.9.2.4 on a custom configured Ubuntu 14.04 LAMP server. While everything is working perfectly, the only error is no status console in downloader. The downloader installs the extension successfully but black status console is not shown and a white space is shown instead of it. Secondly maintenance.flag is not deleted automatically when I click Back to Admin link. I delete it manually. Please guide me what is missing in my server's configuration that causes this error?
A:
Apache SSL configuration included Header always set X-Frame-Options DENY. It was blocking the content inside iframe which is used for console on downloader page of Magento. Modifying this option has enabled console.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
An evaluation of a new test of reactive agility and its relationship to sprint speed and change of direction speed.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of a new test of agility, the reactive agility test (RAT), which included anticipation and decision-making components in response to the movements of a tester. Thirty-eight Australian football players took part in the study, categorized into either a higher performance group (HPG) (n=24) or lower performance group (LPG) (n=14) based on playing level from the previous season. All participants undertook testing of a 10m straight sprint (10mSS), a 8-9m change of direction speed test (CODST), and the RAT. Test-retest and inter-tester reliability testing measures were conducted with the LPG. The intra-class correlation (ICC) of the RAT was 0.870, with no significant (p<0.05) difference between the test results obtained on the first and second test sessions using a t-test. A dependent samples t-test revealed no significant (p<0.05) difference between the test results of two different testers with the same population. The HPG were significantly (p=0.001) superior to those of the LPG on the RAT, with no differences observed on any other variable. The RAT is an acceptably reliable test when considering both test-retest reliability, as well as inter-rater reliability. In addition, the test was valid in distinguishing between players of differing performance level in Australian football, while the 10mSS and CODST were not. This result suggests that traditional closed skill sprint and sprint with direction change tests may not adequately distinguish between players of different levels of competition in Australian football. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Joint - An abstract interface to Java. Joint is an interface to JNI that provides access to objects in an object oriented fashion, allowing applications to forget about the details of JNI. First up - a powerful interface from Ruby to Java!
The Medlane project is an attempt to create a set of tools that will enable librarians to move from the standard MARC (MAchine Readable Cataloging) format to a new library/museum XML format. This move will ensure traditional library/museum data remains
OAproject implements a plataform to allow applications to interact. Apps using the platform send/receive messages through a message oriented middleware. Main features are a Single Sign On (SSO), Identity Management System (IMS) and a provisioning system
Design and develop Recommendation and Adaptive Prediction Engines to address eCommerce opportunities. Build a portfolio of engines by creating and porting algorithms from multiple disciplines to a usable form. Try to solve NetFlix and other challenges.
Terrier is a RBAC framework, business oriented and with focus on manageability and access control. Integrating all company tecnhnologies (java, ruby, delphi and others). The owner of a system can manage and delegate manageability to the systems, reducing | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Netflix's adaptation of Andrzej Sapkowski's The Witcher novels and short stories (which also takes inspiration from CD Projekt Red games) looks suitably gloomy. There's no release date quite yet, but we do get a peek at the monsters Henry Cavill will likely battle as protagonist Geralt.
Netflix also offered a behind-the-scenes look at its The Dark Crystal prequel series. In it, director Louis Letterier talks about the creative team's hope that "you watch the show and you forget you're watching puppets." The Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance arrives on Netflix August 30th.
This is kind of a wild one. Sound and Fury is a samurai anime produced by country singer Sturgill Simpson. It'll arrive this fall alongside the Grammy winner's latest album, and each segment of the film will be set to one of his tunes. For what it's worth, the animation looks pretty stellar.
While Marvel didn't have any trailers to show for its upcoming Disney+ shows -- likely because the first one is more than a year away -- it still had plenty to share about its plans for phase four of the Marvel Cinematic Universe. The Falcon and the Winter Soldier is the first Disney+ MCU series, and it'll arrive fall 2020 with Anthony Mackie and Sebastian Stan on board.
Other confirmed shows include WandaVision featuring Elizabeth Olsen and Paul Bettany as Scarlet Witch and Vision (spring 2021), Loki starring Tom Hiddleston (also spring 2021) and Hawkeye with Jeremy Renner (fall 2021). In summer 2021, a series called What If...? will also hit Disney+, and it'll draw from the eponymous comic series to explore alternate realities within the MCU.
The ultra-successful studio also revealed its movie slate for phase four of the MCU. It includes Black Widow (May 2020), The Eternals (November 2020), Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings (February 2021), Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (May 2021), Thor: Love and Thunder (November 2021) and a Blade reboot with a to-be-confirmed release date. Marvel also confirmed Black Panther 2, Guardians of the Galaxy 3 and Captain Marvel 2 are in the works, and hinted at future Fantastic Four and X-Men movies.
HBO also had plenty to showcase at Comic-Con, starting with the first full trailer for Westworld's third season. This time around, it looks as though robots have moved beyond the park and into a futuristic city. You can expect to see new episodes sometime next year.
Watchmen
The latest live-action take on Alan Moore's classic graphic novel Watchmen is making its way to HBO this October. Lost and The Leftovers co-creator Damon Lindelof is spearheading the series, which is said to be a "remix" of the source text, based in the same world with some familiar characters but with a new story.
His Dark Materials
Also coming to HBO this fall is an adaptation of Phillip Pullman's wonderful His Dark Materials books. The trailer suggests the BBC co-production will be a faithful adaptation that might very well satisfy fans who were disappointed by the big-screen version of The Golden Compass in 2007.
The gang is getting back together for Jean Luc Picard's return to screens. CBS All Access' Star Trek: Picard will feature many of the Next Generation cast as well as Voyager's Jeri Ryan. It'll be available to stream next spring.
Star Trek: Short Treks
The Short Treks series is also returning to CBS All Access with a half-dozen episodes. Two will be animated this time around and, yes, you can expect to see Tribbles. Meanwhile, filming has just started on Star Trek: Discovery season three, so it's a little too early for a trailer for that one.
Last year, Amazon picked up The Expanse for a fourth season on Prime Video. Over the weekend, it announced that the latest run of the sci-fi show will touch down on the streaming platform December 13th, and it gave some hints as to what's in store with a teaser.
The Man in the High Castle
Amazon also offered a look at the opening minutes of The Man in the High Castle's final season. You'll get to find out what happens to Juliana Crain and the other characters when the last batch of episodes arrives November 15th.
Carnival Row
Also coming to Amazon Prime Video in the near future is Carnival Row, an alternate Victorian fantasy series starring Cara Delevingne and Orlando Bloom. A pair of featurettes detail their respective characters' backgrounds, and you can find out more about their stories when the series debuts August 30th.
The trailer for DC Universe's animated adult Harley Quinn series is filled with cursing and violence. In the show, Harley Quinn (Kaley Cuoco) will split from the Joker (Alan Tudyk) and take center stage. There's no release date as yet.
Snowpiercer
There's plenty of other dystopian sci-fi to look forward to (or dread). The upcoming Snowpiercer series will be a Netflix exclusive outside the US and Canada. Stateside, it'll air on TBS. The reboot of the 2014 movie arrives next spring.
Outside of the streaming realm, Paramount Pictures offered a behind-the-scenes look at Terminator: Dark Fate. The direct sequel to Terminator 2 will hit theaters November 1st.
Elsewhere at Comic-Con, it emerged Seth MacFarlane's sci-fi space series The Orville will be a Hulu exclusive instead of a Fox broadcast series for season 3. It'll arrive on the platform late next year. Meanwhile, season four of the beloved detective series Veronica Mars dropped on Hulu a week early. | {
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Last updated on .From the section Football
Manchester United have been accused of acting unprofessionally following the sacking of David Moyes.
BBC Sport understands Moyes is furious with the way his dismissal was handled by the Premier League champions.
In a statement issued on Wednesday, he said he was proud to have managed the club and thanked Sir Alex Ferguson for giving him the chance to become boss.
But the League Managers' Association (LMA) said United were guilty of behaving in an "unprofessional manner".
quote David has conducted himself with integrity and professionalism... it is therefore sad to see the end of David's tenure at United being handled in an unprofessional manner
Intense speculation surfaced on Monday afternoon external-link that Moyes, 50, was going to be sacked, but it was not until a meeting with executive vice-chairman Ed Woodward on Tuesday morning that he discovered his fate.
"The LMA is very disappointed with the nature of David's departure from Manchester United, and to read extensive reports in the press confirming David's sacking before David himself had been spoken to officially by the club," said LMA chief executive Richard Bevan.
"Throughout his time at United, David, as he always does, has conducted himself with integrity and professionalism, values that he believes in and that have been strongly associated with the club and its rich tradition.
"It is therefore sad to see the end of David's tenure at United being handled in an unprofessional manner."
United have defended their conduct, insisting the final decision to dispense with Moyes was not taken until late on Monday evening.
Club sources have confirmed Woodward instigated a telephone conversation with Moyes on Monday afternoon, during which it was agreed the pair needed to meet as a matter of urgency.
David Moyes: His miserable time as Manchester United manager
The meeting was eventually arranged for Tuesday morning as conversations involving the Florida-based Glazer family, who own United, ran on until late on Monday.
"We do not accept that it was handled in an unprofessional manner," said a club spokesman.
In his first public statement since his dismissal, Moyes said he wished United well for the future but made no reference to the players he has left behind.
"To have been appointed as manager of Manchester United was and remains something of which I will always be incredibly proud," said the Scot.
"I remain grateful to Sir Alex for believing in my ability and giving me the chance to manage Manchester United."
Moyes said following Ferguson, who retired in the summer of 2013 external-link after winning 38 trophies in a 26-year reign, was always going to be a "significant challenge".
Tim Cahill says David Moyes will be 'hurt' by the outcome at Manchester United
Of his 10-month tenure, he added: "The scale of the manager's job at United is immense, but I have never stepped away from hard work.
"The same applies to my coaching staff. I thank them for their dedication and loyalty throughout the last season."
Former Everton boss Moyes admitted results and performances had not been "what Manchester United and its fans are used to or expect", adding: "I both understand and share their frustration."
But he added: "I have always believed that a manager never stops learning and I know I will take invaluable experience from my time as United's manager."
Tim Cahill, who played for Moyes at Everton, said his former boss would have "done everything he could for the club to win".
The Australian midfielder added: "I feel for him. I know this will hurt him.
"It's easy for ex-players and pundits to fire bullets, but I don't think he has had a fair crack at the whip.
"It was a transitional stage that was really messy but, at the same time, had glimpses of brilliance."
Following Sunday's 2-0 defeat at Everton, Moyes left with United seventh in the Premier League table and unable to qualify for next season's Champions League.
Ryan Giggs, 40, has taken temporary charge of team affairs but is not in the reckoning to become the club's full-time manager.
Among the early favourites to succeed Moyes are Netherlands coach Louis van Gaal and Real Madrid's Carlo Ancelotti.
Ferguson, who hand-picked Moyes to succeed him, will play a key role deciding who becomes the club's next boss. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
[The influence of face masks and a nasal nozzle on nasal airflow].
In an attempt to detect the influence of various kinds of face masks and a nasal nozzle on nasal airflow, we made measurements of nasal resistance by a head-out body plethysmograph with or without the masks on the face or the nozzle to the nostril of the normal adult subjects. The mean values of nasal resistance with the masks differed from the mean values without the masks significantly. No significant difference between values with and without the nozzle was found. The coefficient variations of 40 consecutive measurements of nasal resistance with the masks or the nozzle had wider ranges than those without the apparatuses. But the variation due to the nozzle was the minimum in the apparatuses. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Details
Boys Socks - Full Length - Parrot Green
These socks are extremely stretchable giving an enough space to the feet to move freely. These colorful socks are designed to fits snugly into your child's feet. This socks keeps your child's feet warm. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
Using @TextBoxFor with @model IEnumerable<>
I have a primary controller/view that uses an @model IEnumberable<ReportModel> for the strongly typed view. I would like to use @TextBoxFor() but this does not work with the IEnumberable (or, at least, intellisense does not like it). Is it necessary to create a partial view or something else to allow use of the strongly typed model in creating form elements?
A:
You need to change the IEnumerable to be an IList and loop through the records of your collection and choose the properties that will appear in the textboxes:
@model IList<ReportModel>
@for(int i = 0; i < model.Count; i++)
{
@Html.TextBoxFor(m => model[i].Property)
}
Thanks to Stephen Muecke for the correction.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
1986 ・she/her ・SWE
★ Full gallery: [DeviantArt]
☆ Pixiv ID: 161841
~Fujoshi content for fellow fujos~
‼ Beware of incest ‼
! Also age gap and/or underage ships !
Feel free to tag my stuff with Kin I don't mind. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Archeological Site 3PP142
Archeological Site 3PP142 is a prehistoric rock art site in Pope County, Arkansas. The art at the site, which is on state-owned land, is believed to have been painted during the period of the Mississippian culture. The 11 drawings at this site are part of a larger collection within the state that are expected to improve the understanding of Mississippian religious practices during that time.
The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006,
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Pope County, Arkansas
References
Category:Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
Category:Pope County, Arkansas | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Q:
How to play an mp3 file located in a package?
How would i set the directory of the following code to play an mp3 file inside of the selected package?
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("song.mp3");
Also just another quick question: How would i add a pause button for the following code?
try {
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("song.mp3");
Player playMP3 = new Player(fis);
playMP3.play();
} catch (Exception exc) {
exc.printStackTrace();
System.out.println("Failed to play the file.");
}
A:
You can get the resources in your classpath (even when sealed in the JAR) by using the ClassLoader#getResource() and ClassLoader#getResourceAsStream() methods.
For example:
InputStream is = ThisClass.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("packagename/song.mp3");
// don't forget to close the stream
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Nick Diaz to Face Anderson Silva?
After hints of retirement following a decision loss to Carlos Condit, Nick Diaz has since negated that notion by showing interest in a possible bout with Anderson Silva. The middleweight champion has stated that he wants a high profile match up for his next fight and Chris Weidman or Tim Boetsch will not suffice since both are not household names. All other middleweight contenders are currently mixed up with other fights or rehabbing from injuries so the possibility of a Silva/Diaz is not too farfetched. The fight could be UFC gold since it would be marketable just as much if not more as the Silva vs. Sonnen 2 since Diaz is the biggest trash talker inside the cage will skill to match. Diaz has seen success at middleweight during his Strikeforce days but he is coming off a loss so the justification of a bout between the two might never surface unless Diaz pairs a few wins over quality opponents. Cesar Gracie will be in negotiation with Dana White on August 6th about the possibility, so let’s hope he lays on his best used car salesman tactics and gets the UFC president to agree. Stay tuned for updates. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
Is There a Table That Shows HTTP Method Support by Browser
Possible Duplicate:
Are the PUT, DELETE, HEAD, etc methods available in most web browsers?
I've seen lots of stuff that generally say "not all browser support all HTTP methods" etc., but is there a nice table that shows specifically which HTTP methods are support that's broken down by browser?
I see this previous question on SO but it's not the answer I'm looking for:
Fine Grained rest HTTP verbs browser support
A:
As of now, all browsers except IE have been fixed to support arbitrary methods. IE9 will do when in standards mode. Earlier IEs can use all methods if you use the XMLHttpRequest Active-X object (instead of the native Javascript one).
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;; ;;
;;; Centre for Speech Technology Research ;;
;;; University of Edinburgh, UK ;;
;;; Copyright (c) 1996,1997 ;;
;;; All Rights Reserved. ;;
;;; ;;
;;; Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to use and distribute ;;
;;; this software and its documentation without restriction, including ;;
;;; without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, ;;
;;; distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of this work, and to ;;
;;; permit persons to whom this work is furnished to do so, subject to ;;
;;; the following conditions: ;;
;;; 1. The code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of ;;
;;; conditions and the following disclaimer. ;;
;;; 2. Any modifications must be clearly marked as such. ;;
;;; 3. Original authors' names are not deleted. ;;
;;; 4. The authors' names are not used to endorse or promote products ;;
;;; derived from this software without specific prior written ;;
;;; permission. ;;
;;; ;;
;;; THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH AND THE CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS WORK ;;
;;; DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ;;
;;; ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT ;;
;;; SHALL THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH NOR THE CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE ;;
;;; FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES ;;
;;; WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN ;;
;;; AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ;;
;;; ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF ;;
;;; THIS SOFTWARE. ;;
;;; ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;;
;;; Site specific initialisation file
;;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; If festival's internal audio playing support doesn't work on your
;; machine you can make Festival use your own program to play waveform
;; files. Uncomment the following and change "play" to the name of
;; your local program that can play files
;(Parameter.set 'Audio_Required_Format 'riff)
;(Parameter.set 'Audio_Command "afplay $FILE")
;(Parameter.set 'Audio_Method 'Audio_Command)
;; If you want a voice different from the system installed default
;; uncomment the following line and change the name to the voice you
;; want
;(set! voice_default 'voice_cmu_us_awb_arctic_hts)
(provide 'siteinit)
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
ART INSTALLATION CREATED FOR ARTPRIZE 2013
For three weeks the Palestinian art installation FACING AL AQABA lived on the banks of the Grand River during the Art Prize competition in Grand Rapids, Michigan. This video is a taste of our experience and our vision of the future for We All Live in Gaza. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Copyright 2010 Dirk Holtwick, holtwick.it
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
import xhtml2pdf.pisa as pisa
from six import StringIO
import logging
log = logging.getLogger("xhtml2pdf.wsgi")
class Filter(object):
def __init__(self, app):
self.app = app
def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
script_name = environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME', '')
path_info = environ.get('PATH_INFO', '')
sent = []
written_response = StringIO.StringIO()
def replacement_start_response(status, headers, exc_info=None):
if not self.should_filter(status, headers):
return start_response(status, headers, exc_info)
else:
sent[:] = [status, headers, exc_info]
return written_response.write
app_iter = self.app(environ, replacement_start_response)
if not sent:
return app_iter
status, headers, exc_info = sent
try:
for chunk in app_iter:
written_response.write(chunk)
finally:
if hasattr(app_iter, 'close'):
app_iter.close()
body = written_response.getvalue()
status, headers, body = self.filter(
script_name, path_info, environ, status, headers, body)
start_response(status, headers, exc_info)
return [body]
def should_filter(self, status, headers):
print (headers)
def filter(self, status, headers, body):
raise NotImplementedError
class HTMLFilter(Filter):
def should_filter(self, status, headers):
if not status.startswith('200'):
return False
for name, value in headers:
if name.lower() == 'content-type':
return value.startswith('text/html')
return False
class PisaMiddleware(HTMLFilter):
def filter(self, script_name, path_info, environ, status, headers, body):
topdf = environ.get("pisa.topdf", "")
if topdf:
dst = StringIO.StringIO()
pisa.CreatePDF(body, dst, show_error_as_pdf=True)
headers = [
("content-type", "application/pdf"),
("content-disposition", "attachment; filename=" + topdf)
]
body = dst.getvalue()
return status, headers, body
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Alpha-farnesene synthase
Alpha-farnesene synthase (, (E,E)-alpha-farnesene synthase, AFS1, MdAFS1) is an enzyme with systematic name (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate lyase ((3E,6E)-alpha-farnesene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate (3E,6E)-alpha-farnesene + diphosphate
References
External links
Category:EC 4.2.3 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Q:
Programming on Flash Drive
I've always had separate setups on several different computers for coding, such as IDEs. I've always synced code files on dropbox when I needed to access them on a different machine. Now, I'm wondering if it would be plausible, as in not have a heavy hit on productivity, to simply install a linux distro onto a flash drive with some persistence, and just use the flash instead, freeing up more space for the Windows partitions on all of these computers.
Would this slow my productivity at all? If so, is it minor where I won't really notice it or will it be a major difference?
A:
If you have a USB3 interface and a good flash drive it might be just about acceptable.
Better would be a direct SD/microSD card interface with a Class 10 card but make sure you get a good quality named brand both for the speed and reliability.
