text
stringlengths 0
7.84M
| meta
dict |
|---|---|
Manipulation of the pre-rigor phase to investigate the significance of proteolysis and sarcomere length in determining the tenderness of bovine M. longissimus dorsi.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the importance of proteolysis and sarcomere length in determining the tenderness of bovine M. longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle over a 21-day period. This was done by altering the pre-rigor glycolytic behaviour of hot-boned LD muscles using different early post-mortem temperature regimes. Hot-boned LD muscles (n=8) were cut in two, randomised, placed in polythene bags and submerged in a water bath set at 5°C (rapidly chilled) and 15°C (slowly chilled) for 8h post-mortem. All muscles were then stored at 2°C for up to 21 days post-mortem. The temperature regimes altered the glycolytic behaviour of the muscles in the pre-rigor period. The slowly chilled muscles exhibited a faster (P<0.01) pH fall than rapidly chilled muscles. Cold shortening was induced in rapidly chilled muscles as they had shorter (P<0.01) sarcomere lengths than slowly chilled muscles up to day 21 post-mortem. Warner Bratzler shear force values (WBSF) deemed cold-shortened muscles as tougher than noncold shortened up to day 14 post-mortem. Both cold-shortened and noncold-shortened muscles tenderised over time to an extent where there was no significant difference in WBSF values by day 21 post-mortem. SDS-PAGE protein profiles indicated that the rate of proteolysis was faster in slowly chilled muscles when compared to rapidly chilled muscles. However by day 21 post-mortem it appeared that rapidly and slowly chilled muscles underwent proteolysis to the same extent. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Canadian general (Retd.) thrashes Liberal government ahead of defence review
March 31, 2016
OTTAWA — The former commander of the country’s special forces says no matter how many “sunny ways” there are in Canada, the reality of the world outside is that people continue to kill people and that is something the nation needs to understand.
The blunt talk by retired lieutenant-general Mike Day comes as the Trudeau government mulls options for its much-anticipated defence policy review, which will set the future course for the military.
Day referred to “sunny ways,” the unofficial catchphrase of the Liberal campaign, at the end of cautionary speech to a Mackenzie Institute conference on future conflicts.
He said those clashes will be messy, ill-defined and driven by climate change and world demographic shifts. They will not be clear, or easy, and will likely require “decades of engagement.”
“I’m a cynic when it comes to human nature and the fact is, no matter how many sunny ways we have, my experience in deploying around the world is people will want to continue to kill other people and we need to be ready for that.”
“I’m a cynic when it comes to human nature and the fact is, no matter how many sunny ways we have, my experience in deploying around the world is people will want to continue to kill other people and we need to be ready for that.”
His presentation underscored the challenge facing the new government as it tries to figure out how to defend the country, but also act with “responsible conviction” — as Foreign Affairs Minister Stephane Dion puts it — on the international stage.
The commander of the navy, Vice-Admiral Mark Norman, told the conference it is absolutely essential to get the policy review as close to perfect as possible.
The key is to design a future military capable of delivering operational and policy options for governments for the next several decades, he said.
“It’s an unbelievably complex task, one that we may not be able to get perfectly right today, but one that we cannot afford to get wrong.”
The Liberals have yet to formally launch the review and public consultations — something they promised in the last election — but insist the exercise will be done by the end of the year.
While some parts of Day’s presentation might irk “sunny ways” Liberals, others seemed in step with the new government, notably on the importance of defending home soil rather than staging expeditionary missions.
He questioned if the Canadian military must be all things to all people in terms of the kind of operations it’s able to conduct, which have traditionally run the gamut from disaster assistance to waging war.
Norman, who will take over as second-in-command of the Forces in three months, argued that global uncertainty makes it necessary for the military to be ready for anything, much like a fire department.
“Our ships are designed and our people are trained with the ability to go much further than diplomacy can all on its own,” he said. “Firefighters are great getting cats out of trees, but that’s not what firefighters are trained to do.”
But Day also wondered whether there were some expensive capabilities the country could do without — either now or in the future.
“When we go overseas, let’s accept the fact we don’t need to come to the party with the cake and the champagne and the chips, and the party poppers,” said Day. “If we just showed up with a two-four some times? I’m from Nova Scotia, right? Twenty-four beer is a two-four and 12 beer is a case.”
Norman, however, had a slightly different take, mostly when it came to the navy and recent criticism from defence analysts that the admirals must temper their expectations on the pricey equipment should go into the upcoming replacement frigates — a program currently estimated to cost around $104 billion over 30 years.
No one knows what foreign or security policy challenges will look like in 2050, he said.
“There’s a perception in some circles that the navy is being overly ambitious in terms of our requirements. … We need to openly and aggressively tackle the perception that our requirements are somehow gold-plated — or that we’re perhaps asking for a Rolls Royce, but we can live with a Toyota Camry.”
The Liberals advocate a leaner, more agile military. While not endorsing that, Day said he believes debate over the military often ends up stuck on procurement and the notion of hardware, like ships, planes and tanks.
He said the country’s “intelligence architecture” — satellites, drones and other means — is as important and will also require attention. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Linda Ruffenach, the founder of the Whisky Chicks, believes there is not a right way or a wrong way to drink bourbon. In fact, she believes that everyone's journey is different and that for many taking the leap from wine to whisky can be incredibly intimidating. Her objective? Make... Read More → | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
The carriage having a print head thereon is generally moved by a pin on a toothed belt and which is engaged in a hole formed in the carriage.
