text
stringlengths 0
7.84M
| meta
dict |
|---|---|
The relationship between USMLE step 2 CS communication and interpersonal skills (CIS) ratings and the time spent by examinees interacting with standardized patients.
During the United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 2 Clinical Skills exam, examinees rotate through 12 standardized patient (SP) encounters. SPs rate examinees on Communication and Interpersonal Skills (CIS). Examinees have at most 15 minutes to interact with each SP, but can end the encounter sooner. The current work assesses the relationship between CIS ratings and time examinees spend interacting with the SP. A total of 5,955 encounters from a fall 2007 sample of examinees were time-stamped to indicate total encounter time and closure time. Hierarchical linear modeling was employed to assess how well total and closure time, in conjunction with other examinee- and SP-case-related variables, predicted CIS scores. Time spent on closure had a larger impact on CIS scores than overall time used. Other variables, such as examinee gender, Spoken English Proficiency, and SP stringency, were also significantly related to CIS scores. Both time measures were significantly positively related to the CIS outcome variable, indicating a link between time used and SP satisfaction with communication, with closure time having the larger coefficient. This finding suggests that a good closure may be a lengthy one.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
In humans, gluten-sensitive enteropathy (GSE) is typically found in individuals genetically predisposed to celiac disease (CD), and in rhesus monkeys as well as in humans it can be induced by a gluten-containing diet. We recently performed experiments where gluten-sensitive and control macaques were fed gluten- containing diets followed by gluten-free diets. Complete recovery was achieved in GSE macaques - based on withdrawal of gluten from their diet. Furthermore, we identified 2 DRB haplotypes and/or 4 DQ allelic pairs as candidate MHC II genes for immunogenetic association with gluten sensitivity in rhesus macaques. Although several useful models have been established to study CD, including transgenic mice expressing HLA-DQ2 allele, there is no satisfactory animal model that would fulfill both genetic and pathologic criteria of this autoimmune disease. We have partially characterized a rhesus GSE model. We believe that such a model will be extremely useful for studies of the immunopathogenesis and treatment of CD. To develop this model further, we plan to: Aim 1: Evaluate an association between clinical, histopathological and immunological surrogates of GSE in rhesus macaques. An association between clinical symptoms (diarrhea, weight loss, skin lesions, etc.), presence of AGA, anti-transglutaminase 2 (TG2) antibodies, villous atrophy, increased presence of IELs and inflammatory-cytokine producing intestinal T lymphocytes in macaques with clinical or subclinical GSE vs. controls will be evaluated. Aim 2: Confirm MHC II alleles that were identified in rhesus macaques as candidates for immunogenetic association with gluten sensitivity. DNA extracted from at least 100 gluten-sensitive and 100 control macaques of Indian origin will be examined for the association with 2 DRB haplotypes and/or 4 DQ allelic pairs that we recently identified as MHC II candidate alleles. We predict that analogous to celiac patients DQ2/8 association will also be confirmed in rhesus macaques with GSE. Aim 3: Evaluate the differences in a2-gliadin digestion between gluten sensitive and control macaques. In pilot study with gluten sensitive and control macaques, it was found that GSE animals but not controls, nor remitted animals, absorb undigested 33-mer across intestinal epithelium. Thus, it was proposed that systemic humoral immune response to dietary gluten is caused by absorption of undigested a2-gliadin across "leaky" epithelium in GSE macaques with proper MHC II type. Aim 4: Evaluate the oral enzyme treatments in rhesus macaques with GSE. MHC II-pre- selected macaques with gluten sensitivity will be first placed on a gluten-free diet to accomplish remission. In a follow-up gluten challenge, gluten sensitive macaques will be dosed with increasing levels of gluten and a fixed daily oral dose of prolyl endopeptidase from Sphingomonas capsulata, cysteine endoprotease EP-B2 from barley, and the two-enzymes together to evaluate their therapeutic potential.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
}
|
Te Mi, Shangwen Sun, Yifeng Du, Shougang Guo, Lin Cong, Mingfeng Cao, Qinjian Sun, Yi Sun, Chuanqiang Qu, Differences in the distribution of risk factors for stroke among the high‐risk population in urban and rural areas of Eastern China, Brain and Behavior,2016; 6(5), e00461, doi: [10.1002/brb3.461](10.1002/brb3.461)
Introduction {#brb3461-sec-0005}
============
Stroke is a leading cause of acquired disability worldwide (The World Health Organization [2013](#brb3461-bib-0036){ref-type="ref"}) and is the second highest global cause of mortality (Mathers et al. [2009](#brb3461-bib-0024){ref-type="ref"}). Recurrence of stroke is associated with an increased risk of death, further disability, and dependence on health services (Prencipe et al. [1998](#brb3461-bib-0029){ref-type="ref"}). In China, stroke has become the major cause of death (Sun et al. [2013a](#brb3461-bib-0034){ref-type="ref"}; Feigin et al. [2003](#brb3461-bib-0009){ref-type="ref"}). The *China Health Statistical Yearbooks* (Wang [2000](#brb3461-bib-0038){ref-type="ref"}) revealed that the distribution of stroke mortality was different between urban and rural areas. Since 2006, stroke mortality has been higher in rural areas compared with urban areas. In China, the urban population is more likely to have a higher education level, a higher socioeconomic status, and are able to use healthcare according to their needs (Chau [2010](#brb3461-bib-0004){ref-type="ref"}; Shi et al. [2011](#brb3461-bib-0031){ref-type="ref"}). Similarly, in a study of 100,000 people living in high‐, middle‐, and low‐income countries, Yusuf et al. ([2014](#brb3461-bib-0043){ref-type="ref"}) observed that case fatality and major cardiovascular events were more common in rural areas, but the risk factor burden was greater in urban regions. Interestingly, in high‐income countries, event rates were similar in urban and rural regions, probably owing to similar access to the health system in these regions. Therefore, higher stroke mortality in rural areas of China may be the result of reduced access to rapid diagnostics, inappropriate drug treatment, and poorer educational levels.
As the Chinese lifestyle has changed rapidly, with economic and societal growth during the past three decades, the prevalence of risk factors (RFs) for stroke in China has approached those of Western countries (Li et al. [2015](#brb3461-bib-0018){ref-type="ref"}). Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, atrial fibrillation (AF), physical inactivity, obesity, and a family history of stroke are the major factors for the risk assessment of stroke (based on the National Health and Family Planning Commission of Stroke Screening and Prevention Projects). Usually, there are multiple RFs (more than three) in high‐risk stroke populations. Recent studies have shown that RFs including obesity and hypercholesterolemia have substantially increased in both urban and rural areas (Critchley et al. [2004](#brb3461-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"}; Pang et al. [2005](#brb3461-bib-0028){ref-type="ref"}); especially the mean blood cholesterol level (Pang et al. [2005](#brb3461-bib-0028){ref-type="ref"}). The incidence of chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and AF differs considerably between urban and rural areas (Zhai et al. [2009](#brb3461-bib-0045){ref-type="ref"}; Liu et al. [2006](#brb3461-bib-0022){ref-type="ref"}). Furthermore, the prevalence of hypertension has decreased in urban male individuals, but increased in rural male individuals. In rural female individuals, the prevalence of all vascular RFs except smoking has decreased. According to the National Health and Family Planning Commission of Stroke Screening and Prevention Projects, a risk assessment for stroke and stroke screening of urban and rural residents was implemented in Eastern China from 2011 to 2012. As RFs included in the assessment are reported to be associated with the prognosis of stroke survivors (Liu et al. [2006](#brb3461-bib-0022){ref-type="ref"}; Mathisen et al. [2016](#brb3461-bib-0025){ref-type="ref"}), various treatments should be taken in view of the recognition of different RFs.
The aim of this study was to assess differences in the distribution of RFs for stroke between the high‐risk population living in urban and rural areas in Eastern China and to provide further recommendations for stroke management and prevention for the high‐risk population.
Materials and Methods {#brb3461-sec-0006}
=====================
Ethics statement {#brb3461-sec-0007}
----------------
The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Helsinki Declaration. Ethical approval was obtained prior to the start of the study from the Ethics Committee of Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Study population {#brb3461-sec-0008}
----------------
The study population and the proportion of the population to screen were determined according to the following criteria. First, provinces were selected to ensure the convenient transportation and the feasibility to make a long‐time follow‐up of high‐risk groups. Second, the proportion of the target population for screening in each region was determined according to the sixth census urban and rural resident population (age \>40 years). Proportional screening was undertaken according to the age distribution and sex ratio of the sixth census of the population in each province. According to the standard of permanent resident population referred in the sixth census statistics, urban residents include the population in a city divided into districts and the town population in a city not divided into districts, and the rest of the population is rural residents. Lastly, cluster sampling was used in 18 urban regions and 18 rural regions of Shandong Province (with a large population and rapid economic development), the representative province of Eastern China.
The number of individuals screened within each region was no fewer than 6000. The 231,289 permanent residents over 40 years old (date of birth between 1 January 1937 and 31 December 1971) in screening locations were eligible for screening. Residents living for ≥6 months in the area were also included in our study, but recent migrants between urban and rural areas were not considered for inclusion. All participants provided informed consent.
Data collection {#brb3461-sec-0009}
---------------
All data were collected using a nationally agreed questionnaire. Figure [1](#brb3461-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"} showed the work steps.
{#brb3461-fig-0001}
RFs for stroke risk assessment {#brb3461-sec-0010}
------------------------------
According to the screening and intervention workflow for the population at high risk of stroke, early screening was implemented based on an assessment of ten RFs.
Category I RFs {#brb3461-sec-0011}
--------------
RF1: hypertension, defined as a history of high blood pressure (≥140/90 mmHg) reported by the participant or the current use of antihypertensives. RF2: AF reported by the participant or indicated by electrocardiogram. RF3: diabetes mellitus defined by previous diagnosis, treatment with insulin/oral hypoglycemic medications, or a fasting plasma glucose level ≥126 mg/dL or glycosylated hemoglobin ≥6.5%. RF4: dyslipidemia defined as the current use of anti‐lipidemic medication, total cholesterol ≥5.7 mmol/L, serum triglyceride ≥1.7 mmol/L, or low‐density lipoprotein ≥3.1 mmol/L. RF5: smoking defined by either the current or former practice of smoking. RF6: lack of physical exercise defined as physical exercise \<3 times a week and each less than 30 min in duration (industrial and agricultural labor was considered as physical exercise). RF7: overweight, defined as a body mass index ≥25 kg/m^2^. RF8: self‐reported family history of stroke.
Category II RFs {#brb3461-sec-0012}
---------------
RF9: a previous history of stroke determined by a previous diagnosis. RF10: history of transient ischemic attack (TIA) determined by a previous diagnosis.
Risk stratification {#brb3461-sec-0013}
-------------------
According to the preliminary screening table of stroke risk formulated by the National Health and Family Planning Commission of Stroke Screening and Prevention Project, high‐, medium‐, and low‐risk populations were defined as follows. High‐risk individuals were defined as participants with three or more category I RFs, one category II RF, or one or more RFs in category I, and category II. Participants with fewer than three category I RFs and chronic diseases (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or AF) were classified as medium risk. Participants having three or fewer category I RFs and no chronic diseases were classified as low risk.
Statistical analysis {#brb3461-sec-0014}
--------------------
Descriptive characteristics of study subjects according to their urban and rural area of residence were reported as percentages for categorical variables and mean ± SD for continuous variables. The Student *t*‐test was performed to assess differences in age. The chi‐square test was used to compare frequencies of sex, education level, and stroke risk assessment between the urban and rural residents. Binary logistic regression modeling was used to estimate the association of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, AF, smoking, and other RFs with living in urban areas for high‐risk groups after adjustment for age and sex. The results were expressed as multivariable‐adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). A two‐sided *P *\<* *0.05 was considered statistically significant. All data analyses were performed, using SPSS 18.0 (Jinan, China) statistical analysis software.
Results {#brb3461-sec-0015}
=======
Descriptive characteristics of the study population are shown in Table [1](#brb3461-tbl-0001){ref-type="table-wrap"}. A total of 231,289 residents in Shandong Province of Eastern China were included in the analysis. The 117,776 residents in the urban area had a mean (SD) age of 56.7 (11.5) and 54,777 (46.5%) were men. Between the urban and the rural populations there was no significant difference in mean age (*P *=* *0.171), but there were significant differences in sex distribution (*P *=* *0.005), education level (*P *\<* *0.05), and stroke risk assessment (*P* \< 0.05). The urban population was at a higher risk level for stroke, with a lower proportion of men, and a higher level of education.
######
Descriptive characteristics of the urban and rural populations
Category Urban Rural *P*
--------------------------------- --------------- --------------- --------
Age (mean ± SD) 56.7 ± 11.5 56.7 ± 11.2 0.171
Male (*n*, %) 54,777 (46.5) 53,454 (46.8) 0.005
Education level (*n*, %) \<0.05
≤Primary school 47,550 (40.4) 81,314 (71.6)
Middle school 37,305 (31.7) 28,778 (25.4)
High school 21,873 (18.6) 222 (0.20)
Stroke risk assessment (*n*, %) \<0.05
Non‐risk 67,608 (57.4) 67,749 (59.7)
Low‐risk 13,836 (11.7) 12,565 (11.1)
Medium‐risk 16,668 (14.2) 14,898 (13.1)
High‐risk 19,664 (16.7) 18,301 (16.1)
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The distributional differences in stroke RFs between the urban and the rural high‐risk groups were specifically analyzed (Tables [2](#brb3461-tbl-0002){ref-type="table-wrap"} and [3](#brb3461-tbl-0003){ref-type="table-wrap"}). As shown in Table [2](#brb3461-tbl-0002){ref-type="table-wrap"}, hypertension was the most common risk factor for stroke, but the prevalence of hypertension was much higher in rural areas (73.3%) than that in urban areas (64.1%). There were significant differences in the distribution of all RFs except overweight (*P *=* *0.822) and family history of stroke (*P *=* *0.783). Dyslipidemia, lack of physical exercise, diabetes mellitus, and AF were more prevalent in the urban group (48.9%, 46.6%, 21.3%, and 18.7%, respectively) than those in the rural group (26.9%, 31.6%, 16.5%, and 9.8%, respectively). In contrast, smoking, previous stroke, and TIA were less prevalent in the urban group (25.6%, 10.1%, and 20.9%, respectively) than those in the rural group (28.8%, 16.9%, and 24.6%, respectively). After multivariable analysis (Table [3](#brb3461-tbl-0003){ref-type="table-wrap"}), the distributional differences were statistically significant for the following stroke RFs: hypertension (OR: 0.690, 95% CI: 0.651--0.732), AF (OR: 1.913, 95% CI: 1.779--2.057), dyslipidemia (OR: 1.341, 95% CI: 1.309--1.374), lack of physical exercise (OR: 1.523, 95% CI: 1.444--1.607), and previous stroke (OR: 0.533, 95% CI: 0.497--0.573). Variables included in the logistic regression model (AF, dyslipidemia, lack of physical exercise) were more prevalent among the urban residents.
######
Risk factors for stroke in high‐risk populations
Urban Rural
----------------------------------- -------------- -------------- --------
Hypertension (*n*, %) 12,595(64.1) 13,411(73.3) \<0.05
AF (*n*, %) 3,670(18.7) 1,788(9.8) \<0.05
Diabetes (*n*, %) 4,196(21.3) 3,017(16.5) \<0.05
Dyslipidemia (*n*, %) 9,611(48.9) 4,918(26.9) \<0.05
Smoking (*n*, %) 5,038(25.6) 5,263(28.8) \<0.05
Sport lack (*n*, %) 9,168(46.6) 5,778(31.6) \<0.05
Overweight (*n*, %) 10,072(51.2) 9,396(51.3) 0.822
Family history of stroke (*n*, %) 5,735(29.2) 5,313(29.0) 0.783
Previous stroke (*n*, %) 1,992(10.1) 3,097(16.9) \<0.05
Previous TIA (*n*, %) 4,105(20.9) 4,496(24.6) \<0.05
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
######
Associations between risk factors for stroke in high‐risk populations[a](#brb3461-note-0002){ref-type="fn"}
Risk factors Odds ratios (OR) 95% CI
------------------------------------ ------------------ --------------
Hypertension 0.690 0.651--0.732
AF (atrial fibrillation) 1.913 1.779--2.057
Diabetes 1.186 1.114--1.264
Dyslipidemia 1.341 1.309--1.374
Smoking 0.894 0.834--0.958
Sport lack 1.523 1.444--1.607
Previous stroke 0.533 0.497--0.573
Previous transient ischemic attack 0.853 0.802--0.907
Binary logistic regression analysis adjusted for age and sex. The rural group was the reference.
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Discussion {#brb3461-sec-0016}
==========
After adjustment for multiple co‐factors, we found significant differences in the distribution of a number of RFs for stroke (hypertension, AF, dyslipidemia, lack of physical exercise, and previous stroke) between urban and rural high‐risk groups.
Our study found that the mean age of the high‐risk population was 56.7 years; suggesting that the onset age of stroke appeared to be lower than the normal health. A study of Chinese stroke patients found that the prevalence of stroke was significantly different by sex and region and more than half of first incidences of stroke occurred before the age of 60 years (Zhai et al. [2009](#brb3461-bib-0045){ref-type="ref"}). With changes in dietary and lifestyle habits among the Chinese population, people are at a higher risk of stroke and other vascular events. It is therefore necessary to carry out early education on the RFs for cardiovascular disease and apply appropriate preventative measures among the Chinese population.
Although stroke mortality and case fatality have been declining in Eastern China, RFs such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and smoking have become more prevalent and are poorly controlled (Kim [2014](#brb3461-bib-0014){ref-type="ref"}). In this study, hypertension and being overweight were found to be the most common RFs in the high‐risk population, consistent with previous studies (Liu [2007](#brb3461-bib-0020){ref-type="ref"}, [2011](#brb3461-bib-0021){ref-type="ref"}; Yuan et al. [1998](#brb3461-bib-0042){ref-type="ref"}; Ezzati et al. [2003](#brb3461-bib-0008){ref-type="ref"}). Our study also showed that the prevalence of hypertension in urban areas was much lower than that in rural areas. The pronounced difference in the distribution of hypertension (OR: 0.690, 95% CI: 0.651--0.732) between urban and rural areas might be owing to the community control of hypertension in the 20th century (Liu [1989](#brb3461-bib-0019){ref-type="ref"}); sodium restriction (Chen et al. [2008](#brb3461-bib-0005){ref-type="ref"}); higher rates of treatment, and improved awareness of hypertension (Hu et al. [2000](#brb3461-bib-0012){ref-type="ref"}) in urban areas. Although no distributional difference was found in the prevalence of overweight between the two groups, this risk factor has become more prevalent in both urban and rural China as a result of changes in lifestyle and diet (Li et al. [2015](#brb3461-bib-0018){ref-type="ref"}). For example, the prevalence of being overweight or obese increased by 85% in rural areas and 13% in urban areas between 1994 and 2002 (Zhao et al. [2008](#brb3461-bib-0048){ref-type="ref"}).
Studies published in the 1990s suggested that the incidence of stroke in rural China was low (Xue et al. [1991](#brb3461-bib-0040){ref-type="ref"}; He et al. [1995](#brb3461-bib-0011){ref-type="ref"}). However, studies have shown that the mortality rate of stroke has gradually decreased since the 1990s, more so in urban areas than that in rural areas for the middle‐aged and older populations. In this study, previous stroke (OR: 0.533, 95% CI: 0.497--0.573), as the major complication of hypertension, was also found at a higher prevalence among the rural high‐risk group. Similarly, the prevalence of TIA (OR: 0.853, 95% CI: 0.802--0.907) was higher in rural areas than in urban areas. As rural China has been undergoing rapid social and economic change during the past two decades, especially in eastern China, rural residents periodically commute to urban regions where they have acquired Western lifestyle and dietary habits (Du et al. [2001](#brb3461-bib-0007){ref-type="ref"}; Sun et al. [2013b](#brb3461-bib-0035){ref-type="ref"}). The incidence of hospitalized AF was significantly lower in non‐white populations including the Chinese, and a large proportion of AF appears to be attributable to hypertension among non‐white populations (Rodriguez et al. [2015](#brb3461-bib-0030){ref-type="ref"}). In our study, after adjusting for age and sex, the prevalence of AF (OR: 1.913, 95% CI: 1.779--2.057) was found to be significantly higher in the urban group than that in the rural group. The previously reported RFs for AF in Western cohorts (including coronary heart disease, obesity, and alcohol consumption -- Kodama et al. [2011](#brb3461-bib-0015){ref-type="ref"}) can also be found in the Chinese population (Li et al. [2013a](#brb3461-bib-0016){ref-type="ref"}). The higher prevalence of AF in urban areas might be caused by differences in working, environmental, and lifestyle factors between urban and rural areas. However, there are not enough published studies to verify whether the associated RFs have caused the different distribution of AF between the urban and rural groups.
A lack of physical exercise (OR: 1.523, 95% CI: 1.444--1.607), dyslipidemia (OR: 1.341, 95% CI: 1.309--1.374), and diabetes mellitus (OR: 1.186, 95% CI: 1.114--1.264) was found to be more common in the urban high‐risk population, while distributional differences for the first two RFs were more apparent. Changes in occupations, the advent of new technologies, and the rapid pace of urban life have increasingly resulted in more sedentary work and less energy expenditure. Unlike Western people, urban Chinese have low participation in exercise/sports (Shi et al. [2013](#brb3461-bib-0032){ref-type="ref"}). Rural Chinese also had little participation in leisure time activities, but most are manual workers. As a result, working practices of the rural population are equivalent to physical exercise, while the urban population, most of whom did not have physically intensive jobs, participated in less sport.
In addition to the results of this study, the higher prevalence of dyslipidemia has also been found in a number of recent studies in Chinese urban areas (Zhao et al. [2007](#brb3461-bib-0047){ref-type="ref"}; Wang et al. [2012](#brb3461-bib-0039){ref-type="ref"}; Mai et al. [2014](#brb3461-bib-0023){ref-type="ref"}). Dyslipidemia has become one of most important RFs threatening the health of Chinese people, with hypertriglyceridemia and low blood high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol as the two major types (Zhao et al. [2005](#brb3461-bib-0046){ref-type="ref"}). A combination of lipid abnormalities, hypertriglyceridemia, and low high‐density lipoprotein is metabolically interlinked and has been collectively termed "atherogenic dyslipidemia" (Grundy and Vega [1992](#brb3461-bib-0010){ref-type="ref"}; Vega [2004](#brb3461-bib-0037){ref-type="ref"}). Increasing dyslipidemia is primarily driven by nutrition, lifestyle, and demographic transitions, increasingly faulty diets, and physical inactivity (Misra and Shrivastava [2012](#brb3461-bib-0026){ref-type="ref"}). People with a lower socioeconomic status may also have a lower total food (calorie) intake, especially of animal proteins and are more likely to consume vegetables (Hu et al. [2002](#brb3461-bib-0013){ref-type="ref"}). For example, during the past three decades, total cholesterol intake increased from 124.8 to 350.7 mg/day in rural areas and from 334.5 to 488.4 mg/day in urban areas (Pang et al. [2005](#brb3461-bib-0028){ref-type="ref"}). Fortunately, some studies (Arboix et al. [2010](#brb3461-bib-0002){ref-type="ref"}; Biffi et al. [2011](#brb3461-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"}) have demonstrated that the use of statins before a first‐ever ischemic stroke is associated with a better early outcome and reduced mortality. It is necessary to promote the application of statins in the population at high risk of stroke.
As for smoking, a distributional difference in this risk factor (OR: 1.523, 95% CI: 1.444--1.607) was also found in this study. Overall awareness of the health hazards of tobacco has improved in the previous 15 years in China, but is still relatively poor, particularly among rural residents and people with lower levels of education (Yang et al. [2010](#brb3461-bib-0041){ref-type="ref"}), which might explain the higher proportion of smoking in the rural areas.
Considering all RFs together, the probable mechanisms leading to the different distributions of these RFs for stroke between the urban and rural high‐risk populations can be explained as follows. First, urban Chinese are more likely exposed to a number of challenges such as imbalanced diets, physical inactivity, long working hours, and other urban stress, making them vulnerable to chronic diseases, including dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases (Mai et al. [2014](#brb3461-bib-0023){ref-type="ref"}). Second, there is a strong association between lower socioeconomic position and risk for hospitalization for stroke (Andersen et al. [2014](#brb3461-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"}), and most of the rural Chinese population has both a lower income and lower education levels. Furthermore, a lack of public knowledge of stroke (Sun et al. [2011](#brb3461-bib-0033){ref-type="ref"}), poor management of vascular RFs (Zeng et al. [2012](#brb3461-bib-0044){ref-type="ref"}; Li et al. [2013b](#brb3461-bib-0017){ref-type="ref"}), and a reduced awareness of stroke guidelines in community physicians (Niu et al. [2014](#brb3461-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"}) combine to contribute to the current situation.
The strengths of the study are the large representative sample of both urban and rural populations in eastern China, a full consideration of important stroke RFs, and an analysis of possible reasons resulting in the different distributions of RFs.
However, when interpreting these findings, several limitations of this study should be considered. First, there was a certain limitation in age. Only people aged ≥40 but \<80 years were included. Second, there is a possible selection bias for the screening population owing to the influence of geographic location, society, and the form of the questionnaire survey. Third, binary logistic regression modeling was implemented to analyze RFs independently, without considering interactions between them. Finally, we are unable to conduct further in‐depth analyses of certain RFs, such as the particular form of sport, the abnormal types of dyslipidemia, and total times of previous stroke.
Despite the aforementioned limitations, this study still significantly contributes to the understanding of stroke high‐risk populations in Eastern China by exploring some of the differences in the prevalence of stroke RFs among urban and rural groups. Our results indicate significant differences exist in most RFs across the two high‐risk populations, with greater AF, dyslipidemia, and lack of physical exercise in the urban group and more hypertension and previous stroke in the rural population. These findings suggest that health promotion and education of the risks of stroke should be enhanced in Eastern China, especially for high‐risk populations. Further understanding of these differences will help design tailored education and RF management programs in specific communities with the ultimate goal of stroke prevention.
Conflict of Interest {#brb3461-sec-0018}
====================
None declared.
We thank all the individuals who participated in this study.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
|
Intensification of ciliary motility by extracellular ATP.
Ciliary metachronism and motility were examined optically in tissue cultures from frog palate epithelium as a function of extracellular ATP concentration in the range of 10(-7)-10(-3) M. The main findings were: a) upon addition of ATP the metachronal wavelength increased by a factor of up to 2. b) the velocity of the metachronal wave increased by a factor of up to 5. c) the frequency of ciliary beating increased by a factor of up to 2-3, the increase being temperature insensitive in the range of 15 degrees C-25 degrees C. d) the area under the 1-second FFT spectrum decreased by a factor of up to 2.5. e) the energy of the metachronal wave is increased by a factor of up to 9.5. f) all the spectrum parameters are subject to influence by ATP, as also by ADP and AMP. However, there are pronounced differences in the various responses to them. Based on these findings, physical aspects of the rate increase of particle transport caused by addition of extracellular ATP are explained. A plausible overall chemical mechanism causing pronounced changes in ciliary motility is discussed.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
This invention is in the field of plant molecular biology. More specifically, this invention pertains to nucleic acid fragments encoding sulfate assimilation proteins in plants and seeds.
Sulfate assimilation is the process by which environmental sulfur is fixed into organic sulfur for use in cellular metabolism. The two major end products of this process are the essential amino acids cysteine and methionine. These amino acids are limiting in food and feed; they cannot be synthesized by animals and thus must be acquired from plant sources. Increasing the level of these amino acids in feed products is thus of major economic value. Key to that process is increasing the level of organic sulfur available for cysteine and methionine biosynthesis.
Multiple enzymes are involved in sulfur assimilation. These include: High affinity sulfate transporter and low affinity sulfate transporter proteins which serve to transport sulfur from the outside environment across the cell membrane into the cell (Smith et al. (1995) PNAS 92(20):9373-9377). Once sulfur is in the cell sulfate adenylyltransferase (ATP sulfurylase) (Bolchia et al. (1999) Plant Mol. Biol. 39(3):527-537) catalyzes the first step in assimilation, converting the inorganic sulfur into an organic form, adenosine-5xe2x80x2 phosphosulfate (APS). Next, several enzymes further modify organic sulfur for use in the biosynthesis of cysteine and methionine. For example, adenylylsulfate kinase (APS kinase), catalyzes the conversion of APS to the biosynthetic intermediate PAPS (3xe2x80x2-phosphoadenosine-5xe2x80x2 phosphosulfate) (Arz et al. (1994) Biochim. Biophy. Acta 1218(3):447-452). APS reductase (5xe2x80x2 adenylyl phosphosulphate reductase) is utilized in an alternative pathway, resulting in an inorganic but cellularly bound (bound to a carrier), form of sulfur (sulfite) (Setya et al. (1996) PNAS 93(23):13383-13388). Sulfite reductase further reduces the sulfite, still attached to the carrier, to sulfide and serine O-acetyltransferase converts serine to O-acetylserine, which will serve as the backbone to which the sulfide will be transferred to from the carrier to form cysteine (Yonelcura-Sakakibara et al. (1998) J. Biolchem. 124(3):615-621 and Saito et al. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270(27):16321-16326).
As described, each of these enzymes is involved in sulfate assimilation and the pathway leading to cysteine biosynthesis, which in turn serves as an organic sulfur donor for multiple other pathways in the cell, including methionine biosynthesis. Together or singly these enzymes and the genes that encode them have utility in overcoming the sulfur limitations known to exist in crop plants. It may be possible to modulate the level of sulfur containing compounds in the cell, including the nutritionally critical amino acids cysteine and methionine. Specifically, their overexpression using tissue specific promoters will remove the enzyme in question as a possible limiting step, thus increasing the potential flux through the pathway to the essential amino acids. This will allow the engineering of plant tissues with increases levels of these amino acids, which now often must be added a supplements to animal feed.
The instant invention relates to isolated nucleic acid fragments encoding sulfate assimilation proteins. Specifically, this invention concerns an isolated nucleic acid fragment encoding a serine O-acetyltransferase and an isolated nucleic acid fragment that is substantially similar to an isolated nucleic acid fragment encoding a serine O-acetyltransferase. In addition, this invention relates to a nucleic acid fragment that is complementary to the nucleic acid fragment encoding serine O-acetyltransferase. An additional embodiment of the instant invention pertains to a polypeptide encoding all or a substantial portion of a serine O-acetyltransferase.
In another embodiment, the instant invention relates to a chimeric gene encoding a serine O-acetyltransferase, or to a chimeric gene that comprises a nucleic acid fragment that is complementary to a nucleic acid fragment encoding a serine O-acetyltransferase, operably linked to suitable regulatory sequences, wherein expression of the chimeric gene results in production of levels of the encoded protein in a transformed host cell that is altered (i.e., increased or decreased) from the level produced in an untransformed host cell.
In a further embodiment, the instant invention concerns a transformed host cell comprising in its genome a chimeric gene encoding a serine O-acetyltransferase, operably linked to suitable regulatory sequences. Expression of the chimeric gene results in production of altered levels of the encoded protein in the transformed host cell. The transformed host cell can be of eukaryotic or prokaryotic origin, and include cells derived from higher plants and microorganisms. The invention also includes transformed plants that arise from transformed host cells of higher plants, and seeds derived from such transformed plants.
An additional embodiment of the instant invention concerns a method of altering the level of expression of a serine O-acetyltransferase in a transformed host cell comprising: a) transforming a host cell with a chimeric gene comprising a nucleic acid fragment encoding a serine O-acetyltransferase; and b) growing the transformed host cell under conditions that are suitable for expression of the chimeric gene wherein expression of the chimeric gene results in production of altered levels of serine O-acetyltransferase in the transformed host cell.
An addition embodiment of the instant invention concerns a method for obtaining a nucleic acid fragment encoding all or a substantial portion of an amino acid sequence encoding a serine O-acetyltransferase.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Top 10 American Foods
Published: Winter 2014-15
Big Mac
If you were halfway sentient in the mid-1970s you know how to describe the Big Mac: Two all-beef patties, special sauce, lettuce, cheese, pickles, onions on a sesame seed bun. This phrase, set to an irritatingly irresistible jingle, defined not only a sandwich but also an era. While the PBJ sandwich (peanut butter and jelly) — and maybe, for the daring, especially in the Northeast, PBJF (PBJ plus Marshmallow Fluff) or even the Fluffernutter — once was the national sandwich, the Big Mac is an honest contender for the title. This sandwich has its own museum (North Huntingdon, Pennsylvania). And it is so ubiquitous that The Economist magazine has created a Big Mac Index, which it employs to determine whether world currencies are at their natural level.
New York Strip Steak
You don’t have to be in New York, and even if you are in New York you don’t have to be at Delmonico’s — where, according to the folklore, this all-American food item was popularized — to enjoy a New York strip steak. Connoisseurs will debate which is the most flavorful cut of steak, but there is no sturdier symbol of America at table, at least through the early 1960s, than the New York strip. A good New York strip — to many American diners the phrase is redundant — will set you back $45 or more, even outside of New York. (The price at Delmonico’s is $49.) Cut from the longissimus dorsi muscle, the steak is sometimes called the Kansas City strip or top sirloin. By any name, it’s America in a bite.
Philadelphia Cheesesteak Sandwich
Here’s another American food classic that defies its geographical label. You can get a Philly cheesesteak at pretty much any sandwich shop, but in this case returning to the roots is the way to go. Let’s not wade into the controversy of where or how the sandwich originated, or the Cheez-Whiz-versus-provolone dispute, or even whether it should be one word or two (though many purists will argue for one). And let’s agree, too, that while there may be many claimants for the finest Philly cheesesteak, Pat’s King of Steaks and Geno’s Steaks are on the list of contenders, with a slight advantage to Pat’s if only because its address (Passyunk Avenue) is so much fun to say. VisitPhilly.com describes the sandwich as a “civic icon, a tourist draw and a cultural obsession” — a description upon which everyone can agree.
Southern Fried Chicken
Chicken is fried all over the world — India, Korea, Austria — but it is in the American South where fried chicken is the signature regional staple. Likely produced when a Scottish recipe was amplified and immensely improved by the addition of spices familiar to the African slaves who were sent in bondage to the region, there are a zillion contenders for best Southern fried chicken. But Gus’s (locales in Tennessee) and Mary Mac’s Tea Room (in Atlanta — order the fried green tomatoes as a side) are two of the best. And don’t ignore the BBB restaurant in Oxford, Mississippi, where the Last Gentleman entrée features a two-piece plate of Coca-Cola brined fried chicken, available for breakfast.
The American Thanksgiving Meal
On the surface this needs no further explanation: roast turkey, stuffing, cranberry sauce, apple pie. But not so fast. Maybe it’s a deep-fried turkey. Maybe it is oyster stuffing. Maybe the cranberry sauce doesn’t come slipping out of an Ocean Spray can and instead is made with fresh cranberries. Maybe there is pecan pie. Maybe there’s an ice cream dessert. Maybe there’s a Mexican appetizer — a cheese-and-salsa dip, perhaps. Maybe the beverage of choice is fresh apple cider. Maybe you have your own ideas. Whatever they are, there’s no disagreement that this is the best meal of the year, a harvest celebration and a moment when gluttony is forgiven and fostered, consumed around the time the Detroit Lions play the Packers or the Bears.
The Ballpark Hot Dog
This is so much a part of American culture that there actually is a brand called Ball Park, created in 1957 at the request of the Detroit Tigers. Hot dogs first appeared at ballparks in 1893, when they were introduced as a mid-game snack by the old St. Louis Browns, according to the National Hot Dog and Sausage Council. And there is the story, probably apocryphal, that Harry Stevens hawked “red hot dachshund sausages” at the Polo Grounds in New York and then shortened his appeal to “hot dog.” None of this matters. What matters is that the most frequently uttered phrase at a food stand in all 30 major league parks is this:_ It wouldn’t be a ballgame without a hot dog._
Hershey Bar
Let’s agree: The rectangular milk chocolate bar manufactured by Hershey is not the finest chocolate bar available in the United States, or even in Pennsylvania, home of the Hershey Company, which nonetheless markets its product as “The Great American Chocolate Bar.” But there is something about the Hershey bar, with its trademark silver writing on its brown wrapper, that elevates it from snack to icon. Whether consumed with a glass of milk — the combination of choice for your grandfather — or between pieces of graham cracker around a campfire as a s’more, the Hershey bar has been part of the American diet since 1900, a 210-calorie portion of Americana.
Fish tacos
Whether with cumin, coriander and paprika, or with a lime crema sauce, or with an ancho chile powder and dried oregano, the fish taco combines two vital American epicurean impulses — food from the sea and from Latin American traditions. Popular in the West and South for decades, the fish taco recently has become a sturdy staple in the East, where it holds a prominent place both in Mexican joints and seafood palaces. The centerpiece is a firm white fish, sometimes tilapia, sometimes halibut, sometimes sole, even catfish, preferably fried in either pork fat or beer batter, but sometimes grilled. Agave nectar is optional, superfine cut slaw is a must — and so is an ample supply of napkins.
Shave ice
Sometimes (wrongly) described as Hawaiian ice, this tasty treat is offered on nearly every street corner in Honolulu and in rural outposts on Hawaii’s islands. In its natural setting it bears no resemblance whatsoever to commercially manufactured ice favors, to the products of home snow-cone machines, or to franchise or even so-called artisan shops on the mainland. First there’s the size differential; in Hawaii they’re huge. Then there are the fruit flavors; in Hawaii they’re the native guava or coconut. Shave ice almost certainly arrived in Hawaii through Japanese migrants, and it was in their modest early grocery stores that it began being offered. Warning: These are not snow cones. And they are not called “shaved ice.” Confuse these at your own risk, especially in Hawaii.
Grits
Here is an example of how a simple item — broken grains of corn, the hull and germ removed — can become a food favorite. These corn grains are the essence of grits, a lifestyle choice as well as a food group in the South, where this legacy of Native American cooking has taken on cultural importance far more robust than the food itself. This is serious business (the corn must be dried to a moisture content of 14 percent), but then again breakfast is the most important meal of the day, and, to the devotee, grits are the most important part of breakfast. And yes, it is a health food, of sorts, if you control the butter and milk, and it is a good source of folate and Vitamin B-6.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
As a way of saying THANK YOU, we offer a one time discount to all military, veterans, service members, first responders, and law enforcement!
Nightly $35
Enjoy your night in one of our long, spacious pull thru lots! All of our lots have water, sewer, and electric hookups. We offer our overnight guests complimentary WIFI and Laundry Facility use! Our pet friendly park offers over 20 acres for you and your pets to roam.
Call now to make your reservation!
Weekly $150
Enjoy your week in one of our long, spacious pull thru or back in lots! All of our lots have water, sewer, and electric hookups. We offer our weekly guests complimentary WIFI and Laundry Facility use! Our pet friendly park offers over 20 acres for you and your pets to roam.
Call now to make your reservation!
Monthly $375
Enjoy your extended stay in one of our long, spacious back in lots! All of our lots have water, sewer, and electric hookups. We offer our extended stay guests complimentary WIFI! Unlimited Laundry Facility use is only $10 per month!
Call now to make your reservation!
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Input-output function of the acoustic reflex and objective hearing aid evaluation.
Hearing aid evaluation procedures should mainly consider hearing properties in the most comfortable loudness intensity range. This applies to both subjective and objective methods. With regard to this aspect, input-output characteristics of the acoustic reflex were investigated for speech noise and narrow-band noise (0.5, 1, 2 and 4 kHz) stimulation. In these terms, hearing aid evaluation can be understood as an approximation of pathological input-output functions to the normal range by suitable hearing aids. After normal input-output characteristics have been established, we report on first experiences with this fitting procedure. Frequency-specific elicitation of the stapedial reflex with and without hearing aid enables a compensation for hearing impairment in accordance with frequency-dependent dynamic properties.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Q:
getting remote endpoint for asynchronouse receive
When I want to received UDP datagrams asynchronously, I write call BeginReceiveFrom of a System.Net.Sockets.Socket class. The BeginReceiveFrom method expects an Endpoint as the remoteEP parameter.
public IAsyncResult BeginReceiveFrom (
byte[] buffer,
int offset,
int size,
SocketFlags socketFlags,
ref EndPoint remoteEP,
AsyncCallback callback,
Object state
)
This Method starts an asynchronous receive and cannot return any result in remoteEP since it returns immediately. Is this parameter for a kind of filtering or will it be modified on receive completion?
In the receive handler I call EndReceiveFrom, where I also have to pass a reference to an Enpoint object as the endPoint parameter.
public int EndReceiveFrom (
IAsyncResult asyncResult,
ref EndPoint endPoint
)
The EndReceiveFrom indicates with this Endpoint object the sender of the UDP frame. Why must I pass a remoteEP to the BeginReceiveFrom and can I avoid this?
A:
There's no overloads that do not require an endpoint, but that doesn't mean you have to specify specific endpoints. You can specify any ip address as the remoteEP.
EndPoint remoteEP = (EndPoint)(new IPEndPoint(IPAddress.Any, 0));
EndReceiveFrom expects a pass by ref variable that will be populated by the method call itself. You can instantiate the endPoint similarly.
EndPoint receivedFromEP = new IPEndPoint(IPAddress.Any, 0);
After the call is made, simply ignore the value of receivedFromEP if you do not need it.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Good afternoon everybody and thanks for coming to this very interesting topic.
I'm a physician by training, I got my medical diploma here in Szeged in 1987. I work in the pediatrics department (UCLA) and I research, I study biochemistry.
As interesting as it is, I have friends who study the Bible, the Torah, in Los Angeles and there have been some interesting questions that we discussed during our conversations.
One very interesting aspect of the Scriptures is that, when you look at Genesis and you look at the books of Moses
They are actually copied exactly from previous copies, and what is more interesting is that once they make a mistake in any of those rolls (Scripture), they burn it.
This is meaning that every word, every character has a very important meaning in the Scriptures,
and when I was looking at certain words like green (grass) colors and the food chain, meaning who should eat what, in Genesis
I figured that they must have some kind of a biochemical meaning and this is what we are going to share today!
I brought the King James Bible, which is the first [...known English...] translation of the Torah from Hebrew
and I was wondering if we could do an interesting reading, that is a biochemist like myself would read the Bible.
And as soon as we find some kind of a chemical entity in a biochemical context, let's just look at it from the physician's point of view.
So I use the reference where you can find the information on the Internet later for your own studies.
So as we know, creation starts with creating the Heaven and Earth, and the first chemical identity that we can find in the Bible is actually water.
We all know that water has an oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, with the molecular mass of 18 g/mole. So, as a chemical identity, water is what we find in the Bible first!
The next thing that we find in the course of Creation is light, actually, and if you look at light itself, it is nothing else,
but taking two hydrogens and pushing them together. So that they form an isotope of hydrogen, which is called deuterium.
And by this deuterium, by squeezed with another hydrogen, we see a wavelength, a gamma ray expelled, or released from this fusion...,
a helium isotope is formed, and from there two protons or hydrogens are released, and a helium is left behind. This wavelength, this gamma ray is the light.
So the second…, [corr] still in the first day we actually see something very interesting: that is, from water and from the hydrogens of water to produce deuterium... and
with that there is light emission, which is mentioned in the Bible. Now deuterium is very important, because it carries a principle,
deuterium carries a principle of doubling something, meaning that adding a similar, or the same mass to the existing... being.
And if you read the Bible, the Fifth book is called Deuteronomy...
and we will find out exactly what it means. Obviously, the principle of doubling, or the principle of repeating something, has a very important meaning in the Scriptures.
And, in fact, e.g. this (principle) is exactly how light is produced. So, if you recall how light and water interacts in biological systems, i.e. we retouch on photosynthesis,
which is nothing else but using the energy of light to actually cleave water to yield hydrogens and oxygen.
This is what plants do, plants actually cleave water and use these hydrogens and release the oxygen.
This is how trees, this is how plants, this is how green plants produce oxygen for us,
and they actually use these hydrogens for producing organic molecules, using carbons, and to eventually "produce" our body.
It's a very long, very complicated chain of a biochemical reactions, and I am not gonna go into details,
but the principle itself, that the first light is, - first water is created, then light is created,
obviously this calls for the possibility of when? like a green plants? will be created to carry out photosynthesis?
And in fact in the Bible, if we summarize the events in the first day, which is water and light and deuterium production.
The next thing that we see is the creator divide the water from the waters. Now that's really an interesting concept -
dividing waters from waters - why would you, or how would you divide waters from waters, or once you divided them, what's the difference between water pools, different water pools.
Actually, if you look into a living cell, if you look into a mammalian or a plant cell, you are gonna see several water pools that are separated by membranes.
And those water pools are different in their deuterium content, and I'm going to talk about this in more details.
If you look at a plant cell, for example, a green plant cell, like this one, or even if you look at a mammalian cell,
which has a mitochondria, this is what we call the mitochondria, where there is energy production, the citric acid cycle takes place.
The cytoplasmic water which is actually part of the cytoplasm and the water that is contained in the mitochondria itself,
which is produced from oxygen, - I'm going to talk about this in more details - are separated by these membranes.
And in fact these water pools are different in their deuterium content, so if you, if you just refer to this one sentence of the Bible
separating water from water; in fact in biology, we see many examples of this principle, itself.
So in the second day we have water pools separated from one another, we know in the Bible it's the Firmament, called Heaven, yet in biology,
we can find different water pools separated by membranes, which are mentioned in the Torah, or in the Old Testament.
Now, if you read the Bible the first thing that God creates, the first living creature that God creates is grass,
and it's breathtaking; because actually grass, or in some translations they call it green herbs, is actually where photosynthesis takes place.
So it seems that now, at the second day, we already have everything created that are necessary to actually start life, or in fact, generate a self-supporting biochemical/biological system,
which has actually green chloroplasts or green plants in the form of grass. For the case, by then we already have light and we already have water.
Now and I have to admit, I don't read Hebrew..., yet, I have friends who can, in Los Angeles, so on Sabbath day, when I …heat up… food for them, or when we are going through these discussions about the Hebrew Bible.
I usually ask them what this means exactly? and it's actually grass, it's a green herb, or grass, that is the most accurate translation of the Hebrew word in this sentence, is grass.
And we know grass is one of the biggest masses on Earth, as far as green plants go, that produce organic material from water by using photosynthesis.
There are also trees … and the trees produce fruits using photosynthesis as we all know, and what's also very interesting is that another concept
appears in the Bible after the photosynthesis, and that's just go into that green color
because it's gonna explain us a lot of very critical understanding of biological systems, biochemical systems and photosynthesis.
If you look at the rainbow, if you look at the sky when it's raining you see the colors of the rainbow.
Interestingly, plants only use two particular colors, the blue which carries the highest energy in the visible spectrum, and the red which carries the lowest energy in the visible spectrum.
And if you look at the protein, that actually cleaves water into oxygen and hydrogen, you can see that it's called P680,
so the protein that cleaves the water uses the least energetic light form. This is why we see the plants green,
because the green light is not absorbed in plants that use photosynthesis,
so actually what arrives in your eyes is the green color, yet everything else is absorbed during photosynthesis.
But actually one of the protein,s which is called this PSII, uses P680 or the wavelength 680 which is red and is the least energetic,
and the key to that, to understand why that happens, is that, it's called actually the photosystem II, the protein, is that when water is cleaved,
and this is an oxygen and the hydrogens are actually connected to proteins, and the oxygen is kind of trapped between these two ions.
The the least energetic light can only cleave oxygen and hydrogen bonds (efficiently), so it seems that when water has, or carries a deuterium, this low-energy light will not able to cleave it.
So during photosynthesis, and in that sense, in the Bible, there is a discrimination against chemical bonds which carry deuterium in water, and there's a preference of cleaving oxygen and hydrogen bonds.
And this is really interesting and very critical of understanding why green plants actually deplete deuterium and how they deplete deuterium.
The key to understand, that is practically the strength of this oxygen hydrogen bond and high reacts with the red light that is absorbed from sunlight.
So in green plants there's already a deuterium depleting process, and if you look at the Bible and you look at the Fifth Book which is called Deuteronomy,
it's gonna explain a lot of very interesting and critical understanding of why deuterium in biological systems is really not desirable,
and why hydrogen is preferred when it comes to biosynthesis and then the process of biological oxidation.
So in the third day.., we're already halfway through Creation, and we already have water, we already have light, we already have water pools separated,
and we have grass, green plants, which are able to perform photosynthesis, and there is a discrimination against one of the isotopes of hydrogen, which is deuterium.
And the next day, or just going back to grass, another very important principle appears, and that is: the Creator creates with seeds and those seeds actually yield new plants or new entities of their kind.
So this is the genomics, the functional DNA inheritance, biological genomic (imprinting) inheritance, i.e.: the basic principle of biological inheritance.
And it's really interesting because, truly in the Bible, and in the Torah, everything is created based on its own kind, and it is actually carried in the seed itself.
So the Torah contains references to very important biological principles, like photosynthesis and also a very important principle, like functional genomics.
Meaning that everything (every cerature) carries a seed, as they are all created with a seed, that has all information embedded in it, which actually carries all the features and characteristics.
So, not only photosynthesis is completed, but a new principle is introduced, and that is practically genetic imprinted inheritance,
or if we just stretch it for example DNA, but the seed and the nucleus and the genetic inheritance is definitely mentioned in there.
Now the fourth day the sun, the moon, and the stars are created and are placed on the sky, and the sun is very important because the sun with the different temperature and core material,
the sun is where all the rest of the elements are created or formed for biological life, that includes carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphor, and chloride.
So, obviously, the sun is not only the source of light by squeezing deuterium, squeezing hydrogens together, but at certain temperatures and at certain pressure conditions produce other elements.
And these other elements are necessary for life. We know that all our organic material contain carbons and oxygen and hydrogen,
this makes up 99.9% of all our bodies, and they are actually all exchanged for energy and to create a very colorful, very potent life, in a self-supporting biological system,
where all the elements are actually created. As biochemists, we can identify, or I can see those in the first book of Moses, in Genesis.
Now.., probably the Creator knew that all these elements carbon and oxygen and their isotopes will not have a major impact in chemical reactions, but hydrogen or deuterium will.
Because practically deuterium is twice the mass of hydrogen, and because of this very strong, we call it isotope effect,
which I'm gonna talk in more details a little bit later, it's why biological systems cannot tolerat deuterium very well!
So as we go further into the story of Creation, then we see that the waters now will have fish, and life, and the birds are created,
but there is also another very important new biological phenomenon, and that is moving, it appears, and we know that actually moving requires energy.
So, now, not only we have the chemical entities that are necessary to form life, but now we're gonna have new principles,
for example active movement, which is the characteristic of all creatures that are now coming forth.
We know that actually plants don't really have active organs for active movements, but actually the fish and the fowl will have those characteristics.
And, again, they are all created after their kinds, so the genomic principle in Creation is again mentioned in the Bible, when the fish and the birds are created.
And as you can, see for biological movements, I added, besides the genetic inheritance, DNA, I added ATP.
The reason for that is because biological movements, or active movements require the synthesis of ATP, which happens....
For us to be able to move, actually when you go to the gym, what you do is you actually make two proteins kind of become adjacent to one another.
And that requires ATP, or energy, or phosphate, and one is called the actin, another one is called myosin.
And this is very basic in, and towards biology, that biological or active movements, or active change of locations, actually requires this metabolic component, called ATP (synthesis).
And, interestingly, ATP is, in fact, produced in the mitochondria, where the water pools are separated, and ATP is produced with the use of oxygen, and water is reproduced in the meantime...
from the hydrogens of food, of what we eat, what we consume, what we oxidize. And this ATP as the basic chemical principle necessary for movement is what is generated in biological systems.
And it's true for fish, the birds, and also the beasts, all the living creatures, which actually move like the cattle, which actually move around the Earth.
And as we go more into the story of Creation, what you can see, then, animals are created, they are actually moving again, and they are created after of their own kind,
so again genetic inheritance is imprinted in the Texture. And what you can see also is that cattle, which we know is the animal that is really the grass-eating beast, if you will, cattle is created.
So it seems, that not only photosynthesis water, light, energy and movements are created, but now we're getting ready to form some kind of a food chain,
or some kind of an exchange of energy, or feeding, based on a food chain in the Bible. So we are ready actually to create something new in its own form.
And if you can see at the 6th day, when animals or cattles are created, again, they are matched with genetic (imprinted) inheritance and biological energy, ATP synthesis.
So, now we are ready, or the Creator is ready, to create men, ... but actually there is no "DNA" mentioning in here, which is kind of unusual, because it seems that man is created in God's image,
so obviously genomics has less of a role, but actually values and moral seems to be more important, than genetic inheritance.
And the rest of the Texture, the rest of the Hebrew Bible, is actually, I would say practically, nothing else, but to teach how this (moral standard) looks like...,
what God looks like! What is the teaching, what is what God would want us to be like, if you will!
And it's very interesting, because as you can see, everything was created based on genetic inheritance, and now this new principle comes in that is (a set of) moral values,
and there's a lot of teaching about this in the Bible, and eventually, if you would say, salvation comes to, like how close we can get to this (set of moral values), actually.
How close we can get to the values that, that God offers towards its teaching and throughout the history of the religion in various human populations in societies.
So I find this very interesting, that as a physician and as a biochemist, that in the Bible you see, you can find all the principles that are necessary for a self-supporting biological system.
But when it comes to men, there is, on top of it, there is a very strong set, a very broad set of moral expectations...
and there is a very distinct expectation, and that is to look like somebody like God, actually, created based on that image.
So if you look at the rest of the 6th day events this something very interesting will be unfolding, and that is God blesses what He created...
all living forms including men, and to whom actually He gives dominion over the fish and the fowls and everything, that is moving upon the earth, yet...
God would specify that all living creatures can have, can eat the herb, and the herbs that are bearing seeds, and every tree whichever yields fruits, and we should eat these fruits and herbs.
It seems, that there is a reference to a vegetarian diet,... yet, if you read further the Bible, you can see that every beast of the earth
and every fowl and every creature that moves, actually should eat the green herb, or the grass. So we go back to the very beginning,
which is the grass, which was first created and it seems like the bottom of all life, the bottom of all life forms, the bottom of this food chain, if you will, is actually the green herb.
And I don't want to get into the details of what happens in the grass, but if you talk to a biologist, if you talk to a chemist,
or if you talk to somebody who studies the grass and the grass forms and how actually photosynthesis takes place, and how deuterium discrimination happens in grass,
you are gonna find several water pools, and you are gonna see plentiful sources and resources of chemical materials, including drugs,
including phytochemicals, including all kind of nutrients, that come from grass, or green herb, in this translation, but in the Torah it's actually grass.
What's also very interesting is that, when you look at the Texture, it also refers to creepeth or moving creatures, and also mentiones, where there is life...
Now if you talk to a Hebrew person, you ask him, what is actually, what is there's life, it's actually breathing,
so if you look at the original texts, actually nothing else but breathing and some translations, some English translations actually spell it out, as moving and breathing creatures.
So obviously the oxidation of grass, using oxygen, through breathing, took us to be able to move; requires these principles, which you can see here, are "born" with photosynthesis, producing organic material.
This is what we should, this is what all living creatures as the bottom of the food chain, this green plant is, this is what all these reactions take place that are described in Creation,
and then we're gonna oxidize this grass again using oxygen, which we take in through breeding and produce water,
which is low in deuterium, deuterium depleted water, which we're gonna use to build our own body.
So, eventually, if we go through the events of the first six days, we can see how this organic material is built,
which is actually oxidized in the citric acid cycle, and we're gonna see what oxygen is used for in the system and that is practically to be able to move around, to produce this ATP.
And also to be able to function and to build our body using carbons, that are released during this biological oxidation process.
That CO2, or that carbon dioxide will be reused by plants, organic material will be built, and in, and between, there is this deuterium depletion process...
by producing water from plants' organic material, that has a different (deuterium depleted) source of hydrogen. [doi: 10.1002/1439-7633(20020802)]
So obviously this hydrogen deuterium story is very interesting, the oxygen breathing and the active movement in the Bible are very interesting...
and interesting, because, it seems like somebody was trying to communicate a self-supporting biological system,
where all the elements are described in their formal roles, in the form of given algorithms, ...yet, if you read it from the Texture through the glass of a biochemist,
or a physician biochemist, you can find all these very interesting references to biological oxidation and the Krebs cycle.
And I like to talk about this topic, because some of the many reactions of the Krebs cycle were discovered here, by Albert Szent-Gyorgyi, and he was given the Nobel-prize in 1937, while in Szeged.
So, as we read the Bible it seems like there is a rewind, Moses says that: okay stop here, Genesis chapter 2, stop here, because there's more to explain.
This is, I have not been yet given you all the details, because what the Bible says in Genesis 2, is that every plant of the field before it was on the Earth,
and every herb of the field before it grew, for the Lord had not caused it to rain, ...so nothing is growing.
So it seems like the Bible takes us back to the 3rd day and says, okay hold on for a second, because there is nothing grown,
everything is created, yet, nothing is grown yet, because there is no rain, and there are no human resources, yet, nobody can actually harvest.
And this is a very interesting development, because, I would figure, like everything is created, everything is fine, there is water, this is just a way of growing things....,
but that's not the case! Because there's no rain yet, and you believe it or not, rain (water) comes not from river, not from flood, but from mist; mist (moist) from the earth has risen, and that waters the face of the earth.
That's actually deuterium depletion and actually distillation. So if you want to build a deuterium depleting tower, this is what happens...,
it's - deuterium, as it is heavier than light water -, as water evaporates from the face of the earth, deuterium (containing water) is discriminated,
so, (water with) deuterium has a higher boiling point, and it's also heavier, so actually, as high the clouds will get, the more negative
numbers
, these numbers will grow..., [doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(53)90066-0]
meaning that less deuterium there is in clouds, so the rain, that falls from the clouds is actually deuterium depleted water.