You should note that flash drives are not high-reliability options though and they do regularly fail.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
/* Copyright (C) 2006 - 2010 ScriptDev2 <https://scriptdev2.svn.sourceforge.net/>
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
* the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
* (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
*/
/* ScriptData
SDName: gnomeregan
SD%Complete: 80
SDComment: Grubbis Encounter
SDCategory: Gnomeregan
EndScriptData */
/* ContentData
npc_blastmaster_emi_shortfuse
EndContentData */
#include "scriptPCH.h"
#include "gnomeregan.h"
/*######
## npc_blastmaster_emi_shortfuse
######*/
enum
{
SAY_START = -1090000,
SAY_INTRO_1 = -1090001,
SAY_INTRO_2 = -1090002,
SAY_INTRO_3 = -1090003,
SAY_INTRO_4 = -1090004,
SAY_LOOK_1 = -1090005,
SAY_HEAR_1 = -1090006,
SAY_AGGRO_1 = -1090007,
SAY_CHARGE_1 = -1090008,
SAY_CHARGE_2 = -1090009,
SAY_BLOW_1_10 = -1090010,
SAY_BLOW_1_5 = -1090011,
SAY_BLOW_1 = -1090012,
SAY_FINISH_1 = -1090013,
SAY_LOOK_2 = -1090014,
SAY_HEAR_2 = -1090015,
SAY_CHARGE_3 = -1090016,
SAY_CHARGE_4 = -1090017,
SAY_BLOW_2_10 = -1090018,
SAY_BLOW_2_5 = -1090019,
SAY_BLOW_SOON = -1090020,
SAY_BLOW_2 = -1090021,
SAY_FINISH_2 = -1090022,
SAY_AGGRO_2 = -1090028,
SAY_GRUBBIS_SPAWN = -1090023,
GOSSIP_ITEM_START = 4084,
SPELL_EXPLOSION_NORTH = 12159,
SPELL_EXPLOSION_SOUTH = 12158,
SPELL_FIREWORKS_RED = 11542,
//GO_EXPLOSIVE_CHARGE = 144065, //A USE
MAX_SUMMON_POSITIONS = 33,
NPC_GRUBBIS = 7361,
NPC_CHOMPER = 6215,
NPC_CAVERNDEEP_BURROWER = 6206,
NPC_CAVERNDEEP_AMBUSHER = 6207
};
struct sSummonInformation
{
uint32 uiPosition, uiEntry;
float fX, fY, fZ, fO;
};
static const sSummonInformation asSummonInfo[MAX_SUMMON_POSITIONS] =
{
// Entries must be sorted by pack
// First Cave-In
{1, NPC_CAVERNDEEP_AMBUSHER, -566.8114f, -111.7036f, -151.1891f, 5.986479f},
{1, NPC_CAVERNDEEP_AMBUSHER, -568.5875f, -113.7559f, -151.1869f, 0.06981317f},
{1, NPC_CAVERNDEEP_AMBUSHER, -570.2333f, -116.8126f, -151.2272f, 0.296706f},
{1, NPC_CAVERNDEEP_AMBUSHER, -550.6331f, -108.7592f, -153.965f, 0.8901179f},
{1, NPC_CAVERNDEEP_AMBUSHER, -558.9717f, -115.0669f, -151.8799f, 0.5235988f},
{1, NPC_CAVERNDEEP_AMBUSHER, -556.6719f, -112.0526f, -152.8255f, 0.4886922f},
{1, NPC_CAVERNDEEP_AMBUSHER, -552.6419f, -113.4385f, -153.0727f, 0.8028514f},
{1, NPC_CAVERNDEEP_AMBUSHER, -549.1248f, -112.1469f, -153.7987f, 0.7504916f},
{1, NPC_CAVERNDEEP_AMBUSHER, -546.7435f, -112.3051f, -154.2225f, 0.9250245f},
{2, NPC_CAVERNDEEP_AMBUSHER, -571.4071f, -108.7721f, -150.6547f, 5.480334f},
{2, NPC_CAVERNDEEP_AMBUSHER, -573.797f, -106.5265f, -150.4106f, 5.550147f},
{2, NPC_CAVERNDEEP_AMBUSHER, -576.3784f, -108.0483f, -150.4227f, 5.585053f},
{2, NPC_CAVERNDEEP_AMBUSHER, -576.697f, -111.7413f, -150.6484f, 5.759586f},
{3, NPC_CAVERNDEEP_AMBUSHER, -571.3161f, -114.4412f, -151.0931f, 6.021386f},
{3, NPC_CAVERNDEEP_AMBUSHER, -570.3127f, -111.7964f, -151.04f, 2.042035f},
// Second Cave-In
{4, NPC_CAVERNDEEP_AMBUSHER, -474.5954f, -104.074f, -146.0483f, 2.338741f},
{4, NPC_CAVERNDEEP_AMBUSHER, -477.9396f, -108.6563f, -145.7394f, 1.553343f},
{4, NPC_CAVERNDEEP_AMBUSHER, -475.6625f, -97.12168f, -146.5959f, 1.291544f},
{4, NPC_CAVERNDEEP_AMBUSHER, -480.5233f, -88.40702f, -146.3772f, 3.001966f},
{5, NPC_CAVERNDEEP_AMBUSHER, -474.2943f, -105.2212f, -145.9747f, 2.251475f},
{5, NPC_CAVERNDEEP_AMBUSHER, -481.1831f, -101.4225f, -146.377f, 2.146755f},
{5, NPC_CAVERNDEEP_BURROWER, -475.0871f, -100.016f, -146.4382f, 2.303835f},
{5, NPC_CAVERNDEEP_AMBUSHER, -478.8562f, -106.9321f, -145.8533f, 1.658063f},
{6, NPC_CAVERNDEEP_AMBUSHER, -473.8762f, -107.4022f, -145.838f, 2.024582f},
{6, NPC_CAVERNDEEP_AMBUSHER, -490.5134f, -92.72843f, -148.0954f, 3.054326f},
{6, NPC_CAVERNDEEP_AMBUSHER, -491.401f, -88.25341f, -148.0358f, 3.560472f},
{6, NPC_CAVERNDEEP_AMBUSHER, -479.1431f, -106.227f, -145.9097f, 1.727876f},
{6, NPC_CAVERNDEEP_AMBUSHER, -475.3185f, -101.4804f, -146.2717f, 2.234021f},
{6, NPC_CAVERNDEEP_AMBUSHER, -485.1559f, -89.57419f, -146.9299f, 3.071779f},
{6, NPC_CAVERNDEEP_AMBUSHER, -482.2516f, -96.80614f, -146.6596f, 2.303835f},
{6, NPC_CAVERNDEEP_AMBUSHER, -477.9874f, -92.82047f, -146.6944f, 3.124139f},
// Grubbis and add
{7, NPC_GRUBBIS, -476.3761f, -108.1901f, -145.7763f, 1.919862f},
{7, NPC_CHOMPER, -473.1326f, -103.0901f, -146.1155f, 2.042035f}
};
struct npc_blastmaster_emi_shortfuseAI : public npc_escortAI
{
npc_blastmaster_emi_shortfuseAI(Creature* pCreature) : npc_escortAI(pCreature)
{
m_pInstance = (instance_gnomeregan*)pCreature->GetInstanceData();
// Remove Gossip-Menu in reload case for DONE enounter
if (m_pInstance && m_pInstance->GetData(TYPE_GRUBBIS) == DONE)
pCreature->SetUInt32Value(UNIT_NPC_FLAGS, UNIT_NPC_FLAG_NONE);
Reset();
}
instance_gnomeregan* m_pInstance;
uint8 m_uiPhase;
uint32 m_uiPhaseTimer;
ObjectGuid m_playerGuid;
bool m_bDidAggroText, m_bSouthernCaveInOpened, m_bNorthernCaveInOpened;
GuidList m_luiSummonedMobGUIDs;
void Reset() override
{
m_bDidAggroText = false; // Used for 'defend' text, is triggered when the npc is attacked
if (!HasEscortState(STATE_ESCORT_ESCORTING))
{
m_uiPhase = 0;
m_uiPhaseTimer = 0;
m_bSouthernCaveInOpened = m_bNorthernCaveInOpened = false;
m_luiSummonedMobGUIDs.clear();
}
}
void DoSummonPack(uint8 uiIndex)
{
for (const auto& i : asSummonInfo)
{
// This requires order of the array
if (i.uiPosition > uiIndex)
break;
if (i.uiPosition == uiIndex)
m_creature->SummonCreature(i.uiEntry, i.fX, i.fY, i.fZ, i.fO, TEMPSUMMON_DEAD_DESPAWN, 0);
}
}
void JustSummoned(Creature* pSummoned) override
{
switch (pSummoned->GetEntry())
{
case NPC_CAVERNDEEP_BURROWER:
case NPC_CAVERNDEEP_AMBUSHER:
{
if (GameObject* pDoor = m_creature->GetMap()->GetGameObject(m_pInstance->GetData64(m_uiPhase > 20 ? GO_CAVE_IN_NORTH : GO_CAVE_IN_SOUTH)))
{
float fX, fY, fZ;
pDoor->GetNearPoint(pDoor, fX, fY, fZ, 0.0f, 2.0f, frand(0.0f, 2 * M_PI_F));
pSummoned->GetMotionMaster()->MovePoint(1, fX, fY, fZ, MOVE_PATHFINDING);
}
break;
}
case NPC_GRUBBIS:
// Movement of Grubbis and Add to be handled by DB waypoints
DoScriptText(SAY_GRUBBIS_SPAWN, pSummoned);
break;
case NPC_CHOMPER: //chomper must be invoqued after grubbis
pSummoned->JoinCreatureGroup(pSummoned->FindNearestCreature(NPC_GRUBBIS, 10, true), 3, ((pSummoned->GetAngle(m_creature) - m_creature->GetOrientation()) + 2 * M_PI_F), (OPTION_FORMATION_MOVE | OPTION_AGGRO_TOGETHER));
break;
}
m_luiSummonedMobGUIDs.push_back(pSummoned->GetObjectGuid());
}
void SummonedCreatureJustDied(Creature* pSummoned) override
{
if (pSummoned->GetEntry() == NPC_GRUBBIS)
{
if (m_pInstance)
m_pInstance->SetData(TYPE_GRUBBIS, DONE);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 1000;
}
m_luiSummonedMobGUIDs.remove(pSummoned->GetObjectGuid());
}
bool IsPreparingExplosiveCharge()
{
return m_uiPhase == 11 || m_uiPhase == 13 || m_uiPhase == 26 || m_uiPhase == 28;
}
void MoveInLineOfSight(Unit* pWho) override
{
// In case we are preparing the explosive charges, we won't start attacking mobs
if (IsPreparingExplosiveCharge())
return;
npc_escortAI::MoveInLineOfSight(pWho);
}
void AttackStart(Unit* pWho) override
{
// In case we are preparing the explosive charges, we won't start attacking mobs
if (IsPreparingExplosiveCharge())
return;
npc_escortAI::AttackStart(pWho);
}
void AttackedBy(Unit* pAttacker) override
{
// Possibility for Aggro-Text only once per combat
if (m_bDidAggroText)
return;
m_bDidAggroText = true;
if (!urand(0, 2))
DoScriptText(urand(0, 1) ? SAY_AGGRO_1 : SAY_AGGRO_2, m_creature, pAttacker);
}
void JustDied(Unit* /*pKiller*/) override
{
if (!m_pInstance)
return;
m_pInstance->SetData(TYPE_GRUBBIS, FAIL);
if (m_bSouthernCaveInOpened) // close southern cave-in door
m_pInstance->DoUseDoorOrButton(m_pInstance->GetData64(GO_CAVE_IN_SOUTH));
if (m_bNorthernCaveInOpened) // close northern cave-in door
m_pInstance->DoUseDoorOrButton(m_pInstance->GetData64(GO_CAVE_IN_NORTH));
for (const auto& guid : m_luiSummonedMobGUIDs)
{
if (Creature* pSummoned = m_creature->GetMap()->GetCreature(guid))
pSummoned->ForcedDespawn();
}
}
void StartEvent(Player* pPlayer)
{
if (!m_pInstance)
return;
m_pInstance->SetData(TYPE_GRUBBIS, IN_PROGRESS);
m_uiPhase = 1;
m_uiPhaseTimer = 1000;
m_playerGuid = pPlayer->GetObjectGuid();
}
void WaypointStart(uint32 uiPointId) override
{
switch (uiPointId)
{
case 10:
// Open Southern Cave-In
if (m_pInstance && !m_bSouthernCaveInOpened)
{
//m_pInstance->DoUseDoorOrButton(GO_CAVE_IN_SOUTH);
m_pInstance->DoUseDoorOrButton(m_pInstance->GetData64(GO_CAVE_IN_SOUTH));
m_bSouthernCaveInOpened = true;
}
break;
case 12:
DoScriptText(SAY_CHARGE_1, m_creature);
break;
case 16:
DoScriptText(SAY_CHARGE_3, m_creature);
// Open Northern Cave-In
if (m_pInstance && !m_bNorthernCaveInOpened)
{
m_pInstance->DoUseDoorOrButton(m_pInstance->GetData64(GO_CAVE_IN_NORTH));
m_bNorthernCaveInOpened = true;
}
break;
}
}
void WaypointReached(uint32 uiPointId) override
{
switch (uiPointId)
{
case 4:
m_uiPhaseTimer = 1000;
break;
case 9:
m_uiPhaseTimer = 2000;
break;
case 11:
m_creature->HandleEmote(EMOTE_STATE_USESTANDING);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 15000;
break;
case 13:
m_creature->HandleEmote(EMOTE_STATE_USESTANDING);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 10000;
break;
case 15:
SetEscortPaused(true);
if (m_pInstance)
{
if (GameObject* pDoor = m_creature->GetMap()->GetGameObject(m_pInstance->GetData64(GO_CAVE_IN_SOUTH)))
m_creature->SetFacingToObject(pDoor);
}
DoScriptText(SAY_BLOW_1_10, m_creature);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 5000;
break;
case 16:
m_creature->HandleEmote(EMOTE_STATE_USESTANDING);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 15000;
break;
case 17:
m_creature->HandleEmote(EMOTE_STATE_USESTANDING);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 10000;
break;
case 19:
m_uiPhaseTimer = 2000;
SetEscortPaused(true); // And keep paused from now on!
break;
}
}
void UpdateEscortAI(uint32 const uiDiff) override
{
// the phases are handled OOC (keeps them in sync with the waypoints)
if (m_uiPhaseTimer && !m_creature->GetVictim())
{
if (m_uiPhaseTimer <= uiDiff)
{
switch (m_uiPhase)
{
case 1:
DoScriptText(SAY_START, m_creature);
m_creature->SetFactionTemporary(FACTION_ESCORT_N_NEUTRAL_PASSIVE, TEMPFACTION_RESTORE_RESPAWN);
m_creature->SetUInt32Value(UNIT_NPC_FLAGS, UNIT_NPC_FLAG_NONE);
m_creature->SetUInt32Value(UNIT_DYNAMIC_FLAGS, 0);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 5000;
break;
case 2:
DoScriptText(SAY_INTRO_1, m_creature);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 3500; // 6s delay, but 2500ms for escortstarting
break;
case 3:
Start(false, m_playerGuid, nullptr, false, false);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 0;
break;
case 4: // Shortly after reached WP 4
DoScriptText(SAY_INTRO_2, m_creature);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 0;
break;
case 5: // Shortly after reached WP 9
DoScriptText(SAY_INTRO_3, m_creature);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 6000;
break;
case 6:
DoScriptText(SAY_INTRO_4, m_creature);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 9000;
break;
case 7:
if (m_pInstance)
{
if (GameObject* pDoor = m_creature->GetMap()->GetGameObject(m_pInstance->GetData64(GO_CAVE_IN_SOUTH)))
m_creature->SetFacingToObject(pDoor);
}
m_uiPhaseTimer = 2000;
break;
case 8:
DoScriptText(SAY_LOOK_1, m_creature);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 5000;
break;
case 9:
DoScriptText(SAY_HEAR_1, m_creature);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 2000;
break;
case 10: // Shortly shortly before starting WP 11
DoSummonPack(1);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 0;
break;
case 11: // 15s after reached WP 11
DoSummonPack(2);
// Summon first explosive charge //BCP trop tard ?
if (m_pInstance)
m_pInstance->SetData(TYPE_EXPLOSIVE_CHARGE, DATA_EXPLOSIVE_CHARGE_1);
//TEST
//m_creature->SummonGameObject(GO_EXPLOSIVE_CHARGE, -535.2656, -105.9493, -156, 0.717935, 0, 0, 0, 0, 600);//coords?//o: 0.717935
//m_creature->SummonGameObject(GO_EXPLOSIVE_CHARGE, -542.357, -98.06, -155.8473, 5.578764, 0, 0, 0, 0, 600);//coords?//o: 5.578764
// Remove EMOTE_STATE_USESTANDING state-emote
m_creature->HandleEmote(EMOTE_ONESHOT_NONE);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 1;
break;
case 12: // Empty Phase, used to store information about set charge
m_uiPhaseTimer = 0;
break;
case 13: // 10s after reached WP 13
DoSummonPack(3);
// Summon second explosive charge //trop tard?
if (m_pInstance)
m_pInstance->SetData(TYPE_EXPLOSIVE_CHARGE, DATA_EXPLOSIVE_CHARGE_2);
// Remove EMOTE_STATE_USESTANDING state-emote
m_creature->HandleEmote(EMOTE_ONESHOT_NONE);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 11000;
break;
case 14: // Empty Phase, used to store information about set charge
m_uiPhaseTimer = 1;
break;
case 15: // shortly before starting WP 14
if (Player* pPlayer = m_creature->GetMap()->GetPlayer(m_playerGuid))
m_creature->SetFacingToObject(pPlayer);
DoScriptText(SAY_CHARGE_2, m_creature);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 0;
break;
case 16: // 5s after reaching WP 15
DoScriptText(SAY_BLOW_1_5, m_creature);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 5000;
break;
case 17:
DoScriptText(SAY_BLOW_1, m_creature);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 1000;
break;
case 18:
DoCastSpellIfCan(m_creature, SPELL_EXPLOSION_SOUTH);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 500;
break;
case 19:
// Close southern cave-in and let charges explode
if (m_pInstance)
{
m_pInstance->DoUseDoorOrButton(m_pInstance->GetData64(GO_CAVE_IN_SOUTH));
m_bSouthernCaveInOpened = false;
m_pInstance->SetData(TYPE_EXPLOSIVE_CHARGE, DATA_EXPLOSIVE_CHARGE_USE);
}
m_uiPhaseTimer = 5000;
break;
case 20:
m_creature->HandleEmote(EMOTE_ONESHOT_CHEER);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 6000;
break;
case 21:
DoScriptText(SAY_FINISH_1, m_creature);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 6000;
break;
case 22:
DoScriptText(SAY_LOOK_2, m_creature);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 3000;
break;
case 23:
if (m_pInstance)
{
if (GameObject* pDoor = m_creature->GetMap()->GetGameObject(m_pInstance->GetData64(GO_CAVE_IN_NORTH)))
m_creature->SetFacingToObject(pDoor);
}
m_uiPhaseTimer = 3000;
break;
case 24:
DoScriptText(SAY_HEAR_2, m_creature);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 8000;
break;
case 25: // shortly before starting WP 16
SetEscortPaused(false);
DoSummonPack(4);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 0;
break;
case 26: // 15s after reaching WP 16
DoSummonPack(5);
// Summon third explosive charge
if (m_pInstance)
m_pInstance->SetData(TYPE_EXPLOSIVE_CHARGE, DATA_EXPLOSIVE_CHARGE_3);
// Remove EMOTE_STATE_USESTANDING state-emote
m_creature->HandleEmote(EMOTE_ONESHOT_NONE);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 1;
break;
case 27: // Empty Phase, used to store information about set charge
m_uiPhaseTimer = 0;
break;
case 28: // 10s after reaching WP 17
DoSummonPack(6);
// Summon forth explosive charge
if (m_pInstance)
m_pInstance->SetData(TYPE_EXPLOSIVE_CHARGE, DATA_EXPLOSIVE_CHARGE_4);
// Remove EMOTE_STATE_USESTANDING state-emote
m_creature->HandleEmote(EMOTE_ONESHOT_NONE);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 10000;
break;
case 29: // Empty Phase, used to store information about set charge
m_uiPhaseTimer = 1;
break;
case 30: // shortly before starting WP 18
DoScriptText(SAY_CHARGE_4, m_creature);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 0;
break;
case 31: // shortly after reaching WP 19
if (m_pInstance)
{
if (GameObject* pDoor = m_creature->GetMap()->GetGameObject(m_pInstance->GetData64(GO_CAVE_IN_NORTH)))
m_creature->SetFacingToObject(pDoor);
}
DoScriptText(SAY_BLOW_2_10, m_creature);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 5000;
break;
case 32:
DoScriptText(SAY_BLOW_2_5, m_creature);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 1000;
break;
case 33:
DoSummonPack(7); // Summon Grubbis and add
m_uiPhaseTimer = 0;
break;
case 34: // 1 sek after Death of Grubbis
if (m_pInstance)
{
if (GameObject* pDoor = m_creature->GetMap()->GetGameObject(m_pInstance->GetData64(GO_CAVE_IN_NORTH)))
m_creature->SetFacingToObject(pDoor);
}
m_creature->HandleEmote(EMOTE_ONESHOT_CHEER);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 5000;
break;
case 35:
DoScriptText(SAY_BLOW_SOON, m_creature);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 5000;
break;
case 36:
DoScriptText(SAY_BLOW_2, m_creature);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 2000;
break;
case 37:
m_creature->HandleEmote(EMOTE_ONESHOT_POINT);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 1000;
break;
case 38:
DoCastSpellIfCan(m_creature, SPELL_EXPLOSION_NORTH);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 500;
break;
case 39:
// Close northern cave-in and let charges explode
if (m_pInstance)
{
m_pInstance->DoUseDoorOrButton(m_pInstance->GetData64(GO_CAVE_IN_NORTH));
m_bNorthernCaveInOpened = false;
m_pInstance->SetData(TYPE_EXPLOSIVE_CHARGE, DATA_EXPLOSIVE_CHARGE_USE);
}
m_uiPhaseTimer = 8000;
break;
case 40:
DoCastSpellIfCan(m_creature, SPELL_FIREWORKS_RED);
DoScriptText(SAY_FINISH_2, m_creature);
m_uiPhaseTimer = 0;
break;
}
++m_uiPhase;
}
else
m_uiPhaseTimer -= uiDiff;
}
if (!m_creature->SelectHostileTarget() || !m_creature->GetVictim())
return;
DoMeleeAttackIfReady();
}
};
CreatureAI* GetAI_npc_blastmaster_emi_shortfuse(Creature* pCreature)
{
return new npc_blastmaster_emi_shortfuseAI(pCreature);
}
bool GossipHello_npc_blastmaster_emi_shortfuse(Player* pPlayer, Creature* pCreature)
{
if (instance_gnomeregan* pInstance = (instance_gnomeregan*)pCreature->GetInstanceData())
{
if (pInstance->GetData(TYPE_GRUBBIS) == NOT_STARTED || pInstance->GetData(TYPE_GRUBBIS) == FAIL)
{
pPlayer->ADD_GOSSIP_ITEM(GOSSIP_ICON_CHAT, GOSSIP_ITEM_START /*"I am ready to begin."*/, GOSSIP_SENDER_MAIN, GOSSIP_ACTION_INFO_DEF + 1);
pPlayer->SEND_GOSSIP_MENU(pPlayer->GetGossipTextId(pCreature), pCreature->GetObjectGuid());
}
}
return true;
}
bool GossipSelect_npc_blastmaster_emi_shortfuse(Player* pPlayer, Creature* pCreature, uint32 /*uiSender*/, uint32 uiAction)
{
if (uiAction == GOSSIP_ACTION_INFO_DEF + 1)
{
if (instance_gnomeregan* pInstance = (instance_gnomeregan*)pCreature->GetInstanceData())
{
if (pInstance->GetData(TYPE_GRUBBIS) == NOT_STARTED || pInstance->GetData(TYPE_GRUBBIS) == FAIL)
{
if (npc_blastmaster_emi_shortfuseAI* pEmiAI = dynamic_cast<npc_blastmaster_emi_shortfuseAI*>(pCreature->AI()))
pEmiAI->StartEvent(pPlayer);
}
}
}
pPlayer->CLOSE_GOSSIP_MENU();
return true;
}
/*######
## npc_kernobee
## TODO: It appears there are some things missing, including his? alarm-bot
######*/
enum
{
QUEST_A_FINE_MESS = 2904,
TRIGGER_GNOME_EXIT = 324, // Add scriptlib support for it, atm simply use hardcoded values
SPELL_EXPLOSION = 27745, //spell de Clank.
SAY_KERNOBEE_START = -1780204,
SAY_BOMB_START = -1780205,
SAY_BOMB_SEE_END = -1780206,
SAY_KERNOBEE_SEE_END = -1780207,
SAY_KERNOBEE_END = -1780208,
};
static float const aKernobeePositions[3][3] =
{
{ -390.82f, 42.34f, -154.795f}, // I can see the end!
{ -330.92f, -3.03f, -152.85f}, // End position
{ -297.32f, -7.32f, -152.85f} // Walk out of the door
};
struct npc_kernobeeAI : public FollowerAI
{
npc_kernobeeAI(Creature* pCreature) : FollowerAI(pCreature)
{
QuestReset();
Reset();
}
uint32 m_uiCheckEndposTimer;
uint32 m_nextStepTimer;
uint16 nextStep;
uint64 bombGuid;
bool canSeeEnd;
void Reset() override {}
void UpdateFollowerAI(uint32 const uiDiff) override
{
FollowerAI::UpdateFollowerAI(uiDiff); // Do combat handling
if (nextStep == 5) //HasFollowState(STATE_FOLLOW_COMPLETE)
{
if (m_nextStepTimer < uiDiff)
{
if (Creature* creature = m_creature->GetMap()->GetCreature(bombGuid))
{
creature->CastSpell(creature, SPELL_EXPLOSION, true);
//creature->ForcedDespawn();
//creature->DisappearAndDie();
//m_creature->DisappearAndDie();
nextStep = 6;
m_nextStepTimer = 200;
}
}
else
m_nextStepTimer -= uiDiff;
}
else if (nextStep == 6) //HasFollowState(STATE_FOLLOW_COMPLETE)
{
if (m_nextStepTimer < uiDiff)
{
if (Creature* creature = m_creature->GetMap()->GetCreature(bombGuid))
{
nextStep = 0;
creature->DisappearAndDie();
m_creature->DisappearAndDie();
}
}
else
m_nextStepTimer -= uiDiff;
}
if (m_creature->IsInCombat() || !HasFollowState(STATE_FOLLOW_INPROGRESS) || HasFollowState(STATE_FOLLOW_COMPLETE))
return;
if (nextStep == 1) /*HasFollowState(STATE_FOLLOW_PAUSED)*/
{
if (m_nextStepTimer < uiDiff)
{
if (m_creature->FindNearestCreature(NPC_ALARM_A_BOMB_2600, 10.0f)) //détecter la bombe a proximité.
{
m_creature->SetWalk(true);//speed influences speed of follower
SetFollowPaused(false);
m_nextStepTimer = 5 * MINUTE * IN_MILLISECONDS;;
nextStep = 2;
}
else
m_nextStepTimer = 500;
}
else
m_nextStepTimer -= uiDiff;
}
if (nextStep == 2)
{
if (m_nextStepTimer < uiDiff)
{
if (Creature* creature = m_creature->GetMap()->GetCreature(bombGuid))
{
creature->CastSpell(creature, SPELL_EXPLOSION, true);
nextStep = 6; //skip to they both die.
m_nextStepTimer = 200;
}
}
else
m_nextStepTimer -= uiDiff;
}
if (m_uiCheckEndposTimer < uiDiff)
{
if (nextStep == 2) /*!explosionTimerStarted*/
{
if (Creature* bomb = m_creature->GetMap()->GetCreature(bombGuid))
{
if (bomb->IsWithinDist3d(aKernobeePositions[0][0], aKernobeePositions[0][1], aKernobeePositions[0][2], 2 * INTERACTION_DISTANCE))
{
//explosionTimerStarted=true;
nextStep = 3;
m_nextStepTimer = 20000;
DoScriptText(SAY_BOMB_SEE_END, bomb);
}
}
}
if (!canSeeEnd)
{
if (m_creature->IsWithinDist3d(aKernobeePositions[0][0], aKernobeePositions[0][1], aKernobeePositions[0][2], 2 * INTERACTION_DISTANCE))
{
DoScriptText(SAY_KERNOBEE_SEE_END, m_creature);
canSeeEnd = true;
}
}
else
{
if (m_creature->IsWithinDist3d(aKernobeePositions[1][0], aKernobeePositions[1][1], aKernobeePositions[1][2], 2 * INTERACTION_DISTANCE))
{
DoScriptText(SAY_KERNOBEE_END, m_creature);
nextStep = 5;
m_nextStepTimer = 2500;
SetFollowComplete(true);
if (Player* pPlayer = GetLeaderForFollower())
pPlayer->GroupEventHappens(QUEST_A_FINE_MESS, m_creature);
//m_creature->GetMotionMaster()->MovePoint(1, aKernobeePositions[2][0], aKernobeePositions[2][1], aKernobeePositions[2][2], false);
//m_creature->ForcedDespawn(3000);
}
}
m_uiCheckEndposTimer = 200;
}
else
m_uiCheckEndposTimer -= uiDiff;
if (nextStep == 3)
{
if (m_nextStepTimer < uiDiff)
{
if (Creature* crea = m_creature->GetMap()->GetCreature(bombGuid))
{
crea->CastSpell(crea, SPELL_EXPLOSION, true);
crea->DealDamage(m_creature, m_creature->GetHealth(), nullptr, DIRECT_DAMAGE, SPELL_SCHOOL_MASK_NORMAL, nullptr, false);
crea->DealDamage(crea, crea->GetHealth(), nullptr, DIRECT_DAMAGE, SPELL_SCHOOL_MASK_NORMAL, nullptr, false);
nextStep = 4;
m_nextStepTimer = 200;
}
}
else
m_nextStepTimer -= uiDiff;
}
if (nextStep == 4)
{
if (m_nextStepTimer < uiDiff)
{
if (Creature* crea = m_creature->GetMap()->GetCreature(bombGuid))
{
crea->DealDamage(crea, crea->GetHealth(), nullptr, DIRECT_DAMAGE, SPELL_SCHOOL_MASK_NORMAL, nullptr, false);
nextStep = 0;
crea->DealDamage(m_creature, m_creature->GetHealth(), nullptr, DIRECT_DAMAGE, SPELL_SCHOOL_MASK_NORMAL, nullptr, false);
}
}
else
m_nextStepTimer -= uiDiff;
}
}
void JustDied(Unit* pKiller) override
{
FollowerAI::JustDied(pKiller);
QuestReset();
if (Creature* bomb = m_creature->GetMap()->GetCreature(bombGuid))
bomb->DisappearAndDie();
}
void QuestReset()
{
m_creature->SetStandState(UNIT_STAND_STATE_DEAD);
m_uiCheckEndposTimer = 10000;
m_nextStepTimer = 2000;
canSeeEnd = false;
nextStep = 0;
}
void StartQuest(Player* pPlayer, Quest const* pQuest)
{
DoScriptText(SAY_KERNOBEE_START, m_creature);
m_creature->SetStandState(UNIT_STAND_STATE_STAND);
StartFollow(pPlayer, 0/*FACTION_ESCORT_N_FRIEND_PASSIVE*/, pQuest);
if (bombGuid = ((instance_gnomeregan*)m_creature->GetInstanceData())->GetData64(NPC_ALARM_A_BOMB_2600))
{
if (Creature* bomb = m_creature->GetMap()->GetCreature(bombGuid))
{
SetFollowPaused(true);
//bomb->SetWalk(false);
m_creature->SetWalk(false);
bomb->GetMotionMaster()->MoveFollow(m_creature, PET_FOLLOW_DIST, PET_FOLLOW_ANGLE);
DoScriptText(SAY_BOMB_START, bomb);
}
}
nextStep = 1;
}
};
CreatureAI* GetAI_npc_kernobee(Creature* pCreature)
{
return new npc_kernobeeAI(pCreature);
}
bool QuestAccept_npc_kernobee(Player* pPlayer, Creature* pCreature, Quest const* pQuest)
{
if (pQuest->GetQuestId() == QUEST_A_FINE_MESS)
{
if (npc_kernobeeAI* pAI = dynamic_cast<npc_kernobeeAI*>(pCreature->AI()))
pAI->StartQuest(pPlayer, pQuest);
}
return true;
}
void AddSC_gnomeregan()
{
Script* pNewScript;
pNewScript = new Script;
pNewScript->Name = "npc_blastmaster_emi_shortfuse";
pNewScript->GetAI = &GetAI_npc_blastmaster_emi_shortfuse;
pNewScript->pGossipHello = &GossipHello_npc_blastmaster_emi_shortfuse;
pNewScript->pGossipSelect = &GossipSelect_npc_blastmaster_emi_shortfuse;
pNewScript->RegisterSelf();
pNewScript = new Script;
pNewScript->Name = "npc_kernobee";
pNewScript->GetAI = &GetAI_npc_kernobee;
pNewScript->pQuestAcceptNPC = &QuestAccept_npc_kernobee;
pNewScript->RegisterSelf();
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
The modern world is seemingly flooded with data but is often at a loss for interpreting it. One exceptionally useful tool that has found wide acceptance is software that presents the data in some visual form, especially in a way that makes relationships noticeable. Using this software, often very complex databases can be queried. The results of the queries are then analyzed and displayed in some visual format, usually graphical, such as a bar or pie chart, scatter plot, or any of a large number of other well-known formats. Modern analysis tools then allow the user to dynamically adjust the ranges of the displayed results in order to change and see different aspects of the analysis.