A conventional toothed belt comprises many teeth which are formed at even intervals and a holder for rotatably holding a guide roller. The guide roller is engaged in a long and narrow hole in the carriage which in turn is slidably mounted between two parallel guide rails. When the toothed belt is moved by rotating a moving pulley, the carriage is moved along the guide rails by the moving of the guide roller as it is carried along by the belt. When the guide roller reaches the outside periphery of the pulley, the motion of the guide roller changes from a straight line to a curved motion. The guide roller moves the carriage to the end of the printing line while moving in the hole. When the guide roller moves more than 90 degrees around the pulley, the carriage is moved in the reverse direction.
In such a conventional toothed belt, the guide roller is rotatably mounted on the belt by the holder for preventing contact between the guide roller and the toothed pulleys.
The pitch line of such a toothed belt runs outward off the center axis of the guide roller. Therefore, a moment is produced at the spot where the holder is mounted on the toothed belt. This moment and load variation during printing cause the belt to vibrate. This vibration is transmitted to the carriage and causes disarray of the print. It is especially great at the position where the carriage reverses. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
A 24-year-old man was killed in Texas last week when his vape pen exploded — slicing open his carotid artery and leaving his grandmother’s car covered in blood.
William Brown died after his left internal carotid artery was severed due to trauma from the exploding vape pen he just bought from Smoke & Vape DZ in Keller, a town just north of Fort Worth, his distraught grandmother told WFAA.
“He popped it and it exploded, and that’s when it shot across his mouth,” Alice Brown told the station.
Brown claimed the device’s battery malfunctioned, melting bits of plastic from her car to the vape pen — which launched the charred debris into her grandson’s face and neck, leaving her car soaked in blood. Brown died at John Peter Smith Hospital two days later, she said.
“When they X-rayed him, they found the stem, the metal embedded to where the blood flows up to the brain,” Brown continued. “I miss him already, and knowing he won’t open that door and come through it ever again is the hardest part.”
Funeral services for Brown, a licensed electrician, are scheduled for later this week, his grandmother said.
Brown, who wasn’t a regular smoker, purchased the device on Jan. 27 while on the way to the bank, the grandmother told the Fort Worth Star-Telegram. He suffered from asthma and was told that a specialized vape pen might help improve his breathing, she told the newspaper.
After the blast, William Brown managed to crawl out of the car and toward the trunk, where he collapsed on the pavement. A nearby witness called an ambulance, she said, and a medical examiner later ruled that his cause of death was penetrating trauma from an exploding vaporizer pen, making him at least the second person in the United States to be killed by an exploding e-cigarette, according to the newspaper.
Brown, a high school graduate who loved fixing up his Mazda RX8, was preparing to celebrate his birthday in just two weeks, his grandmother said.
“It just hurts so bad,” she told the Star-Telegram. “Now he’ll never see that birthday. It’s a waste of the thing he could have accomplished.”
She continued: “It just all seems so unreal. He was running around doing his thing at 24 and now he’s gone.”
Brown said an investigator in the case told her the device’s battery caused the deadly explosion. She told the newspaper she searched her vehicle and found a piece of the battery with its serial number.
“That’s the important part,” she told the newspaper. “That’s what the investigator said he needed … I just hope, if anything, I hope it stops someone from [smoking electronic cigarettes]. I don’t know how many more people will have to die.”
A store employee who witnessed the incident, meanwhile, told the Dallas Morning News that the vaporizer was not purchased at the location. Authorities told the employee not to discuss details of Brown’s death.
The newspaper also cited US Fire Administration statistics from 2017 showing that 133 acute injuries from e-cigarettes, vaporizers and other similar devices were reported between 2009 and 2016. Most of the fires and explosions occurred while the device was being used or stored in a pocket and none had resulted in death, according to the report.
But a Florida man named Tallmadge D’Elia, 38, suffered multiple injuries to his face when he was killed by an exploding e-cigarette last May. A medical examiner’s report listed his cause of death as a “projectile wound of the head,” leaving him with burns on about 80 percent of his body, the Star-Telegram reports.
One of the pieces removed from D’Elia’s head featured the logo of Smok-E Mountain Mech Works, a company based in the Philippines, according to the New York Times. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
What We Do
The Robert Schalkenbach Foundation (RSF) was organized as an operating foundation in 1925 to promote public awareness of the social philosophy and economic reforms advocated by Henry George (1839-1897), including the “single tax on land values“. To this end RSF publishes and distributes books and articles, particularly those of Henry George, including his classic work, Progress and Poverty. This and other works can be found in our online library. Books by Henry George and other authors are available for purchase from our online bookstore.
In addition, the Foundation conducts scholarly research and carries out other projects to promote the principles of Henry George as they apply to issues of current interest.
Described below are other activities and projects that the Foundation engages in.
RSF is a sponsor of The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, which was founded in 1941 by Will Lissner who was inspired by Henry George’s pioneering work in constructive synthesis of the social sciences. In cooperation with RSF and Blackwell Publishers, the Journal has launched a series of books called Studies in Economic Reform and Social Justice. These books can be found in the Foundation’s online bookstore.
In its capacity as an advocate for economic justice, RSF conducts research, holds conferences, and engages in other activities intended to increase both scholarly and public awareness of the ideas contained in Henry George’s works. To accomplish its research agenda, RSF hires individuals (professors, graduate students, and others) on a contract basis to investigate questions and publish papers of relevance to the mission of the Foundation. Individuals who are interested in analyzing the application of Georgist thought to scholarly issues in the humanities and the social sciences should send a brief e-mail to [email protected].
The Foundation also participates in and gives support to the larger Georgist movement for economic justice by working with sympathetic organizations. Many of these organizations are found on the Links page of this site.
If you have questions or comments, please feel free to contact the RSF office at [email protected]
Please put me on your mailing list [mailpoet_form id=”1″]
Search… Whole Site
Search… Bookstore Only
NEWS
NEW BOOK
The New School of EconomicsThe New Physiocrats (The New Physiocratic League) are a political-economic framework and certification body. They are a movement established on a new way of economic thinking, what they refer to as the “New School of Economics.” In the book store now | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
The Canadian women’s soccer team won’t face discipline from FIFA before its Olympic bronze-medal match.