So it's not only deuterium depletion in grass by discriminating against light, which is using the red light for photosynthesis,
and actually using a wavelength the energy that cannot really break oxygen and deuterium bonds, what the Bible says:
let's just go back to 2nd day, because in fact I'm going to water stuff, I'm gonna water the grass but it's gonna be deuterium depleted water.
And that's exactly what is referred to in the Bible, or in the Torah, if you read it from the, through the glasses of a biochemist.
This is a deuterium depleting tower in Budapest, we use this for therapeutic or pharmacological purposes. This is Gabor Somlyai here, who actually built the first such tower in Budapest.
So, what we do here is exactly what the Bible suggests. We actually boil water in these containers, they go up through the roof and actually we cool it down.
So by repeating this process just like in the Bible, or just like in Genesis, repeating this process, we can deplete deuterium in water.
And we use this water, for example to water plants, to give patients food that actually have low deuterium.
So actually we do the same what is in the Bible, described (as a physical process) in the Bible, obviously under controlled circumstances.
This is very important, because some disease processes, like autoimmune diseases and cancer seem to be dependent on this deuterium,
or DNA modifications by deuterium, which I am not gonna go into details of, I'm not gonna talk about those specific diseases,
because it would be a little bit too broad of a topic to cover, with very interesting medical clinical applications. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1426]
Obviously, the red, low energy light is discriminating against deuterium as far as cleaving water, and actually the heavy water climbs harder into rain, into clouds,
so there is a higher boiling point for deuterium-contained water, which has actually one proton and a neutron.
Hydrogen only has one proton, so it has half of the mass as what deuterium does, so obviously there's several layers of deuterium depletion described in the Bible,
which you can see here, eventually describes something like; this is light water, that can actually raise, but deuterium and heavy water will more likely stay in the ground,
and that's what you can see here, practically just a demonstration of how many deuterium discriminating processes there are (referred to) in the Bible.
Now… Angewandte Chemie, okay, I am sorry, I apologize. Applied chemistry is that right? Applied chemistry.
So in August, when we were writing this paper, I have a professor calling, from the Johns Hopkins University, who happens to be the head of the chemistry (engineering) department.
And he sent me this paper and he said that Dr Boros, you should look at the hydrogen effect, deuterium effect of this group, because this is from Bochum, Germany.
They are German theoretical chemists, I mean they pretty much know their stuff, and what they describe in this paper
is exceptional isotopic substitution effect and breakdown of collective proton tunneling in ice due to deuteration.
So you would say, in ice actually where protons have very important bridging functions seems that, between these oxygen,
these hydrogen molecules have a very important role in regulating the physical and chemical properties of ice.
And let me tell you this experiment, if you watch this hydrogen between this two oxygens, you can see, that it has all the programs all the hydrogens in this ice which is a hydrogen bonding network.
They are in the position either closer to the oxygen, to the left, or closer to the oxygen to the right.
It's what we call is tunneling, because these protons in the same time, they do this moving from one place to another,
it's like half-time, when two football teams actually switch halfs, when they switch halfs of the field, so actually all the players,
all the eleven players, - we are talking about a soccer game - they either play on this side of the field, or actually they are, their goal is on one side of the field, or the other.
The key to it is, that they have to move together, because if one player is staying on the other field in halftime, that's gonna be pretty much the end of the game.
So that's what happens if you bring one deuterium into this system, so if we replace one hydrogen with a deuterium atom, for example H1, or hydrogen1,
is it replaced with a deuterium, it's gonna actually destroy the energy, the constant energy level along which the hydrogens can move from closer to farther to one oxygen atom.
So it's enough to add one deuterium into 10 or 15 of these hexagonal ice crystals, which were actually destroying this tunneling process completely.
This energy balance in this ice, or hydrogen bonding systems, and obviously there are many examples of this.
Ice is that, I would say the most, the easiest to approach system, because hydrogen bonds are formed, based on temperature,
or cooling down the water, and then they can study very easily these energy levels which are necessary to move those hydrogens around in a coordinated fashion.
More deuterium be actually built into this system, more energy is required to move the protons and it's not gonna happen in a coordinated form.
So one deuterium is enough in about a 100 hydrogen atoms to destroy the free movement of protons or hydrogens between two (oxygen) atoms.
And the biological meaning of this stopping of these proton movements is that actually these protons are also part of DNA,
and actually DNA form these hydrogen bridges, the double helix, you know, they link with hydrogen.
So actually, if you load your DNA with deuterium, this proton tunneling, and the enzymes just actually repair DNA, will not be able to get through this road bump. [DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.35.724]
It's pretty much like when you cut your grass and you bump into this big bump of grass, and just gonna stop the entire process.
And that's true with all hydrogen bonding systems, that is actually what these German chemists recommend...
they say these: "insights into fundamental aspects of collective proton tunneling not only rationalize recent neutron-scattering experiments,
but also stimulate investigations into multiple proton transfers in hydrogen bonded networks much beyond ice."
And we know DNA, proteins, protein-DNA interactions and fatty acid interactions are all covered in this sentence with far-reaching biological biochemical consequences.
So deuterium makes DNA sticky with aneuploidy, which is one of the disease related patterns in cancer, I'm not gonna talk about it here,
but it seems that in DNA, there is a very critical role of understanding hydrogen and deuterium replacements.
Now and it's just to continue on this line, when I asked a friend, like a priest friend, why it is so important, when Adam was brought to life, actually God breathed, had blown a deep breath in his nose
Obviously, because through the nostrils, we can only carry (push) down oxygen, so again, and when, every word has a meaning in the Bible,
meaning that when nostrils and oxygen are referred to, like when you actually resuscitate somebody and you want to carry down, - you want to actually provide oxygen for their biological oxidation,
it's actually through the airway system and it seems that this is, and in fact, this is how we deliver oxygen to all tissues.
So even the Bible, even the Torah, refers to oxygen exchange, when it comes to starting the first human life and that's practically referred to as breathing into the nostrils.
Again, as a doctor, as a physician, this is how to resuscitate somebody, so actually these make a lot of sense, even though at first sight, they may not be as evident.
So, then it comes the other story, and that's the Garden of Eden, where, as it seems, there's going to be a plant and fruit growing business
and obviously there's gonna be fruits they should or shouldn't eat but the more important fact is that it seems that for the Garden of Eden
and for the fruit trees actually the Lord's gonna use another irrigation system and that's, actually, it's gonna be flooded by four rivers.
And we know, a river has no significant deuterium depletion, so we know river water will have not much deuterium depletion, it's not evaporated rain,
it's not distillation, it's actually flooding and growing plants without actually being able to deplete significant deuterium. So, why don't we oxidize some substrates and finally find out if this is true or not?
So what we did with the Hungarian Academic of Sciences Geophysical Research Institute is that we actually with Dr Forizs,
we actually oxidize some substrates, so instead of iron, we used copper (II) oxide (CuO) and with this copper (II) oxide (CuO) we measured in flour, table sugar, cottage cheese,
sunflower oil, butter and pork fat and we just oxidized them overnight at high temperature at 500 Celsius.
So we pretty much did what mitochondria would do, and we actually calculated the deuterium content in many different food products,
and we measured this deuterium and hydrogen ratio, and I am not gonna bore you with all the technical details. But this is what we got.
Oceanic water is about 155 ppm deuterium and this is what we are gonna use as a reference range.
Water which we actually distilled from cottage cheese that's the wet content of for example, cottage cheese, you can see that the value is pretty much, it's very close to the deuterium content in water.
If you look at flour, which is actually sugar, if you look at table sugar, which comes from fruits, you can see, that there is a very little drop in deuterium content.
So it's consistent with the fact, that these sugars and the water content of food has very much similar distribution of deuterium as what you find in water.
Now on the other hand, animals that eat green grass and produce their organic material from components of grass, then you are gonna see, that there is a drop, a huge drop in deuterium content.
You can see there is a 12%, 16%, 20.4% and almost 25% decrease in deuterium content, when we oxidize pork fat for example or butter.
So in fact, when you look at the Kosher diet, when you look at the Kosher diet, what the Hebrews should eat, is actually this deuterium depleted section of the, of the food supply,
and what's really interesting is that there's plenty of Kosher recommendations about what they should eat, but there is very little about what they should drink.
Actually if you look at the Rabbi teaching, rainwater is what Hebrews, or actually this is how Israel, the land of Israel is watered. [Talmud - Mas. Ta'anith 2a]
So all the Kosher diet and actually this is in Deuteronomy, if you open Deuteronomy, the Fifth book of Moses, you are gonna see almost nothing, but all these instructions of how or what they should eat.
And I'm going go to - for example this is how egg looks like, the egg has low deuterium when you go to the DNA and it's fat, the egg yolk, the yellow material.
But what is more important is that obviously we know there was a flood in and between meaning that Noah had to build an ark,
and then the ark had to be like floating for 40 days and so on, but what happened after the rain subsided.
And actually Noah went forth, and his sons, and his wife, and his sons' wife with him off the ark, and every beast,
and creeping moving thing was actually coming off the ark, you can see they are all coming after their kinds.
Meaning that genetic inheritance again is a very important principle when it comes to repopulating the earth, but what is more important again,
is that after when actually life starts on earth again, the same food chain applies, the green herb, or the grass should be the basic food item that comes at the bottom of the food chain,
and this is the first Kosher recommendation and law, which is repeated in Deuteronomy many times, and more specified, is that: But flesh with the life thereof which is the blood shall you not eat.
Meaning that the Kosher diet doesn't allow you to eat or drink high deuterium containing body fluids, but only what's coming from herbs and to oxidize from green plant products...,
if it's meet or beef fat, whatever it is, they have to stay away from deuterium.
So obviously, the Kosher diet is very keen on regulating this hydrogen deuterium content, controlled by mitochondria through metabolic water and cytoplasm from water that we drink.
And if you look at the Non-Kosher diet, there is no particular instructions about what we should eat, obviously we can also eat pork,
but in this section, the Kosher diet is what uses the green grass, and its products in animal fat products.
Now, this is very interesting, because if you talk to a Kosher person and you ask him, which part of the beef is Kosher,
sirloin steak is not Kosher, and that's the best part of the beef, but it doesn't have enough fat. Or you know the beef steak tartare?
It's actually sirloin steak (hind cut), and actually that is not Kosher, because it only has 5% of fat.
So proteins and hind cuts, DNA and so on, are really not, or much sugar are really not Kosher, yet fat is what you can oxidize into low deuterium water, front cuts are what is more Kosher.
I was surprised, because obviously, I was doing some research into what is Kosher, what is not, but it seems that it's a deuterium depleting diet seems more fit.
Now, I was talking about DNA before, and in DNA between the bases there is this hydrogen and it has this free movement, but if there is a deuterium built in here, this free movement stops.
All the DNA repair enzymes stop, the DNA start growing, it's gonna be with aneuploidy and cancer may develop.
That's what we believe is a very effective way of controlling cancer keeping deuterium down in DNA, and it's just another drawing of DNA.
Now, so obviously when it came to Deuteronomy and Moses told all these laws, deuterium depletion laws to the Jews,
obviously it's a very close genetic population yet The New Covenant calls for teaching by Jesus of the Jewish values,
but obviously the genetic pool is going to be expanded. Because there's no dietary recommendations anymore by Jesus there's no deuterium depletion processes by Jesus.
Actually we can eat anything what we want, and it's gonna be a teaching, which is set to very broad genetic pool, which means that The New Covenant will have in its teaching form.
A very different set of rules, the same values, but similar and same values expanded also with Christianity, and obviously I am not a theologist,
I am not an expert in this field, but from the Bible, if you read it as a physician, I can tell you this much, the most important finding is that,
when Jesus meets this lady, who is a Samaritan lady at the well. And He asks her to give him water. And she says,
she actually goes to the well at noon, because she is a prostitute, so she doesn't want anybody to see her.
Because at noon, because of the high obviously temperatures and sunlight it was not a custom to go to the wells without dresses,
so usually Samaritans they went to the well after 6, but this lady had to go to the well at noon, because she didn't want her to be seen by anybody.
And it was not her luckiest day, because Jesus was sitting at the well, and He asked her for water.
And that's exactly what He asks: “Will you give me a drink?” and the lady asked that, well, you are a Jew, and I'm a Samaritan woman, so why are we talking?
And Jesus says, well, don't worry about it now, I'm coming with a different message.
So, this is a very simple teaching and referring to the kingdom of God, and the lady says, you know the truth is, you have nothing to draw water with,
and the well is very deep, so where can you get this water, how are you gonna get this water?
And that's when Jesus says, and that's what the lady asked, you consider yourself bigger, than any of our ancestors.
And Jesus answers: everyone, who drinks from this water, the well you are gonna fetch water from, will be thirsty again.
But whoever drinks the water I give you, or I give them, will never thirst, indeed the water I give them will become in them a spring of water.
Do we produce water? Yes, we do. I've just showed you in the mitochondria, that's deuterium depleted water, again, it's the physicians reading, and there is gonna be a view an eternal life.
Obviously, it has a very strong spiritual message, it has a very strong biological message, and it has a very strong cultural message,
it's obviously not a Christian teaching, but it's a Christian example of how water and water pools are approached and used in this context,
and in fact we produce our own water with the use of oxygen obviously and from food, and actually we have spring of water in our system.
And the lady obviously is very curious about it, and she says, well, Sir if that's the case then why don't you give me some spring water, just give me some (of your spring) water.
And interestingly Jesus has no mentioning of the water anymore, but what does he asks next, it's shocking, because he says bring your husband.
And what's interesting is that she said, I have no husband. So this is actually a very different cultural and it's a very different approach to what like the Jews,
who have very strict family traditions, and have very strict rules about family life. Now it seems that the same values are offered,
and the same teaching is offered to somebody, who actually have no husband, and in fact she actually had five husbands, and the one that she has now, that is not even her husband.
So obviously, who actually Jesus is talking to, and will give her this promise and this message about the gift of life,
the (deuterium depleted metabolic???) water that is in her, which promises eternal life, is obviously the footstep, and a milestone to, The New Covenant.
So I am gonna pretty much stop, in a few minutes, but I want to thank Dr Dux, who is the biochemistry professor here in Szeged, and we have been writing about this topic.
I want to thank your professor, Dr Mate Toth, who organized, and also our friend, Gabor, this lecture, and also some of my collaborators in the United States.
And if there are any questions, I am very happy to answer them.
Thank you very much!
|
{
"pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles"
}
|
Search for ArrowCreek Homes
Our Selling Approach
“Reno Home Blog’s local market knowledge (creators of ArrowCreek Homes for Sale.com) is only exceeded by their passion for delivering their message to their readers.”
– Jonathan Miller, CEO Miller Samuel Inc., Matrix Blog
“Gentleman With Brains gives home buyers a sense of place and the tools to make good investment decisions. ” – T. Reynolds
“I hope every buyer in ArrowCreek would have the chance to read ‘Arrow Creek Homes For Sale. com’ before buying or selling a house in the area. In an ocean of half truths, Janice has managed to be an island of intellectual honesty that puts the client’s needs ahead of him.”
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Background {#Sec1}
==========
The *Danio rerio* embryo is a valuable model organism, widely used in biological and biotechnological research \[[@CR1],[@CR2]\]. *Danio rerio* is also a recommended test species for various toxicological standard tests, including OECD, ISO, and US EPA Guidelines. Analysis of the *D. rerio* proteome has been used to study the mechanisms of embryo development \[[@CR3]-[@CR6]\], and is also used to study the pathogenesis, prognosis, treatment, and biomarkers of human diseases \[[@CR7],[@CR8]\].
The main problem encountered with the proteomic analysis of *D. rerio* embryos is the high content of yolk proteins (YPs) derived from vitellogenins (Vtgs). Vtgs are glycophospholipoproteins with an apparent molecular weight of 350--370 kDa, with Ca^2+^ and Zn^2+^ as ligands \[[@CR9],[@CR10]\]. In the yolk, Vtg is proteolytically cleaved into the heavy (\~120 kDa, LvH) and light (\~30--35 kDa, LvL) lipovitellin chains, phosvitin (Pv), beta'-component, C-terminal peptide, and various Lv--Pv complexes \[[@CR11],[@CR12]\]. *Danio rerio* Vtgs are the products of seven different genes and are classified into three types based on their primary amino acid sequences: type I, including Vtg1 and Vtg4--7; type II, containing Vtg2; and type III, containing Vtg3. According to the revised nomenclature of the Vtgs of ostariophysian fishes, the *D. rerio* YPs derived from the multiple fish Vtgs have been reclassified as VtgAo1, VtgAo2, and VtgC, respectively \[[@CR13],[@CR14]\]. The major *D. rerio* protein is VtgI, which is expressed 100 times more strongly than *Vtg2* and 1000 times more strongly than *Vtg3* \[[@CR15]\].
The association between Vtg and oocyte growth is well known. Vtg is synthesized in the livers of female teleost fishes and transported to the oocytes, where it is used as nutrient for their growth and development \[[@CR11]\]. The selective regulation of the uptake and processing of multiple Vtgs during oocyte growth and ovarian maturation are probably critical for egg quality and developmental success. The dramatic downregulation of the expression of this nutritional protein might be an important cause of embryonic growth retardation \[[@CR16]\]. Because these processes appear to be species specific, their characterization in individual species of interest is necessary to understand its normal reproductive biology and any pathology or dysfunction \[[@CR17]\]. In recent years, it has been suggested that the Vtgs are associated with defense reactions, and act as an acute-phase protein *in vivo*, facilitating the elimination of invading pathogens in both female and male fish \[[@CR18]\].
A high Vtg content in embryos may hamper the detection of changes occurring in the proteome. However, Vtg and its cleavage products may have utility as indicators of ecotoxicology at the biochemical level \[[@CR19],[@CR20]\]. Embryos allow the visible effects of treatment with chemicals to be monitored during development. Furthermore, the use of larval and juvenile zebrafish for screening tests in toxicity studies has allowed smaller doses of toxin to be used \[[@CR21]\].
Western blotting analyses, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), quantitative real-time PCR, and Vtg mRNA determination with DNA hybridization strategies have all been used to evaluate the changes in Vtg levels in fish \[[@CR15],[@CR22],[@CR23]\]. Proteomic approaches allow the direct estimation of protein abundance, posttranslation modification, and protein--protein interactions \[[@CR24]\]. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) combined with mass spectrometry (MS) is a conventional method for studying the *D. rerio* proteome and for identifying differences between samples \[[@CR4],[@CR19],[@CR25],[@CR26]\]. For example, Gündel et al. \[[@CR19]\] used silver-stained 2DE gels followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) and electrospray ionization-tandem MS (ESI-MS/MS) to identify 47 proteins in *D. rerio* embryos, the bulk of which (93%) were Vtgs, and 90% of all the Vtg derivatives were assigned to Vtg1 (VtgAo1).
However, the 2DE procedure has certain limitations and problems. For instance, it is a labor-intensive method, with relatively low reproducibility, resolution, and separation of very acidic and/or very basic proteins. Alternatively, SDS-PAGE displays high reproducibility and broad resolution, allowing the separation of proteins with apparent MWs of 10--450 kDa on the same gel. A number of bands associated with Vtgs can be distinguished from other proteins on SDS-PAGE gels \[[@CR12],[@CR17],[@CR27],[@CR28]\]. After separation, the stained bands corresponding to YPs are excised and the Vtgs in these bands identified \[[@CR17],[@CR29]\]. During the development of fish embryos, especially the embryos of marine species, some of these protein bands either disappear completely or their intensity decreases, whereas others appear for the first time or their intensities increase \[[@CR15]\].
In addition to SDS-PAGE and 2DE, the fractionation of complex samples by centrifugation has also been reported to increase the total number of ovary (membrane and cytosolic) proteins recovered \[[@CR30]\]. Data-dependent analysis (also referred to as "shotgun proteomics") is currently the MS method most frequently used to examine the multiplicity of Vtgs in different fish species \[[@CR12],[@CR28],[@CR31]\].
We previously proposed a one-dimensional proteomic mapping approach based on the cutting of SDS-PAGE gel lanes and the subsequent MALDI-TOF peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) analysis of each slice, to increase the number of proteins identified \[[@CR32],[@CR33]\]. We evaluated the application of this approach to the study of the *D. rerio* protein profile and its changes in response to doxorubicin exposure \[[@CR34]\]. Here, we used the same strategy to analyze the one-dimensional proteomic profiles of the Vtgs of *D. rerio* embryos in response to exposure to quantum dot (QDs).
Fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals, or QDs, have become an essential tool in biomedical imaging and diagnostics. QDs consist of a semiconductor core (for example, CdSe or CdTe), and a shell (e.g., ZnS) that improves their optical and electronic properties \[[@CR35]\] and reduces core metal leaching. These nanocrystals allow the study of the processes within a cell at the level of individual molecules, with high resolution. However, the toxicity of QDs has not been sufficiently investigated, although it has been shown that the cytotoxicity of some QDs is associated with their constituent cadmium ions \[[@CR1],[@CR36]\]. An effective way to reduce QD toxicity is to encapsulate them in a layer of polymer of different types. This protects QDs against the action of enzymes and other biological molecules, increases their dispersibility in water, and directs them to biological targets \[[@CR36]\]. The purpose of this study was to develop a proteomic approach to determine the toxicity of QDs (CdSe~core~/ZnS~shell~ coated with dihydrolipoic acid \[DHLA\]) based on the changes they induce in the one-dimensional proteomic profiles of Vtg cleavage products.
Results {#Sec2}
=======
In this study, the profiles of the Vtg cleavage products of *D. rerio* embryos after exposure to QDs for 48 h were analyzed and compared with their profiles after exposure to MCS-QDs. Embryos growing in medium without toxic substances were used as the control.
QD characterization {#Sec3}
-------------------
A schematic image and the optical properties of the CdSe~core~/ZnS~shell~ QDs are shown in Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}: Figure S1. According to these data, the QDs investigated have a spherical structure (Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}: Figure S1a). The size distribution histogram indicates that the average size of the QDs is around 9.5 nm (Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}: Figure S1b). The absorption spectrum shows a peak at 585 nm (Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}: Figure S1c), and the emission spectrum (**λ**~ex~ = 312 nm) has a maximum at 605 nm, and appears rather broad (Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}: Figure S1d). The QDs used in this study were stable in aqueous solution. The fluorescence quantum yield was ≤ 1%.
Separation of embryos and embryonic proteins with SDS-PAGE {#Sec4}
----------------------------------------------------------
Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}a1 shows the control embryos at the 52 h postfertilization (*hpf*) stage of development, when the embryo is fully formed (tail section is separated, brain, digestive, and excretory systems are formed; there is a functioning heart and blood vessels). Under our experimental conditions, the presence of QDs in the embryo medium did not affect embryonic development throughout the 48 h of treatment (Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}a2); nor did MCS-QDs in the medium affect the developing embryos (Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}a3).Figure 1Schematic representation of the strategy used to analyze *Danio rerio* embryo proteins. **(A)** Three *Danio rerio embryo lines* **(B)** SDS-PAGE separation of *D. rerio* embryos proteins. The gel was stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue to visualize the protein bands. The regions of the gels corresponding to molecular weights of 37--75 kDa, which were excised for Vtg identification, are marked with squares **(C)** SDS-PAGE gel slicing **(D)** One-dimensional proteomic profiles (1) a normally developed 2 days postfertilization (*dpf*) *D. rerio* embryo; (2) normally developed *D. rerio* embryo exposed for 48 h to QD suspension; (3) normally developed 2 *dpf D. rerio* embryo exposed to a mixture of the components used for QD synthesis (0.045 mM Cd^2+^). \* DHLA (dihydrolipoic acid).
We used the strategy in which SDS-PAGE gel lanes are sequentially thinly sliced and the proteins therein are identified with slice-by-slice MS (Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}b-e). In the first stage, *D. rerio* embryo proteins were separated with SDS-PAGE. Equal amounts of protein (an aliquot of an ultrasonicated homogenate, containing four embryos) from both the unexposed embryos (Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}b1) and the embryos exposed to QDs (Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}b2) or MCS-QDs (Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}b3) were loaded into six separate lanes (two lanes *per* embryonic sample) of two replicate gels for each of the two series of QD exposure assessments. Bio-Rad Precision Plus Protein™ WesternC™ Standards (250, 150, 100, 75, 50, 37, 25, 20, 15, and 10 kDa) were also loaded onto each gel. The regions corresponding to 15, 20--30, and 37--75 kDa showed the most intensive staining (Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}b). Depending on the sample, 15--18 separate protein bands were apparent in each single lane after Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining. For instance, in lane 1 (Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}b), corresponding to the unexposed embryos, the 37--75 kDa region contained 6--7 bands; exposure to the QDs (lane 2, Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}b) or MCS-QDs (lane 3, Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}b) negligibly altered the number of protein bands in the selected MW region compared with the control (six protein bands in each case).
MALDI-TOF identification of Vtg cleavage products in *D. rerio* embryos {#Sec5}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
To characterize the Vtg cleavage products of whole *D. rerio* embryos, the region corresponding to molecular masses of about 37--75 kDa in each SDS-PAGE gel lane was chosen (Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}b). The region selected in each gel lane was cut into a sequential series of thin slices (Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}c). In total, 20 slices were obtained *per* lane for each embryo treatment group (the unexposed and the two treated sets of embryos), each measuring 0.5 mm × 0.8 mm × 2 mm. The proteins were identified with PMF after in-gel digestion (Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}d). Of the several MALDI-TOF mass spectra obtained for each of the three positions on the MALDI target corresponding to each slice, the best one (i.e., the spectrum with the greatest score for identified protein and the highest percentage of sequence coverage) was selected. The average number of peptide peaks in the PMF spectrum was calculated to be 64 ± 9 for the control embryos, 56 ± 13 for the QD-treated embryos, and 73 ± 14 for the MCS-QD-treated embryos.
Twelve Vtg products, with MWs of 90--180 kDa, were successfully identified in the unexposed *D. rerio* embryos (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}). Exposure to QDs or MCS-QDs did not cause any changes in the total number of Vtgs identified (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}). Vtgs type II (VtgAo2) Q1MTC4 (MW 179783 Da) and F1R876 (93213 Da) were detected in all the samples, in addition to the Vtg type I (VtgAo1) proteins.Table 1**Identified vitellogenin (Vtg) cleavage products in the** ***Danio rerio*** **embryos (number of** ***m/z*** **peaks, that match the peptides of the protein are given as Mean ± SD)№Accession** ^**\***^ **(Swiss-Prot)Protein nameMw, DaPrevious homologue nameReclassified vitellogenin homologuePossible Vtg-derived structural conjugates of yolk proteinsNumber of** ***m/z*** **peaks, that match the peptides of the proteinControlQuantum dotsMCS-QDs**1Q1LWN2Vitellogenin 1149140VtgIVtgAo1Full Vtg28 ± 524 ± 826 ± 62Q1MTC4Vitellogenin 2179783VtgIIVtgAo2LvH-Pv-LvL-β'23 ± 425 ± 525 ± 43F1R876Vitellogenin 293213VtgIIVtgAo2Pv-LvL- β'-CT16 ± 219 ± 315 ± 14F1R887^\*\*^ deletedVitellogenin 4148750VtgIVtgAo1Full Vtg28 ± 722 ± 823 ± 65F1Q7L0Vitellogenin 4 (Fragment)149254VtgIVtgAo1Full Vtg26 ± 521 ± 823 ± 66E9QFD8Vitellogenin 4149258VtgIVtgAo1Full Vtg25 ± 622 ± 824 ± 67F1RBA0Vitellogenin 4124048VtgIVtgAo1LvH-Pv22 ± 417 ± 620 ± 48F1QTW6^\*\*^ deletedVitellogenin 5148776VtgIVtgAo1Full Vtg22 ± 320 ± 521 ± 59F1R2S5Vitellogenin 5 (Fragment)149280VtgIVtgAo1Full Vtg22 ± 420 ± 522 ± 510F1QV15Vitellogenin 6 (Fragment)149920VtgIVtgAo1Full Vtg23 ± 421 ± 621 ± 611Q1MTC6Vitellogenin 7147084VtgIVtgAo1LvH-Pv-LvL23 ± 422 ± 522 ± 412F1R2T3Vitellogenin 7148896VtgIVtgAo1Full Vtg21 ± 323 ± 521 ± 4The reclassified Vtg gene homologue nomenclature and Vtg-derived structural conjugates are given according to Finn \[[@CR13]\]. Full Vtg, LvH-Pv-LvL- β'-CT; LvH, lipovitellin heavy chain; Pv, phosvitin; LvL, lipovitellin light chain; β', beta' component; CT, C-terminal coding region. \*release 2014_04; \*\*release 2015_02.
When we compared the hydrolysis peaks (*m/z*, peaks in the PMF spectrum) of the Vtgs from embryos exposed to QDs or MCS-QDs with those from the unexposed samples, all the samples had similar numbers of peaks, including the peaks for VtgAo1 F1R887 (MW 148750 Da) and F1Q7L0 (MW 149254 Da). For example, F1R887 was identified in 28 ± 7 peaks from embryos without toxic treatment, and in 22 ± 8 peaks after QD exposure (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}). The difference between these values was not significant (p \> 0.05; *t* statistic; n = 60). The PMF spectra of VtgAo2 (F1R876) contained 27 and 23 masses in the control (untreated) and QD-treated embryos, respectively, 19 of which were common to both groups. The comparison of these spectra allowed us to identify three masses 1692.7950, 1832.0458, and 1519.8375 in the QD-treated embryos that were absent in the control embryos. Instead of these masses, the mass spectra of VtgAo2 F1R876 in the untreated embryos contained tryptic peptides with observed m/z 1208.589, 1477.879, and 1115.674 (Figure [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}B1).Figure 2Distribution of the *m/z* values across gel slices **(A)** One-dimensional proteomic profiles of VtgAo2 F1R876 (MW 93213 Da) **(B)** Mapping of peptide masses of VtgAo2 F1R876 identified with PMF onto gel slices (1) Unexposed *Danio rerio* embryos; (2) embryos after exposure to QDs; (3) embryos after exposure to MCS-QDs. The most abundant slices, in which the maximum number of mass values matched the protein, are shown in gray.
One-dimensional proteomic profiles of Vtg cleavage products and enrichment of their sequence coverage {#Sec6}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Vtgs identified with PMF are presented as one-dimensional proteomic profiles (Figure [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}A). The profiles can be thought of as MS densitograms, in which the density corresponds to the number of PMF peaks matching the particular protein within the MS spectrum of a particular gel slice. Three protein profiles of VtgAo2 Q1MTC4 (MW 93213 Da) are shown in Figure [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}A, where each profile corresponds to a separate *D. rerio* sample (see figure legend). As shown in Figure [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}(A and B), a single Vtg cleavage product could be detected in several neighboring slices along the SDS-PAGE gel gradient. For example, in the unexposed embryos and in the embryos exposed to MCS-QDs, Q1MTC4 was identified in seven slices in both cases (Figure [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}A, lines 1 and 3). However, the exposure of the embryos to QDs reduced the number of slices containing Q1MTC4 to three (Figure [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}A, line 2).
Analysis of the MS data from adjacent slices made it possible to increase the sequence coverage of the identified Vtgs (Figure [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}B1--3). For example, the peptide coverage of the Vtg-derived structure conjugate Q1MTC4 in the so-called "most abundant" slice \[[@CR32]\] (no. 13) was 23% in the control (unexposed) embryos. As can be seen, the gray column in the distribution of the peptide masses of Q1MTC4 (Figure [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}B1) corresponding to this slice contained the highest number of peptide masses assigned to Q1MTC4. However, six mass/charge values (2280.3713, 941.5587, 2312.1580, 929.5224, 2822.4358, and 938.4663) were not found in slice no. 13, although they were identified in adjacent slices (nos 7, 11, 12, and 15). As a result, the coverage increased to 36% for the unexposed embryos. A similar situation was observed in the MCS-QD-treated embryos. For example, slice no. 14 lacked the nine masses included in Figure [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}B3 corresponding to numbers 1, 2, 4, 6, 16, 17, 25, 26, and 27. The inclusion of these masses from the adjacent slices (nos 8--11, 13, and 16) increased the sequence coverage from 20% (for slice no. 14) to 36% after exposure to MCS-QDs. In contrast, after the QD treatment, combining the MS information from slice no. 3 and adjacent slices (nos 2 and 4) increased the sequence coverage of the multidomain variant Q1MTC4 by only 5%, from 20% in the most abundant slice no. 3 (gray column, Figure [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}B2) to 24%.
Discussion {#Sec7}
==========
In this study, the sequential thin slicing of an SDS-PAGE gel and subsequent slice-by-slice MALDI-TOF MS were used to comprehensively analyze the Vtg cleavage products from *D. rerio* embryos. This proteomic methodology has previously been used to distinguish the polymorphic variants of human liver cytochromes P450 \[[@CR32],[@CR33]\] and to study doxorubicin toxicity in a *D. rerio* embryo model \[[@CR34]\].
The choice of *D. rerio* as a model organism was based on a number of features characteristic of this fish species, including its optical transparency, its ready permeability to small molecules directly from the incubation medium, and the high degree of homology between the *D. rerio* and human genomes \[[@CR37]\]. The developing *D. rerio* can be used to identify and distinguish different types of toxicity \[[@CR36]\]. The Vtg concentration is a standard measure of reproductive function in fish, and is routinely used to evaluate the effects of chemical contaminants \[[@CR38]\]. Embryonic Vtg cleavage products can also be used as sensitive and dose-dependent indicators of toxic stress \[[@CR19]\].
Over the last two decades, QDs have been used in biomedical imaging, photovoltaic applications, and cancer diagnostics and therapy. Although QDs have great potential utility in cancer cell imaging and biomarker detection, some data suggest that these cadmium-containing nanoparticles are cytotoxic \[[@CR1],[@CR36]\]. The ability of QDs to efficiently transfer energy to acceptor molecules suggests that they could promote the production of reactive oxygen species *in vivo*, inducing oxidative stress and leading to cell damage. Furthermore, changes have been noted in the expression levels of the proteins that regulate the transcription, translation, splicing, and activities of other proteins. It is noteworthy that the molecular weights of some of the proteins identified with this strategy, which are associated with protein catabolic process, are in the range of 30--70 kDa.
The optical properties of the CdSe~core~/ZnS~shell~ QDs studied are consistent with those reported by other authors using different protocols for nanoparticle synthesis \[[@CR39]-[@CR41]\]. The hydrodynamic size of the QDs is about 9.5 nm, allowing their more rapid and easier renal clearance *in vivo*, which should minimize their toxicity \[[@CR42]\].
A series of pilot experiments was conducted to determine the toxicity of QDs in *D. rerio* embryos. We found that the QDs exerted no acute toxicity after QD exposure for 48 h at Cd concentrations up to 185 μM. We detected neither "cadmium-like" responses (such as pericardial or ocular edema) nor "not cadmium-like responses" (tail or yolk sac malformations) \[[@CR36]\] under our experimental conditions. Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}a shows the normally developing embryos in the QD suspension, MCS-QD-containing medium, and control medium. The teratogenic effects of QDs were only evident after exposure for 7 days (data not shown). Because there was no mortality at a concentration of 2 μM QDs (45 μM Cd) in any of the three replicates, this concentration was selected to profile the toxicity of the QDs.
Vtgs are lipoglycophosphoproteins and their phosphate moieties and glycosylation markedly affect their mobility in SDS-polyacrylamide gels \[[@CR43]\], so the molecular mass of the Vtgs estimated from the position of the protein on the gel differs from the theoretical molecular mass (in kDa) predicted from their amino acid sequences. Gündel et al. \[[@CR19]\] presented data that implied that Vtgs with molecular weight of 150 kDa were detected in 2DE protein spots in the 15--60 kDa region. In our previous study, we also showed that the treatment of *D. rerio* embryos with doxorubicin caused a significant reduction in the number of Vtgs with theoretical molecular weights around 150 kDa, which were identified in the SDS-PAGE gel slices in the region corresponding to 37--75 kDa \[[@CR34]\]. Based on these facts, the SDS-PAGE gel lanes (both for the unexposed *D. rerio* embryos and the embryos exposed to QDs or MCS-QDs) in the region corresponding to molecular weights of 35--75 kDa (determined with protein standards) were selected in the present study.
The exposure of whole *D. rerio* embryos to QDs for 48 h caused no marked changes in the proteins separated by SDS-PAGE relating to those of the unexposed embryos. In the MCS-QD-treated embryos, the intensity of the protein bands in the SDS-PAGE gel lanes was slightly greater than was observed for the unexposed embryos, but the numbers of protein bands were the same.
We used PMF to identify the *D. rerio* embryonic proteins for each mass spectrum, across all the samples, slices, and replicates, using a previously reported strategy for obtaining and processing thin gel slices in selected regions of the SDS-PAGE gel \[[@CR33]\]. The resulting slices did not usually correspond to protein bands and contained different amounts of the total protein, which was visible as irregular Coomassie staining within the gel regions (Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}b). Therefore, for in-gel digestion, we calculated the amount of trypsin *per* gel slice. This equation was previously established and validated using human liver microsomal proteins \[[@CR33]\] and embryonic *D. rerio* proteins after doxorubicin exposure \[[@CR34]\].
The region of 35--75 kDa in each gel lane was cut into thin slices. Twenty slices were obtained for each embryo group (the unexposed and the two treated embryo samples) and the proteins identified (Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). The average number of peptide peaks in each mass spectrum was calculated. The differences in the peak numbers were not statistically significant, so the treatment of embryos with nanoparticles or a mixture of the components used for QDs synthesis did not alter the number of peptides observed. This means that, irrespective of the embryo sample, the susceptibility of the proteins to hydrolysis was nearly identical.
In fishes, different types of Vtgs can be processed into many different types of yolk proteins and their variants. When the Vtgs accumulate in the oocyte, they are processed into several fragments (i.e., yolk proteins, YP) and then stored in the egg yolk. A single type of Vtg will almost always be detected as multiple protein bands in the ovary (oocyte) or embryo (yolk sac). *Danio rerio* embryo proteins are poorly separated by SDS-PAGE \[[@CR44]\], and we found that each gel slice contained several Vtgs. Overall, 12 Vtg fragments with MWs of 90--150 kDa were successfully identified in the unexposed embryos (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}). The majority of identified Vtgs were type I (VtgAo1), and two proteins belonged to VtgAo2. As can be seen from Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}, the cleavage products were present as multidomain variants in the YP pool \[[@CR13]\].
Exposure to QDs or MCS-QDs did not affect the total number of Vtg cleavage products relative to those from the untreated embryos. Some YPs (such as Pv) are difficult or impossible to accurately identify with a Mascot search because they contain repetitive serine residues, most of which are phosphorylated \[[@CR11],[@CR17]\]. Although Pv was not detected in any of the *D. rerio* embryonic groups (both exposed and unexposed), it was present as conjugates, ranging from full Vtg (LvH--Pv--LvL--β'--CT) to LvH--Pv (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}). The differences between the protein MWs presented in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"} and the predicted masses of vertebrate Vtgs, including the common subdomains predicted from the conserved cleavage sites \[[@CR13]\], may be attributable to the presence of various types of protein modifications during embryonic development and/or QD exposure. VtgC was not observed at all, perhaps because it occurs at very low levels in *D. rerio* or because the short gradient (nearly 9 cm) of the SDS-PAGE gel allowed only poor separation. As can be seen from Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}, six Vtgs identified as full VtgAo1 had approximately similar MWs (149.3 ± 0.3 kDa). To identify the similarities between the detected VtgAo1 homologues (Q1LWN2, F1Q7L0, E9QFD8, F1R2S5, F1QV15, and F1R2T3; Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}), we constructed a multiple-sequence alignment of these proteins with the UniProt tool. The average sequence identity was 86.4% (data not shown). The greatest similarity was observed between F1Q7L0 (149254 Da), Q1LWN2 (149140 Da), and E9QFD8 (149258 Da), with 93.2% identity. The second group (94.7% identity) included F1R2S5 (149280 Da) and F1QV15 (149920 Da). The third was formed by a single VtgAo1 with MW 148896 Da (F1R2T3).
In this study, the strategy based on cutting SDS-PAGE gel lanes into thin slices and subsequent slice-by-slice MALDI-TOF PMF identification allowed the mass spectrometric information for each protein to be increased by observing each protein across several (4--16) adjacent slices. The one-dimensional protein profiles provided information about the relative abundance of each of Vtg present in all the groups of *D. rerio* studied.
For example, comparison of the VtgAo2 profiles with MW 93213 Da (F1R876) from the control embryos and QD- and MCS-QD-treated embryos indicated diminished levels of VtgAo2 in *D. rerio* treated with QDs (Figure [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}, line 2). Similar profiles could be created for other Vtgs, including Q1MTC4, Q1MTC6, F1R2T3, and F1QV15. For instance, VtgAo1 Q1MTC6 (MW 147084 Da) was detected in 19 slices from unexposed embryos but in eight slices after the QD treatment, demonstrating that the content of this Vtg also decreased after the embryos were exposed to QDs (data not shown). After the embryos were treated with MCS-QDs, VtgAo1 (Q1MTC6) was identified in 18 slices, which was almost equivalent to the number in the control embryos. Moreover, MCS-QD exposure did not affect the distribution *per* slice of almost any Vtg cleavage product.
Vtg has been proposed as a biomarker of exposure to estrogenic chemicals in the environment or waste waters because these chemicals induce Vtg synthesis in male fish \[[@CR45]-[@CR47]\]. However, few studies have tested whether Vtg levels are reduced in response to xenobiotic exposure. Kim et al. \[[@CR48]\] demonstrated the down-regulated expression of Vtgs in *Daphnia magna* after exposure to CdSe/ZnSe QDs with a surface coating of 3-mercaptopropionic acid exposure. They reported a dose-dependent reduction in Vtg expression caused by cadmium \[[@CR49]\]. iTRAQ-based toxicoproteomic studies in fathead minnows exposed to the anabolic steroid trenbolone showed that the abundance of Vtg Q9W6I2_PIMPR was dose-dependently reduced relative to that in the control embryos \[[@CR50]\]. The decline in Vtg content observed in the *D. rerio* embryos in response to QDs in the present study is consistent with the data from other authors \[[@CR48]-[@CR50]\].
The analysis of MALDI-TOF mass spectra showed that they differed between the QD-treated and untreated embryos (Figure [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}B and Additional file [2](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"}: Figure S2). The comparison of these spectra allowed us to identify three tryptic peptides with the sequences AATL***K***DTEAIWAQFK, EP***K***LVQPVALQLVLER, and FE***K***QVILNGQESK in the QD-treated embryos that were absent in the control embryos. Instead of these peptides, the mass spectra of VtgAo2 F1R876 in the untreated embryos contained tryptic peptides with the sequences DTEAIWAQFK, LVQPVALQLVLER, and QVILNGQESK, respectively. As can be seen, all the peptides of Vtg-derived YP F1R876 in the QD-treated *D. rerio* embryos contained missing cleavage sites in their peptide mass fingerprints at lysine residues (***K***). Recently, a remarkable difference was identified in the MALDI mass spectra generated from drug-treated and control mammalian cells, with the emergence of toxin-related MS peaks \[[@CR51]\]. The authors suggested using MALDI mass spectra for the rapid differentiation of apoptotic cells from living or necrotic cells. Nearly 30 matching *m/z* values were identified in the mass spectra of embryos after exposure to MCS-QDs, and 23 masses were identical to the control *m/z* values. As in the QD-treated embryos, the PMF spectra of VtgAo2 F1R876 contained some masses (e.g., 1657.7701, 1111.4908, and so on; Figure [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}B3) that were only present in the spectrum after exposure to MCS-QDs.
Therefore, despite the absence of teratological effects and the fact that the number of Vtg cleavage products remained the same after exposure to QDs, the changes in the Vtg abundances after the treatment of *D. rerio* embryos with CdSe~core~/ZnS~shell~ QDs may indicate the toxicity of these nanoparticles.
The widely used strategy of finding candidate proteins associated with a toxic response is based on the spot-to-spot analysis of 2DE gels, followed by the identification of the proteins that are differentially expressed \[[@CR19],[@CR52]\]. For example, when Gündel et al. \[[@CR19]\] analyzed the spots on 2DE gels, they identified the same Vtg cleavage products in both ethanol-exposed (for 48 h) and control *D. rerio* embryos. The toxic effect of ethanol exposure manifested as changes in the intensities of certain protein spots on the 2DE gels after ethanol treatment.
A comparison of our results with those obtained with 2DE protein separation showed that 2DE offered no advantage in separating high-abundance embryo proteins, such as Vtgs. For example, Lucitt et al. \[[@CR5]\] identified one protein in several protein spots on a 2DE gel. Ponnudurai et al. \[[@CR52]\] identified VtgI (VtgAo1) Q504J4 (MW 36409) in three different spots. Multiple proteins can also be identified in single spots \[[@CR5]\]. When analyzing the *D. rerio* embryo proteome at 72 *hpf* with 2DE--liquid chromatography--MS/MS and 2DE--MALDI--TOF/TOF, Lucitt et al. identified 10 proteins with different MWs (22--290 kDa) and different pIs (e.g., 5.49 for fast skeletal myosin heavy chain 3 and 8.96 for the 79-kDa protein) in one spot (no. 1167) \[[@CR5]\]. Six different Vtg cleavage products were detected among these proteins. Multiple proteins were identified in numerous spots on the 2DE gel (see Supporting Information in Lucitt et al. \[[@CR5]\]).
It is noteworthy that one-dimensional proteomic profiling provided greater sequence coverage of high-molecular-weight Vtgs than 2DE. For example, using 2DE separation, Lucitt et al. \[[@CR5]\] found that the sequence coverage for VtgAo1 with MW 149452 was only 13%. The separation of *D. rerio* proteins by SDS-PAGE, cutting the gel lanes into thin slices, and compiling the MS data from neighboring slices increased the sequence coverage of VtgAo2 to 40% in the control embryos. For VtgAo1 with MW 149140 (Q1LWN2), the sequence coverage was 30 ± 3%, whereas collecting the MS data from neighboring slices increased it to 42%. On average, our strategy increased the sequence coverage by 13 ± 7% (mean ± SD, n = 9), depending on the embryo sample. These results are consistent with our earlier data for human liver membrane proteins obtained with MALDI-TOF MS, where the increase in sequence coverage for the microsomal proteins was about 12% \[[@CR32],[@CR33]\].
As well as detecting Vtg cleavage products, SDS-PAGE thin slicing and MALDI-TOF MS analysis allowed the identification of 25, 35, and 21 other proteins in the control, QDs-treated, and MCS-QDs-treated embryos, respectively. Some of the QD-responsive proteins have functions relating to cell death, including a ubiquitin-domain-containing protein (Q6DG43) and a ubiquitin thioesterase, OTU1 (Q567B1) \[[@CR53]\]. For example, slice no. 9 of the QD-treated embryos contained OTU1 (Q6DG43), whereas Q6DG43 was not found among the eight proteins identified in slice no. 9 of the control.
Therefore, changes in the Vtg profile may reflect changes in the entire embryonic proteome in response to exposure to toxic substances, and the Vtg profile alone can be used to estimate the toxicity of different compounds. Our study confirms the view of Gagnaire et al. \[[@CR54]\] that SDS-PAGE can determine the presence of aberrant forms of Vtg-like proteins, which can be used as general stress indicators.
Conclusion {#Sec8}
==========
SDS-PAGE is usually the preferred method of reducing the complexity of any biological sample and separating the constituent proteins, including both soluble and insoluble proteins. This study presents a strategy based on cutting SDS-PAGE gel lanes into thin slices, with subsequent slice-by-slice MALDI-TOF PMF identification, to obtain detailed information on the Vtg cleavage products from *D. rerio* embryos. Up to 100 μg of total embryonic protein is used in this technique, which is sufficient for a reproducible analysis of Vtgs, and requires no further purification. Three different types of *D. rerio* embryos were investigated and found to yield unique reproducible MALDI-MS patterns, which distinguished QD-treated embryos from untreated embryos and from embryos exposed to MCS-QDs. We conclude that MALDI-TOF MS Vtg profiles generated in the way described here can be used to estimate nanoparticle toxicity.
Methods {#Sec9}
=======
QDs and their characteristics {#Sec10}
-----------------------------
The CdSe~core~/ZnS~shell~ DHLA QDs used for the proteomic analysis of *D. rerio* proteins were produced by the Research Institute for Applied Acoustics (Dubna, Moscow, Russia, [http://nanotech-dubna.ru](http://nanotech-dubna.ru/)). The QDs were used as a water suspension and analyzed at room temperature. Dynamic light scattering measurements were made with a Nicomp™ 380 ZLC zeta potential and particle size analyzer (Particle Sizing Systems, USA). The absorption spectra were measured with an Agilent/HP 8453 UV--visible spectrophotometer. Fluorescence intensity studies (**λ**~**ex**~ = 312 nm) were performed with a Perkin-Elmer LS-55 fluorescence spectrometer (Maryland, USA). The comparison mixture (MCS-QDs) contained cadmium stearate (45 μM Cd^2+^), zinc acetate (8.1 μM), elemental sulfur (8.1 μM), trioctylphosphine (40.5 μM), and selenium (38.7 μM).
Experimental organism {#Sec11}
---------------------
Wild-type *Brachydanio* (*Danio*) *rerio* embryos were used in this study. The embryo bioassays were carried out according to the OECD Guideline for testing chemicals (<http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/39/59/36817070.pdf>). Adult fish aged 6--12 months were purchased from a local pet shop and used to produce the embryos. The fish (males and females in a 1:2 ratio) were kept in a tank at 26 ± 1°C, under 14 hours of daylight, with water filtration and aeration. A net with a maximum mesh size of 2 mm was put onto the aquarium bottom to prevent the fish from eating their eggs. The embryos were transferred to a Petri dish with reconstituted water 3--4 hours after spawning and analyzed with a Leica EZ 4D stereomicroscope (Germany). The embryos were exposed to aqueous suspensions of QDs or MCS-QDs at 3--5 *hpf* and maintained in these solutions at 26 ± 1°C until 52 *hpf*, at a maximum. The test QD and MCS-QD suspensions were prepared in the wells of 24-well plastic microtiter plates (2 mL of suspension *per* well). The selected embryos were then placed into the wells (1 embryo *per* well). The control embryos were placed into QD- and MCS-QD-free embryo medium (aerated and reconstituted water containing 222 mg/L CaCl~2~, 65 mg/L NaHCO~3~, 60 mg/L MgSO~4~, and 6 mg/L KCl) and grown in the microtiter plates in a separate incubator. We examined 29 unexposed embryos, 34 embryos exposed to QDs, and 29 embryos exposed to MCS-QDs. The QDs were added to the embryos at a concentration of 2 μM (0.045 mM Cd). After exposure, all the embryos were analyzed under a Leica EZ 4D stereomicroscope.
Dechorionation and homogenization {#Sec12}
---------------------------------
Before the embryo homogenate was prepared for SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF MS, the chorion and yolk sac were removed by chemical digestion with pronase (2 mg/ml) for 15--30 minutes at 37°C, and then suspended in a solution containing 55 mM NaCl, 1.8 mM KCl, and 1.25 mM NaHCO~3~ (50 embryos/100 μL, as described previously) \[[@CR4]\]. The samples were suspended in 100 mM K-phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM dithiothreitol, and 20% glycerol (v/v) at 50 embryos *per* 62.5 μL of buffer. The embryo homogenate was prepared by ultrasonication of the suspension at 4°C with the program for the ultrasonic BANDELIN Sonopuls HD 2070 instrument: 2 cycles of 50 s with a 5 s interval (i.e., 20 active seconds). The ultrasonicated homogenate was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 40 s using a Hettich Mikro 12-24 centrifuge and the supernatant was used for SDS-PAGE \[[@CR34]\].
SDS-PAGE, gel slicing, and in-gel digestion {#Sec13}
-------------------------------------------
The Mini-Protean® III System (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Russian Federation) was used for the SDS-PAGE separation of the *D. rerio* embryo proteins, according to the manufacturer's instructions. The supernatant of the homogenate (above) was mixed with three volumes of sample buffer (0.5 M Tris-HCl \[pH 6.8\], 2% SDS, 10% glycerol, 5% 2-mercaptoethanol, 0.5% bromophenol blue) and incubated at 95°C for 4 min. Electrophoretic separation was performed in 12.5% polyacrylamide gels (9 cm) using the method of Laemmli \[[@CR55]\]. Equal amounts of protein (an aliquot of ultrasonicated homogenate containing four embryos) from unexposed embryos or embryo that had been exposed to QDs or MCS-QDs were loaded into three parallel gel lanes. After the proteins were separated according to their mass, the gels were stained with 0.1% Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250, as described previously \[[@CR40]\]. The gel were scanned and a densitometric analysis was performed with the Quantity One® software (version 4.6.1) (Bio-Rad, UK). After separation, a 10 mm region of each gel lane corresponding to molecular weights of 37--75 kDa (a prestained molecular mass marker was used to estimate the position of this region) was cut sequentially into thin slices (about 0.2 mm), as described by Petushkova et al. \[[@CR33]\]. In brief, each of the 20 slices was divided into three equal fragments (piece sizes, 0.5 × 0.8 × 2 mm^3^). The middle piece of each slice was sampled, washed three times with water to remove the dye, and incubated in destaining buffer (50% acetonitrile \[v/v\] in 100 mM ammonium bicarbonate \[pH 8.9\]) for 20 min at 56°C. After dehydration with 100% acetonitrile for 20 min, the slices were subjected to in-gel proteolysis with trypsin \[56\]. For this purpose, 6.3 ± 2.0 μL of trypsin solution (25 ng/μL modified trypsin in 50 mM bicarbonate ammonium) was added to each piece of gel, depending on its relative staining \[[@CR33]\], and the mixture was incubated overnight at 37°C. Then 15 μl of 0.7% trifluoroacetic acid was added to each gel piece and the samples were incubated for 2 h at room temperature. The mixture of proteolytic peptides from the gel piece was used for MS analysis.
MALDI-TOF PMF {#Sec14}
-------------
The extracted tryptic peptides obtained from the slice fragments (1 μL) were spotted onto a MALDI target (MTP 600/384 Anchor Chip™; Bruker Daltonics, Germany), mixed with 1 μl of matrix solution (20 mg/ml 2,5-dehydrobenzoic acid in 20% acetonitrile and 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid), and air dried. Three replicates of each sample were placed on the MALDI target. The MS analysis was performed in the reflection/delayed extraction mode at an accelerating voltage of 25 kV with a 135 ns delay, using an Ultraflex II mass spectrometer (Bruker Daltonics). Typically, each mass spectrum was the sum of 100 laser shots. From each target spot, 4--6 mass spectra were acquired. Laser fluency was adjusted to above the desorption threshold of the matrix to obtain the best resolution and the most accurate mass measurements. Signals with a signal/noise ratio \> 6 and a maximum of 69 ± 12 peaks *per* spectrum were used to build peak lists with the SNAP algorithm (FlexAnalysis 2.0, Bruker Daltonics), and the resulting mass spectra were calibrated with trypsin autolysis products (*m/z* 842.5094 Da and 2211.1046 Da).
Data interpretation {#Sec15}
-------------------
The resulting peak lists were used to search the UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot database (<ftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/uniprot/current_release/knowledgebase/complete/>). Identification by PMF was performed with the Mascot search engine and the following parameters: (1) trypsin cleavage, allowing up to one missed cleavage; (2) variable modification, including propionamide (C), oxidation (M) and oxidation (HW); (3) mass tolerance, 90 ppm; and (4) the Danre_proteome as the source database for protein identification. Protein scores greater than 59 were considered significant.
The data were analyzed statistically with Student's *t* test in Microsoft Excel 2010. The differences between means were considered significant at p \< 0.05.
Additional files {#Sec16}
================
Additional file 1: Figure S1.Assessment of the CdSe/ZnS--DHLA QD sizes and their optical properties. a) A schematic image; b) Dynamic light scattering measurements of the distribution of particle sizes. To determine the size distribution, a concentrated nanoparticle suspension was diluted with water (0.1 mM) and analyzed at room temperature: *d* \~9.5 nm, 0.045 mM Cd^2+^. C) Absorption spectrum in H~2~O; d) Fluorescence emission spectrum in H~2~O (λ~ex~ 312 nm). DHLA (dihydrolipoic acid).Additional file 2: Figure S2.VtgAo2 F1R876 identified with MALDI-TOF MS differed in the SDS-PAGE slices from QD-treated and untreated *D. rerio* embryos. Labeled peaks (\*) were only observed in the mass spectra of the treated embryos.
QDs
: Quantum dots
DHLA
: Dihydrolipoic acid
Vtg
: Vitellogenin
Vtgs
: Vitellogenin cleavage products
SDS-PAGE
: Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
MALDI-TOF
: Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
MS
: Mass spectrometry
PMF
: Peptide mass fingerprinting
*hpf*
: Hours post-fertilization
*dpf*
: Days post-fertilization
1D-proteomic profile
: One-dimensional proteomic profile
2DE
: Two-dimensional electrophoresis
MCS-QDs
: A mixture comprising components for quantum dots synthesis
ISO
: International Organization for Standardization
OECD
: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
US EPA
: United States Environmental Protection Agency
YP
: Yolk protein
LvH
: A heavy chain lipovitellin
Pv
: A phosvitin
LvL
: A light chain lipovitellin
β
: The beta component
CT
: C-terminal coding region
iTRAQ
: isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification
**Competing interests**
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
**Authors' contributions**
NAP contributed to experimental design, data analysis, and wrote the manuscript; GPK carried out dechorionation and homogenization; OVL performed SDS-PAGE slicing, in-gel digestion and analysis of MALDI-TOF mass spectra; YSK and NFS performed SDS-PAGE, staining and densitometry; OPT performed mass spectrometry experiments; KVZ carried out a majority of embryo treatments; YVM and IIK contributed equally to this work; OMI carried out the nanoparticles synthesis, analysis composition and imaging; AVL contributed to project conception, editing and critique the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
**Authors' information**
NAP, the corresponding author, is a biochemist serving as a leading research scientist in the Laboratory of microsomal oxidation and member of the Safety of nanomaterials program at Department for Nanomedicines, Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry.