One prominent data visualization product is owned by Spotfire AB of Göteborg, Sweden, and marketed under the name DecisionSite.® In this product, which incorporates the technology disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,014,661, query devices tied to columns in the data set and different visualizations of the data allow users to dynamically filter their data sets based on any available property, and hence to interactively visualize the data. As the user adjusts graphical query devices such as rangesliders and alphasliders, the DecisionSite product changes the visualization of the data accordingly.
The DecisionSite product also includes several other automatic features, such as initial selection of suitable query devices and determination of ranges, which aid the user not only to visualize the data, but also to mine it. When properly used, this technique constitutes a powerful tool that forms the basis for sophisticated data exploration and decisionmaking applications.
Overall, visualization products have improved the efficiency and enhanced the capabilities of professionals in a wide range of areas of data analysis. But these individuals are typically highly trained and highly paid, and they can still spend long periods of time in their data analysis tasks. Improvements in capabilities of data visualization tools could therefore bring further improvements to the efficiency and quality of tasks performed by individuals working in a variety of fields. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
Subpressor angiotensin II is a bifunctional growth factor of vascular muscle in rats.
The proposition that angiotensin II in subpressor does stimulates vascular growth in vivo was tested. Young adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats received angiotensin II, 200 ng/kg per min intraperitoneally by osmotic minipump, for 24 h or 7-10 days. Sham-infused rats served as controls. Protein (35S-methionine) synthesis in aortic media, portal vein, bladder wall and diaphragm; proteoglycan (35S-sulfate) synthesis in aorta and bladder and synthesis of DNA (3H-thymidine) in aortic media were all measured ex vivo in the rat. The systolic blood pressure of angiotensin II-treated rats was unchanged at 24 h and increased at 7-10 days. At 24 h in angiotensin II-treated rats the protein synthesis in aortic media, portal vein and bladder wall but not in the diaphragm was increased, indicating that the hypertrophic effect of angiotensin II was independent of the arterial pressure. The rate of 35S-methionine washout from angiotensin II- and sham-treated aorta was the same. At 24 h there was also an increase in proteoglycans synthesis of the aorta and bladder wall of angiotensin II-treated rats. In contrast to protein synthesis, the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into aortic muscle DNA was reduced in angiotensin II-treated rats at 24 h, suggesting the inhibition of DNA synthesis. At 7-10 days angiotensin II administration the protein synthesis of aortic media returned to baseline, and DNA synthesis was bimodal: in 53% of rats (n = 10) inhibition continued, and in 26% (n = 5) it was increased by two- to threefold. The present findings confirm in vivo the bifunctionality of the trophic vascular action of angiotensin II. Vascular hypertrophy may play a role in the slow pressor action of angiotensin II. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The composer Franz Schubert died on November 19 1828, aged only 31. This article, by Roger Scruton, was first published by The Telegraph in 2012.
Franz Schubert excelled in every musical genre, writing string quartets that can be set beside the greatest of Haydn and Mozart, symphonies that stand comparison with Beethoven, and works for piano that paved the way for Schumann and Chopin. His String Quintet in C major is perhaps the most beautiful piece of chamber music ever composed, while his 600 songs represent a flow of unaffected melody without compare in the history of music. He died aged 31 in 1828, leaving nearly 1,000 compositions, nearly all of which are marked by his distinctive genius.
Radio 3 has decided to celebrate the 215th anniversary of the year of Schubert’s birth by broadcasting his music for eight days solidly next month. Actually, the 214th or 216th would have been just as good, for Schubert is a composer whom we should celebrate every year and every day. No writer of music is more relevant to us. We live in a world that is on the run. We run towards huge rewards, and we run from huge disasters. Nothing around us stands still; we seek rest but rarely find it. We have lost touch with what matters, which is the poignant sense of being. And that is what Schubert has in abundance. He is the poet of home and the loss of home. Nothing in his songs is contrived: everything flows spontaneously from the situation invoked by the poet, and just as life in all its variety gains shape in his incomparable melodies, so too does death lurk in his shifting harmonies and asymmetrical forms.
For Schubert’s greatest works were written in the shadow of death, which is present in them as in the works of no other composer, save possibly Mahler. In the first movement of the Unfinished Symphony, for example, or in the opening of the great String Quartet in G major, he makes us stare into the void, and does so in a way that is neither morbid nor despairing but strangely enriching, urging us to value the moment not despite its transience but because of it.
Faced with death, Schubert can recall the sweetest of joys, as in the poignant last movement of the last sonata, or in the first movement of the String Quintet in C. His vision is clear, undeceived and frightening; and yet he snatches love and joy from the void that stands ready to engulf them, and the result is as life-affirming as any music that I know. The experience of loss endows Schubert’s two great song-cycles – Winterreise and Die schöne Müllerin – with their sacred character. You cannot listen to these works in just any mood. The space that they define is a religious space, a space of pure epiphanies. And they exemplify Schubert’s extraordinary ability with words. No songwriter has commanded such a flow of melody as Schubert; but it is melody that seems to arise from the words, as though the poem breathes itself out as music. Whatever the matter in hand – lovelorn, exultant, reverent, nostalgic, furious, heroic, despairing, religious, erotic, through the range of human feeling – the Schubertian melody captures the thing as it truly is, free from sentimentality and exaggeration, and with a simplicity and directness that lift us into another and purer world.
When I was first introduced to real music as a teenager, it was common to identify Bach, Mozart and Beethoven as the undisputed masters. Schubert was sometimes mentioned, along with Haydn, Mendelssohn, Schumann and Brahms, as belonging in the second rank. But it would have been seen as heresy to set Schubert beside the three greats. I have since come to see that Schubert is the equal of Mozart in melody, of Beethoven in musical form, and of Bach in sheer musicianship. His ability to combine melodic and harmonic order in a single movement and to endow that movement with impeccable shape is apparent from his earliest works.
His setting of Gretchen’s lament from Goethe’s Faust already exhibits the formal perfection that was to be the hallmark of his later songwriting. This consummate masterpiece, which Schubert wrote when he was a mere 17 years old, with its unforgettable spinning-wheel accompaniment and continuous melody working to a dissonant climax, as Gretchen remembers the kiss of her seducer, does not merely illustrate Schubert’s mastery of dramatic gesture. The harmonic movement carries rhythm, drama and narrative to a single conclusion, as though all three had been contained in a sequence of chords, waiting to be stretched out in this gossamer web of melody. Schubert’s ability to retain an unbroken melodic line while modulating from bar to bar is no musician’s trick, but a sign of his complete control of the material.
Of course, he takes liberties. He does not obey the rules of sonata form. He switches rapidly between major and minor, as at the start of the G major Quartet. He can even write an entire movement in the wrong key, like the Quartettsatz in C minor (a movement from one of his many unfinished works), which marches into D flat major and stays there or thereabouts, spurning the colder place from whence it came. But none of this is trickery: always there is a purpose to Schubert’s innovations, and always they enhance the dramatic power and emotional intensity of the whole.
If I were to identify the distinctive emotion that pervades Schubert’s music, I would say that it is a tragic but reconciled love: love not only for people in all their many predicaments, but also love for music, and love especially for the music that was brought to him by his muse. Nobody has composed variations like Schubert’s – variations on his own melodies, in which he gives way to wonder at their discovery, and holds them to the light so as to discern layer upon layer of significance within them.
Most musical people are familiar with the variations on The Trout, which are contained in the quintet that is named after them, and also with the incomparable variations on Death and the Maiden, in the eponymous string quartet. Fewer know the variations on Sei mir gegrüßt contained within a late Fantasia for Violin and Piano – a prolonged and poignant meditation on one of Schubert’s most affecting melodies. But it is perhaps in this work that Schubert most directly reveals the source of his inspiration: which is his ability to imagine in music the absent lover who never appeared in reality. When I think of Schubert’s death, and lament that he did not live to the age of Mozart, I think of the love that he longed for and never obtained, and wonder yet more at a musical legacy that contains more consolation for our loneliness than any other human creation. | {
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Yakumo, Shimane
was a village located in Yatsuka District, Shimane Prefecture, Japan.
As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 6,931 and a density of 123.77 persons per km². The total area was 56.00 km².
On March 31, 2005, Yakumo, along with the towns of Kashima, Mihonoseki, Shimane, Shinji, Tamayu and Yatsuka (all from Yatsuka District), was merged into the expanded city of Matsue.
References
External links
- Japanese version: 地方文化シリーズ： 「八雲国際演劇祭」
Category:Dissolved municipalities of Shimane Prefecture | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Viruses are considered to be among the smallest particles known to man. Viruses are about a hundred times smaller than bacteria, and make up a group of submicroscopic infectious agents that are unable to grow or reproduce outside of a host cell. Certain viruses can cause harm or death in their infected host. Because of their small size, viruses are extremely difficult to detect and characterize. Detection and identification of viruses have been a complicated process in any given environment, especially under combat conditions where pathogenic viruses can be used in biological warfare (BW). Devices are needed which enable detection of remote dispersal of BW agents in a field environment for early warning capabilities.
Rapid detection and warning are essential for providing protection of civilians and soldiers from a BW attack. Previous known methods utilizing biochemical reagents such as multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), low-stringency nucleic acid hybridization and polyclonal antibodies, are often impractical in the field. Polymerase chain reaction is used to detect the presence of a specific genetic sequence, while antibody-based methods detect specific antigens. Both methods work well when testing for known viruses for which genetic primers or antibodies have been developed. Such methods are expensive and typically require time and intensive labor for proper implementation, while providing limited detection capabilities restricted to only certain BW agents.
Biochemical reagent based methods are often hampered by high frequency of false positives under both laboratory and field conditions. The PCR and antibody-based methods require a single test per virus, and often one test per strain of virus. This limits their capacity to monitor and screen all strains of pathogenic viruses in a cost effective manner. Furthermore, these methods cannot actively adapt to rapid mutation of viruses, or emergence of new, unknown viruses, thus failing to provide broad-detection of all viruses regardless of identity, known or unknown, sequenced or un-sequenced.
As set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,051,189, 6,485,686, 6,491,872, and 7,250,138, assigned to the U.S. Government, viruses may be detected in an environment without reliance on biochemical means by capitalizing on the physical properties of size and density. Suspected viruses can be quickly extracted and detected from an environmental sample through isolation of particles based on sizes and densities, which closely match with those of viral agents. Purification processes can also be used to further concentrate suspected particles to the extent necessary to overcome background contamination. In this manner, reliable and rapid detection of potentially dangerous viruses can be effectively achieved.
This is accomplished through the use of centrifugal techniques, which sorts submicron-sized particles according to density, and differential mobility analysis, which sorts submicron-sized particles according to size. Once isolated and sorted, particles with sizes as small as 2 to 3 nanometers can be detected and counted using a condensation nucleus counter. In this device, a liquid, such as butyl alcohol, is condensed on the particles so they grow to a diameter of about a micrometer. They are then large enough to scatter an appreciable amount of light. By passing these particles through a beam of light, flashes of light are produced. The resulting flashes can be detected and counted to determine the concentration of particles in the flow from the differential mobility analyzer.
In this manner, the resulting particles having a particular density and size matching a particular agent such as viruses are effectively isolated and detected in the sample. The strength of such technology is the capability to detect any virus in a single relatively straightforward test, while providing useful quantitative results. Such systems, however, remain large and bulky and require a substantial amount of time to implement. In addition, the use of condensation nucleus counters often adversely alters the extracted particles in a manner, which render them of limited usefulness for further testing.
Accordingly, there is a need to develop a system and method for sampling and separating submicron-sized particles based on density and/or size to detect the presence of a particular agent such as, for example, viruses in an environmental sample, that is substantially compact, lightweight, cost effective and simple to implement, while enhancing accuracy and reducing false positives. There is a need to develop a system or method for detecting the presence of a particular agent in the environment that enhances constant real-time monitoring with minimal preparation and setup. There is a further need to develop a system and method that does not adversely affect or alter the particular agent upon isolation and detection, in a manner, which hinders further testing or confirmation. | {
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A conventional card edge connector is provided on the upper surface of a circuit board and allows an electric card to be inserted therein, thereby electrically connecting the circuit board and the electric card. Taiwan Patent Publication No. 382836 (Application No. 86118731) published on Feb. 21, 2000 discloses an electrical connector having a metallic latch, which includes a dielectric casing and a latching element having a latch piece. The latch piece of the latching element can be locked to the upper surface of the electric card, thereby preventing an upward bound of the electric card. In this way, the electric card can be inserted on the dielectric casing stably.
Although the above card edge connector is provided with the latch piece for locking the electric card, the latch piece is a curved piece that is prone to loosening due to the vibrations of the electric card. Thus, the locking effect of the latch piece is insufficient to press and lock the electric card positively. As a result, the electric card is prone to loosening and bounding upwardly so that the electric card cannot be inserted onto the insulating body firmly. The proposed invention overcomes the above problems. | {
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Q:
UITableView with self sizing cells becomes jerky when calling deleteRowsAtIndexPaths
I have a UITableView with self sizing cells. Table contains 1 section and some rows. I have some rows say 30 and I want to delete row during didSelectRowAtIndexPath.
When I delete a row available near the bottom of tableview (say 28th row ), the rows before 28th row changes their position and it causes jerky animation as a result of deleteRowsAtIndexPaths. See attached gifs for more details.
Cells constructed with frame deletion animation
Auto Resizing cells Deletion animation
- (NSInteger)numberOfSectionsInTableView:(UITableView *)tableView
{
return 1;
}
-(CGFloat)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView heightForRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath
{
return UITableViewAutomaticDimension;
}
- (NSInteger)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView numberOfRowsInSection:(NSInteger)section
{
return noOfRows;
}
- (UITableViewCell *)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView cellForRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath
{
CustomCellTableViewCell *cell = [tableView dequeueReusableCellWithIdentifier:cellID forIndexPath:indexPath];
cell.selectionStyle = UITableViewCellSelectionStyleNone;
[cell setCellText:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"Section = %li Row = %li", indexPath.section,indexPath.row]];
return cell;
}
-(void)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView didSelectRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath
{
noOfRows--;
[tableView deleteRowsAtIndexPaths:@[[NSIndexPath indexPathForRow:indexPath.row inSection:0]] withRowAnimation:UITableViewRowAnimationFade];
}
This jerky animation happens only with self sizing cells and not with cells constructed with frame.
Any help would be greatly appreciated.
EDIT 1: The problem is content offset and content size. Lets say each cell in table view has height of 50. So for 20 cells the content size would be around 1000. Lets consider device height as 200 and width as 100.So the content size will be 100,1000. When I scroll to bottom of the tableview content offset becomes 0,800. When I delete a row now the content size will be updated to 100, 950 and content offset now tries to adjust to new value as a result of change in content size. So this causes Jerkiness.
A:
The jerky animation is due to incorrect estimated heights of your cells. So you need to implement estimatedRowHeight in your table view controller and return saved heights. You can save previously loaded cell heights in willDisplayCell tableView delegate methods as cell.frame.size.height in an array.
var estimatedHeights : [CGFloat] = []
func tableView(_ tableView: UITableView, estimatedHeightForRowAt indexPath: IndexPath) -> CGFloat
{
if estimatedHeights.count > indexPath.row
{
return estimatedHeights[indexPath.row]
}
return 40
}
func tableView(_ tableView: UITableView, willDisplay cell: UITableViewCell, forRowAt indexPath: IndexPath)
{
if estimatedHeights.count <= indexPath.row
{
estimatedHeights.append(cell.frame.height)
}
else
{
estimatedHeights[indexPath.row] = cell.frame.height
}
}
Also put your delete code within [tableView beginUpdates]; and [tableView endUpdates];
| {
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Why It Is Rarely Wise to Borrow From Your 401(k)
When desperate for cash, borrowing from a 401(k) retirement account can be tempting. There are real consequences for taking an early withdrawal or loan, though.
“If you’re thinking about borrowing from your 401(k) plan or any lending institution, be really strategic about your borrowing,” says Kim Jenson, UBS complex director in Chicago. “Understand why you think tapping into your 401(k) or borrowing money is important. Think about why you’re investing in your 401(k) in the first place. It’s because it’s a very efficient way to save for your retirement.”
Most people have a long-term goal of not working one day, which requires significant assets to fund what could be a 30-year retirement. 401(k)s are one of the best ways to save for retirement, and this savings builds fast if you contribute up to the $18,000 annual limit, take advantage of any company match and make annual $6,000 catch-up contributions if you’re over 50.
If you need cash, you’re able to dip into this savings early. Each plan has its own rules, though, and it’s important to understand these before tapping into this account.
What’s a hardship withdrawal?
Hardship withdrawals can be used for medical expenses, to buy principal residences, tuition, to prevent eviction or foreclosure on a principal residence, burial or funeral expenses, and to repair damage to your home.
You can withdraw up to the amount of your elective contribution, not including earnings or matching contributions. This money is taxed like regular income and subject to a 10% penalty if you’re not yet 59.5 years old. Also, additional contributions are generally not allowed for at least six months after the distribution.
If you run the numbers, taking a hardship withdrawal of $10,000 will leave you with $6,300 after paying $2,800 in taxes (if you’re in the 28% tax bracket) and a $1,000 penalty. If you invested that money at 5 percent for 20 years, compounded monthly, you’d have about $27,100.
How do 401(k) loans work?
You can borrow 50 percent of your account balance, up to $50,000. Loans are typically repaid over five years, with longer terms allowed for primary residence purchases. While forgoing any investment earnings, you pay yourself interest at typically the prime rate plus a margin of 1 percent or 2 percent. When you leave your job, the balance becomes due in a lump sum, or it’s subject to tax and the 10 percent penalty if you’re not yet 59.5 years old.
This loan doesn’t have a credit check and the rates are competitive, but consider if your budget has room to continue making contributions while repaying the loan.
Should you take a loan or hardship distribution?
Loans are generally a better way to fund a financial need than a straight distribution, depending on why you need this money.
To clear debt, explore all alternatives before borrowing from your 401(k). If you owe on credit cards, for example, look to negotiate your interest rate with your credit card company.
“If you’re facing severe debt issues and on the brink of bankruptcy, the last thing you want to do is use this money to pay off debt,” says Kelley Long, certified public accountant in Chicago. “Your 401(k) money is protected in bankruptcy.”
A 401(k) loan only makes sense once you’ve worked with a credit counselor and exhausted all the alternatives and have a plan to solve budgeting issues.
Tapping your retirement account is a last resort for medical bills.First,try to negotiate with the hospital or medical billing company, which won’t affect your credit unless the bills go into collections. Consider a 401(k) loan only if you’re unable to negotiate and can’t afford the bills.
College tuition might seem a worthy reason to borrow from your 401(k) but there are other ways to pay and save for college. A 529 plan, for example, is a very attractive vehicle designed to help people save for education. You retain control of the funds in the plan and also receive a tax benefit.
Your children are also able to take advantage of grants, scholarships and loans as an alternative to tapping into your retirement. “When you take money out [of a 401(k)], that’s money that goes against getting a scholarship,” says Katherine Dean, managing director of wealth planning, Wells Fargo Private Bank.
Like people say, “You can borrow for school, but you can’t borrow for retirement.”
When buying a home, a 401(k) loan may make sense if the money increases your down payment to 20 percent so you can avoid paying mortgage insurance. Be sure that you’re not overextended with the payments for your new house combined with the 401(k) loan. You can also take a hardship distribution up to $10,000.
You can use your 401(k) to fund a business without paying taxes or penalties by setting up a Rollover for Business Startups, or ROBS. That allows you to roll over your existing 401(k) plan into a new plan that’s established in your business. Once this is complete, you can invest your retirement moneys in your new business. ROBS eliminate the need for small business loans and allow you to hold all the equity in your business, but these are complicated and are subject to taxes and penalties if the set up isn't right. .
Depending on the business, your retirement is at stake. Most people who use this structure already have sufficient funds for retirement. “They’re looking to take a risk to do something new,” says Dean. | {
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Those are not words I knew could go together. Justin Verlander + Surgery? That doesn’t seem right, but here we are. It’s a core muscle tear, a lot like Cabrera’s and it requires about six weeks of rehab before being evaluated. Dombrowski expects Verlander to participate in Spring Training and they hope he’ll be ready to make his seventh Opening Day start.
Verlander has been crazy durable – seven straight 200+ inning seasons – and has never even thought about going to on the DL. I’m not sure he would even know what to do. Is it an actual list that he has to sign?
The tone from Verlander and the Tigers is positive, but anytime a player goes under the knife you worry and Verlander has 6 years and $160 million left on his contract, so it’s important that he comes back healthy. We’ll know more about how this will affect the team in a few weeks but the Tigers are now down to four healthy starters and Verlander. Six weeks ago they had six above average starters. Things change quickly.
It’s always the opinion of New English D not to panic, but this is a panicky type announcement. Also, why did he wait until now to have the surgery. Don’t think about it too much or you’ll start to panic. I told you not to panic. | {
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SU-E-T-242: Effect of Skull Surgical Clips and Bone Artifacts on Treatment Planning for Brain Tumors with Proton Beam.
To study the effect of skull surgical clips and bone artifacts on dose distribution using proton beams for treatment planning. Proton treatment plans with double scattering technique for ten patients were generated on patients with brain tumors having had prior surgery with skull bone surgical clips. Appropriate clinical, dosimetric and geometric margins were added for each tumor volume and dose was prescribed to clinical target volume (CTV). The CT images used for treatment planning show streaking artifacts due to the clips and there are also soft artifacts on tissue adjacent to skull bone due to high density of bone. We performed two plans for each patient; a plan without correcting for artifacts and a second plan replacing the artifacts with normal tissue. For the second plan, the artifacts were contoured and a CT numbers obtained by sampling pixels in adjacent areas without artifacts was assigned to the contours. We compared the two plans by evaluating the dose volume histogram (DVH) for tumor coverage and the mean, median, and maximum dose for normal tissue structures. Volume of CTV receiving 99% of the prescribed dose (PD) show a mean difference of 3% higher dose for artifact corrected plans. The normal tissue structures comparison shows and average dose difference of 5%, 8%, 11%, and 30% lower doses for optical chiasm, temporal lobes, brain and optic nerves for artifact corrected plans respectively. In general when using artifact correction for surgical skull clips and skull bone, the tumor coverage tends to be slightly higher. Overall, the normal tissue structures tend to have lower doses depending on the volume, position and the geometry for artifact corrected plans. We recommend the correction of artifacts due to surgical clips and skull bone for brain region proton planning. | {
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The sixth annual edition of Santurce es Ley, Puerto Rico’s urban art and music festival, starts today. Last year more than 10,000 came to Calle Cerra daily; this go around, that number will likely be greater. But founder Alexis Bousquet has some startling news: This could be the event’s final year. It’s not for waning attendance, obviously. And Bousquet actually has the artists in mind here.