Soccer’s international governing body had said it was considering discipline against Canada’s coach and players over remarks made about the referee following a controversial loss to the U.S. in the Olympic semifinals.
But a FIFA spokesman said Wednesday that "further investigation will be needed" by the organization’s disciplinary committee, and that no decision will be made before the bronze-medal match against France on Thursday.
"The Canadian Soccer Association supports the work of the FIFA Disciplinary Committee and will continue to cooperate fully," CSA president Victor Montagliani said in a statement. "We will work closely with FIFA to ensure a prompt and fair resolution in this matter."
CBCSports.ca soccer contributor Ben Rycroft reported Tuesday that a Canadian Soccer Association source, who spoke on the condition of anonymity, said that any discipline that may occur would likely not involve suspensions. The source added that any fines issued to players would be paid by the CSA.
The Canadians were upset over referee Christiana Pedersen’s call on goalkeeper Erin McLeod for holding the ball too long, which started a sequence that led to the Americans' tying goal late in their semifinal match.
The U.S. won 4-3 in extra time, advancing to Thursday's title game against Japan where they're guaranteed to come away with at least a silver medal. Canada was relegated to the bronze match against France.
Canadian coach John Herdman was livid with Pedersen on Monday.
"She'll have to sleep in bed tonight after watching the replays, she's got that to live with," he said. "We'll move on from this, I wonder if she'll be able to."
McLeod said Pedersen told her that she had held the ball for 10 seconds.
"Not even close," McLeod replied.
Christine Sinclair, who scored all three of Canada's goals, said afterward that "the ref decided the result before the game started."
Sinclair also said she pleaded with Pedersen to reconsider the pivotal call.
"She actually giggled and said nothing," Sinclair said. "Classy."
Sinclair felt the Canadians were robbed of a victory.
"Obviously, we're disappointed and upset. We felt that the referee took it away from us, so, yes, we are disappointed. We feel like we didn't lose, we feel like it was taken from us. It's a shame in a game like that, which is so important, that the ref decided the result before the game started."
Americans take shots at Canada
In a press conference ahead of their gold-medal match against Japan, some American players accused Canada of dirty tactics and said the Canadians tried to slow their team down by being overly physical.
U.S. midfielder Carli Lloyd said Canada's Melissa Tancredi intentionally stomped on her head in the second half.
"I couldn’t believe it when I saw the replay," said Lloyd. "As it was happening in the game, I just thought someone accidentally stepped on me. When I saw that, I couldn’t believe it. I hope actions are taken."
American midfielder Megan Rapinoe said the physical play went too far.
"I think for the most part it was two teams going after what they really wanted," said Rapinoe, who scored twice against the Canadians before Alex Morgan scored the game-winner in extra time. "But it crossed the line a few times. I think that’s pretty obvious." | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Q:
String table in ELF
I get some symbol and I get the hexedit of an elf file. How can I know in which section this symbol appear?
What is the different between strtab and shstrtab? there is also an array of symbol strings?
When I get index in the names table, is it index in strtab or shstrtab?
A:
For the first question, we would need the hexedit of the elf file to understand properly.
For the second question -
strtab stands for String Table
shstrtab stands for Section Header String table.
When we read ELF header, we see that every ElfHeader structure contains a member called e_shstrndx. This is an index to the shstrtab. If you use this index and then read from shstrtab you can find the name of that section.
strtab, is the string table for all other references. When you read symbols from an ELF object, every SYmbol structure (Elf32_Sym) has a member called st_name. This is an index into strtab to get the string name of that symbol.
Can you please elaborate more on array of symbol strings? Also, what do you mean by names table?
You can refer to the following link -
Reading ELF String Table on Linux from C
Hope this answers your question.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Feds subpoena records pertaining to departing Oregon gov.
John Kitzhaber, governor of Oregon, waits from the start of a roundtable meeting titled 'Insourcing American Jobs' in the Eisenhower Executive Office Building in Washington, D.C., U.S., on Wednesday, Jan. 11, 2012. Obama said he'll propose new tax incentives to reward companies that invest in U.S. expansion or bring back jobs from overseas and urge elimination of tax breaks to companies that move jobs outside the country. Photographer: Joshua Roberts/Bloomberg via Getty Images
Governor John Kitzhaber (R) chats with Commerce Secretary John Bryson before the start of a roundtable discussion on 'Insourcing American Jobs' January 11, 2012 at the Eisenhower Executive Office Building, next to the White House, in Washington, DC. AFP PHOTO/Mandel NGAN (Photo credit should read MANDEL NGAN/AFP/Getty Images)
Up Next
See Gallery
Discover More Like This
HIDE CAPTION
SHOW CAPTION
of
SEE ALL
BACK TO SLIDE
SALEM, Ore. (AP) - Oregon Gov. John Kitzhaber announced his resignation Friday over a deepening influence-peddling scandal surrounding his fiancée and on the same day the U.S. Attorney's Office issued a subpoena demanding records and electronic communications pertaining to the pair.
The subpoena was the first acknowledgment of a federal investigation against Kitzhaber and Cylvia Hayes. It marks yet another turn in a scandal that brought down Oregon's longest-serving chief executive.
Kitzhaber's resignation, which is to take effect Wednesday, cleared the way for Secretary of State Kate Brown to assume Oregon's highest office and become the nation's first openly bisexual governor.
Kitzhaber insisted he broke no laws.
"Nonetheless, I understand that I have become a liability to the very institutions and policies to which I have dedicated my career and, indeed, my entire adult life," he said in a statement.