This work was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation under the project "Development of Methodology for Assessing the Safety of Nanomaterials for Heredity» no. 01.648.12.3004 of 25.09.2008, under the State Contract no. 16.740.11.0012 of 01.09.2010. Mass spectrometric measurements were supported by grant of Russian Scientific Foundation no. 14-25-00132. The authors would like to thank Dr. Alexey Chernobrovkin for technical assistance.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
|
In some of his most direct comments with regard to the Afghan peace talks, President Trump has confirmed accelerating peace talks in Afghanistan, saying that “great nations do not fight endless wars.”
Trump confirmed that 17 years into this war, it is now possible to “pursue a possible political solution.” Though he admitted there was no guarantee of success, he did say that “the hour has come to at least try for peace.”
This has been opposed by the US Senate, where the McConnell Amendment expressed opposition to any US withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan. The resolution also wants troops to stay in Syria, though in both cases it is ultimately non-binding.
Negotiations with the Taliban have been ongoing for months, and reports are that a basic framework is all but in place. This would involve the US leaving Afghanistan, and the Taliban keeping al-Qaeda and ISIS out.
Finalizing the deal is going to require some specific details to be worked out, but it really does seem that such a deal is more attainable now that at any time in years. President Trump’s commitment to “at least try” is much deeper than what most officials have offered during this war.
Author: Jason Ditz Jason Ditz is news editor of Antiwar.com. View all posts by Jason Ditz
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Little Fugitive (1966 film)
Little Fugitive () is a 1966 Soviet adventure film directed by Eduard Bocharov and Teinosuke Kinugasa.
Plot
The film tells about a little street musician named Ken, who meets a clown whose father is being treated in the USSR. Upon learning of this, Ken sets off to look for him...
Cast
Chiharu Inayoshi as Ken Kawama as a boy
Michiyo Yasuda as Michiko Sakuma
Hiroyuki Ôta as Ken Kawama as a man
Machiko Kyô as Yayoi Yamamura
Yuri Nikulin as Clown Nikulin
Jûkichi Uno as Nobuyuki Noda
Eiji Funakoshi as Japanese man in Moscow
Ken Utsui as Teacher Tabata
Tatyana Ainyukova
Eduard Bredun
Vladimir Bykov
Stanislav Chekan
Viktor Chekmaryov
Jun Fujimaki
Nikolay Grabbe
Yûzô Hayakawa
Makiko Ishimaru
Yoshirô Kitahara
Reiji Kurihara
Hiroko Machida
Inna Makarova
Tatyana Nikulina
Ivan Ryzhov
Yuriy Sarantsev
Mikhail Shujdin
Nikolay Smorchkov
Lyubov Sokolova
Taiji Tonoyama
Mikiko Tsubouchi
Vladimir Yemelyanov
References
External links
Category:1966 films
Category:Russian-language films
Category:Japanese-language films
Category:Soviet adventure films
Category:Soviet films
Category:Japanese adventure films
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Is it hard to set up?
Don't have a VR headset yet?
No worries, we've got you covered.
This InsiteVR care package will help you get started with virtual reality.
We'll send you an InsiteVR cardboard VR headset, along with some instructions and InsiteVR goodies.
Public Gallery - Please Explore
Are you a casual Google Cardboard user? No worries, so are we. Come explore some of the awesome VR-enabled models our members are uploading.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
This invention relates generally to electric motors and, more particularly, to methods and apparatus for reducing vibration in a rotor assembly for electric motors.
Electric motors are used in countless varieties and applications worldwide. Typically, the rotational force and torque generated within the motor is delivered by a rotor shaft. The torque generated is the product of current applied to the motor and an electromagnetic field maintained in a stator. When a rotor generated magnetic field enters a stator generated magnetic field the rotor tends to speed up, and when the rotor magnetic field leaves the stator magnetic field the rotor tends to slow down. The torque produced is therefore non-uniform, and known to those in the art as torque ripple or cogging. Torque ripple produces objectionable noise and vibration at the motor shaft in some applications.
One example of such an application occurs when a motor drives a fan. Imbalances in the fan, combined with torque ripple, produce vibrations which are transmitted to the motor and fan mounting. These vibrations produce undesirable noise. Continued exposure over time to such vibrations loosens motor and fan assemblies, and ultimately failure of the motor. Damping systems are typically employed to minimize the effects of the vibrational energy induced into the motor and fan system.
A motor that includes a laminated rotor mounting assembly facilitates reducing or eliminating torque ripple and vibrations produced in a rotor core is described. The motor includes a stator assembly and a rotor assembly within a housing. The rotor assembly includes a rotor shaft, a plurality of magnetic elements and a rotor mounting assembly therebetween. The rotor mounting assembly includes a pair of resilient rings and a laminated spacer. Each resilient ring includes an inner metal insert and a resilient insert. In the exemplary embodiment the resilient ring includes a laminated outer annular ring which attaches to the laminated spacer. In another embodiment the laminated spacer circumferentially encloses the resilient ring. The inner metal insert attaches to the rotor shaft and the magnetic elements attach to the outer cylindrical surface of the spacer.
During operation, the rotor assembly rotates to align with a magnetic field generated within the stator assembly. The non-uniform magnetic fields generate torque ripple in the rotor core. The resilient inserts of the rotor mounting assembly damp vibrations and noise that may be generated as a result of such torque ripple. Reductions in torque ripple reduce vibrations and noise of the motor. As a result, more complex and expensive damping systems may be eliminated. The laminated outer annular ring and laminated spacer provide a reliable and cost-effective interface between the resilient inserts and the plurality of magnetic elements.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Figures on trade are first in General Election run-up
Figures due on Tuesday are expected to show that Britain still has a severe trade deficit. They will be the first in a string of economic announcements over the coming month that could prove flashpoints in the General Election campaign.
Inflation, unemployment and retail sales data will also be released in the coming weeks and the string of figures will climax on April 23 with the first estimate for economic growth, or lack of it, during the first three months of this year.
This week's trade figures for February may show a slight improvement, but they come after months of worsening trade, with imports massively outweighing exports.
Stagnant: The weaker pound has failed to boost UK exports
Britain's deficit with the rest of the world was £3.8 billion in January, against £2.6 billion in December and £2.5 billion in January 2009.
More...
Neither the weaker pound nor the depressed state of consumer demand has so far helped boost exports or dampened Britain's appetite for imports. Independent consultancy Capital Economics said there were two reasons why the decline in sterling's value had failed to boost exports.
'The first is that over half our exports still go to Europe, yet the recovery there seems to be flagging,' it said. 'In contrast, growth remains strongest in Asia, yet exports there accounted for just 11 per cent of the total in 2008.'
It said the second reason was that some exporters had been pocketing the gains of sterling's decline by putting up their foreign currency prices rather than using the cheaper pound to build up their share of overseas markets.
Other possible flashpoints in the April economic calendar include:
Inflation figures, due April 20. The latest Consumer Prices Index showed the cost of living at three per cent, sharply down on the 3.5 per cent for the year to January. Another fall would be good for Labour. A rise would suggest unseen horrors lurking in the system.
Unemployment and latest earnings figures, due on April 21. In February, the claimant count measure of joblessness was down by 32,300 on January at 1.59 million. The measure is a little unpredictable and a small movement either way in March is unlikely to make big news. More worrying for Labour may be figures for average earnings - the most recent figures showed public sector pay rises soaring ahead of the private sector.
The first estimate for GDP in the first quarter of this year. After falling for six quarters, GDP rose by 0.4 per cent in the last quarter of 2009. Expectations are for something similar in the first quarter of this year. But a smaller-than-expected rise, or even a fall, would stoke fears of a double-dip recession.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
Are all apps localized to, say, Serbian by default?
My app is in the App Store and I had pulled it up so I can share the link with someone. I looked at the languages and saw something really strange.
The app was listed as localized for several languages which I didn't use. I don't even know what half of those languages sound like.
Is this a problem with iTunes, or is it more likely with my App submission?
Here's a screenshot:
Edit - iTunes Connect seems to read the same info from the binary:
A:
Check your *-Info.plist file for suspicious lines. If nothing found, check your files for localization (in the File Inspector Pane).
Another possible reason would be the inclusion of a framework/resource (which is a bundle), that supports other languages. Check your built project for .lproj directories recursively with this command:
find /AppDirectory.app/ -type d -iname *.lproj
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Primary lung epithelioid hemangio-endothelioma with multiple bilateral metachronous localizations: case report and review.
The authors report a case of primary epithelioid (EH) in a 73-year-old female.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
ACC Videos
Pitt senior receiver Devin Street does his best to remain grounded through the ups and downs.
He usually speaks in reasoned tones, trying not to make too much of his team's 3-1 record or the problems that have surfaced along the way.
But Street's eyes light up and he loves the topic when reporters ask him about the Virginia Tech defensive secondary Pitt will confront Saturday at Lane Stadium in Blacksburg, Va.
“A lot of one-on-ones,” said Street, who is second in the ACC in receiving (111.2 ypg). “We thrive in that. That's what we are looking forward to.
“We are going to have to win one-on-ones.”
Street and his running mate at wide receiver, freshman Tyler Boyd, have captured the attention of ACC coaches, but there is one disclaimer: None of Pitt's three victims (New Mexico, Duke and Virginia) has defeated a team from a BCS power conference.
Virginia Tech is 5-1 and ranked No. 24.
“This will be a true test to see where we're at,” Street said.
A victory in front of an expected sellout crowd of 65,632 at Lane Stadium — named by the NCAA as one of the five loudest venues in college football — would give Pitt a better conference record than all but three ACC teams (Clemson, Florida State and Miami).
“This is a good game to make our place in the ACC, and show them that we're here,” quarterback Tom Savage said.
Pitt practiced with recorded crowd noise this week, but it was nothing like the real thing. When Virginia Tech players run onto the field before games, Metallica's “Enter Sandman” roars through the loudspeakers.
Former Thomas Jefferson player Chris Drager, who played at Virginia Tech, said he “got goosebumps” when he first ran onto the field at Lane Stadium.
Savage said a silent count has been installed, but he welcomes the challenge the crowd presents.
“It should be every quarterback's dream,” he said. “I love going in away stadiums and playing and having everyone cheering against you. It's a unique experience ... especially because you are out there by yourself. You don't have your whole fan base with you.”
Nonetheless, it can be disturbing for opposing teams. The Panthers are 1-4 at Lane and haven't played there since their only victory in 2002.
Street said he will advise younger players to “stay calm, don't let it rattle you. Play your game, have fun. That's what you signed up for. Once you settle down, you barely hear the noise anymore.”
TribLive commenting policy
You are solely responsible for your comments and by using TribLive.com you agree to our Terms of Service.
We moderate comments. Our goal is to provide substantive commentary for a general readership. By screening submissions, we provide a space where readers can share intelligent and informed commentary that enhances the quality of our news and information.
While most comments will be posted if they are on-topic and not abusive, moderating decisions are subjective. We will make them as carefully and consistently as we can. Because of the volume of reader comments, we cannot review individual moderation decisions with readers.
We value thoughtful comments representing a range of views that make their point quickly and politely. We make an effort to protect discussions from repeated comments either by the same reader or different readers.
We follow the same standards for taste as the daily newspaper. A few things we won't tolerate: personal attacks, obscenity, vulgarity, profanity (including expletives and letters followed by dashes), commercial promotion, impersonations, incoherence, proselytizing and SHOUTING. Don't include URLs to Web sites.
We do not edit comments. They are either approved or deleted. We reserve the right to edit a comment that is quoted or excerpted in an article. In this case, we may fix spelling and punctuation.
We welcome strong opinions and criticism of our work, but we don't want comments to become bogged down with discussions of our policies and we will moderate accordingly.
We appreciate it when readers and people quoted in articles or blog posts point out errors of fact or emphasis and will investigate all assertions. But these suggestions should be sent via e-mail. To avoid distracting other readers, we won't publish comments that suggest a correction. Instead, corrections will be made in a blog post or in an article.
Print Source
Welcome to PrintSource, a division of Trib Total Media.
We have established a veteran team that provides daily and weekly newspaper companies with a comprehensive set of services that include design, print, packaging and delivery of their products, all from one source and location.
Gone are the days when each facet of newspaper printing and delivery had to be outsourced to different companies and venues. Now, PrintSource provides a viable solution with just one phone call.
Digital Sales
We offer a wide variety of traditional and new digital advertising options customized to fit your needs!
Whether you're just starting out, or you've been a keystone in the community for years, our knowledgeable staff can provide you with a customized package including online banners/advertisements, Social Media Marketing (Facebook / Twitter), Website development, Search Engine Optimization, Email Marketing solutions and much more!
Contact your local sales rep today for details, personalized proposal and a meeting to discuss how we can meet your needs.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
“The PA Medicinal Cannabis Education Tour seeks to rectify the current lack of education on medicinal cannabis by providing current, reliable information on medicinal marijuana and its uses,” reads the press release. The events come at an opportune time: Pennsylvania recently announced qualifying permit applications for growers and dispensaries. As the state moves forward with their plan to fully implement a medical cannabis program by 2018, those looking to learn more about the regulations can attend these talks throughout the state.
The PA Medicinal Cannabis Education Tour will make stops in six cities, one for each of the regions set by the Department of Health: Tuesday, July 25th in Philadelphia; Wednesday, July 26th in Allentown; Tuesday, August 1st in Pittsburgh; Wednesday, August 2nd in Erie; Tuesday, September 26th in Harrisburg and Wednesday, September 27th in State College. The educational content is developed by the Lambert Center at Thomas Jefferson, the only such program dedicated to cannabinoid therapy. “These programs will educate healthcare professionals on the basic science underlying the pharmacologic and therapeutic options associated with medical cannabis in patient care, clinical insights on the use of medicinal cannabis, and provide information on legislative measures of Pennsylvania state law on the use, recommendation and dispensing of medical marijuana for medical conditions,” reads the press release.
Charles V. Pollack, Jr., MD, director of the Lambert Center
Last year, The Lambert Center hosted an accredited CME course as part of Greenhouse Ventures’ industry conference, Innovation in the Cannabis Industry: Future Outlook. “The Lambert Center for the Study of Medicinal Cannabis and Hemp at Thomas Jefferson University is proud to support and participate in the PA Medicinal Cannabis Education Tour,” says Charles V. Pollack, Jr., MD, director of the Lambert Center. “The Lambert Center is the only comprehensive academic resource for education, research, and practice for the therapeutic use of cannabinoids to be based in a US health sciences university. We view the PA Tour as an essential education piece to prepare Pennsylvania doctors and assist in a smooth rollout of Pennsylvania’s Medical Cannabis industry.”
Sara Jane Ward, PhD, is an assistant professor at the Center for Substance Abuse and Research at the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University and one of the course instructors on the education tour. She says a large part of the event series is to settle old misconceptions about cannabis. “There are a lot of misconceptions and misunderstandings on cannabis as a medicine in the medical community, because historically medical students are not taught about cannabis and the endocannabinoid system,” says Ward. “I’m looking forward to working with Greenhouse Ventures and The Lambert Center for the Study of Medicinal Cannabis and Hemp, to educate healthcare professionals across Pennsylvania on the health benefits of cannabis.”
“A common setback for states that are implementing medical cannabis regulations is the lack of interest and sign ups from doctors and patients,” says Kevin Provost, executive officer of Greenhouse Ventures. “With reputable medical institutions like Thomas Jefferson University providing entry level education on medicinal cannabis and the endocannabinoid system, hopefully healthcare professionals across the state will realize this is real medicine, that can bring significant medical benefits to thousands of patients, and that now is the time for them to learn, before the industry is open in Pennsylvania.”
The first event in the educational series will be in Center City, Philadelphia on Tuesday, July 25th in the Bluemle Life Sciences Building at Thomas Jefferson University.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
HADLEY, Mass. (WWLP) – Purchasing pepper spray is both easy and affordable. It’s an investment you hope you will never have to use. Whether you like to jog in your neighborhood or hike in the woods, pepper spray can provide an extra element of safety.
You used to need a firearms identification card to purchase and carry pepper spray. In 2014, that changed. Now, it’s available at most sporting goods stores and gun shops.
At Sam’s Outdoor Outfitters in Hadley, they sell a variety of pepper spray products made by a company called Mace. One wards off dog attacks, some are marketed toward women, others target joggers. A gel mace can stick to someone’s face and hunters can use certain varieties to ward off bear attacks.
Using pepper spray is easy. Keep it handy, flip the safety top, grip it firm, point and press. The active ingredient is capsaicin. It comes from chili peppers. It causes a burning sensation that should disorient your attacker.
“If it’s a windy day, pepper spray can be blown back upon you. If you are indoors, even though it’s not windy you are in a confined area. Pepper spray will affect you also,” said Chris Murray, the Assistant Manager of Sam’s Outdoor Outfitters.
While Pepper Spray is legal under state law, UMass Amherst and other local colleges still classify it as a weapon. It’s banned from campus.
“If I was in a situation where I didn’t feel comfortable, I’d want to have pepper spray or something else to protect myself,” said Rosemary Priest, who was visiting UMass Amherst from North Carolina.
UMass, Smith, Mt. Holyoke, Amherst and Hampshire College told 22News pepper spray is not allowed. Check with you airline to see if it’s allowed in your luggage.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Internet/download Speed Problems
Contents
Fast internet and torrent download speeds, but slow browser download speeds Tom's Hardware Around the World Tom's Hardware Around the World Denmark Norway Finland Russia France Turkey Germany UK Italy USA Reply Oron J January 17, 2014 at 3:03 pm If the ethernet light on your router has stopped shining, there's a problem in wired connection between the router and the modem. I tried giving a direct connection from modem to desktop, the wired connection worked well. pls help TT pazsionFeb 12, 2012, 12:02 PM use ccleaner to clear cookies and temp files.disable adapter for 15 seconds, with wire unplugged. get redirected here
Can't find your answer ? I am a new customer moving to a CenturyLink service area. my computer is new and fast. But we recently changed the place of our wifi and did a DIY windsurfer from youtube tutorials cantenna is also effective but my mom preferred the windsurfer and it did a http://www.speedtest.net/articles/why-your-internet-is-slow-2/
How To Fix Slow Internet
You can use applications which scan for networks and show you on which channels they’re running on. Customer Info Close Window Sorry, we don't recognize the information you provided. Get the light ones done when you're on your slow connection, and group all the bandwidth-heavy tasks together so you can do them if and when you get faster access (and However, if you’re in the same situation as I am, with up to 10 WiFi networks at a time, finding a channel can be difficult.
Switch WiFi Channel Next, make sure your router is using a WiFi channel that is unoccupied by nearby routers from neighbors. Remember: don't just assume they've done something wrong, and treat your customer service representative with respect. We are working to restore service. Why Is The Internet So Slow Today Once I switch to Wi Fi only, it only gets around 25 to 26 mbps.
Still, for anyone who has lived in an area where their only broadband options are slow DSL or satellite, it’s clear that sometimes, your broadband Internet is slow because you live Why Is My Internet So Slow All Of A Sudden Du kannst diese Einstellung unten ändern. Lots can happen, so if you've ruled everything else you should call your ISP. http://lifehacker.com/top-10-ways-to-deal-with-a-slow-internet-connection-514138634 Because otherwise you might have some strange issue with your Ethernet.
Why Is My Internet So Slow All Of A Sudden
Wird geladen... get redirected here Articles & News Forum Graphics & Displays CPU Components Motherboards Games Storage Overclocking Tutorials All categories Chart For IT Pros Get IT Center Brands Tutorials Other sites Tom's Guide Tom's IT How To Fix Slow Internet make-use-of-logo logo-background menu search search-start close email bookmark facebook google twitter pinterest stumbleupon whatsapp amazon youtube youtube label-rectangle triangle-long down PC & Mobile Windows Mac Linux Android iPhone and iPad Internet Why Is My Internet So Slow On My Phone If you are a torrent user, your uploads might be running the background and choking your bandwidth.A download may be occurring in the background, and you are unaware of it as
Eero vs. Get More Info Try to set "Default max. I'd like to search by my new address. Reply Wally December 29, 2013 at 3:02 pm Geeez . . . Why Is My Internet So Slow On My Iphone
When you rent a modem from them, you usually end up with crappy, used hardware. Was this helpful? If you have any reason to believe you have a virus, read Keep your computer healthy with PC diagnostic and security scans for how to check for viruses and how to remove them. useful reference Newer beam-forming technology inside modern routers mean that multiple devices can share limited capacity more efficiently from a single router.
Things like streaming video, video calls, and even gaming are good candidates for the 5GHz channel, although as more devices come on the market that can switch between the frequencies, this Why Is My Internet So Slow Telstra Contact Us Store Locator Sign In CHECK FOR DEALS AT MY HOME Shop My Account Support Customized for: CHANGE Please wait for a few moments. Facebook Twitter Pinterest Stumbleupon Whatsapp Email Advertisement One moment you’re absolutely dominating in your online game while downloading some movies (legally, of course), and the next moment you can barely load
Be sure to check on everything capable of utilizing your connection in the event a slowdown occurs.
but yes, we both would split the connection but, im talking about DL speed, so if we both dled at the same time she would get 150kbps, and i would get Your ISP might be at fault, certainly, but there are many other factors to look at before assigning blame. Oops, we're sorry We are experiencing difficulty in processing your request at this time. Internet Slow Today Wähle deine Sprache aus.
For general home network performance, check out James’s article 4 Things That Might Be Slowing Down Your Home Network 4 Things That Might Be Slowing Down Your Home Network If you A zipcode must contain five digits. It's just over a year old. this page To all those who are having problems.
Sometimes I get half the speed I pay for during certain times of the day. Melde dich an, um dieses Video zur Playlist "Später ansehen" hinzuzufügen. A few weeks ago is was about 300kbps (kbytes, not kbits) and for the last week it has dropped to about 20 kbps.. But I have no training in this stuff.
I also tried to use Internet Explorer to see if it was Mozilla that was the problem, but still 20kbps.. Under federal law, it is your right and our duty to protect your account information. Orbi: Which Is Best? 5 Things That Make Smart Wi-Fi Routers Worth Buying Smart Home 5 Things That Make Smart Wi-Fi Routers Worth Buying Advertisement Latest Deals Affiliate Disclosure: By buying
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
___________
No. 97-2914/2915
___________
Northern States Power Company, *
*
Cross-Appellant/Appellee, *
* Appeals from the United States
v. * District Court for the
* District of Minnesota.
United States of America, *
*
Appellant/Cross-Appellee. *
___________
Submitted: March 12, 1998
Filed: August 12, 1998
___________
Before WOLLMAN and HANSEN, Circuit Judges, and GOLDBERG,1 Judge.
___________
GOLDBERG, Judge.
This tax refund dispute raises two independent issues. First, when did the
taxpayer, Northern States Power Co. ("NSP"), place two shipments of nuclear fuel
assemblies into service, and thereby become eligible to claim a depreciation
deduction and an investment tax credit? And second, when NSP filed refund claims
currently deducting certain losses that it had previously capitalized, did NSP change
its method of accounting? NSP filed this action to recover a refund for taxes levied
1
The Honorable Richard W. Goldberg, Judge, United States Court of
International Trade, sitting by designation.
and collected by the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") for the years 1985 and 1986.
With respect to the first issue, involving the nuclear fuel assemblies, NSP argued
that the fuel assemblies were placed in service when NSP acquired them because
they were fully assembled and destined for use in an existing nuclear power plant.
With respect to the second issue, involving the method of accounting, NSP argued
that it did not change its method of accounting when it filed refund claims changing
how it treated certain contract losses; rather, it was merely correcting mistakes on
its 1985 and 1986 tax returns.
After referring the matter to a magistrate judge, the district court granted
summary judgment in favor of NSP on the first issue, and in favor of the United
States on the second issue. The parties cross-appeal. Appellant/cross-appellee-
defendant United States contends that NSP could not claim a depreciation deduction
and an investment tax credit for the nuclear fuel assemblies until NSP inserted them
into the reactor core and used them to generate salable electric power.
Appellee/cross-appellant-plaintiff NSP, in turn, continues to argue that it was
correcting a mistake, and not changing its method of accounting, when it filed
refund claims seeking to deduct certain contract losses instead of capitalizing them.
We affirm in part and reverse and remand in part.
I.
The material facts are not in dispute. Because the pertinent facts for each
issue are entirely separate, we first summarize the facts relating to the nuclear fuel
assemblies issue and then the facts relating to the method of accounting issue.
A. The Nuclear Fuel Assemblies
NSP owns and operates a nuclear electric power plant in Prairie Island,
Minnesota. The Prairie Island plant has two nuclear reactors housed in separate
-2-
containment buildings, Prairie Island I and Prairie Island II. This case involves
nuclear fuel assemblies that NSP purchased for Prairie Island I. Prairie Island I has
a core composed of 121 individual fuel assemblies which must be replaced
periodically. As a result, NSP operates Prairie Island I in ten to sixteen month
cycles, shutting it down in between cycles for refueling and routine maintenance.
These operating cycles are sequentially numbered. Hence, the first ten to sixteen
months that Prairie Island I produced power is referred to as Cycle 1, the next ten to
sixteen month period following refueling is referred to as Cycle 2, and so forth.
Each fuel assembly generally lasts for three cycles before it must be removed and
replaced. The removal and replacement of the fuel assemblies is staggered: that is,
at the end of each operating cycle, NSP replaces the oldest-third of the reactor's fuel
assemblies with new fuel assemblies. Thus, for each cycle the core is composed of
one-third new fuel assemblies, and two-thirds partially-used fuel assemblies. This
case involves fuel assemblies that NSP purchased for Cycle 11 and Cycle 12.
NSP schedules the shut downs well in advance, i.e., at least one year. The
shut downs usually last anywhere from five to seven weeks. Once the reactor is
shut down, the refueling process can begin. Briefly, it includes the following steps:
new fuel assemblies are moved from the "new fuel pit" to the "spent fuel pool"; the
reactor is cooled; the reactor head is removed; one-third of the spent (used) fuel
assemblies are removed and stored in the spent fuel pool; the core is reconfigured
using the remaining fuel assemblies according to a predetermined design; the new
fuel assemblies are inserted into the core at specified locations; and the reactor head
is replaced. Once this process and any needed maintenance are completed, the
reactor is then ready to undergo "startup physics testing." Startup physics testing
verifies that the fuel assemblies, both new and old, are properly positioned in the
core and that the core design meets certain technical specifications. Once
everything is verified, the reactor returns to full operating status and a new cycle
begins.
-3-
Between December 9 and 19, 1985, NSP received 40 new fuel assemblies
from Westinghouse to be used in Cycle 11. The assemblies were fabricated
according to detailed technical specifications provided to Westinghouse by NSP, and
were delivered fully assembled. After NSP received the fuel assemblies, it stored
them in the new fuel pit before moving them to the spent fuel pool. They were
inserted into the reactor in the middle of March 1986, and the reactor reached full
power on April 14, 1986. Because NSP viewed the fuel assemblies as placed in
service in December 1985, NSP claimed both a depreciation allowance and an
investment tax credit for them in 1985.
Between December 12 and December 22, 1986, NSP received 44 new fuel
assemblies from Westinghouse for use in Cycle 12. Again, NSP initially stored the
fuel assemblies in the new fuel pit, and later moved them to the spent fuel pool.
They were inserted into the reactor between April 9 and April 19, 1987. The reactor
reached full power on June 1, 1987. Just as it had done the preceding year, NSP
claimed both a depreciation allowance and an investment tax credit for the
assemblies in the year that it received them from Westinghouse, this time in 1986.
The IRS disallowed both the depreciation deductions and the investment tax
credits for 1985 and 1986 that related to the nuclear fuel assemblies. Specifically,
the IRS disallowed $2,061,819 of the total depreciation deduction and $1,446,891 of
the investment tax credit for 1985, and $2,953,915 of the total depreciation
deduction and $1,394,975 of the investment tax credit for 1986. NSP paid the
additional tax and interest due, and timely filed claims with the IRS for a refund.
After the IRS denied the claims, NSP commenced suit in the district court. There,
the parties cross-moved for summary judgment. The district court referred the
matter to a magistrate judge, who recommended granting summary judgment in favor
of NSP on this issue. Specifically, the magistrate judge concluded that the fuel
assemblies were placed in service when NSP acquired them from Westinghouse
because at that point, the fuel assemblies were fully assembled, inspected, and ready
-4-
to be inserted into the reactor core. After reviewing the magistrate judge's report and
recommendations, the district court agreed and granted summary judgment in favor
of NSP on this issue. See Northern States Power Co. v. United States, 952 F. Supp.
1346, 1347 (D. Minn. 1997). The United States appeals.
B. The Method of Accounting for Contract Losses
Nuclear power plants produce electricity by using nuclear fuel assemblies to
generate a fission reaction. Nuclear fuel assemblies are composed of fuel rods
containing individual uranium pellets. Uranium pellets are the end result of a
complex process in which natural uranium is mined, converted into a gas, and
enriched to increase the U235 isotope. The enriched gas is then piped into containers
and shipped to the fuel assembly fabricator. The fuel assembly fabricator converts
the enriched gas into uranium pellets, which are then used to make the fuel rods.
The enrichment process is critical because natural uranium does not contain enough
of the U235 isotope to create and sustain a fission reaction.
Uranium is enriched at plants in the United States and Europe. These plants
sell enriching services at a specified dollar amount for each "separative work unit" of
service ("SWU"). A SWU reflects the processing work needed to enrich a unit of
gas to a specified concentration of the U235 isotope. Beginning in the mid-1970s,
NSP contracted with the Department of Energy's ("DOE") plant in Oak Ridge,
Tennessee for its enrichment needs. These contracts were designed to secure NSP's
projected enrichment needs well into the future at a fixed price per SWU. They
were structured as "take or pay" contracts. That is, NSP was bound to pay for the
SWUs whether it used them or not. In the mid-1980s, it became apparent that NSP
had overestimated its enriched uranium needs, primarily because it abandoned plans
to complete another nuclear power plant. At the same time, the worldwide price for
enriched uranium fell below the contract price. Thus, in 1984, NSP found itself
bound to take or pay for SWUs that it no longer needed at a price that greatly
-5-
exceeded the prevailing market price. Consequently, NSP began to sell or assign
various amounts of the DOE SWUs to third parties in order to mitigate its losses.
Nevertheless, NSP still lost $1,286,634 on these contracts in 1985 and $811,647 in
1986. This case involves, how, for tax purposes, NSP treated these losses.2
When the tax department at NSP prepared and filed NSP's tax returns for
1984, 1985, and 1986, it was apparently unaware that NSP had sold or assigned the
DOE SWUs to third parties. Therefore, it included the amount of the contract losses
in the cost basis of the SWUs that Westinghouse used to fabricate the fuel
assemblies acquired by NSP in those years. As a result, NSP depreciated the
amount of the DOE contract losses over the life of the fuel assemblies that NSP used
to generate nuclear power instead of currently deducting them as an ordinary and
necessary business expense, an ordinary loss, or a capital loss. When, in 1994, the
NSP's tax department learned that the DOE SWUs had been sold or assigned to third
parties at a loss in 1984, 1985, and 1986, it timely filed refund claims for the tax
years 1985 and 1986. In these refund claims, NSP sought to recover the difference
between the taxes that it paid while depreciating the DOE contract losses and the
lower taxes it would have paid had it currently deducted them. That difference, with
interest, is approximately $1,800,000.
The IRS denied the refund claims. It construed the refund claims as a veiled
attempt by NSP to change its method of accounting for the contract losses without
first obtaining the consent of the Commissioner of the IRS as required by law. See
26 U.S.C. § 446(e). Since NSP had not obtained the Commissioner's consent, and
the time for doing so had lapsed, the IRS concluded that NSP could not now change
how it treated the contract losses. NSP challenged this ruling by filing this action,
2
NSP also incurred substantial losses in 1984. These losses are not at issue in
this case, however, because NSP failed to file a refund claim for the 1984 losses before
the filing deadline expired.
-6-
arguing that it was merely attempting to correct a mistake on its earlier returns and
that it had never adopted a method of accounting for these losses.
The parties cross-moved for summary judgment. As with the previous issue,
the district court referred the matter to a magistrate judge. The magistrate judge
recommended finding in favor of the United States. The district court reviewed the
magistrate judge's report and agreed with its recommendations. Specifically, the
district court concluded that because NSP's mistake implicated the proper timing of
taking a deduction, NSP sought to change its method of accounting, and was
therefore required to obtain the Commissioner's consent before doing so.
Consequently, the district court granted summary judgment in favor of the United
States. See Northern States Power, 952 F. Supp. at 1348-49. NSP appeals.
II.
We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. See, e.g.,
Bremen Bank & Trust Co. v. United States, 131 F.3d 1259, 1264 (8th Cir. 1997).
Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine issue of material fact and
the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).
Because the parties have stipulated to the relevant facts, the questions on appeal
solely concern whether the district court’s judgment should be affirmed as a matter
of law.
A. Each Group of Nuclear Fuel Assemblies Qualified for a Depreciation
Deduction and an Investment Tax Credit in the Year It Was Acquired by NSP.
Under the Internal Revenue Code ("I.R.C."), sections 167 and 168, a taxpayer
is allowed to claim a depreciation deduction for property it uses in its trade or
business. I.R.C. §§ 167, 168. Furthermore, during the years in question, if that
property also qualified as "section 38 property," a taxpayer could also claim a one-
-7-
time investment tax credit ("ITC") based on the acquisition cost of the property.3
See I.R.C. §§ 38(b)(1), 46(c). Importantly, neither the depreciation deduction nor
the ITC are available until a taxpayer places the property in service. See Treas.
Reg. §§ 1.167(a)-10(b) (relating to the depreciation allowance) and 1.46-3(a)
(relating to the ITC). The United States concedes that the cost of the nuclear fuel
assemblies is a capital expenditure and that each group of assemblies is a unit of
depreciable property with a five-year life. See Rev. Rul. 72-507, 1972-2 C.B. 198,
as clarified by Rev. Rul. 74-237, 1974-1 C.B. 70; Rev. Proc. 74-29, 1974-2 C.B.
482. Likewise, the United States concedes that any nuclear fuel assemblies placed
in service on or before December 31, 1986 qualified for an ITC in the year in which
they were first placed in service. Hence, the issue before us is primarily one of
timing: namely, when were the two groups of nuclear fuel assemblies first placed in
service by NSP?
The United States argues that the district court wrongly concluded that each
group of nuclear fuel assemblies were placed in service in the taxable year NSP
acquired them from Westinghouse. It contends that the fuel assemblies were not
placed in service until NSP inserted them into the reactor core and used them to
generate salable electric power. Thus, according to the United States, NSP is only
entitled to begin depreciating the two groups of fuel assemblies in the year that they
were inserted into the reactor core, 1986 and 1987, respectively, and may only claim
an ITC for the group of fuel assemblies that it inserted in 1986. We find the United
States' contention unpersuasive.
3
As relevant here, the ITC is not available to property placed in service after
December 31, 1986. See I.R.C. §§ 49(b)(1) and (e)(1), as enacted by the Tax Reform
Act of 1986, Pub. L. No. 99-514, § 211, 100 Stat. 2085, 2166 and § 203(b)(1)(A), 100
Stat. at 2144.
-8-
We begin by noting that “placed in service” is not synonymous with “used.”
Rather, under the Treasury regulations governing both depreciation deductions and
the ITC, see Treas. Reg. §§ 1.167(a)-11(e)(i) and 1.46-3(d)(1)(ii), respectively,
property is deemed to be placed in service when it is “first placed in a condition or
state of readiness and availability for a specifically assigned function.” Treas. Reg. §
1.167(a)-11(e)(i); accord Treas. Reg. § 1.46-3(d)(1)(ii). While the United States
correctly observes that we have previously construed “a condition or state of
readiness and availability” to require property to be “productive on a fairly
consistent basis,” United States v. Tierney, 947 F.2d 854, 866 (8th Cir. 1991)
(citation omitted), the United States forgets the context in which that statement was
made. In Tierney, we discussed when a number of ethanol plants were first placed
in service. In so doing, we observed that before the taxpayer could claim tax credits
for these plants, the plants had to be complete and actually producing ethanol. Id.
Here, the issue is not when was NSP’s nuclear power plant placed in service, but
instead when were replacement fuel assemblies placed in service? Prairie Island I
has been consistently producing electrical power since 1973, and NSP seeks a
deduction and an ITC not for the entire plant, but for an entirely separate unit of
property, the replacement nuclear fuel assemblies. Consequently, we find the United
States’ reliance on Tierney, and other cases involving entire plants, facilities, or
stores not yet open for business to be misplaced. See, e.g., Siskiyou
Communications, Inc. v. Commissioner, 60 T.C.M. (CCH) 475 (1990) (new
telephone switching system not placed in service until it could process calls);
Consumers Power Co. v. Commissioner, 89 T.C. 710 (1987) (hydroelectric plant not
placed in service until it consistently generated electrical power); Piggly Wiggly
Southern, Inc. v. Commissioner, 84 T.C. 739 (1985), aff’d on other grounds, 803
F.2d 1572 (11th Cir. 1986) (air conditioner and humidifier units purchased for
unopened stores not placed in service until stores opened for business).
-9-
Importantly, as illustrated by Treasury Regulation section 1.46-3(d), property
can be in a “condition or state of readiness and availability” and yet not be “in use.”
It provides as follows:
In the case of property acquired by a taxpayer for use in his trade or
business . . . , the following are examples of cases where property shall
be considered in a condition or state of readiness and availability for a
specifically assigned function:
(i) Parts are acquired and set aside during the taxable year
for use as replacements for a particular machine (or
machines) in order to avoid operational time loss.
(ii) Operational farm equipment is acquired during the
taxable year and it is not practicable to use such equipment
for its specifically assigned function in the taxpayer’s
business of farming until the following year.
(iii) Equipment is acquired for a specifically assigned
function and is operational but is undergoing testing to
eliminate any defects.
Treas. Reg. § 1.46-3(d)(2).
All of these examples depict functional property acquired by a taxpayer for
use in a going concern on one date, but not used by the taxpayer until a later date.
Thus, the examples closely parallel the facts of this case. When the nuclear fuel
assemblies arrived at the Prairie Island plant, a facility that was already producing
electricity, they were fully constructed and tested according to detailed technical
specifications and quality assurance plans. Before it could use the assemblies, NSP
merely had to verify that they had not been damaged when they were shipped to the
plant. NSP did so in the same year that it acquired them. Thus, on a fundamental
level, the assemblies were ready and available for their assigned function, i.e., to
-10-
refuel a nuclear reactor, in the same year that NSP acquired them. And, as such, the
assemblies were "in a condition or state of readiness and availability" within the
meaning of Treasury regulations sections 1.167(a)-1(e)(i) and 1.46-3(d).
The United States attempts to avoid this obvious conclusion by characterizing
the examples set forth in the Treasury regulation as narrow exceptions to its basic
premise that a taxpayer must actually use property before he or she may depreciate it
or claim an ITC. Specifically, it contends that fuel assemblies are not like the spare
parts in the first example because NSP did not acquire them to avoid operational
time loss. It then attempts to limit the second example to those situations in which a
taxpayer acquires property in one year, intends to use it in that year, but is prevented
from doing so by forces beyond the taxpayer’s control. Since NSP acquired the fuel
assemblies for use in a scheduled shut down, the United States asserts that this case
cannot parallel the example of the farmer’s tractor because the timing of the shut
down is within NSP's control. Finally, the United States asserts that the third
example demonstrates that the fuel assemblies were not placed in service until after
refueling because (1) any equipment that requires such a complex installation
process cannot be considered operational; and (2) the fuel assemblies had to undergo
start-up physics testing before the reactor could return to full power. The United
States’ arguments miss their mark.
We turn first to the spare parts example. The record demonstrates that
manufacturing nuclear fuel assemblies is complex and time consuming, requiring
approximately two-year lead times and detailed engineering. The lead time is
necessary because Westinghouse manufactures fuel assemblies for other parties in
addition to NSP, and each fuel assembly must be fabricated according to technical
specifications that are unique to each reactor. Early delivery of the fuel assemblies is
designed to ensure that the assembly is fabricated and delivered to the nuclear power
plant in time for post-delivery inspection and the scheduled shut down. Early
delivery also ensures that if NSP needs to shut down the reactor ahead of schedule,
-11-
it can refuel the reactor without incurring the cost of an additional shut down. Even
so, the record indicates that financing and storing fuel assemblies is extremely
expensive. Thus, the final delivery date for fuel assemblies reflects a balance
between two competing concerns: on the one hand, NSP needs to have the nuclear
fuel assemblies at the reactor early enough to reduce the risk that the normal
operating schedule of the plant will be delayed; but on the other hand, NSP needs to
avoid incurring unnecessary carrying costs. In this way, the nuclear fuel assemblies
resemble the “parts [] acquired and set aside during the taxable year for use as
replacements” described by the first example set forth in Treasury regulation section
1.46-3(d)(2).
Furthermore, we do not see a distinction between the operational farm
equipment described in the second example and the nuclear fuel assemblies at issue
here. While some courts have suggested that this example is limited to
circumstances in which the taxpayer is prevented from using property by external
factors, see, e.g., Siskiyou, 60 T.C.M. (CCH) at 477-78 (discussing SMC Corp. v.
United States, 675 F.2d 113 (6th Cir. 1982); Sears Oil Co. v. Commissioner, 359
F.2d 191 (2d Cir. 1966) and Schrader v. Commissioner, 34 T.C.M. (CCH) 1572
(1975), aff’d, 582 F.2d 1374 (6th Cir. 1978)), we do not. First, the language of the
example contains no such limitation. Rather, it describes a situation in which it is
not “practicable” for the taxpayer to use the property in the same year that he or she
has acquired it. Here, it is not practicable for NSP to refuel the reactors until spring
when demand for electricity is lower.
Second, we decline to engage in the potentially endless exercise of delineating
circumstances within the taxpayer’s control from circumstances beyond the
taxpayer’s control. Take, for instance, the circumstances involved in Sears Oil. In
Sears Oil, the taxpayer purchased a barge in the fall of 1957 and towed it to a canal
in upstate New York to finish outfitting it. Even though the taxpayer finished
outfitting the barge in 1957, it was unable to use the barge until 1958 because the
-12-
canal froze over. 359 F.2d at 198. The Sears Oil court rejected the IRS’s argument
that the barge was placed in service in 1958, and held that it was placed in service in
1957. Id. The United States posits that Sears Oil demonstrates that the second
example of property in a "condition or state of readiness and availability" only
applies when external factors limit the use of the property in the acquisition year
because Sears Oil involved a frozen canal, and a frozen canal is clearly beyond the
taxpayer's control.
We think it less clear. After all, the taxpayer in Sears Oil decided to tow a
barge to upstate New York in the late fall, and it is hardly surprising that canals in
upstate New York freeze in the winter. Thus, we think that the taxpayer’s
predicament in Sears Oil was as much a product of external factors as it was the
taxpayer’s decision to outfit the barge in upstate New York in the late fall. The
situation described in the example itself makes our analysis more concrete. The
example allows a farmer who acquires operational farm equipment to depreciate it in
the acquisition year when it is "not practicable to use [it] . . . until the following
year." Treas. Reg. § 1.46-3(d)(2)(ii). Notwithstanding the recent effects of El Niño,
a farmer living in North Dakota who decides to purchase an assembled tractor in
November, does so knowing full well that he or she will not use it to plow a field
until the following spring. We see little difference between that farmer and NSP.
Like the farmer, NSP acquired the fuel assemblies in December, planning to refuel
the reactor in the spring. And like the tractor that could (in theory) have been used
to plow a field in November, the fuel assemblies were assembled and ready to refuel
the reactor when NSP acquired them. Therefore, as in the second example, though
the fuel assemblies were acquired in 1985 and 1986, it was not practicable for NSP
to use them until the following years.
Finally, we are equally unconvinced by the United States' argument based on
the third example, which involves equipment that is operational but still undergoing
testing to eliminate any defects. See Treas. Reg. § 1.46-3(d)(2)(iii). Briefly, the
-13-
United States contends that the fuel assemblies were not operational when NSP
acquired them because the refueling process is too complex and because start-up
testing must be completed before the reactor can return to full power. This
contention is flawed on two levels. First, when the fuel assemblies arrived at NSP’s
power plant they were fully completed and ready to be inserted into the reactor.
Except for inspecting them for possible damage incurred in shipping, there was
nothing further that NSP had to do, or indeed could do, to make the assemblies more
ready and available for refueling. Since the parts example set forth in Treasury
regulation section 1.46-3(d)(2)(i) does not contain a caveat for parts that are
extremely difficult to install, we decline to create one.
Second, the United States misapprehends the purpose of start-up physics
testing. Start-up physics testing does not make the fuel assemblies operational.
Instead, it verifies that the core design conforms to certain technical specifications
and that the fuel assemblies were properly installed. Furthermore, as discussed
previously, the issue here involves the nuclear fuel assemblies, not the power plant.
Thus, the United States reliance on cases discussing when a new facility becomes
operational (and is thereby placed in service) is misplaced. Accordingly, we
conclude that NSP is entitled to the depreciation deductions and investment tax
credits that it claimed on its federal income tax returns for 1985 and 1986,
respectively, for the nuclear fuel assemblies that it acquired in each of those years.
B. NSP Did Not Change Its Accounting Method When It Filed A Refund Claim
Seeking to Deduct Contract Losses That It Had Previously Capitalized.
On cross appeal, NSP argues that the district court erred when it held that
NSP attempted to impermissibly change its method of accounting by filing refund
claims seeking to currently deduct the DOE contract losses that NSP had previously
capitalized. NSP contends that it did not change its method of accounting within the
meaning of I.R.C. section 446(e), but instead merely corrected an error in its pre-
-14-
existing method of accounting. Because we agree with NSP, we reverse and remand
on this issue.
Under I.R.C. section 446(e), a taxpayer may not change "the method of
accounting on the basis of which he regularly computes his income in keeping his
books" without first obtaining the Secretary's consent. The applicable regulations
define "method of accounting" operationally. It includes both the "overall method of
accounting" that a taxpayer uses and "the accounting treatment of any item." Treas.
Reg. § 1.446-1(a)(1). Hence, a taxpayer changes his or her method of accounting
when he or she changes either the "overall plan of accounting for gross income or
deductions or . . . the treatment of any material item used in such overall plan."
Treas. Reg. § 1.446-1(e)(2)(ii)(a). Under Treasury regulation section 1.446-
1(e)(2)(ii)(a), a material item is "any item which involves the proper time for the
inclusion of the item in income or the taking of a deduction."
Importantly, a taxpayer does not change his or her method of accounting when
he or she seeks to correct mathematical or posting errors (e.g., recording a figure in
the wrong account), errors in the computation of tax liability (e.g., errors in the
calculation of net operating loss), a change in treatment resulting from a change in
underlying facts or any other "adjustment of any item of income or deduction which
does not involve the proper time for the inclusion of the item of income or the taking
of a deduction." Treas. Reg. § 1.446-1(e)(2)(ii)(b). Notwithstanding the foregoing,
taxpayers who attempt to depreciate, rather than deduct, the cost of a class of
depreciable assets are to be treated as though they seek to change their method of
accounting if they have consistently treated the cost as an expense in the year of
purchase on prior returns. Id.
Drawing upon these provisions, the United States argues that NSP seeks to
change its method of accounting without first obtaining consent as required by law.
At first blush, the United States' argument seems compelling: NSP originally
-15-
capitalized the DOE contract losses by including them in the cost basis of the nuclear
fuel assemblies that it used, thereby depreciating the losses over the assemblies'
useful lives; now NSP, through its refund claims, seeks to deduct the contract losses
in the year in which it incurred them. Hence, on a fundamental level, NSP's refund
claims implicate the timing of a deduction, which may lead one to believe that the
refund claims change NSP's method of accounting. Nevertheless, we conclude that
NSP does not seek to change its method of accounting for contract losses, but rather
seeks to correct an error akin to a posting error.
Both parties agree that as a public utility, see 16 U.S.C. § 824(e), NSP uses
two distinct methods of accounting, one for financial accounting purposes, and one
for federal income tax purposes. For financial accounting purposes, the Federal
Energy Regulatory Commission (“FERC”) requires NSP to use a uniform system of
accounting. See 18 C.F.R. § 101. This system of accounting is used in ratemaking.
It seeks to match the depreciation expense for the fuel assemblies with the actual
British Thermal Units of energy that they produce. Hence, under the FERC system,
NSP uses specific procedures to account and record costs related to the production
of electricity. Specifically, NSP uses a capital account called a “work order” to
reflect the total acquisition costs of each group of fuel assemblies that NSP acquires
for refueling. The work order capital account includes the cost of the SWUs used to
fabricate the assemblies. Pursuant to FERC accounting rules, NSP accounted for the
DOE contract liabilities by including them in the relevant work order capital
accounts with the cost of the enriched uranium actually used to produce electricity,
less any amount that NSP was able to recover by selling the DOE SWUs to third
parties.
For federal income tax purposes, NSP reports its taxable income under the
accrual method of accounting. That is, NSP reports its income in the taxable year in
which it has a fixed right to receive that income; its business expenses in the taxable
year in which its liability is fixed and the amount of that liability is reasonably
-16-
certain; and any ordinary losses in the taxable year in which the loss has been
incurred and any further reimbursement for that loss is no longer reasonably
foreseeable. See Treas. Reg. § 1.446-1(c)(1)(ii).
The parties have stipulated that during the relevant taxable years, NSP, using
the accrual method of accounting, reported any gains from the sales of unneeded or
unwanted coal or oil as ordinary income, and any losses from these sales as current
expenses. The parties have also stipulated that NSP's tax department was unaware
that the figures in the work order capital accounts for 1984, 1985, and 1986, which
reflected FERC accounting rules, included the net unrecouped losses from the DOE
enrichment contracts. Consequently, instead of subtracting these losses from the
work order capital accounts and reporting them separately, NSP's tax department
mistakenly included them in the capital cost of the fuel assemblies that NSP acquired
and put in service for those years. Finally, the parties have stipulated that if NSP's
tax department had known that the figures in the work order capital accounts for
1984, 1985, and 1986 included the net DOE contract losses, it would have
subtracted them from the relevant capital accounts and currently deducted them as
ordinary and necessary business expenses, and/or ordinary losses, or capital losses.
Under these facts, we are unwilling to conclude that NSP's mistake constituted
anything more than a type of posting error. NSP's tax department filed the refund
claims when it learned that the work order account included currently deductible
contract losses. In so doing, it sought to treat the DOE contract losses in the same
manner that it has consistently treated similar types of losses, i.e., the coal and oil
contract losses. In this sense, NSP was not attempting to change its accounting
method for a class of assets or expenses as contemplated by Treasury regulation
section 1.446-1(e)(2)(ii)(b) (emphasis added), and it was not required to seek the
Commissioner's consent. See, e.g., Diebold, Inc. v. United States, 891 F.2d 1579,
1582 (Fed. Cir. 1989) (distinguishing cases in which a taxpayer seeks
-17-
"to account for [an item] in the same manner that it accounts for other similar items
or to correct the omission of an item from a method of accounting that it otherwise
consistently applies to a single category of related items" from cases in which the
taxpayer seeks to abandon its consistently applied method of accounting for a class
of items); Gimbel Bros. v. United States, 535 F.2d 14 (Ct. Cl. 1976) (holding that
taxpayer did not change its method of accounting when it sought a tax refund for two
years in which it mistakenly reported sales using the accrual method when taxpayer
had previously elected the installment method of accounting); Korn Indus. v. United
States, 532 F.2d 1352 (Ct. Cl. 1976) (holding that taxpayer did not change its
method of accounting when it included three previously omitted items in finished
goods inventory, even though it affected the timing of a deduction, because
taxpayer's actions were consistent with how taxpayer treated similar items in that
class of expenditures); Evans v. Commissioner, 55 T.C.M. (CCH) 902 (1988)
(holding that taxpayers did not change their method of accounting when they sought
to correct the mistaken use of the accrual method of accounting for bonuses when
they used the cash method of accounting for all items of income and expense).
The United States counters that the aforementioned cases are inapposite. It
argues that because NSP treats the costs of coal and oil as a deferred asset for both
tax and financial accounting purposes, NSP's treatment of the losses on the sales of
coal and oil is irrelevant. According to the United States, the losses are apparently
distinguishable because when NSP decided to capitalize the DOE contract losses for
financial accounting purposes, NSP necessarily decided to capitalize them for tax
accounting purposes. We find this contention unpersuasive.
Although NSP does not treat the costs of coal and oil that it uses in its power
plant as capital expenditures, it does not follow that losses on contracts for the sale
of coal and oil are somehow different from losses on contracts for the sale of SWUs.
First, the issue here is not how NSP accounts for the underlying subject matter of the
contract whether it be coal, oil, or SWUs. The issue is how NSP treats losses
-18-
on sales for fuel that it does not need. The United States does not explain why this
common denominator for tax purposes should not hold. Second, the United States
forgets that NSP does not treat the SWUs as an independent capital expenditure.
Rather, it treats the fuel assemblies containing uranium pellets manufactured from
enriched gas as a capital expenditure. Because the DOE contract losses involve
SWUs that NSP never used, the SWUs at issue never became capital assets. And
finally, NSP's decision to capitalize the DOE contract losses for financial accounting
purposes was driven by FERC accounting rules. Since NSP entered the DOE
contracts in good faith to secure a stable supply of SWUs, the losses that stemmed
from these contracts were passed on to NSP's customers. The manner that NSP
chose to pass on the losses had to be consistent with FERC accounting rules, and the
United States has stipulated that it was. The United States has also stipulated that
NSP's method of accounting for ratemaking and financial purposes differs from
NSP's method of accounting for tax purposes on numerous levels (e.g., the length of
the useful life of a fuel assembly and the rate of depreciation). Against this
backdrop, we find that NSP's accounting method for the DOE contract losses for
ratemaking purposes should not dictate NSP's accounting method for tax purposes.
Thus, we find that NSP's mistakes were akin to posting errors and did not constitute
a method of accounting.4 Accordingly, NSP did not change its method of accounting
when it filed refund claims seeking to deduct the DOE contract losses on its 1985
and 1986 tax returns. We therefore remand to the district court so that it can
determine the proper amounts of the refund for each of these years.
4
Because we find that NSP did not change its method of accounting, we do not
address the parties' arguments relating to whether taxpayers must obtain the
Commissioner's approval before they may depart from an impermissible method of
accounting.
-19-
III.
We affirm the district court’s opinion in part and reverse and remand in part,
with instruction to proceed in accordance with this opinion.
A true copy.
ATTEST:
CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.
-20-
|
{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
|
[Various indices of microclimate in the newly built and re-adapted stables for race horses].
A study was performed to examine microclimate in 14 stables belonging to 10 horsemen's teams and clubs; five of these houses were new-built. In five race-horse stables housing 16 horses each, on an average, where the optimum air temperature ranged from 10 degrees C to 12 degrees C, measurements and examinations were performed in the winter period and the following results were obtained: space per 1 horse housed 42.9 plus or minus 8.7 m-3, relative air humidity 74.3 plus or minus 3.8%, CO2 concentration 0.175 plus or minus 0.027%, NH3 concentration 0.00135 plus or minus 0.00044%. A large majority of horse stables under our conditions lack suitable ventilating equipment for winter and for cold periods. Together with the present-day building technology and with excessive space of box-type houses, this implies that microclimate conditions are unsuitable and harmful to health; in particular, this is true of cold and wet conditions. In the existing stables this problem can be solved by additional heating, preferably with the hot-air system. It is necessary that horse stables should have good thermal-insulation characteristics, with plastered brick walls 45 cm in thickness and with thermally insulated loft. Floors must be solid, hard, and plane. Modern building technology and new materials must secure all the required parameters, with due respect to all factors constituting microclimate and to purposeful layout of race horse stables. It appears desirable to issue a state standard for the construction of horse stables.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Paying your USD bills out of BMO in Canada
I have urged readers to put not only their rainy-day savings cash in Canadian savings accounts, but also their current bill-paying cash there.
Your rainy-day savings goes into a normal Canadian savings account denominated in Canadian dollar (CAD). In the event of U.S. hyperinflation, this money would not lose purchasing power because of U.S. dollar (USD) hyperinflation. I use Bank of Montreal for that purpose.
I also now use BMO to hold USD in a checking account out of which I pay many of my U.S. bills.
Since it is USD, it is not currently protected from USD hyperinflation. But it is protected from US capital controls. If and when the U.S. gets hyperinflation, we will almost certainly and immediately get capital controls. Those prohibit possession of foreign currency and removal of US currency from the U.S. So the reason to pay as many of your current bills out of a USD checking account in Canada would be get that money outside of the jurisdiction of future U.S. capital controls.
On The Day the Dollar Dies, I and my readers who follow this advice will simply immediately go to our BMO USD checking accounts on line and transfer that money into one of our CAD accounts. That has the effect of converting the USD to CAD which will then protect us from further USD loss of purchasing power, although there will be some loss during the time when we are doing it.
Readers who do not follow this advice, will, on The Day the Dollar Dies, slowly figure out that they need to convert their USD to CAD or other foreign currencies ASAP to prevent further loss of purchasing power. When they try to do that, their bank will tell them they are too late. The U.S. government just issued an executive order prohibiting moving money out of the US without federal government permission, which will NOT be forthcoming.