“What we’re trying to do behind the whole project is build an urban art museum…We’re trying to actually create an infinite loop…for the artists,” he says. “We have a lot of tourists that come to Calle Cerra, and they take a lot of pictures and they leave. They don’t leave any money for the artists; they don’t buy any articles.”
Artists will work in the “laboratory” for three months, Bousquet says, and at the end of each period there will be an exhibit.
Mural by The Stencil Network
Let’s not panic about SEL proper, though. Just because the fest as we know it may end doesn’t mean Bousquet won’t be helming something similar elsewhere. Bringing the concept to stateside Puerto Rico communities — namely Chicago — is something he’s strongly considering. “Chicago has murals; it has Puerto Rican murals, but it has late 70s and 80s murals, and some are really distant from the reality of Puerto Ricans in Puerto Rico,” he says. “Some are really beautiful, but they still have a coqui frog and a Puerto Rican flag.”
While iconic, those images aren’t very timely reflections of reality of life on the island today. What’s showcased this year in Santurce, though, definitely is.
A slew of native artists like Alex Diaz, Carlitos Skills, Fisu, and The Stencil Network are also featured. Bousquet says what makes this a singular year is the driving message of all the work commissioned.
“The whole crisis, the monetary crisis in Puerto Rico, has given the festival a more meaningful [angle with] what the artists are trying to say,” he explains.
Unemployment was most recently clocked at 12.2 percent by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, and the rut of a more than $70 billion debt certainly doesn’t help. There are 35,400 taxpayers who still haven’t received returns from last year.
Bousquet says this year’s artworks not only reflect the economic disaster, but issues like climate change, too. For one, there’s an image of a boy carrying an iceberg in his backpack depicted on a water tower by Australian artist Fintan Magee.
Mural by Fintan Magee
Really, this could be the best selection of artwork yet. There’s an increased focus on works beyond murals: a giant 25-foot troglodyte made of recycled wood, courtesy of Danish artist Thomas Dambo, as the fest’s literal centerpiece, and local collective Poncili Creacion is rolling out an installation and performance piece. There’s also a rooftop work by French duo Ella and Pitr that’s really breathtaking. The pair’s painted mother and child, both in fetal position, is striking both visually and in scale. They already hold the world record for the largest mural in the world; now Puerto Rico boasts the biggest in the Caribbean.
Despite the island’s inescapable woes, the independent arts scene is thriving. There’s no shortage of important subject matter, of course, but existing galleries are going strong, and new ones are popping up regularly, especially in Santurce. Throw local music into the mix — which is similarly booming — and the general outlook for independent culture is overwhelmingly positive.
For the second year in a row, the sounds of Santurce es Ley were curated by the production crew Mental Intensivo, with Jorge Ramos and Raymond Rivera at the helm. It’s the first time the fest has involved music from outside Puerto Rico; two of those newcomers are Great Dane from LA and New York City’s Juan MacLean. Where their hand-picking truly shines, though, is the platter of Puerto Rican bands they’ve arranged.
Este próximo sábado 12 de marzo en #santurceesley6, se presentará por primera vez en Puerto Rico, The Juan MacLean, pionero de la escena electronica vanguardista de Nueva York. #santurceesley6 #sel6 Posted by Santurce es Ley on Thursday, March 10, 2016
They were picked not for crowd clout, but for their hard work. These are the up-and-comers on a “trajectory,” says Rivera, who’s been a player and fan in Puerto Rico’s music scene since the 90s.
Everyone selected is truly logrando. Macha Colón y Los Okapi, a blissfully eccentric pop troupe, just released a long-awaited album. Psych rock act Fantasmes are slated to play Levitation in Austin next month, and have a flexi disc in the works, adding to a growing catalog. Burger and Wiener Records jointly delivered a cassette of Reanimadores‘ garage-punk jams early this year. International Dub Ambassadors have been making strides in their plot to take over the world; they toured the States last year and regularly play alongside visiting reggae greats all over Puerto Rico. And then there’s hip-hop artist Audri Nix, a hometown heroine and Remezcla favorite.
SANTURCE ES LEY 6 SAMPLER by Mental Intensivo
Additionally, some beloved Puerto Ricans living outside the island will return: Prettiest Eyes, a garage-psych-synth combo based in LA, and the dreamy electronic group Balún now living in NYC.
Of course, there had to be salsa. The residents of Calle Cerra, who Rivera notes are the ones really metiendo mano at SEL, gave their input. Storied Puerto Rican salsa group Orquesta Zodiac was his response.
If, in the coming years, the festival does assume a new form, or if Bousquet takes on a totally different project, Rivera says he’ll surely be on board.
“We’ll see how it goes,” Bousquet says. “We’re trying to expand or we’ll see it break in our hands. We don’t know.”
No matter the outcome, this sixth Santurce is Ley is another historic addition to contemporary Puerto Rican culture. No te lo pierdes.
Santurce es Ley takes place March 11, 12, and 13, 2016. | {
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By Soul Central Magazine 60 pages, published 8/16/2019
This month we have another Double Cover Edition with 60 packed pages from our global community.Front Cover CEO Joshua Jackson, Kemal Mailey, Aqil Shoes, NuruhMan Ties, Go Global or Stay Local Project Org, App of the Month, Whitney Houston, Black British Movies, Sandra Maiorana, Bryan Licea, Blunt da Blockmonsta, Lidell Mechelle, Deon Drake, Trell, Hearts of Hollywood in Mexico and much more | {
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Q:
Vector recycling is not working when assigning to data.frame
I'm banking on vector recycling to populate an R dataframe with simulated data, but the behavior doesn't match expectations.
I can run this with success:
store.df <- data.frame(matrix(NA, ncol=5, nrow=2080))
names(store.df)<-c("storeNum", "upc_id", "Week_id", "weekday_id", "units")
sn<-c(60, 89, 105, 170, 1240)
store.df$storeNum <- sn
wid<-c(201531,201532,201533,201534,201535,201536,201537,201538)
store.df$Week_id <- wid
To achieve this:
summary(store.df)
storeNum upc_id Week_id weekday_id units
Min. : 60.0 Mode:logical Min. :201531 Mode:logical Mode:logical
1st Qu.: 89.0 NA's:2080 1st Qu.:201533 NA's:2080 NA's:2080
Median : 105.0 Median :201535
Mean : 332.8 Mean :201535
3rd Qu.: 170.0 3rd Qu.:201536
Max. :1240.0 Max. :201538
But, if I run with the last two lines seen here:
store.df <- data.frame(matrix(NA, ncol=5, nrow=2080))
names(store.df)<-c("storeNum", "upc_id", "Week_id", "weekday_id", "units")
sn<-c(60, 89, 105, 170, 1240)
store.df$storeNum <- sn
wid<-c(201531,201532,201533,201534,201535,201536,201537,201538)
store.df$Week_id <- wid
wdid<-c(1,2,3,4,5,6,7)
store.df$weekday_id <- wdid
then I get this error:
wdid<-c(1,2,3,4,5,6,7)
store.df$weekday_id <- wdid
Error in `$<-.data.frame`(`*tmp*`, "weekday_id", value = c(1, 2, 3, 4, :
replacement has 7 rows, data has 2080
Why can I not recycle the wdid vector into store.df with the same success as I had with the first two statements (store.df$storeNum <- sn & store.df$Week_id <- wid)?
Is it possible to make this succeed without converting wdid to a vector of the same length as store.df?
A:
It is because 2000 is not divisible by 7. Partial recycling doesn't work for data frame columns:
d <- data.frame(x=1:10)
d$x <- 1
d$x <- 1:2
d$x <- 1:3
# Error in `$<-.data.frame`(`*tmp*`, "x", value = 1:3) :
# replacement has 3 rows, data has 10
From the relevant help text ?[<-.data.frame, in the Arguments section:
"value: A suitable replacement value: it will be repeated a whole number of times if necessary"
Partial recycling works for vectors though:
x <- d$x
x[] <- 1:3
# Warning message:
# In x[] <- 1:3 :
# number of items to replace is not a multiple of replacement length
x
# [1] 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1
You can do the assignment to your data frame similarly (if you're sure it's what you want to do):
d$x[] <- 1:3
# Warning message:
# In d$x[] <- 1:3 :
# number of items to replace is not a multiple of replacement length
d
# x
# 1 1
# 2 2
# 3 3
# 4 1
# 5 2
# 6 3
# 7 1
# 8 2
# 9 3
# 10 1
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Painting, Modelling and Gaming
Tag Archives: Dark Angels
We the bloggers of Tykens Rift have decided to begin a new weekly series of showcase posts which will serve to display finished models that any one of us has been working on for any one of our armies. We’re not ‘Eavy Metal standard painters but we like to think we do a decent job and are always happy to share tips or information about how certain effects have been achieved.
Occasionally these posts will tie in with a tutorial – such at the Imperial Fist one that Chris wrote – but more often they will simply be a window to gather feedback or (hopefully) help to inspire others. We decided to write these posts on a Monday as it nicely ties in with the popular #MiniatureMonday stream on Twitter where others post pictures of their own models or work-in-progress stuff.
If you have any questions about one of our showcase posts and would like more details, please leave a comment on the page or reply via Twitter where they will always be linked on the #MiniatureMonday hashtag.
I now hand over to Chris for the inaugural showcase!
Neil
So, fresh off my painting table is the first of my new Dark Angel models; The Nephilim Jet Fighter.
It’s been out for a while but I’ve been tied up with my Fortress of Redemption (more on that in a few weeks!) and other Dark Angels in preparation for Battle Brothers in April. There will be a Raven Wing tutorial to follow when I have time to write it up 🙂
This fighter was painted using Chaos Black, Codex Grey, Shadow Grey, Astronomican Grey, Space Wolf Grey, White and a black wash. The main armour is highlighted with some subtle drybrushing that looks great up close.
Deployment Dark Angels win the first roll and deploy. They place their bikes as close to the line as possible. It’s clear they’re aiming to up get close up and personal before flyers reign death from above in the later turns.
The Marine Chapter Master turns to the Tau Shas’el, “Well you see, these Angel chaps don’t like you squashy xenos filth, and they’ve branded me a heretic.” The Shas’el looks up at the towering man, “Well you have been doing a lot of warp dust.” The Chapter Master wipes his nose and walks on the board.
The Tau set up a defensive line in front of the broadsides and the Marine commander joins them for assault support. The tactical marines and the dreadnaught set up next to objectives in front of the opposing ravenwing attack bikes.
Turn 1 As expected bikes blast their way towards Marines holding objectives, and Dark Angel Deathwing Terminators teleport from the unknown. An Assault group land directly in front of the Tau gun line and the dreadnought. With the Deathwing Termies having no guns to fire with, the auto cannons and rail guns start making mincemeat out of them.
Turn 2
The final terminators arrive for the action and start blasting their guns at the Marines. They manage to destroy a weapon on the dreadnought, but he lifts himself back up and keeps blasting into the smoke. The Tactical Squads still in the thick of it get assaulted by bikes. The Space Marine Commander looks on at the onslaught, “it’s what they’re here for, to hold up the advance.”
The Chapter master decides to call in the air cav. One of the Storm Talon’s and the Crisis Team roll on to the field and begin to take out the bikes who are heading into the opposing deployment zone.
By this point both commanders have forgotten the objectives and decided its ”last man standing.”
Turn 3 With most of the bikes caught up in assault the DA commander has no choice but to trudge his terminators across the field through mud and rail fire hoping their armour saves will ensure their survival. When they finally make it to the gun line they’re going to assault and cause a blue blood smurf massacre.
MORE AIR CAV! The second flyer zooms onto the board taking pot shots from the ground it clears the floor of assault bikes. But not before a plasma shot has finished the dreadnaught and the last two marines are left standing.
Turn 4 The bikes finishing the marines have broken free and plough into the Crisis Team. The Marine Chapter master board at the back charges into the action, “I can’t let those suits take all the glory!” The Tau Commander reflects on their previous melee achievements “don’t worry, they won’t.”
Air Cav and Rail fire is slowly witling down the Dark Angles force to one group of terminators, still trudging their way across the board.
Turn 5 The Crisis Team break and jet pack towards the edge while the Chapter Master finishes off the rest. Before he can regain his composure the remaining Terminators charge in!
Turn 6
The heretic Chapter Master is cut down with a thunder hammer to the head. The last two remaining terminators exposed in the open and are swiftly finished by hovering air support and Railgun fire from the Broadsides.
Space Marine: @NeilChallisStormtalons are awesome… for now. The assault cannons, lascannons and skyhammers did plenty of damage and killed a few terminators several times over – only an apothecary and ‘feel no pain’ prevented death. The 2 five-man tactical squads delayed the Ravenwing for longer than they should have, which was a nice bonus but the dakka dread was killed pretty quickly without doing much damage.
Tau: @Borkan_Ice Tau gun lines (essentially Fire Warriors in front of Broadsides) are hated and I hate using them but unfortunately it was the only way to combat the opposing list. The shield Drones grant the perfect invulnerable save so their staying but I’m going to free up some points by combining the HQ and Crisis team.
Dark Angels: @CPJohnson80 So that was an embarrassing display, the Lion will not be happy. Storm talons, damn them to hell, roll on 7th Jan so I can get me some flying monkeys of my own. Deployment went fairly well and our first turn was brief at best, being deploy, scout move for 11 bikes, deep strike 2 units of terminators move and shoot. After that it all went south and the distinct lack of power weapons in combat, coupled with combats ending at inconvenient moments led to being hammered, if it hadn’t been for some exceptional armour saves it would have been over by turn 4. Still the next game will be a complete change as the army book gets a much needed update. Hopefully the Tau one will be forth coming fairly swiftly too. | {
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Progress in the development of shrimp cell cultures in Thailand.
Primary shrimp cell cultures were developed from lymphoid organ and ovaries of black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, in double-strength Leibovitz's L-15 medium supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum, 1% glucose, 5 g/L NaCl, 15% shrimp meat extract. The optimum conditions for primary culture in vitro were obtained in L-15 medium with an osmolality of approximately 730 +/- 10 mmol/kg, a temperature range of 25--28 degrees C and incubation in a normal atmosphere. However, basal medium supplemented with 0.01% cholesterol could enhance good growth and cells performance initiated from lymphoid organ. Both epithelial-like and fibroblastic- like cells were observed from those organs within 2 days incubation. Within 3 days, 80% confluent monolayers were obtained from the lymphoid organ while cultures from other tissues required 5 days. Cultures were maintained for at least 43 days. Only cells from lymphoid organ could be subcultured and confluent monolayers achieved within 10 days post-spilt. Healthy cultures of the lymphoid cells did not persist beyond the third passage. Application of these primary shrimp cell cultures for studying pathogenic viruses of shrimp in vitro will be discussed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Q:
Using loop to add columns in R
My data set currently looks like this:
Contract number FA NAAR q
CM300 9746 47000 0.5010
UL350 80000 0 0.01234
RAD3421 50000 10000 0.9431
I would like to add a column with a randomly generated number (called trial) between 0-1 for each row, and compare this number to the value in column q with another column saying 'l' if q < trial, and 'd' if q > trial.
This is my code which accomplishes this task one time.
trial <- runif(3, min = 0, max = 1)
data2 <- mutate(data, trial)
data2 <- mutate(data, qresult = ifelse(data2$q <= data2$trial, 'l', 'd'))
My struggle is to get this to repeat for several trials , adding new columns onto the table with each repetition. I have tried several types of loops, and looked through several questions and cannot seem to figure it out. I am fairly new to R, so any help would be appreciated!
A:
You may want to approach this using:
df <- data.frame(contract = c("CM300", "UL350", "RAD3421"),
FA = c(9746, 80000, 50000),
NAAR = c(47000, 0, 10000),
q = c(0.5010, 0.01234, 0.9431))
trialmax <- 10
for(i in 1:trialmax){
trial <- runif(3, min = 0, max = 1)
df[ , paste0("trial", i)] <- trial
df[ , paste0("qresult", i)] <- ifelse(trial >= df$q, "l", "d")
}
Here I assumed you want 10 trials, but you can change trialmax to whatever you want.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Khalil Ibrahim (disambiguation)
Khalil Ibrahim (1957–2011) was the founder of the Justice and Equality Movement, Sudan.
Khalil Ibrahim or Ibrahim Khalil may also refer to:
Khalil Ibrahim (artist) (born 1934), Malaysian artist
Ibrahim Khalil (diver) (born 1909), former Egyptian diver
Khalil Ibrahim (footballer) (born 1993), Emirati footballer
Ibrahim Mohammed Khalil, suspected al Qaida facilitator
Ibrahim Khaleel (born 1982), Indian cricketer
One of the four bloggers whose arrests precipitated the 2013 Bengali blog blackout | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Battlefront have been putting together a range of terrain for use in 15mm that will all be pre-painted and battlefield ready. See what you think of some of the buildings below from their Premium Property Range which would be great for a range of modern games…
The Steelworks that you see above comes during May and would be great as an objective building for you to fight over. Following on from that the next one that we’ve picked out would be the Ruined Buildings which are arriving in June.
Following on from that we look to more residential buildings including the Estate House. You could mix these in with a range of the different buildings they have coming in August and September too.
Finally coming in November we have a wonderful looking Damaged Eastern Church. This is very much a centrepiece that will sit in the middle of your tabletop and be something to rally around potentially.
Check out more of their range on the links above…
Which is your favourite building?
"Finally coming in November we have a wonderful looking Damaged Eastern Church..."
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3 Comments
Worth mentioning that these buildings come in a bundle and are limited to 600. It’s like a subscription. You pay and every 6 weeks you get a building. Or subscribe and pay every 6 weeks to get the buildings. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
History
“Run Like An Antelope” is one of a collection of songs written by Trey Anastasio that ostensibly predates (but may be roughly coeval with) the birth of Phish. Named after Space Antelope, one of the the two bands (Red Tide being the other) he formed while attending The Taft School; the song first appeared on a Bivouac Jaun demo tape Trey recorded in November/December 1983 with varying levels of assistance from Tom Marshall, Marc Daubert, Dave Abrahams, Peter Cottone, Roger Holloway, and The Dude of Life. Despite the broad array of talent on the Bivouac Jaun demo – this same version of “Antelope” is on the Phish White Tape – Trey is alleged to have recorded all of the instrumental portions of “Antelope” alone, while Tom and The Dude are credited with the lyrics.
Seems simple enough at first glance, but this canteloupe hole goes deeper – much deeper. You see, shortly before the Bivouac Jaun recording sessions, Trey attended his second Grateful Dead show (10/14/83 Hartford), ate some blotter, and unlike his first show (5/10/80 Hartford) which he described as “boring,” got blindsided with “IT” for the first time. What does this have to do with “Antelope,” you ask? Well, between that evening’s “They Love Each Other” and “Mama Tried,” Bob Weir had to check the tuning of his guitar and began strumming a largely innocuous phrase (listen to the Dick’s Picks Volume 6 version from the 8:36 mark of “TLEO” to the conclusion of the track) that ordinarily would have faded into the aether. You have to agree that little Bobby riff is kind of how “Run Like an Antelope” starts. Though nobody should speak to the condition of Trey’s LSD soaked brain at that moment, it was very likely to be wide open for mindworm, inception, internalization, and gestation of a truly life-altering adaptation. Thanks, Bobby!
“Antelope” is thus a great barometer for checking the condition of Trey’s soul and where his musical influences are leaning at a given moment. Early versions are loose (5/3/85 UVM) to fiery (11/23/85 Goddard College) twin guitar reggae-inflected amalgamations of the Dead and The Allman Brothers. The lone “Antelope” from the following year (2/3/86 Hunt’s) captures the emergence of Page and the impending departure of Jeff Holdsworth. Two vigorous 1987 versions (5/20/87 The Ranch and 9/21/87 Nectar’s) finally revealed the song’s true potential. By 1988, and the Phish studio version on Lawn Boy, the tension and release leading to climax pattern was well established – check out 5/24/88 at Nectar’s.
Since then, it has been a vehicle for ferocious jamming and hilarious stage antics. As suggested above, if Trey is having a good time, “Antelope” will let you know, and as such the “rye, rye, rocco” line has had many impromptu variations. The clear peaks of the first section became less distinct as the “Phish 1.0” era progresses, as Trey used more effects-laden builds to create thick textural soundscapes in the run to climax. There are almost too many great versions of “Antelope” for a short list to do justice to the range of what is available, but for a taste of strong live versions from this period check out 8/26/89 (on LivePhish 09); 3/22/91 Steamboat Springs, CO; 3/13/92 (the “Big Black Furry Antelope”); 4/1/93 (teases of “I Feel The Earth Move” and “Barracuda”); 8/14/93; 5/4/94 (“I hope you live your life like that last jam”); 6/11/94Red Rocks (best ever?); 6/24/94 (Diseased); 7/16/94 (with “Catapult,” Simpsons signal, and Trey on megaphone); 10/31/95; 8/17/96 (Clifford Ball acrobat jam); 11/2/96 (the “cross-eyed antelope” with Karl Perazzo and “Norton Charlton Heston”); 6/25/97 (with crew introductions); 7/29/97, (transcendentally mystic); 8/6/97 (with “Makisupa,” Star Wars theme teases, Mike on mini-kit, and Page on theremin); 4/3/98 (“Carini’s gonna get ya”); 10/30/98 Vegas; and 12/30/99 Big Cypress.
The herd of “Antelope” that grazed on the blazing savanna of the post-hiatal Phish landscape was not particularly large – only 13 versions – with the majority appearing during 2003 characterized by a return to a clearer voicing on Trey’s part. However, as Trey got stuck in the mud during 2004 and downshifted into the low gear of his soul, the GMO grain-fed “Antelope” became noticeably scarce. Despite the relatively small sample size, the Pantholops oxy-dentalis specimen group included five fairly muscular free ranging bulls worthy of further inspection: 2/15/03 Las Vegas, 7/17/03 Bonner Springs, 7/23/03 Deer Creek, 8/11/04 Great Woods, and 8/14/04 Coventry.
The healthy grass-fed "Antelope" that have prevailed since Phish returned are clear evidence that Trey’s soul is in a similar condition, and the tune remains a show staple that is greeted with frenzied enthusiasm every time that antelope’s hooves start their frantic dance. When Trey delivers the lyric, “Set the gearshift for the high gear of your soul,” there is a euphoria felt by all. It is this high gear residual and the prevalence of antics that makes it such a perfect set closer, the song’s most frequent role. For a great example of this, check out the 12/5/09 Charlottesville “Antelope,” wherein the lyrics of the chorus were modified to give tribute to the naked guy who had danced onto the stage and was subsequently chased off during the first set. Changes to the lyrics remain common. “GAKTOIDLER!” Other particularly powerful or comedically noteworthy examples from the modern era include 10/20/10 Utica, 7/3/12 Jones Beach, 7/3/13 Bangor, 7/15/14 Canandaigua (“Fuegolope”), and 8/22/15 Magnaball.
For a more classic take on the words, fellow Space Antelope Tom Marshall appeared with Phish to deliver the line he contributed (“rye, rye, rocco...”) to the tune at the New Year’s Eve shows in 1993 and 1994, as well as on 9/9/00 and 12/1/03 (both in Albany, NY), 8/14/04 Coventry, and 7/6/12 (accompanied by The Dude of Life). “Antelope” was also featured in the 4/7/02 “guest appearance” by Phish in the Simpsonsepisode, “Weekend at Burnsie’s,” complete with Simpsonssecret language.
Donate to Mockingbird
Contact Us
The Mockingbird Foundation
The Mockingbird Foundation is a non-profit organization founded by Phish fans in 1996 to generate charitable proceeds from the Phish community.
And since we're entirely volunteer – with no office, salaries, or paid staff – administrative costs are less than 2% of revenues! So far, we've distributed over $1,000,000 to support music education for children – hundreds of grants in all 50 states, with more on the way. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Description
The device comes with a worldwide basemap with shaded relief, so you can navigate anywhere with ease. Adding more maps is easy with Garmin's wide array of detailed topographic, marine and road maps. With its microSD™ card slot, Rino 650 lets you load TOPO U.S. 24K maps and hit the trail or plug in BlueChart® g2 preloaded cards for a great day on the water.
Weathering the Storm - Weather any storm with Rino's built-in NOAA weather radio that helps you avoid hazardous weather. The radio displays county lines and storm watches/warnings on the map screen so you'll always be in the know...and safe.
Advanced Contact Tracking - What's in a name? A lot when it comes to Rino. Now, you can track 2,000 points of information per contact. Plus, the track manager makes it easy for you to maintain and review who you've been tracking.