The announcement of the planned resignation capped a wild week in which Kitzhaber seemed poised to step down, then changed his mind, but ultimately bowed to calls from legislative leaders that he quit.
It's a stunning fall from grace for a politician who left the governor's office in 2003 and then mounted a comeback in 2010 and returned to his old job.
"This is a sad day for Oregon. But I am confident that legislators are ready to come together to move Oregon forward," said Brown, also a Democrat. Unlike most states, Oregon does not have a lieutenant governor. The secretary of state is next in line to succeed the governor.
The subpoena - served on the state Department of Administrative Services - demands records not just pertaining to the pair, but also to 15 others. They are people involved with the Kitzhaber administration and with companies Hayes did business with as a consultant while she was also working as an adviser to the governor.
The subpoena orders the agency to produce documents for a federal grand jury before March 10.
A spokesman for the agency, Matt Shelby, said the subpoena was received Friday afternoon. He said the agency would provide whatever requested records are in its possession.
The Oregon attorney general, a Democrat like Kitzhaber, said she planned to continue a criminal investigation of the governor and Hayes.
The subpoena seeks records pertaining to 15 other people besides Kitzhaber and Hayes. They include Kitzhaber's chief of staff, policy advisers, Kitzhaber's lawyer and secretaries.
The records to be turned over include those on contracts awarded to Hayes, records of payments, minutes of meetings and other material.
In addition to the written statement, Kitzhaber released audio of himself reading from it. At the end, his voice trembled, and he seemed to choke back tears.
His statement was defiant, saying it was "troubling" that "so many of my former allies" had chosen to "simply accept" that he had done something wrong, probably referring to other Democrats who did not come to his aid as pressure grew.
Kitzhaber called Brown back to Oregon from a conference in Washington, D.C., earlier this week. People close to Kitzhaber say he asked her to return after deciding to resign but then changed his mind. That led to a Wednesday meeting between Kitzhaber and Brown that she described as "strange."
By Thursday, the leaders of the state House and Senate said he had to go. Other top officials in the overwhelmingly Democratic state also said Kitzhaber should resign.
"I finally said, 'This has got to stop,'" Senate President Peter Courtney said after he met with Kitzhaber.
Kitzhaber handily won re-election in November to a fourth term after surviving the botched rollout of Oregon's online health care exchange.
But the allegations surrounding the work of his fiancee were more damaging, dominating headlines in the state following his victory.
A series of newspaper reports since October have chronicled Hayes' work for organizations with an interest in Oregon public policy. At the same time, she was paid by advocacy groups and played an active role in Kitzhaber's administration, a potential conflict of interest.
The spotlight on Hayes led her to reveal that she accepted about $5,000 to illegally marry a man seeking immigration benefits in the 1990s. Later, she admitted she bought a remote property with the intent to grow marijuana.
A fiercely private person, Kitzhaber has been forced to answer embarrassing and personal questions about his relationship. In response to questions at a news conference last month, Kitzhaber told reporters that he's in love with Hayes, but he's not blinded by it.
Kitzhaber, 67, met Hayes, 47, before the 2002 election, when he was governor and she was a candidate for the state Legislature. She lost her race, but they later reconnected after Kitzhaber's term ended.
Hayes used the title "first lady," though the couple never married, and she took an active role in his administration. They were engaged last summer.
Before the health care debacle, Kitzhaber had racked up a series of successes.
The former emergency room doctor persuaded lawmakers to overhaul the state Medicaid system, then persuaded the Obama administration to give Oregon $2 billion to implement it. He spearheaded cuts to retirement benefits for public employees, despite being elected with considerable help from unions whose members lost out. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Advertisement
Advertisement
Advertisement
great day of golf guys. had a blast playing 5 new courses for me. andre was awesome all day , aaron collins killed the last two rounds . didnt expect to be on the lead card all day i hope it wasnt a fluke and i can compete with u guys again. lol | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Background
==========
To achieve universal access to parasite-based diagnosis of malaria-like febrile illness, consistent with current global policy recommendations \[[@B1]\], it will be necessary to deploy malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) widely at community level in most malaria endemic countries. Microscopy services, the only realistic alternative in low resource settings, cannot be sustained at this level in most programmes \[[@B2]\], and, therefore, over 100 million RDTs were financed towards filling this gap in 2010 \[[@B3]\]. While it is feasible to train community-level health workers to safely prepare and accurately interpret RDTs \[[@B4]-[@B6]\], and evidence exists that withholding treatment on the basis of a negative RDT results can be safe \[[@B7]-[@B13]\], RDT introduction will be pointless if the diagnostic outcome does not guide subsequent case management. This should include both restriction of anti-malarial drugs to parasite-positive cases, and appropriate early management of non-malarial febrile illness.
Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), the first line anti-malarial for *Plasmodium falciparum* infection in most endemic countries, is relatively expensive and reliant on an insecure supply of raw materials. Meanwhile, non-malarial febrile illness exerts a higher childhood mortality across malaria-endemic countries than malaria. \[[@B14]\]. RDTs, therefore have an important role to play in targeting ACT prescription and identifying non-malarial fever for other management. However, reports of the impact of RDT results on subsequent management vary. While impact on anti-malarial consumption on a wide-scale is demonstrated \[[@B15]-[@B17]\], a number of published field trials have also revealed poor adherence to results, likely to reduce or negate the potential of RDTs to improve disease management \[[@B18]-[@B21]\].
Previously in Zambia, malaria diagnosis had been predominantly based on symptoms, with only 12.5% of 1730 public health facilities listed as having diagnostic capacity by microscopy in 2004 \[[@B22]\]. The Ministry of Health revised national guidelines in 2009-2010 to mandate parasitological confirmation of malaria based on microscopy or RDTs in the public and private sectors, with RDTs to be used where microscopy was not available, or where RDT use on an out-patient basis by non-laboratory staff would reduce laboratory workloads \[[@B23]\]. This policy built on a decision of the National Malaria Control Centre (NMCC) to progress to national scale-up of RDT use in 2009, after a number of RDT trials and introduction of malaria RDTs in certain districts in the public sector \[[@B15],[@B24],[@B25]\]. ACT had been introduced as first-line therapy in 2005.