You will be trapped. Your only hope will be to try to withdraw the money ASAP and convert it to hard assets—that is, buy stuff with it before it loses further purchasing power. But A. that will be easier said than done because everyone in the world with USD will be frantically trying to do the same thing at the same time and B. hard assets are not liquid.
You need a certain amount of liquid assets to pay your bills and buy food, gas, medicine, toilet paper and so on. You cannot buy groceries with hard assets. Foreign currency is liquid.
As you frantically try to withdraw your money—there will probably be restrictions on bank withdrawals, too—your purchasing power will be falling by the minute. You will be pounding on your bank’s windows or on the ATM or on the phone or Internet trying to get through to them and all you will get is busy signals or statements saying, “We are sorry but our hands our tied by the U.S. government. We can neither given you your money nor let you transfer it out of the country.” Checks will cease being accepted and will not clear. All credit cards will be canceled immediately. Only debit cards will work and there may be severe restrictions on how much you can get with them per day.
I have now been using BMO to pay some of my routine U.S. bills for about a month. Here is how it works.
You need a USD checking account in a Canadian bank that offers this service. You also need a CAD account there for your rainy-day savings and—when the ’flation hits the fan in the U.S.—an account into which to transfer your USD quickly. To open a Canadian bank account, you must go there in person. Many readers have insisted there must be a way to do it by mail.
Nope. But you can waste a bunch of time and energy trying to prove me wrong if you want.
You need a Premium Plan checking account at BMO. That must always have a balance of at least $5,000. It can be in CAD and mine is. You then call 877-730-0265 and set up “US billers.” That is a list of U.S. companies who whom you pay bills. You give them the name of the vendor and the account number. They can set it up for many U.S. billers, but not all. For example, I can pay USAA insurance/bank and the San Francisco Chronicle newspaper, but not Wells Fargo or State Farm. You can request that your billers who are not registered with BMO become registered. I was originally told they call the same 877-number to do that. Later, they said the vendors must contact BMO world headquarters. When I was asked for a phone umber, they refused to give me one
Say what!? Finally, after asking demanding to speak to a supervisor, they told me vendors who want to be registered as billers need to contact [email protected]. That is an odd name for such a purpose. I have not referred any vendors to that email address yet. If you do, please let me know if it worked.
You can also give them the name of your U.S. bank and they will set it up so you can do transfers to them, too.
You then deposit enough money into the USD checking in BMO to pay your upcoming bills. On the day when you pay your bills, you call the 877-number and tell them you want to pay some US bills. They are open 20/7 not 24/7. That is, they are closed from midnight to 4AM eastern time.
They will ask for your BMO debit card number. Tell them you want to keyboard that yourself and keyboard your phone password without the BMO operator listening in. That means they connect you to the automated system and get off the line. The automated system will then ask for your BMO debit card number and your phone password. After you give it, it will start saying “If you want to do X, press one. If you want to do Y, press two,” and so on. Press 0 instead.
That will get you a human. Then tell them you want to pay some US bills out of your USD checking account at BMO. At that point, they will be looking at your name and account info on their computer screen. Make sure you tell them it is out of your USD checking account or they may pay the bills out of another account, namely a CAD one and you do not want that because it will incur an unnecessary currency-conversion charge.
BMO will initially ask you to keyboard your phone password in while they listen on the phone. I say that is a security risk. They say, “I can only hear beeps.” I say “That is enough for your to tell what my password is if you practice a little on recognizing which beep is a 1 and which a 2 and so on. Or you could record the beeps then figure out later which numbers they were.” They say they would not do that.
“Comforting, but I still want to be switched to the automated operator and then ask for a human so please switch me to the automated operator, thank you.”
They will ask which vendor you want to pay and the amount to pay on this day. Tell them. When you are done, they will give you a confirmation number for each bill.” Write it down. I wrote it on the bill in question along with the date.
Then go to your check register and enter the amounts of the payments you just made.
They will send the money electronically to the vendor. For US billers, it arrives in 3 to 5 business days. If you tell them to send money to your US bank, it arrives in 1 or 2 days.
There is no charge for this service. These are not SWIFT wires.
This always seems to take 10 minutes or so. They put me on hold. I don’t know why. It should only take about three minutes. My vendors have received the money just fine as far as I can tell.
Other than their wanting me to key in my password while they listen to the beeps, I have had no problems so far.
If you do the same, but pay by check, the check will take forever to be paid and may incur an extra fee to be paid by your vendor because banks treat checks from another country bank as “collection items.” If you pay by SWIFT wire, there is more paperwork and rigmarole plus about a $45 charge per payment and it is often much slower.
I know of no free, electronic way to get money into the BMO account from the US. I have gotten a couple of free SWIFT wires from Charles Schwab as an introductory feature. If you have $500,000 or more with Schwab they give you unlimited free SWIFT wires. And theirs arrive the same day whether I am sending to Australia or Canada!
I also send US checks to BMO in Canada by snail mail. There is no charge other than postage, but it takes a couple of weeks to get there. For income checks that I know are arriving the the future, like my social security, I mail the check early to BMO so it will arrive at US my bank where my social security amount is deposited each month at about the same time as BMO presents the check to my US bank to be paid. That cause the social security amount to essentially arrive at my US bank on one day and get transferred to BMO in Canada the next.
Get all your USD income into Canada ASAP
Basically, what you want to do is to have all your USD income go flying into BMO ASAP. Some of those who pay you money will direct deposit it into BMO if you ask. Social security will do that, but only if your permanent residence address is in Canada. Mine is not. The money you need to pay your US bill would go into your USD checking account in BMO; the rest into your CAD rainy-day savings account. I also have rainy-day savings, but not bill-paying money, in Westpac Australia and three New Zealand banks for foreign currency diversification.
Your capital-controls-avoidance cash-management system should get your income out of the US ASAP whenever you receive USD income from any source. Then you transfer some of that money into your US checking account in the U.S. on a just-in-time basis using BMO Auto Cash to pay your US vendors who are not registered with BMO and you pay your US billers who are registered with BMO out of the BMO USD checking account as described above.
This minimizes the amount of cash you have in USD within US jurisdiction at any given time. Hyperinflation typically hits without warning. If and when you see excess amounts accumulating in your BMO USD checking account, move them over to your rainy-day savings in CAD at BMO or into an outside-the-US savings account in another non-US country’s currency.
If and when we get USD hyperinflation, and you follow this advice, you will thank me. If we get it and you do not, you will curse yourself for the failure and money unnecessarily lost. If you do what I urge, and we somehow don’t get USD hyperinflation, no harm done. What I am urging is a low-cost, low-risk, risk-management technique, like buying fire insurance on your home. You do not curse your insurance agent every year that your house does not burn down.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
/*
* RTP input/output format
* Copyright (c) 2002 Fabrice Bellard
*
* This file is part of FFmpeg.
*
* FFmpeg is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
* License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
* version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
* FFmpeg is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
* Lesser General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
* License along with FFmpeg; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
*/
#include "libavutil/avstring.h"
#include "libavutil/opt.h"
#include "avformat.h"
#include "rtp.h"
/* from http://www.iana.org/assignments/rtp-parameters last updated 05 January 2005 */
/* payload types >= 96 are dynamic;
* payload types between 72 and 76 are reserved for RTCP conflict avoidance;
* all the other payload types not present in the table are unassigned or
* reserved
*/
static const struct {
int pt;
const char enc_name[6];
enum AVMediaType codec_type;
enum AVCodecID codec_id;
int clock_rate;
int audio_channels;
} rtp_payload_types[] = {
{0, "PCMU", AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO, AV_CODEC_ID_PCM_MULAW, 8000, 1},
{3, "GSM", AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO, AV_CODEC_ID_NONE, 8000, 1},
{4, "G723", AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO, AV_CODEC_ID_G723_1, 8000, 1},
{5, "DVI4", AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO, AV_CODEC_ID_NONE, 8000, 1},
{6, "DVI4", AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO, AV_CODEC_ID_NONE, 16000, 1},
{7, "LPC", AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO, AV_CODEC_ID_NONE, 8000, 1},
{8, "PCMA", AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO, AV_CODEC_ID_PCM_ALAW, 8000, 1},
{9, "G722", AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO, AV_CODEC_ID_ADPCM_G722, 8000, 1},
{10, "L16", AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO, AV_CODEC_ID_PCM_S16BE, 44100, 2},
{11, "L16", AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO, AV_CODEC_ID_PCM_S16BE, 44100, 1},
{12, "QCELP", AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO, AV_CODEC_ID_QCELP, 8000, 1},
{13, "CN", AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO, AV_CODEC_ID_NONE, 8000, 1},
{14, "MPA", AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO, AV_CODEC_ID_MP2, -1, -1},
{14, "MPA", AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO, AV_CODEC_ID_MP3, -1, -1},
{15, "G728", AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO, AV_CODEC_ID_NONE, 8000, 1},
{16, "DVI4", AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO, AV_CODEC_ID_NONE, 11025, 1},
{17, "DVI4", AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO, AV_CODEC_ID_NONE, 22050, 1},
{18, "G729", AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO, AV_CODEC_ID_NONE, 8000, 1},
{25, "CelB", AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO, AV_CODEC_ID_NONE, 90000, -1},
{26, "JPEG", AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO, AV_CODEC_ID_MJPEG, 90000, -1},
{28, "nv", AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO, AV_CODEC_ID_NONE, 90000, -1},
{31, "H261", AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO, AV_CODEC_ID_H261, 90000, -1},
{32, "MPV", AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO, AV_CODEC_ID_MPEG1VIDEO, 90000, -1},
{32, "MPV", AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO, AV_CODEC_ID_MPEG2VIDEO, 90000, -1},
{33, "MP2T", AVMEDIA_TYPE_DATA, AV_CODEC_ID_MPEG2TS, 90000, -1},
{34, "H263", AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO, AV_CODEC_ID_H263, 90000, -1},
{-1, "", AVMEDIA_TYPE_UNKNOWN, AV_CODEC_ID_NONE, -1, -1}
};
int ff_rtp_get_codec_info(AVCodecParameters *par, int payload_type)
{
int i = 0;
for (i = 0; rtp_payload_types[i].pt >= 0; i++)
if (rtp_payload_types[i].pt == payload_type) {
if (rtp_payload_types[i].codec_id != AV_CODEC_ID_NONE) {
par->codec_type = rtp_payload_types[i].codec_type;
par->codec_id = rtp_payload_types[i].codec_id;
if (rtp_payload_types[i].audio_channels > 0)
par->channels = rtp_payload_types[i].audio_channels;
if (rtp_payload_types[i].clock_rate > 0)
par->sample_rate = rtp_payload_types[i].clock_rate;
return 0;
}
}
return -1;
}
int ff_rtp_get_payload_type(AVFormatContext *fmt,
AVCodecParameters *par, int idx)
{
int i;
AVOutputFormat *ofmt = fmt ? fmt->oformat : NULL;
/* Was the payload type already specified for the RTP muxer? */
if (ofmt && ofmt->priv_class && fmt->priv_data) {
int64_t payload_type;
if (av_opt_get_int(fmt->priv_data, "payload_type", 0, &payload_type) >= 0 &&
payload_type >= 0)
return (int)payload_type;
}
/* static payload type */
for (i = 0; rtp_payload_types[i].pt >= 0; ++i)
if (rtp_payload_types[i].codec_id == par->codec_id) {
if (par->codec_id == AV_CODEC_ID_H263 && (!fmt || !fmt->oformat ||
!fmt->oformat->priv_class || !fmt->priv_data ||
!av_opt_flag_is_set(fmt->priv_data, "rtpflags", "rfc2190")))
continue;
/* G722 has 8000 as nominal rate even if the sample rate is 16000,
* see section 4.5.2 in RFC 3551. */
if (par->codec_id == AV_CODEC_ID_ADPCM_G722 &&
par->sample_rate == 16000 && par->channels == 1)
return rtp_payload_types[i].pt;
if (par->codec_type == AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO &&
((rtp_payload_types[i].clock_rate > 0 &&
par->sample_rate != rtp_payload_types[i].clock_rate) ||
(rtp_payload_types[i].audio_channels > 0 &&
par->channels != rtp_payload_types[i].audio_channels)))
continue;
return rtp_payload_types[i].pt;
}
if (idx < 0)
idx = par->codec_type == AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO;
/* dynamic payload type */
return RTP_PT_PRIVATE + idx;
}
const char *ff_rtp_enc_name(int payload_type)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; rtp_payload_types[i].pt >= 0; i++)
if (rtp_payload_types[i].pt == payload_type)
return rtp_payload_types[i].enc_name;
return "";
}
enum AVCodecID ff_rtp_codec_id(const char *buf, enum AVMediaType codec_type)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; rtp_payload_types[i].pt >= 0; i++)
if (!av_strcasecmp(buf, rtp_payload_types[i].enc_name) && (codec_type == rtp_payload_types[i].codec_type))
return rtp_payload_types[i].codec_id;
return AV_CODEC_ID_NONE;
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using Moq;
using SportsStore.Controllers;
using SportsStore.Models;
using SportsStore.Models.ViewModels;
using Xunit;
namespace SportsStore.Tests {
public class ProductControllerTests {
[Fact]
public void Can_Paginate() {
// Arrange
Mock<IProductRepository> mock = new Mock<IProductRepository>();
mock.Setup(m => m.Products).Returns(new Product[] {
new Product {ProductID = 1, Name = "P1"},
new Product {ProductID = 2, Name = "P2"},
new Product {ProductID = 3, Name = "P3"},
new Product {ProductID = 4, Name = "P4"},
new Product {ProductID = 5, Name = "P5"}
});
ProductController controller = new ProductController(mock.Object);
controller.PageSize = 3;
// Act
ProductsListViewModel result =
controller.List(null, 2).ViewData.Model as ProductsListViewModel;
// Assert
Product[] prodArray = result.Products.ToArray();
Assert.True(prodArray.Length == 2);
Assert.Equal("P4", prodArray[0].Name);
Assert.Equal("P5", prodArray[1].Name);
}
[Fact]
public void Can_Send_Pagination_View_Model() {
// Arrange
Mock<IProductRepository> mock = new Mock<IProductRepository>();
mock.Setup(m => m.Products).Returns(new Product[] {
new Product {ProductID = 1, Name = "P1"},
new Product {ProductID = 2, Name = "P2"},
new Product {ProductID = 3, Name = "P3"},
new Product {ProductID = 4, Name = "P4"},
new Product {ProductID = 5, Name = "P5"}
});
// Arrange
ProductController controller =
new ProductController(mock.Object) { PageSize = 3 };
// Act
ProductsListViewModel result =
controller.List(null, 2).ViewData.Model as ProductsListViewModel;
// Assert
PagingInfo pageInfo = result.PagingInfo;
Assert.Equal(2, pageInfo.CurrentPage);
Assert.Equal(3, pageInfo.ItemsPerPage);
Assert.Equal(5, pageInfo.TotalItems);
Assert.Equal(2, pageInfo.TotalPages);
}
[Fact]
public void Can_Filter_Products() {
// Arrange
// - create the mock repository
Mock<IProductRepository> mock = new Mock<IProductRepository>();
mock.Setup(m => m.Products).Returns(new Product[] {
new Product {ProductID = 1, Name = "P1", Category = "Cat1"},
new Product {ProductID = 2, Name = "P2", Category = "Cat2"},
new Product {ProductID = 3, Name = "P3", Category = "Cat1"},
new Product {ProductID = 4, Name = "P4", Category = "Cat2"},
new Product {ProductID = 5, Name = "P5", Category = "Cat3"}
});
// Arrange - create a controller and make the page size 3 items
ProductController controller = new ProductController(mock.Object);
controller.PageSize = 3;
// Action
Product[] result =
(controller.List("Cat2", 1).ViewData.Model as ProductsListViewModel)
.Products.ToArray();
// Assert
Assert.Equal(2, result.Length);
Assert.True(result[0].Name == "P2" && result[0].Category == "Cat2");
Assert.True(result[1].Name == "P4" && result[1].Category == "Cat2");
}
[Fact]
public void Generate_Category_Specific_Product_Count() {
// Arrange
Mock<IProductRepository> mock = new Mock<IProductRepository>();
mock.Setup(m => m.Products).Returns(new Product[] {
new Product {ProductID = 1, Name = "P1", Category = "Cat1"},
new Product {ProductID = 2, Name = "P2", Category = "Cat2"},
new Product {ProductID = 3, Name = "P3", Category = "Cat1"},
new Product {ProductID = 4, Name = "P4", Category = "Cat2"},
new Product {ProductID = 5, Name = "P5", Category = "Cat3"}
});
ProductController target = new ProductController(mock.Object);
target.PageSize = 3;
Func<ViewResult, ProductsListViewModel> GetModel = result =>
result?.ViewData?.Model as ProductsListViewModel;
// Action
int? res1 = GetModel(target.List("Cat1"))?.PagingInfo.TotalItems;
int? res2 = GetModel(target.List("Cat2"))?.PagingInfo.TotalItems;
int? res3 = GetModel(target.List("Cat3"))?.PagingInfo.TotalItems;
int? resAll = GetModel(target.List(null))?.PagingInfo.TotalItems;
// Assert
Assert.Equal(2, res1);
Assert.Equal(2, res2);
Assert.Equal(1, res3);
Assert.Equal(5, resAll);
}
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Aerodigestive cancers in HIV infection.
Aerodigestive (lung, head and neck) cancers are among the most prevalent and deadly neoplasms worldwide, and the incidence rates are rising. Given the improvements in life expectancy of persons with HIV/AIDS when treated with highly active antiretroviral agents, persons with HIV infection are therefore increasingly likely to develop these malignancies. This chapter focuses on the epidemiology of these malignancies and reviews the most recent literature and current understanding of the causes and treatment of these malignancies in HIV-positive populations. Aerodigestive neoplasms in patients with HIV infection are associated with younger age at diagnosis, cigarette smoking, advanced stage at presentation, and a more aggressive clinical course. The causes of these cancers, aside from the traditional risk factors of tobacco and alcohol exposure, are not clear. Although these neoplasms are non-AIDS defining, factors that might contribute to risk include HIV-related immunosuppression and co-infection with high-risk human papillomavirus subtypes. With continued improvements in therapies for HIV, the expected increase in incidence and mortality of persons with HIV infection from aerodigestive malignancies will likely become a major public health concern. Given the younger age of HIV-infected patients with these malignancies and the apparently higher rates of smoking among HIV-positive individuals, aggressive smoking cessation efforts should be directed to this high-risk population.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Are you looking for a Psychic Reading Near Me in Bennington Indiana 47011. Psychic Reading Near Me Bennington Indiana 47011 Let’s take a couple of minutes and go over a few of the numerous ways to discover a psychic or medium – either local to you, or that is available to you in a convenient … Read more
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
How to Set BackgroundImage for Button in WindowsFormsHost?
How can I set background image on button in WindowsFormsHost?
<WindowsFormsHost Name="wfbutton1" Width="200" Height="100" Background="White" Visibility="Visible" >
<wf:Button Height="23" Left="145" Top="127" wf:Name="button1" Width="75"
Click="button1_Click" Visible="True" FlatStyle="Flat"
BackgroundImage="C:\\Users\\Kvint\\Desktop\\Background.bmp" />
</WindowsFormsHost >
A:
Give your button a name like any other WPF element:
<WindowsFormsHost ... >
<wf:Button x:Name="button1" ... />
</WindowsFormsHost >
Then reference that in the code-behind:
button1.BackgroundImage
= System.Drawing.Image.FromFile(@"C:\Users\Kvint\Desktop\Background.bmp");
If you're looking for a purely XAML approach, I'll leave that to someone else. I'm not sure it's even possible in this case.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Q:
Resolving shift/reduce conflicts with PLY
I have the following grammar for the setlx language in PLY:
Rule 0 S' -> file_input
Rule 1 file_input -> statement_list
Rule 2 epsilon -> <empty>
Rule 3 statement_list -> statement
Rule 4 statement_list -> statement_list statement
Rule 5 statement -> simple_statement SEMICOLON
Rule 6 statement -> compound_statement
Rule 7 simple_statement -> expression_statement
Rule 8 simple_statement -> assert_statement
Rule 9 simple_statement -> assignment_statement
Rule 10 simple_statement -> augmented_assign_statement
Rule 11 simple_statement -> backtrack_statement
Rule 12 simple_statement -> break_statement
Rule 13 simple_statement -> continue_statement
Rule 14 simple_statement -> exit_statement
Rule 15 simple_statement -> return_statement
Rule 16 simple_statement -> quantor
Rule 17 simple_statement -> term
Rule 18 expression_statement -> expression
Rule 19 backtrack_statement -> BACKTRACK
Rule 20 break_statement -> BREAK
Rule 21 continue_statement -> CONTINUE
Rule 22 exit_statement -> EXIT
Rule 23 return_statement -> RETURN
Rule 24 return_statement -> RETURN expression
Rule 25 expression_list -> expression
Rule 26 expression_list -> expression_list COMMA expression
Rule 27 expression -> implication
Rule 28 expression -> lambda_definition
Rule 29 expression -> implication EQUIVALENT implication
Rule 30 expression -> implication ANTIVALENT implication
Rule 31 implication -> disjunction
Rule 32 implication -> disjunction IMPLICATES disjunction
Rule 33 disjunction -> conjunction
Rule 34 disjunction -> disjunction OR conjunction
Rule 35 conjunction -> comparison
Rule 36 conjunction -> conjunction AND comparison
Rule 37 comparison -> sum
Rule 38 comparison -> sum EQ sum
Rule 39 comparison -> sum NEQ sum
Rule 40 comparison -> sum LT sum
Rule 41 comparison -> sum LE sum
Rule 42 comparison -> sum GT sum
Rule 43 comparison -> sum GE sum
Rule 44 comparison -> sum IN sum
Rule 45 comparison -> sum NOTIN sum
Rule 46 sum -> product
Rule 47 sum -> sum PLUS product
Rule 48 sum -> sum MINUS product
Rule 49 product -> reduce
Rule 50 product -> product TIMES reduce
Rule 51 product -> product DIVIDE reduce
Rule 52 product -> product IDIVIDE reduce
Rule 53 product -> product MOD reduce
Rule 54 product -> product CARTESIAN reduce
Rule 55 reduce -> unary_expression
Rule 56 reduce -> reduce SUM unary_expression
Rule 57 reduce -> reduce PRODUCT unary_expression
Rule 58 unary_expression -> power
Rule 59 unary_expression -> SUM unary_expression
Rule 60 unary_expression -> PRODUCT unary_expression
Rule 61 unary_expression -> HASH unary_expression
Rule 62 unary_expression -> MINUS unary_expression
Rule 63 unary_expression -> AT unary_expression
Rule 64 unary_expression -> BANG unary_expression
Rule 65 power -> primary
Rule 66 power -> primary POW unary_expression
Rule 67 primary -> atom
Rule 68 primary -> attributeref
Rule 69 primary -> subscription
Rule 70 primary -> slicing
Rule 71 primary -> procedure
Rule 72 primary -> call
Rule 73 primary -> primary BANG
Rule 74 atom -> identifier
Rule 75 atom -> literal
Rule 76 atom -> enclosure
Rule 77 identifier -> IDENTIFIER
Rule 78 identifier -> UNUSED
Rule 79 attributeref -> primary DOT identifier
Rule 80 subscription -> primary LBRACKET expression RBRACKET
Rule 81 slicing -> primary LBRACKET lower_bound RANGE upper_bound RBRACKET
Rule 82 lower_bound -> expression
Rule 83 lower_bound -> epsilon
Rule 84 upper_bound -> expression
Rule 85 upper_bound -> epsilon
Rule 86 literal -> stringliteral
Rule 87 literal -> integer
Rule 88 literal -> floatnumber
Rule 89 literal -> boolean
Rule 90 stringliteral -> STRING
Rule 91 stringliteral -> LITERAL
Rule 92 integer -> INTEGER
Rule 93 floatnumber -> DOUBLE
Rule 94 boolean -> TRUE
Rule 95 boolean -> FALSE
Rule 96 enclosure -> parenth_form
Rule 97 enclosure -> set_display
Rule 98 enclosure -> list_display
Rule 99 parenth_form -> LPAREN expression RPAREN
Rule 100 set_display -> LBRACE expression RANGE expression RBRACE
Rule 101 set_display -> LBRACE expression COMMA expression RANGE expression RBRACE
Rule 102 set_display -> LPAREN argument_list RPAREN
Rule 103 list_display -> LBRACKET expression RANGE expression RBRACKET
Rule 104 list_display -> LBRACKET expression COMMA expression RANGE expression RBRACKET
Rule 105 list_display -> LBRACKET argument_list RBRACKET
Rule 106 lambda_definition -> lambda_parameters LAMBDADEF expression
Rule 107 lambda_parameters -> identifier
Rule 108 lambda_parameters -> LT parameter_list GT
Rule 109 assignment_statement -> target ASSIGN expression
Rule 110 target -> expression
Rule 111 augmented_assign_statement -> augtarget augop expression
Rule 112 augtarget -> identifier
Rule 113 augtarget -> attributeref
Rule 114 augtarget -> subscription
Rule 115 augop -> PLUS_EQUAL
Rule 116 augop -> MINUS_EQUAL
Rule 117 augop -> TIMES_EQUAL
Rule 118 augop -> DIVIDE_EQUAL
Rule 119 augop -> IDIVIDE_EQUAL
Rule 120 augop -> MOD_EQUAL
Rule 121 assert_statement -> ASSERT LPAREN expression COMMA expression RPAREN
Rule 122 term -> TERM LPAREN term_arguments RPAREN
Rule 123 term_arguments -> expression_list
Rule 124 term_arguments -> epsilon
Rule 125 procedure -> PROCEDURE LPAREN parameter_list RPAREN LBRACE block RBRACE
Rule 126 procedure -> CPROCEDURE LPAREN parameter_list RPAREN LBRACE block RBRACE
Rule 127 parameter_list -> procedure_param
Rule 128 parameter_list -> parameter_list COMMA procedure_param
Rule 129 parameter_list -> epsilon
Rule 130 procedure_param -> identifier
Rule 131 call -> primary LPAREN argument_list RPAREN
Rule 132 call -> primary LPAREN RPAREN
Rule 133 argument_list -> expression
Rule 134 argument_list -> argument_list COMMA expression
Rule 135 quantor -> FORALL LPAREN iterator_chain PIPE expression RPAREN
Rule 136 quantor -> EXISTS LPAREN iterator_chain PIPE expression RPAREN
Rule 137 iterator -> target IN expression
Rule 138 iterator_chain -> iterator
Rule 139 iterator_chain -> iterator_chain COMMA iterator
Rule 140 compound_statement -> if_statement
Rule 141 compound_statement -> switch_statement
Rule 142 compound_statement -> match_statement
Rule 143 compound_statement -> while_loop
Rule 144 compound_statement -> do_while_loop
Rule 145 compound_statement -> for_loop
Rule 146 block -> statement_list
Rule 147 block -> epsilon
Rule 148 if_statement -> IF LPAREN expression RPAREN LBRACE block RBRACE
Rule 149 if_statement -> IF LPAREN expression RPAREN LBRACE block RBRACE ELSE LBRACE block RBRACE
Rule 150 if_statement -> IF LPAREN expression RPAREN LBRACE block RBRACE ELSE if_statement
Rule 151 switch_statement -> SWITCH LBRACE case_statements default_case RBRACE
Rule 152 case_statements -> case_list
Rule 153 case_statements -> epsilon
Rule 154 case_list -> case_statement
Rule 155 case_list -> case_list case_statement
Rule 156 case_statement -> CASE expression COLON block
Rule 157 default_case -> DEFAULT COLON block
Rule 158 default_case -> epsilon
Rule 159 match_statement -> MATCH
Rule 160 while_loop -> WHILE LPAREN expression RPAREN LBRACE block RBRACE
Rule 161 do_while_loop -> DO LBRACE block RBRACE WHILE LPAREN expression RPAREN SEMICOLON
Rule 162 for_loop -> FOR LPAREN iterator_chain RPAREN LBRACE block RBRACE
On the last few meters, I now get some conflicts:
WARNING:
WARNING: Conflicts:
WARNING:
WARNING: shift/reduce conflict for IN in state 34 resolved as shift
WARNING: shift/reduce conflict for COMMA in state 94 resolved as shift
WARNING: shift/reduce conflict for RPAREN in state 154 resolved as shift
How can I resolve them without generating new conflicts? I understand where they come from, but I have no idea about fixing it. Any help or general advice is appriciated.
A:
I'll do these backwards, because that way we go from easiest to hardest. In fact, I don't really have a solution for the first conflict.
The third conflict is the result of an actual ambiguity in the grammar. You need to get rid of the ambiguity:
Rule 96 enclosure -> parenth_form
Rule 97 enclosure -> set_display
Rule 99 parenth_form -> LPAREN expression RPAREN
Rule 102 set_display -> LPAREN argument_list RPAREN
Rule 133 argument_list -> expression
Consequently, if we're looking for an enclosure and we find a simple parenthesized expression, it could either be a parenth_form or it could be a set_display containing an argument_list of exactly one expression. I suspect that the intention here is that a simple parenthesized expression would be a parenth_form, but there's no way to tell from the grammar.
The simplest solution would be to just get rid of parenth_form altogether, and check for the case of a one-element argument_list when you build the AST node for a set_display corresponding to rule 102. Another possibility is to be explicit about it; change Rule 102 to require the set_display to have at least two expressions:
set_display -> LPAREN expression COMMA argument_list RPAREN
That still requires you to juggle the AST, though, because you have to prepend the expression to the argument_list when you build the set_display node.
The second S/R conflict is actually quite similar. It arises because of:
Rule 104 list_display -> LBRACKET expression COMMA expression RANGE expression RBRACKET
Rule 105 list_display -> LBRACKET argument_list RBRACKET
So:
LBRACKET expression COMMA expression ...
would require reduction by Rule 104 if the following symbol is RANGE; by Rule 105 if the following symbol is RBRACKET; and by Rule 134 if the following symbol is COMMA. (That's a rough approximation, since it assumes that we already know the end of the second expression.) As written, though, the grammar needs to commit to one of these paths as soon as it sees the first COMMA, because it needs to decide at that moment whether to create an argument_list or not.
The solution is to delay the parser's decision, which is easy but ugly:
list_display -> LBRACKET expression RANGE expression RBRACKET
list_display -> LBRACKET expression COMMA expression RANGE expression RBRACKET
list_display -> LBRACKET expression RBRACKET
list_display -> LBRACKET expression COMMA argument_list RBRACKET
Now, the first COMMA is always shifted and the decision on what type of list_display to reduce is delayed until the end of the second expression (if there are two expressions), but it's necessary to juggle the AST for the last two productions to correct the argument_list.
The first S/R conflict arises because IN is used both as an operator and as a syntactic part of an iterator:
Rule 44 comparison -> sum IN sum
Rule 137 iterator -> target IN expression
But because target is just an expression, and expression can derive sum, it's not possible (most of the time) for the parser to know which IN it's looking at until much later in the parse.
The previous technique of deferring the decision won't work here, because you need to know which type of IN you're looking at in order to correctly apply operator precedence. Suppose we're in a context where we need an iterator and the input is:
atom1 AND atom2 IN atom3
If that's the iterator (i.e., the next symbol is COMMA or RPAREN), then that is, effectively:
( atom1 AND atom2 ) IN atom3
However, if that's the left-hand side of an iterator, then it needs to be parsed completely differently:
( atom1 AND ( atom2 IN atom3 ) ) IN expression
Moreover, atom3 could have been an arbitrary expression, perhaps atom3 AND atom4, leading to the two parses:
( atom1 AND atom2 ) IN ( atom3 AND atom4 )
( atom1 AND ( atom2 IN atom3 ) AND atom4 ) IN expression
This is why puns are bad in language design.
I strongly suspect that there is no LR(k) grammar which will be able to parse that particular corner of your language, although that's just based on intuition; I have no proof. However, a GLR parser would have no trouble with it, because it is not actually ambiguous. I don't know if there is a GLR parser generator in Python; if you're not tied to Python, you could certainly use bison.
The GLR parser would also have solved the second conflict, which is also not the result of an ambiguity.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Jijar Singh (pic) , 71, and family feel relieved that their son, Jijar Singh Sandhu, is coming home at last. ― Malay Mail pic
GEORGE TOWN, Sept 2 — Home, finally. This is the sentiment expressed by the family of Malaysia Airlines steward Sanjid Singh Sadhu, who was among those killed in the MH17 tragedy.
“My family feels relieved that at last our son is coming home,” Sanjid’s father, Jijar Singh Sandhu, said yesterday.
The remains of Sanjid and eight other victims will return to KL International Airport at about 8.30am today.
Jijar said the family would bring their son’s ashes back to their house in Taman Selamat, in Alma on the mainland, for relatives, friends and the public to pay their last respects.
A priest from the Sikh temple will lead a 15-minute prayer session at 8.30am tomorrow after which, the family will head for the island where the ashes will be scattered at sea.
The others whose remains will return today are pilots Capt Wan Amran Wan Hussin and Capt Eugene Choo Jin Leong, first officer Muhd Firdaus Abdul Rahim and passengers Subashni J. Retnam, Kaelamayajay Goes and Loh Yan Hwa.
The remains of two Dutch nationals, Paul Goes and Fan Shun Po, are also arriving on the commercial flight from Amsterdam.
A ceremony will be held at the Bunga Raya Complex of KLIA to honour the victims upon the arrival of the remains.
Family members of Loh and Fan will be at the Penang International Airport in Bayan Lepas to receive their remains.
Loh, 54, better known as Jenny, and Fan, known as Popo Fan, ran two restaurants in Rotterdam and were travelling with Loh’s mother, Tan Siew Poh, 65.
Sanjid Singh Sandhu (left), 41, and his wife Tan Bee Jeok, 43. ― Malay Mail pic
A member of the Penang Buddhist Tsu Zhi Merit Society, who wished to be known only as Khoo, said a group from the society would be present at the airport to assist the family members and offer prayers.
“The family members have expressed their intention to be left alone by the media. We have been with them all this while to give them strength at such a trying period,” Khoo said.
According to Bernama, Defence Minister Datuk Seri Hishammuddin Hussein said the remains would be in five caskets and four urns.
Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Razak and his wife, Datin Seri Rosmah Mansor, Cabinet members and the next-of-kin and relatives of the victims will attend the ceremony, he told a media conference.
“So far, we have succeeded in repatriating the remains of 24 Malaysian victims, including 12 Muslims,” he said.
The victims comprised 14 passengers and 10 crew members.
With the remains of seven more Malaysian victims to be repatriated today, a total of 31 Malaysian victims have been identified.
Women, Family and Community Development Minister Datuk Seri Rohani Abdul Karim said preparations for the funerals, as requested by the next-of-kin of the victims, had been made.
She said the remains of Sanjid would be taken to his house in Jalan Klang Lama before they are flown by helicopter from the Royal Malaysian Air Force base in Sungai Besi to Bukit Mertajam.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
About Me
Monday, February 22, 2010
Australians and Americans! Are You Going to Follow Israeli Principle?
Australians and Americans! Are You Going to Follow Israeli Principle?
The Israelis and their supporters say;
1. “God gave us this land”.
2. “This holy land is for the Jews only and not for gentiles or goys”. Therefore they have the right to expel non Jews i.e. Muslims, Christians, Hindus, Buddhists, etc. etc as they have been doing so for the last sixty years with the assistance of the so called Christian USA, UK, Australia, … .
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Day 12: What game is your group most likely to play next? Why?
Lots of groups experiment with different games. Which game will you probably try next?
I’m excited for our Gamecation on the first weekend of October, a RL meetup of my Roll20 group. We’ve rented a house in Sherwood Forest, and will be there from Friday to Monday to play crazy amounts of boardgames and RPGs. We actually made an Excel list of what games to bring, hah.
We’ll be doing a face-to-face session of our Legacy of Fire campaign. One of the players, (who I also hope will start blogging here soon) wants to try her hand at GMing with running one of the We be Goblins adventures.
The cover of the rulebook
I am going to run a one-shot of Trail of Cthulhu. Originally I had wanted to run The Strange, but I am not 100% sold on the system yet, and ToC looks so cool and comes highly praised. When I announced that I would like to try this system, there was excited squeeing. I am counting this as a good sign.
We also talked about running one-shots every other month instead of our regular game. I’m a bit addicted to reading various systems, and on my to-play list I have The Strange, The One Ring, Star Wars: Edge of Empire, DnD 5e, 13th Age and The Night Black Agents. I hope that one of the players will occasionally be challenged to run a one-shot, because dang, it would be fun to play now and then.
Day 13: What makes a successful campaign?
What things do you need to keep a game enjoyable and ‘good’ for the long term?
For a successful campaign, I need to have the spark of a great story. For me, a campaign is longform storytelling, opposed to just doing random adventures. I need a string connecting everything and leaving players wondering about where the story goes. As such, the story needs to have a finale, an ending. For me, a campaign is finite.
Now, assuming you have this story, you need players who are open to it, who are excited for it. If the players don’t actually care about the story, the campaign is not successful. Players need to be engaged, committed to the story. The point here, as in all gaming is: have fun! If it’s not fun, then it needs to be addressed so that GM and players both try something else, or make it more fun.
Day 14: Who would be on your dream team of people you used to game with?
Of all the people you have gamed with in the past, who would you like to bring together to play for a specific game in a specific way?
Are gaming all-stars teams a thing? Huh. Of the games I was GM for, I would play with any of those players again. There’s not such a thing as a dream group for me. The groups are all vastly different, but they’re all fun. I do wish I could play with my friends from my hometown. When we played D&D 3e together, I ran a Mystara campaign for them, culminating in their discovery of the Hollow World. Unfortunately, that was our last session ever. It would have been fun to adventure on in there, with them.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Protective effect of zingerone, a dietary compound against radiation induced genetic damage and apoptosis in human lymphocytes.
Zingerone a dietary compound was investigated for its ability to protect against radiation induced genotoxicity and apoptosis in human lymphocytes growing in vitro. The radiation antagonistic potential of zingerone was assessed by alkaline comet, cytokinesis-block micronucleus, apoptosis and reactive oxygen species inhibition assays. Treatment of lymphocytes with zingerone (10μg/ml) prior exposure to 2Gy gamma radiation resulted in a significant reduction of frequency of micronuclei as compared to the control set of cells evaluated by cytokinesis blocked micronucleus assay. Similarly, treatment of lymphocytes with zingerone prior to radiation exposure showed significant decrease in the DNA damage as assessed by comet parameters, such as percent tail DNA and Olive tail moment. Further, treatment with zingerone (10μg/ml) before irradiation significantly decreased the percentage of apoptotic cells analyzed microscopically method and by DNA ladder assay. Similarly, the radiation induced reactive oxygen species levels were significantly (P<0.01) inhibited by zingerone. Our study demonstrates the protective effect of zingerone against radiation induced DNA damage and antiapoptotic effect in human lymphocytes, which may be partly attributed to scavenging of radiation induced free radicals and also by the inhibition of radiation induced oxidative stress.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
The present invention relates to an optical module having a reduced diameter structure in which an optical semiconductor element of the cap sealing type is butted and joined to a housing containing an optical part in a state that an optical optimal position relation holds therebetween.
An optical module is a device in which an optical semiconductor element (such as a semiconductor light emitting device, e.g., a laser diode or a semiconductor light receiving (detecting) device, e.g., a photo diode) and an optical part (such as a lens and an optical fiber ferule) are held while being aligned with each other. An array module (an optical module unit) is also available, in which a plurality of such optical modules are arrayed.
An optical module used in the optical communications field includes, for example, an optical semiconductor element (an optical semiconductor device), a lens, and a housing which holds the optical semiconductor element and the lens, and fittingly receives a ferule of an optical plug of a mating connecting member. When the optical plug is connected thereto, the optical semiconductor element is optically coupled with the optical fiber of the ferule through the lens. The optical coupling to the optical fiber is usually based on a mechanical structure constructed according to the standard on various optical connectors.
A spherical lens is widely used for the lens assembled into the optical module for the following reasons. It is manufactured highly accurately by only machining work. This results in cost reduction of the product. Further, it has no directivity. Because of this, in assembling the lens, there is no need for its orientation adjustment, and hence the assembling work is easy. An aspherical lens, a gradient index rod lens or the like is also used for the lens of the optical module. A metallic housing was widely used for the housing for holding the optical semiconductor element and the lens. In recent days, a resin housing is frequently used for the same for the following reasons. The resin housing allows the lens to be put thereinto by insert molding. Alternatively, the lens can be held with a plurality of pawl-like protruded pieces. Accordingly, the manufacturing is smooth and easy, and the cost to manufacture is reduced. The optical semiconductor element widely used is of the so-called cap sealing structure type in which an element body is sealingly mounted within a cap having a window.
In the usual manufacturing of the optical module, the optical semiconductor element, the lens and the optical fiber are aligned with one another in an optically optimal position relationship, and then the optical semiconductor element is fastened to the housing containing the lens. In a case where the optical semiconductor element is a laser diode, the laser diode is driven to emit laser light, the laser light is input to the optical fiber, and the laser light emitted from the optical fiber is monitored. At a position where the outgoing laser light is maximized in intensity, the optical semiconductor element is fastened to the housing.
In the optical module using the optical semiconductor element of the cap sealing type, the housing is designed so that the cap of the optical semiconductor element is insertable into the housing, and accordingly, the stem part of the optical semiconductor element is joined to the end face of the housing. In a case where the housing is made of resin, any of various types of adhesives may be used for the bonding, and where it is made of a metallic material, the YAG welding is often used for the bonding. In either case, those are joined together in a state that the side surface of the cap of the optical semiconductor element is entirely covered with a part of the housing.
Recently, with increase of optical communications capacity, the need of mounting the optical fibers at high density increases in the optical transmission device and the like. Accordingly, further size reduction of the optical module mounted thereon is also required. Specifically, the market demands the development of the optical module which is adaptable for the LC, MU and other types of small optical connectors, while the conventional optical module is satisfactory if it is adaptable for the SC type connector.
In the optical module using the optical semiconductor element of the cap sealing type, the outer diameter of the optical module is inherently larger than the diameter of the stem part of the optical semiconductor element. In this respect, limitation is put on the size and diameter reduction of the optical module.
Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a small optical module.
Another object of the invention is to provide an optical module which is adaptable for the small optical connectors of the LC, MU and the like type.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide a small optical module which is readily applied to the optical module of the tablet type or the like.
According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided an optical module in which an optical semiconductor element of the cap sealing type is mounted on a housing to be aligned with an optical axis of an optical part contained in the housing. The optical module is characterized in that the upper surface of a cap of the optical semiconductor element is bonded to the end face of the housing. With such a construction, the maximum outer diameter of the optical module can be within the maximum outer diameter of the optical semiconductor element.
Examples of the optical parts contained within the housing include a lens and an optical fiber ferule. The optical part contained within the housing may be not only a single optical part but also a plurality of optical parts. The housing may be structured to contain only the lens. The housing may have a structure for fittingly receiving a ferule of an optical plug of a mating connecting member, in addition to the lens built-in structure. In the latter case, the cap sealing type optical semiconductor element is aligned with the optical axes of the lens and the ferule, and then fixedly mounted on the housing. The present invention may be applied to the optical module of the type in which the optical semiconductor element is directly bonded to the ferule bore. Usually, the housing is made of synthetic resin. Ultraviolet curing adhesive is preferably used for joining the upper surface of the cap of the optical semiconductor element to the housing. Any other suitable adhesive may be used for the joining, as a matter of course.
In the optical module, the surface of the cap of the optical semiconductor element and at least a part of the side surface of the housing may be covered with a casing, and a clearance formed therebetween may be sealed with resin. In the optical module thus structured, it is preferable that the upper surface of the cap of the optical semiconductor element and the end face of the housing are bonded by ultraviolet curing adhesive, and a clearance between the inner surface of the casing, and the side surface of the cap of the optical semiconductor element and at least a part of side surface of the housing is sealed with thermosetting resin. Accordingly, the time taken for the bonding operation using the ultraviolet curing adhesive is extremely short. As a result, the coupling work of the optical optimal position is easy. With the sealing using the thermosetting resin, the bonding strength and the anti-weatherability are improved.
According to another aspect, there is provided an optical module wherein a plurality of optical modules constructed as described above are arrayed in juxtaposition and covered with a single casing, and a clearance formed therebetween is sealed with resin. A typical example of such is an optical module of the tablet type in which semiconductor light emitting elements and semiconductor light receiving elements are formed as sets in a single unit.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
With free agency and the draft in the rearview, here’s an early look at how the teams stack up heading into the 2017 season, beginning with Nos. 32-17. Plus notes on overtime changes, Tom Brady concussion talk and more
A first in the 20 years that I’ve been doing Monday Morning Quarterback:a split column. Because I wanted to give you my rankings, one to 32, of NFL teams after free agency and the draft, and I wanted to put a little meat on the bone, I’ll give you half the league today and half in a special MMQB columnTuesday. Today: 17 through 32, and I believe my ratings will take me off Mike Maccagnan’s Christmas card list. Tuesday: 1 through 16.
First, three quick notes in advance of the league meeting in Chicago on Tuesday:
• Vernon Davis, you can shoot that jump shot again, without getting whacked. The NFL flagged and fined 26 players for excessive celebration last year; most of those celebrations this season will not be penalized or fined. Commissioner Roger Goodell and his staff met on at least two occasions this spring with a large group of players (one club official told me Goodell talked with more than 40 players about this issue) and came to his senses: It’s asinine to use the “ball as prop” reason to penalize players, and even more asinine to fine someone $12,000 for the simple act of expressing joy after scoring a touchdown. Most of those penalties will disappear Tuesday at the league meeting. For instance, this “foul” will be wiped off the books: Remember when Davis, the Washington tight end, caught a touchdown pass against the Eagles last October and then calmly shot the football over the crossbar, as if was shooting a basketball into the hoop? Last year that was a 15-yard penalty and a $12,154 fine. This year, if the league approves, it will be neither a penalty or a fine. (That has more than just sportsmanship aspects to it. Last year, the 15-yard flag against Davis caused Washington kicker Dustin Hopkins to make a short kickoff, and Eagles returner Wendell Smallwood brought it back for an 86-yard touchdown.) Thankfully, intelligent heads will prevail, and that silliness is very likely to be knocked off the books in 2017.
• It’s widely expected that the overtime period will be shaved from 15 minutes to 10. I hate ties. We all do. But I doubt more ties, by percentage, will result from this change, designed with an eye on player safety and reducing the number of plays in overtime. Coaches will adjust, and will play faster now in the extra period. This proposal may have passed by vote in the league’s March meeting, but the league didn’t want to jam it through before teams had time to deliberate. They have now, and it’s doubtful that at least nine will vote against it. (There must be a three-quarters majority to pass the rule; the league believes it has 24 yes votes.)
• THE NFL’S BIGGEST POSITION BATTLES: Albert Breer on the QB situation in Denver and other jobs up for grabs during camp season
• The Los Angeles Super Bowl is in flux. Because of torrential rain in L.A. in the first four months of 2017, the projected opening for the new Rams/Chargers stadium got pushed from summer 2019 to summer 2020. That means the Super Bowl the league awarded to Los Angeles for February 2021 is now in doubt, because the NFL has an unofficial policy of waiting for a new stadium to work the kinks out in year one and before allowing it to host a Super Bowl in year two. The L.A. forces will argue that Minnesota and Atlanta will have 20 games played before their Super Bowls—the same number as the L.A. stadium will have. Why? Because the Rams and Chargers, with 10 games each in the new stadium (eight regular-season, two pre-season), will give the same 20-game experience as the other new palaces. It’s not a big deal anyway … because the league is going to play multiple Super Bowls in Los Angeles, and whether the first one is in 2021 or 2022 in the grand scheme of things isn’t very significant.
* * *
NFL Power Rankings, Pt. 1
Getty Images (6); AP (4)
At The MMQBin June, we’ll have a full division-by-division preview of the season by eight writers. They will go in more depth than I am today. But here’s how I view teams 32 through 17, the second half of the NFL power structure entering training camps.
* * *
32. NEW YORK JETS
Jets wide receiver Quincy Enunwa Jerome Davis/Getty Images
Additions: QB Josh McCown, 37, joined his 10th NFL team … T Kelvin Beachum (Steelers, Jags, Jets) on his third team in 18 months … CB Morris Claiborne (Dallas) will replace Darrelle Revis … Rookie S Jamal Adams should start opening day.
Subtractions: WR Brandon Marshall, 33, takes his 2,290 receiving yards in the past two years to the Giants … CB Darrelle Revis sunk like a stone last year, got released, and is still unemployed … QB Ryan Fitzpatrick vanished, as did 40 percent of the OL: C Nick Mangold, T Breno Giacomini.
Key coaching/front-office moves: John Morton (Saints WR coach) replaces Chan Gailey as offensive coordinator … Hall of Famer Kevin Greene replaces Mark Collins as OLB coach.
Decisive schedule span: Weeks 3 through 5—vs. Miami, vs. Jacksonville, at Cleveland. The season’s over if the Jets can’t win at least two of those. Here’s why: Jets could open 0-2 (at Bills and Raiders). Then, starting in Week 6, New York has the Patriots, Dolphins and Falcons in succession.
Why I have the Jets 32nd: The Jets look like a team tanking for one of the top QB prospects in 2018. As valuable to a team as he is as a player/coach, Josh McCown’s at the end, and he will legitimately compete for playing time with Bryce Petty and the passer drafted to be the quarterback of the future in 2016, Christian Hackenberg. The ace rusher, Matt Forte, turns 32 this year and is coming off a 3.7-yards-per-rush season. Tight end is a wasteland. There’s a very good receiver being hatched, Quincy Enunwa, but will he be able to get the ball enough from the passers? Imagine being new offensive coordinator John Morton; you have to be aware you’ll be judged on the performance of this offense in the future, and you have to be aware that if the team goes 2-14, the whole staff could get wiped out. Tough assignment. On defense, two things disturb me: How can a team with this talent have given up the fifth-most points in football last year? And will a player as good as Muhammad Wilkerson (granted with ankle and knee problems for part of 2016) who played so poorly last year rebound? I’m skeptical the defense will turn back into the force it once was, even with the draft-weekend additions of Adams and Marcus Maye on the back end.
Most important factor to this team this year: Whether the Jets can get average quarterbacking out of the question-filled passing mélange they’ll field. Obviously, I have my doubts.
Jets prediction of 10 words or less: He won’t deserve it, but Bowles gets whacked in January.
* * *
31. CLEVELAND BROWNS
Browns quarterback Cody Kessler Ron Schwane/AP
Additions: The offensive line is 40 percent new—G Kevin Zeitler (Cincinnati) and center J.C. Tretter are upgrades. Zeitler, in particular, is a top-level guard with some fight to him … WR Kenny Britt will be a vertical threat, but he’s not a premier player … Brock Osweiler and DeShone Kizer bring weirdness to the QB depth chart … The draft delivered two players who should contribute on opening day: pass-rusher Myles Garrett and safety/linebacker/returner Jabrill Peppers.
Subtractions: Browns continued to lose valuable pieces in the off-season, when a contract tiff led to WR Terrelle Pryor signing with Washington … WR Andrew Hawkins, TE Gary Barnidge, QB Josh McCown and T Austin Pasztor all departed.
Key coaching/front-office moves: Ray Horton out as the coordinator of the 31st-ranked NFL defense, Gregg Williams in (yet another iteration of a strange but impactful career). “We want to see the Browns be different than they’ve ever been,” coach Hue Jackson said, and that will start with a chippier defense.
Decisive schedule span: First three weeks—vs. Pittsburgh, at Baltimore, at Indianapolis. With an 0-3 start, it’s time to play for Sam Darnold. If the Browns steal one or two, that’ll give this franchise hope for a six-win season, not two.
Why I have the Browns 31st: In 14 draft rounds over the past two years, the Browns have made a league-high 24 picks, and so it’s impossible to judge how those players, particularly with a new defensive look and a unsettled quarterback depth chart, will play. Progress for the Browns would be 5-11 and exiting this season having some idea if Kizer or Cody Kessler (who will get the long first shot to play quarterback) is good enough to prevent GM Sashi Brown from re-entering the quarterback market next year. Two things I see as reasons Cleveland will be at least slightly improved from the team with 18 double-digit losses in the past two years: The Zeitler-infused offensive line is improved—thank God the Browns haven’t traded franchise left tackle Joe Thomas—and Williams will help make the defense a difficult Sunday for foes all season. Progress is what this franchise needs.
Most important factor to this team this year: DeShone Kizer. Can he play? Will he get a chance to show Jackson and GM Sashi Brown they shouldn’t make a big play for Jimmy Garoppolo or the next great college quarterback next spring?
Browns prediction of 10 words or less: Thoughts of Garoppolo dance through Hue’s head after three wins.
* * *
30. SAN FRANCISCO 49ERS
Niners linebacker Reuben Foster Jeff Chiu/AP
Additions: A slew on either side of the ball: WRs Pierre Garçon (Washington) and Marquise Goodwin (Buffalo), C Jeremy Zuttah (Baltimore), QB Brian Hoyer (Chicago), FB Kyle Jusczyk (Baltimore) on offense … On defense, first-round picks Solomon Thomas (DL) and Reuben Foster (LB) arrived, as did DT Earl Mitchell (Miami) and OLB Malcolm Smith (Oakland).
Subtractions: WR Torrey Smith left for Philadelphia, QB Colin Kaepernick left for a New York City workout facility (he is unemployed as of today), and a trio of defenders (Glenn Dorsey, Tramaine Brock and Antoine Bethea) have departed.
Key coach/front-office moves: New head coach/offensive coordinator Kyle Shanahan and defensive coordinator Robert Saleh lead a new staff. (Interesting side note: The defensive quality control coach is first-year NFL assistant DeMeco Ryans. Not often that a two-time Pro Bowl and former high draft choice does the grunt work of a quality-control coach.) Off the field: GM John Lynch goes from the TV booth to learning everything about franchise architecture, and VP of player personnel Adam Peters and shadow GM Martin Mayhew were imported from the Broncos and Giants, respectively, to smooth Lynch’s path.
Decisive schedule span: Overall, the schedule is absurdly difficult for a team under construction—nine of 10 foes before the bye (Week 2: Rams) are legitimate playoff contenders. But let’s take a road trip in Weeks 4 through 6: at Arizona, at Indianapolis, at Washington. At Carson Palmer, Andrew Luck, Kirk Cousins. Pretty tough.
Why I have the 49ers 30th: Read the previous paragraph. If Vegas set the odds right now, it’s likely the only games the Niners may be favored are Week 3 at home with the Rams, and Week 16 at home with Jacksonville. That’s only part of the reason why this looks like a three- or four-win season … and only that good because Kyle Shanahan is good at game-planning, and because Brian Hoyer’s not going to be hopeless at quarterback. The 49ers are very clear about what this season is, and have been since Shanahan and Lynch got twin six-year contracts (unprecedentedly long deals for two first-timers) from CEO Jed York to rebuild a woebegone franchise. So this year will be about seeing that three young and gifted defensive linemen (DeForest Buckner, Arik Armstead, Solomon Thomas) can play in tandem, that Foster can be the defensive centerpiece, and that a rookie offensive weapon, fourth-round running back Joe Williams, can be one-half of a rushing tandem with Carlos Hyde. It’s a year of growth, not one of contention.
Most important factor to this team this year: Whether Reuben Foster can be healthy enough (he’s recovering from a surgically repaired shoulder that scared off some teams leading up to the draft) and mature enough to be exactly what the Niners drafted him to be: an instinctive tackling machine at the center of their defense for the next eight to 10 years.
49ers prediction of 10 words or less: Niners chase Cousins after predictably crappy season.
• ‘COLIN IS GETTING READY AS IF HE’S A STARTING QB’: Peter King talks with Kaepernick’s trainer about the free agent’s desire to keep playing
* * *
29. LOS ANGELES RAMS
Rams quarterback Jared Goff Michael Zagaris/Getty Images
Additions:
Subtractions: The Rams have lost 159 receptions and 10 touchdowns from Kenny Britt, Brian Quick and Lance Kendricks, all gone (kicked out the door?) in free agency … With Case Keenum gone, Jared Goff backup duties currently fall to Sean Mannion, the only other QB currently on the roster … DE William Hayes was dealt to Miami. Hayes-for-Barwin is probably an even swap.
Key coaching/front-office moves: A new head coach, Sean McVay, is change enough, but how about importing a totally different approach on defense, with folksy Wade Phillips brought in to replace one of the hardest-edged coaches in the league, Gregg Williams, at defensive coordinator … New offensive coordinator Matt LaFleur’s unproven and mostly unknown, but look for McVay to handle most of the heavy lifting on offense … Mildly surprising: Owner Stan Kroenke and COO Kevin Demoff chose to keep GM Les Snead. Everett and Kupp need to be good in year one to help Snead’s long-term architecture chances here.
Decisive schedule span: Three-game September stretch. The Rams have to start 2-1 at worst against Indianapolis (home), Washington (home) and San Francisco (away), or this is going to be a long year.
Why I have the Rams 29th: A combination of two things: the youngest head coach in NFL history (McVay is 31) learning on the job, and the total unknown that is Jared Goff. I remember when I was talking to one veteran front-office man about what he’d do if the Rams offered him the job as long-term architect. “Trade Goff and start over at quarterback,” he said. The best thing for Goff, though, is a young and energetic coach like McVay who has bought into making him a good player. We’ll see if McVay can. I’m bullish on McVay’s overall chances because coaches like Mike Tomlin believe so strongly in his youthful intelligence. But transitioning so many green players—Goff, Everett, Kupp—to be really good early is problematic. The best thing that can happen to the Rams this year is riding a strong defense to a few wins while developing Goff for 2018 and beyond.