Improved Notes - Gone are the days of missing a note. Rino time stamps and records the notes you receive from contacts for later review, or forwarding.
Dashboards - Bring more functionality to your device with more dashboards in more places. View your elevation plot, coordinates, compass arrow and more on any page, at any time.
Multiple Personalities with Multiple Profiles - Customize Rino to be as well-rounded as you. You can set up different profiles so you can quickly switch personalities based on what you're doing - hiking, driving or more. With Rino, you'll never miss a beat.
View Multiple Contacts - Stay with your group, even when they are far away. Rino lets you view multiple contacts on 1 screen, so even if you're far away, you can see where they are in relation to you. Plus, you can easily route to your friends or regroup if you need to. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
The disappearing face of melodrama
Once a staple of the American West, this pop-culture oddity is now a damsel in distress
Images from the Iron Springs Chateau melodrama and the surrounding area. Photos by Karl Gehring and John Moore of the Denver Post, and courtesy Iron Springs.
In 1999, a dump truck slipped out of gear and crash-landed in the Iron Springs Chateau's main theater.
MANITOU SPRINGS — After centuries of swashbuckling ribaldry, the art of melodrama is facing the possibility of a very unmelodramatic finale: tied to the railroad tracks like a damsel in distress, waiting for a hero who might not arrive in time to save the day.
As endings go: Boo.
"If the good guy does not triumph, and evil is not put down at the end, then it is not, by definition, a melodrama," said Vicki Kelly, one of three longtime owners of the Iron Springs Chateau, a historic dinner theater nestled above this tiny mountain town west of Colorado Springs.
It's a modern-day tragedy.
This timeless yet increasingly out-of-step piece of old-fashioned Americana is up against a villain far more insidious than a rotund, bellicose man who twirls his mustache. The clear and present evils in melodrama's long and colorful history are a down-spiraling economy. Changing tastes. Home entertainment. 3-D movies. Audience gentrification.
Back then, there were five other melodrama dinner theaters in the Pikes Peak area alone; all are now extinct. Back then, Iron Springs was pulling in about 40,000 people a year from April through September. Last summer, it was closer to 15,000, nearly 80 percent from out of town. They have to be when the town's own population doesn't crack 5,000.
"Back then, it seemed like if you came to Colorado, you were going to see at least one melodrama," Littrell said. "It was just part of Colorado."
Iron Springs is celebrating its 50th continuous year in business, making it Colorado's oldest for-profit theater company. But it faces its future with trepidation.
"It's sad," says young Tony Archer, who plays this summer's suave hero, Sheffield Silver, "because it is a dying art."
Statewide, melodrama is largely confined to Manitou Springs, with infrequent offerings at the Heritage Square Music Hall in Golden and Butte Opera House in Cripple Creek. Both of them have expanded their programming to incorporate more contemporary kinds of musical theater.
Cynthia Baer, left, and Daisya Dowen have some fun with a volunteer from the audience at a recent performance of the Iron Springs Chateau melodrama.
(Karl Gehring, The Denver Post
)
That's one concession Iron Springs will never make.
Its 2010 melodrama is called "Yo Ho Ho and a Barrel of Fun," but it's been anything but that since 1999 New Year's Eve, when an idling dump truck slipped out of gear, gained speed and flew over a retaining wall, crash-landing into the upstairs theater.
It was just the start of a remarkable series of calamities that would have done in anyone less steely than Vicki Kelly and her two partners.
After that there was the Williams Canyon flood, which broke sewer lines and got the drinking water condemned. The Hayman fire. The 9/11 attacks. The war. The economic crash.
"But other than that, the past 10 years have been great," Kelly said with an exasperated laugh. Her determination to sally onward is as quintessential a feature of the Old West as melodrama itself.
Littrell and the Kellys, all 58, were melodrama actors in Wichita in the mid-1970s. Littrell says they all visited Manitou once a year just to see what was new.
"Oh be honest — we came here to steal material," Vicki Kelly interjected. "We would come out with little notebooks and write down any good jokes we heard and take them back to Wichita with us."
Littrell and Bob Kelly joined the Iron Springs acting company in 1975; Vicki a year later. In '78, they bought it for $330,000.
A look back down at the town of Manitou Springs from the Iron Springs Chateau. (John Moore, The Denver Post)
They're the last ones standing from that era, Vicki says, "because we've been very careful; we watch our budget like a hawk; we pay ourselves very little; and we do a lot of the work ourselves."
No kidding. Vicki designs the hair, costumes and choreography; she writes some of the shows (to keep costs down) and runs the dinner operation. Bob directs shows and operates the spotlight. Littrell is the musical director, piano player, host and company comptroller.
And to think: When a friend first told Vicki about jobs in melodrama, she had to ask what it was. Her friend said, "Remember Snidely Whiplash from 'The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show'?" "I said, 'You mean the guy with the big mustache?' She said, 'Yep, that's melodrama.' "
The now uniquely American art form Iron Springs purveys is actually rooted in the 16th-century Italian tradition of commedia dell'arte — comedies with stock characters, exaggerated acting, skeletal plots — and morals that are spelled out in their subtitles. These implausible tales, with their necessarily happy endings, first spread through America on Mississippi River gambling boats. Nomadic troupes then took them to Western mining camps, where their broad acting styles more than made up for the many language barriers.
"You didn't have to be particularly well-read to follow a plot," said Littrell.
The advent of silent films and TV sparked a resurgence in the popularity of melodramas that lasted for most of the 20th century, each passing year further establishing it as a now uniquely American and unchanging art form.
"Melodrama is the Shakespeare of the American West," Littrell said. "For many people, the stories and the good, clean fun, never grow old."
People like Dennis Shaw of Colorado Springs, who has attended 20 of Iron Springs' past 21 annual melodramas. He recently brought along several fellow members of the local Knights of Columbus to see "Yo Ho Ho and a Barrel of Fun" — or, as this subtitle goes, "Don't Leach on Me." Turns out Roger Claman, the actor playing our villain — Lord Lucifer Leech — is himself a former Grand Knight. Will he be tough this night on his fellow Knight? "We try to be!" Shaw enthuses.
The interaction between audience and actors is what Shaw most loves about melodrama. It's what makes this not a passive amusement like watching a movie. And here, it's the stuff of legends. Like the guy they busted with 12 clinking coffee mugs stashed in his coat. Or the pastor from Denver (nicknamed "Dusty Roads") who came down year after year always asking to have his toupee yanked off during the show.
The audience is primarily retirees, seniors and church groups. Regulars like Shaw come back up to 10 times a year. Younger adults? "Not so much," Littrell admits.
A walk through the rustic Iron Springs Chateau, first built in 1880 as an open-air health resort, is a walk through time. It's named after the mineral-rich water that once bubbled like soda from the present-day dining hall. Scores of majestic mounted elk heads line the walls, along with photos and newspaper clippings. Above the 240-seat theater upstairs is an attic that serves as the actors' dressing rooms.
There's not a single computer in this building. All reservations are recorded by hand on a clipboard. Of the more than 100 theater companies in Colorado, this is the only one without its own website.
The evening begins with an affordable fried-chicken dinner served in family bowls along with green beans, potatoes, coleslaw and dessert. The show begins with a robust singalong of "Harvest Moon," led by Littrell tickling a 1913 Packard piano.
The audience is coached (as if they need it) on the fine art of ooohing the hero and awing the heroine: Lady Patience Purity. In tonight's Victorian tale, our hero Sheffield and his pirate mum, Monsoon Mary, will rescue his lady love (and her treasure map) from the evil clutches of a hook-handed heinous hellion who, when heckled, retorts, "Lady, do I come down to McDonald's and bother you while you're working?"
What's that? Did Lucifer just notice a camera flash? That's a capital crime at most theaters. Here, it's encouraged. "Photo op!" Claman yells, leading to an amusing succession of gratuitous poses.
The night is capped by a vaudeville-style "olio," including classic comedy like "Camp Granada," a 4-minute rendition of "Wizard of Oz" and more singalongs like "Let Me Call You Sweetheart."
Everyone leaves happy. Until you notice how little time it took for the room to empty.
Relaxing afterward, the actors say this job allows them a chance to satisfy artistic ambitions while living real lives. Two are students, one delivers motor parts and the other is a valet parker — like most working actors.
"Some people say, 'Oh, melodrama isn't real theater,' but it is a stylized form of acting that is as legitimate as any other," said Claman, who has a master's degree in theater.
Linda Ingram, who acted at Iron Springs more than two decades ago, says it's a type of acting "that's a lot harder than people realize."
Even harder these days. When Ingram worked here in 1983-84, the cast size was eight. In an economic concession, it's now down to four, each making about $12 an hour.
Opinions vary widely here on whether melodrama, or the Chateau, will survive another 10 years. "We'll just stick with it," Vicki Kelly says, "because we can't afford to close."
If the economy gets better, Littrell believes, the pendulum will swing back again.
"This is one of those classic good versus evil stories that have been around for centuries," he said.
Rockies relief pitcher John Axford, who hasn't pitched for the team since last Wednesday, was forced to leave spring training camp after his 2-year-old son was bit by a rattlesnake twice in his right foot.
One-day event to run slide down University HillIt's not quite the alternative mode of transportation that Boulder's used to, but, for one day this summer, residents will be able to traverse several city blocks atop inflatable tubes.
DETROIT (AP) — In a story March 27 about a 'Little Syria' exhibit going to Ellis Island, The Associated Press, due to incorrect information from the Arab American National Museum, erroneously reported the date the exhibit will open. Full Story | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
What does it take to start producing(cultivating) probiotics?
Is there a DIY way?
Is it possible to make a bacteria strain from scratch based on an existing one ? (for example lactobacillus reuteri).
A:
I did a master's thesis involving enzymes from a probiotic bacteria. Many of the known probiotics were cultivated from faeces but others have also been isolated from breastmilk. Many of the probiotic bacteria are strict anaerobes and can only be succesfully cultivated in modified atmosphere. You may need to use selective plating with various prebiotic compounds such as Galactooligosaccharides or similar compounds in order to control bacterial growth. I recommend incubating at 37°C or slightly below depending on how well controlled your incubator is.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Baron Cunliffe
Baron Cunliffe, of Headley in the County of Surrey, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1914 for Walter Cunliffe, Governor of the Bank of England from 1913 to 1918. the title is held by his grandson, the third Baron, who succeeded his father in 1963.
Barons Cunliffe (1914)
Walter Cunliffe, 1st Baron Cunliffe (1855–1920)
Rolf Cunliffe, 2nd Baron Cunliffe (1899–1963)
Roger Cunliffe, 3rd Baron Cunliffe (b. 1932)
The heir apparent is the present holder's son the Hon. Henry Cunliffe (b. 1962)
Notes
References
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,
Category:Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Michael Crowe (footballer)
Michael Thomas Tallaksen Crowe (born 13 November 1995) is a professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Bamber Bridge on loan from Preston North End and represents Wales at international level.
Club career
Crowe began his youth career with Norwegian club Start. On 24 May 2012, it was announced that he would join the academy of Championship club Ipswich Town in July 2012. On 5 September 2013, he signed his first professional contract with the club, lasting two years. After making no appearances for the first team, on 24 March 2015 he was loaned to Woking in the Conference Premier, where he made four league appearances. He returned to Ipswich at the end of the season, also extending his contract for another year until June 2016 with an option for an additional season.
On 26 November 2015, League Two club Stevenage signed Crowe on loan until January 2016. After making no appearances for Stevenage, he returned to Ipswich Town before he subsequently moved to Braintree Town in the National League on a one-month loan. He made six league appearances for Braintree, along with an appearance in the FA Trophy, before returning to Ipswich in February. He extended his contract with the club for another season on 29 June 2016, again with an option to extend for an additional year. In July 2016, he began a trial with League Two side Portsmouth during the club's pre-season training camp before returning to Ipswich. On 3 May 2017, Ipswich exercised the option in Crowe's contract and renewed the agreement with Crowe for the 2017–18 season.
On 6 June 2018, it was announced that fellow Championship club Preston North End had agreed a deal to sign Crowe on a two-year deal from the beginning of July. He made his professional debut for the club on 6 January 2019, starting in the third round of the 2018–19 FA Cup against League One side Doncaster Rovers, which finished as a 1–3 loss.
International career
Crowe chose to represent Wales at international level, which he qualifies for through a Welsh-born grandmother. He was also eligible to represent England through his father or Norway through his mother. He began in the Wales under-19 team, making five appearances in qualifying for the 2014 UEFA European Under-19 Championship. On 11 October 2016, he made his debut for the under-21 team against Armenia in 2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification, which finished as a 3–1 win for Wales.
On 15 March 2018, he received his first call-up for the senior national team when he was included in the Welsh squad for the 2018 China Cup friendly tournament. The call-up came after Danny Ward, Wales' second choice goalkeeper, was unable to travel with the team after his passport got lost in the post during his visa application. Wales finished as runners-up after losing in the final against Uruguay, though Crowe did not appear in the tournament.
Personal life
Crowe was born in Bexleyheath, Greater London to an English father and Norwegian mother. At the age of two he moved to Norway, where he was raised.
Career statistics
References
External links
Category:1995 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Bexleyheath
Category:Welsh footballers
Category:Wales youth international footballers
Category:Wales under-21 international footballers
Category:English people of Welsh descent
Category:British people of Norwegian descent
Category:Association football goalkeepers
Category:IK Start players
Category:Ipswich Town F.C. players
Category:Woking F.C. players
Category:Stevenage F.C. players
Category:Braintree Town F.C. players
Category:Preston North End F.C. players
Category:National League (English football) players | {
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Q:
Unexpected behavior in a regular expression in bash
I created this regular expression and tested it out successfully
https://regex101.com/r/a7qvuw/1
However the regular expression behaves differently in this bash code that I wrote
# Splitting by colon
IFS=';' read -ra statements <<< $contents
# Splitting by the = sign.
regex="\s*(.*?)\s*=\s*(.*)\b"
for i in "${statements[@]}"; do
if [[ $i =~ $regex ]]; then
key=${BASH_REMATCH[1]}
params=${BASH_REMATCH[2]}
echo "KEY: $key| PARAMS: $params"
fi
done
The variable $contents has the text as is used in the link. The problem is that the $key has a space at its end, while the regular expression I tried matches the words without the space.
I get output like this:
KEY: vclock_spec | PARAMS: clk_i 1 1
As you can see there is a space between vclock_spec and the | which should not be there. What am I doing wrong?
A:
As @Cyrus mentioned, lazy quantifiers are not supported in Bash regex. They act as greedy ones.
You may fix your pattern to work in Bash using
regex="\s*([^=]*\S)\s*=\s*(.*)\b"
^^^^^^^
The [^=]* matches zero or more symbols other then = and \S matches any non-whitespace (maybe [^\s=] will be more precise here as it matches any char but a whitespace (\s) and =, but it looks like regex="\s*([^=]*[^\s=])\s*=\s*(.*)\b" yields the same results).
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Please see attached.
Regards
Megan Duffill
- 2_0205432.doc | {
"pile_set_name": "Enron Emails"
} |
common divisor of 5 and r.
5
Let p be 182/49 - 2/(-7). Suppose 0 = -p*z - 0*z + 1004. Let r be (-2)/(2 + -3) + z. Calculate the greatest common factor of r and 23.
23
Let x = 55 - 30. Let f be (-2 - 1 - -2)*-10. What is the greatest common divisor of f and x?
5
Suppose -2 = 4*s + u + u, -3*u - 3 = -s. Let h = s + 22. Calculate the highest common factor of h and 66.
22
Let g = 1 - -2. Suppose 0 = h - g*h + c + 19, -5*h + 55 = 5*c. What is the highest common factor of 80 and h?
10
Let k be (-3*2)/2 - -31. What is the highest common factor of 7 and k?
7
Let y(g) = g**3 + 1 + 2*g**3 - 1. Let f be y(1). Let d be 2 + 3 + 42/f. Calculate the highest common divisor of 38 and d.
19
Suppose -32 = -0*g - 4*g. Suppose 0 = 4*t - g - 4, 57 = j - 3*t. Suppose 4*c + 4*n - 4 = 0, c = 2*c - 4*n - 26. Calculate the highest common divisor of j and c.
6
Let t = 6 + -2. Suppose 2*b = t*b - 80. Let d = 1 + 7. Calculate the highest common divisor of b and d.
8
Let f be ((-42)/8)/(5/(-40)). Let p(w) = -w + 1. Let g be p(-6). Calculate the highest common factor of g and f.
7
Suppose -4*m - 3*a = -59, m + 4*a = 3*m - 2. Suppose -g + m = 1. What is the highest common divisor of g and 15?
5
Let x be (5/(-15))/((44/(-72))/11). Calculate the greatest common divisor of x and 54.
6
Suppose 6*d = -0*d + 30. Suppose -2*i = 2*p - d*p - 96, 0 = i + 2*p - 34. What is the highest common factor of i and 14?
14
Let h = 6 - 2. Suppose -p + 28 = h*v, 5*v = p - 6*p + 80. Calculate the greatest common divisor of 48 and p.
12
Let k be (-6)/((-8)/4) + (-14)/(-2). What is the highest common factor of k and 35?
5
Suppose 18 = 3*x + 3*x. Suppose x*j + 6 = 4*j. What is the greatest common factor of j and 6?
6
Suppose -3*x - 3*n + 18 = n, -4*x - 4*n = -24. Calculate the highest common divisor of x and 48.
6
Let c(d) = -d - 10. Let w be c(0). Let z = w - -14. Suppose k - 15 = 5*g, -5*g + g + 46 = 5*k. Calculate the highest common factor of z and k.
2
Let s be (-6 - 12)/(1 + (-14)/10). Calculate the highest common factor of s and 18.
9
Suppose 3*h - 13 = 4*c - 58, 3*h = 5*c - 48. Let m(d) = d**2 + 11*d + 2. Let w be m(h). What is the greatest common factor of 4 and w?
2
Let i = 1 + 4. Let z be ((-55)/(-3))/(2/6). Calculate the greatest common divisor of i and z.
5
Let i(o) = o**2 - 2*o - 1. Let s be i(-3). What is the highest common factor of 140 and s?
14
Let r be (32/(-20))/((-2)/5). Suppose 4*t - h = 4*h - 180, -r*h = -16. Let v = -2 - t. Calculate the greatest common divisor of 95 and v.
19
Let u be (25/4 + 5)/((-6)/(-32)). Let y be -2 + (3 + -1)*11. What is the greatest common factor of y and u?
20
Let v = 4 + -16. Let h be ((-176)/v)/(4/6). Calculate the highest common divisor of h and 2.
2
Let s = -7 - -37. Let h(t) = t**3 + 8*t**2 - 8*t + 8. Let w be h(-9). Let z = 4 + w. Calculate the highest common factor of s and z.
3
Let z = -74 + 85. Let r be (-1)/(-4) + 614/8. What is the greatest common divisor of z and r?
11
Let a = -4 + 22. Let k = a - 12. What is the greatest common divisor of 42 and k?
6
Let v = 57 - 32. Calculate the highest common divisor of v and 125.
25
Let z(b) = b**3 + 7*b**2 + b - 5. Let d be z(-6). Calculate the highest common factor of d and 10.
5
Let j = -145 + 297. Suppose -m = 2*x - 92, m = -3*x + 3*m + j. Let q(i) = i**2 + 6*i + 9. Let u be q(-7). Calculate the highest common factor of x and u.
16
Suppose 3*w + 98 = 5*s, 100 = 5*s - 3*w - 2*w. Calculate the highest common factor of s and 133.
19
Let f(r) = -236*r - 4. Let a be f(-2). Suppose 12 = 4*y - a. What is the greatest common divisor of y and 15?
15
Let f be 49/2 - 1/(-2). Let q(o) = 9*o**3 + o. Let n be q(1). What is the greatest common divisor of f and n?
5
Suppose 2 = 3*v - 1, 2*x - 2*v = 60. Let l = x + -19. Calculate the highest common divisor of 24 and l.
12
Let o(m) = -m**3 - 4*m**2 + m + 4. Let x be o(-4). Suppose x = 2*u + u - 360. Suppose n - u = -3*n. What is the greatest common divisor of 75 and n?
15
Suppose 0 = -2*x - 18 + 60. Let i = x - 6. Calculate the greatest common factor of 105 and i.
15
Let i be 11/2*6/3. Let w(l) = -l**3 + 2*l**2 + 2*l - 2. Let x be w(2). Suppose -x*u = 2*u - 4. What is the greatest common divisor of u and i?
1
Let p(r) = -r**3 + r**2 + 2*r - 2*r - 3*r + 2 - 7. Let d be p(4). Let x = -5 - d. What is the highest common divisor of 12 and x?
12
Let i = -12 + 12. Suppose -5*q - 3*y - 26 + 116 = 0, -q + 3*y = i. Calculate the highest common factor of 75 and q.
15
Let r(j) = 17*j**2 - 3*j + 3. Let g be r(1). What is the highest common factor of g and 51?
17
Let n(y) = y - 2. Let q be n(3). Let r(u) be the second derivative of u**4/3 - 4*u. Let x be r(q). Calculate the highest common divisor of 12 and x.
4
Suppose 0 = 2*u + 4, -4*u - 80 = -0*r - 4*r. Suppose -13 = -4*f + 47. Let g = -9 + f. What is the greatest common factor of r and g?
6
Let w = -10 - -12. Suppose 0 = w*s + 2*s - 700. What is the highest common factor of 25 and s?
25
Let o = 34 - 20. Calculate the highest common divisor of 126 and o.
14
Let p(r) be the first derivative of r**4/2 - r**3/3 + r**2/2 + r - 8. Let k be p(5). Let o = 36 + -15. Calculate the greatest common factor of k and o.
21
Let w(z) = 5*z + 2. Let s(r) = -9*r - 3. Let k(l) = -6*s(l) - 11*w(l). Let u be k(-6). Suppose -5*v = -3 - u. Calculate the highest common factor of v and 1.
1
Let z be ((-2)/(-4))/((-5)/(-320)). What is the greatest common divisor of 4 and z?
4
Let d = 0 - -2. Let j = 13 + 7. Suppose j = d*k + 3*k. Calculate the highest common divisor of 1 and k.
1
Let u = -8 - -8. Suppose -2*s + 6*s - 20 = u. Calculate the greatest common factor of 5 and s.
5
Suppose -3*k + 467 = 5*p, -2*p = k - 75 - 112. Suppose -127 = -3*q + d - 3*d, -d = -2*q + p. Let t = -25 + q. Calculate the highest common divisor of t and 20.
20
Suppose 349 = 2*o + a, 45 = 2*o + 5*a - 300. What is the highest common divisor of o and 25?
25
Let u = 7 + -11. Suppose f = 2*m + 1, -5 = f - 2*f - 2*m. Let h be (u - 2)/f + 15. What is the greatest common factor of 13 and h?
13
Let g = -100 - -136. Calculate the highest common factor of 54 and g.
18
Suppose 0 = 5*q - 10, 2*q + 25 = c - 0*q. Let k = c - 19. Calculate the highest common factor of k and 90.
10
Suppose h = -5*g - h + 23, 5*h - 11 = 3*g. Suppose x - g*x + 6 = 0. What is the greatest common divisor of 3 and x?
3
Let j(t) = -t - 3. Let p be j(3). Let l = p + 7. Calculate the greatest common factor of l and 9.
1
Let z(i) = -i**3 + 9*i**2 - i + 13. Let q be z(9). Suppose h + 4*h = q*p + 123, 2*h + 2*p - 60 = 0. Calculate the highest common divisor of h and 3.
3
Let v(f) = 7*f - 10. Let l be v(4). Calculate the greatest common divisor of 12 and l.
6
Suppose 0 = -4*r + 36 - 0. Let x = 16 - -29. What is the highest common divisor of x and r?
9
Let i be -5*(-1)/5*11. Let s = -7 + i. Let a = 57 - 29. Calculate the highest common divisor of a and s.
4
Let v = 31 - -53. What is the highest common divisor of v and 12?
12
Let k be (8/(-3))/((-3)/63). Let u(g) = -g**3 + 3*g**2 + 4*g + 7. Let n be u(4). What is the greatest common divisor of k and n?
7
Suppose 6 = 2*m - 0. Suppose v = d + 50, -m*d + 0*d = -12. Suppose -i = u - 24, 2*u + v = 5*i - 38. Calculate the highest common divisor of 30 and i.
10
Suppose 3*h = -2 - 1. Let g(s) = -42*s**3 - s**2 - s. Let a be g(h). Calculate the greatest common factor of a and 6.
6
Suppose -5*t + 38 = -12. Calculate the highest common divisor of t and 110.
10
Suppose 3 = -5*t + 13. Let a(o) = 6*o**3 - o**2 - 2. Let i be a(t). Calculate the highest common divisor of i and 14.
14
Let f = 16 - 12. Suppose -3*j + 5*j + d - 14 = 0, 24 = f*j + 4*d. What is the highest common divisor of 4 and j?
4
Let i be 3/(6*2/76). Let p = 21 - i. Let c be (-4)/(-5)*5/2. What is the highest common divisor of c and p?
2
Let n = 44 + -35. Calculate the greatest common factor of n and 72.