As part of this trial of RDTs at community level, a study was conducted in Livingstone District to test and improve RDT instructions and training materials, and trained community health workers (CHWs) in the district were followed to assess performance in RDT use over 12 months \[[@B6]\]. In view of the dramatic reduction in reported malaria at the district level, resulting in a decline from first to 16^th^ in the District Health Management Team's (DHMT) list of health priorities (DHMT, Personal communication), a retrospective study was undertaken to review the reported malaria rate, mortality, and consumption of anti-malarial drugs in Livingstone District across the study period, and assess the impact of RDT introduction on these.
Methods
=======
Geographical area
-----------------
Livingstone district is located in southern Zambia, bordering Zimbabwe. The district is relatively small in area by Zambian standards, covering 672 square kilometres \[[@B26]\], with a population of 142,034. The economy is based mainly on agriculture and the tourist industry based around Victoria Falls. The climate includes a wet season extending from October to April-May and a dry season from May to September. The Livingstone DHMT oversees 13 health centres and approximately 65 community health workers, the latter overseen locally by the nearest clinic. Malaria had previously been considered the primary public health priority in Livingstone district, with between 6,000 and 12000 thousand cases reported in each quarter during 2004 to 2006 inclusive, based on symptom-based diagnosis (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). The limited microscopy-based diagnosis in place at some health centres reported 98% *P. falciparum*\[[@B27]\]. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) was introduced in Livingstone district in 2004, insecticide-treated bed nets in early 2007, and the first-line anti-malarial treatment changed from sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) to artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) using artemether-lumefantrine in late 2006, in line with Zambian national policy. Quinine continued to be recommended as second-line therapy, and SP was supplied for intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) and for malaria treatment in patients less than 5 kgs. RDTs had not previously been in routine use in Livingstone District or used by community health workers, but had been introduced to the District Hospital and some clinics from 2005 on a limited basis. Microscopy use is restricted to the district hospital and four health centres and contributes little to total malaria diagnostic figures.
{#F1}
Health centres and health staff
-------------------------------
In November and December 2007, 65 CHWs of Livingstone District, Zambia, were trained in RDT use, as part of a national roll-out of home management of malaria (HMM). This training was linked to a study to develop and test improved instruction and training materials \[[@B4]\]. The 13 clinic staff, and most (51) CHWs had prior experience in malaria management, though mainly in symptom-based treatment as only two had previously used malaria rapid tests. Full characteristics of the CHWs are described elsewhere \[[@B6]\]. All received 3.5 days training in case management, including a half day specifically devoted to preparation and interpretation of *P. falciparum*-detecting malaria RDTs (ICT Malaria Pf, *ICT Diagnostics*, South Africa), and were provided with product-specific RDT job-aids and interpretation guides \[[@B28]\], RDTs and ACT (artemether-lumefantrine, \[Coartem®\]). They were instructed to test febrile patients and treat with ACT only if the RDT result was positive, and refer cases of significant fever but negative RDT results. CHWs were followed with routine supervision and specific observational review at 3, 6 and 12 months to assess blood safety and diagnostic performance \[[@B6]\].
CHWs were requested to maintain records of RDTs used, results, and ACT dispensed in a record book and report these to the local clinic. RDT negative fever cases, apparent malaria treatment failures, severe infections and malaria-negative patients were also to be referred to the nearest health clinic, in line with national guidelines \[[@B23]\]. Health centres are provided with oral and parenteral quinine for severe malaria, early pregnancy and first-line treatment failures, and SP for intermittent prophylactic treatment for pregnancy (IPTp). Clinics stock antibiotics and anti-pyretics for non-malarial fever.
CHWs were supervised by the local clinics according to normal practice and resupplied from clinic stock. Health centres, staffed by trained nurses, received RDT and anti-malarial drug stock from the DHMT, and were also trained by the DHMT to use RDTs and institute parasite-based malaria diagnosis. During 2008 it was observed that some health centre staff continued to base malaria treatment only on clinical diagnosis, and the DHMT re-trained all health centre staff on fever case management and use of RDTs from April to May 2008, with increased emphasis on rational use of ACT.
Incidence and consumption data
------------------------------
Malaria incidence and mortality data used for this study are from data submitted by the Livingstone DHMT to the Zambian National Health Information Management System (HMIS), from the first quarter of 2004 to the third of 2009. These data are derived from clinic reports which are reviewed and data checked prior to submission to the DHMT by the health centre 'in-charges'. The reporting period for commodity use for this study extended from January 2007 to October 2009, the first year being part of a study of quality of health worker RDT performance described elsewhere \[[@B6]\]. During November and December 2009, personnel from the NMCC and Malaria Consortium (MC) collated information on quantities of ACT, SP, Quinine and RDTs dispensed by the district office from data in the district stock control cards, while information on quantities of these supplies received by the health centres was obtained from the health centre stock control cards, supply vouchers and health centre RDT registers. Morbidity and mortality statistics were subsequently obtained from the DHMT and district hospital, including a review of some malaria mortality case notes to determine whether diagnosis was confirmed. Data are presented quarterly, to smooth variations in commodity requests and dispensing.