Most important factor to this team this year: Finding out if Goff can play, pure and simple. Imagine if he has a 2016 Blake Bortles kind of year, a truly disappointing one, and the Rams exit 2017 with major questions about Goff. And imagine if Washington doesn’t franchise-tag Kirk Cousins next winter. That just might put two California teams with coaches who love Cousins, the Rams and Niners (Kyle Shanahan), in the business of fighting over Cousins in free agency.
Rams prediction of 10 words or less: A Goff implosion more likely than Goff winning six games.
* * *
28. CHICAGO BEARS
Bears running back Jordan Howard Joe Robbins/Getty Images
Additions: Free-agent signing Mike Glennon is grinding his teeth over the drafting of QB Mitchell Trubisky (second pick in the draft), and he has one season to stake his claim for the job. (I wouldn’t be optimistic in the Glennon household.) … The secondary got three respectable adds in corners Prince Amukamara (third team in 18 months) and Marcus Cooper and safety Quintin Demps … Second-round tight end Adam Shaheen will step in early in a prominent offensive role.
Subtractions: The starting quarterbacks from 2016—Jay Cutler and Brian Hoyer and Matt Barkley—were all let go, an odd development for a team that retains the same coach, offensive coordinator and GM … WR Alshon Jeffery and CB Tracy Porter are a couple of boldface names gone too … Failed first-round corner Kyle Fuller didn’t have his fifth-year option picked up; he could be in danger of not making the team this summer.
Key coaching/front-office moves: Two assistants in the John Fox stable since he coached in Carolina—offensive line coach Dave Magazu and assistant secondary coach Sam Garnes, as well as running backs coach Stan Drayton—are out. In: Jeremiah Washburn (OL), Curtis Modkins (RB), Roy Anderson (secondary).
Decisive schedule span: The first quarter of the season—Atlanta, at Tampa Bay, Pittsburgh, at Green Bay—is not favorable for a team with a new quarterback and a coach in desperate need of a rebound season.
Why I have the Bears 28th: The Bears went 1-7 in their last eight games in 2016. Not sure they’re a lot better. If so, it’ll come from improvements in the secondary and the quarterback facelift and a couple of valuable players coming off IR. The respected defensive coordinator, Vic Fangio, oversaw a unit that gave up 30, 41 and 38 points, respectively, in its past three games, and the defense must see Leonard Floyd at the center of a significantly improved pass rush. He needs to double his seven rookie-year sacks for the Chicago defense to start scaring anyone. At quarterback, I don’t just assume that Glennon/Trubisky will automatically be better than what Chicago had last year. Thankfully, running back Jordan Howard came out of nowhere (the 2015 fifth round) to gain 1,313 yards, to rank a stunning second in the NFL. It’s vital he doesn’t have a sophomore slump. In short, I can’t see the Bears being .500 unless one of the quarterbacks emerges as a top 20 passer by early in the season.
Most important factor to this team this year: Of course it’s the quarterback race between Glennon and Trubisky. That one’s too obvious. There’s another one. Kevin White was the seventh pick of the 2015 draft. In two years, he’s played four of 32 games, caught zero touchdown passes, and had zero impact. This is the year the Bears have to see some degree of explosiveness and/or competence out of a player drafted ahead of Vic Beasley, Melvin Gordon and Marcus Peters.
Bears prediction of 10 words or less: Trubisky is the quarterback by Thanksgiving. It doesn’t matter.
• TEN THINGS I THINK: Albert Breer on why the Bears quarterback method isn’t madness and more offseason NFL thoughts
* * *
27. JACKSONVILLE JAGUARS
Jaguars cornerback Jalen Ramsey Don Juan Moore/Getty Images
Additions: Two significant ones on offense—Leonard Fournette with the fourth overall pick, and either Branden Albert or second-rounder Cam Robinson starting at left tackle … Calais Campbell up front and A.J. Bouye at corner, with two of the biggest free agency contracts of the year … Underrated acquisition on the free market: physical and instinctive safety Barry Church, from Dallas.
Subtractions: The supposed tight end of the future, Julius Thomas, essentially got dealt to Miami for another disappointment, Albert … Overrated LT Kelvin Beachum went to the Jets … Four defensive starters got whacked: DE Jared Odrick, LB Dan Skuta and DBs Jonathan Cyprien and Davon House.
Key coaching/front-office moves: Tom Coughlin came in as franchise overlord, putting training wheels back on GM Dave Caldwell, who couldn’t have been happy with it. But it’s hard to argue against big change when you’re 15-49 in four seasons in charge. That’s Caldwell’s record … Doug Marrone is fortunate to have a second chance after how his tenure in Buffalo ended in the debacle of him choosing to leave. This is a good team to take a shot with—except for the offensive line and, apparently, the quarterback.
Decisive schedule span: The five games after Jacksonville’s Week 8 bye: Bengals, Chargers, at Browns, at Cards, Colts. If Jacksonville is at least 3-4 against a mediocre early slate, they could pull the impossible with a good showing in those five weeks. They could be in contention after Thanksgiving.
Why I have the Jaguars 27th: Jacksonville is like the old Washington team in the early Dan Snyder years, winning free agency every year. Lots of money spent for lots of bad teams. If I’m Shad Khan, I’m getting damn impatient. Every year, I give Dave Caldwell and the coaching staff everything they ask for, and every year the product stinks. That’s why this is such a big year for Blake Bortles (a Caldwell pick all the way) and for Caldwell. It’ll be interesting to see the influence of Coughlin—and if the Jags pull another stinker this year, whether Coughlin in 2018 becomes the coach or GM or both. For now, this is a team that should try to win running the ball with Fournette and Chris Ivory, and by playing strong defense. Bouye and 2016 first-rounder Jalen Ramsey are an excellent young cover tandem, and Campbell should buttress a burgeoning front seven. Then again, I talked very optimistically about the Jags last off-season too. At some point, talk becomes cheap.
Most important factor to this team this year: Deciding on Bortles. Four years is time enough. You just don’t get a great vibe on the guy right now. It’ll be an upset if he becomes the Jags’ long-term quarterback.
Jaguars prediction of 10 words or less: In a 5-11 year, Fournette leads AFC in rushing.
* * *
26. BUFFALO BILLS
Bills pass-rusher Jerry Hughes Joe Robbins/Getty Images
Additions:
Subtractions: One ace blocker out at fullback (Jerome Felton) for another (Patrick DiMarco) … Stephon Gilmore was lost as the top corner, and lost to the hated Patriots … Inside ’backer Zach Brown, a tackling machine, moved to Washington … Rex Ryan’s 3-4 defense. The Bills will revert to the 4-3 under Sean McDermott and defensive coordinator Leslie Frazier.
Key coach/front-office moves: The whole place is new, as I detailed in the column last week. Since Bill Belichick took over as New England’s coach and franchise architect in 2000, Sean McDermott is the ninth Bills head coach and Brandon Beane the seventh GM/drafter … Good hire by Beane, getting highly respected (and likely future GM somewhere) VP of Player Personnel Brian Gaine out of Houston … Offensive coordinator Rick Dennison will be huge in coaching Tyrod Taylor, whose success or failure will be Dennison’s too … Juan Castillo was hired from the Ravens to be run-game coordinator.
Decisive schedule span: Weeks 2 through 4, against three of the four teams in the Super Bowl in the past two years. Not a friendly slate. Buffalo’s at Carolina, has Denver at home, and plays at Atlanta. Can the Bills be competitive? We’ll know soon enough. They don’t play New England until Weeks 13 and 16.
Why I have the Bills 26th:Basically because I don’t know who the Bills are. After being fourth in team defense in 2014 under Jim Schwartz, Rex Ryan’s unit got avalanched the past two seasons, finishing 19th twice with uglier analytics measurables than that. The pass-rush stinks. For a slithery escape artist, Jerry Hughes, to have 12 sacks over the past two seasons—way unproductive. So McDermott has his hands full, plus he has lost a good corner, Gilmore. However, the Bills probably did the right thing in blowing up the place. GM Doug Whaley made bold but ultimately bad moves (trading two ones for Watkins most notably). Ryan’s heart wasn’t into a rebuild. That’s why almost everything this year with the Bills ought to be viewed through a 2018-20 prism. This has to be a growth stock. For the 18th straight year they won’t make the playoffs, but if the coach and GM and QB exit the year as good buys, that’s progress.
Most important factor to the team this year: Is Tyrod Taylor the quarterback of the future? McDermott and Beane danced around that with me last week, but we should know by Thanksgiving.
Bills prediction of 10 words or less: Taylor proves he’s the man in a 6-10 year.
• MONDAY MORNING QUARTERBACK: Peter King on the new leadership team in Buffalo
* * *
25. LOS ANGELES CHARGERS
Chargers pass-rusher Joey Bosa Rob Leiter/Getty Images
Additions:
Subtractions: The massive King Dunlap never played as big as his size and is gone at LT … Danny Woodhead follows Darren Sproles out the door as another incredibly favored Philip Rivers weapon … Manti Te’o never lived up to the sideline-to-sideline billing in the heart of the Chargers D and left for the Saints. Not a big loss.
Key coaching/front-office moves: Head coach Anthony Lynn is a leap of faith for Dean Spanos, but those in the league who know Lynn—after a career of mostly coaching running backs—think he’s got a chance to be good because he’s an ex-player “who’s got a ‘today’s player’ attitude to the game,” Bills guard Richie Incognito said last year. In an odd situation like practicing this spring in San Diego, having camp in Costa Mesa this summer and playing in a bandbox in Carson in the fall, that’s crucial … Gus Bradley is back running a defense, which is probably a good move for him after a nightmarish four years as head coach in Jacksonville.
Decisive schedule span: Weeks 2 through 4. The Chargers play three straight home games (Miami, Kansas City, Philly) in their 30,000-seat mini-stadium south of L.A. You don’t want your season over on Oct. 1, so the Chargers need to adjust to the weirdness in their lives pretty quickly.
Why I have the Chargers 25th: I love the edge-rush combo of Melvin Ingram and Joey Bosa; this should be a 24-sack duo if healthy. I love the aerial combination of Philip Rivers and Keenan Allen (who can be first-team All-Pro—he’s that good); they are a top-five combination if healthy. But three things make me think 6-10 for this team. One: I don’t like the offensive line; Gordon will be lucky to average 3.8 yards per carry this year, and Rivers will get hit more than his share. Two: Oakland, Denver and Kansas City are all potential playoff teams; San Diego could go 1-5 in the division and it wouldn’t be that surprising. (Road trips to play the Giants, Patriots and Cowboys hurt too.) Three: The Rams found the mayhem of multiple homes last year—in minicamp, training camp and the regular season—quite sapping. That’ll be a big challenge for Lynn with this team.
Most important factor to this team this year: The health of Ingram and Bosa. Why? Because they could be, in tandem, the most lethal set of pass-rushers on any team in football. And with Rivers being a solid rock, a fearsome defensive front will give the Chargers a chance in every game they play.
Chargers prediction of 10 words or less: Living out of suitcases kills a promising team. For now.
* * *
24. INDIANAPOLIS COLTS
Colts tight end Jack Doyle Ronald C. Modra/Getty Images
Additions: FS Malik Hooker came in the first round; the Colts were desperate for a physical game-changer in the back end … Otherwise, the adds were mostly meat-and-potatoes: LB Jabaal Sheard and DT Johnathan Hankins on the front seven in free agency, and well-liked third-round pass-rusher Tarell Basham. No big newbies on offense, but TE Jack Doyle, in an upset, was signed to a rich deal.
Subtractions: TE Dwayne Allen was dealt to New England … On defense, Arthur Jones, D’Qwell Jackson, Robert Mathis and Mike Adams either retired or were let go.
Key coaching/front-office moves: Chris Ballard came in as GM and brought a remade scouting staff. Out: Ryan Grigson and director of college scouting T.J. McCreight, who was replaced with Morocco Brown. Rex Hogan and Ed Dodds will share the vice president of player personnel job; Dodds was a major influence on personnel decisions under John Schneider in Seattle. Ballard believes in developing from within, having strong drafts and not being inordinately reliant on free agency.
Decisive schedule span: Weeks 6 through 9: at Tennessee, Jacksonville, at Cincinnati, at Houston. Four winnable games that could set up the Colts for a second-half playoff run, particularly after having Cleveland and San Francisco at home in the first five weeks.
Why I have the Colts 24th: I like Ballard, and when a new GM takes over, you’ve got to show some faith in his roster evaluation. The most interesting thing Ballard did is stay status quo with the offensive line, which could have the same starting five that ended the 2016 season—in a very disappointing way. The five projected starters for the Colts this year were rated as mediocre by Pro Football Focusin 2016: Anthony Castonzo and Joe Haeg 15th and 39th, respectively, at tackle, Jack Mewhort and Denzelle Good 25th and 68th, respectively, at guard, and Ryan Kelly 19th at center. Ballard says he likes the line Grigson assembled more than the critics do, so we’ll see. I make this point because Andrew Luck has been hurt more than most quarterbacks, and he’s a pocket player, and if he continues to get hit the way he has, this team is going to struggle.
Most important factor to this team this year: The Colts need to develop some difference-makers on defense. Hooker’s a start. But there’s not the difference-making rusher, nor is there the sideline-to-sideline play-making linebacker. It’s a vital year for the defense to rise up and support Luck.
Colts prediction of 10 words or less: Poor offensive line, pass rush. Wait until ’18.
* * *
* * *
23. PHILADELPHIA EAGLES
Eagles quarterback Carson Wentz Mitchell Leff/Getty Images
Additions: Busy offseason: WRs Alshon Jeffery and Torrey Smith, and RB LaGarrette Blount fortified the offense; DE Chris Long, DT Timmy Jernigan and CB Patrick Robinson the defense, and none for bank-breaking money … What a 26-month period it’s been for Nick Foles: Philadelphia to St. Louis to Los Angeles to Kansas City and now back to Philadelphia to back up Carson Wentz … Edge rusher Derek Barnett, the top draft pick from Tennessee, will get a role for Jim Schwartz.
Subtractions: Defensive ones, mostly: DE Connor Barwin to the Rams, cornerback Nolan Carroll to Dallas, and probably the biggest one—space-eating DT Bennie Logan to Kansas City.
Key coaching/front-office moves: After a tumultuous post-Chip Kelly 2016, 2017 has been quite quiet. Mike Groh replacing Greg Lewis as receivers coach could be significant with all the player transition there.
Decisive schedule span: Strange schedule. Three-game homestand (Weeks 7 through 9), three-game road trip (Weeks 13 through 15). The first four weeks will be the most telling: at Washington, at Kansas City, Giants at home, at Chargers.
Why I have the Eagles 23rd: So many things about this team I like right now, including the drafting of cornerback Sidney Jones in the second round though he’s coming off Achilles surgery in March, and no one knows if he’ll play this year or at what level. This franchise is being built for the long term, with smart two-year pieces like Chris Long plugging temp holes. On offense, Carson Wentz will have more help from a motivated Alshon Jeffery and deep threat Torrey Smith, and Wentz has to progress or the whole program is in trouble. The defense will miss Bennie Logan, and the secondary had better hope Schwartz’s front can bring some pressure; the corners can be attacked. But improvement from Wentz is the key.
Most important factor to this team this year: The development of Carson Wentz. It’s paramount to everything this franchise has done since Chip Kelly got whacked a year and a half ago. After a strong start last year, Wentz was less than mediocre (last 12 games: nine touchdowns, 13 picks) for the final three months of the season. The Eagles are convinced he’s better than that. Time to show that what EVP of football operations Howie Roseman paid for Wentz was worth it.
Eagles prediction of 10 words of less: Daunting December slate knocks Eagles out of playoffs.
* * *
22. WASHINGTON
Washington wide receiver Jamison Crowder Andy Lewis/Icon Sportswire via Getty Images
Additions: Because of shoulder injury concerns, a top-five player, DL Jonathan Allen, fell to the middle of the first round and will be a boom-or-bust pick for the defensive front … Love the bargain addition of ace tackler Zack Brown from Buffalo in free agency … WR Terrelle Pryor got embarrassed in free agency, thinking he’d make $12 million a year with a big guarantee. He got just $8 million on a one-year deal and will have to fight for Kirk Cousins’ attention with a young stable of guys (Jamison Crowder in particular) whom Cousins already knows.
Subtractions: WRs Pierre Garçon and DeSean Jackson left for the Niners and Bucs; Cousins will miss Garçon’s precision … DE Ricky Jean-Francois left for Green Bay, while underappreciated DL Chris Baker signed with Tampa Bay. Washington will regret letting Baker go for the highly reasonable sum of $5.25 million a year. He may have been free agency’s biggest bargain this off-season.
Key coaching/front-office moves: Big loss for coach Jay Gruden with the departure of offensive coordinator Sean McVay to coach the Rams. Now Gruden takes over the offensive design and play-calling, which McVay handled the past two years. “That’s something I’ll have to make time for,” Gruden said at the league meetings in March. “I’m a little nervous about it, but I’m excited also.” … The drama around the departure of GM Scot McCloughan has settled down, but the lasting reverberation is whether Bruce Allen will remain the de facto personnel man/organization spokesman … New defensive coordinator Greg Manusky, a loud and demanding sort, replaced Joe Barry.
Decisive schedule span: Weeks 7 through 9. After an early bye (Week 5) and the Niners in Week 6, Washington has a tough stretch that could make or break the season: at Philadelphia, Dallas, at Seattle.
Why I have Washington 22nd: Such a hard team to read. Kirk Cousins had another very good year with some great moments, topped by a 42-24 rout of the Packers on Nov. 20, but he was MIA in a must-win finale against the Giants, putting up a season-low 10 points. There’s some disconnect between Cousins and the front office, to be sure, which leads me to wonder if he’ll ever sign a long-term deal, and if Allen will even want to pay him top quarterback money. I’m not worried about the offense, though. The defense was gashed early and often, giving up 24 points a game, and surrendering 4.5 yards per rush and allowing opposing quarterbacks to complete 66 percent of their passes. The loss of Trent Murphy (nine sacks last year) to a PED ban for the first four games will put more pressure on Ryan Kerrigan to carry the pass rush. First-rounder Jonathan Allen has to be a factor early, particularly with the loss of Baker.
Most important factor to this team this year: Manusky’s impact on the defense. We know Washington will score in the mid-20s at least. We don’t know if this defense can stop anyone, but you can expect more physicality. “We might not win a game,” Manusky told reporters with a grin last week, “but we’ll sure beat the crap out of a lot of people.”
Washington prediction of 10 words or less: In his last Washington season, Cousins throws for 4,500 yards.
* * *
21. CINCINNATI BENGALS
Bengals coach Marvin Lewis John Grieshop/Getty Images
Additions:
Subtractions: Reliable LT Andrew Whitworth left for the Rams in free agency; Cedric Ogbuehi gets the first shot to replace him … Versatile RB Rex Burkhead, wisely, jumped to New England … G Kevin Zeitler broke the bank in Cleveland … Starting LB Karlos Dansby went home to Arizona, while veteran and trusted DL Domata Peko moved to Denver.
Key coaching/front-office moves: None of note.
Decisive schedule span: The first five weeks, followed by the bye. If the Bengals aren’t at least 3-2 after Baltimore, Houston, at Green Bay, at Cleveland, Buffalo, it’s going to be a long year.
Why I have the Bengals 21st: I’m on the verge of saying these Bengals have reached their expiration date. Fourteen years for Marvin Lewis, 8.4 wins per year, zero playoff wins in seven appearances. Andy Dalton: six seasons, 9.3 wins per year, zero playoff wins in four games, plus-61 TD-to-pick differential. Competent and competitive, year after year, and so what? But I’m going to defer my grinchiness for the moment because of something one scout told me the day Joe Mixon was drafted. “Best back I’ve scouted in the draft since Adrian Peterson,” he said. And while in San Francisco for the draft this year, I sensed how much the Niners loved John Ross. “A true separator,” 49ers coach Kyle Shanahan said. “A difference-maker.” So let’s see what happens this year with two major new offensive pieces. Let’s see if one of the best line coaches in the game, Paul Alexander, can make this group play better than it did a year ago, now that it’s without its compass, left tackle Whitworth. Interesting year ahead.
Most important factor to this team this year: The Bengals will score. Can the defense defend? Cincinnati allowed just 16 points a game in the second half of the season, and any playoff hopes rest on being similarly stingy after making no major personnel changes on defense.
Bengals prediction of 10 words or less: A 7-9 season makes Mike Brown ponder cleaning house.
* * *
20. HOUSTON TEXANS
Texans pass-rusher J.J. Watt Ronald C. Modra/Getty Images
Additions: First-round quarterback Deshaun Watson enters choppy waters (more about that in a minute), but there’s no doubt he’s the favorite to be the Texans’ quarterback by Thanksgiving, replacing Tom Savage … Third-rounder D’Onta Foreman will be a good changeup back for Lamar Miller.
Subtractions: QB Brock Osweiler, one of the worst free-agent signings ever, was dispatched to Cleveland. Siberia may be next … CB A.J. Bouye, the former undrafted college find, defected to Jacksonville for huge money … NT Vince Wilfork wasn’t retained and is mulling retirement.
Key coaching/front-office moves: Two of them: Bill O’Brien takes over for offensive coordinator George Godsey, who paid with his job for the struggles of Osweiler … And in the front office, vice president of player personnel Brian Gaine left for a parallel job in Buffalo. That’s an odd and disquieting move for the Texans.
Decisive schedule span: Three measuring-stick games, in Weeks 3 through 5: at New England (second straight year, oddly, with Houston at New England in Week 3), Tennessee, Kansas City. The Texans have lost three to New England in the past two years, by 21, 27 and 18. Texans now may be looking up at rising Tennessee in the AFC South; they split seven-point wins last year. And they’re 1-2 against perennial contender K.C. since 2015.
Why I have the Texans 20th: I don’t trust them to have good quarterback play, and I’m skeptical of Bill O’Brien’s long-term future. I trust the defense, obviously. But with a shaky passing game (Tom Savage has huge pressure on him entering the season, obviously), that will exacerbate the worries about the future. Amazing that we’re not even that concerned about the return of J.J. Watt. That’s because the defense proved it could win without Watt. The offense, though, didn’t score 28 points in any of 18 games last year, and how exactly are they significantly improved unless Watson comes on fast? One final thing: When Gaine left for Buffalo last week, I took that as a bad sign for O’Brien’s future. O’Brien liked and respected Gaine. For Gaine to makes a sideways move to the Buffalo Bills may not be a great sign for the long-term prospects of the O’Brien administration.
Most important factor to this team this season: Quarterback, quarterback, quarterback.
Texans prediction of 10 words or less: Though green, Watson starts 10 games. Inaccurate, but dynamic.
• WHY YOU CAN’T LET YOUNG QBS LEARN FROM THE BENCH: Andy Benoit on the pipe dream of keeping high picks off the field
* * *
19. CAROLINA PANTHERS
Panthers RB/WR Christian McCaffrey Chuck Burton/AP
Additions: In the year of the NFL overpaying tackles, the Panthers paid the average Matt Kalil $11 million a year ($31 million guaranteed) … Julius Peppers returns for a swan-season at 37, and I like the move; he was effective playing 58 percent of the snaps in Green Bay last year … But the big newcomers came on draft weekend: offensive weapons Christian McCaffrey and Curtis Samuel as the first two picks, to be Carolina’s Darren Sproles and Percy Harvin. Well, GM Dave Gettleman prays McCaffrey and Samuel will be that.
Subtractions: Receiver/returner Ted Ginn left for the Saints … DE Kony Ealy was tossed away to New England for a draft swap of eight slots … Tackle Mike Remmers, who famously said after his Von Miller beatdown in the Super Bowl that he’d be “kicking myself the rest of my life,” now has a five-year, $30 million pillow to soothe the mental pain in Minnesota.
Key coaching/front-office moves: Trusted defensive lieutenant Sean McDermott left to coach the Bills, and similarly trusted Steve Wilks takes over the Panthers’ defense.
Decisive schedule span: It’s almost like the NFL heard Ron Rivera’s grousing about opening with Denver last year, and gave the Panthers a winnable September. Carolina opens with San Francisco on the road and Buffalo and New Orleans at home. We may see 3-0 Carolina at 3-0 New England as the game of the week in Week 4.
Why I have the Panthers 19th: Not sure which Cam Newton will show up. Will it be Newton the pragmatist, Newton the assist man, Newton the facilitator? That Newton will accept the changes in Carolina’s offense, flip the ball short to McCaffrey, hand it to Samuel on jet sweeps, and do everything in his power to add 10 percentage points to his horrendous 52.9-percent accuracy last year. (I’m assuming that this is the Newton we’ll see this year.) If we see the Newton intent on being a deep-strike classic quarterback, this will be a step back for the Gettleman offensive rebuild. Newton and offensive coordinator Mike Shula have to work together to remake the Carolina offense. On the other side of the ball, the biggest question is the fate of Luke Kuechly. Concussions in the past two years robbed him of nine games, and his long-term health and availability is a big issue entering the season.
Most important factor to this team this year: Aside from Newton’s attempt to return to MVP form after a bad season, I’d say the offensive philosophy change is huge. With rookies McCaffrey and Samuel adding a new dimension (a shorter, faster way to attack), it’s up to Newton and Shula to accept the changes.
Panthers prediction in 10 words or less: There’s a big new star in Charlotte: Christian McCaffrey.
• THE FINE PRINT OF ROOKIE CONTRACTS: Andrew Brandt on the reality behind those contract numbers
* * *
18. BALTIMORE RAVENS
Ravens quarterback Joe Flacco Joe Sargent/Getty Images
Additions: An underrated one in jack-of-all-backs Danny Woodhead, the former Charger, to be Joe Flacco’s security blanket … The secondary got reshaped with two starters (Brandon Carr, Tony Jefferson) in free agency and a third contributor (Marlon Humphrey) in the first round. Carr’s been okay in tight coverage and adds this bonus: He’s the most durable corner in football over the past nine years.
Subtractions: DT Timmy Jernigan was shipped to Philadelphia … WR Steve Smith Sr. retired, RT Ricky Wagner signed with Detroit, C-G Jeremy Zuttah and FB Kyle Jusczyk landed in San Francisco … Pass-rusher Elvis Dumervil wasn’t resigned, DE Lawrence Guy defected to New England and, unfortunately, promising LB Zach Orr retired because of a medical condition.
Key coaching/front-office moves: Lots of staff juggling. Greg Roman arrived as senior offensive assistant and tight ends coach … Chris Hewitt replaced Leslie Frazier as secondary coach … Craig Ver Steeg (a Joe Flacco favorite) and coordinator Marty Mornhinweg will share QB coaching duties … Joe D’Alessandris succeeded Juan Castillo (now in Buffalo) as OL coach.
Decisive schedule span: Weeks 11 through 14, coming out of the bye. Two very tough road games (at Green Bay, at Pittsburgh) sandwich Houston and Detroit at home.
Why I have the Ravens 18th: As with many teams in the middle of this list, the Ravens could go either way. I could see them win 11; I could see them lose 10. The Ravens are in a four-year funk. They’re 32-34 over the past four seasons, with only one playoff appearance. There’s no sign owner Steve Bisciotti is considering blowing up anything. He shouldn’t; John Harbaugh still has the pulse of this team. Question is, can Joe Flacco, in year two after knee surgery, take this team farther than he has since the Super Bowl? Last year was his most accurate season ever (64.9 percent), but he lost two pairs of sure hands (Smith retired, Jusczyk went to San Francisco) and desperately needs to bond with Woodhead to give Baltimore 80 to 90 easy chains-moving completions. Defensively, for about the 68th year in a row, the Ravens need a significant pass rush season from Terrell Suggs. Problem is, Suggs turns 35 this year. He’s had two Achilles surgeries. The secondary should be markedly better.
Most important factor to this team this year: The offense being better than the one that seven times was held under 20 points last season. Again, so much of that is up to Flacco.
Ravens prediction in 10 words or less: A 5-1 finish saves jobs in Baltimore.
* * *
17. DETROIT LIONS
Lions running back Theo Riddick Leon Halip/Getty Images
Additions: Interesting trade by Lions GM Bob Quinn, in effect: He shed right guard Larry Warford and right tackle Riley Reiff for right guard T.J. Lang and right tackle Rick Wagner. It wasn’t a trade; Quinn let Warford and Reiff walk and signed Lang and Wagner in free agency (about a combined $19.7 million per year—fairly bloated contracts) to replace them … MLB Jarrad Davis was the first-round pick and should play from day one … Disappointing CB D.J. Hayden arrived in free agency from Oakland and will compete to be the slot corner.
Subtractions: Other than Reiff and Warford, two players of note are gone: WR Anquan Boldin and OLB DeAndre Levy. Levy hadn’t played well since 2014 because of injury.
Key coaching/front-office moves: No major changes. Former Texans offensive coordinator George Godsey was imported from Houston to work on special projects.
Decisive schedule span: Check out the first six games, before Detroit has its bye: Arizona, at Giants, Atlanta, at Minnesota, Carolina, at New Orleans. Is it my imagination or could you see the Lions win any of those or lose any of those? (By the way, this is the third time in four years Detroit closes against Green Bay.)
Why I have the Lions 17th: The Lions have to get more balanced on offense. In Jim Caldwell’s three years as coach, no back has had a 100-yard game. The running game’s been gosh-awful the past two years (the leading rusher in 2015 had 597 yards; in 2016, 357 yards). The Lions think they’re better in the run game with a right side of Lang and Wagner, and they’d better be for the $20 million a year Detroit’s spending on those two. A better running game has long been Detroit’s aim, and with all the resources the Lions have used in the draft and free agency on recent offensive linemen, it’s still an iffy unit. While on this running harangue: Theo Riddick’s a better back than Ameer Abdullah, though Riddick’s not a 275-carry workhorse. But if I’m Jim Caldwell, Riddick would get the bulk of the carries from Week 1 this year. Detroit’s going to be competitive on offense as long as Matthew Stafford is playing, but to be a Super Bowl contender the Lions have to diversify.
Most important factor to this team this year: The Lions have won enough to make the playoffs with a bad run game, so it can be done. But they could really use an alternative to Ziggy Ansah rushing the passer. With the first eight games all against teams with legit Pro Bowl quarterbacks, it’s vital that either Kerry Hyder or another rusher help Ansah consistently.
Lions prediction in 10 words or less: Riddick gets less than 160 touches. The Lions go 8-8.
• FANTASY FOOTBALL: Gary Gramling takes an early look at the top 100 players heading into 2017
Tuesday at The MMQB: Peter King’s 2017 Power Rankings, 16-1.
Quotes of the Week
Former Vikings coach Bud Grant, shown here during a 2013 ceremony at the Metrodome. Adam Bettcher/Getty Images
I
“How does it feel? Well, I just came back from turkey hunting in Nebraska. The week before that, I was with my son hunting turkey up by Battle Lake and Ottertail. Between that, I was in Wisconsin for their fishing opener.”
—Former Vikings coach Bud Grant, on turning 90 Sunday, to the Minneapolis Star Tribune.
II
“She’s an angel. An angel of truth and an angel of love … The truth will always prevail. We should not be afraid of the truth because of the inconvenience of the truth.”
—Dr. Bennet Omalu, one of the whistleblowers who began to question the NFL on the long-term effects of head trauma on NFL players, to TMZ, via Pro Football Talk, after Gisele Bündchen, the wife of Tom Brady, said Brady had suffered concussions as a player. The NFL said it could not document concussions for Brady.
III
“Once we were eliminated from the playoffs we did everything possible to lose games.”
—Dallas Mavericks owner Mark Cuban, to Dan Patrick, on his radio show.
Your move, Adam Silver. How can a commissioner allow an owner to admit publicly, “We are trying our hardest to lose?”
IV
“In Cincy, we’re always talking about, ‘Oh, I want to win a playoff game. I want to win a playoff game.’ But over here, we’re talking about winning championships. That’s what brought me here. I want to win a championship.”
—New Denver defensive tackle Domata Peko, the former Bengal.
* * *
Stats of the Week
After helping the Patriots win the Super Bowl last season, LeGarrette Blount is now heading to the Eagles. Jim
I
It seemed almost flippant last week, when the Patriots let LeGarrette Blount and his 18 rushing touchdowns in the Patriots’ Super Bowl season leave for Philadelphia. In the past 16 years, New England has won five Super Bowls … and had five different backs exceed 1,000 rushing yards in a season.
• In 2001, the Patriots signed Antowain Smith, who rushed for 1,157 and 12 touchdowns that season, and the Patriots won the Super Bowl.
• In 2003, Smith rushed for 642 yards and the Patriots won the Super Bowl.
• In 2004, the Patriots signed Corey Dillon, who rushed for 1,635 yards and 12 touchdowns, and New England won the Super Bowl.
• In 2007, Laurence Maroney led the Patriots with 835 rushing yards and six touchdowns, and the Patriots lost the Super Bowl to the Giants.
• In 2011, BenJarvus Green-Ellis rushed for a team-high 667 yards; the Patriots again lost the Super Bowl to the Giants.
• In 2014, Jonas Gray led the Patriots with a measly 412 yards rushing, and New England won the Super Bowl.
• In 2016, Blount rushed for 1,161 yards and 18 touchdowns, and the Patriots won the Super Bowl again.
Seven Super Bowl appearances in the Bill Belichick era, and in four of those years the Patriots didn’t have a rusher in the top 20 of the NFL.
The 2017 Patriots will use some combination of Mike Gillislee, James White, Dion Lewis, Rex Burkhead and James Develin. Judging on the past, they’ll be just fine.
One last note on the vagaries of the running game in the NFL, and in New England: In the 2016 postseason, Blount grinded out 35 rushes for just 109 yards, and the Patriots scored 34, 36 and 34 points in three playoff games. It’s probably fair to say the Patriots don’t worry too much about who leads their running game each year, because they’ve had nine different team rushing leaders in Belichick’s 17 seasons as coach—and it never seems to matter much who it is.
II
In his last five games—against Ohio Dominican, Walsh, Michigan Tech, Kentucky Wesleyan and Lake Erie College—Ashland College tight end Adam Shaheen had 39, 27, 26, 21 and 53 yards receiving. There will be just a little bit of pressure on Shaheen, and on Chicago GM Ryan Pace to justify making him the 45th overall pick in the 2017 draft.
* * *
Factoid That May Interest Only Me
New head coaches this season: six.
New coordinators this season: 21.
That’s a lot. New coordinators:
OFFENSE (10)—Steve Sarkisian (Atlanta), Rick Dennison (Buffalo), Hue Jackson (Cleveland), Mike McCoy (Denver), Bill O’Brien (Houston), Matt LaFleur (Rams), Todd Downing (Oakland), John Morton (New York Jets), Kyle Shanahan (San Francisco), Matt Cavanaugh (Washington).
DEFENSE (11)—Marquand Manuel (Atlanta), Leslie Frazier (Buffalo), Steve Wilks (Carolina), Gregg Williams (Cleveland), Joe Woods (Denver), Mike Vrabel (Houston), Wade Phillips (Rams), Matt Burke (Miami), Gus Bradley (San Diego), Robert Saleh (San Francisco), Greg Manusky (Washington).
* * *
Mr. Starwood Preferred Member Travel Note
No violins, please. But I thought it might be a cool note—seeing that I did not travel last week—to record a travel day in the life of the Boston Globe’sRed Sox beat man Pete Abraham, in the middle of a road trip:
WEDNESDAY, MAY 17
11:35 p.m. Central Time: Boston-St. Louis game ends in extra innings at Busch Stadium: Red Sox 5, Cards 4.
THURSDAY, May 18
12:56 a.m. CT: Abraham files final story for BostonGlobe.com, leaves Busch Stadium press box, walks to hotel.
1 a.m. CT: At hotel, Abraham packs.
1:45 a.m. CT: Finishes packing. Goes to sleep.
3:30 a.m. CT: Wakeup call. He also set a phone alarm.
4 a.m. CT: Leaves for St. Louis airport. Rides in a cab that smells like unwashed clothes. Quite a coincidence, seeing that there was a pile of unwashed clothes in the back seat.
4:47 a.m. CT: Writes a Facebook post about his evening/morning. “So why is this fun? In the end, I’m going somewhere to get paid to watch baseball and write about it. Those are just about the two things I like best, so there’s no sense to complain about it.”
5:10 a.m. CT: Boards Delta flight 844, St. Louis to Salt Lake City. Abraham takes his coach window seat and sleeps most of the way to Salt Lake.
7:55 a.m. Mountain Time: After landing in Salt Lake City, Abraham finds the Delta club and finishes his early story for BostonGlobe.com. He has cranberry juice and a blueberry muffin.
9:46 a.m. MT: Delta flight 2001, Salt Lake to Oakland, departs. Abraham sleeps most of the way to Oakland. Abraham gets on the car rental shuttle and picks up a National car.
11:45 a.m. Pacific Time: Abraham, after a stop for a large Red Bull at a convenience store, is able to check in early at the Marriott Courtyard near the Oakland Coliseum. He puts on workout gear and hits the workout room at the hotel. He does 45 minutes on the treadmill (speed 4.5, incline 2).
1:45 p.m. PT: Abraham leaves the hotel, stops and picks up a turkey sandwich at Subway, and arrives in the Oakland press box around 2:30.
5 p.m. PT: Abraham, in a gaggle, interviews manager John Farrell at the stadium.
6:35 p.m. PT: Abraham does the NESN pregame show, televised back to New England, in a booth at the stadium.
7:07 p.m. PT: Game number 40 for the Red Sox is underway. Sonny Gray throws ball one to Mookie Betts.
11:30 p.m. PT: Oakland 8, Boston 3. Twenty-two hours after the final pitch in St. Louis, Abraham leaves the press box in a city two time zones away.
* * *
Tweets of the Week
I
II
III
To recap: Pierce and Kevin Garnett were traded from Boston to the Nets in 2013 in a package that included the Nets’ first-round picks in 2014, 2016 and 2018 going to Boston. Pierce was 35 and Garnett 37 at the time.
* * *
Pod People
From “The MMQB Podcast With Peter King,” available where you download podcasts.
My guests this week: NFL vice president for international development Mark Waller, and a King-Albert Breer debate on the fate of Colin Kaepernick.
Waller and I talked about many things—whether a team could be successful on an island in Europe long-term, and whether ideas such as mine of having that team play consistent two- and three-game road trips and homestands to minimize the effect of travel on players would be a factor in making it work.
• Waller: “I only have one doubt left, and that is: Could a team play in London, year in, year out, and be competitive enough to be a realistic contender for the Super Bowl on an ongoing basis? It's that sustainability of competitiveness, given the incremental travel that would be required for any team that was London-based. And ultimately, sustainability of competitiveness is what makes our league unique. Every year, all 32 sets of fans believe that their team in that year can be competitive.
“I think your scheduling framework is spot on. … Finding replacement players for injuries is one [issue] that needs solving. You would have two centers of gravity—a base in London, but you also would have a training facility somewhere on the East Coast so that you knew when you went over for your three-week road trip in the States, you had somewhere to be based at and keep coaching staff and backup staff. There's a cost component to that, that's obviously more expensive than running any other team. No other team would have to cope with the travel expenses or second facility expenses. So we'd have to solve that, I believe in some form of the CBA [negotiations in 2020], because there is also a player component and a working condition component to that. I don't think there is anything insurmountable. As you look at the issues, the issues that we identify have a solution to them. How we prove them out is the hard bit.”
* * *
Ten Things I Think I Think
Tom Brady was not officially diagnosed with a concussion during the 2016 season. Jamie Squire/Getty Images
1. I think this is where we are on the Tom Brady concussion situation: His wife, Gisele Bündchen, told CBS that Brady suffered a concussion last year. The league checked with the Patriots, who did not document a concussion for Brady last season. On Friday, Brady’s agent, Don Yee, told Adam Schefter that Brady was not diagnosed with a concussion last season. Some thoughts:
• Yee said in his statement, “Tom was not diagnosed with a concussion last year.” That does not mean he did not suffer a concussion last year.
• What if Brady suffered a concussion in the Super Bowl? I have zero evidence that he did. But my point is this: If a player suffers an injury in the Super Bowl, his team does not have to announce it or acknowledge it, and a player who may have had a concussion in his team’s last game of the season—unless it is spotted by a medical official on the sideline—could get away with not reporting it.
• Having said that, it’s hard to fathom Brady suffering a concussion as he led the Patriots back from a 25-point second-half deficit to the biggest comeback victory in Super Bowl history. Interesting how other quarterbacks see concussions, and the new emphasis on players self-reporting concussions or suspected concussions on the field. As Drew Brees told me last fall on my podcast: “Honestly I don’t think I would. I would not self-report.”
• But Ben Roethlisberger did just that for Pittsburgh in a November 2015 game at Seattle. With three minutes left in a 39-30 loss, Roethlisberger complained of issues with his peripheral vision, and he was removed from the game and went for a locker-room exam. “I'm proud of it,” Roethlisberger told me, also for my podcast. “I have been just like Drew [Brees] where I haven’t reported things before either. Probably everybody who has ever played the game of football hasn't reported an injury. For me it wasn't about an injury—I’ve played through many injuries—but when you talk about your head, that is a different ball game. You can replace a lot of body parts, but you can’t replace a brain. You see the effects of it from past players, players who have taken their lives, the CTE, all that stuff and, you know, I’m thinking about my family and long term. I love this game and I love my brothers that I play football with, and I would encourage any player who has an issue with their brain to just report it properly … We are blessed to play this game but we also have a life to live.”
• Interesting note from Roethlisberger: Probably everybody who has ever played the game of football hasn’t reported an injury. I don’t doubt for a moment that Brady has held back talking to his team and his medical staff about some injury information over time. I do not know the truth here, but I do know I would not be surprised if Brady has played with an undiagnosed concussion. And in this era of caution about head trauma, I would be surprised if the Patriots buried one.
2. I think the Rams have to be sincerely disappointed that they’ll end up playing four seasons in the Los Angeles Coliseum before moving into their new palace in 2020. But …
3. I think the Chargers have to be crushed about playing three seasons in a 30,000-seat soccer venue. It’s like asking a big-league baseball team to play in a Triple-A ballpark for three years. Imagine if you’re a Charger … Two years already felt like a stretch. Now three? Not only are you going to have to adapt to playing in a smaller park with fewer fans and quite possibly some games with the visiting team having more support, but now you’re going to feel like you’re living out of a suitcase for three years. I mean, it’s no one’s fault that winter deluges in Southern California pushed the opening back a year. But it does neither team any favors. Three years is a career for many players. The 2020 season will be Keenan Allen’s eighth in the NFL; will he even be a Charger then? Melvin Ingram, their franchise pass-rusher, will be in his ninth season. Somewhere. That’s a long time to be transient.
4. I think one last point to make, and one I didn’t see in any press release about this unfortunate turn, is whither Philip Rivers? He turns 39 during the 2020 season. So it’s entirely possible Rivers will never take a snap in the next Rams/Chargers stadium. There is certainly no guarantee he’ll be playing football at 39.
5. I think we’re now almost at the end of month four of the off-season, with no comment from Colin Kaepernick on his desire to continue playing football. Talk, man. Talk.
6. I think I was impressed with free-agent wideout Andrew Hawkins’ approach to education and career in Kalyn Kahler’s story for The MMQBlast week. The 31-year-old Hawkins (he’s a free-agent after spending last year with the Browns) just graduated from Columbia with a master’s degree in sports management. He told Kahler that before he dreamed of being a football player, he dreamed of being a football GM. If you’ve ever talked to him, you know how bright and how driven he is. He wrote a 35-page paper on the history and future of analytics in pro football as part of his master’s work. Summing up: “Relying completely on analytics, that is just as bad as relying on no analytics. My overall summary was that you have to have a balance.”
7. I think the most boring stories this time of year are about rookies signing their contracts. The only time rookie contract stuff is notable is when it gets to late June and a draft pick hasn’t signed. They’re all formulaic now, with only the very fine print negotiable.
8. I think I’d love someone in the Doug Whaley administration to explain to me why the Bills paid a lapsing kicker, Steven Hauschka, $4 million guaranteed in a three-year deal averaging $2.95 million a season. Sheesh. The guy missed 10 PATs in the past two years and two field goals inside the 30 last year. How does that possibly make you a better kicking team?
9. I think this was the coolest football story of the week, by Michael Cohen of the Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel, about a football player-turned-boxer-turned-Ted Thompson adviser. Spend five minutes with this one, please.
10. I think these are my non-football thoughts of the week:
a. Story of the Week: From the Washington Post’s Chico Harlan, on a Kentucky congressman going home to his district and holding four Town Halls.
b. Great view of what a part of the country really thinks.
c. Column of the week: Be proud, Bob Klapisch. I am teary.
d. Well, seven weeks ago, I chose Rougned Odor and Kyle Schwarber as my MLB MVPs. How am I doing?
e. Odor enters Monday batting .194, Schwarber .185.
f. Cubs 22-20. Red Sox 22-21. March World Series calls are funny. Like March MVP calls.
g. I really know my sports.
h. Sounds like it’ll be really loud in Nashville tonight. The Predators, 60 minutes from the Stanley Cup finals. Wow.
i. Celtics win in Cleveland. On any given Sunday...
j. Not saying anything surprising, but when I watch LeBron James, I cannot imagine that he isn’t a first-team all-time all-NBA player.
k. Beernerdness: Strongly recommend Two Roads Worker’s Comp Farmhouse Ale (Two Roads Brewing, Stratford, Conn.), a classic saison with a good bite.
* * *
The Adieu Haiku
Unprecedented!
A two-day MMQB.
More ops to rip me!
• Question or comment? Email us at [email protected].
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Dating seeing someone once a week
Posted on by Malik
Google Analytics will not receive personal information such as your name or exact location. But for the first few years of my previous relationship, my ex boyfriend and I only saw each other about once a week Being realistic may not seem very romantic in the short term, but it can lead to lasting romance. Those are simple text files written on your computer by your browser. I believe that it is still a relationship. Pin FB Print ellipsis More. Personally, I see my boyfriend every day, but that's because we live together.
On average, I see my boyfriend 4 days a week.
Is seeing someone once a week even a relationship?
I think most of us can agree that at this point, milennial dating culture is pretty fking wack. What are your thoughts in polyamorous relationships? We use a technology provided by Facebook called The Facebook Pixel. Also means we try to make the most of it when we do meet and probably appreciate the others' company more. We use Google's DFP Double-click for Publishers to display the ads, and the advertisers will not process your personal data. A person you're seeing? O's phone and there isn't a campfire or a buzzing bee, maybe you're on the same page.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
"Just like our friends, neighbors and coworkers, LGBT Americans work hard, provide for our families and contribute to our nation's economy," said Human Rights Campaign President Joe Solmonese. "We all share the challenges of today's economic downturn, but our community also faces arbitrary discrimination in the workplace, simply because of who we are and who we love. Congress must pass the Employment Non-Discrimination Act and ensure that all Americans, regardless of sexual orientation and gender identity, get a fair chance to succeed at work."
The Employment Non-Discrimination Act would address discrimination in the workplace by making it illegal to fire, refuse to hire or refuse to promote an employee based on the person's sexual orientation or gender identity. This bill would reflect the values, shared by the vast majority of Americans, that employment decisions should be based on a person's qualifications and work ethic.
An estimated 85% of Fortune 500 companies include sexual orientation in their equal employment policies, and more than one-third also include gender identity. More than 60 companies have joined the Business Coalition for Workplace Fairness, a group of leading U.S. employers that support the Employment Non-Discrimination Act. To view a list of the companies, visit: http://www.hrcbackstory.org/2009/06/enda-introduction-tomorrow-corporations-agree-fairness-is-good-business/
"Although more and more businesses in the United States have started addressing workplace fairness for LGBT employees, we still need a federal standard that treats all employees the same way. That's why Nike is part of the Business Coalition for Workplace Fairness, a group of leading companies that support passage of the Employment Non-Discrimination Act," said Orson Porter, U.S. Director of Government Affairs.
"Chubb is unwavering in its support of the Employment Non-Discrimination Act. The principles it fosters are consistent with our corporate principles of treating all employees with fairness and respect," said Donna Griffin, senior vice president and chief diversity officer, The Chubb Corporation. "ENDA will have a positive impact on our country's ability to compete on the world stage, by extending legal protection in the majority of states where employees can still be turned down for a job, or fired, simply because they are lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender."
ENDA is supported by a broad range of civil rights, religious, civic and professional organizations, including the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, NAACP, AFL-CIO, Service Employees International Union, AFSCME, National Education Association, National Employment Lawyers Association, Anti-Defamation League, Religious Action Center, Unitiarian Universalist Association, United Church of Christ, American Civil Liberties Union, and many others.
Currently, federal law provides legal protection against employment discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, national origin, age and disability, but not sexual orientation or gender identity. In 30 states across America, it is still legal to fire someone based on his or her sexual orientation, and in 38 states, it is still legal to fire someone for being transgender.
In 2007, the House passed a version of ENDA that protected on the basis of sexual orientation, but not gender identity, on a vote of 235 to 184.
Windy City Media Group does not approve or necessarily agree with the views posted below.Please do not post letters to the editor here. Please also be civil in your dialogue.If you need to be mean, just know that the longer you stay on this page, the more you help us.
Return postage must accompany all manuscripts, drawings, and
photographs submitted if they are to be returned, and no
responsibility may be assumed for unsolicited materials.
All rights to letters, art and photos sent to Nightspots
(Chicago GLBT Nightlife News) and Windy City Times (a Chicago
Gay and Lesbian News and Feature Publication) will be treated
as unconditionally assigned for publication purposes and as such,
subject to editing and comment. The opinions expressed by the
columnists, cartoonists, letter writers, and commentators are
their own and do not necessarily reflect the position of Nightspots
(Chicago GLBT Nightlife News) and Windy City Times (a Chicago Gay,
Lesbian, Bisexual and Transegender News and Feature Publication).
The appearance of a name, image or photo of a person or group in
Nightspots (Chicago GLBT Nightlife News) and Windy City Times
(a Chicago Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender News and Feature
Publication) does not indicate the sexual orientation of such
individuals or groups. While we encourage readers to support the
advertisers who make this newspaper possible, Nightspots (Chicago
GLBT Nightlife News) and Windy City Times (a Chicago Gay, Lesbian
News and Feature Publication) cannot accept responsibility for
any advertising claims or promotions.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
What is Fostering?
Children and young people may need to be fostered for a number of reasons, their parents may be unwell, having relationship problems or they may be in prison. Some children will have been neglected or abused.
Fostering is about providing a safe and stable family life for someone else’s child in your own home.
Fostering can be for a short or long period of time. Maybe to provide a short break (respite) for a child or their family.
Fostering can be a challenging but immensely rewarding experience for both carers and cared for children and young people.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Meet the Team: Katarzyna L.
A warm welcome to our Poznan Backoffice Coordinator on Meet the Team Day!
Team Member: Katarzyna L., Backoffice Coordinator. Poznan Office.
Background: I have a Master of Arts in Sports and Tourism from the University School of Physical Education.
Katarzyna, how long have you been working in eCommerce and development?
I haven’t actually. This is my first time working in eCommerce and development, but I like it a lot. As I studied sports and tourism,
I mainly worked in places related with this industry for providing customer service.
With that in mind, what drew you to working in eCommerce and development?
I wanted to change something in my life, so I have decided to pick up a challenge and
start working at Creatuity.
Do you have any particular skills you’d like to share?
My skills are not related to development. I share my language skills and customer
service experience to help our developers. I also provide assistance to Matt and
Wiktor, our senior developer and VP, helping them deal with minor tasks while they
work more important tasks
What’s your favorite part about working at Creatuity?
What I like about Creatuity is honest and trust. There are no divisions among us;
everyone is a part of the team. Any ideas, constructive criticism or solutions, will be
heard and discussed. I also like the atmosphere; it’s really important for me to feel
good at work.
Any of hobbies or things you love to do when you’re not working?
I am a sports fan. I have skied, practiced karate shotokan for 20 years, and managed
to represent our national team. In my spare time, I also work as a fitness instructor and
I like watching volleyball games and good movies while enjoying sitting on my couch.
Finally, any fun facts about you we can share?
I love every kind of sweets!
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
The present invention relates to shafts, and more particularly to shafts having therein an oil storage portion for storing oil.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
<?php
namespace Guzzle\Plugin\Cache;
use Guzzle\Http\Message\RequestInterface;
\Guzzle\Common\Version::warn('Guzzle\Plugin\Cache\DefaultCacheKeyProvider is no longer used');
/**
* @deprecated This class is no longer used
* @codeCoverageIgnore
*/
class DefaultCacheKeyProvider implements CacheKeyProviderInterface
{
public function getCacheKey(RequestInterface $request)
{
// See if the key has already been calculated
$key = $request->getParams()->get(self::CACHE_KEY);
if (!$key) {
$cloned = clone $request;
$cloned->removeHeader('Cache-Control');
// Check to see how and if the key should be filtered
foreach (explode(';', $request->getParams()->get(self::CACHE_KEY_FILTER)) as $part) {
$pieces = array_map('trim', explode('=', $part));
if (isset($pieces[1])) {
foreach (array_map('trim', explode(',', $pieces[1])) as $remove) {
if ($pieces[0] == 'header') {
$cloned->removeHeader($remove);
} elseif ($pieces[0] == 'query') {
$cloned->getQuery()->remove($remove);
}
}
}
}
$raw = (string) $cloned;
$key = 'GZ' . md5($raw);
$request->getParams()->set(self::CACHE_KEY, $key)->set(self::CACHE_KEY_RAW, $raw);
}
return $key;
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Nanog attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses by blocking nuclear factor-κB transcriptional activity in BV-2 cells.
Nanog, a unique homeobox transcription factor, maintains self-renewal and pluripotency of embryonic stem cells by binding to nuclear factor κB proteins in order to inhibit their transcriptional and prodifferentiation activities. We previously reported that Nanog attenuated inflammatory responses in rat primary microglia cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. However, the effects of Nanog on another microglia cell type, BV-2 cells, are still unknown. In this study, we investigated whether Nanog attenuated inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV-2 cells and found that Nanog significantly decreased the release of nitric oxide and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase at the mRNA and protein levels. The production of proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β was also significantly inhibited by Nanog. Further, we observed that the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor κB was dramatically reduced by Nanog. These results suggest that Nanog may be a potential anti-inflammatory therapy for neurological diseases caused by persistent microglia activation.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Republican Senator: Gun Safety Not A Major Issue
CROWLEY: I spoke with [White House adviser] David Plouffe in the segment before this. He said that he is confident there are enough vote he is in the House and there are the requisite 60 votes in the Senate to pass universal background checks for gun owners and limiting the clips, those high-capacity magazine clips that can fire off so many rounds to 10 and under. Do you think that’s so? Do you think Congress would pass a ban on those clips with ten or over and a universal background check. Is that going to happen?
BARRASSO: No, I don’t think it will. Candy, that gets beside the major issues that face American families, which are jobs and the economy and the debt and spending. That’s where people are focused. That’s the big anxiety of this country.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Big Radio 2
Big Radio 2 is a Bosnian commercial radio station, broadcasting from Banja Luka.
Frequencies
The program is currently broadcast on 16 frequencies:
Prijedor
Sanski Most
Banja Luka
Novi Grad, Republika Srpska
Sarajevo
Tuzla
Majevica
Modriča
Doboj
Derventa
Prnjavor, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Teslić
Mrkonjić Grad
Trebinje
Zenica
Travnik
See also
List of radio stations in Bosnia and Herzegovina
References
External links
Communications Regulatory Agency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Banja Luka
Category:Radio stations established in 1992
Category:Media in Banja Luka
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Since I have been exiled to life indoors while my face heals up, I’ve decided to put the time to good use and work on finishing our Sunbrella transformation. So far we’ve replaced the sail cover, the bimini, and all of the small canvas items on the boat with new marine blue Sunbrella. Only the jib Sunbrella and the dodger remain a moldy pacific blue.
Sailrite has an excellent video describing the step-by-step process of adding sunbrella to your jib, but I wanted to add some little tricks I found along the way as well.
The first thing we did was spend several DAYS, not hours, removing the old sunbrella. After breaking my seam ripper I got frustrated and googled “best seam ripper ever.” This is when I learned that for ripping seams on heavy canvas an X-Acto knife works wonders. This really sped up the process for us.
Once I had removed all the old Sunbrella, I started to cut the new panels of Sunbrella with a hot knife to prevent fraying. I didn’t want to spend the extra money on the Sailrite hot knife, but I found this one at Hobby Lobby that worked very well. It also doubles as a wood and leather burner, and it has all kinds of stamp type attachments. Pretty cool. After using my coupon, it was only $13.
If you’re installing panels onto a new sail, see the Sailrite video for exact measurements of panels, but if you’re re-covering a sail, it’s easier to use the old panels as a pattern.
We set my sewing machine on the floor to keep the sail flat. This is really important when it comes to connecting the panels together. There were a couple areas along the foot, where towards the end of the project I got tired and sloppy. Just a small mistake can make for some very obvious bunching when the sail is up. Next weekend I will be taking it all back down, seem ripping those seems and flattening it out.
If I was to do it again I would have done a lot more pinning.
All in all the finished product is not too bad. It needs a bit of adjusting, like all of my projects so far, but at least it matches the rest of the canvas.
Just for reference, the estimated cost for this project from one of our local sail lofts was $650. Although we did have to spend every evening for a week ripping stitches, our total out-of-pocket cost for the project was under $200.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
[The prodigiozan and pyrogenal stimulation of the humoral response to influenza virus antigens in mice].