9
Suppose -3*v - 17 = -5*y, 2*y + 3*v = y + 7. Let i be 3 - (-1)/((-2)/y). What is the highest common divisor of 8 and i?
1
Let l = 33 - 24. What is the greatest common factor of 81 and l?
9
Suppose 0 = 11*n - 20*n + 108. What is the greatest common divisor of 8 and n?
4
Let l be 9 + 0 + (1 - 1). Suppose -4*d = -d - l. Let y be (2 + 10)/(d/2). What is the greatest common divisor of 12 and y?
4
Let o = 0 + 26. What is the | {
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The winter of 2016-17 was indeed an epic. For kayakers, this spring is shaping up to be equally so. Here’s a gun-’em-and-run-’em bucket list of rivers in the Rockies that could well be swell as hell. By Ray Schmidt.
Snowflakes the size of the Michelin Man fell in the Rockies this past winter setting up what could be one of the best whitewater paddling seasons on record. Of course, a cold spring might mean water slowly trickles over time, whereas a hot June coupled with monsoon rains can tip the scale the other way and cause flooding. But there is a sweet spot in there, that elusive three-star Michelin rating that is “exceptional…worth a special journey.” We’ve already had massive amounts of fat flakes, so when everything else comes together, these are my recommendations for the rivers where you’ll find the best whitewater in the Rockies.
Skookumchuck Creek — near Kimberly
“What level is Skook at?” is a common question asked by East Kootenay kayakers. The answer you’ll never get is “high,” “medium” or “low.” Rather, you’ll hear mention of architectural aspects of bridgework. Some still talk about running Skook when “only the top of the bridge support was showing,” which is damn high for this narrow, technical river. We could see something similar this season. But instead of eyeing the bridges, kayakers now refer to random numbers (they’re not associated with metre height) painted on a boulder in the water to help with decision-making. If levels reach 3.5 the planets have aligned, and it’s time to grab your spray skirt.
Bow Falls — Banff
My last trip down Bow Falls began with a text from Canmore kayaker Chris McTaggart that read, “Let’s do lunch.” He didn’t want to meet for a burger, he was looking to run the Bow at noon. The big-volume waterfall on the Bow River rages just below Banff burger joints and is rarely high enough to cover dangerously sharp rocks. But after monitoring it for a decade, I was convinced conditions were prime. And, they may be again this year. If you do hit it, you’ll be in good company, because Marilyn Monroe ran these falls on a raft in River Of No Return.
Fraser River — near Valemount
It was the late kayaker Peter Thompson who convinced fellow paddler Bryce Shaw to do the Alberta-British Columbia double-double. They had just done the ephemeral Excalibur run near Jasper National Park (see KMC summer 2013) when they decided the Fraser River, near Valemount on the BC side, might be an appropriate cool-down. An hour later Shaw discovered the river was flowing twice as fast as normal, and the usual landmarks were submerged. They had discretion enough to pull out above Overlander Falls and forego running the canyon. Perhaps this will be the year for the double-double?
Wigwam River — near Fernie
There’s a trinity of rules in kayaking, and you don’t want to break more than one at a time. Don’t paddle a new river. Don’t paddle a new boat. And, don’t paddle with people you don’t know. I broke all those rules in 2012 on the Wigwam, which is a tributary of the Elk River in East Kootenay. Normally the river offers clear sets of rapids, with calm stretches in between. But, that year I found myself with a group of eight strangers, scattered like flotsam, on a non-stop, seven-kilometre-long rapid. I was later told that was the highest anyone had ever run the Wigwam. But, 2017 is setting up to be even better.
Cascade River — near Banff
It doesn’t happen every year, or even every decade. The lower Cascade River may only run once a century, and the last time was in 2013 when floods tore across the Alberta Rockies. Because floodwaters threatened to burst the Lake Minnewanka Dam, officials opened the spillway exposing a channel that now had mature trees growing in it. Alberta kayakers Logan Grayling and Liam Fourner saw the prize and went for it: a steep, 100-metre-long channel still reeking of freshly uprooted vegetation. They’ll recount tales of this one to their grandchildren, who might just be the next generation to chance upon running it. Unless this season again delivers. | {
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of -16463*j**5 - j**3*q + 502*j**2 + 32*q wrt j.
-987780*j**2 - 6*q
Find the third derivative of 738459*p**3 + 3500*p**2 + 171 wrt p.
4430754
What is the third derivative of -178*g**5 + 42*g**4 + g**3 + 8*g**2 + 21*g + 1053 wrt g?
-10680*g**2 + 1008*g + 6
Differentiate -h**2*r - 21665*h**2 + h*r - 22098*r + 3 with respect to h.
-2*h*r - 43330*h + r
Find the first derivative of -12*u**3 + u**2 - 36537*u + 1029235 wrt u.
-36*u**2 + 2*u - 36537
Find the first derivative of -232632*b**4 + 285792.
-930528*b**3
Find the first derivative of 178*h**2*t - 4*h**2 + 77*h*t - 823086*t wrt h.
356*h*t - 8*h + 77*t
What is the second derivative of -1864394*w**3 - 1603632*w?
-11186364*w
Find the first derivative of -556*g**4 + 943*g**2 + 724996.
-2224*g**3 + 1886*g
What is the second derivative of -3*j**3*u - 1219*j**2 - 1637*j*u - 3*j - 3 wrt j?
-18*j*u - 2438
Differentiate -7940*l - 57743.
-7940
Find the third derivative of 14822*g**4*x**2 + 18*g**4 + g**2*x**2 - g**2 - 19760*x**2 wrt g.
355728*g*x**2 + 432*g
Find the second derivative of 4*b**3*i*v + 2*b**3*i - 54*b**3*v**3 + b**3 - b*i*v - b*i + 64*b*v - 3266*i*v**3 wrt v.
-324*b**3*v - 19596*i*v
Find the first derivative of -1248*y**4 - 5*y**2 + 2*y - 119803 wrt y.
-4992*y**3 - 10*y + 2
What is the second derivative of -1307373*l**2 - 1463601*l wrt l?
-2614746
Find the second derivative of 52824*i**5 - 14800*i wrt i.
1056480*i**3
Find the second derivative of -60*k**4 + 8038*k**3 + 551457*k.
-720*k**2 + 48228*k
Find the third derivative of 118*j**4*k*p + 518*j**3*k*p**3 + 892*j**2*p**3 + 2*j**2*p - 808*k wrt j.
2832*j*k*p + 3108*k*p**3
Find the first derivative of 2*g*p*w**2 + g*p*w - 166*g - 41*p**2*w + 139*p**2 + w**2 wrt w.
4*g*p*w + g*p - 41*p**2 + 2*w
Find the second derivative of 20*d**4 - 335*d**3 - 3*d**2 + 7*d - 1356 wrt d.
240*d**2 - 2010*d - 6
Find the second derivative of -b**3 + 668971*b**2 - 2*b + 174117 wrt b.
-6*b + 1337942
What is the second derivative of -7000*x**2 + 2768*x - 6 wrt x?
-14000
Find the third derivative of -9894*j**4*v**2 + 332*j**4 - 4*j**2*v**2 - 15*j**2 - 45*j*v - 17*v**2 wrt j.
-237456*j*v**2 + 7968*j
What is the third derivative of -71*v**4 + 14*v**3 + 3*v**2 - 27*v + 14?
-1704*v + 84
Differentiate 33934*g**2 - 41957 with respect to g.
67868*g
Find the second derivative of 3*q**3*v**2 - 14*q**3*v + 27*q**2*v - 54*q*v + 76685*v**4 wrt v.
6*q**3 + 920220*v**2
Differentiate -2*r**3 - 454*r*u - 823668*u wrt r.
-6*r**2 - 454*u
What is the third derivative of 2*d**6 + 574*d**4 + 35*d**3 + 396628*d**2 wrt d?
240*d**3 + 13776*d + 210
Differentiate -1009454*p + 110346 with respect to p.
-1009454
What is the derivative of -13*y**4 + 4*y**3 - 260*y - 483661 wrt y?
-52*y**3 + 12*y**2 - 260
What is the third derivative of k*n*w**3 - 156*k*n*w**2 + 30*k*w**3 + k*w**2 + 864*k - 525*n*w**3 + w wrt w?
6*k*n + 180*k - 3150*n
What is the first derivative of 71*m**4 + 57*m + 29591 wrt m?
284*m**3 + 57
What is the first derivative of -3*b**3 + 64382*b - 1284187 wrt b?
-9*b**2 + 64382
Find the first derivative of 459698*q**2 - 760546.
919396*q
What is the derivative of 665697*a**3 + 1904159?
1997091*a**2
What is the third derivative of 20*j**4*p - 664*j**3*p + 2*j**2 + 4405*j*p wrt j?
480*j*p - 3984*p
What is the second derivative of 290*a**2*n**2*v**3 + 13*a**2*v**3 - a*n**2*v - 9805*n*v**3 wrt a?
580*n**2*v**3 + 26*v**3
Differentiate 58*h*z**2 + 2*h*z - 23111*h + 30*z**3 - 1 with respect to z.
116*h*z + 2*h + 90*z**2
Differentiate -24263*m**2 - 16*m*t + 368257*t with respect to m.
-48526*m - 16*t
What is the derivative of 3*k**3 - 88*k**2 - 83*k - 404782 wrt k?
9*k**2 - 176*k - 83
Find the second derivative of -3*n**3*r**2 - 2347*n**3 + 2*n**2*r**2 + 11*n**2*r + n**2 + 956*n*r**2 wrt r.
-6*n**3 + 4*n**2 + 1912*n
What is the second derivative of 100*u**4 + 66*u**3 + 12*u**2 - 1555319*u wrt u?
1200*u**2 + 396*u + 24
Find the third derivative of -259958*n**3 + 791*n**2 - n - 1.
-1559748
What is the second derivative of -7285*d**4 - 35*d**3 + 446240*d?
-87420*d**2 - 210*d
What is the second derivative of -47135*a**2*m**2 - 13*a*m**2 + 1733*m**2 wrt a?
-94270*m**2
Find the second derivative of 1031*m**3*n**2 + 125138*m**3 - 46*m*n**2 - 2*m*n - n**2 wrt n.
2062*m**3 - 92*m - 2
Find the second derivative of -93514*c**3 - 187*c + 4.
-561084*c
What is the second derivative of 34*f**2*j**2*r + 26309*f**2*j**2 + 2*f*j**2 + 4*f*j*r + 4*f*r + 2234*j**2 - r wrt f?
68*j**2*r + 52618*j**2
What is the third derivative of 3*o*s**4 - 102*o - 145*s**4 - 3*s**3 - 2*s**2 - 6*s wrt s?
72*o*s - 3480*s - 18
Find the second derivative of 2*f*h**2 + 3*f*h + 13*f - 14701*h**3 + 10*h wrt h.
4*f - 88206*h
What is the third derivative of 181*v**4 + 128*v**3 + 2*v**2 - 32827 wrt v?
4344*v + 768
What is the second derivative of 35632*b**2 + 33820*b wrt b?
71264
What is the first derivative of -28890*k + 136661 wrt k?
-28890
What is the second derivative of 155565*y**3 + 484106*y?
933390*y
Find the second derivative of -18440*z**2 + 90204*z wrt z.
-36880
Find the second derivative of -g*y**3 + 231*g*y**2 + g + y**3 - 26596*y wrt y.
-6*g*y + 462*g + 6*y
What is the first derivative of -140743*k + 129392 wrt k?
-140743
What is the second derivative of -7*k**3*x**2 + 2*k**3 - 474*k**2*x**2 - 370*k**2*x - 3*k**2 - 6*x wrt x?
-14*k**3 - 948*k**2
What is the derivative of 120773*a**2 + 216247 wrt a?
241546*a
Find the first derivative of -2*a*n*o + 9*a*n - 4*a + 84358*n*o + 46335*o wrt n.
-2*a*o + 9*a + 84358*o
What is the third derivative of -3*k**4*n - 14*k**4 - 15*k**3*n - 3*k**3 - 13*k**2*n + k**2 - 2*k wrt k?
-72*k*n - 336*k - 90*n - 18
What is the third derivative of 2*m**5*r**2 - 188692*m**3*r**2 + 505*m**2*r**2 - 3*m**2*r - 3*m*r**2 wrt m?
120*m**2*r**2 - 1132152*r**2
What is the second derivative of 5*q**3*s**2 + 2*q**3 - 16*q**2*s**2 - 1738*q**2*s + 103*q*s**2 + 2*q*s wrt s?
10*q**3 - 32*q**2 + 206*q
Differentiate 64772*c**3 + c - 337311 wrt c.
194316*c**2 + 1
Find the third derivative of 376068*g**3*k**2 - 3*g**3 - 2173*g**2*k**2 - g**2 wrt g.
2256408*k**2 - 18
What is the third derivative of 3629*o**4 - 9*o**3 + 2*o**2 - o + 34799?
87096*o - 54
Find the first derivative of 147820*u**4 - 386045.
591280*u**3
What is the first derivative of 962*f**2 - 100*f + 487371?
1924*f - 100
What is the second derivative of -4*l*p**2 + l*p - 74552*p**2 + 10*p - 260 wrt p?
-8*l - 149104
Find the third derivative of -2513329*n**4 - 995*n**2 + 1863 wrt n.
-60319896*n
Differentiate 2*a*t*w**2 - 468*a*t*w + a*w**3*y - 2192*t*w**3*y - 3*w**3*y + 2*w**3 + 1 wrt y.
a*w**3 - 2192*t*w**3 - 3*w**3
Find the third derivative of -165*s**5 - 3*s**4 + 5*s**3 - 203*s**2 + 34*s - 1.
-9900*s**2 - 72*s + 30
What is the third derivative of j**4*u**2 + 211*j**4 - 259*j**3*u**2 - j**2*u**2 + 2*j**2*u - 209*j**2 + 2558*j*u wrt j?
24*j*u**2 + 5064*j - 1554*u**2
Differentiate -14*i**4 - 63*i**3*p + 9894*p with respect to i.
-56*i**3 - 189*i**2*p
Find the first derivative of 153296*b**3 - 160957 wrt b.
459888*b**2
Find the second derivative of 7333*t**5 - t**3 - 4*t**2 - 61399*t wrt t.
146660*t**3 - 6*t - 8
What is the second derivative of 859461*u**2 + 171767*u?
1718922
Find the third derivative of 965518*m**5 - 29739*m**2.
57931080*m**2
Differentiate -126392*u - 129682.
-126392
Differentiate 182584*k**2*l**2 - 5*k**2*q**3 + 61*l**2*q**2 + 9*l*q + 84*q**3 wrt k.
365168*k*l**2 - 10*k*q**3
Find the third derivative of 5*i*m**4 - 3531*i*m**3 - 1688*i*m**2 + 16*m**3 + 2*m**2 - 427 wrt m.
120*i*m - 21186*i + 96
Find the third derivative of 184*h**3*v**3 + 2*h**3*v**2 + 7*h**3*v + 21*h**3 - h*v**4 - 20*h*v**3 + 4 wrt v.
1104*h**3 - 24*h*v - 120*h
Find the second derivative of -6*g*q**3 - 4773*g*q**2 + 27839*g*q + q wrt q.
-36*g*q - 9546*g
What is the third derivative of -f**2*t**3 - f**2*t**2 + 145843*f*t**5 - 3*f*t**2 - 35039 wrt t?
-6*f**2 + 8750580*f*t**2
What is the second derivative of 78741*l**2 - 79043*l?
157482
Differentiate -177563*u**2*x**2 - 4*u**2 - 2349*u - 2 with respect to x.
-355126*u**2*x
Find the first derivative of 69*p**3*s**2 + 35490*p**3 + 47*p**2*s**2 wrt s.
138*p**3*s + 94*p**2*s
Find the second derivative of 61727*n**2*z**2 + n**2*z - n*z**2 - 22497*n*z wrt z.
123454*n**2 - 2*n
What is the first derivative of 92140*y**3 - 2936593 w | {
"pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics"
} |
Chemical sensors such as gas sensors, for example, in many cases consist of materials which are not chemically inert. On the one hand, the metal or Si substrates and the metal conductors, and on the other hand the active sensor layers such as metal oxides, for example, are attacked by aggressive chemicals (e.g. acids, HF, etc.). One site of application having such a chemically aggressive environment is the interior of an Li ion battery cell. Here, e.g. the electrolyte consists of fluorine-containing conducting salts dissolved in organic solvents (typically carbon dioxide esters). | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
/*
* Copyright 2013 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
* All Rights Reserved.
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
* copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
* "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
* without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
* distribute, sub license, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
* permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
* the following conditions:
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
* THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS, AUTHORS AND/OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
* DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
* OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
* USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice (including the
* next paragraph) shall be included in all copies or substantial portions
* of the Software.
*
* Authors: Christian König <[email protected]>
*/
#include <linux/firmware.h>
#include "radeon.h"
#include "radeon_asic.h"
#include "sid.h"
#define VCE_V1_0_FW_SIZE (256 * 1024)
#define VCE_V1_0_STACK_SIZE (64 * 1024)
#define VCE_V1_0_DATA_SIZE (7808 * (RADEON_MAX_VCE_HANDLES + 1))
struct vce_v1_0_fw_signature
{
int32_t off;
uint32_t len;
int32_t num;
struct {
uint32_t chip_id;
uint32_t keyselect;
uint32_t nonce[4];
uint32_t sigval[4];
} val[8];
};
/**
* vce_v1_0_get_rptr - get read pointer
*
* @rdev: radeon_device pointer
* @ring: radeon_ring pointer
*
* Returns the current hardware read pointer
*/
uint32_t vce_v1_0_get_rptr(struct radeon_device *rdev,
struct radeon_ring *ring)
{
if (ring->idx == TN_RING_TYPE_VCE1_INDEX)
return RREG32(VCE_RB_RPTR);
else
return RREG32(VCE_RB_RPTR2);
}
/**
* vce_v1_0_get_wptr - get write pointer
*
* @rdev: radeon_device pointer
* @ring: radeon_ring pointer
*
* Returns the current hardware write pointer
*/
uint32_t vce_v1_0_get_wptr(struct radeon_device *rdev,
struct radeon_ring *ring)
{
if (ring->idx == TN_RING_TYPE_VCE1_INDEX)
return RREG32(VCE_RB_WPTR);
else
return RREG32(VCE_RB_WPTR2);
}
/**
* vce_v1_0_set_wptr - set write pointer
*
* @rdev: radeon_device pointer
* @ring: radeon_ring pointer
*
* Commits the write pointer to the hardware
*/
void vce_v1_0_set_wptr(struct radeon_device *rdev,
struct radeon_ring *ring)
{
if (ring->idx == TN_RING_TYPE_VCE1_INDEX)
WREG32(VCE_RB_WPTR, ring->wptr);
else
WREG32(VCE_RB_WPTR2, ring->wptr);
}
void vce_v1_0_enable_mgcg(struct radeon_device *rdev, bool enable)
{
u32 tmp;
if (enable && (rdev->cg_flags & RADEON_CG_SUPPORT_VCE_MGCG)) {
tmp = RREG32(VCE_CLOCK_GATING_A);
tmp |= CGC_DYN_CLOCK_MODE;
WREG32(VCE_CLOCK_GATING_A, tmp);
tmp = RREG32(VCE_UENC_CLOCK_GATING);
tmp &= ~0x1ff000;
tmp |= 0xff800000;
WREG32(VCE_UENC_CLOCK_GATING, tmp);
tmp = RREG32(VCE_UENC_REG_CLOCK_GATING);
tmp &= ~0x3ff;
WREG32(VCE_UENC_REG_CLOCK_GATING, tmp);
} else {
tmp = RREG32(VCE_CLOCK_GATING_A);
tmp &= ~CGC_DYN_CLOCK_MODE;
WREG32(VCE_CLOCK_GATING_A, tmp);
tmp = RREG32(VCE_UENC_CLOCK_GATING);
tmp |= 0x1ff000;
tmp &= ~0xff800000;
WREG32(VCE_UENC_CLOCK_GATING, tmp);
tmp = RREG32(VCE_UENC_REG_CLOCK_GATING);
tmp |= 0x3ff;
WREG32(VCE_UENC_REG_CLOCK_GATING, tmp);
}
}
static void vce_v1_0_init_cg(struct radeon_device *rdev)
{
u32 tmp;
tmp = RREG32(VCE_CLOCK_GATING_A);
tmp |= CGC_DYN_CLOCK_MODE;
WREG32(VCE_CLOCK_GATING_A, tmp);
tmp = RREG32(VCE_CLOCK_GATING_B);
tmp |= 0x1e;
tmp &= ~0xe100e1;
WREG32(VCE_CLOCK_GATING_B, tmp);
tmp = RREG32(VCE_UENC_CLOCK_GATING);
tmp &= ~0xff9ff000;
WREG32(VCE_UENC_CLOCK_GATING, tmp);
tmp = RREG32(VCE_UENC_REG_CLOCK_GATING);
tmp &= ~0x3ff;
WREG32(VCE_UENC_REG_CLOCK_GATING, tmp);
}
int vce_v1_0_load_fw(struct radeon_device *rdev, uint32_t *data)
{
struct vce_v1_0_fw_signature *sign = (void*)rdev->vce_fw->data;
uint32_t chip_id;
int i;
switch (rdev->family) {
case CHIP_TAHITI:
chip_id = 0x01000014;
break;
case CHIP_VERDE:
chip_id = 0x01000015;
break;
case CHIP_PITCAIRN:
case CHIP_OLAND:
chip_id = 0x01000016;
break;
case CHIP_ARUBA:
chip_id = 0x01000017;
break;
default:
return -EINVAL;
}
for (i = 0; i < le32_to_cpu(sign->num); ++i) {
if (le32_to_cpu(sign->val[i].chip_id) == chip_id)
break;
}
if (i == le32_to_cpu(sign->num))
return -EINVAL;
data += (256 - 64) / 4;
data[0] = sign->val[i].nonce[0];
data[1] = sign->val[i].nonce[1];
data[2] = sign->val[i].nonce[2];
data[3] = sign->val[i].nonce[3];
data[4] = cpu_to_le32(le32_to_cpu(sign->len) + 64);
memset(&data[5], 0, 44);
memcpy(&data[16], &sign[1], rdev->vce_fw->size - sizeof(*sign));
data += (le32_to_cpu(sign->len) + 64) / 4;
data[0] = sign->val[i].sigval[0];
data[1] = sign->val[i].sigval[1];
data[2] = sign->val[i].sigval[2];
data[3] = sign->val[i].sigval[3];
rdev->vce.keyselect = le32_to_cpu(sign->val[i].keyselect);
return 0;
}
unsigned vce_v1_0_bo_size(struct radeon_device *rdev)
{
WARN_ON(VCE_V1_0_FW_SIZE < rdev->vce_fw->size);
return VCE_V1_0_FW_SIZE + VCE_V1_0_STACK_SIZE + VCE_V1_0_DATA_SIZE;
}
int vce_v1_0_resume(struct radeon_device *rdev)
{
uint64_t addr = rdev->vce.gpu_addr;
uint32_t size;
int i;
WREG32_P(VCE_CLOCK_GATING_A, 0, ~(1 << 16));
WREG32_P(VCE_UENC_CLOCK_GATING, 0x1FF000, ~0xFF9FF000);
WREG32_P(VCE_UENC_REG_CLOCK_GATING, 0x3F, ~0x3F);
WREG32(VCE_CLOCK_GATING_B, 0);
WREG32_P(VCE_LMI_FW_PERIODIC_CTRL, 0x4, ~0x4);
WREG32(VCE_LMI_CTRL, 0x00398000);
WREG32_P(VCE_LMI_CACHE_CTRL, 0x0, ~0x1);
WREG32(VCE_LMI_SWAP_CNTL, 0);
WREG32(VCE_LMI_SWAP_CNTL1, 0);
WREG32(VCE_LMI_VM_CTRL, 0);
WREG32(VCE_VCPU_SCRATCH7, RADEON_MAX_VCE_HANDLES);
addr += 256;
size = VCE_V1_0_FW_SIZE;
WREG32(VCE_VCPU_CACHE_OFFSET0, addr & 0x7fffffff);
WREG32(VCE_VCPU_CACHE_SIZE0, size);
addr += size;
size = VCE_V1_0_STACK_SIZE;
WREG32(VCE_VCPU_CACHE_OFFSET1, addr & 0x7fffffff);
WREG32(VCE_VCPU_CACHE_SIZE1, size);
addr += size;
size = VCE_V1_0_DATA_SIZE;
WREG32(VCE_VCPU_CACHE_OFFSET2, addr & 0x7fffffff);
WREG32(VCE_VCPU_CACHE_SIZE2, size);
WREG32_P(VCE_LMI_CTRL2, 0x0, ~0x100);
WREG32(VCE_LMI_FW_START_KEYSEL, rdev->vce.keyselect);
for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
mdelay(10);
if (RREG32(VCE_FW_REG_STATUS) & VCE_FW_REG_STATUS_DONE)
break;
}
if (i == 10)
return -ETIMEDOUT;
if (!(RREG32(VCE_FW_REG_STATUS) & VCE_FW_REG_STATUS_PASS))
return -EINVAL;
for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
mdelay(10);
if (!(RREG32(VCE_FW_REG_STATUS) & VCE_FW_REG_STATUS_BUSY))
break;
}
if (i == 10)
return -ETIMEDOUT;
vce_v1_0_init_cg(rdev);
return 0;
}
/**
* vce_v1_0_start - start VCE block
*
* @rdev: radeon_device pointer
*
* Setup and start the VCE block
*/
int vce_v1_0_start(struct radeon_device *rdev)
{
struct radeon_ring *ring;
int i, j, r;
/* set BUSY flag */
WREG32_P(VCE_STATUS, 1, ~1);
ring = &rdev->ring[TN_RING_TYPE_VCE1_INDEX];
WREG32(VCE_RB_RPTR, ring->wptr);
WREG32(VCE_RB_WPTR, ring->wptr);
WREG32(VCE_RB_BASE_LO, ring->gpu_addr);
WREG32(VCE_RB_BASE_HI, upper_32_bits(ring->gpu_addr));
WREG32(VCE_RB_SIZE, ring->ring_size / 4);
ring = &rdev->ring[TN_RING_TYPE_VCE2_INDEX];
WREG32(VCE_RB_RPTR2, ring->wptr);
WREG32(VCE_RB_WPTR2, ring->wptr);
WREG32(VCE_RB_BASE_LO2, ring->gpu_addr);
WREG32(VCE_RB_BASE_HI2, upper_32_bits(ring->gpu_addr));
WREG32(VCE_RB_SIZE2, ring->ring_size / 4);
WREG32_P(VCE_VCPU_CNTL, VCE_CLK_EN, ~VCE_CLK_EN);
WREG32_P(VCE_SOFT_RESET,
VCE_ECPU_SOFT_RESET |
VCE_FME_SOFT_RESET, ~(
VCE_ECPU_SOFT_RESET |
VCE_FME_SOFT_RESET));
mdelay(100);
WREG32_P(VCE_SOFT_RESET, 0, ~(
VCE_ECPU_SOFT_RESET |
VCE_FME_SOFT_RESET));
for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
uint32_t status;
for (j = 0; j < 100; ++j) {
status = RREG32(VCE_STATUS);
if (status & 2)
break;
mdelay(10);
}
r = 0;
if (status & 2)
break;
DRM_ERROR("VCE not responding, trying to reset the ECPU!!!\n");
WREG32_P(VCE_SOFT_RESET, VCE_ECPU_SOFT_RESET, ~VCE_ECPU_SOFT_RESET);
mdelay(10);
WREG32_P(VCE_SOFT_RESET, 0, ~VCE_ECPU_SOFT_RESET);
mdelay(10);
r = -1;
}
/* clear BUSY flag */
WREG32_P(VCE_STATUS, 0, ~1);
if (r) {
DRM_ERROR("VCE not responding, giving up!!!\n");
return r;
}
return 0;
}
int vce_v1_0_init(struct radeon_device *rdev)
{
struct radeon_ring *ring;
int r;
r = vce_v1_0_start(rdev);
if (r)
return r;
ring = &rdev->ring[TN_RING_TYPE_VCE1_INDEX];
ring->ready = true;
r = radeon_ring_test(rdev, TN_RING_TYPE_VCE1_INDEX, ring);
if (r) {
ring->ready = false;
return r;
}
ring = &rdev->ring[TN_RING_TYPE_VCE2_INDEX];
ring->ready = true;
r = radeon_ring_test(rdev, TN_RING_TYPE_VCE2_INDEX, ring);
if (r) {
ring->ready = false;
return r;
}
DRM_INFO("VCE initialized successfully.\n");
return 0;
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Enteral nutrition as treatment option for Crohn's disease: in kids only?