Consumption and dispensing data and malaria reporting were also reviewed at clinic and CHW level by visiting each of the 13 health centres and 45 CHWs who could be located at home and visited during the eight day data review. Stock control cards, RDT registers and case record books were reviewed and data recorded for the period since introduction of HMM to the point of data collection (November 2007 to September 2009). In all cases, records were incomplete, including periods of non-reporting of all data in the majority of cases, absent data in some reporting categories, and inconsistencies incomplete reporting. There were no records at some health centres to indicate supplies (RDTs, ACT, SP or QNN) received and used, most stock control cards at health centres were not updated, RDTs registers that were not in use had often been discarded. In several clinics, stock cards were absent, while several clinics shared a single case record book between several clinicians, resulting in incomplete data entry. Data obtained from the CHW was at times not integrated in the health centre data, and the supply of RDTs to the CHWs was incompletely documented by health centres. After review of data, CHW and clinic data were, therefore, excluded from analysis.
Data on overall malaria test positive rates was obtained directly from DHMT records for 2009 and 2010, obtained after the main study period. A number of deaths reported as malaria in 2009 in Livingstone District Hospital figures were investigated through a specific review of the medical records by health staff to determine true malaria diagnostic status, i.e. to see if there was a record of microscopy or an RDT being performed.
Analysis
--------
Data were entered in MS Excel directly from stock records, and analysis performed using the same software. In view of the relatively short time-period of the observed intervention, reliance on central consumption data that does not directly reflect actual patient consumption at that time, and the fluctuating nature of previously reported malaria incidence, trend analysis has not been attempted and the data are presented as direct comparisons between time periods.
Institutional approval
----------------------
The study was conducted as part of the National Malaria Control Centre-WHO collaborative work to generate data needs (evidence base) for the NMCC in Zambia. The underlying study on RDT job-aid development received ethical approval through WHO/TDR and the Tropical Disease Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia \[[@B6]\]. As this study reviewed only aggregated retrospective health service data, no further approval was required.
Results
=======
Reported malaria in Livingstone district (cases recorded in the District Health Office records derived from routine HMIS data) remained above 8,000 cases per quarter (three-month period) from 2004 until the third quarter of 2007, with minor declines in the third quarters of 2005 and 2007. Reported incidence then rapidly declined to only 65 cases reported in the third quarter of 2008, and an average of 12.25 cases per quarter over the year to September 2009 (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). The decline coincided with the introduction of malaria RDTs, though its magnitude was greater than the total number of RDTs dispensed (an average of 4,381 per quarter in the year to September 2009). From the second quarter of 2008, a new category of 'confirmed and unconfirmed malaria' was reported separately in health statistics over this period. 'Malaria', restricted to laboratory confirmed malaria (RDT or microscopy) continued to decrease, with only two cases reported in the third quarter of 2009. However, 'confirmed and unconfirmed' malaria rose, with the difference (i.e. unconfirmed cases) rising from 177 to 378 per quarter (an average of 294 unconfirmed malaria over the last 12 months). Taking data from the first three quarters of years 2007 and 2009 from which comparative data is available, therefore taking seasonal variation into account, malaria declined from 30,723 cases in 2009 to 23 confirmed and 1022 total cases (including new 'unconfirmed' category), a reduction of over 99.9% and 96.6% respectively.
Reported malaria mortality declined from 60 cases in the first quarter of 2004 to zero cases in the third quarter of 2008, and remained at zero through the first three quarters of 2009 (to the end of the study period). Confirmed malaria deaths remained at zero through 2009 (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). All-cause mortality dropped over the same period from 296 in the first quarter of 2004 to 223 in the third quarter of 2009, but with considerable fluctuations (R^2^ = 0.27). Record tracing of 11 deaths reported as fully or partially attributed to malaria in district health statistics in 2009 found all to have been unconfirmed (untested by RDT or microscopy).
{#F2}
RDT dispensing from the District office commenced in the second quarter of 2007, and increased rapidly from the last quarter of that year coinciding with the training of CHWs in community-based diagnosis and management of malaria (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). After a peak of 5,700 RDTs dispensed in the last quarter of 2008, a decline in dispensing followed to 2,875 at the end of the study period (third quarter of 2009), with an average of 4381 per quarter over the last 4 quarters.
######
Rate of issue of RDTs and ACT from district level to health centres from start of 2007 to late 2009 in Livingstone District, Zambia, and recorded malaria rate for the corresponding period
**Time period** **RDTs issued** **ACTs issued (Courses)** **Recorded malaria**^**a**^ **'Unconfirmed' malaria**
----------------- ----------------- --------------------------- ----------------------------- ---------------------------
1st QTR-2007 0 12550 12186
2nd QTR-2007 575 8340 7806
3rd QTR-2007 850 2358 10731
4th QTR-2007 2300 2447 3295
1st QTR-2008 2400 1694 3196
2nd QTR-2008 3350 1470 1081
3rd QTR-2008 3850 270 68
4th QTR-2008 5700 1128 26 177
1st QTR-2009 4275 450 8 276
2nd QTR-2009 4675 270 13 345
3rd QTR-2009 2875 1440 2 378
a: From the 4^th^ quarter of 2008, this included only laboratory confirmed malaria (i.e. RDT or microscopy).
ACT consumption (based on stocks released from the District pharmacy) declined rapidly from early 2007, remaining well below initial levels and below RDT consumption from late 2007 onward after the health worker training (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). The initial decrease was of greater magnitude than the increase in RDT use over the same period. Comparing the first 3 quarters of 2007 and 2009, consumption declined from 23248 courses to 2160 (\>90%) across the same seasons. ACT use remained well above the reported malaria rate, however, with 1,440 courses dispensed to clinics in the last quarter of 2009 and a mean of 822 per quarter over the last 12 months of the study (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"} and Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}).