The adjuvant properties of prodigiosan and pyrogenal, lipopolysaccharides of medical importance, were studied. Prodigiosan inoculated to mice together with influenza virus was found, on the one hand, to increase 10-fold the titer of specific antibodies and, on the other, to allow to reduce the antigen dose 50-fold or more. No adjuvant properties of pyrogenal were observed under the experimental conditions.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Ask HN: Secure estate planning - TallGuyShort
I've been going through the process of setting up a will and related documents. The people to whom I am entrusting my children (and thus also my property) in the event of my death are not exactly cybersecurity experts, so I need to maintain a simple way for them to access my accounts without me. I'm thinking about the privacy implications of this. So far the best thing I've come up with is to lock my password manager master password with some basic instructions in a safe that they know how to find and open. I'm okay with trusting them, since I'm trusting them with my children, but I'm still slightly concerned about the privacy risks and their ability to figure out how to access everything through my password manager without my help present.<p>Does anyone here have better ideas?
======
devillius
Most password managers like LastPass let you designate someone else who can
retrieve your account.
Master Passwords /Keys / Encrypted USBs in sealed envelopes stored together
with your will all seem like probable options.
I personally have a Master password and a USB with my private encryption keys
stored securely and Google Inactive Account manager to send instructions if I
don't access my account for a month.
Good luck and I would be curious to hear what you end up doing.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "HackerNews"
}
|
Q:
iPhone - Threading and Delegation
I'm running some code in a background thread to get a text file from a service. That code fires a delegate at some point. It throws as SIGABRT error once the delegate is being called and well, my concept doesn't sound convincing to me either.
The code running at the background thread:
- (void)FetchStores
{
NSAutoreleasePool *pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
// Fetch from service
NSString *serviceURL = @"http://../index.html";
NSURL *myURL = [NSURL URLWithString:serviceURL];
NSData *dataRep = [NSData dataWithContentsOfURL:myURL];
storesList = [[Stores alloc] init];
storesList.storesDelegate = self;
[storesList FetchWithNSData:dataRep];
[pool release];
}
The storesList object will fire a delegate once all the stores have been extracted from the service. The delegate is getting caught by a function at the main thread.
Do you have any suggestions what am I doing wrong ?
Thank you,
f.
A:
When calling the delegate, somewhere, you should make the switch to the main thread.
Especially if somewhere, you are updating the UI based on the data fetched.
You can use
- (void)performSelectorOnMainThread:(SEL)aSelector withObject:(id)arg waitUntilDone:(BOOL)wait
to make the switch.
Maybe like this:
storesList = [[Stores alloc] init];
storesList.storesDelegate = self;
[storesList performSelectorOnMainThread:@selector(FetchWithNSData:) withObject:dataRep waitUntilDone:TRUE];
In your case, you should use waitUntilDone:TRUE so that the FetchWithNSData method gets a chance to retain the data.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Northern Engineering Industries
{{Infobox company
|name = Northern Engineering Industries plc
|logo = Logo of Northern Engineering Industries.png
|logo_size = 200px
|fate =Acquired
|successor= Rolls Royce plc
|type = Public
|foundation = 1977
|defunct=1989
|location = Newcastle, England, UK
|key_people = Terry Harrison, (Chairman)Dr Robert Hawley, (Managing Director)
|industry = Engineering, Power Generation, Power Transmission, Power Distribution & Material Handling
|products = Industrial Engineering
|revenue =
|operating_income =
|net_income =
|num_employees = 40,000 (1991)
|parent =
|subsid =
|homepage =
|footnotes =
}}Northern Engineering Industries plc''' was a British engineering firm, which for over 10 years was one of the largest employers on Tyneside. It was based at the Regent Centre at Gosforth in Newcastle upon Tyne.
History
The company was established by way of a merger between Clarke Chapman and Reyrolle Parsons in 1977. It manufactured cranes (Clarke Chapman), transformers (Bruce Peebles & Co. Ltd.), switchgear (A. Reyrolle & Company), boilers (Power Engineering Ltd), control systems (Control and Instrumentation Ltd.), and turbines (C.A. Parsons and Company).
In 1981 the company acquired Amalgamated Power Engineering (APE), a leading manufacturer of engines. APE was itself the result of a merger in 1968 of W.H. Allen (founded in 1880 and based in Bedford), Belliss and Morcom of Birmingham, and Crossley Engines (founded in 1867 and based in Manchester).
Northern Engineering Industries was led through much of its existence by Sir Duncan McDonald, first as Group Managing Director (1977 to 1980) and then as Chairman (1980 to 1986) and by Sir Terence Harrison first as Chief Executive (1983 to 1986) and then as Chairman (1986 to 1989).
The company was acquired by Rolls Royce plc in 1989.
References
See also
Clarke Chapman
A. Reyrolle & Company
C.A. Parsons and Company
Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1977
Category:Engineering companies of the United Kingdom
Category:Electrical engineering companies of the United Kingdom
Category:Former defence companies of the United Kingdom
Category:Companies based in Newcastle upon Tyne
Category:Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange
Category:Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1989
Category:Rolls-Royce
Category:Technology companies established in 1977
Category:Technology companies disestablished in 1989
Category:1989 mergers and acquisitions
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
= block_with_title :class=>'hdlist'
table
- if (attr? :labelwidth) || (attr? :itemwidth)
colgroup
col style=style_value(width: [(attr :labelwidth), '%'])
col style=style_value(width: [(attr :itemwidth), '%'])
- items.each do |terms, dd|
tr
td.hdlist1 class=('strong' if option? 'strong')
- terms = [*terms]
- terms.each_with_index do |dt, idx|
=dt.text
- unless idx >= terms.count - 1
br
td.hdlist2
- unless dd.nil?
- if dd.text?
p =dd.text
- if dd.blocks?
=dd.content
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Q:
Opening a html file in the browser from npm script
All I can find for this are solutions that require installing an npm package that will start up an http server for hosting the file. My only requirement however is opening a very simple generated html file from the local computer into the browser via a npm script, no server required, is this doable without a package?
A:
Found that I could create a bash script with contents
#!/bin/bash
start chrome "$(realpath "./jest/report.html")"
And then run that using
"test": "jest && bash ./open-browser.sh"
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Introduction
============
There are considerable income disparities in Brazil, as reflected by one of the world's highest Gini indices: 0.54 in 2009 \[[@B1]\]. There is also evidence of socioeconomic disparities in access to and use of healthcare \[[@B2],[@B3]\]. Health disparities are particularly relevant as Brazil continues to develop its national health system (the *Sistema Unico de Saúde* or SUS). Created in 1988, the SUS was conceived of as a national health service designed to provide comprehensive and universal care through decentralized management and provision of health services that are free of charge at the point of delivery. As of 2010 the SUS contained over 41,000 health posts and centers, 30,000 specialized outpatient services, nearly 2,000 public hospitals, and 236,000 community health agents \[[@B4]\]. In 2009 the SUS financed nearly 12 million hospitalizations and delivered about 100 million ambulatory care procedures per month \[[@B4]\]. In addition to the SUS, about 26% of Brazilian citizens have private health plans that allow them to access the private health sector in addition to the SUS.
While the SUS has expanded, there have been major changes in the socioeconomic conditions of Brazilians in recent years. For example, the mean real household income per capita increased from about US\$(PPP) 225 in 1998 to \$372 in 2009 and extreme poverty (measured by US\$ PPP 1.25/day) declined from nearly 16% in 1998 to 4.7% in 2009 \[[@B5]\]. These changes have been attributed to a number of factors, including economic growth and social policies (such as increased minimum wages and social assistance cash transfers) focused on aiding the poor \[[@B6]\]. Other social investments have led to decreased illiteracy rates, increased school attendance, a more than doubling of completion rates in primary, secondary, and tertiary schooling since 1995, and improvements in child health and nutrition \[[@B5],[@B7]\].
In spite of expansion of the SUS, especially in the area of primary health care through the Family Health Strategy (FHS), there is still concern about the Brazilian health system's ability to improve equity in healthcare access \[[@B8]\]. Previously identified barriers include geographic and social inequalities in health services supply and other determinants of health \[[@B9],[@B10]\]. Healthcare financing is also an important issue. Currently, the total government share of total health spending is estimated at 45%, which represents less than 4% of GDP---an amount that is lower than that of most other countries with universal health systems \[[@B4]\].
The objective of this study is to assess trends in horizontal equity (defined as the principle that people with the same healthcare needs should have similar access to healthcare services) in the utilization of different types of health services during a period of major economic and social change in Brazil.
Methods
=======
Our data come from a series of cross-sectional household surveys known as the National Household Sample Surveys (*Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicilios* or PNAD in Portuguese) carried out by the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (IBGE). We use the three health-related supplements to the PNAD conducted in collaboration with the Ministry of Health in 1998, 2003, and 2008. The PNAD uses a three-stage complex probabilistic sample, and is representative of the national, regional, and state levels \[[@B11]\]. A total of 1.12 million individuals are included in the three surveys, which obtained data by means of face-to-face interviews and rely on self-report.
We employ measures of horizontal equity developed by Van Doorslaer, Wagstaff, and others \[[@B12],[@B13]\]. These measures seeks to assess equity (fairness) in healthcare utilization by taking into account the fact that individuals have different health needs and that differences in health needs ought to translate into different demand for and use of health services. But once health needs are standardized across individuals, remaining utilization could be considered to be inequitable. The horizontal inequity index (HI) is used to operationalize this concept. It is defined as the difference between observed healthcare utilization and that which would be expected given the individual's health needs \[[@B14]\].
We base our set of control variables representing healthcare needs and other non-need factors on guidelines developed by the World Bank \[[@B14]\]. Each individual's need for healthcare is approximated by the following variables: sex/age categories (12 variables representing men and women aged 0--17, 18--34, 35--44, 45--64, 65--74, and 75 years and over, with males aged 0--17 as the reference category), self-rated health (measured as excellent/good/fair versus poor/very poor); any physical functioning limitation (any difficulty in toileting/feeding/bathing oneself, kneeling/stooping, walking up stairs, or walking 100 meters); previous medical diagnosis of any of the following conditions: arthritis, cancer, diabetes, bronchitis/asthma, hypertension, heart disease, kidney failure, depression, tuberculosis, cirrhosis, and/or tendinitis; and a measure of co-morbidity (two or more of the conditions listed previously). Additional determinants of healthcare utilization (also known as non-need factors) include literacy (whether the person can read and write), schooling (less than 3 completed years, 4--7 years, 8--10,11-14, and 15 years or more), log monthly family income, urban/rural location, geographic region (North, Northeast, South, Southeast, Central-West), affiliation with a private health plan, and coverage by the Family Health Strategy (available only in 2008). For all control variables (except income) dummy variables were created for all categories, using the lowest category as the reference group. Note that we do not adjust monthly family income for inflation, since in the statistical analyses, income is used to rank each individual at each year along the income distribution and is treated as a relative measure of social position in each time period.
Outcome variables are measures of access and utilization of healthcare services that are comparable across the three surveys. These include: any doctor visit in the past 12 months, any dental care visit in the past 12 months, any hospitalization in the past 12 months, and any health services sought in the previous 2 weeks. An additional variable captures whether the individual is able to identify a usual source of medical care ("Do you tend to seek healthcare services from the same place?") and is used a proxy measure of continuity of care.
Analysis of equity requires a series of steps. First, it is necessary to regress medical care utilization, *y*~*i*~ on a set of explanatory variables:
$$y_{i} = \alpha + \beta\ln\left( \text{inc}_{\text{i}} \right) + \sum_{\text{k}}\gamma_{\text{k}}X_{\text{k}_{1}} + \sum_{p}\delta_{p}Z_{p_{1}} + \in_{i}\text{,}$$
where y~*i*~ is use of the particular health care service by individual *i,* ln(inc~i~) is the log of family income for individual *i*, X~k~ is a vector of need determining variables, Z~p~ is a vector of non-need determining variables, α, β, γ~k~ and δ~p~ are parameters and ϵ~i~ is the error term. This equation can be used to generate the predicted demand for any particular health care service,${\hat{y}}_{i}^{x}$**,** that is, the expected healthcare use of individual *i* on the basis of his/her health needs. This quantity can be thought of as the amount of the health care the individual should consume, if s/he had been treated the same as others with the same healthcare needs.
After predicting demand we calculate indirectly standardized demand (${\hat{y}}_{i}^{1\text{S}}$) by estimating the predicted y values by standardizing for the X (health need) variables while simultaneously controlling for the Z (non-need) variables.
$${\hat{y}}_{i}^{x} = \hat{\alpha} + \hat{\beta}\ln\left( \overline{inc} \right) + \sum_{\text{k}}{\hat{\gamma}}_{\text{k}}X_{\text{k}_{1}} + \sum_{p}{\hat{\delta}}_{p}{\overline{Z}}_{p}$$
We then calculate ${\hat{y}}_{i}^{1\text{S}} = \text{y}_{\text{i}} - {\hat{\text{y}}}_{i}^{x} + \overline{\text{y}}$, where ${\hat{y}}_{i}^{1\text{S}}$ is the indirectly standardized (predicted) demand, *y*~*i*~ is actual demand, ${\hat{y}}_{i}^{x}$ is the x-expected demand and $\left. \text{y} \right.¯$ is the sample mean of actual demand (See equation 2).
After completing the above standardization and graphing the concentration curves, we calculated the concentration index for both *y*~*i*~ and ${\hat{y}}_{i}^{1\text{S}}$, using the convenient regression method as outlined in O'Donnell et al \[[@B14]\]. Once the concentration indices for actual (C~m~) and predicted demand (C~p~) are calculated, the Horizontal Inequity Index (HI) is calculated as follows:
$$HI = 2\int_{0}^{1}\left\lbrack {L_{p}\left( p \right) - L_{m}\left( p \right)} \right\rbrack dp = C_{m} - C_{p}$$
where ***L***~***p***~***(p)*** is the concentration curve of predicted demand and ***L***~***m***~***(p)*** the concentration curve of actual demand. The HI ranges from −2 to 2 and is positive if there are inequities favoring the more advantaged members (richer) of society, which in these models is measured by family income.
Finally, we apply methods to decompose the concentration index in order to ascertain the contribution of each covariate (need and non-need factors as described above) to overall inequity in healthcare utilization. Because all outcomes are binary, we use techniques developed by Van Doorslaer et al \[[@B15]-[@B17]\]. Decomposition is performed using a linear approximation of the model based on partial effects of each covariate evaluated at the sample means. This approach allows us to identify which factors are associated with pro-rich or pro-poor utilization and to approximate their contribution to the overall concentration index.
Analyses were carried out using Stata Version 12 \[[@B18]\]. When appropriate, results are adjusted for the effect of the sample design and include individual probability weights.
Results
=======
Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"} presents characteristics of the study sample in each survey year. Most variables have changed over the three survey periods. The mean age increased by about two years, although the male--female distribution did not change. Consistent with increased educational attainment in the country, the proportion of individuals with less than three years of schooling declined while those who completed 11 to 14 years nearly doubled. Literacy rates also increased significantly between 1998 2008. The process of urbanization increased over time although there was little change between 2003 and 2008. Monthly family income also rose, doubling from 1998 to 2008 (although part of this increase is due to inflation). Consequent with the aging of the population, the proportion of people in poor or very poor self-rated health, with one or more physical functioning limitation, with one or more chronic conditions, and those with two or more chronic conditions all increased significantly over time.
######
Population Characteristics by survey year, Brazil 1998, 2003, 2008
**1998** **2003** **2008**
------------------------------------------------------ ---------- ---------- -----------
Age (mean) 28.42 29.76† 31.67†‡
Female (%) 51.02 51.22 51.34
Schooling \<3 years (%) 46.21 39.67† 34.78†‡
4-7 years (%) 27.61 26.57 23.91†‡
8-10 years (%) 11.58 13.28† 14.58†‡
11-14 years (%) 11.05 16.16† 20.90†‡
\>14 years (%) 3.55 4.32† 5.84†‡
Literate (%) 75.68 79.08† 82.17†‡
Urban residence (%) 79.57 84.26† 83.75†
Mean family income (reais) 906.09 1207.19† 1904.30†‡
Private health plan (%) 24.45 24.46 25.89†‡
Poor/very poor self-rated health (%) 20.89 21.42† 22.72†‡
Covered by the Family Health Strategy (FHS) (%) n/a n/a 50.93
One or more physical functioning limitation (%) 7.04 7.17 8.51†‡
At least one chronic condition (%) 31.61 29.89† 31.32‡
Two or more chronic conditions (%) 14.0 12.38† 13.14†
At least one doctor visit in past 12 months (%) 54.69 62.82† 67.68†‡
Hospitalized at least once in the past 12 months (%) 6.94 7.01 7.11
Has a usual source of care (%) 71.22 79.27† 73.64†‡
Any health services use in the past 2 weeks (%) 12.99 14.59† 14.50†
At least one dental visit in the past 12 months (%) 33.15 38.74† 40.20†‡
Total n (unweighted) 344,975 384,834 391,868
All results take into account the complex sample design and include survey weights.
†Statistically significant difference (p \<0.05) from 1998; ‡ statistically significant difference (p \<0.05) from 2003.
Data source: Brazilian National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) 1998, 2003, 2008.
In terms of health services utilization there was a significant increase in the proportion of individuals who had at least one doctor visit in the past 12 months, although the proportion of the population hospitalized at least one time did not change. The proportion of the population who sought health services in the past two weeks increased between 1998 in 2003 but did not change between 2003 and 2008. There was an increase in the use of dental services in the past 12 months observed in each time period.
Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"} shows the concentration indices (CI) representing the distribution of healthcare use across the income gradient in each year. The variable with the highest unadjusted positive CI (i.e. highest pro-rich orientation) is dental visits, while hospitalizations are the only negative values (i.e. pro-poor). Each measure also changes over time. The magnitude of the change of the CI varies between 51% reduction in the pro-rich orientation of doctor visits to a 625% change in having a usual source of care (USC). For each variable, the corresponding values for the HI are slightly larger in magnitude than those of the unadjusted CI, suggesting that pro-rich inequities are higher in each time period once healthcare needs are taken into account. Trends in changes to the HI over time are of the same sign and magnitude as those of the CI. All changes in the CI and HI between time periods are statistically significant (p \<0.05) except for healthcare service use in the past two weeks between 2003 and 2008, and hospitalization between 2003 and 2008, both of which remained stable.
######
Unstandardized Concentration Index (CI) and Horizontal inequity index (HI), by outcome and year
**Variable** **Unstandardized Concentration Index (CI)** **Horizontal inequity index (HI)**
-------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ------------------ --------- ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ---------
Doctor visit (12 months) 0.0500 (0.0011) 0.0400 (0.0021) 0.0330 (0.0016) −51.52 0.0642 (0.0011) 0.0444 (0.0021) 0.0357 (0.0018) −79.83
Hospitalization (12 months) −0.0810 (0.0043) −0.0530 (0.0051) −0.0430 (0.0051) 88.37 −0.0430 (0.0043) −0.0263 (0.0049) −0.0127 (0.0049) 238.58
Usual source of care 0.0290 (0.0010) 0.0070 (0.0025) 0.0040 (0.0021) −625.00 0.0323 (0.0010) 0.0079 (0.0025) 0.0039 (0.0029) −728.21
Any healthcare service-use (2 weeks) 0.0660 (0.0032) 0.0440 (0.0047) 0.0440 (0.0042) −50.00 0.1019 (0.0032) 0.0651 (0.0047) 0.0648 (0.0045) −57.25
Dental visit (12 months) 0.2180 (0.0019) 0.1780 (0.0032) 0.1390 (0.0028) −56.83 0.2308 (0.0018) 0.1943 (0.0032) 0.1514 (0.0029) −52.44
Numbers are concentration indices with standard errors in parentheses.
Values \<0 indicate pro-poor and \>0 indicate pro-rich utilization.
HI is the difference between actual healthcare use and predicted utilization based on health needs.
All values are statistically significantly different from previous periods (p \<0.05); except any healthcare service use for 2003 and 2008; and hospitalizations between 2003 and 2008.
Data source: Brazilian National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) 1998, 2003, 2008.
Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"} displays Lorenz Curves which illustrate the unadjusted concentration indices presented in table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"} for the main healthcare utilization variables in 1998 and 2008 across the entire income distribution. The figure shows that the distribution of hospital use, by income, was highly pro-poor in 1998 (below the line of equality). This pro-poor orientation declined in 2008, but still favored the poor. Doctor visits, on the other hand, were slightly pro-rich in 1998, but their income-related distribution moved closer to the line of income-equality in 2008. Dental visits displayed a high pro-rich orientation in 1998, moved closer to the line of income-equality each year, but still displayed a strong pro-rich orientation in 2008.
{#F1}
Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"} shows trends in health inequality indices (HI) for each outcome. These trends are similar to those observed in the unadjusted concentration indices for most variables. Dental visits show the largest absolute decrease in horizontal inequity, although they are still the most inequitably (pro-rich) distributed service in 2008. Service use in the past two weeks shows decreased inequity in 2003 and no significant change in 2008. Doctor visits show a substantial decrease in 2003 and a smaller decrease in 2008, ending with a slightly pro-rich orientation. Having a usual source of care becomes less pro-rich over time and is nearly income-neutral by 2008. Hospital use is pro-poor in both 1998 and 2003 and becomes slightly less so by 2008.
{#F2}
In order to illustrate which factors have contributed to increased or decreased inequity for each outcome at each point in time, Table [3](#T3){ref-type="table"} presents decompositions of the concentration index into its component parts. The table demonstrates that the overall contribution of all need-related factors (as reported in the sub-total row) is negative or pro-poor. However, the contribution of the two main components of need factors (age and sex, and health problems) contribute in slightly different ways to different outcomes. Health problems contribute substantially to the pro-poor orientation of doctor visits, hospitalization, and health services sought in the past two weeks, while they are neutral or slightly pro-rich for dental visits and a usual source of care, as would be expected. Age and sex are generally negative, except in the case of doctor visits and hospitalizations, where they are either neutral or slightly pro-rich.
######
Decomposition of the Concentration index, by outcome and year
**Doctor visit (12 months)** **Dental visit (12 months)** **Service use (2 weeks)** **Hospitalized (12 months)** **Usual source of care**
-------------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------ --------------------------- ------------------------------ -------------------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Need factors
Age/sex 0.001 0.000 0.001 −0.012 −0.017 −0.015 −0.003 −0.004 −0.004 0.004 0.000 −0.003 −0.001 −0.001 −0.001
Health −0.012 −0.002 −0.002 0.001 0.003 0.002 −0.030 −0.014 −0.016 −0.030 −0.017 −0.018 −0.002 0.000 0.000
Subtotal −0.011 −0.002 −0.001 −0.011 −0.014 −0.012 −0.033 −0.018 −0.020 −0.025 −0.017 −0.022 −0.002 −0.001 0.000
Non-need
Income 0.016 0.009 0.009 0.121 0.097 0.075 0.025 0.003 0.007 −0.072 −0.053 −0.040 0.002 −0.009 −0.004
Insurance 0.048 0.037 0.029 0.044 0.040 0.046 0.065 0.058 0.056 0.057 0.054 0.052 0.014 0.006 0.014
Schooling −0.019 −0.014 −0.007 0.071 0.055 0.042 −0.018 −0.020 −0.011 −0.022 −0.025 −0.016 −0.008 −0.008 −0.009
Geography 0.020 0.014 0.009 0.011 0.015 0.008 0.029 0.023 0.027 0.011 0.004 0.005 0.023 0.017 0.012
FHS \- \- −0.004 \- \- −0.012 \- \- −0.012 \- \- −0.010 \- \- −0.011
Subtotal 0.065 0.045 0.036 0.247 0.207 0.159 0.100 0.064 0.065 −0.026 −0.020 −0.010 0.031 0.006 0.003
Numbers represent each set of variables' contribution to the concentration index. Positive values reflect pro-rich orientation, zero is perfect equivalence, and negative values represent an overall pro-poor orientation. Residuals not shown.
Age/sex represent all age and sex combinations. Health includes measures of poor self-rated health, physical functioning limitations, chronic conditions and comorbidity. Schooling includes being literate and years of schooling completed. Geography includes urban/rural and geographic region. FHS = Family Health. Strategy (measure only available in 2008).
Data source: Brazilian National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) 1998, 2003, 2008.
Non-need factors generally contribute to the pro-rich orientation of all variables, except hospitalizations. The largest single contributor to pro-rich orientation is the presence of a private health plan (health insurance). This is followed by the household's geographic location and family income. Schooling generally contributes to the pro-poor orientation of healthcare services. Coverage by the Family Health Strategy (which is only present in the 2008 dataset) was a significant contributor to the pro-poor orientation of each outcome and its magnitude suggests it is an important contributor to the pro-poor orientation to each outcome in 2008.
When examining changes over time, the increased pro-poor orientation of most variables appears to derive from decreased pro-rich contributions of non-need factors and the additional effect of the family health strategy, since need factor contributions either stayed the same or became less pro-poor over time.
Conclusions
===========
Inequities in healthcare utilization are generally decreasing in Brazil. In 1998, they were already pro-poor for hospitalization, which represents the most costly and perhaps most urgent form of healthcare need. For medical care and dental visits, utilization of healthcare services is (to different extents) still pro-rich, although it has become increasingly less so over time.
One potential criticism of measures such as the HI is that they may be difficult to interpret. For this reason, we compare results with other studies using a similar set of methods. Among 10 OECD countries, Van Doorslaer et al \[[@B15]\] using data from the early 1990s, found that the HI measure (standardized using similar measures of health need including age, sex, self-rated health, and chronic conditions) for any doctor visit varied from 0.047 in the Netherlands to −0.010 in Germany, and for any hospitalization ranged from −0.076 in Denmark to −0.047 in Switzerland \[[@B15]\]. These results suggest that as of 2008, Brazil achieved an HI for all doctor visits close to that of Sweden (0.034) and slightly more pro-poor (closer to 0) than Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, or the US in the 1990's. For hospitalizations, Brazil's level of inequity was more pro-poor than Switzerland and the United States.
Results differ slightly when compared to non-European countries using more recent data. For example, Lu et al \[[@B19]\] found that in 2002 the HI for doctor visits (0.093) and hospitalizations (0.064) to be more inequitable (pro-rich) in Hong Kong than we have found for Brazil. However, the same study found both HI measures (−0.009 for medical visits and −0.074 for hospitalizations) were considerably more pro-poor in South Korea than those reported here for Brazil \[[@B19]\].
The trends towards lesser horizontal inequity may reflect government policies around improving access to health care throughout the country. This includes expansion of the Family Health Strategy, which now covers over 50% of the Brazilian population with primary care services free of charge. The FHS (originally developed in the mid 1990's) delivers comprehensive primary care services through a team of professionals that include a doctor, a nurse and 4--6 community health agents. The expansion of the FHS began with many smaller, less urban and poorer municipalities and within larger municipalities, priority for FHS expansion has often been in the poorest geographic regions, with some municipalities explicitly targeting more vulnerable regions for FHS implantation and expansion over time \[[@B20]\]. The FHS has also added over 20,000 oral health teams, which provide free dental care to people in 85% of Brazilian municipalities \[[@B21]\]. The accelerated expansion of the FHS during the 2000's and its targeting towards more vulnerable populations may explain its association with more pro-poor access and use of healthcare and dental services within the country.
Changes in hospitalizations are likely to reflect changes in supply within the Brazilian health system and shifts in the profile of conditions for which people are hospitalized \[[@B22]\]. The lack of changes in service use in the past two weeks may be due to the fact that the measure asks about any healthcare service use. Previous studies have shown that visits to primary care providers (general practitioners) are generally more pro-poor than visits to specialists \[[@B17]\]. Since the early 2000's there have been increases in supply of both primary care and some forms of specialist and diagnostic services, and this may have resulted in increased utilization by the poor being offset by increased utilization by the rich among these different types of services.
Results show that the main contributors to pro-rich healthcare inequities in Brazil are non-need factors, most importantly, income, geographic location, and the presence of a private health plan. This difference may be explained by different patterns of utilization among those using the public versus the private sector for healthcare services, with higher utilization for nearly all services among those with a private health plan. The need-standardization techniques used here show that utilization (especially among the rich) appears to be above and beyond what would be expected given their health needs. Overutilization of healthcare services may be undesirable because of increased healthcare costs with limited marginal benefits and potential iatrogenic effects of unnecessary tests and procedures \[[@B23]\]. Higher than expected rates of utilization among the poor may also be problematic. In the case of Brazil, higher rates of hospitalization among the poor may represent lack of access to some preventive services or the use of hospitals as a substitute for primary care.
This study has several limitations. First, all utilization data are based on self-report, but since the questions were asked in nearly identical formats in all three years, this preserves comparability. One exception is self-report of chronic diseases, since in 1998 respondents were asked if they had any of a list of chronic conditions, while in 2003 and 2008 the survey specified "medically-diagnosed" self-report. Another potential limitation is the fact that we use family income instead of other economic measures such as household wealth. This choice of this measure was based on the fact that the PNAD surveys are the gold standard in Brazil for measuring household and family income. One disadvantage is that this survey may have underestimated the extent of extreme wealth present in Brazil, although this is a common limitation of many national household surveys \[[@B24]\].
Finally, it is important to note that greater equity in access to and utilization of health services does not immediately translate into greater equity in health outcomes. Although some aspects of equity in health (particularly for children) have shown advances, such improvements are generally thought to be as much a result of changes to socioeconomic conditions as to access to appropriate health services \[[@B25]\].
In conclusion, these results suggest that inequities in healthcare utilization in Brazil are not as pronounced as might be expected, given lingering social inequalities within the country. The trend toward greater horizontal equity is a potential indicator of success in government efforts to improve access to care, especially among the poor. In order to continue on this trajectory, the Brazilian health system will need to continue to address areas where there may be under-utilization (such as in yearly dental visits), but also assess potential unnecessary over utilization of care. One strategy currently being pursued is the strengthening of primary health care. Based on the results presented here, that strategy, amongst others, may have already contributed to making healthcare utilization more equitable in Brazil.
Competing interests
===================
The authors declare they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
======================
JM and MFLC conceived the study. JM carried out data analysis and drafted the text. MFLC helped to draft and revise the manuscript and interpreted results. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
|
C3b receptor in normal human oral mucosa.
The presence of a receptor for C3b in normal human oral mucosa was studied using C3b produced by treating normal human serum with cobra venom factor. Cryostat sections of normal human oral mucosa were incubated with C3b, followed by a direct immunofluorescence technique using monospecific goat-antihuman C3. The histologic localization of C3b fluorescence was determined by fixing cryostat sections with glutaraldehyde and staining with hematoxylin and eosin. The endothelial cells of the capillaries and smaller venules in the oral mucosa showed staining by anti-C3. C3b did not bind to the intercellular substance nor to the basement membrane zone of normal human oral mucosa. Normal human serum treated with EDTA was negative, thus indicating that native C3 did not bind to the receptor. The endothelial C3b receptor of the oral mucosa may have an important function in the localization of immune complexes that occur in systemic diseases, as well as in diseases restricted to the oral mucosa.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
# fix TC-320 for SDK. /etc/tizen-build.conf# Disable to run below line because this results in always failure, so it can be regarded as useless.#[ "${TZ_BUILD_WITH_EMULATOR}" == "1" ] && generic_desktop_applications_fix_userhome developer
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Gábor Balla
Gábor Balla (born 23 December 1941) is a Hungarian former sports shooter. He competed in the 25 metre pistol event at the 1964 Summer Olympics.
References
Category:1941 births
Category:Living people
Category:Hungarian male sport shooters
Category:Olympic shooters of Hungary
Category:Shooters at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Category:Sportspeople from Budapest
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Assessment of mode-mixing and Herzberg-Teller effects on two-photon absorption and resonance hyper-Raman spectra from a time-dependent approach.
A time-dependent approach is presented to simulate the two-photon absorption (TPA) and resonance hyper-Raman scattering (RHRS) spectra including Duschinsky rotation (mode-mixing) and Herzberg-Teller (HT) vibronic coupling effects. The computational obstacles for the excited-state geometries, vibrational frequencies, and nuclear derivatives of transition dipole moments, which enter the expressions of TPA and RHRS cross sections, are further overcome by the recently developed analytical excited-state energy derivative approaches in the framework of time-dependent density functional theory. The excited-state potential curvatures are evaluated at different levels of approximation to inspect the effects of frequency differences, mode-mixing and HT on TPA and RHRS spectra. Two types of molecules, one with high symmetry (formaldehyde, p-difluorobenzene, and benzotrifluoride) and the other with non-centrosymmetry (cis-hydroxybenzylidene-2,3-dimethylimidazolinone in the deprotonated anion state (HDBI(-))), are used as test systems. The calculated results reveal that it is crucial to adopt the exact excited-state potential curvatures in the calculations of TPA and RHRS spectra even for the high-symmetric molecules, and that the vertical gradient approximation leads to a large deviation. Furthermore, it is found that the HT contribution is evident in the TPA and RHRS spectra of HDBI(-) although its one- and two-photon transitions are strongly allowed, and its effect results in an obvious blueshift of the TPA maximum with respect to the one-photon absorption maximum. With the HT and solvent effects getting involved, the simulated blueshift of 1291 cm(-1) agrees well with the experimental measurement.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Frequent K-ras mutations in small bowel adenocarcinomas.
The reasons for the relatively rare occurrence of small bowel adenocarcinomas when compared to the high frequency of colonic adenocarcinomas are unknown. Activating mutations in the K-ras oncogene occur in about 40% of colonic adenocarcinomas, possibly reflecting the consequences of carcinogenic exposure. To study whether the low incidence of small bowel adenocarcinomas might be due to the absence of activation of cellular oncogenes in small bowel adenocarcinomas, we examined the frequency of K-ras mutations in small bowel adenocarcinomas. K-ras mutations were determined using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method to detect codon 12 mutations by restriction fragment length polymorphism. PCR amplification was successful in six of nine small bowel adenocarcinoma samples, and revealed point mutations of K-ras at codon 12 in five of these six cases. We conclude that the small bowel might be exposed to carcinogens similar to those responsible for colorectal cancer, but may have developed protective mechanisms against cancer formation.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Creating a log cabin, log house, or
an office or annex from logs usually has three stages:
• Design
• Planning approval
• Construction
Log Building Design
We will work with you to create a design for your log building that exactly
suits the purpose you have in mind. Although each of our buildings is
different, we have collected over 70 designs, and any of these could become
the basis for your own building. We know these designs work, so meeting
your requirements is made easier.
Good foundations prevent rising damp and the roof should keep water off
the walls, so our designs incorporate foundations and roofs that take
both location and use of your building into consideration. You can choose
just about any roofing material you like – tiles, tin, shingles,
thatch or even grass – as along as it keeps out the water and is
not made of asbestos.
Not all log building suppliers give you such freedom to express yourself!
Planning Approval
Once we have the design, depending on the size and use of your building,
you may need to obtain planning approval from your local authority. This
can be a very involved and time-consuming process, and some “log
cabin” suppliers do not help with this. We can advise you, and will
work closely with the planning department on your behalf so you don’t
have to be involved.
We always take care of construction for our clients. You can find log
cabins that you erect yourself, but we don’t expect you to be expert
builders, or to pick your way through building regulations. The traditional
building skills we use take time to perfect, and because we build to recognised
standards, your log house, log cabin, granny annex or home office will
be a quality building constructed to last.
We can also build using standard timber frame. Some buildings, such as
studios, home offices and games rooms, can be built with a timber frame
and sawn timber cladding – we build this way for clients who want
a wooden building but prefer this style to the traditional whole log.
Such buildings are all designed and constructed to individual requirements,
and therefore have a more stylish finish than similar, mass-produced buildings
often described as “log cabins”.
About our logs
We select each Scots or Corsican pine or Douglas fir log from managed
woodland, including The Forestry Commission. For each tree felled at least
one more is planted. Wherever possible we source trees locally to minimise
the impact on the environment in transporting them. We also conserve timber
– fewer trees are used to build with whole logs than are used in
similar buildings made of commercially sawn timber.
Our logs are felled by hand so as not to damage them, hand peeled and
then cut to fit snugly on the one below. We do not machine the timber
because this makes the logs uniform and gives the appearance of a building
made from telegraph poles.
The traditional way of building we use:
enhances the beauty of each individual piece of
timber, and gives the finishe product a unique and aesthetic finish.
creates buildings that are extremely solid. Unlike
log cabins made of flimsier material or less robust construction our
buildings will not warp, move or shift. Some of our logs can weigh
over half a tonne each!
produces thermally efficient buildings, so they
will keep your heating bills down in the winter, and provide you with
somewhere cool in the summer. You can also add insulation to floors
and roofs. See more about the properties of logs.
gives rooms an acoustic quality which enriches
sound, voices and music. Day-to-day clatter is muted as it does not
echo around as on plaster or thinly constructed walls, so your building
will remain a tranquil place in which to live or work.
exudes a natural aroma of sap and resin and gives
a pleasant background scent to your environment.
is an economical and environmentally friendly way
of creating or extending your home or work space
Planning
and building regulations
The Log House Company provides the information below in good
faith and as a guide only. We always advise checking with the individual
authority, as regulations may differ. Information is available from www.communities.gov.uk and from your local council.
Planning
Planning permission is generally not required if a building is for the
use of the occupants and classed as incidental to the enjoyment of the
main dwelling. If the purpose is intended for either business or accommodation,
advice should be sought. Most councils are very helpful and we advise
always checking with the local planners first. The Log House Company is
able to work on your behalf with the relevant authority, please note,
some costs may be incurred for this service.
“Permitted development” is the right to carry out certain
limited forms of development without the need to make an application for
planning permission as granted under the terms of the town and country
planning (general planning development) order 1995.
This means the building may be put in your garden without planning permission
as long as the following criteria are met:
The building is not in front of the building line,
or if it is, then no closer than 20m from the nearest Highway (highway
will include bridleway);
The building is at least 5m away from the dwelling
or any extension of the dwelling;
The height of the building must not exceed 4m to
the ridge (sometimes this may be 3m with a flat roof);
The dwelling is not a listed building in an area
of outstanding natural beauty (AONB), a conservation area, or has
any other restrictions upon it;
The total ground covered by all outbuildings must
not exceed 50% of the total area of the curtilage (excluding the ground
area of the original building).
In the above cases, you need confirmation from the local authority
to ensure permitted development applies.
Building
regulations
If the internal floor area exceeds 30m² or any part of the building
is within 1m of the boundary, then building regulations approval will
be required. If the building is to be temporary (not more than 28 days)
then no regulations apply.
The building regulations approval is needed for the structural calculations
in accordance with the department of the environment (DOE).
Mobile homes
A mobile home comes under the mobile home act of 1983 alongside the 1968
caravan act (living accommodation). A mobile home is for habitation, not
incidental use and restricted to 20 feet wide (increasing to 22 feet from
2007) and 60 feet long, excluding overhangs and verandahs. The building
must be moveable (i.e. mobile) and be delivered in no more than two parts.
A mobile home is excluded from V.A.T. and generally from building regulations
– but will require planning permission.
Land with a CLD (Certificate for Lawful Development) has a right for habitation
on that land.
If a building is assembled as opposed to constructed on site, then building
regulations are not normally required, the building is seen as "non
permanent".
Granny annex
A granny annex is a dwelling for a dependent family member and falls under
different criteria. A temporary or non-permanent structure is more favourably
looked upon by the planners and may be a lot easier than you think.
Properties of logs
Thermal properties of logs
Wood is one of the best building materials because of its strength
and resistance to transmitting heat or cold. The thermal efficiency
of wood can be measured in different ways, and its thermal properties
expressed as a value. Most pines offer thermal conductivity at an
average value of 0.9 to 1.5 W/m°C. This is the “R”
value. A one-inch thickness of our wood will have an “R”
value of 1.3 (rising to1.5 in certain conditions).
The "U" value is a measurement of thermal resistance. This
value is calculated by adding up the individual components’
“R” value, for example, the logs in a wall, and then finding
the reciprocal.
To make more sense, a material is given an "R" value, which
is an indication of resistance to heat flow of a specified thickness.
Materials with a high “R” value have superior insulating
qualities. Conversely, the lower the “U” value, the better
the thermal resistance.
Timber used by the Log House Company has an average “R”
value of between 1.3 and 2.1 per inch of thickness at 10% moisture
and 73°C temperature. The value will vary with moisture content,
density and temperature!
By using logs with a mean diameter of 16½ inches and insulating
floors and ceilings as well, The Log House Company can build to 0.35
U or better.
The strength of wood
Scots pine and Douglas fir have a modulas to rupture parallel to grain
of 14 and 17.5 MN/m², respectively and a shear strength of 1.5.
The durability largely depends on moisture content being below the
limit conducive to fungal attack.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
In vitro susceptibility of the Streptococcus milleri group to antimicrobial peptides.
To determine the susceptibility of strains of the Streptococcus milleri group (SMG) to commercially available antimicrobial peptides. Thirty strains of SMG from a range of sources were assessed for their susceptibility to 10 antimicrobial peptides of either human, animal or insect origin, using a double layer diffusion assay. The majority of the test strains were sensitive to the amidated peptides, mastoparan (100%; n = 30), magainin 2 amide (95%; n = 21) and indolicin (91%; n = 23). Some strains were susceptible to cecropin B (30%; n = 30) and histatin (10%; n = 30), whilst no activity was observed for the defensins HNP-1 and HNP-2, histatin 8, cecropin P1 and magainin 2. The majority of strains were resistant to the human derived peptides. The ability to resist such peptides may be a factor in the colonisation of the oral cavity and the survival and initiation of infection in the pulp and root canal environment. Interestingly, the present study indicated that amidated and alpha helical peptides exhibit antimicrobial activity against SMG. Structural modification of these peptides may allow a targeted approach for the development of these substances as preventative or therapeutic agents.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
bcv_parser::regexps.space = "[\\s\\xa0]"
bcv_parser::regexps.escaped_passage = ///
(?:^ | [^\x1f\x1e\dA-Za-zªµºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ɏḀ-ỿⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞈꞋ-ꞎꞐ-ꞓꞠ-Ɦꟸ-ꟿ] ) # Beginning of string or not in the middle of a word or immediately following another book. Only count a book if it's part of a sequence: `Matt5John3` is OK, but not `1Matt5John3`
(
# Start inverted book/chapter (cb)
(?:
(?: ch (?: apters? | a?pts?\.? | a?p?s?\.? )? \s*
\d+ \s* (?: [\u2013\u2014\-] | through | thru | to) \s* \d+ \s*
(?: from | of | in ) (?: \s+ the \s+ book \s+ of )?\s* )
| (?: ch (?: apters? | a?pts?\.? | a?p?s?\.? )? \s*
\d+ \s*
(?: from | of | in ) (?: \s+ the \s+ book \s+ of )?\s* )
| (?: \d+ (?: th | nd | st ) \s*
ch (?: apter | a?pt\.? | a?p?\.? )? \s* #no plurals here since it's a single chapter
(?: from | of | in ) (?: \s+ the \s+ book \s+ of )? \s* )
)? # End inverted book/chapter (cb)
\x1f(\d+)(?:/\d+)?\x1f #book
(?:
/\d+\x1f #special Psalm chapters
| [\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014]
| opschrift (?! [a-z] ) #could be followed by a number
| en#{bcv_parser::regexps.space}+volgende#{bcv_parser::regexps.space}+verzen | zie#{bcv_parser::regexps.space}+ook | hoofdstukken | hoofdstuk | verzen | vers | vgl | en | vs | - | v
| [a-e] (?! \w ) #a-e allows 1:1a
| $ #or the end of the string
)+
)
///gi
# These are the only valid ways to end a potential passage match. The closing parenthesis allows for fully capturing parentheses surrounding translations (ESV**)**. The last one, `[\d\x1f]` needs not to be +; otherwise `Gen5ff` becomes `\x1f0\x1f5ff`, and `adjust_regexp_end` matches the `\x1f5` and incorrectly dangles the ff.
bcv_parser::regexps.match_end_split = ///
\d \W* opschrift
| \d \W* en#{bcv_parser::regexps.space}+volgende#{bcv_parser::regexps.space}+verzen (?: [\s\xa0*]* \.)?
| \d [\s\xa0*]* [a-e] (?! \w )
| \x1e (?: [\s\xa0*]* [)\]\uff09] )? #ff09 is a full-width closing parenthesis
| [\d\x1f]
///gi
bcv_parser::regexps.control = /[\x1e\x1f]/g
bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book = "[^A-Za-zªµºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ɏḀ-ỿⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞈꞋ-ꞎꞐ-ꞓꞠ-Ɦꟸ-ꟿ]"
bcv_parser::regexps.first = "(?:Eerste|1e|I|1)\\.?#{bcv_parser::regexps.space}*"
bcv_parser::regexps.second = "(?:Tweede|2e|II|2)\\.?#{bcv_parser::regexps.space}*"
bcv_parser::regexps.third = "(?:Derde|3e|III|3)\\.?#{bcv_parser::regexps.space}*"
bcv_parser::regexps.range_and = "(?:[&\u2013\u2014-]|(?:en|vgl|zie#{bcv_parser::regexps.space}+ook)|-)"
bcv_parser::regexps.range_only = "(?:[\u2013\u2014-]|-)"
# Each book regexp should return two parenthesized objects: an optional preliminary character and the book itself.
bcv_parser::regexps.get_books = (include_apocrypha, case_sensitive) ->
books = [
osis: ["Ps"]
apocrypha: true
extra: "2"
regexp: ///(\b)( # Don't match a preceding \d like usual because we only want to match a valid OSIS, which will never have a preceding digit.
Ps151
# Always follwed by ".1"; the regular Psalms parser can handle `Ps151` on its own.
)(?=\.1)///g # Case-sensitive because we only want to match a valid OSIS.
,
osis: ["Gen"]
regexp: ///(^|[^0-9A-Za-zªµºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ɏḀ-ỿⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞈꞋ-ꞎꞐ-ꞓꞠ-Ɦꟸ-ꟿ])(
(?:Genesis)|(?:(?:1e?|I)[\s\xa0]*Mozes|Beresjiet|Ge?n|(?:1e?|I)\.[\s\xa0]*Mozes|Eerste[\s\xa0]*Mozes)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Exod"]
regexp: ///(^|[^0-9A-Za-zªµºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ɏḀ-ỿⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞈꞋ-ꞎꞐ-ꞓꞠ-Ɦꟸ-ꟿ])(
(?:Exodus)|(?:(?:2e?|II)[\s\xa0]*Mozes|Sjemot|Exod|Ex|(?:2e?|II)\.[\s\xa0]*Mozes|Tweede[\s\xa0]*Mozes)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Bel"]
apocrypha: true
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Bel(?:[\s\xa0]*en[\s\xa0]*de[\s\xa0]*draak)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Lev"]
regexp: ///(^|[^0-9A-Za-zªµºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ɏḀ-ỿⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞈꞋ-ꞎꞐ-ꞓꞠ-Ɦꟸ-ꟿ])(
(?:Leviticus)|(?:(?:3e?|III)[\s\xa0]*Mozes|[VW]ajikra|Le?v|(?:3e?|III)\.[\s\xa0]*Mozes|Derde[\s\xa0]*Mozes)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Num"]
regexp: ///(^|[^0-9A-Za-zªµºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ɏḀ-ỿⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞈꞋ-ꞎꞐ-ꞓꞠ-Ɦꟸ-ꟿ])(
(?:B[ae]midbar|Numb?eri|Num?|(?:IV|4)[\s\xa0]*Mozes|(?:IV|4)\.[\s\xa0]*Mozes|Vierde[\s\xa0]*Mozes)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Sir"]
apocrypha: true
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Sirach)|(?:Wijsheid[\s\xa0]*van[\s\xa0]*(?:J(?:ozua[\s\xa0]*Ben|ezus)|Ben)[\s\xa0]*Sirach|Ecclesiasticus|Sir|Jezus[\s\xa0]*Sirach)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Wis"]
apocrypha: true
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Wijsheid[\s\xa0]*van[\s\xa0]*Salomo)|(?:Het[\s\xa0]*boek[\s\xa0]*der[\s\xa0]*wijsheid|Wi(?:jsheid|s)|De[\s\xa0]*wijsheid[\s\xa0]*van[\s\xa0]*Salomo)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Lam"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Kl(?:aagl(?:iederen)?)?|Lam)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["EpJer"]
apocrypha: true
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Brief[\s\xa0]*van[\s\xa0]*Jeremia|EpJer)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Rev"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Op(?:enb(?:aring(?:[\s\xa0]*van[\s\xa0]*Johannes|en)?)?)?|Ap[ck]|Rev|Apocalyps)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["PrMan"]
apocrypha: true
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Man(?:asse)?|PrMan)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Deut"]
regexp: ///(^|[^0-9A-Za-zªµºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ɏḀ-ỿⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞈꞋ-ꞎꞐ-ꞓꞠ-Ɦꟸ-ꟿ])(
(?:D(?:e(?:ut(?:eronomium)?|wariem)|t)|(?:V(?:ijfde|\.)?|5\.?)[\s\xa0]*Mozes)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Josh"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Jo(?:z(?:ua)?|sh))
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Judg"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:R(?:i(?:cht(?:eren?)?)?|e(?:chters|cht)?)|Judg)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Ruth"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:R(?:uth|t))
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["1Esd"]
apocrypha: true
regexp: ///(^|[^0-9A-Za-zªµºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ɏḀ-ỿⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞈꞋ-ꞎꞐ-ꞓꞠ-Ɦꟸ-ꟿ])(
(?:(?:[13]e|[13]|I(?:II)?)[\s\xa0]*E(?:sdras|zra)|1Esd|(?:[13]e|[13]|I(?:II)?)\.[\s\xa0]*E(?:sdras|zra)|Derde[\s\xa0]*E(?:sdras|zra)|Eerste[\s\xa0]*E(?:sdras|zra))
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["2Esd"]
apocrypha: true
regexp: ///(^|[^0-9A-Za-zªµºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ɏḀ-ỿⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞈꞋ-ꞎꞐ-ꞓꞠ-Ɦꟸ-ꟿ])(
(?:(?:I[IV]|4|2e?)[\s\xa0]*E(?:sdras|zra)|2Esd|(?:I[IV]|4|2e?)\.[\s\xa0]*E(?:sdras|zra)|Vierde[\s\xa0]*E(?:sdras|zra)|Tweede[\s\xa0]*E(?:sdras|zra))
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Isa"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:J(?:es(?:aja)?|s)|Isa)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["2Sam"]
regexp: ///(^|[^0-9A-Za-zªµºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ɏḀ-ỿⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞈꞋ-ꞎꞐ-ꞓꞠ-Ɦꟸ-ꟿ])(
(?:2[\s\xa0]*Sam(?:u[e\xEB]l)?|Samuel[\s\xa0]*II|2Sam|2[\s\xa0]*S|(?:2e|II)[\s\xa0]*Sam(?:u[e\xEB]l)?|(?:2e?|II)\.[\s\xa0]*Sam(?:u[e\xEB]l)?|Tweede[\s\xa0]*Sam(?:u[e\xEB]l)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["1Sam"]
regexp: ///(^|[^0-9A-Za-zªµºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ɏḀ-ỿⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞈꞋ-ꞎꞐ-ꞓꞠ-Ɦꟸ-ꟿ])(
(?:1[\s\xa0]*Sam(?:u[e\xEB]l)?|Samuel[\s\xa0]*I|1Sam|1[\s\xa0]*S|(?:1e|I)[\s\xa0]*Sam(?:u[e\xEB]l)?|(?:1e?|I)\.[\s\xa0]*Sam(?:u[e\xEB]l)?|Eerste[\s\xa0]*Sam(?:u[e\xEB]l)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["2Kgs"]
regexp: ///(^|[^0-9A-Za-zªµºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ɏḀ-ỿⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞈꞋ-ꞎꞐ-ꞓꞠ-Ɦꟸ-ꟿ])(
(?:(?:2e?|II)[\s\xa0]*Ko(?:n(?:ingen)?)?|2Kgs|(?:2e?|II)\.[\s\xa0]*Ko(?:n(?:ingen)?)?|Tweede[\s\xa0]*Ko(?:n(?:ingen)?)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["1Kgs"]
regexp: ///(^|[^0-9A-Za-zªµºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ɏḀ-ỿⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞈꞋ-ꞎꞐ-ꞓꞠ-Ɦꟸ-ꟿ])(
(?:(?:1e?|I)[\s\xa0]*Ko(?:n(?:ingen)?)?|1Kgs|(?:1e?|I)\.[\s\xa0]*Ko(?:n(?:ingen)?)?|Eerste[\s\xa0]*Ko(?:n(?:ingen)?)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["2Chr"]
regexp: ///(^|[^0-9A-Za-zªµºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ɏḀ-ỿⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞈꞋ-ꞎꞐ-ꞓꞠ-Ɦꟸ-ꟿ])(
(?:2(?:[\s\xa0]*Kron(?:ieken)?|(?:[\s\xa0]*K|Ch)r)|(?:2e|II)[\s\xa0]*Kron(?:ieken)?|(?:2e?|II)\.[\s\xa0]*Kron(?:ieken)?|Tweede[\s\xa0]*Kron(?:ieken)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["1Chr"]
regexp: ///(^|[^0-9A-Za-zªµºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ɏḀ-ỿⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞈꞋ-ꞎꞐ-ꞓꞠ-Ɦꟸ-ꟿ])(
(?:1(?:[\s\xa0]*Kron(?:ieken)?|(?:[\s\xa0]*K|Ch)r)|(?:1e|I)[\s\xa0]*Kron(?:ieken)?|(?:1e?|I)\.[\s\xa0]*Kron(?:ieken)?|Eerste[\s\xa0]*Kron(?:ieken)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Ezra"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Ezra?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Neh"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Neh(?:emia)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["GkEsth"]
apocrypha: true
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Est(?:er[\s\xa0]*\(Gr(?:ieks|\.)?\)|[\s\xa0]*gr)|GkEsth)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Esth"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Est(?:h(?:er)?|er)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Job"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Job)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Ps"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Ps(?:alm(?:en)?)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["PrAzar"]
apocrypha: true
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Gebed[\s\xa0]*van[\s\xa0]*Azarja|PrAzar)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Prov"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Spr(?:euken)?|Prov)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Eccl"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Prediker|Eccl|Pr(?:ed)?|[KQ]oheleth?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["SgThree"]
apocrypha: true
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Lied[\s\xa0]*van[\s\xa0]*de[\s\xa0]*drie[\s\xa0]*jongemannen|SgThree|Gezang[\s\xa0]*der[\s\xa0]*drie[\s\xa0]*mannen[\s\xa0]*in[\s\xa0]*het[\s\xa0]*vuur)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Song"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:H(?:ooglied|l)|Song|Hoogl|Canticum[\s\xa0]*canticorum)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Jer"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:J(?:er(?:emia)?|r))
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Ezek"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Eze(?:ch(?:i[e\xEB]l)?|k))
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Dan"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Da(?:n(?:i[e\xEB]l)?)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Hos"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Hos(?:ea)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Joel"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:J(?:o[e\xEB])?l)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Amos"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Am(?:os)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Obad"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Ob(?:ad(?:ja)?)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Jonah"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Jon(?:ah?)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Mic"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Mi(?:c(?:ha|a)?)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Nah"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Nah(?:um)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Hab"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Hab(?:akuk)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Zeph"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Ze(?:f(?:anja)?|ph)|Sef(?:anja)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Hag"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Hag(?:g(?:a[i\xEF])?)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Zech"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Z(?:ach(?:aria)?|ech))
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Mal"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Mal(?:eachi)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Matt"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:M(?:att(?:h[e\xE9]|e)[u\xFC]s|at(?:th?)?|t)|Evangelie[\s\xa0]*volgens[\s\xa0]*Matte[u\xFC]s)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Mark"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Mar[ck]us)|(?:Evangelie[\s\xa0]*volgens[\s\xa0]*Mar[ck]us|M(?:ar[ck]|[ckr]))
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Luke"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Lu[ck]as)|(?:Evangelie[\s\xa0]*volgens[\s\xa0]*Lu[ck]as|L(?:u(?:ke|c)|[ck]|uk))
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["1John"]
regexp: ///(^|[^0-9A-Za-zªµºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ɏḀ-ỿⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞈꞋ-ꞎꞐ-ꞓꞠ-Ɦꟸ-ꟿ])(
(?:1John)|(?:(?:1e?|I)\.[\s\xa0]*Joh(?:annes)?|(?:1e?|I)[\s\xa0]*Joh(?:annes)?|Eerste[\s\xa0]*Joh(?:annes)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["2John"]
regexp: ///(^|[^0-9A-Za-zªµºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ɏḀ-ỿⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞈꞋ-ꞎꞐ-ꞓꞠ-Ɦꟸ-ꟿ])(
(?:2John)|(?:(?:2e?|II)\.[\s\xa0]*Joh(?:annes)?|(?:2e?|II)[\s\xa0]*Joh(?:annes)?|Tweede[\s\xa0]*Joh(?:annes)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["3John"]
regexp: ///(^|[^0-9A-Za-zªµºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ɏḀ-ỿⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞈꞋ-ꞎꞐ-ꞓꞠ-Ɦꟸ-ꟿ])(
(?:3John)|(?:(?:3e?|III)\.[\s\xa0]*Joh(?:annes)?|(?:3e?|III)[\s\xa0]*Joh(?:annes)?|Derde[\s\xa0]*Joh(?:annes)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["John"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Evangelie[\s\xa0]*volgens[\s\xa0]*Johannes|Joh(?:annes|n)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Acts"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:H(?:and(?:elingen(?:[\s\xa0]*(?:van[\s\xa0]*de|der)[\s\xa0]*apostelen)?)?|nd)|Acts)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Rom"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Rom(?:einen(?:brief)?)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["2Cor"]
regexp: ///(^|[^0-9A-Za-zªµºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ɏḀ-ỿⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞈꞋ-ꞎꞐ-ꞓꞠ-Ɦꟸ-ꟿ])(
(?:(?:2e?|II)[\s\xa0]*(?:Kor(?:int(?:h(?:i[e\xEB]rs?|e)|i[e\xEB]rs?))?|Corint(?:h(?:i[e\xEB]rs?|e)|i[e\xEB]rs?))|2Cor|(?:2e?|II)\.[\s\xa0]*(?:Kor(?:int(?:h(?:i[e\xEB]rs?|e)|i[e\xEB]rs?))?|Corint(?:h(?:i[e\xEB]rs?|e)|i[e\xEB]rs?))|Tweede[\s\xa0]*(?:Kor(?:int(?:h(?:i[e\xEB]rs?|e)|i[e\xEB]rs?))?|Corint(?:h(?:i[e\xEB]rs?|e)|i[e\xEB]rs?)))