Inflammatory bowel disorders (IBD) are characterized by chronic and recurrent inflammatory reactions of the intestinal mucosa resulting in progressing ulcerating lesions. Research over the past decade clearly identified in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) a marked dysregulation of the intestinal microbiome (dysbiosis) as one trigger factor in these inflammatory processes, particularly in patients with a high genetic risk. When treating patients with CD, most drugs aim to control the inflammatory process (either by inhibiting inflammatory pathways or by reducing the activity of immune cells). Given the importance of the disturbed interaction between the microbiota and the host immune system, there might be a different therapeutic approach in targeting directly the intestinal microflora. There are good data to believe that the use of exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) is one such option. Historically, enteral nutrition (EN) was used as supplemental nutritional therapy in CD patients with planned resection surgery. This treatment option showed unexpected and very powerful anti-inflammatory effects, and it was rapidly introduced as induction therapy for active CD. Several clinical trials and case series confirmed the efficacy of EN to induce remission in approximately 80% of patients equaling the potential of steroids. It is well established that EN has this strong anti-inflammatory potential only when given on an exclusive basis, without any additional food. This raises major compliance issues, probably one of the reasons why it is less used in adult patients. A recent study demonstrated that EEN has a specific effect on the intestinal microbiota, which is markedly different from steroid-induced remission, while all patients obtained complete clinical remission. These observations give a first basis for the understanding of the impact of EEN on dysbiosis in patients with CD. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Floorplan
PDF Brochure
Key Features
Large Detached Property
Divided into 2 Apartments
Two Bed Ground Floor
Three Bed 1st Floor
Planning For Det Bungalow
Large Mature Gardens
Description
Long Park Cottage is a Large Detached Property currently Divided into Two Apartments with Planning Consent for a Detached Bungalow and a mobile home connected to the mains all sitting within the large grounds surrounded by mature woodland. The properties comprise a character 2 bedroom ground floor apartment with a modern 3 bedroom apartment above, each having independent access. The flats have been successfully holiday let for several years. The property is located within a 10 minute walk of the beautiful beach of the popular holiday resort of Saundersfoot with, bars, restaurants and harbour.
LONG PARK COTTAGE
The property is entered via a Upvc double glazed front door with hard wood double glazed panel into a small hallway.
HALLWAY
Hallway has centre ceiling light and built in cupboard, door then through to kitchen/diner.
KITCHEN/DINER
Kitchen area has central heating radiator, and large storage cupboard with light point. Strip light in the kitchen, beamed ceiling, Upvc double glazed window to the front of the property, there is a range of floor and wall mounted units, no integral appliances, stand-alone gas cooker, single sink and drainer and door through to the lounge.
LOUNGE REVERSE VIEW
INNER HALLWAY
Inner Hallway has centre ceiling light and doors off to the two bedrooms and bathroom.
MASTER BEDROOM
Master bedroom has a lovely light and airy feel with Upvc double glazed windows to two aspects looking out over the side and front of the property the one to the front is a bay window, two centre ceiling light points, central heating radiator, two large cupboards, one being an airing cupboard the other for storage.
LONGPARK COTTAGE FLAT
From the outside up a number of steps to the first floor flat. This is entered via a hard wood front door with four quadrant light panels which opens into the hallway.
HALLWAY
Hallway has ceiling spotlights, loft access hatch.
KITCHEN
Kitchen has Upvc double glazed window overlooking the front of the property, fitted with a range of floor and wall mounted units with integral electric oven and Balmatic gas hob, houses the main multi point gas boiler, single bowl and drainer, central heating radiator, centre ceiling strip light, there is also a service hatch through to the lounge/diner.
LOUNGE/DINER
Lounge/diner has two centre ceiling light points, two Upvc double glazed windows to the front of the property, aluminium patio doors opening out to the private balcony, two central heating radiators, door through to the master bedroom.
BALCONY
Balcony has stainless steel and glass balustrades and has beautiful views out over the countryside and towards Saundersfoot.
BALCONY VIEW
MASTER BEDROOM
Master bedroom has Upvc double glazed windows to two aspects, one to the front overlooking the balcony and front garden and the other to the side, large built in wardrobe, centre ceiling light point, central heating radiator.
CARAVAN
Large static Sheraton caravan approximately 5 years old with decked areas to the front and side.
BUILDING PLOT
There is currently planning consent for a detached bungalow to be built within the gardens.
GARAGE
20' x 12' (6.10m x 3.66m)
OUTSIDE
The property is approached via a gated access off Ragged Staff into a sweeping gravel driveway, passing round the property with lawned gardens to each side and terminates at a large parking/turning area to the rear of the property where there is room for several cars, caravan, boat etc. The gardens are mainly laid to lawn with mature trees and shrubs planted throughout including fruit trees, large weeping willow, patio areas and wooded area to the rear.
SITE PLAN
You may download, store and use the material for your own personal use and research. You may not republish, retransmit, redistribute or otherwise make the material available to any party or make the same available on any website, online service or bulletin board of your own or of any other party or make the same available in hard copy or in any other media without the website owner's express prior written consent. The website owner's copyright must remain on all reproductions of material taken from this website. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Our Recommended Casinos
Many slots players are aware that machines are programmed to pay out a certain percentage of money back over the long term. For example, if a slots game offers 92% payback, it will theoretically deliver $0.92 for every $1 wagered. When taken at face value, this is a pretty simple concept to understand. But some players want to know exactly how the game arrives at this number.
The simple explanation is that payout percentages are determined by dividing the total value of winning combinations by the number of combinations possible. Let's illustrate this point with a really simple game:
- There are five reels with 10 stops on each reel. This leads to 100,000 possible results (10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10).
- The only symbol in the game is a star, and there are five stars on each reel. This means that there are 3,125 ways to get five stars across the reels (5 x 5 x 5 x 5 x 5).
- Every time that five stars lands on the reels, 30 coins are paid out. This means that the total value of the winning combinations is 93,750 (30 x 3,125).
- Dividing the value of winning combinations (93,750) by the total outcomes (100,000), you get a payout percentage of 93.75%.
Once again, this is just a simple example because most slots games are much more complex, with several different symbols and coin values. But you can at least get an idea of how companies go about creating payout percentages before slot machines hit the casino floor.
It's important to note that a payout percentage isn't truly realized until hundreds of thousands of spins, or more. Sometimes you can win big in a game right away, thus far exceeding the stated payback. Other times, you'll start off with a drought and not win much money in the beginning.
Of course this short-term chance element is what makes slots so exciting. After all, who would want to play slots if they were destined to get 93.75% payback following every 100 spins? This would take the fun out of the game because you'd be guaranteed a loss.
So because of the fact that you can win money in the short term, slots are a lot more fun and definitely worth playing when you're feeling lucky! | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
//===- OptParserEmitter.cpp - Table Driven Command Line Parsing -----------===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
#include "llvm/TableGen/Error.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SmallString.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/Twine.h"
#include "llvm/TableGen/Record.h"
#include "llvm/TableGen/TableGenBackend.h"
#include <cctype>
#include <cstring>
#include <map>
using namespace llvm;
// Ordering on Info. The logic should match with the consumer-side function in
// llvm/Option/OptTable.h.
// FIXME: Mmake this take StringRefs instead of null terminated strings to
// simplify callers.
static int StrCmpOptionName(const char *A, const char *B) {
const char *X = A, *Y = B;
char a = tolower(*A), b = tolower(*B);
while (a == b) {
if (a == '\0')
return strcmp(A, B);
a = tolower(*++X);
b = tolower(*++Y);
}
if (a == '\0') // A is a prefix of B.
return 1;
if (b == '\0') // B is a prefix of A.
return -1;
// Otherwise lexicographic.
return (a < b) ? -1 : 1;
}
static int CompareOptionRecords(Record *const *Av, Record *const *Bv) {
const Record *A = *Av;
const Record *B = *Bv;
// Sentinel options precede all others and are only ordered by precedence.
bool ASent = A->getValueAsDef("Kind")->getValueAsBit("Sentinel");
bool BSent = B->getValueAsDef("Kind")->getValueAsBit("Sentinel");
if (ASent != BSent)
return ASent ? -1 : 1;
// Compare options by name, unless they are sentinels.
if (!ASent)
if (int Cmp = StrCmpOptionName(A->getValueAsString("Name").str().c_str(),
B->getValueAsString("Name").str().c_str()))
return Cmp;
if (!ASent) {
std::vector<StringRef> APrefixes = A->getValueAsListOfStrings("Prefixes");
std::vector<StringRef> BPrefixes = B->getValueAsListOfStrings("Prefixes");
for (std::vector<StringRef>::const_iterator APre = APrefixes.begin(),
AEPre = APrefixes.end(),
BPre = BPrefixes.begin(),
BEPre = BPrefixes.end();
APre != AEPre &&
BPre != BEPre;
++APre, ++BPre) {
if (int Cmp = StrCmpOptionName(APre->str().c_str(), BPre->str().c_str()))
return Cmp;
}
}
// Then by the kind precedence;
int APrec = A->getValueAsDef("Kind")->getValueAsInt("Precedence");
int BPrec = B->getValueAsDef("Kind")->getValueAsInt("Precedence");
if (APrec == BPrec &&
A->getValueAsListOfStrings("Prefixes") ==
B->getValueAsListOfStrings("Prefixes")) {
PrintError(A->getLoc(), Twine("Option is equivalent to"));
PrintError(B->getLoc(), Twine("Other defined here"));
PrintFatalError("Equivalent Options found.");
}
return APrec < BPrec ? -1 : 1;
}
static const std::string getOptionName(const Record &R) {
// Use the record name unless EnumName is defined.
if (isa<UnsetInit>(R.getValueInit("EnumName")))
return R.getName();
return R.getValueAsString("EnumName");
}
static raw_ostream &write_cstring(raw_ostream &OS, llvm::StringRef Str) {
OS << '"';
OS.write_escaped(Str);
OS << '"';
return OS;
}
/// OptParserEmitter - This tablegen backend takes an input .td file
/// describing a list of options and emits a data structure for parsing and
/// working with those options when given an input command line.
namespace llvm {
void EmitOptParser(RecordKeeper &Records, raw_ostream &OS) {
// Get the option groups and options.
const std::vector<Record*> &Groups =
Records.getAllDerivedDefinitions("OptionGroup");
std::vector<Record*> Opts = Records.getAllDerivedDefinitions("Option");
emitSourceFileHeader("Option Parsing Definitions", OS);
array_pod_sort(Opts.begin(), Opts.end(), CompareOptionRecords);
// Generate prefix groups.
typedef SmallVector<SmallString<2>, 2> PrefixKeyT;
typedef std::map<PrefixKeyT, std::string> PrefixesT;
PrefixesT Prefixes;
Prefixes.insert(std::make_pair(PrefixKeyT(), "prefix_0"));
unsigned CurPrefix = 0;
for (unsigned i = 0, e = Opts.size(); i != e; ++i) {
const Record &R = *Opts[i];
std::vector<StringRef> prf = R.getValueAsListOfStrings("Prefixes");
PrefixKeyT prfkey(prf.begin(), prf.end());
unsigned NewPrefix = CurPrefix + 1;
if (Prefixes.insert(std::make_pair(prfkey, (Twine("prefix_") +
Twine(NewPrefix)).str())).second)
CurPrefix = NewPrefix;
}
// Dump prefixes.
OS << "/////////\n";
OS << "// Prefixes\n\n";
OS << "#ifdef PREFIX\n";
OS << "#define COMMA ,\n";
for (PrefixesT::const_iterator I = Prefixes.begin(), E = Prefixes.end();
I != E; ++I) {
OS << "PREFIX(";
// Prefix name.
OS << I->second;
// Prefix values.
OS << ", {";
for (PrefixKeyT::const_iterator PI = I->first.begin(),
PE = I->first.end(); PI != PE; ++PI) {
OS << "\"" << *PI << "\" COMMA ";
}
OS << "nullptr})\n";
}
OS << "#undef COMMA\n";
OS << "#endif // PREFIX\n\n";
OS << "/////////\n";
OS << "// Groups\n\n";
OS << "#ifdef OPTION\n";
for (unsigned i = 0, e = Groups.size(); i != e; ++i) {
const Record &R = *Groups[i];
// Start a single option entry.
OS << "OPTION(";
// The option prefix;
OS << "nullptr";
// The option string.
OS << ", \"" << R.getValueAsString("Name") << '"';
// The option identifier name.
OS << ", "<< getOptionName(R);
// The option kind.
OS << ", Group";
// The containing option group (if any).
OS << ", ";
if (const DefInit *DI = dyn_cast<DefInit>(R.getValueInit("Group")))
OS << getOptionName(*DI->getDef());
else
OS << "INVALID";
// The other option arguments (unused for groups).
OS << ", INVALID, nullptr, 0, 0";
// The option help text.
if (!isa<UnsetInit>(R.getValueInit("HelpText"))) {
OS << ",\n";
OS << " ";
write_cstring(OS, R.getValueAsString("HelpText"));
} else
OS << ", nullptr";
// The option meta-variable name (unused).
OS << ", nullptr";
// The option Values (unused for groups).
OS << ", nullptr)\n";
}
OS << "\n";
OS << "//////////\n";
OS << "// Options\n\n";
for (unsigned i = 0, e = Opts.size(); i != e; ++i) {
const Record &R = *Opts[i];
// Start a single option entry.
OS << "OPTION(";
// The option prefix;
std::vector<StringRef> prf = R.getValueAsListOfStrings("Prefixes");
OS << Prefixes[PrefixKeyT(prf.begin(), prf.end())] << ", ";
// The option string.
write_cstring(OS, R.getValueAsString("Name"));
// The option identifier name.
OS << ", "<< getOptionName(R);
// The option kind.
OS << ", " << R.getValueAsDef("Kind")->getValueAsString("Name");
// The containing option group (if any).
OS << ", ";
const ListInit *GroupFlags = nullptr;
if (const DefInit *DI = dyn_cast<DefInit>(R.getValueInit("Group"))) {
GroupFlags = DI->getDef()->getValueAsListInit("Flags");
OS << getOptionName(*DI->getDef());
} else
OS << "INVALID";
// The option alias (if any).
OS << ", ";
if (const DefInit *DI = dyn_cast<DefInit>(R.getValueInit("Alias")))
OS << getOptionName(*DI->getDef());
else
OS << "INVALID";
// The option alias arguments (if any).
// Emitted as a \0 separated list in a string, e.g. ["foo", "bar"]
// would become "foo\0bar\0". Note that the compiler adds an implicit
// terminating \0 at the end.
OS << ", ";
std::vector<StringRef> AliasArgs = R.getValueAsListOfStrings("AliasArgs");
if (AliasArgs.size() == 0) {
OS << "nullptr";
} else {
OS << "\"";
for (size_t i = 0, e = AliasArgs.size(); i != e; ++i)
OS << AliasArgs[i] << "\\0";
OS << "\"";
}
// The option flags.
OS << ", ";
int NumFlags = 0;
const ListInit *LI = R.getValueAsListInit("Flags");
for (Init *I : *LI)
OS << (NumFlags++ ? " | " : "")
<< cast<DefInit>(I)->getDef()->getName();
if (GroupFlags) {
for (Init *I : *GroupFlags)
OS << (NumFlags++ ? " | " : "")
<< cast<DefInit>(I)->getDef()->getName();
}
if (NumFlags == 0)
OS << '0';
// The option parameter field.
OS << ", " << R.getValueAsInt("NumArgs");
// The option help text.
if (!isa<UnsetInit>(R.getValueInit("HelpText"))) {
OS << ",\n";
OS << " ";
write_cstring(OS, R.getValueAsString("HelpText"));
} else
OS << ", nullptr";
// The option meta-variable name.
OS << ", ";
if (!isa<UnsetInit>(R.getValueInit("MetaVarName")))
write_cstring(OS, R.getValueAsString("MetaVarName"));
else
OS << "nullptr";
// The option Values. Used for shell autocompletion.
OS << ", ";
if (!isa<UnsetInit>(R.getValueInit("Values")))
write_cstring(OS, R.getValueAsString("Values"));
else
OS << "nullptr";
OS << ")\n";
}
OS << "#endif // OPTION\n";
OS << "\n";
OS << "#ifdef OPTTABLE_ARG_INIT\n";
OS << "//////////\n";
OS << "// Option Values\n\n";
for (unsigned I = 0, E = Opts.size(); I != E; ++I) {
const Record &R = *Opts[I];
if (isa<UnsetInit>(R.getValueInit("ValuesCode")))
continue;
OS << "{\n";
OS << "bool ValuesWereAdded;\n";
OS << R.getValueAsString("ValuesCode");
OS << "\n";
for (const std::string &Pref : R.getValueAsListOfStrings("Prefixes")) {
OS << "ValuesWereAdded = Opt.addValues(";
std::string S = (Pref + R.getValueAsString("Name")).str();
write_cstring(OS, S);
OS << ", Values);\n";
OS << "(void)ValuesWereAdded;\n";
OS << "assert(ValuesWereAdded && \"Couldn't add values to "
"OptTable!\");\n";
}
OS << "}\n";
}
OS << "\n";
OS << "#endif // OPTTABLE_ARG_INIT\n";
}
} // end namespace llvm
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Spike In Burglaries In Gerald Area
By: Kyle Quick
·
Fri, 12/20/2013 - 11:25am
3711 reads
Franklin County, Mo. - Over the past week the Franklin County Sheriff's Department has seen a sudden spike in reported burglaries in the Gerald, Mo area. Sheriff Gary Toelke is asking anyone who may have information regarding five different burglaries to come forward. He wants to remind everyone that callers may remain anonymous.
Residents in the area are requested to report any suspicious activity in their area, especially around abandon homes or homes where the residents may be gone for a period of time. Citizens with any information are requested to call the Franklin County Sheriff’s Office at 636-583-2567. Callers can remain anonymous if requested. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
NEW YORK, July 27, 2018 /PRNewswire/ --
According to a recent report published by Forbes, Brightfield Group indicated that the global cannabis market value had crossed the USD 7.5 Billion mark at the end of 2017 and is projected to breach USD 30 Billion by 2021. The United States currently accounts for about 90% of the entire market but its dominance of the cannabis market is likely to decline to about 57%, due to the legalization of cannabis products around the world. Canada is considered to be one of the largest markets for cannabis products and the country has legalized cannabis on a national scale this June. However, earlier this year, California voted in favor of recreational cannabis laws, which were officially implemented at the beginning of this year. WeedMD Inc. (OTC: WDDMF), Vitality Biopharma (OTC: VBIO), Namaste Technologies Inc. (OTC: NXTTF), AXIM® Biotechnologies Inc. (OTC: AXIM), Emerald Health Therapeutics Inc. (OTC: EMHTF).
A research by Technavio shows that the legalization of cannabis for recreational and medical products continues to represent an emerging trend which is gaining traction around the globe. Currently, 28 States across the U.S. have legalized marijuana, while 15 others have authorized the use of CBD products. "The incorporation of new techniques in cannabis cultivation has resulted in the higher growth rate of the global legal cannabis market. The use of these advanced techniques has led to improved quality of the marijuana-derived CBD-oil products, which augurs well for the growth of the market," says a Senior Analyst at Technavio.
WeedMD Inc. (OTC: WDDMF) is also listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange Venture under (TSX-V: WMD). Earlier last week the Company announced, "the results of its annual meeting of shareholders and to provide a corporate update detailing its recently accomplished milestones and current growth initiatives.
'As a trusted and proven LP in the cannabis industry, WeedMD has a reputation for pursuing complimentary business and corporate development initiatives in the emerging cannabis market,' said Keith Merker, CEO of WeedMD. 'We have a strong balance sheet which allows us to comfortably execute our expansion plans as well as provides us with the flexibility to continue pursuing strategic relationships and partnerships in Canada and internationally. We remain committed to our expanding medical business as well as capitalizing on the upcoming adult-use market opportunity.'
Go Forward Plan: WeedMD is focused on delivering shareholder value through disciplined execution of its core strategy: a differentiated medical platform, focused on long-term care and seniors market; product innovation, led by industry-leading genetics, a leading cultivation program, and research and development capabilities; and a multi-channel distribution strategy, with institutional supply agreements for both medical and adult-use markets. With more than USD 50 Million in treasury, all of WeedMD's operational and expansion commitments are fully funded.
Funded Capacity: WeedMD is fully funded for more than 640,000 sq. ft. of indoor and greenhouse production. The Company's recently licensed state-of-the-art greenhouse, in Strathroy, Ontario is now operational, with two 10,000 sq. ft. grow rooms in cultivation and a further sixteen 10,000 sq. ft. flowering rooms coming online by year-end. Furthermore, the Company has begun retrofitting an additional seven acres of greenhouse onsite, expected to commence cultivation in early 2019. An additional 50 acres of land is also available on the property for low-cost outdoor cultivation, pending regulations.
Quality Product & World Class Genetics: WeedMD has a comprehensive catalog of leading genetics which has contributed to the cultivation of quality production for both its medical patients and future adult-use consumers. In addition, by selling clones and starting materials to more than 20% of licensed producers, WeedMD has established an ancillary business with recurring revenue and high margins.
Multiple Distribution Channels: WeedMD has experience and execution in the long-term care and seniors care markets as demonstrated by its multiple established supply contracts covering more than 3,400 beds. In addition, WeedMD has also secured a supply agreement with Shoppers Drug Mart. For the upcoming adult-use market, the Company has negotiated supply agreements with both Alberta Gaming, Liquor, & Cannabis Commission (AGLC) and British Columbia Liquor Distribution Branch (LDB) to date, with additional supply agreements expected to be announced soon.
Production Innovation: WeedMD continues to pursue research, development and formulation for both medical and for adult-use products. In medical, six products selling through three brands have been established. For adult-use and future natural health product (NHP) markets, the Company has pursued infused beverages with a best-in-class partner in Phivida Holdings Inc. (CSE: VIDA) and is working jointly with Revive Therapeutics Ltd. (TSX-V: RVV) for CBD-based therapeutics.