{#F3}
Quinine was not reported to be dispensed from the District pharmacy in the first quarter of 2007, but after 26,000 tablets were dispensed in the second quarter, only 4,000 were dispensed in the subsequent quarters and no quinine was sent to clinics after early 2008 (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). In contrast, dispensing of SP from the District office rose after RDT introduction, with 12,600 doses dispensed throughout 2007 and 88,000 in 2008 (equivalent to 4,200 and 26,000 adult courses respectively), remaining relatively high up to the end of the study period (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}).
While the RDT positive rate is not well documented in available district data over the years of the study on a case by case basis, it is possible to see trends by comparing data from the study period to more recent data. DHMT data from 2009 records 3,605 suspected cases tests (RDTs or microscopy) and 119 positive results, while in 2011 2,926 suspected malaria cases were tested and 72 were positive.
Discussion
==========
This study indicates that the introduction of malaria RDTs into Livingstone District in southern Zambia was associated with a large reduction on reported malaria and large changes in anti-malarial drug consumption. It also illustrates the challenges faced by health services in dealing with the fundamental changes in febrile disease management that the introduction of parasite-based diagnosis of malaria requires, and the gaps in health system data that can complicate their understanding and management.
While the reduction in reported malaria in Livingstone district is closely associated with the advent of parasite-based diagnosis it was of far greater magnitude than the eventual rate of use of RDTs. Thus, while RDTs contributed to reduced malaria reporting, other factors are also at play. Clinicians were probably imposing stricter definitions of malaria-like fever before RDTs arrived. From late 2008, the reported malaria rate in Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"} must be largely accounted for by exclusion of parasite-negative cases by RDT. No RDT stock-outs occurred at a district level during this time (NMCC, Personal communication). Despite the uncertainty in previously-reported malaria mortality, given the apparent uncertainly of previous malaria prevalence overall, the elimination of reported malaria mortality indicates that this tightening of the definition of malaria-like fever and restriction in RDT use and subsequent ACT consumption did not result in significant misdiagnosis of malaria and progression to severe disease.
It is not yet possible to determine whether malaria is declining in Livingstone District, or whether malaria has been uncommon for several years and the use of RDTs has made this visible. It is reasonable to assume that the preceding interventions (IRS and bed net introduction, and change of first-line anti-malarial therapy to an ACT) have had an impact (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}), and indications of reduction in real malaria incidence are noted elsewhere in southern Zambia \[[@B29],[@B30]\]. Whatever the reasons, the reduction in reported malaria in district health statistics, and very low confirmed malaria rate among those tested, will enable a more effective allocation of health resources to other areas of need; malaria has dropped from first to sixteenth in the district's disease incidence statistics (Personal Communication; DHMT) and malaria mortality was rare or eliminated at the end of the study period. This is a remarkable change in perceptions of local health priorities.
While ACT consumption declined to very low levels after RDT introduction compared to previous dispensing rates, consumption of ACT remained above the reported (now confirmed) malaria incidence, suggesting a leakage to non-malaria cases or incomplete case reporting (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). However, large reductions in ACT (and quinine) use clearly resulted. These have potential financial benefits for the programmed. A total of 7,065 packs of ACT were returned to the Zambian Central Medical Store unused from Livingstone District in February 2009, and a further 157 expired at the end of 2009 at the District pharmacy (Personal communication, DHMT).
Despite the major decline in ACT consumption, it continued to be consumed at levels above the combined confirmed and unconfirmed malaria rate. Also significant is the rise in the consumption of the other available anti-malarial; SP. The full potential health benefit on reduced anti-malarial consumption was therefore not being realized. Reasons may include pressure from patients for treatment for what they traditionally regard as 'malaria', lack of alternatives (or a need to educate health providers and patients on the appropriateness of alternatives), and low cost of the drug (little financial penalty to the health system). Health providers may also be reluctant to completely reverse years of accepted wisdom that 'fever equals malaria'. Incomplete adherence to RDT results is well described elsewhere, \[[@B18]-[@B21],[@B25]\], but appears far less of a problem here. Well-directed training messages to health workers and the community may have played some role in this, as health workers were specifically warned to expect most RDT results to be negative, and that malaria was considered highly over-diagnosed. The outcomes are also consistent with observations elsewhere of a lag followed by eventual good adherence when RDTs are implemented at a large scale \[[@B15],[@B16]\].
In order to fully understand the pattern of consumption of anti-malarial drugs (ACT, SP and QNN), their relationship to RDT use, and to devise new management strategies, it will be important to gather better information from the point of care. The reporting of unconfirmed malaria, added to district statistics in late 2008, may indicate local RDT stock-outs, or some incomplete trust in, or adherence to, RDT results. The data reflects receipt and action on stock requests, not actual dispensing and consumption at a patient level.
No information was obtained on consumption of anti-malarial medicines in the private sector; it is possible that some patients denied ACT after a public sector diagnosis may have sought medicine through this route. Such issues are common in such settings where limited resources and high staff workloads combine, and will require innovative approaches to ensure accurate and timely reporting \[[@B31],[@B32]\]. Zambia commenced introduction of a new software-based health management information system (HMIS) soon after the end of the study period and it is hoped this will help to address this area of need.
Despite incomplete adherence, this sea-change in patient management through parasite-based diagnosis revealed a previously hidden majority of misdiagnosed febrile patients. This is an essential step toward the development of a more appropriate management strategy to deal with the syndrome that is acute febrile disease. Current efforts to integrate management of acute respiratory and gastro-intestinal infection into community case management of malaria are a step along this path \[[@B33]\]. For Livingstone District, and other areas with similar declines in reported malaria, two major challenges arise. Firstly, management of non-malarial febrile illness is hampered by poor diagnostic capacity and limited availability of treatment; hence the increase in use of SP in the study area. Success in addressing fever as a syndrome rather than just treating malaria will remain elusive as long as most available infectious disease implementation funding for low-resource countries is directed toward only three diseases; malaria, tuberculosis and HIV, and funding for research and development is similarly restricted \[[@B34]\]. Secondly, interest in malaria must be maintained as its incidence declines below that of other severe illnesses. Long-lasting bed nets will require replacement after three to five years, IRS may require continued annual campaigns, and the availability of RDTs and ACT must be maintained to detect and treat the few remaining malaria cases. New ways of managing malaria, as an uncommon disease but potential public health emergency, will need to be developed and resources appropriately targeted.