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["1Cor"]
regexp: ///(^|[^0-9A-Za-zªµºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ɏḀ-ỿⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞈꞋ-ꞎꞐ-ꞓꞠ-Ɦꟸ-ꟿ])(
(?:(?:1e?|I)[\s\xa0]*(?:Kor(?:int(?:h(?:i[e\xEB]rs?|e)|i[e\xEB]rs?))?|Corint(?:h(?:i[e\xEB]rs?|e)|i[e\xEB]rs?))|1Cor|(?:1e?|I)\.[\s\xa0]*(?:Kor(?:int(?:h(?:i[e\xEB]rs?|e)|i[e\xEB]rs?))?|Corint(?:h(?:i[e\xEB]rs?|e)|i[e\xEB]rs?))|Eerste[\s\xa0]*(?:Kor(?:int(?:h(?:i[e\xEB]rs?|e)|i[e\xEB]rs?))?|Corint(?:h(?:i[e\xEB]rs?|e)|i[e\xEB]rs?)))
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Gal"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Gal(?:aten(?:brief)?)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Eph"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:E(?:f(?:ez(?:i[e\xEB]rs)?)?|ph))
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Phil"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Fil(?:ip(?:penzen)?)?|Phil)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Col"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:[CK]ol(?:ossenzen)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["2Thess"]
regexp: ///(^|[^0-9A-Za-zªµºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ɏḀ-ỿⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞈꞋ-ꞎꞐ-ꞓꞠ-Ɦꟸ-ꟿ])(
(?:(?:2e|II)[\s\xa0]*T(?:es(?:s(?:alonicenzen)?)?|hess(?:alonicenzen)?)|2(?:[\s\xa0]*Th?ess(?:alonicenzen)?|(?:[\s\xa0]*Th?e|Thes)s)|(?:2e?|II)\.[\s\xa0]*T(?:es(?:s(?:alonicenzen)?)?|hess(?:alonicenzen)?)|Tweede[\s\xa0]*T(?:es(?:s(?:alonicenzen)?)?|hess(?:alonicenzen)?))
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["1Thess"]
regexp: ///(^|[^0-9A-Za-zªµºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ɏḀ-ỿⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞈꞋ-ꞎꞐ-ꞓꞠ-Ɦꟸ-ꟿ])(
(?:(?:1e|I)[\s\xa0]*T(?:es(?:s(?:alonicenzen)?)?|hess(?:alonicenzen)?)|1(?:[\s\xa0]*Th?ess(?:alonicenzen)?|(?:[\s\xa0]*Th?e|Thes)s)|(?:1e?|I)\.[\s\xa0]*T(?:es(?:s(?:alonicenzen)?)?|hess(?:alonicenzen)?)|Eerste[\s\xa0]*T(?:es(?:s(?:alonicenzen)?)?|hess(?:alonicenzen)?))
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["2Tim"]
regexp: ///(^|[^0-9A-Za-zªµºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ɏḀ-ỿⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞈꞋ-ꞎꞐ-ꞓꞠ-Ɦꟸ-ꟿ])(
(?:(?:2e?|II)[\s\xa0]*Tim(?:ot(?:he[u\xFC]|e[u\xFC])s)?|2Tim|(?:2e?|II)\.[\s\xa0]*Tim(?:ot(?:he[u\xFC]|e[u\xFC])s)?|Tweede[\s\xa0]*Tim(?:ot(?:he[u\xFC]|e[u\xFC])s)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["1Tim"]
regexp: ///(^|[^0-9A-Za-zªµºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ɏḀ-ỿⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞈꞋ-ꞎꞐ-ꞓꞠ-Ɦꟸ-ꟿ])(
(?:(?:1e?|I)[\s\xa0]*Tim(?:ot(?:he[u\xFC]|e[u\xFC])s)?|1Tim|(?:1e?|I)\.[\s\xa0]*Tim(?:ot(?:he[u\xFC]|e[u\xFC])s)?|Eerste[\s\xa0]*Tim(?:ot(?:he[u\xFC]|e[u\xFC])s)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Titus"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Tit(?:us)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Phlm"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Fil(?:em(?:on)?|\xE9mon|m)|Phlm)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Heb"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Heb(?:r(?:ee[e\xEB]n)?)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Jas"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Ja(?:k(?:obus)?|s))
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["2Pet"]
regexp: ///(^|[^0-9A-Za-zªµºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ɏḀ-ỿⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞈꞋ-ꞎꞐ-ꞓꞠ-Ɦꟸ-ꟿ])(
(?:2(?:[\s\xa0]*Pet(?:r(?:us)?)?|[\s\xa0]*Pe|Pet)|(?:2e|II)[\s\xa0]*Pet(?:r(?:us)?)?|(?:2e?|II)\.[\s\xa0]*Pet(?:r(?:us)?)?|Tweede[\s\xa0]*Pet(?:r(?:us)?)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["1Pet"]
regexp: ///(^|[^0-9A-Za-zªµºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ɏḀ-ỿⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞈꞋ-ꞎꞐ-ꞓꞠ-Ɦꟸ-ꟿ])(
(?:1(?:[\s\xa0]*Pet(?:r(?:us)?)?|[\s\xa0]*Pe|Pet)|(?:1e|I)[\s\xa0]*Pet(?:r(?:us)?)?|(?:1e?|I)\.[\s\xa0]*Pet(?:r(?:us)?)?|Eerste[\s\xa0]*Pet(?:r(?:us)?)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Jude"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Jud(?:as|e)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Tob"]
apocrypha: true
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Tob(?:i(?:as?|t)|\xEDas?)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Jdt"]
apocrypha: true
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:J(?:udith?|dt))
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Bar"]
apocrypha: true
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Bar(?:uch)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Sus"]
apocrypha: true
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Sus(?:anna)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["2Macc"]
apocrypha: true
regexp: ///(^|[^0-9A-Za-zªµºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ɏḀ-ỿⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞈꞋ-ꞎꞐ-ꞓꞠ-Ɦꟸ-ꟿ])(
(?:(?:2e?|II)[\s\xa0]*Mak(?:kabee[e\xEB]n)?|2Macc|(?:2e?|II)\.[\s\xa0]*Mak(?:kabee[e\xEB]n)?|Tweede[\s\xa0]*Mak(?:kabee[e\xEB]n)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["3Macc"]
apocrypha: true
regexp: ///(^|[^0-9A-Za-zªµºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ɏḀ-ỿⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞈꞋ-ꞎꞐ-ꞓꞠ-Ɦꟸ-ꟿ])(
(?:(?:3e?|III)[\s\xa0]*Mak(?:kabee[e\xEB]n)?|3Macc|(?:3e?|III)\.[\s\xa0]*Mak(?:kabee[e\xEB]n)?|Derde[\s\xa0]*Mak(?:kabee[e\xEB]n)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["4Macc"]
apocrypha: true
regexp: ///(^|[^0-9A-Za-zªµºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ɏḀ-ỿⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞈꞋ-ꞎꞐ-ꞓꞠ-Ɦꟸ-ꟿ])(
(?:(?:IV|4)[\s\xa0]*Mak(?:kabee[e\xEB]n)?|4Macc|(?:IV|4)\.[\s\xa0]*Mak(?:kabee[e\xEB]n)?|Vierde[\s\xa0]*Mak(?:kabee[e\xEB]n)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["1Macc"]
apocrypha: true
regexp: ///(^|[^0-9A-Za-zªµºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ɏḀ-ỿⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞈꞋ-ꞎꞐ-ꞓꞠ-Ɦꟸ-ꟿ])(
(?:(?:1e?|I)[\s\xa0]*Mak(?:kabee[e\xEB]n)?|1Macc|(?:1e?|I)\.[\s\xa0]*Mak(?:kabee[e\xEB]n)?|Eerste[\s\xa0]*Mak(?:kabee[e\xEB]n)?)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
,
osis: ["Ezek", "Ezra"]
regexp: ///(^|#{bcv_parser::regexps.pre_book})(
(?:Ez)
)(?:(?=[\d\s\xa0.:,;\x1e\x1f&\(\)\uff08\uff09\[\]/"'\*=~\-\u2013\u2014])|$)///gi
]
# Short-circuit the look if we know we want all the books.
return books if include_apocrypha is true and case_sensitive is "none"
# Filter out books in the Apocrypha if we don't want them. `Array.map` isn't supported below IE9.
out = []
for book in books
continue if include_apocrypha is false and book.apocrypha? and book.apocrypha is true
if case_sensitive is "books"
book.regexp = new RegExp book.regexp.source, "g"
out.push book
out
# Default to not using the Apocrypha
bcv_parser::regexps.books = bcv_parser::regexps.get_books false, "none"
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Bay Mills Indian Community
The Bay Mills Indian Community (BMIC), known in Ojibwe as Gnoozhekaaning (Place of the Pike), is an Indian reservation forming the land base of one of the many Sault Ste. Marie bands of Chippewa (aka Ojibwa) Indians. The largest section of the reservation is located in Chippewa County, Michigan, approximately 15 miles (25 km) west-southwest of Sault Ste. Marie; it has land in both Bay Mills and Superior townships. A smaller section lies southeast of Sault Ste. Marie and encompasses Sugar Island, all contained within the Sugar Island Township.
History
The Ojibwa are a large tribe with numerous bands who occupied territory around the Great Lakes, particularly Lake Superior and Lake Michigan, in what are now Canada and the United States (where they have been known as Chippewa).
Numerous bands have historically occupied areas around Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan and Ontario, with the city long established during the colonial era as a French and then British fur trading post. This gradually developed as a settled community, cosmopolitan in its varied cultures. In the 19th century, the Ojibwa/Chippewa bands in Michigan were forced to cede large amounts of territory, and many bands became landless. They persisted in maintaining their cultural communities.
Bay Mills people are Ojibwa or Chippewa who have lived for hundreds of years around the Whitefish Bay, the falls of the St. Marys River and the bluffs overlooking Tahquamenon Bay, all on Lake Superior and southwest of Sault Ste. Marie. The Bay Mills Indian Community was officially established by an Act of Congress on June 19, 1860.
After passage of the federal Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) of 1934, during the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Bay Mills Indian Community (BMIC) created a new form of government under a written constitution, adopted on November 27, 1937. This was approved and recognized by the federal government, which purchased land for the community to establish a reservation land base. Its territory was one of the four reservations established in Michigan under the 1934 act. These lands, along with the original Bay Mills Mission and a small area on Sugar Island, occupied by its people at least since the late 18th century, comprise the majority of the current reservation land holdings in Chippewa County.
In 1966, BMIC was one of the four founding members of the Inter-Tribal Michigan Indian Council, established to share their developments and to improve relations of tribes with the state and federal governments. Other founding members were the Keweenaw Potawatomie Indian Community, Hannahville Indian Community, and the Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe. The Council now represents 11 of the 12 federally recognized tribes in Michigan.
Reservation
The area within the reservation boundaries is in U.S. trust status and is divided into two separate areas. As of the 2000 census the majority of the land base, , lies northwest of Brimley, Michigan, in the eastern parts of Bay Mills and Superior townships, while the remainder, 1.032 square miles (2.674 km² or 660.67 acres), lies on Sugar Island in the St. Marys River southeast of Sault Ste. Marie. Its total land area at the time of organization in 1937 was , on which a population of 812 persons resided.
Since the late 20th century, the Tribe has obtained additional land, increasing the land base to approximately 3,494 acres (5.46 sq mi; 14.14 km²), of which 3,109 acres (4.86 sq mi; 12.58 km²) are held in trust by the federal government.
Government
The BMIC consists of approximately 1,309 enrolled members. It is governed by the General Tribal Council, which consists of all voting-age members of the tribe. Daily decisions are made by the Executive Council, which consists of five elected officials (president, vice-president, treasurer, secretary, councilman).
The tribe operates Bay Mills Community College, an accredited tribal college.
Environment
Biological Services Department
The Biological Services Department strives to enhance, protect, and restore fish, wildlife, and plant communities and water bodies. Staff participate in research and monitoring of the environment on both tribal trust lands and the surrounding region. Major programs include Great Lakes fisheries assessments, inland fish and wildlife assessments, forest management, invasive species management, beach health monitoring, water quality assessments, and some recycling programs to reduce hazardous chemical entering the environment. Biological Services also provides outreach and education to the community in both public events and printed publications.
Recycling Inititatives
Bay Mills Biological Services Department seeks to prevent hazardous chemicals from entering the environment by supporting recycling and waste collection.
Law Support
Clean water is essential to the Bay mills Indian Community. Clean Water Act authorizes EPA to provide assistance to tribes to protect and maintain the waters in Indian country. EPA planned to award the grant total $124,400 to the Bay Mills Indian Community of Michigan to implement water resource and non-point source programs to protect human health and the environment. The funding allows the tribe to continue efforts that establish and implement ongoing water pollution control programs. It will also support water quality monitoring, and community education and outreach.
Economy
Following changes in state and national laws to allow gaming casinos of tribal reservations, in the mid-1990s, the tribe started working with casino syndicator Michael J. Malik, Sr. and Detroit businesswoman Marian Ilitch to develop a casino. It wanted to generate jobs and revenue for reinvestment in education and welfare of tribal members. Originally Malik and partners had proposed that the tribe, in partnership with Harrah's, build a casino in the area of Downtown Detroit referred to as Foxtown. In 1996 Michigan voters narrowly approved a ballot measure permitting three larger commercial casinos in Detroit, which would have provided too much competition.
For almost a decade BMIC and its partners worked to pursue land claims in the Hay Lake/Charlotte Beach area on the eastern shores of Michigan's northern peninsula, believing that it had been denied adequate compensation from the federal government for lands it was forced to cede in the 19th century. BMIC wanted to trade such land in settlement agreements with the government for potentially more lucrative casino sites closer to population centers, such as Port Huron or elsewhere. BMIC representatives testified in hearings in Congress on this proposal in 2004.
The voters of Port Huron approved the proposal for Bay Mills casino in 2001. While the agreements were signed by the Governor of Michigan and approved by the legislature, they stalled in Congress. Representative Candice Miller (MI-10th) has introduced HR. 831 and Michigan Senator Debbie Stabenow had previously introduced S.2986 to support this project.
The tribe later gained approval for a land deal at Brimley, Michigan, on Waiska Bay west of Sault Ste. Marie. Its Bay Mills Resort & Casino has 17,000 sq feet of casino space with 695 slots and 13 table games, 3 restaurants and 144-room hotel.
Religion
In Chippewa life, religion is an essential part. They believe that man is a part of the great natural cycle. They purse to get in touch with the spirits and get protection from evil. In their religion, everything in the universe has a soul, no matter animate or inanimate. And they all should be respected. Every child experienced a fasting period in a sacred place to seek a vision and spirit. And the spirit became the lifelong guardian. In their opinion, land and water should only use for survival not for own. They do not have the conception of the land ownership because of their religious views.
Law
Legalize Marijuana
After Michigan state legalized the recreational marijuana, the Bay mills Indian Community voted to approve the legalization as well. They officially adopted the ordinance allowing individuals to cultivate, possess, and use marijuana on April 8, 2019. Bay mills Indian Community is now become the first tribe in the State of Michigan to legalize the recreational use of marijuana on the reservation. And under the tribe's new law, tribal members who have previous convictions in the tribal court for marijuana-based offenses can move to have those convictions vacated.
References
Michigan, Bureau of Employment and Training, and Bay Mills Indian Community, Michigan. Bay Mills Indian Community Comprehensive Plan. The Bureau, 1977. Web.
External links
Bay Mills Indian Community
Bay Mills News
Constitution and Bylaws, Bay Mills Official Website, dead link
EPA information (a portion of this article is based on this public domain information)
Bay Mills Indian Community: Historical background, ITCMI
"The Case for Land Claims Settlement:" Testimony before House Resources Committee, June 2004
Native Americans in Michigan Databases, Mainly Michigan website, includes "Durant Roll of 1908" and "Mt. Pleasant Indian School Register (1893 to 1932)"
Category:American Indian reservations in Michigan
Category:Anishinaabe communities in the United States
Category:Anishinaabe reservations and tribal-areas in the United States
Category:Chippewa County, Michigan
Category:Federally recognized tribes in the United States
Category:Native American tribes in Michigan
Category:Ojibwe in the United States
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
India killing: 'My father ordered my husband's murder' Published duration 20 September 2018
image copyright Amrutha Varshini image caption Pranay and Amrutha were high school sweethearts
On 14 September, Pranay Perumalla was murdered in front of his wife, Amrutha, in an alleged honour killing. BBC Telugu's Deepthi Bathini spoke to Amrutha, whose father has been arrested for plotting the attack.
Amrutha and Pranay were high school sweethearts in Miriyalaguda, a small town in the southern Indian state of Telangana. They first met at high school.
"We always liked each other. We used to talk a lot on the phone and then we fell in love," she says with a wan smile.
Amrutha, 21, belongs to a wealthy, upper-caste family, while Pranay, who was 24, was a Dalit (formerly untouchable). In April 2016, they married despite her parents' objections. Now five months pregnant, she finds herself saying the unimaginable.
"My father killed my husband because he did not belong to the same caste as me."
There is no official data but according to one study, hundreds of people are killed each year in India in so-called honour killings - for falling in love or marrying against their families' wishes. Many families still prefer arranged marriages within their own caste and religion.
Police have arrested Amrutha's father, Maruti Rao, and six others, including Mr Rao's brother and three alleged contract killers, in connection with the murder. District superintendent AV Ranganath told reporters that Mr Rao had allegedly conspired with his brother and two other men to kill Pranay - and those men had helped him hire the contract killers for a sum of 10 million rupees ($138,000; £104,000).
He added that the attack outside the hospital was the fourth attempt on Pranay's life.
Mr Ranganath also said that Mr Rao had admitted to the charges and had said he had done this because Pranay was a Dalit and his family was not wealthy.
But Mr Rao and the other accused have made no independent statement about the charges. The BBC contacted Mr Rao's lawyer who said he had no comment. The BBC also visited Mr Rao's house but found it empty and no other members of the family have provided a response.
image copyright Facebook image caption Dalit groups have come out in support of Amrutha
On the day of the murder, Amrutha woke up late. Her back was aching, so she went to the hospital for a check-up. Pranay and her mother-in-law accompanied her.
When they left the hospital, she recalls asking Pranay, who was a few steps behind her, a question. When he didn't answer, she turned around and saw him lying on the ground.
CCTV footage from the hospital, which has been broadcast on national news channels, shows a man following the family as they walked out of the gate. He first hacked at Pranay's upper body with what appears to be an axe. When Pranay fell, he struck him again.
Amrutha says her mother-in-law pushed the man away, while she ran inside the hospital to get help.
"When I called my father to confront him, he said, 'so what should I do? Take him to a hospital?'" she says.
Growing up, Amrutha says, her mother discouraged her from even making friends with children from other castes. So her parents were against her relationship with Pranay from the moment they found out about it. But that didn't stop Amrutha.
"We had to run away to see each other. But I did not care about his caste or how much money his family had. What was important was that we loved each other."
At one point in April 2016, Amrutha says, her parents locked her up at home. "I did not have a way to speak to Pranay but what kept me going was my love for him," she says. Eventually, she managed to escape.
They married in January 2018 and moved in with Pranay's parents, who had accepted their marriage.
Amrutha says they were planning to move to Canada when she found out she was pregnant. They decided to wait until the baby was born.
image copyright Amrutha Varshini image caption Supporters have lit candles for Pranay outside his home
She told her parents about the pregnancy hoping it would soften their stance. But to her shock, her father asked her to have an abortion. And he said so every time she spoke to him after that.
"We always lived in fear but I never thought my father would resort to such cruelty," she says.
No-one in her family has called her since Pranay died - not even her mother, who used to phone her frequently.
"I thought it she used to call me out of concern," Amrutha says. But now, she can't help but wonder if her mother was telling her father about their conversations, perhaps without realising his intentions.
Meanwhile, Pranay's parents and Amrutha have received plenty of support.
Several Dalit rights groups and women's groups have visited the house to express solidarity. On the veranda, there is a photograph of a smiling Pranay surrounded by flower petals and lit candles. Even as Amrutha is speaking, she can hear shouts of "long live Pranay" from the veranda of the house where supporters have gathered.
Hearing this, Pranay's mother, Hemalatha, breaks down. Amrutha, who also starts crying, consoles her. "I blame my whole family. I will not go back to them. Pranay's parents are my parents now," she says.
She has started a Facebook page, Justice for Pranay, which has drawn more than 112,000 followers in just a few days. And several other pages with the same name have cropped up, all of them expressing outrage and appealing for justice.
image copyright NATHAN G image caption Kausalya's husband, Shankar, was killed by her family in 2016 - for marrying her
She has been very active on Facebook, posting photographs of rallies and messages of support as well as of her and Pranay. In one photograph, they are much younger - the caption says, "Born to be together forever."
She has also shared a photograph of a police officer escorting her father - the text above it says, "do not let my father out".
Amrutha's demand for justice has caught the attention of Kausalya, another upper-caste woman whose husband, Shankar, was killed for marrying her. She has since testified against her parents and continues to campaign against caste and honour killings.
"Pranay's killing reminded me of my Shankar," she told BBC Tamil. "Her love for him will make her strong. She says that she is going to stand against caste and that she is going to get justice for Pranay. We will stand with her."
Amrutha says Pranay had always told her that caste should not stand in the way of love.
"Both of us decided to fight for our love. Now, I will fight for justice," she says. "But I am also worried that my father might harm my baby or my in-laws."
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
CHICAGO—Visitors to the Art Institute of Chicago reported Saturday that their trip to the celebrated museum was entirely dominated by the guilt they felt for not lingering long on any one painting before moving on to the next. “I know these are masterpieces, and you’re supposed to let their brilliance wash over you while you contemplate their significance, but I really couldn’t make myself stand there for more than a few seconds,” said museum-goer Vernon Bailey, admitting he spent more time reading the placards describing each painting than he did looking at the art itself. “They have all these Monets and Renoirs in there, but I made it through that entire wing in, like, five minutes. By the end I was just blowing past these iconic works—Nighthawks, American Gothic, that really famous pointillist one—and thinking, ‘Okay, done, done, done.’ What’s wrong with me?” Other museum visitors confirmed they couldn’t give a shit about paintings and didn’t mind saying so.
Advertisement
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Queen of the South Season 3 Episode 4 S03E04 (2016)
Queen of the South Season 3 Episode 4 S03E04: Queen of the South tells the powerful story of Teresa Mendoza, a woman who is forced to run and seek refuge in America after her drug-dealing boyfriend is unexpectedly murdered in Mexico. In the process, she teams up with an unlikely figure from her past to bring down the leader of the very drug trafficking ring that has her on the run.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
Setting two collapsing columns in a row equal in width, with a center column that shrinks and grows to fit content
I'm trying to achieve a certain column layout in CSS. I've explored using Flexbox as well as CSS Grid, but all of my peers I've talked to cannot figure out a way to make this work. I know I can achieve it using JavaScript, but I'd like to avoid that if at all possible.
I want to create a layout of three columns. Column 1 and Column 3 should be matching in width (defined by the content of the longer column), and column 2 should shrink and grow to allow content to fit (but not expand to fill the parent container).
It's a bit difficult to paint a picture of what I'm going for, so please take a look at this CodePen where I've broken down the rudimentary code and showed a mocked up example of what I'm going for.
Here's the HTML structure
<div class="container">
<div class="col col--Z">Let's match cols, but also collapse!</div>
<div class="col col--Y">No! Let me shrink!</div>
<div class="col col--Z">Yes!</div>
</div>
And here's the SCSS structure
.container {
display: grid;
justify-content: center;
grid-template-columns: 1fr auto 1fr;
.col {
padding-left: 6px;
padding-right: 6px;
&.col--Z {
background: rgba(0,255,55,0.2);
}
&.col--Y {
background: rgba(0,0,255,0.2);
}
}
}
* {
font-family: 'Arial', Sans-Serif;
}
.container {
display: grid;
justify-content: center;
grid-template-columns: 1fr auto 1fr;
}
.container .col {
padding-left: 6px;
padding-right: 6px;
}
.container .col.col--Z {
background: rgba(0, 255, 55, 0.2);
}
.container .col.col--Y {
background: rgba(0, 0, 255, 0.2);
}
.container-faked {
display: grid;
justify-content: center;
grid-template-columns: 260px auto 260px;
}
.container-faked .col {
padding-left: 6px;
padding-right: 6px;
}
.container-faked .col.col--Z {
background: rgba(0, 255, 55, 0.2);
}
.container-faked .col.col--Y {
background: rgba(0, 0, 255, 0.2);
}
<!-- This is the actual code -->
<h1>CSS Grid Attempt (actual code)</h1>
<div class="container">
<div class="col col--Z">Let's match cols, but also collapse!</div>
<div class="col col--Y">No! Let me shrink!</div>
<div class="col col--Z">Yes!</div>
</div>
<br>
<hr>
<br>
<!-- This is the objective, mocked up! -->
<h1>CSS Grid Attempt (faked example)</h1>
<div class="container-faked">
<div class="col col--Z">Let's match cols, but also collapse!</div>
<div class="col col--Y">No! </div>
<div class="col col--Z">Yes!</div>
</div>
And the CodePen containing both the rudimentary code (not working) as well as the mocked up example of what I'd like to achieve, but using fixed pixel values to simulate equal width columns.
https://codepen.io/seanmaisch/pen/MZdqoW
A:
You can use display: inline-grid to make grid container width according to content. To center it you can use some .wrapper block.
* {
font-family: 'Arial', Sans-Serif;
}
.wrapper {
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
}
.container {
display: inline-grid;
grid-template-columns: 1fr auto 1fr;
}
.container .col {
padding-left: 6px;
padding-right: 6px;
}
.container .col.col--Z {
background: rgba(0, 255, 55, 0.2);
}
.container .col.col--Y {
background: rgba(0, 0, 255, 0.2);
}
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="container">
<div class="col col--Z">Let's match cols, but also collapse!</div>
<div class="col col--Y">No! Let me shrink!</div>
<div class="col col--Z">Yes!</div>
</div>
</div>
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
The present proposal addresses the problem of gene regulation during development. The purpose of these studies will be to identify regulatory sequences in the 5' promoter/flanking regions of the human gonadotropin subunit genes which control the temporal, tissue and cell type specific expression of these genes during development. The genes to be studied wil include the human gonadotropin alpha subunit gene, expressed in the anterior pituitary (AP) and placenta, the human LH beta gene, expressed in the AP, and the HCG beta 3 gene, expressed in the placenta. The short term goal of these studies will be to construct fusion genes between the promoterless chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene and each of the 5' promoter/flanking regions of the gonadotropin subunit genes. Endonuclease digestion and/or digestion with Bal 31 will be used to generate gonadotropin-CAT fusion genes with reduced 5' flanking sequences. Mice transgenic for the intact and deleted fusion genes will be generated and the tissue specific expression of the different constructs will be examined by assaying for CAT enzyme activity in the AP and other tissues. To determine whether appropriate cell type specific and temporal expression of these genes occurs during development, the 5' promoter/flanking regions retaining tissue specificity by analysis of CAT constructs above will be used to promote expression of the bacterial enzyme beta-galactosidase (beta-gal). Expression of gonadotropin-beta-gal fusion genes will be examined at different stages of development in transgenic mice by histochemical localization of beta-gal at the cellular level. Mice transgenic for gonadotropin-CAT fusion genes will also be used to identify sequences involved in the hormonal regulation of the gonadotropin genes in the AP. Several factors including GnRH, EGF, PMA, cAMP and steroids wil be tested for their ability to influence expression of selected fusion constructs in transgenic APs explanted into culture. The long term goal of these studies will be to analyze in more detail by sequencing and, where possible, additional deletion analysis, those DNA regions found to be important for the developmental and/or hormonal regulation of the gonadotropin subunit genes.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
}
|
516 So.2d 424 (1987)
Joseph W. OBERFELL
v.
Betty Jean Faribault OBERFELL.
No. 86 CA 1260.
Court of Appeal of Louisiana, First Circuit.
November 10, 1987.
Rehearing Denied January 5, 1988.
*425 John R. Miller, Covington, for defendant-appellee.
Clayton S. Knight, Franklinton, for plaintiff-appellant.
Before WATKINS, CARTER and CHIASSON, JJ.[*]
CARTER, Judge.
This is an appeal in a suit to rescind the partition of community property on the grounds that the partition was lesionary.
FACTS
Joseph W. Oberfell, appellant, and Betty Jean Faribault Oberfell, appellee, were judicially separated on November 23, 1981, and were subsequently divorced on May 3, 1982. Prior to the separation, the parties executed an agreement to partition the community property on November 20, 1981. In the agreement, the parties evenly divided the community assets. In addition, appellant obligated himself to pay appellee one-third of his gross annual salary, one-half of his employment life insurance, and one-half ownership rights to any retirement benefits earned by appellant during the existence of the community.
Prior to filing the instant suit, appellant filed a rule to reduce alimony, the denial of which prompted the present suit. Thereafter, on January 17, 1985, appellant filed the instant suit to rescind the partition of the community property on the grounds of lesion, citing LSA-C.C. art. 1398. The allegations of lesion were directed at a certain clause in the partition agreement regarding alimony.
At trial, the parties stipulated that the physical assets of the community had been divided equally, and, lesion, if it existed, would have resulted from the amount of alimony to be paid to appellee. The trial court rendered judgment on May 28, 1986, in favor of appellee, finding that the agreement between the parties was not lesionary and that the provision regarding the alimony settlement was supported by adequate and independent consideration. From this adverse judgment, appellant appeals, raising the following issues:
1. Did the trial court err in finding that the contract between the parties is not lesionary?
2. Did the trial court err in finding that the agreement of November 20, 1981, regarding alimony was supported by adequate and independent consideration?
LESION BEYOND ONE-FOURTH
Appellant seeks rescission of the community property partition on the grounds of lesion, contending that the value of appellee's right to receive alimony, as provided for in the agreement, reduces the value of the property he received below three-fourths of what he is entitled to under the law.
A contract between two parties is the law between them. LSA-C.C. art. 1983; Oncale v. Aetna Casualty and Surety Company, 417 So.2d 471 (La.App. 1st Cir. 1982). Courts are bound to give legal effect to all written contracts according to the true intent of the parties, and this intent is to be determined by the words of the contract when they are clear, explicit, and lead to no absurd consequences. LSA-C.C. art. 2045, 2046; Leenerts Farms, Inc. v. Rogers, 421 So.2d 216 (La.1982); Bonfanti Marine, Inc. v. Clement, 439 So.2d 537 (La.App. 1st Cir.1983). The meaning and intent of the parties to the written contract must be sought within the four corners of the instrument and cannot be explained or contradicted by parol evidence. LSA-C.C. art. 2046; Fielding v. Van Geffen, 473 So.2d 317 (La.App. 1st Cir.1985), *426 writ denied, 477 So.2d 715 (La. 1985); Smith v. Leger, 439 So.2d 1203 (La.App. 1st Cir.1983); Carter's Insurance Agency, Inc. v. Franklin, 428 So.2d 808 (La.App. 1st Cir.1983); Tauzin v. Claitor, 417 So.2d 1304 (La.App. 1st Cir.1982), writ denied, 422 So.2d 423 (La.1982).
Alimony after divorce can be made the subject of a contract and may be included as a part of a community partition wherein it can be waived or otherwise provided for as consideration for property received in the partition. King v. King, 493 So.2d 679 (La.App. 2nd Cir.1986), writ denied, 497 So.2d 316 (La.1986). Such alimony agreements need not be incorporated in a court judgment and are enforceable according to their own terms or the proven intent of the parties. Spencer v. Spencer, 472 So.2d 302 (La.App. 3rd Cir.1985).
The law recognizes that a voluntary community property settlement agreement may be set aside for lesion beyond one-fourth. LSA-C.C. arts. 1397 and 1398. The proper method of establishing lesion beyond one-fourth is two-fold: (1) the community property's true value (net value) must be ascertained; and (2) it must then be determined from the property acquired whether a party received value less than ¾ of ½ share of the true value of the property partitioned. Cowling v. Cowling, 486 So.2d 1060 (La.App. 2nd Cir.1986); Beatty v. Vining, 147 So.2d 37 (La.App. 2nd Cir. 1962). The party claiming this remedy has the burden of proving, by clear and convincing evidence, the fair market value of the property at the time of the contract. Cowling v. Cowling, supra.
In the instant case, the parties stipulated that the partition agreement provided for an equal division of the assets of the community. In other words, each party received 50% of the community property. The record also reflects that in the partition agreement, appellant gave appellee, in addition to 50% of the community assets, alimony equally one-third of his salary. This promise to pay alimony was not given in consideration for community property, but was in addition to 50% of the community assets given to appellee.
Under LSA-C.C. art. 1398, partitions may be rescinded for lesion beyond one-fourth. However, ownership in common is an indispensable element to an act of partition. LSA-C.C. art. 1308; Eves v. Morgan City Fund, 252 So.2d 770 (La.App. 1st Cir. 1971). LSA-C.C. art. 2338 describes community property or property co-owned by spouses as follows:
The community property comprises: property acquired during the existence of the legal regime through the effort, skill, or industry of either spouse; property acquired with community things or with community and separate things, unless classified as separate property under Article 2341; property donated to the spouses jointly; natural and civil fruits of community property; damages awarded for loss or injury to a thing belonging to the community; and all other property not classified by law as separate property.
Alimony, however, is not part of the community property. The obligation to pay alimony arises from past marital obligations imposed by LSA-C.C. art. 160. See Jones v. Jones, 459 So.2d 1200 (La.App. 5th Cir.1984), writ denied, 462 So.2d 649 (La. 1985).
In determining the net value of the partitioned community property, the value of the alimony is not included. As the parties stipulated that the community property, excluding alimony, was divided equally, we conclude, as did the trial judge, that the agreement is not lesionary.
CONSIDERATION
Appellant contends that the trial judge erred in finding that the provision in the agreement regarding alimony was supported by adequate consideration. Appellant reasons that because the division of the assets of the community was equal, appellee did not give anything as consideration for the promise to pay alimony.
We note, however, that appellant's petition attacks the partition agreement solely on the grounds of lesion. At trial, appellant attempted to expand the pleadings by *427 introducing evidence regarding the lack of consideration, which was met with an objection.
Therefore, we find that the issue of lack of consideration for the promise to pay alimony was not properly presented to the trial court and is not before us on appeal.
CONCLUSION
For the above reasons, the judgment of the trial court in favor of appellee and against appellant is affirmed. Costs are assessed against appellant.
AFFIRMED.
NOTES
[*] Judge Remy Chiasson, retired, has been assigned temporarily to this court by the Supreme Court of Louisiana to fill the vacancy created by the death of Judge John S. Covington.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
|
Kudos to Wales for accomplishing something that no other country on the planet has done – in 2012, it completed a hiking trail along its entire 870 mile long coastline. Yes…you read that correctly – its entire coastline! What a cool idea and a great way to explore this beautiful country.
Upon learning about the Wales Coast Path recently, Wales has definitely been moved to right below the top of our future travel destinations, just behind New Zealand. Here is a pdf brochure and below are a map of the route from the pdf file, as well as several stunning photographs of this remarkable and scenic trail. I think all will agree the path would be a remarkable hike.
One could only wish that such a coastal path could be completed elsewhere, such as along the Great Lakes, Lake Baikal in Russia, the Puget Sound, Lake Tahoe, the fjords of Norway, and many other scenic locations across the globe. My prediction is the Wales Coast Path will eventually achieve near-mythical status alongside such notable hiking routes as the Appalachian Trail and the Pacific Crest Trail.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
What is GameCon?
GameCon is a tabletop gaming convention for teens in the Pikes Peak region. Held twice a year, GameCon has a huge number of tournaments, board games, roleplaying games, cosplay, LARP, authors, special guests, vendors, and much more.
GameCon is only for teens and costs only $10. Teens receive lunch, a full day of games, and a huge amount of gaming loot.
How can I volunteer for GameCon?
GameCon relies upon adults in the community who are enthusiastic about gaming and willing to share their knowledge with teens. Please volunteer to teach or facilitate games in your area of interest. We also need adults who can help out with registration, concessions, and tournaments.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
About Me
Thursday, January 07, 2010
ALISA BURKE ...THANK YOU ...THANK YOU ...THANK YOU.
The generous Alisa Burke had a new year giveaway on her blog, she was offering 5 of her online workshops and..................................I was chosen for one of them, this is the first time I've ever been picked for a giveaway etc and the course I've chosen is the RECYCLING REMIX online workshop as this year I want to go more GREEN with my choices for my art .
This couldn't have come at a better time and has cheered me up no end after all the personal problems of 2009.... I'm so appreciative of kind people and it's nice to know that they still exist in this mad world we live in.
IMPORTANT NEWS............on Alisa's blogAs she could only offer 5 courses on her giveaway on Wednesday the 13th she is offereing $10.00 discount on all her online courses.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
¿porque background-size: cover no esta funcionando al renderizar con React?
Estoy intentando usar una imagen como fondo de mi div pero quiero un width del 100% y en mis estilos dice background-size: cover pero aun asi no funciona.
render() {
return (
<div className = "page-header header-filter bg-image">
<h2>Register</h2>
<form onSubmit = {this.handleSubmit} >
{this.renderInput("username", "Username")}
{this.renderInput("password", "Password", "password")}
{this.renderInput("name", "Name")}
{this.renderButton("Register")}
</form>
</div>
);
}
body {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", "Roboto", "Oxygen",
"Ubuntu", "Cantarell", "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue",
sans-serif;
-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
-moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
overflow-x: hidden;
}
.bg-image {
background-image: url('https://github.com/Ceci007/images/blob/master/img-vidly/avengers.jpg?raw=true');
background-size: cover;
background-position: center;
}
A:
Define como altura 100% (height: 100%;), esto sera necesario para que se vea en toda la pantalla:
.bg-image {
background-image: url('https://github.com/Ceci007/images/blob/master/img-vidly/avengers.jpg?raw=true');
height: 100%;
background-position: center;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-size: cover;
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
SHELL := /bin/bash
.DEFAULT_GOAL := help
.PHONY: help
help: ## Show help
@IFS=$$'\n' ; \
help_lines=(`fgrep -h "##" $(MAKEFILE_LIST) | fgrep -v fgrep | sed -e 's/\\$$//'`); \
printf "%-30s %s\n" Target "Help message" ; \
printf "%-30s %s\n" ------ ------------ ; \
for help_line in $${help_lines[@]}; do \
IFS=$$'#' ; \
help_split=($$help_line) ; \
help_command=`echo $${help_split[0]} | sed -e 's/^ *//' -e 's/ *$$//'` ; \
help_info=`echo $${help_split[2]} | sed -e 's/^ *//' -e 's/ *$$//'` ; \
printf "%-30s %s\n" $$help_command $$help_info ; \
done
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Pregnenolone metabolism in testicular homogenates of macaques (Macaca fascicularis): some effects of relaxin and freezing.
The metabolism of varying quantities of pregnenolone has been studied in nuclei-free homogenates from Macaca fascicularis testes by using capillary gas chromatography, after derivatization of metabolites as O-methyl oximes/trimethylsilyl ethers. Evidence was obtained indicating that both pathways for testosterone biosynthesis were operating. 5-Androstene-3 beta, 17 beta-diol was formed in especially high quantities. Two 16-androstenes, namely 5,16-androstadien-3 beta-ol and 5 alpha-androst-16-en-3 beta-ol, were also quantitatively important as metabolites. Co-incubation of stored homogenates with relaxin resulted in 80-100% reduction of the formation of all metabolites quantified except for 5 alpha-androst-16-en-3-one, which was stimulated. Freezing the homogenates at -10 degrees C for 3 weeks resulted in marked 4- to 6-fold reduction in the yields of testosterone and of the 5-ene and 4-ene metabolites from pregnenolone.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Game design is a process of exploration as much as it is about building and scripting. Finding a balance between vision and resources is key. The best games on ROBLOX are the ones that utilize the platform well. One of these games is HEX, a sci-fi third-person shooter inspired by other console and PC games, but presented in an entirely ROBLOX way.
Created by the duo owen0202 and SilentSwords, under the development team name SO Studios, HEX hit the scene in early 2015. It built a dedicated following almost instantly, amassing over a million plays in a few short months. HEX was originally conceived as a grid-based conquest game, using hexagonal tiles. If you think about Risky Strats meeting a shooter, you’re not far off.
In its current state, HEX is a more traditional shooter, featuring teams of six players each, fighting it out in various game modes like Team Deathmatch, King of the Hill, and Capture the Flag. HEX features customizable loadouts for your character, so you can fine-tune your playing style. Explosive-loving players may go for grenades, while someone who wants maneuverability might opt for a jetpack.
The team at SO Studios lists a lot of shooters as their inspiration — everything from Counter-Strike to Team Fortress 2 — though the Halo influence is clear in the aesthetic and mechanics of HEX. However, it’s clear to see from the get go that HEX plays uniquely. Decidedly not a first-person game, HEX is played in a third person perspective, with a free reticule for aiming in every direction. It’s a mechanic found most often in ROBLOX games, and it takes a different mindset and skill set to master.
The mastery of HEX is on full display in the game’s hardcore community. While smaller than, say, Call of ROBLOXia, HEX players are some of the most dedicated, pouring in dozens of hours into the game. Hop into any game of HEX and watch some of the higher level players battle it out, and you’ll see an impressive display of mid air acrobatics, lightning fast reflexes, and some dead on aiming.
We had the pleasure of chatting with owen0202 and SilentSwords as part of our bi-weekly Twitch program, The Creator Show. They shared insight into how HEX came about, and what the future holds for SO Studios.
width="700" height="394" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen">
SO Studios recognizes that the truly great ROBLOX games are the ones that stay fresh and keep improving. This weekend the HEX team added a new update to the game, introducing a new control-pointed-based game mode and a new map, as well as more weapons and armor to customize your character with. So even if you’ve already played HEX, check it out again and see the new additions to one of ROBLOX’s fastest-paced games.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Interest in global health has increased substantially over time, as reflected by the number of medical students that undertake international rotations while in medical school ([@CIT0001]). In 1984, the Graduation Questionnaire administered by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) found that 6% of students had an international experience during medical school; by 2014, that figure had increased to 29% ([@CIT0002]). However, despite a definite increase in global health opportunities in U.S. medical schools, 36% of students in 2013 still felt that they received inadequate education in this area ([@CIT0003]).
Participating students find global health opportunities to be very valuable. In addition to gaining knowledge and experiences specific to global health, students demonstrate improved physical diagnostic and clinical decision-making skills, often related to the experience of practicing in settings where access to imaging and laboratory services are limited. Students participating in global health electives report increased personal development and awareness of the social determinants of health ([@CIT0004]). Furthermore, they are found to be more culturally competent and are more likely to practice in primary care settings and to serve multicultural and underserved populations ([@CIT0005], [@CIT0006]).
Since the University of Arizona established the first formalized global health curriculum in 1992, many other U.S. medical schools have sought to do the same ([@CIT0007]--[@CIT0011]). In 2011, 32 of 141 accredited MD-granting medical schools in the U.S. had structured global health programs, with 40% of these requiring an international clinical experience ([@CIT0012]). The increased number of these programs reflects both an acknowledgement of student interest in the formal inclusion of global health into medical school curricula as well as its importance.
Developing a global health program can seem to be a daunting task for any institution, but especially as a medical student-driven initiative. Here, we present a timeline of key events and elaborate on the barriers to and solutions that were required for development of a global health curriculum at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (JHUSOM). Our aim is to share our experiences so that educators and students from other institutions may consider some of our strategies in the development of their global health programs.
History of development {#S0002}
======================
A global health curriculum at JHUSOM has developed over the last decade ([Fig. 1](#F0001){ref-type="fig"}). A key first step was the creation of the Johns Hopkins Center for Global Health (CGH) in 2006, whose mission is to focus the global health expertise and resources at Johns Hopkins to effectively address and ameliorate the world\'s most pressing health issues. CGH promotes international research, policy development, and the development of leaders in global health both domestically and internationally. The center further functions to facilitate and coordinate international activities for students across the Schools of Medicine (SOM), Nursing (SON), and Public Health (SPH), which are conveniently located on the same campus ([@CIT0013]). CGH provides international summer research opportunities for medical students between their first and second years and keeps a central repository of Johns Hopkins clinical and research activities abroad. While the advent of CGH made it easier for motivated students to identify opportunities for international research and clinical experiences, there was no formal program that provided oversight of the clinical setting, faculty, and expected level of medical student responsibility for these experiences. Importantly, without the development of a formalized, clinical global health elective, it was difficult for students to individually incorporate international clinical experiences into their education. According to the AAMC Graduation Questionnaire, approximately 30% of Johns Hopkins medical students undertake international experiences. Such experiences have traditionally been independently arranged by students and approved on an *ad hoc* basis by the Office of Student Affairs (OSA) at JHUSOM.
{#F0001}
In 2009, JHUSOM implemented the new Genes to Society (GTS) curriculum, which included a series of intersession courses, 'Topics in Interdisciplinary Medical Education' (TIME) ([@CIT0014]). These TIME courses occur throughout the 4-year curriculum, each lasting for approximately 1 week. Students seized upon this moment of curricular change and approached a faculty member at JHUSOM to request that the topic of global health be included as one of these TIME courses. After receiving administrative support, the TIME course on global health was developed and taught for the first time in spring 2010 to all medical students ([@CIT0015]). Due to positive feedback from students regarding the course, the medical school administration incorporated it as a permanent and mandatory component of the curriculum, to be taught yearly to all first-year students. This exemplifies the positive changes that can be brought about by motivated students capitalizing on a time of curricular change in the setting of a supportive administration.
In 2009, a small group of interested medical students established the Global Health Interest Group (GHIG), which has played a pivotal role in partnering with faculty and administration to further advance global health education within the SOM ([Table 1](#T0001){ref-type="table"}). The leaders of GHIG identified experienced faculty to serve as mentors for the interest group, in particular JHUSOM faculty in leadership positions at CGH. In 2011, GHIG members organized a global health selective to offer to interested first-year students. The selective includes three 2-hour sessions that are organized by medical students and are overseen by faculty as part of students' required Foundations of Public Health pre-clinical course. Further, in 2012, GHIG successfully partnered with the administration to institute compulsory ethical training before any student travels abroad, which involves completing an online module that was developed by Johns Hopkins University\'s Berman Institute of Bioethics and Stanford University ([@CIT0016]).
######
Barriers and solutions to the adoption of a global health curriculum at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Barriers Solutions
------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Multiple student and institutional interests • Implement a Global Health Interest Group (GHIG) to facilitate student interest, coordinate global health-related activities, and develop a presence on campus\
• Objectively demonstrate student interest through a needs assessment survey\
• Administrative support and student empowerment
Funding to support a structured global health program • Objectively demonstrate the interest for a structured program and the importance of financial support to student participation through a needs assessment survey\
• Obtain support from the institution to help with targeted fundraising\
• Apply for outside grants
Developing an innovative global health program • Capitalize on institutional strengths, such as close links between SOM, SON and SPH and a large global research footprint\
• Review literature and web resources\
• Seek guidance from other universities with established programs
Coordinating the efforts of three Schools at Johns Hopkins • Clear communication between SOM, SON, and SPH leadership\
• Use students to facilitate communication between faculty in different departments/schools that have global health expertise
Modifying an established curriculum • Take advantage of moments of curricular change to advocate for a course in global health
Lack of a formalized international elective experience • Survey students to objectively demonstrate desired qualities in a global health program\
• Implement and standardize pre-departure training
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SOM: School of Medicine; SON: School of Nursing; SPH: School of Public Health.
In 2012, GHIG surveyed first- through third-year medical students to gauge interest in international clinical electives. The survey, with a response rate of 30% (108 total responses), revealed that a majority of students (94.4%) did not feel knowledgeable about available resources for identifying international electives despite abundant interest in international opportunities (99% of respondents). Students' comments emphasized a desire for better-organized and structured global health opportunities. GHIG approached the OSA and CGH with these survey results and suggested the development of a formalized international clinical elective program. Important first steps were taken by the CGH leadership to identify possible sites for such a program, while the OSA provided input on the necessary elements for an elective to meet approval for credit. These meetings highlighted the importance of having Johns Hopkins faculty present at international sites where students train, of establishing a mutually advantageous partnership with international sites, and of financial and safety considerations for participating students. Although several sites meeting the criteria were identified at theses meetings, a formalized international clinical elective program was not established at the time.
To better advocate for dedicated funding for a structured international clinical elective, GHIG sought the support and assistance of additional faculty mentors and conducted a second, expanded survey with a 60.4% response rate (290 total responses) in the spring of 2013. Eighty percent of students who responded to this survey reported interest in undertaking an international clinical elective. Additionally, 90% of students listed financial assistance as either 'very important' or 'important' in influencing their decision to go abroad. In past years, students had been able to obtain only limited funding for electives abroad through CGH or through private endowments at the SOM that supported experiences in specific geographic regions.
Equipped with these data, the student leaders of GHIG collaborated with faculty mentors to draft a formal proposal to present to the Vice Dean for Education at JHUSOM and the Associate Dean for Student Affairs. Emphasis was placed on several areas, including interprofessional education, student safety, reciprocity with international partners, and the development of future leaders in global health. Particular attention was paid to ensuring that the new elective would satisfy the Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) elements for elective rotations, including making certain that students receive appropriate supervision, teaching, and evaluation, and that the expected level of medical student responsibility is appropriate for the student\'s training. The proposal was accepted and a grant award was given to pilot an international clinical elective program. The willingness of the SOM administration to listen to the needs of the student body and to empower students to effect change were crucial elements that enabled the further development of a formalized international clinical elective program.
A taskforce comprised of GHIG members was then established to develop the elective, and a faculty program director was appointed. This taskforce consists of medical students, residents, fellows, and faculty from the SOM, SON, and SPH, and began monthly meetings in fall 2013. A thorough review of the literature and discussions with faculty from Johns Hopkins University (JHU) and other institutions helped develop an informed, comprehensive, and innovative clinical elective program, the Global Health Leadership Program (GHLP). In order to avoid 'reinventing the wheel' during this process, we sought advice and guidance from faculty and administrators at outside institutions with established global health clinical electives including Indiana University, University of Michigan, University of California at San Francisco, Harvard University, and University of Pennsylvania. We also used web-based resources from organizations such as the *Consortium of Universities for Global Health* to aid in the development of our curricular and didactic content.
As we wanted GHLP to be learner-centered, the specifics of the program, including curriculum and learning objectives, were developed primarily by medical students with guidance from faculty members. The faculty from SOM, SON, and SPH included experts in biomedical ethics, curricular/program development, medical education and simulation, leadership skills, global health, health management, women\'s health and urology, internal medicine, pediatrics, emergency medicine, surgery, and infectious diseases. The resulting curriculum incorporated the already required ethics modules from the Berman Institute of Bioethics along with global health didactic content from web-based resources, in-person sessions on health care delivery and management, leadership skills and simulation training, and a post-experience debriefing.
In particular, an emphasis was placed on developing a curriculum to facilitate the training and development of future leaders in global health. This effort led to the involvement of partners from organizations such as Jhpiego (an international non-profit organization affiliated with JHU) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Further, given our belief that healthcare is best taught and learned in an interprofessional environment and that interprofessional collaboration is necessary in clinical settings domestically and abroad, interprofessional education was emphasized in our program. This interprofessional approach enabled us to take advantage of existing resources and collaborations with SON and SPH and helped to facilitate the incorporation of interprofessional competencies into our program.
Additional activities of the GHLP taskforce included identification of potential elective sites and international faculty partners, grant writing to identify additional funding sources for the program, and the compilation of a pre-departure handbook. Notably, the taskforce also performed a needs assessment to identify what students felt was most important in a pre-departure program to prepare them for global health electives. Since one of the program\'s goals is to offer meaningful experiences to those interested in global health careers, we incorporated optional internship opportunities with organizations such as WHO and Jhpiego. Besides providing a structured global health elective for students, development of the GHLP also provided a structured framework for Johns Hopkins faculty to involve students in their global health activities and, in turn, to be involved in global health education.
Elective site selection {#S0003}
=======================
Mindful selection of international sites and collaborative partners is an essential component of developing a successful international elective program. We used the following criteria to systematically evaluate potential international elective partners: 1) the presence and availability of Johns Hopkins faculty at the site; 2) the presence of local medical, nursing, and public health students; 3) the existence of an established relationship between the site and Johns Hopkins; 4) the ability and experience of the site to host international students; 5) the presence of appropriate clinical facilities and housing (on-site or off-site) facilities; and 6) the general safety and availability of transportation. It was also important to us that partners be in resource-poor settings to provide a diverse learning experience for our students and to promote exchange of ideas between the developed and developing world. The first partnership we have established is in Pune, India, and other partnerships will likely follow if the program is successful.
In this process of site selection, we capitalized on the long tradition of clinical, research, and educational collaboration between Johns Hopkins faculty and educators based internationally. Specifically, the presence of Johns Hopkins faculty located on site longitudinally was an important criterion for selecting elective sites because of their understanding of the educational mission and educational structure at both Johns Hopkins and the international site. Our on-site faculty member provides and/or facilitates the provision of on-the-ground clinical and/or research supervision and serves as a resource for the students during their time abroad. As we continue to develop this program, we hope to involve more of the international faculty at our partnering sites so that even without the presence of Johns Hopkins faculty, our program will be sustainable.
Additionally, it is important that our program is mutually beneficial for Johns Hopkins students and for students at our international partner sites. While abroad, our students work with local medical, nursing, and public health students in clinical and research settings. Specifically, our students along with their international counterparts are required to complete a clinical, public health, educational, or quality-improvement project on a topic identified or supported by local staff. GHLP is also working towards securing funding to allow students from our international partners in resource-poor settings to come to Hopkins for clinical and research electives.
Summary {#S0004}
=======
Over the last decade, students have worked with the medical school administration at JHUSOM to improve global health education. Key milestones included the incorporation of a global health intersession in the first-year SOM curriculum, requirement of ethics pre-departure training before any international electives, and the development of a clinical global health elective (GHLP). Challenges included securing funding, obtaining institutional support, and coordinating the involvement of faculty and expertise in the SOM, SON, and SPH. Our approach included objectively demonstrating the need for and barriers to more structured global health experiences with the use of surveys of the medical student body; presenting our proposal during times of administrative and/or curricular changes within the SOM; highlighting the importance of oversight of student supervision, teaching, and evaluation at international sites; obtaining guidance and modifying existing resources from other institutions and relevant educational websites; and importantly harnessing institutional specific strengths including the large Johns Hopkins global research footprint and existing interprofessional collaborations. The Johns Hopkins experience demonstrates the important and effective role that an organized and motivated group of students can play in improving global health educational opportunities with the support and guidance of faculty and administration.
The authors wish to thank Drs. Tom Koenig, Thomas Quinn, Nicole Warren, Nancy Hueppchen, Vidya Mave, Dillep Kaddam, and Arjun Kakrani for helping to make this program possible.
Conflicts of interest and funding {#S0005}
=================================
The authors have not received any funding or benefits from industry or elsewhere to conduct this study.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
|
Q:
Ruby parsing CSV rows in a loop
I'm trying to write an CSV parser. Each line has multiple fields in which I need to process. Each line represents patient data, so I need each line processed by itself. Once I'm finished processing each line I need to go to the next until the end of the file is reached.
I've successfully started writing the parser in Ruby. The data is getting imported and it's creating an array of arrays (each line is an array).
The problem I'm having is properly looping through the data line by line. So, right now I can successfully process the first line and parse each field. I start running into a problem when I add another line with new patient data. The second line gets processed and added to the new array that has been created. For example, line 1 and line 2 once processed, get added to one big array instead of an array of arrays. The data imported needs to output in the same structure.
Here is my code so far:
original_data = Array.new
converted_data = Array.new
Dir.chdir 'convert'
CSV.foreach('CAREPRODEMO.CSV') do |raw_file|
original_data << raw_file
end
# Needed at beginning of array for each patient
converted_data.insert(0, 'Acvite', 'ACT')
# Start processing fields
original_data.each do |o|
# BEGIN Check for nil in original data and replace with empty string
o.map! { |x| x ? x : ''}
converted_data << o.slice(0)
# Remove leading zeros from account number
converted_data[2].slice!(0)
if converted_data[2].slice(1) == '0'
converted_data[2].slice!(1)
end
# Setup patient name to be processed
patient_name = Array.new
patient_name << o.slice(3..4)
converted_data << patient_name.join(' ')
# Setup patient address to be processed
patient_address = Array.new
patient_address << o.slice(5)
converted_data << patient_address.join(' ')
# END Check for nil in converted data and replace with empty string
converted_data.map! { |x| x ? x : ''}
end
# For debugging
p converted_data
Output:
["Acvite", "ACT", "D65188596", "SILLS DALTON H", "16243 B L RD", "00D015188596", "BALLARD DAVE H", "243 H L RD", "", "", ""]
Wanted:
["Acvite", "ACT", "D65188596", "SILLS DALTON H", "16243 B L RD"]
["Acvite", "ACT", "D15188596", "BALLARD DAVE H", "243 H L RD"]
A:
You need to use array of array for storing results, you are using single array, hence the output that you have mentioned.