Branded Product Strategy: WeedMD has an established brand portfolio covering a wide product spectrum across the medical market. The Company anticipates adding more brands as the medicinal market evolves but will start with WeedMD (medical), Axis (oil for long-term care and seniors), Entourage (oil for ACMPR patients) and Phivida (infused beverages)
Annual Shareholder Meeting: WeedMD is pleased to report that all matters were approved at the Company's annual and special shareholder's meeting held on July 11th, 2018. The shareholders re-elected Keith Merker, Michael Kraft, Bruce Dawson-Scully, Gail Paech, Kevin McGovern and Rick Moscone as Directors of the Company to hold office until successors are duly elected or appointed.
In addition, in accordance with the rules and policies of the TSX Venture Exchange, the Company's shareholders re-approved WeedMD's "rolling" incentive stock option plan. The Company's shareholders also re-appointed RSM Canada LLP, as the Company's auditor to hold office until the next annual meeting of shareholders or until its successor is duly appointed, and the directors of the Company were authorized by shareholders to fix the auditor's remuneration."
Vitality Biopharma (OTCQB: VBIO) is a cure development company, dedicated to unlocking the power of cannabinoid "prodrugs" as a means to treat serious neurological and inflammatory disorders. The Company recently announced that it has received approval from both the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration and the State of California Research Advisory Panel which permits the Company to continue development of its novel cannabinoid pharmaceutical prodrugs. Despite cannabis attaining legal status within the State of California and in many other states across the U.S. for medical and recreational purposes, pharmaceutical research and development continues to be closely regulated by the DEA and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Vitality Biopharma's operations are in compliance with federal controlled substance regulations and are enabling development of a novel class of cannabinoid prodrugs that avoid psychoactivity. The Company's lead compound VBX-100 is a proprietary prodrug of THC that is targeted to the gastro-intestinal tract, meaning it reduces or avoids entry of THC into the bloodstream or brain.
Namaste Technologies Inc. (OTC: NXTTF) operates the largest global cannabis e-commerce platform with over 30 websites in 20+ countries under various brands. Namaste recently announce that the Company has signed an e-commerce and technology services agreement with BlissCo Cannabis Corp Inc., whereby Namaste will provide services including access to Namaste's technology platforms, software integrations and e-commerce services including those powered by Namaste's e-commerce artificial intelligence (AI) platform, Findify.io. BlissCo is a Canadian licensed producer and distributor of high-quality medical cannabis that operates an Access to Cannabis for Medical Purposes Regulations ("ACMPR") cultivation facility based in Langley, BC.
AXIM® Biotechnologies Inc. (OTC: AXIM) focuses on the research, development and production of cannabis-based pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and cosmetic products. The Company recently announced that the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) has issued a Notice of Allowance for U.S. Application Serial Number 15/146,668, a patent on a methodology developed by the company for extraction and purification of the cannabinoid molecule delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, most commonly known as THC. This first-of-its-kind process enables the company to produce cGMP-compliant, pure THC molecules to be used as the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in products currently undergoing research for multiple indications and delivered in a variety of pharmaceutical formats such as the company's proprietary controlled-release, functional chewing gum delivery system. Most significantly, AXIM® Biotech plans to utilize this methodology to extract THC for use in its MedChew® RX program that aims to treat pain and spasticity in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients.
Emerald Health Therapeutics Inc. (OTCQX: EMHTF) is a Licensed Producer under Canada's Access to Cannabis for Medical Purposes Regulations and produces and sells dried cannabis and cannabis oil for medical purposes. The Company recently announced that it has signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the British Columbia Liquor Distribution Branch ("BCLDB") to supply its high-quality cannabis products to the BCLDB to serve the adult-use market throughout the province. Emerald is focused on product innovation that will command high profit margins; differentiating marketing, distribution, and sales strategies; and securing significant supplies of safe, quality, and low-cost production, whether internally cultivated or externally sourced. "Based on our assessment of the BC market opportunity and our expected production capacity, we are now allowing for approximately 13,000 kg of product allocation for the BC nonmedical market over the next year and a half," said Chris Wagner, CEO at Emerald.
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SOURCE FinancialBuzz.com | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
[Falloposcopy for preoperative evaluation before microsurgery].
In order to optimize the preoperative evaluation prior to microsurgery falloposcopy was performed in 105 patients using the Imagyn-System. In 28% of the patients the indication for operative intervention was confirmed. The pregnancy rate in the group of patients with normal falloposcopy pattern was 69% whereas a rate of only 17% was registered in patients with intratubal pathology. The rate of ectopic pregnancies was 2%. We conclude that the preoperative use of falloposcopy will be beneficial during evaluation of microsurgery candidates. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
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An article by Sarah Mei titled “Why you should never use MongoDB” discusses the issues you’ll run into if you try to use a NoSQL database when a relational database would be far superior. An example of this is when data that was thought to be in a silo needs to cross boundaries (what relational DBs are great at). Another example is when you store a user’s name in various places for easy access, but when the user updates their name you’re forced to find all of those places to make sure their information is up to date.
My experience making websites has been in line with this sentiment: Unless your data objects live in complete silos from one another (and you’re sure they will be that way for the foreseeable future), you’ll probably be better off using a relational database like Postgres.
Up until fairly recently, you had to make that difficult decision up-front when modelling your data: document or relational database? Yes, you could use two separate databases, using each tool for what they’re best at. However, you’d be increasing the complexity of your app and also of your development and server environments.
JSON support in Postgres
Postgres has had JSON support for a while, but to be honest it wasn’t that great due to a lack of indexing and key extractor methods. With the release of version 9.2, Postgres added native JSON support. You could finally use Postgres as a “NoSQL” database. In version 9.3, Postgres improved on that by adding additional constructor and extractor methods. 9.4 added the ability to store JSON as “Binary JSON” (or JSONB), which strips out insignificant whitespace (not a big deal), adds a tiny bit of overhead when inserting data, but provides a huge benefit when querying it: indexes.
With the release of version 9.4, JSON support tried to make the question “Do I use a document or relational database?” unnecessary. Why not have both?
I’m not going to argue that Postgres handles JSON as well as MongoDB. MongoDB was, afterall, specifically made as a JSON document store and has some pretty great features like the aggregation pipeline. But the truth is that Postgres now handles JSON pretty well.
Why would I even want JSON data in my DB?
I still believe that most data is modelled very well using a relational database. The reason for this is because website data tends to be relational. A user makes purchases and leaves reviews, a movie has actors which act in various movies, etc. However, there are use cases where it makes a lot of sense to incorporate a JSON document into your model. For example, it’s perfect when you need to:
Avoid complicated joins on data that is siloed or isolated. Think of something like Trello, where they can keep all information about a single card (comments, tasks, etc…) together with the card itself. Having the data denormalized makes it possible to fetch a card and it’s data with a single query.
Maintain data that comes from an external service in the same structure and format (as JSON) that it arrived to you as. What ends up in the database is exactly what the API provided. Look at thecharge response object from Stripe as an example; it’s nested, has arrays, and so on. Instead of trying to normalize this data across five or more tables, you can store it as it is (and still query against it).
Avoid transforming data before returning it via your JSON API. Look at this nasty JSON response from the FDA API of adverse drug events. It’s deeply nested and has multiple arrays — to build this data real-time on every request would be incredibly taxing on the system.
How to use JSONB in Postgres
Now that we have gone over some of the benefits and use-cases for storing JSON data in Postgres, let’s take a look at how it’s actually done.
Defining columns
JSONB columns are just like any other data type now. Here’s an example of creating a cards table that stores its data in a JSONB column called “data.”
Filtering results
It’s very common to filter your query based on a column, and with a JSONB column we can actually step into the JSON document and filter our results based on the different properties it has. In the example below our “data” column has a property called “finished”, and we only want results where finished is true.
Checking for column existence
Here we’ll find a count of the records where the data column contains a property named “ingredients.”
SELECT count(*) FROM cards WHERE data ? 'ingredients';
count
-------
1
(1 row)
Expanding data
If you’ve worked with relational databases for a while, you’ll be quite familiar with aggregate methods: count, avg, sum, min, max, etc. Now that we’re dealing with JSON data, a single record in our database might contain an array. So, instead of shrinking the results into an aggregate, we can now expand our results.
SELECT
jsonb_array_elements_text(data->'tags') as tag
FROM cards
WHERE id = 1;
tag
--------------
Improvements
Office
(2 rows)
There are three things I’d like to point out about the example above:
Two rows were returned even though we queried a single row from our database. This is equal to the number of tags that this row contained.
I used the jsonb form of the method instead of the json form. Use the one that matches how you defined the column.
I accessed the tags field using -> instead of ->> like before. -> will return the attribute as a JSON object, whereas ->> will return the property as integer or text (the parsed form of the attribute).
The real benefit of JSONB: Indexes
We want our application to be fast. Without indexes, the database is forced to go from record to record (a table scan), checking to see if a condition is true. It’s no different with JSON data. In fact, it’s most likely worse since Postgres has to step in to each JSON document as well.
I’ve increased our test data from five records to 10,000. This way we can begin to see some performance implications when dealing with JSON data in Postgres, as well as how to solve them.
As of Postgres 9.4, along with the JSONB data type came GIN (Generalized Inverted Index) indexes. With GIN indexes, we can quickly query data using the JSON operators @>, ?, ?&, and ?|. For details about the operators, you can visit the Postgres documentation.
How can I do this in Rails?
Let’s explore how to create tables with JSONB columns in Rails, as well as how to query those JSONB columns and update the data. For more information, you can refer to the Rails documentation on this subject.
Defining JSONB columns
First things first we need to create a migration which will create a table that has a column specified as JSONB.
Querying JSON data from within Rails
Let’s define a scope to help us find “finished” cards. It should be noted that even though the finished column is a JSON true value, when querying for it we will need to use the String true. If we look at the finished column in Rails we will see a TrueClass value, and it is also a JSON true value when viewing the data in psql, but despite that it will need to be queried using a String.
card.data["finished"].class
# TrueClass
Here is the code to add a :finished scope to our Card class. We won’t be able to use the regular where clause syntax that we’re used to, but will have to rely on a more Postgres specific syntax. It should be noted that the finished column needs to be wrapped in a String too, which is how you refer to JSON columns in Postgres.
You’ll notice that both Rails and Postgres can’t update just the single “finished” value in the JSON data. It actually replaces the whole old value with the whole new value.
Conclusion
We’ve seen that Postgres now contains some very powerful JSON constructs. Mixing the power of relational databases (a simple inner join is a beautiful thing, is it not?) with the flexibility of the JSONB data type offers many benefits without the complexity of having two separate databases.
You are also able to avoid making compromises that are sometimes present in document databases (if you ever have to update a reference to the user’s name in five different places, you’ll know what I’m talking about.) Give it a try! Who says you can’t teach an old dog some new tricks?
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Join the Discussion
Leave us some comments on what you think about this topic or if you like to add something. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
كلمات اغنية جفن الليل ماجد المهندس مكتوبة كاملة
يطيح جفن الليل واهز كتفه
نجمن يشع وباقي الليل مطفي
واحاكي الجدران عن وصف غرفه
ماتشبه الجدران ويطول وصفي
ما هو حبيبي مورد القلب حتفه
ما هو حبيبي يفرح لوقت ضعفي
وتملني الجدران واظهر لشرفة
تحت السما واسكر الباب خلفي
ريح تهب وتسكن العظم رجفة
وتموت ريح وتسكن اوراق نزفي
يا طاري الغدران والعمر رشفة
مع قلها يا ليتها يوم تصفي
متى الشوارع تجمع اثنين صدفة
لا صار شباك المواعيد مجفي
يا بنت تو الليل ما راح نصفه
و يا ليل بعض اللي مضى منك يكفي
اللي اعرفه راح ما عاد اعرفه
ولا اظن يذكرني الا اقبلت مقفي | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Sacred Art is art that evokes the awareness of or an experience of the sacred. Art at the Temple of Goddess Spirituality focuses on the themes of Goddess, Peace, Giving, and Nature. All art donations must be coordinated in advance through the Resident Priestess and are subject to approval. We cannot guarantee that every art proposal will be approved.
“Beauty does not linger, it only visits. Yet beauty’s visitation affects us and invites us into its rhythm, it calls us to feel, think, and act beautifully in the world: to create and live a life that awakens the Beautiful.” ~John O’Donohue
The beautiful Nevada desert
Sekhmet’s Country
We are currently accepting applications for art exhibits to be permanently displayed as part of one of the following projects:
1) Names of Sekhmet Meditation Path (a Sacred Art Trail) >> Proposals may be for free standing art in any medium that honors, depicts, evokes or invokes one of the Names of Sekhmet. Once a proposal has been approved, the Name of Sekhmet chosen as the theme for the project will be marked as “reserved.”
2) Outdoor Art Gallery >> Proposals may be for art in any medium that can be hung on an exterior wall. Themes are Goddess, Peace, Giving, and Nature.
3) Other: If you have an idea for a sacred art installation of some other kind, please share the details in your proposal.
Instructions:
Please contact us with a brief description of the art you wish to create for donation to the temple. If the art has already been created by you or another artist, please include photos. We will contact you for additional information.
Art proposals will be approved based on appropriateness of the theme and vision for its expression, as well as esthetic criteria. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
No such element error: No element found using locator: By(css selector, button.src-component-launcher-WidgetLauncher-wrapper.u-is
I have got into the frame but when I try to find an element, then I am not able to locate elements.
The code of the iframe tag looks like:
<iframe title="Opens a widget where you can find more information" id="launcher" tabindex="0" class="zEWidget-launcher zEWidget-launcher--active" style="border: none; background: transparent; z-index: 999998; transform: translateZ(0px); position: fixed; transition: opacity 250ms cubic-bezier(0.645, 0.045, 0.355, 1) 0s, top, bottom; opacity: 1; width: 113px; height: 50px; max-height: 551px; min-height: 50px; margin: 10px 20px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px;"></iframe>
The code of the button looks like:
<button class="src-component-launcher-WidgetLauncher-wrapper u-isActionable u-textLeft u-inlineBlock u-borderNone u-textBold u-textNoWrap Arrange Arrange--middle u-userLauncherColor "><span data-testid="Icon" class="src-component-Icon-container u-userColor src-component-launcher-WidgetLauncher-icon src-styles-components-Icon-Icon Arrange-sizeFit u-textInheritColor u-inlineBlock Icon" type="Icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" style="enable-background:new 0 0 20 20"><path d="M11,12.3V13c0,0-1.8,0-2,0v-0.6c0-0.6,0.1-1.4,0.8-2.1c0.7-0.7,1.6-1.2,1.6-2.1c0-0.9-0.7-1.4-1.4-1.4 c-1.3,0-1.4,1.4-1.5,1.7H6.6C6.6,7.1,7.2,5,10,5c2.4,0,3.4,1.6,3.4,3C13.4,10.4,11,10.8,11,12.3z"></path><circle cx="10" cy="15" r="1"></circle><path d="M10,2c4.4,0,8,3.6,8,8s-3.6,8-8,8s-8-3.6-8-8S5.6,2,10,2 M10,0C4.5,0,0,4.5,0,10s4.5,10,10,10s10-4.5,10-10S15.5,0,10,0 L10,0z"></path></svg></span><span class="src-component-launcher-WidgetLauncher-label Arrange-sizeFit u-textInheritColor u-inlineBlock " data-testid="launcherLabel">Help</span></button>
I have tried to locate the button using the following code:
element(by.css('button.src-component-launcher-WidgetLauncher-wrapper.u-isActionable.u-textLeft.u-inlineBlock.u-borderNone.u-textBold.u-textNoWrap.Arrange.Arrange--middle.u-userLauncherColor'));
but it doesn't work.
A:
Before accessing any element inside you need to first switch to iframe.
browser.switchTo().frame($("#launcher").getWebElement())
Above code will switch the focus to iframe window. Now you can find the button using by.buttonText() or by.partialButtonText() locators.
element(by.partialButtonText("Help")).click()
Now you can change the focus to the original page using,
browser.switchTo().defaultContent()
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Epithelial cell turnover is increased in the excluded stomach mucosa after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity.
Mucosal alterations after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity have not been clearly evaluated. This study aims to analyze the mucosal alterations (proliferative status (Ki-67); apoptosis (caspase-3 and BCL-2); hormonal function (gastrin)) in the excluded stomach. Double-balloon enteroscopy was performed in 35 patients who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass longer than 36 months. Multiple biopsies of the proximal pouch and the excluded gastric mucosa were collected. Gastric biopsies from 32 non-operated obese patients were utilized as controls. Endoscopic biopsies were cut from tissue blocks fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin. Sections 4 μm thick were examined for immunoexpression using the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase method. The two groups were comparable for age, gender, gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and Helicobacter pylori. The mean number of positive gastrin cells was 55.5 (standard deviation (SD) = 11.7) in the control group and 29.6 (SD = 7.9) in the cases, p = 0.0003. Ki-67 proliferative index in cases (body = 24.7%, antrum = 24.9%) was significantly higher compared to controls (body = 15.0% and antrum = 17.7%), p = 0.002 and 0.01, respectively. Caspase-3 immunoexpression was higher in the controls compared to the excluded stomach (46 vs. 31%), p = 0.02. There was no statistical difference between CD3, CD8, and Bcl-2 immunoexpressions in the control and cases. Cell proliferation is increased and apoptosis is downregulated in the excluded gastric mucosa compared to the non-operated obese controls. Alterations in cell turnover and in hormonal secretions in these conditions may be of relevance in long-term follow-up. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Q:
I can't use the data in the outer class form the inner class i have created
As you can see, I want to create an outer class to be an adapter between my activity and my data base to make it more secure nut it just refuse to use the values from the inner class, i have tried to import the values but it doesn't make sense to import them and i'm trying to hide them
can you solve this problem or give me another way to put my code to work
public class DataBaseConnection {
DataBase DataBase;
public DataBaseConnection(Context context) {
DataBase = new DataBase(context);
public void dataInsert (String classnumber , String studentsnumber) {
SQLiteDatabase sqLiteDatabase = dataBase.getWritableDatabase();
ContentValues contentValues = new ContentValues();
contentValues.put(DataBase.classname);
contentValues.put(DataBase.studentsnumber);
}
}
class DataBase extends SQLiteOpenHelper {
private static final String database_name = "DB";
private static final int database_vesion =1;
private static final String UID = "id";
private static final String name = "Name";
private static final String work_mark = "Works Mark";
private static final String test_mark = "Tests mark";
private static final String tableName = "Students";
private static final String classname = "Class name";
private static final String studentsnumber = "Students number";
private Context context;
private static final String tablename1 = "Class";
private static final String CREATE_TABLE1 = "CREATE TABLE " +tablename1+" " +
" ("+UID+" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT," +
" "+classname+" TEXT VARCHAR(255))," +
" "+studentsnumber+" INTEGER ;";
private static final String CREATE_TABLE = "CREATE TABLE " +tableName+" " +
" ("+UID+" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT," +
" "+name+" TEXT VARCHAR(255))," +
" "+work_mark+" INTEGER ," +
" "+test_mark+" INTEGER ;";
private static final String DROP_TABLE = "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS " +tableName;
private static final String DROP_TABLE1 = "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS " +tablename1;
public DataBase(Context context) {
super(context, database_name,null, database_vesion);
}
@Override
public void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db) {
db.execSQL(CREATE_TABLE);
db.execSQL(CREATE_TABLE1);
}
@Override
public void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int oldVersion, int newVersion) {
db.execSQL(DROP_TABLE);
db.execSQL(DROP_TABLE1);
onCreate(SQLiteDatabase,db);
}
}
}
A:
You have a couple problems, you have placed a function inside a function, which is not valid syntax - it has nothing to do with class variable visibility. Also to not really sure how this approach is more secure seeing as your database variable is package scoped. To resolve your immediate problems you need something like this :
public class DataBaseConnection {
private final DataBase dataBase;
public DataBaseConnection(Context context) {
dataBase = new DataBase(context);
}
public void dataInsert (String classnumber , String studentsnumber) {
SQLiteDatabase sqLiteDatabase = dataBase.getWritableDatabase();
ContentValues contentValues = new ContentValues();
contentValues.put(DataBase.classname, classnumber);
contentValues.put(DataBase.studentsnumber, studentsnumber);
sqLiteDatabase.insert( // insert here )
}
.. Rest of class
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Jun
11
Vets bill OK seems certain, Senate vote continues
WASHINGTON (AP) — Senate passage of a veterans health bill seems certain as an overwhelming number of senators have voted to approve the measure.
More than 30 minutes into the roll call, at least 90 senators had voted to approve the legislation. The vote was still underway.
The legislation would make it easier for veterans who have encountered delays getting medical appointments at Department of Veterans Affairs facilities to get VA-paid treatment from local doctors instead.
The measure resembles legislation the House approved Tuesday.
Jun
11
Vets bill OK seems certain, Senate vote continues
KDWN
WASHINGTON (AP) — Senate passage of a veterans health bill seems certain as an overwhelming number of senators have voted to approve the measure.
More than 30 minutes into the roll call, at least 90 senators had voted to approve the legislation. The vote was still underway.
The legislation would make it easier for veterans who have encountered delays getting medical appointments at Department of Veterans Affairs facilities to get VA-paid treatment from local doctors instead.
The measure resembles legislation the House approved Tuesday.
Jun
11
Vets bill OK seems certain, Senate vote continues
KDWN
WASHINGTON (AP) — Senate passage of a veterans health bill seems certain as an overwhelming number of senators have voted to approve the measure.
More than 30 minutes into the roll call, at least 90 senators had voted to approve the legislation. The vote was still underway.
The legislation would make it easier for veterans who have encountered delays getting medical appointments at Department of Veterans Affairs facilities to get VA-paid treatment from local doctors instead.
The measure resembles legislation the House approved Tuesday.
Jun
11
Vets bill OK seems certain, Senate vote continues
KDWN
WASHINGTON (AP) — Senate passage of a veterans health bill seems certain as an overwhelming number of senators have voted to approve the measure.
More than 30 minutes into the roll call, at least 90 senators had voted to approve the legislation. The vote was still underway.
The legislation would make it easier for veterans who have encountered delays getting medical appointments at Department of Veterans Affairs facilities to get VA-paid treatment from local doctors instead.
The measure resembles legislation the House approved Tuesday.
Jun
11
Vets bill OK seems certain, Senate vote continues
KDWN
WASHINGTON (AP) — Senate passage of a veterans health bill seems certain as an overwhelming number of senators have voted to approve the measure.
More than 30 minutes into the roll call, at least 90 senators had voted to approve the legislation. The vote was still underway.
The legislation would make it easier for veterans who have encountered delays getting medical appointments at Department of Veterans Affairs facilities to get VA-paid treatment from local doctors instead.
The measure resembles legislation the House approved Tuesday.
Jun
11
Vets bill OK seems certain, Senate vote continues
KDWN
WASHINGTON (AP) — Senate passage of a veterans health bill seems certain as an overwhelming number of senators have voted to approve the measure.
More than 30 minutes into the roll call, at least 90 senators had voted to approve the legislation. The vote was still underway.
The legislation would make it easier for veterans who have encountered delays getting medical appointments at Department of Veterans Affairs facilities to get VA-paid treatment from local doctors instead. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Wanted: labor union members interested in running for office
Know a union member who ought to run for public office? Maybe it’s you? Oregon unions want members to run, because no one can represent the interests of working people as effectively as working people themselves.
That’s why a group of unions founded the Oregon Labor Candidate School six years ago. The school offers a free six-month, one-Saturday-a-month course in the mechanics of political campaigns — for union members who want to promote a pro-labor agenda in public office. A dozen alumni now hold elected office, including seats in the Oregon Legislature, city halls, and school boards.
The school is now recruiting participants who want to run in 2020 or beyond. Classes start in October. The deadline to apply is Sept. 14. To find out more, and apply online — or to nominate someone you know — visit OregonLaborCandidateSchool.org/apply | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Yersinia ironomics: comparison of iron transporters among Yersinia pestis biotypes and its nearest neighbor, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis.
Although Yersinia pestis epidemic biovars and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis are recently diverged, highly related species, they cause different diseases via disparate transmission routes. Since iron transport systems are important for iron acquisition from hosts and for survival in the environment, we have analyzed potential iron transport systems encoded by epidemic and non-epidemic or endemic strains of Y. pestis as well as two virulent Y. pseudotuberculosis strains. Computational biology analysis of these genomes showed a high degree of identity/similarity among 16 proven or possible iron/heme transporters identified. Of these, 7 systems were essentially the same in all seven genomes analyzed. The remaining 9 loci had 2-6 genetic variations among these genomes. Two untested, potential siderophore-dependent systems appear intact in Y. pseudotuberculosis but are disrupted or absent in all the endemic Y. pestis strains as well as the epidemic strains from the antiqua and mediaevalis biovars. Only one of these two loci are obviously disrupted in Y. pestis CO92 (epidemic orientalis biovar). Experimental studies failed to identify a role for hemin uptake systems in the virulence of pneumonic plague and suggest that Y. pestis CO92 does not make a siderophore other than Ybt. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
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