Move converted_data array inside the loop, and define a new array for collecting output of each loop. A possible approach is shown below.
original_data = Array.new
# Changed the variable name from converted_data
final_data = Array.new
...
original_data.each do |o|
converted_data = Array.new
...
# END Check for nil in converted data and replace with empty string
converted_data.map! { |x| x ? x : ''}
final_data << converted_data
end
p final_data
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
No idea what this is? Can somebody ring her prior to giving her access.
From: Bob Shults 31/01/2000 16:25
To: Louise Kitchen
cc: Mark Taylor/HOU/ECT@ECT
Subject: Your approval is requested
Are you aware of any need to get state approval of EOL. Please see request
for access below with comment.
---------------------- Forwarded by Bob Shults/HOU/ECT on 01/31/2000 10:24 AM
---------------------------
Jennifer deBoisblanc Denny
01/31/2000 10:18 AM
To: Bob Shults/HOU/ECT@ECT
cc:
Subject: Your approval is requested
FYI
In case this will affect marketing of EOL
See comments below.
---------------------- Forwarded by Jennifer deBoisblanc Denny/HOU/ECT on
01/31/2000 10:17 AM ---------------------------
From: Information Risk Management/HOU/ECT
Subject: Your approval is requested
Security Resource Request System
Application Approval
Please review and act upon this request. You have received this eMail because
you are listed as an approver on the original request.
Instructions
For: Janine Migden
Request Original:
Application Name: EOL - Website access (US)
Request Type: Grant
Role(s): EOL- Read Only Guest ID
Comments: Help commercial groups get state Commission acceptance of EOL. Review the
request in the Request section at left.
For more information regarding who the request is for, do the following:
Click on the name for PeopleFinder info
See the Further Information section below
In the Approval Section, select Approve or Reject, enter comments as
necessary and click [Submit].
Further Information
Requestor: Janine Migden/DUB/EES
Manager:
Request Date: 01/28/2000 02:19:07 PM
RC #: 100088 WO #:
Company #: Enron Corp Priority: Normal
General Comments:
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Enron Emails"
}
|
Acute ischemic stroke resulting from an embolism is now a treatable condition, because thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has been approved by the FDA. However, the utilization of tPA is limited by its short therapeutic window and increased risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. Because there is a need for safe and effective stroke treatments, we have concentrated on synthesizing, identifying, and developing novel classes of neuroprotective drugs. We have extensive preliminary evidence from in vitro and in vivo stroke models suggesting that the phenylpropanoid or polyphenol family of compounds, which includes (1) Chlorogenic acid; (2) Fisetin; and (3) Baicalein, may be useful to treat stroke. For this translational drug development program, we will use a screening funnel consisting of a combination of in vitro and in vivo stroke models to effectively develop new clinical candidates belonging to the family of compounds described above. First, we will create a focused diversity library that covers many possible substitution positions on the parent backbone (scaffold) of chlorogenic acid, fisetin and baicalein. The new molecules will be screened using two in vitro stroke assays to allow us to select the best and most active compounds to be tested in vivo using the rabbit small clot embolism model (RSCEM), the stroke model used in the development of tPA. We will screen the compounds in vivo to select candidates that significantly improve clinical rating scores with long therapeutic windows. Once we have identified candidates, we will assess the pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiles of the compounds, and will also study the effects of administration of the novel neuroprotective agents in combination with tPA to select a patient population and determine if the compounds may have beneficial effects in combination with tPA. When the final candidate is selected, the drug will be synthesized for a clinical trial using a GMP-approved facility, an IND will be filed and a clinical trial will be initiated. Overall, we will identify a new neuroprotective compound that readily crosses the blood brain barrier, improves clinical rating scores following embolic strokes in rabbits and has a clean safety profile so that the neuroprotective compound can be developed to treat stroke. RELEVANCE: We will use a screening funnel consisting of in vitro and in vivo stroke models to effectively identify, optimize and develop new clinical candidates. The new neuroprotective compound that readily crosses the BBB and improves clinical rating scores with a long therapeutic window following embolic strokes in rabbits will further be developed to treat stroke.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
}
|
Spring Training: Let the Games Begin!
February 22, 2018
Pitchers and catchers have reported, full-squad workouts have begun, the Braves play the Mets tomorrow. Let the games of Spring Training 2018 begin! Lots of questions to be answered. Who will the starting rotation be? Will Acuña open the season with the Braves? Who’s on third? Will the Braves finally turn the corner this year? It all starts with Spring Training down in sunny Florida.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
End of Financial Year: Review, Plan, GO!
The end of financial year signifies more than just an opportunity to close off another official tax year; it presents the perfect opportunity to review the year that has been. Analysing the performances that got you there provides you with the opportunity to develop plans for further success in the next financial year.
In order to carry out an effective analysis of the previous year’s performance and results, you need to review your business performance against very clear measures; measures that give you an understanding of every relevant aspect of your business.
Review
Different businesses spend the lead up to June 30 in a variety of ways. However, there are some close to universal actions which all businesses can apply to successfully review the undertakings of the year and apply these finding towards analysis and planning for the future:
Review your actual business performance against your budgeted performance, including all your known variables. There is no better place to start to improve than by knowing exactly how well you did, according to how well you thought you would perform.
Review the key drivers of the business and compare how these may have changed according to the previous five years. Have you been doing something differently that may have spiked or slumped your performance this year?
Prepare a forecasted budget for the coming financial year, including your known variables as far ahead as you can see them. It’s impossible to predict the future, but you can forecast into the year by looking back on what you know has happened in the past.
Consider the current state of your business plan and strategy. Has the core nature of your business shifted, either slightly or dramatically? Are there gaps in the market you can take advantage of with a clearer business vision for the New Year?
Review your key staff and their performance. Your staff members are one of your most important assets. Are their performances in the expected range, or is extra training and support necessary to achieve your individual and collective goals? Review if you have been checking in with them regularly about their role, or decide whether you may need to review how you are tracking performance for the best information. This essential staff member review stage can be actioned through the engagement with The Performance Edge course, which will enhance existing capabilities of your high-performance team members as it focuses on crucial interpersonal and professional skills such as productivity, performance and personal leadership.
No one is capable of growth or improvement without self-reflection. Businesses are no different; they require constant maintenance and reflection to be able to plan for a better and brighter future.
Plan
Once you have reviewed the technical and operational aspects of your business leading up to the end of June, you can proceed to the planning stage.
Set your priorities
No matter what type of business owner you are, narrowing down your ideas from among all the worthwhile possibilities (whether it’s an opportunity to expand to a new market or choosing a better time management strategy), it can be difficult to focus on one thing at a time.
At the same time you review and update your business plan for the coming year, focus on what are the most important things for you to achieve this coming year. With your new priorities in mind, break them down into written goals, and then break them down again into smaller milestone tasks. By following this priority setting pattern you will maximise productivity, and enjoy the little successes that lead to big changes.
Think outside the box
Your priorities in the coming year may be to hit an ambitious revenue target, tap into a new market or relaunch your brand with a fresh new face.
Whatever they may be, an important thing to keep in mind, as you make plans to move your business forward is how you’ll stay relevant and engaging in an increasingly competitive market.
As part of your planning process, spend some time on market reconnaissance and research. Look back into previous SWOT analyses and see how you can plan new business moves that swing success in your favour. Understand what your unique selling position is and include it in as many plans as you can for your future moves.
GO!
At this stage you’ll be excited to get your ideas out there and enact all of your carefully considered plans. While you can do much as a one man band, you can’t do it all alone. Before you can really hit the ground running you will need to rally your team, no matter how large or small, to drive the best performance you can into this coming year.
How are you managing motivation in your business?
Motivating staff at any time throughout the year is a bit of a management art. However, the EOFY time is a perfect one to check in with what is driving your staff members to perform in the roles, and see how your new plans for the year can fit into their own individual goals.
Have one-on-one meetings with all of your staff to communicate any new points of direction with them that may be happening in the business, as a result of your reviewing and planning stages
Provide an opportunity for staff members to express their concerns and ideas coming into the New Year
Determine what are the internal drivers of each of your staff members and allocate new or changed tasks from your review process, to better suit team members’ different strengths and interests
By properly reviewing the year that has been, planning ahead with priorities and focus, and engaging your team in your plans for the future, you will truly be ready to hit the ground sprinting towards your goals for your business.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
CASE REPORT
===========
A 9-month-old girl, with no documented medical history, was brought to the Pediatric Emergency Department for sudden onset dyspnea. She had a recent history of rhinorrhea and cough. On examination, she had a pulse of 180/min (normal range: 80-160/min), a blood pressure of 70/40 mmHg, and a respiratory rate of 48/min with chest indrawing (normal value: 30-40/min). Her temperature was 38.9 °C. The electrocardiogram (ECG) showed ventricular tachycardia, which spontaneously returned to a regular rhythm with extrasystoles ([Figure 1](#g01){ref-type="fig"}).
{#g01}
Acute heart failure was diagnosed. Orotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilatory assistance were immediately started, and the patient was transferred to the pediatric intensive care unit. A diagnostic work-up was subsequently performed. The chest x-ray showed cardiomegaly with bilateral pulmonary congestion ([Figure 2](#g02){ref-type="fig"}).
{#g02}
Laboratory exams showed hyperkalemia at 5.6 mmol/L with normal renal function, increased serum lactate dehydrogenase (1234 UI/L; reference value \[RV\]: 230-4600 UI/L), normal creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and a slight increase of troponin I level (0.81 ng/mL; RV: \< 0.25 ng/mL). Initial treatment consisted of cardiac drugs, alkalinization, and antibiotic therapy.
A control ECG achieved after 3 hours showed ST segment elevation in the anterolateral leads (V3-V6) and ST depression on V1-V2 producing a "mirror image" ([Figure 3](#g03){ref-type="fig"}). Myocardial necrosis markers disclosed an increased CPK at 2066 UI/L (RV: 95-195 UI/L) and a significant elevation of troponin I level (1.92 ng/mL). A diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction was established, and heparin therapy was started.
{#g03}
An echocardiogram showed a diffuse hypocontractility and dilation of the left ventricle without any other abnormality. The infant died on the third day after admission due to cardiogenic shock, and a forensic autopsy was performed because of the unexplained cause of death.
AUTOPSY FINDINGS
================
The deceased was 78 cm in height and weighed 10 kg. The external examination showed an apparently healthy infant presenting cyanosis of the lips. Internal examination disclosed a normal appearance of the scalp, skull, and brain. The heart weighed 70 g (RV: 40 g). Coronary arteries were normal and had a normal origin. Both ventricles were dilated, and the heart muscle was homogeneous ([Figure 4A](#g04){ref-type="fig"} and [4B](#g04){ref-type="fig"}).
{#g04}
The lungs were markedly congested and massively edematous. Histological examinations of the heart revealed the presence of an important lymphocytic infiltrate dissociating myocardiocytes with scattered ischemic or necrotic focal points ([Figure 5A](#g05){ref-type="fig"} and [5B](#g05){ref-type="fig"}).
{#g05}
Microscopic sections of the remaining internal organs did not show any abnormality, except for massive lung edema. The toxicology screening, which included conventional medicines (salicylates, tricyclics, benzodiazepines, phenothiazines, and paracetamol), pesticides (organophosphates, carbamate, chloralose), and alcohol, was negative.
Death was attributed to acute heart failure due to acute myocarditis. In addition to the toxicological study, no other cause of myocarditis was further investigated.
DISCUSSION
==========
Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium with heterogeneous clinical manifestations and progression.[@B001]^,^[@B002] Infectious myocarditis is the most common; it is often caused by a virus and is occasionally associated with bacterial infections.[@B002]^,^[@B003] The clinical features of acute myocarditis vary from case to case, ranging from oligosymptomatic cases to heart failure and sudden unexpected death.[@B001]^,^[@B004]^,^[@B005]
In clinical practice, although there are many methods of diagnosis of acute myocarditis, including clinical symptoms, laboratory exams, ECG, echocardiogram, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, and cardiac endo-myocardial biopsy,[@B001] the diagnosis of myocarditis remains an embarrassing dilemma for clinicians, especially in children where the symptoms may vary substantially.[@B002]^,^[@B006]^,^[@B007]
Acute myocarditis may be associated with heart tissue necrosis in some cases. The exact pathogenesis is unclear; hypotheses state that ischemia is a consequence of local endothelial dysfunction, coronary spasms, and in situ thrombi formation.[@B001]^,^[@B008]^,^[@B009] Also, it may clinically resemble myocardial infarction.[@B001]^,^[@B002]^,^[@B010] The differential diagnosis between acute myocarditis and acute myocardial infarction can be very challenging and sometimes indistinguishable in children.[@B011]
In this case, ECG repolarization abnormalities in a single coronary distribution (ST segment elevation in anterolateral leads), plus serum elevation of CPK and troponin, entirely mimic an acute myocardial infarction presentation, which was firstly suspected by the pediatricians. Cardiomyopathy was also raised before the echocardiogram signs.
Usually, in adult care, ST segment abnormality associated with an elevation of specific biomarkers of cardiac injury---especially troponin---confirm myocardial infarction and allow interventional catheterization.[@B007]^,^[@B012] This is largely because there is a high prevalence of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease in the adult population. In children, the causes of elevated troponin differ from that of adults. The most common causes are myocarditis and cardiomyopathy; however, coronary-related ischemia is rare.[@B007]^,^[@B013]
Clinicians should consider the diagnosis of acute myocarditis in children who present troponin elevation and acute heart failure. Endomyocardial biopsy remains the gold standard exam for diagnosing myocarditis. However, due to its invasiveness with a high risk of complications and the possibility of false negative results, it is not often performed in common practice.[@B010]^,^[@B014] MRI is a good diagnostic tool and when the "Lake Louise Criteria"[@B014] are applied, the sensitivity and specificity of MRI prove to be high compared to endomyocardial biopsy.[@B015] A correct diagnosis of myocarditis has significant therapeutic implications for patients, and non-realization of MRI can be criticized in this case. An MRI could have guided the diagnosis of myocarditis in this infant.
In this instance, we confirmed the important role of forensic autopsy in explaining the cause of death in such a challenging case.
Jedidi M, Tilouche S, Masmoudi T, et al. Infant acute myocarditis mimicking acute myocardial infarction. Autopsy Case Rep \[Internet\]. 2016;6(4):15-19. <http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/acr.2016.052>
[^1]: Conflict of interest: None
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
|
Cholinesterases in aquatic biomonitoring: assay optimization and species-specific characterization for a California native fish.
Cholinesterase (ChE) enzyme activity measurements are widely applied in aquatic organisms for water quality monitoring, especially for pesticide contamination in agricultural watersheds. These biomarkers are amenable to measurement in a variety of species, and are therefore useful for examining effects in model organisms relevant to the ecosystem of interest. However, extensive variation in ChE biochemistry exists among tissues and species. This variation is rarely characterized and may lead to biases in the interpretation of activity determinations. We optimized ChE activity measurement parameters and characterized ChE biochemistry in Sacramento sucker (Catostomus occidentalis), a widely distributed fish native to watersheds of the Central Valley of California. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was the predominant ChE present in C. occidentalis brain and muscle, and muscle AChE was most sensitive to diazinon inhibition. Field caging experiments indicated that exposures to ChE-inhibiting pesticides were insufficient to induce neurotoxic effects. However, pesticide usage in the Central Valley is highly variable among years, and long-term monitoring of in-stream effects would be necessary to evaluate trends in pesticide contamination. Recent changes to the State Water Code require agricultural landowners to participate in a regional water quality monitoring plan. As with most regional monitoring plans, measurements of in-stream effects, and effects in resident species, are not scheduled to be included. We suggest that inclusion of biomarker measures would lend important information to the monitoring process, and propose these procedures as a template for adapting ChE activity measurements into region-specific monitoring programs to assess in-stream effects of pesticide contamination on native species.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
"""Constants/functions for interpreting results of os.stat() and os.lstat().
Suggested usage: from stat import *
"""
# Indices for stat struct members in the tuple returned by os.stat()
ST_MODE = 0
ST_INO = 1
ST_DEV = 2
ST_NLINK = 3
ST_UID = 4
ST_GID = 5
ST_SIZE = 6
ST_ATIME = 7
ST_MTIME = 8
ST_CTIME = 9
# Extract bits from the mode
def S_IMODE(mode):
return mode & 07777
def S_IFMT(mode):
return mode & 0170000
# Constants used as S_IFMT() for various file types
# (not all are implemented on all systems)
S_IFDIR = 0040000
S_IFCHR = 0020000
S_IFBLK = 0060000
S_IFREG = 0100000
S_IFIFO = 0010000
S_IFLNK = 0120000
S_IFSOCK = 0140000
# Functions to test for each file type
def S_ISDIR(mode):
return S_IFMT(mode) == S_IFDIR
def S_ISCHR(mode):
return S_IFMT(mode) == S_IFCHR
def S_ISBLK(mode):
return S_IFMT(mode) == S_IFBLK
def S_ISREG(mode):
return S_IFMT(mode) == S_IFREG
def S_ISFIFO(mode):
return S_IFMT(mode) == S_IFIFO
def S_ISLNK(mode):
return S_IFMT(mode) == S_IFLNK
def S_ISSOCK(mode):
return S_IFMT(mode) == S_IFSOCK
# Names for permission bits
S_ISUID = 04000
S_ISGID = 02000
S_ENFMT = S_ISGID
S_ISVTX = 01000
S_IREAD = 00400
S_IWRITE = 00200
S_IEXEC = 00100
S_IRWXU = 00700
S_IRUSR = 00400
S_IWUSR = 00200
S_IXUSR = 00100
S_IRWXG = 00070
S_IRGRP = 00040
S_IWGRP = 00020
S_IXGRP = 00010
S_IRWXO = 00007
S_IROTH = 00004
S_IWOTH = 00002
S_IXOTH = 00001
# Names for file flags
UF_NODUMP = 0x00000001
UF_IMMUTABLE = 0x00000002
UF_APPEND = 0x00000004
UF_OPAQUE = 0x00000008
UF_NOUNLINK = 0x00000010
SF_ARCHIVED = 0x00010000
SF_IMMUTABLE = 0x00020000
SF_APPEND = 0x00040000
SF_NOUNLINK = 0x00100000
SF_SNAPSHOT = 0x00200000
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
69407, -369402, -369397, -369392?
5*t - 369417
What is the u'th term of 160553, 160556, 160559, 160562, 160565?
3*u + 160550
What is the x'th term of 2419, 4744, 7077, 9424, 11791?
x**3 - 2*x**2 + 2324*x + 96
What is the t'th term of 3541733, 3541735, 3541737, 3541739, 3541741, 3541743?
2*t + 3541731
What is the v'th term of 401, 798, 1191, 1580, 1965?
-2*v**2 + 403*v
What is the p'th term of -1843, -3517, -5197, -6883, -8575, -10273?
-3*p**2 - 1665*p - 175
What is the a'th term of -1820, -1823, -1828, -1835?
-a**2 - 1819
What is the m'th term of 11389, 45508, 102381, 182014, 284413, 409584, 557533, 728266?
m**3 + 11371*m**2 - m + 18
What is the v'th term of -282, -4211, -14872, -35631, -69854?
-561*v**3 - 2*v + 281
What is the p'th term of 51895, 51898, 51903, 51910, 51919, 51930, 51943?
p**2 + 51894
What is the j'th term of -7351, -7216, -7081?
135*j - 7486
What is the x'th term of -2476, -4764, -7040, -9298, -11532, -13736?
x**3 - 2295*x - 182
What is the k'th term of 239867, 239866, 239865?
-k + 239868
What is the l'th term of 5089, 9900, 14711, 19522, 24333, 29144?
4811*l + 278
What is the o'th term of 10838, 10595, 10352, 10109, 9866?
-243*o + 11081
What is the s'th term of -6240, -6217, -6192, -6165, -6136, -6105?
s**2 + 20*s - 6261
What is the m'th term of 93, -947, -2679, -5103, -8219, -12027?
-346*m**2 - 2*m + 441
What is the y'th term of -177, -347, -475, -555, -581, -547?
y**3 + 15*y**2 - 222*y + 29
What is the f'th term of -143234, -286466, -429698?
-143232*f - 2
What is the y'th term of 149422, 597696, 1344820, 2390794, 3735618, 5379292, 7321816?
149425*y**2 - y - 2
What is the s'th term of 132447, 132450, 132453, 132456, 132459?
3*s + 132444
What is the t'th term of -283, -740, -1203, -1672?
-3*t**2 - 448*t + 168
What is the h'th term of -72, -69, -36, 21, 96, 183, 276?
-h**3 + 21*h**2 - 53*h - 39
What is the m'th term of -15944, -15952, -15964, -15980, -16000, -16024, -16052?
-2*m**2 - 2*m - 15940
What is the u'th term of 3314, 13268, 29858, 53084?
3318*u**2 - 4
What is the i'th term of -20, -179, -626, -1505, -2960, -5135, -8174?
-24*i**3 + 9*i - 5
What is the z'th term of -416982, -833960, -1250938?
-416978*z - 4
What is the f'th term of 1281, 4138, 8885, 15510, 24001, 34346, 46533, 60550?
-2*f**3 + 957*f**2 + 326
What is the k'th term of -178, -309, -442, -577, -714, -853, -994?
-k**2 - 128*k - 49
What is the l'th term of -284, -425, -566, -707, -848?
-141*l - 143
What is the p'th term of -246, -512, -798, -1104, -1430?
-10*p**2 - 236*p
What is the v'th term of -770, -2797, -6100, -10679, -16534, -23665, -32072?
-638*v**2 - 113*v - 19
What is the n'th term of -84774, -169539, -254300, -339057, -423810, -508559?
2*n**2 - 84771*n - 5
What is the f'th term of -225452, -225447, -225432, -225401, -225348, -225267?
f**3 - f**2 + f - 225453
What is the w'th term of -3021, -6054, -9087, -12120, -15153?
-3033*w + 12
What is the u'th term of -9676, -9666, -9648, -9622, -9588, -9546?
4*u**2 - 2*u - 9678
What is the p'th term of 69997, 70007, 70017, 70027?
10*p + 69987
What is the s'th term of -1450, -1419, -1394, -1375?
-3*s**2 + 40*s - 1487
What is the u'th term of 824, 1659, 2494, 3329, 4164?
835*u - 11
What is the i'th term of -85, -448, -1073, -1978, -3181, -4700, -6553?
-3*i**3 - 113*i**2 - 3*i + 34
What is the l'th term of -363, -542, -733, -942, -1175, -1438, -1737, -2078?
-l**3 - 172*l - 190
What is the w'th term of 49472, 49482, 49494, 49508, 49524, 49542?
w**2 + 7*w + 49464
What is the z'th term of -19156, -38298, -57440, -76582, -95724?
-19142*z - 14
What is the o'th term of -560, -1086, -1624, -2180, -2760?
-o**3 - 519*o - 40
What is the j'th term of 9619, 9643, 9667, 9691?
24*j + 9595
What is the a'th term of 247, 483, 683, 847?
-18*a**2 + 290*a - 25
What is the i'th term of 210895, 210870, 210847, 210826?
i**2 - 28*i + 210922
What is the v'th term of 826, 1421, 2038, 2683, 3362, 4081, 4846?
v**3 + 5*v**2 + 573*v + 247
What is the n'th term of -47, -443, -1547, -3713, -7295, -12647?
-59*n**3 + 17*n - 5
What is the u'th term of -3279, -5688, -8111, -10554, -13023, -15524, -18063?
-u**3 - u**2 - 2399*u - 878
What is the x'th term of -18133, -18131, -18129, -18127, -18125, -18123?
2*x - 18135
What is the h'th term of 7693, 15382, 23071, 30760?
7689*h + 4
What is the w'th term of -22966, -22952, -22924, -22876, -22802, -22696, -22552?
w**3 + w**2 + 4*w - 22972
What is the q'th term of -101, -174, -225, -242, -213?
2*q**3 - q**2 - 84*q - 18
What is the b'th term of -314211, -314214, -314219, -314226, -314235, -314246?
-b**2 - 314210
What is the s'th term of -2037, -4072, -6109, -8148, -10189?
-s**2 - 2032*s - 4
What is the m'th term of -1677063, -1677061, -1677059?
2*m - 1677065
What is the x'th term of -330, -424, -520, -618, -718, -820, -924?
-x**2 - 91*x - 238
What is the g'th term of -855, -829, -789, -729, -643, -525, -369, -169?
g**3 + g**2 + 16*g - 873
What is the f'th term of 350331, 700673, 1051015, 1401357, 1751699?
350342*f - 11
What is the a'th term of 3814, 7637, 11474, 15331, 19214, 23129?
a**3 + a**2 + 3813*a - 1
What is the o'th term of 127, 528, 1187, 2098, 3255, 4652, 6283?
-o**3 + 135*o**2 + 3*o - 10
What is the j'th term of 297678, 297680, 297684, 297690, 297698?
j**2 - j + 297678
What is the n'th term of 2, -40, -198, -532, -1102, -1968, -3190, -4828?
-10*n**3 + 2*n**2 + 22*n - 12
What is the z'th term of -29121, -58241, -87361, -116481, -145601?
-29120*z - 1
What is the y'th term of 8673, 8670, 8667?
-3*y + 8676
What is the p'th term of -507, -569, -609, -621, -599?
p**3 + 5*p**2 - 84*p - 429
What is the i'th term of 1071, 1227, 1495, 1881, 2391?
i**3 + 50*i**2 - i + 1021
What is the x'th term of -24, 43, 122, 219, 340, 491, 678?
x**3 + 60*x - 85
What is the k'th term of -235929, -235927, -235925, -235923, -235921, -235919?
2*k - 235931
What is the v'th term of 70508, 70512, 70516, 70520, 70524?
4*v + 70504
What is the v'th term of -3794, -3900, -4050, -4250, -4506, -4824?
-v**3 - 16*v**2 - 51*v - 3726
What is the k'th term of -433, -1219, -2523, -4339, -6661, -9483, -12799?
k**3 - 265*k**2 + 2*k - 171
What is the z'th term of 2389, 2229, 2069, 1909?
-160*z + 2549
What is the t'th term of -266, -275, -298, -341, -410, -511, -650?
-t**3 - t**2 + t - 265
What is the j'th term of 1087, 1084, 1081, 1078?
-3*j + 1090
What is the y'th term of 9886, 9902, 9928, 9970, 10034?
y**3 - y**2 + 12*y + 9874
What is the r'th term of -321, -642, -963, -1284, -1605?
-321*r
What is the a'th term of 5019, 9988, 14957?
4969*a + 50
What is the m'th term of 518, 2359, 5428, 9725, 15250, 22003?
614*m**2 - m - 95
What is the n'th term of -1498, -3258, -5018, -6778, -8538, -10298?
-1760*n + 262
What is the w'th term of -4974, -3643, -2314, -987, 338, 1661?
-w**2 + 1334*w - 6307
What is the s'th term of -1695, -1684, -1659, -1614, -1543?
s**3 + s**2 + s - 1698
What is the g'th term of -278, -195, -110, -23, 66, 157, 250?
g**2 + 80*g - 359
What is the t'th term of 875, 887, 911, 953, 1019, 1115?
t**3 + 5*t + 869
What is the f'th term of -47690, -47696, -47688, -47660, -47606, -47520, -47396, -47228?
f**3 + f**2 - 16*f - 47676
What is the n'th term of -169, -616, -1347, -2356, -3637, -5184?
n**3 - 148*n**2 - 10*n - 12
What is the q'th term of 1482, 1484, 1486, 1488, 1490, 1492?
2*q + 1480
What is the z'th term of -1392, -1402, -1418, -1440?
-3*z**2 - z - 1388
What is the x'th term of -9885, -19756, -29627, -39498, -49369?
-9871*x - 14
What is the k'th term of -352, -1298, -2834, -4960, -7676, -10982?
-295*k**2 - 61*k + 4
What is the q'th term of 215, 262, 141, -148, -605?
-84*q**2 + 299*q
What is the s'th term of 380, 1437, 3164, 5561, 8628, 12365, 16772?
335*s**2 + 52*s - 7
What is the j'th term of -2257, -3004, -3765, -4546, -5353, -6192, -7069?
-j**3 - j**2 - 737*j - 1518
What is the r'th term of 238, -112, -1636, -4922, -10558, -19132, -31232?
-98*r**3 + r**2 + 333*r + 2
What is the d'th term of 305, 319, 369, 473, 649?
3*d**3 - 7*d + 309
What is the z'th term of -16441, -65732, -147873, -262858, -410681, -591336, -804817?
z**3 - 16431*z**2 - 5*z - 6
What is the x'th term of 76, 903, 3148, 7519, 14724, 25471?
118*x**3 + x**2 - 2*x - 41
What is the h'th term of 715, 2927, 6667, 11947, 18779, 27175?
2*h**3 + 752*h**2 - 58*h + 1
|
{
"pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics"
}
|
Q:
Why calling Dispose() on BinaryReader results in compile error?
I have the following class which uses BinaryReader internally and implements IDisposable.
class DisposableClass : IDisposable
{
private BinaryReader reader;
public DisposableClass(Stream stream)
{
reader = new BinaryReader(stream);
}
protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
{
if (disposing)
{
((IDisposable)reader).Dispose();
// reader.Dispose();// this won't compile
}
}
public void Dispose()
{
this.Dispose(true);
}
}
I have already figured out that I need to cast BinaryReader to IDisposable to be able to call Dispose on it, but I don't understand why I can't just call the Dispose() method directly without casting to IDisposable?
A:
It won't work because the Dispose method on BinaryReader has been explicitly implemented.
Instead of being implicitly implemented, as in:
public void Dispose()
{
}
...it has been explicitly implemented, as in:
void IDisposable.Dispose()
{
}
...which means it can only be accessed via the IDisposable interface. Therefore, you have to cast the instance to IDisposable first.
A:
Expanding on my comments here, the BinaryReader class does not properly implement the Dispose pattern.
Looking at this class in Reflector, it looks like this (for .NET 3.5):
public class BinaryReader : IDisposable
{
public virtual void Close()
{
this.Dispose(true);
}
protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
{
if (disposing)
{
Stream stream = this.m_stream;
this.m_stream = null;
if (stream != null)
{
stream.Close();
}
}
this.m_stream = null;
this.m_buffer = null;
this.m_decoder = null;
this.m_charBytes = null;
this.m_singleChar = null;
this.m_charBuffer = null;
}
void IDisposable.Dispose()
{
this.Dispose(true);
}
}
The problem here is that by making IDisposable.Dispose() an explicit interface implementaiton it forces a developer to call Close() instead of Dispose().
In this context, we have a case of imbalanced semantics. There was never a call to "Open" the reader so it is not intuitive to "Close" the reader.
Going one step further, in order to call Dispose() you must then explicitly cast to IDisposable, which is not something you ordinarily need to do. You do have the option of calling Dispose(bool) directly, but how do you know what the boolean parameter should be?
To properly follow the pattern, it should have been implmented as:
public class BinaryReader : IDisposable
{
public virtual void Close()
{
Dispose(true);
GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
}
protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
{
if (disposing)
{
Stream stream = this.m_stream;
this.m_stream = null;
if (stream != null)
{
stream.Close();
}
}
this.m_stream = null;
this.m_buffer = null;
this.m_decoder = null;
this.m_charBytes = null;
this.m_singleChar = null;
this.m_charBuffer = null;
}
public void Dispose()
{
this.Close();
}
}
This would allow you to call either Close() or Dispose(), in which case either call continues to result in calling Dispose(true). (This is the same flow as the actual implementation by calling Close() or ((IDisposable)reader).Dispose()).
Fortunately (or unfortunately, depending on which way you choose to look at it) because BinaryReader does implement the IDisposable interface it is allowed in a using statement:
using (BinaryReader reader = new BinaryReader(...))
{
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Demographic features and prevalence of idiopathic myocarditis in patients undergoing endomyocardial biopsy.
From January 1985 through December 1990, 534 patients underwent endomyocardial biopsy at Johns Hopkins Hospital for suspected myocarditis. One hundred thirty-eight (26%) biopsy specimens were diagnosed histologically by 2 cardiac pathologists as either active (n = 85, 16%) or borderline (n = 53, 10%) myocarditis. Of the 138 patients, 60 were excluded based on either specific concurrent clinical conditions or noncongestive heart failure presentations. Immunohistochemical staining for common leukocyte antigen infiltrating cells performed on the remaining 78 specimens confirmed the presence of focal or multifocal inflammatory infiltrates in 58, of which 49 had histologic evidence of active myocarditis. All 49 patients presented with congestive heart failure and left ventricular ejection fractions of < 40%. Compared with patients with either idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 207) or ischemic cardiomyopathy (n = 44), these patients with myocarditis had a less striking male predominance (58 vs 69 and 83%, respectively) (p = 0.02) and were younger (43 +/- 16 vs 50 +/- 17 and 55 +/- 13 years, respectively, p = 0.005). Racial distributions were similar. A recent history of a discrete flu-like illness was obtained in 52%, two-thirds of which were clustered between the months of December and March. Onset of heart failure peaked between December and April (63% and was low between May through September (22%). A peak in the proportion of patients found to have active myocarditis on biopsy occurred in 1986 (17 vs 7 to 10% in other years).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
When basal insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus is not enough--what next?
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a progressive disease characterized by co-existing insulin deficiency (relative) and insulin insensitivity. Both fasting and post-prandial blood glucose are elevated, exposing the patient to acute and chronic complications due to micro- and macro-vascular angiopathy. Improving glycaemic control has been demonstrated to lower the risk of these complications. Owing to the progressive nature of the disease, an evolving treatment strategy is necessary to maintain glycaemic control. Insulin therapy is required when dietary and lifestyle modifications combined with oral hypoglycaemic agents fail to provide adequate glycaemic control. Adding an optimized dose of basal insulin to the existing oral therapy is a simple and widely used method for initiating insulin therapy. However, despite an effective control of fasting hyperglycaemia, further intervention to control post-prandial hyperglycaemia may become necessary to achieve HbA1c targets. Strategies for the addition of prandial insulin include administering short-acting (or rapid-acting) insulin analogues before each meal or twice-daily administration of pre-mixed insulin. As a single large meal often contributes to the greatest part of daytime hyperglycaemia, an alternative strategy is emerging with the addition of a single injection of prandial insulin prior to the meal that induces the largest post-prandial blood glucose excursion measured 2 h after the start of the meal. Over time, additional prandial boluses of insulin may be required to sustain daytime glycaemic control. This strategy offers a simple, stepwise approach to progress from basal insulin to a basal-bolus regimen. Studies are needed to validate this method and better define specific titration tactics.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Omani Sign Language
Sign language is used by at least some of the deaf population of Oman. It is not clear if there is a single language across the country, or if it is distinct from the sign language of neighboring countries. Authorities providing training to the police for sign translators speak only of "Arabic Sign Language".
The Royal Oman Police has provided interpreters to all units.
References
Category:Sign language isolates
Category:Languages of Oman
Category:Arab sign languages
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Q:
Rails console in Netbeans
Netbeans ide has rails console? I use Netbeans for PHP for a long time, and now I want use to my Rails applications. I saw the generators, bundle has a fast gui menu, but can I use this commands myself in Netbeans, so I looking a built in console.
A:
right-click on the project in ur Project window, u will see a selection called "Rails Console"
-edit-
if you want shell, terminal. you might have to launch it will cmd, ssh or whatever way to access it.
--edit 2--
you might can check this out:
http://wiki.netbeans.org/FaqRubyTerminalEmulator
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
If Ferrari's victory in Australia caused an upset, following it by triumphing in China would put Mercedes on red alert - figuratively and literally. So can the Scuderia keep the roll going - or will Mercedes strike back over what promises to be an intense weekend in Shanghai? Do the Scuderia hold the early advantage? It was Sebastian Vettel's ability to stretch his first stint longer than Lewis Hamilton's that proved key to the Ferrari man's victory in Australia – and that could bode well for this weekend. The Shanghai International Circuit has long been hard on tyres, and even though Pirelli's wider 2017 tyres feature harder, more durable compounds, the long and fast corners could still play into Ferrari's favour if Australia is a reliable guide.
History isn't exactly with them however: Ferrari last won here in 2013, and were last on pole in 2004, the inaugural event. Mercedes? They've secured the front of the grid for the last five consecutive years - and have triumphed four times over the same period… Part of that trend has been down to the strengths of Mercedes' power unit, so richly rewarded on the season's longest straight at 1.2 kilometres. But the indications are that Ferrari have closed the gap significantly - indeed customer team Haas even suggested the Scuderia could be ahead in the power stakes. As has been the case all season Ferrari are not saying much, but Mercedes certainly expect a fight again this weekend. "There are still many areas where we can be better," says team boss Toto Wolff. "We have been focused on these during the past week. It's not a case of looking at the competition for inspiration but of getting our own homework done to maximise our performance." WATCH: VIRTUAL CIRCUIT GUIDE - CHINA Will rain throw up a wildcard? According to pre-weekend forecasts, rain is extremely likely Sunday morning - and while it may abate by the time the lights go out, low temperatures mean a wet start is extremely possible. The good news for drivers is that they should have time to prepare – Friday is also set to run under similar conditions, with only Saturday predicted to be dry throughout. Teams and drivers have already had a chance to sample their new machines in wet conditions of course during pre-season testing – but then they were lapping in isolation, rather than in the heat of battle and the middle of a pack. All of which means we could get a wildly different order between Saturday and Sunday – and that's before we get to the added strategic elements of trying to call conditions and pit stops on what might be a damp but drying circuit…
Last year's 'freak' race Several seasoned observers look forward to a gripping race here. Last year saw a one-off number of overtaking moves – 181 due to several sets of circumstances – but the 2015 event produced a decent 28, partly helped by DRS. Some say that the greater grip and thus reduced braking distances will militate against overtaking this year, but the fact that Vettel was able to hound Hamilton closely for the first 17 laps in Australia (a circuit not renowned for passing) suggests that the latest Pirellis fare much better when running in another car's wake. That could set up some interesting challenges. Some also expect any passing moves to be more spectacular because the zones are necessarily shorter and thus the drivers must be more committed – perhaps more 'elbows out' - when seeking to pull a manoeuvre off.
Giovinazzi fills in again Over at Sauber, Pascal Wehrlein will sit out a second successive race as a result of lingering fitness issues caused by his crash in the Race of Champions. Italy's Antonio Giovinazzi, reserve driver at Ferrari, will once again deputise. The Italian acquitted himself well on debut in Australia. Despite having not run on Friday, when Wehrlein was in action, and a more limited pre-season schedule, the Italian qualified in 16th and brought his car home in 12th, the team's only finisher. But while the Italian's focus will be firmly on his first full F1 weekend, he might not have to wait long for a second. By Wehrlein's own admission he might not be ready for Bahrain either, meaning Giovinazzi might once again get the nod. "For me the most important is that I can train intensively to ensure a 100 percent performance," was Wehrlein's verdict. "I will then be well-prepared for my first complete Grand Prix weekend for the Sauber F1 Team. Hopefully this can be in Bahrain but, if not, then we will take the time it needs until Russia to make sure I am completely ready."
McLaren expecting to struggle The troubled McLaren-Honda alliance looked better than expected in Melbourne, but team boss Eric Boullier says he is anticipating a fraught weekend in China as Honda's power deficit becomes truly apparent. "Shanghai is known to be an unpredictable weekend for a number of reasons: it's tough on cars, tyres and power units and the weather is often precarious, but I can predict that we won't be as fortuitous with our pace, compared to our rivals, as we were in Australia. "The characteristics of the Shanghai International Circuit are very different from Melbourne, and its long, fast straights will likely expose the weaknesses in our package more than Albert Park did. However, we will of course attack the race with our usual fighting spirit, and the most important thing will be to ensure reliability with both cars before focusing on performance." Honda's Yusuke Hasegawa concurs, adding: "We expect the Chinese Grand Prix to be even more challenging [than Australia]. The track itself also places a lot of stress on the power unit with its slow- and medium-speed corners, and two very long straights. The key will be preparation and set-up."
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
The ends justifies the means, that's the system
I learned that in school then I dropped out
Hit the streets, checked a grip, and now I got clout
I had nothing, and I wanted it
You had everything, and you flaunted it
Turned the needy into the greedy
– Ice T (New Jack Hustler)
COMMENT | One of the things I find interesting is former prime minister Najib Abdul Razak’s public transformation of his image as a privileged Malay politician to that of an everyman attempting to fight the system hell-bent on destroying him. The Pakatan Harapan regime, for various reasons, comes off as malicious or tone-deaf to the message Najib is disseminating to the Malay base.
What Najib is doing is tapping into the class resentments in the Malay community, while demonising the Chinese community through a stand-in – the DAP. Harapan plays the same narrative – like demonsing the PRC – not realising (or not caring) that this narrative ultimately arrives at the same destination, the Malaysian Chinese community as a scapegoat for the mendacity of mainstream Malay international business deals, or toxic communal relationship or dissatisfaction of economic standards brought upon by unbalanced economic polices that favour a specific capitalist class in the Malay community.
When Harapan came into power, I warned that what we had was a “Malay” opposition, which would use race and religion in lieu of policy. What Harapan had to do was change the narrative because what they are up against was decades of indoctrination and entitlements programmes that had failed the Malay community.
Here is the relevant bit – “The Malay opposition will define itself by offering a virulent counter-narrative when it comes to issues of race and religion. They will attempt to force the Harapan regime to demonstrate how committed they are in their secular principles and, of course, their egalitarian principles – if they are committed to these at all.”
Far-right Malay friends have this fantasy. When the Malays finally win the demographics game, and minorities are insignificant when it comes to political power, they believe they would have this racial and religious paradise without all the problems multi-culturalism brings. Never mind the economic and social repercussions of having a mono-ethnic Malaysia, what I find hilarious is how blind some of the mainstream Malay intelligentsia are to the class divisions in Malay society.
Free Malaysia Today (FMT) ran a piece recently, where Syed Husin Ali discussed the type of conflict “yang akan dihadapi oleh masyarakat Melayu sekiranya negara ini hanya didiami oleh satu bangsa sahaja (that will be faced by Malay society when this country is inhabited by only one race).” Syed Husin rightly pointed out that the type of conflict would be a class conflict. For the record, I am a Syed Husin Ali fanboy, and have followed his career and writings for years...
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Salivary biomarkers and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review.
The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize the literature examining associations between salivary biomarkers and cardiovascular disease (CVD) status. An advanced search was conducted using MeSH terms related to salivary biomarkers and CVD, and entered into the PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar search databases. Four hundred and thirty-three records were narrowed to 22 accepted articles. Included titles were assessed for quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale, and ranked into categories of low, moderate, or high. A total of 40 salivary biomarkers were analyzed among accepted articles. The most studied markers were salivary creatine kinase isoform MB, C-reactive protein (CRP), matrix metalloproteinase-9, troponin I, myeloperoxidase, myoglobin, and brain natriuretic peptide. Salivary CRP provided the most consistent trends. Statistically significant increases of salivary CRP were present with CVD in every study that analyzed it. The remaining six markers demonstrated varying patterns. Existing studies provide insufficient data to draw definitive conclusions. Current research shows that there is an association between some salivary biomarkers and CVD, but the details of existing studies are conflicting. Despite inconclusive results, the diagnostic potential of saliva shows promise as a non-invasive means of cardiovascular risk assessment.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
There's no shortage of golf gadgets in the world, but these three are worth a special look. Two are based on Android handheld computers (PDAs) while the other clips to your clothing and talks to you. If that sounds all techie and horrible and a total anathema to getting away from it all on the golf course, worry not, these devices are unobtrusive and are here to help. They're like tiny robot caddies.
Fundamentally, the handhelds let you keep score electronically while also measuring distances (in yards or metres). They are legal in all competitions because they are fundamentally measuring devices. This is different to smartphone apps which are banned in competition because they also can provide unfair assistance such as weather information, wind and slope details. They also have far superior battery lives and won't drain your phone.
Common handheld features
Both handhelds keep score - you just jab the number of strokes you took. However, they also allow you to record how many putts you made and whether you drove off left or right of the fairway. Both cater for up to four players at a time.
You don't have to program them either - just turn them on in the car park and by the time you hit the first tee they'll know exactly which hole you're playing on at which golf club in the world. If for a reason it gets a location a little wrong (because two tees are very close to each other or that a single tee is used for two separate holes) it's simple to manually adjust which hole you're supposed to be playing. As you walk round the course they will automatically know when to focus on the green or the next tee.
They'll account for handicaps and keep track of whether you're using a Stroke play or Stableford scoring system.
They both show an illustration of each hole and provide the distance from where you are to where you hit the ball. Both also allow you to jab a point on the map and set a target on the fairway to lay up to: you will then be given the distance to that target and then on to the green.
On both models you can adjust where the pin has been positioned on the green. The view of the green also changes automatically depending on your angle of approach.
Both can measure the distance of individual shots at the click of a button.
Both are weatherproof (not fully water proof) and can be viewed in direct sunlight.
You can also preview a course before you play it.
Garmin Approach G6 ($330ish)
It may be a little less refined than the GolfBuddy Platinum but the G6, with its 2.6-inch screen, is a useful piece of kit. Basic functions involve showing a representation of either an entire hole or just the green (all distances are to the middle of the green by default but you can drag and drop the pin as required) and you can pick a target along the fairway to aim for too (it will tell you the distance to the target and from the target to the green. It will also display the distances to any hazards.
Measuring the distance of a shot is simply a case of holding the measure button to set a mark and walking to your ball after hitting it. Uniquely, you can then add that distance to each of your club's average distance and build up a very accurate average measurement for each club that you have. If you've got some obscure clubs you can easily add more and rename any existing ones.
Included accessories are limited - there is a wall charger and holder with carabiner. The battery lasts for around 15 hours.
The two buttons make it facile to use although the slightly smaller screen and chunkier graphics weren't quite as pretty as those seen on the Platinum. That said, the functional nature may prove attractive to technophobes who prefer a simpler layout that focuses on basic information and intuitive ease of use.
Unlike the platinum it also caters specially for Match Play and Skins scoring methods.
We had very few problems when testing it although it did freeze up when measuring the distance of some shots sometimes: only an annoyance in that a great tee-off was only registering 28m, but it didn't happen too often.
Saved information is simple to view later on - two web page files are stored on the device and can be accessed just by plugging it into a computer. However, only basic score information is displayed although you are reminded how many fairways were hit from your drive plus how many greens were hit in regulation and how many putts you took in total.
The other page keeps track of your club averages. However, due to a mistake in selecting the wrong course on one occasion my average drive is now listed at almost six million metres and I can't change it without resetting all its scores. Nonetheless, it's simple to use and simple to access.
Course updates are for life (there are some 30,000 global courses at present and over 1000 of those are in Australia). At $330 it's a reasonable price and generally cheaper than the more powerful GolfBuddy World Platinum although the wild price fluctuations of that might change things. It feels more basic and functional than the Platinum and this could be attractive if you point blank hate technology. If you like the idea of measuring the average distance for all of your clubs, prefer pressing buttons to fiddling with the screen and aren't too fussed about keeping track of (and analysing) your historical round statistics, then it could make for a more attractive choice.
GolfBuddy World Platinum ($220ish to $449ish)
The Platinum has a slightly-larger, 3-inch screen with a higher resolution and an 18-hour battery life. Having 50-channels makes it fast to lock on to satellites but it wasn't noticeably more accurate than its competitors. Some 40,000 courses are loaded onto the included microSD card and updates are also for life. On the one hand, more fairway information is visible in terms of colour schemes, however, you'll sometimes need to jab the Targets button to see how far each hazard is whereas the G6 displays everything at once. While more information can be displayed it's not always correct: a path was listed as a creek on one of our holes, although it was better having it there than not at all.
Setting a mark involves tapping the side button but you can't record which club was used to strike the ball with. Nonetheless, you can easily set marks wherever the ball lands. When recording your score you can note whether you hit a bunker or not.
Where the Platinum pulls away is with its computer integration: a computer program manages the information and device updates. Each round provides more information than simply numbers; there are graphs for how often you hit the fairway or the 'Green in Regulation' plus your number of putts and putting average. It's all very well laid out and more useful than the Garmin in this regard.
Accessories include two flavours of clip case and a car charger. It's a more refined product than the Garmin but it's pricey at $449. However, a bit of savvy internet shopping means it can be had for just $220 from US-based suppliers and the global nature of the product means you'll still get all of the courses. You'll lose local support buying from overseas but not paying the 100 per cent Nice Beaches Tax balloons the value proposition.
Ultimately, if you want a fully-featured, easy to use map tool and score card just for the course then the Garmin is probably your best bet. However, if you don't mind more-fiddly operations and want to track your performance on the computer (and you can find it cheap) then the Platinum has the edge.
Missing features
There is some serious power in the units. With that in mind it shouldn't be too hard to record everything you do on a course just by hitting the ball, walking to the ball and telling the device which club you used. In doing this you wouldn't even need to type in your score. You'd also be able to track your round history over time and see where you are having consistent problems on a course. The stat tracking would be out of this world. How hard can it be?
Golfbuddy Voice ($120ish to $240ish)
The small, square, golf-ball-sized, 30-gram Voice is a different beast altogether. The small LCD display carries minimal information although it's still able to provide a small line-diagram of each hole. This zooms into the green where appropriate and even rotates the diagram depending on you angle of approach.
Its basic function means you press the button and it tells you the distance to the green using clear, femal voice. It can't be overstated how quickly you come to rely on this. There's no more scanning around for course distance markers or working out which club to use based on guess work and iffy trigonometry (or Imperial/Metric conversions in some countries). With one of these clipped to your shirt or hat you now will always know the exact distance to the green - just by pushing a button and listening. You can also choose the front, middle or back of the green if you want to be a smidge more accurate on your approach play.
That's not all; with a few extra button pushes - which you'll have to learn as they're not that intuitive - you can also set marks and measure the distances of your shots.
The downside is that the small size means that it's easily lost. But once you lose it you'll quickly realise how much you relied upon it and you'll seriously miss it not being there.
Naturally its size limits its functionality and it can't keep score or provide course maps like the handhelds.
Value is another concern. In Australia it costs $240 which might sound reasonable. However, in the US (and online in Australia from the likes of eBay) it can be had for literally half that.
Nonetheless, this isn't just a great golf gadget it's a great gadget. It's pure innovation, simple to operate and will do the job for golfers of all ages forever.
Basically, if you play golf then you need one of these, it's just as simple as that.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Functional capability of 68-year-old people in the town of Jyväskylä.
A cross-sectional study on the functional capability of 68-year-old persons was performed in 1973 in the town of Jyväskylä in Central Finland. The mean values of the measured variables for men and women, respectively, were the following: vital capacity 1.7 l/m2 and 1.2 l/m2; threshold of auditory perception (4000 cps) 49.0 dB and 28.4 dB, digit symbol 23.9 and 24.3 digits; digit span 9.5 and 9.7 numbers; simple reaction time 0.27 sec; pred. max VO2 26.6 and 21.6 ml/kg - min. Persons with high physical working capacity or good self-assessed health attained better results compared to persons with low PWC or poor self-assessed health.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Promising anticancer activities of Justicia simplex D. Don. in cellular and animal models.
Justicia simplex D. Don. belonging to the family of Acanthaceae has been traditionally used for treatment of rheumatism, inflammation and bronchitis. The plant is traditionally considered as an anticancer medicine and is used by healers of Karnataka to treat various types of cancers. The present study aims at the elucidation of anticancer activity of various extracts of J. simplex, isolation of its active constituents and assessment of the role in growth inhibition and angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Extracts of J. simplex was evaluated for the in vitro cytotoxic effect by Brine Shrimp Lethality assay, Trypan Blue dye exclusion assay and antiproliferative assay. In vivo cytotoxicity of the extracts were determined by liquid tumor model in Swiss albino mice. Tumor prognosis, metastasis and angiogenesis were assessed by VEGF expression of the solid tumor. Phytochemical analysis afforded the isolation of a compound, the chemical structure of which was established using IR, NMR and TOF-MS spectral method. The compound was also evaluated for the growth inhibitory and angiogenic effects. The petroleum ether extract revealed potent anticancer activity in in vitro and in vivo studies. The anti-angiogenic effect is due to the down regulation of VEGF expression. The growth inhibitory assay revealed that the isolated compound namely triacontanoic ester of 5''-hydroxyjustisolin is responsible for the anticancer activity.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Diagnose AF
Only a small percentage of asymptomatic patients are found.
It is well known that patients with atrial fibrillation frequently have asymptomatic episodes of AF, but its extent has only recently started to become clear. Many patients with asymptomatic AF are undiagnosed and therefore not treated. The recording of surveillance ECGs, obtained during (GP) office visits is an insensitive method for detection of asymptomatic AF. The percentage of asymptomatic AF patients, occasionally found during clinical examinations is below 20%, i.e. more then 80% of these patients is missed. In the Netherlands, with 220,000 diagnosed AF patients and an average of 40% undiagnosed AF patients (partly due to asymptomatic AF), the total prevalence of AF is estimated to exceed 300,000 patients. Moreover, patients with a history of symptomatic AF have no guarantee that recurrences will be symptomatic.
Methods for detection and monitoring of atrial fibrillation are insufficient.
Due to the paroxysmal nature of atrial fibrillation, surveillance ECGs recorded during GP or cardiologist visits are not sensitive enough to detect AF. Also 24 hr. Holter monitoring is not an ideal diagnostic instrument to confirm AF. Because of the limited duration of the recording, confirmation of AF is difficult. Several studies have shown that long-term opportunistic monitoring of patients with an increased risk of stroke (e.g. CHADS2>1) increases the sensitivity of AF detection.
The accuracy of MyDiagnostick to detect AF
Atrial fibrillation is very common in people aged 65 or older. This condition increases the risk of death, congestive heart failure and thromboembolic conditions. Many patients with atrial fibrillation are asymptomatic and a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is often the first clinical presentation. Guidelines concerning the preven
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
import { EwsServiceXmlWriter } from "../Core/EwsServiceXmlWriter";
import { EwsUtilities } from "../Core/EwsUtilities";
import { ExchangeService } from "../Core/ExchangeService";
import { Grouping } from "./Grouping";
import { ItemTraversal } from "../Enumerations/ItemTraversal";
import { OffsetBasePoint } from "../Enumerations/OffsetBasePoint";
import { OrderByCollection } from "./OrderByCollection";
import { ServiceObjectType } from "../Enumerations/ServiceObjectType";
import { ServiceRequestBase } from "../Core/Requests/ServiceRequestBase";
import { XmlAttributeNames } from "../Core/XmlAttributeNames";
import { XmlElementNames } from "../Core/XmlElementNames";
import { PagedView } from "./PagedView";
/**
* Represents the view settings in a folder search operation.
*
* @sealed
*/
export class ItemView extends PagedView {
private traversal: ItemTraversal = ItemTraversal.Shallow;
private orderBy: OrderByCollection = new OrderByCollection();
/**
* Gets or sets the search traversal mode. Defaults to ItemTraversal.Shallow.
*/
get Traversal(): ItemTraversal {
return this.traversal;
}
set Traversal(value: ItemTraversal) {
this.traversal = value;
}
/**
* Gets the properties against which the returned items should be ordered.
*/
get OrderBy(): OrderByCollection { return this.orderBy; }
/**
* Initializes a new instance of the **ItemView** class.
*
* @param {number} pageSize The maximum number of elements the search operation should return.
*/
constructor(pageSize: number);
/**
* Initializes a new instance of the **ItemView** class.
*
* @param {number} pageSize The maximum number of elements the search operation should return.
* @param {number} offset The offset of the view from the base point.
*/
constructor(pageSize: number, offset: number);
/**
* Initializes a new instance of the **ItemView** class.
*
* @param {number} pageSize The maximum number of elements the search operation should return.
* @param {number} offset The offset of the view from the base point.
* @param {number} offsetBasePoint The base point of the offset.
*/
constructor(pageSize: number, offset: number, offsetBasePoint: OffsetBasePoint);
constructor(pageSize: number, offset: number = 0, offsetBasePoint: OffsetBasePoint = OffsetBasePoint.Beginning) {
super(pageSize, offset, offsetBasePoint);
}
/**
* @internal Gets the type of service object this view applies to.
*
* @return {ServiceObjectType} A ServiceObjectType value.
*/
GetServiceObjectType(): ServiceObjectType { return ServiceObjectType.Item; }
/**
* @internal Gets the name of the view XML element.
*
* @return {type} XML element name.
*/
GetViewXmlElementName(): string { return XmlElementNames.IndexedPageItemView; }
/**
* @internal Validates this view.
*
* @param {ServiceRequestBase} request The request using this view.
*/
InternalValidate(request: ServiceRequestBase): void {
super.InternalValidate(request);
EwsUtilities.ValidateEnumVersionValue(ItemTraversal, this.Traversal, request.Service.RequestedServerVersion, "ItemTraversal");
}
/**
* @internal Writes the search settings to XML.
*
* @param {EwsServiceXmlWriter} writer The writer.
* @param {Grouping} groupBy The group by clause.
*/
InternalWriteSearchSettingsToXml(writer: EwsServiceXmlWriter, groupBy: Grouping): void {
super.InternalWriteSearchSettingsToXml(writer, groupBy);
}
/**
* @internal Writes the attributes to XML.
*
* @param {EwsServiceXmlWriter} writer The writer.
*/
WriteAttributesToXml(writer: EwsServiceXmlWriter): void {
writer.WriteAttributeValue(XmlAttributeNames.Traversal, ItemTraversal[this.Traversal]);
}
/**
* @internal Writes OrderBy property to XML.
*
* @param {EwsServiceXmlWriter} writer The writer.
*/
WriteOrderByToXml(writer: EwsServiceXmlWriter): void {
this.orderBy.WriteToXml(writer, XmlElementNames.SortOrder);
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.