Conclusion
==========
The introduction of parasite-based community-level diagnosis of fever in Livingstone District has demonstrated a strong association between introduction of malaria RDTs and reduction in inappropriate use of ACT. A corresponding decline of reported malaria mortality to zero suggests high safety of RDT-based diagnosis in this population. However, the full potential impact of RDT introduction has not been reached due to continued treatment well above the confirmed malaria rate, for reasons not clear under the health information system in place at the time. The results also demonstrate the importance of developing appropriate strategies for management of the multiple causes of non-malarial fever. Inappropriate consumption of ACT may be replaced by inappropriate consumption of other drugs if the next step is not taken to manage fever as a syndrome, rather than as a case requiring only a malaria diagnostic test and potentially anti-malarial drugs.
Competing interests
===================
The authors declare that they have not competing interests.
Authors' contributions
======================
FM participated in the implementation of the study and provided inputs into the manuscript. M S-C participated in the design and led the implementation of the study. TM participated in the implementation of the study. HM participated in the implementation of the study. OB participated in the coordination of the study. HC participated in the design and coordination of the study. DB conceived of the study, participated in its design and drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
================
The authors wish to thank the staff of the District Health Management Team office of Livingstone District, Zambia, and staff of Livingstone District Hospital and district clinics, for their assistance in data gathering and record tracing. We thank the Permanent Secretary of Health for Zambia for permission to publish the study. The study was funded by the Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND) through support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) and the UK Department for International Development (DFID).
| {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
#===============================================================================
# Copyright 2020 Intel Corporation
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
#===============================================================================
# Manage custom build types
#===============================================================================
if(Build_types_cmake_included)
return()
endif()
set(Build_types_cmake_included true)
# Use flags of the Release build type but filter out the NDEBUG flag
set(REGEX_REMOVE_DNDEBUG "[/-][D][ ]*NDEBUG")
string(REGEX REPLACE "${REGEX_REMOVE_DNDEBUG}" ""
_CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELWITHASSERT "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE}")
string(REGEX REPLACE "${REGEX_REMOVE_DNDEBUG}" ""
_CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELWITHASSERT "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELEASE}")
set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELWITHASSERT "${_CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELWITHASSERT}" CACHE STRING
"Flags used by the C++ compiler during RelWithAssert builds.")
set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELWITHASSERT "${_CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELWITHASSERT}" CACHE STRING
"Flags used by the C compiler during RelWithAssert builds.")
set(CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS_RELWITHASSERT "${CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS_RELEASE}" CACHE STRING
"Flags used for linking binaries during RelWithAssert builds.")
set(CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS_RELWITHASSERT "${CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS_RELEASE}" CACHE STRING
"Flags used by the shared libraries linker during RelWithAssert builds.")
mark_as_advanced(
CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELWITHASSERT
CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELWITHASSERT
CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS_RELWITHASSERT
CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS_RELWITHASSERT)
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Rep. Maxine Waters (D-Calif.) ripped Attorney General Jeff Sessions Jefferson (Jeff) Beauregard SessionsTrump's policies on refugees are as simple as ABCs Ocasio-Cortez, Velázquez call for convention to decide Puerto Rico status White House officials voted by show of hands on 2018 family separations: report MORE on Friday afternoon following reports that he was "berated" by President Trump in the Oval Office earlier this year.
"To Jeff Sessions, how does it feel to be dragged & humiliated? Now you know how the African Americans you disrespected feel," Waters wrote on Twitter.
To Jeff Sessions, how does it feel to be dragged & humiliated? Now you know how the African Americans you disrespected feel — Maxine Waters (@RepMaxineWaters) September 15, 2017
ADVERTISEMENT
Waters was referring to accusations in the 1980s that Sessions referred to a black attorney working under him in Alabama as "boy" on multiple occasions and allegations that he once referred to the NAACP and other civil rights organizations as "un-American."
The Democratic lawmaker's tweet Friday came days after The New York Times reported that Trump berated Sessions during a meeting in May after Robert Mueller was appointed special counsel to lead the Justice Department's probe into ties between Trump campaign associates and Russia during the presidential race.
Trump reportedly called Sessions an "idiot" and said the attorney general should resign. Sessions later called the event "the most humiliating experience in decades of public life," the Times said.
The president has publicly lashed out at Sessions over his recusal earlier this year from any investigations involving Russia. Sessions was an early backer and surrogate for Trump's campaign.
During his confirmation earlier this year, Sessions told the Senate Judiciary Committee that he condemned racism in all forms.
"I am not a racist, I am not insensitive to blacks. I have supported civil rights activity in my state. I have done my job with integrity, equality, and fairness for all," Sessions said in January.
Waters has been a frequent critic of Sessions and Trump, whom she has called a racist. Waters has publicly said that she supports Trump's impeachment and that Sessions should resign. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Interaction of putative endogenous tryptolines with the hypothalamic serotonergic system and prolactin secretion in adult male rats.
The effect of 5-methoxytryptoline (5-MeOT), 5-hydroxytryptoline (5-OHT) and tryptoline (Tp), putative endogenous derivatives of the tryptamines, on plasma prolactin (PRL) concentrations has been investigated in the adult male rat. The possible involvement of the hypothalamic serotonergic system has been considered in the mediation of the hormonal effect of the tryptolines. Therefore, plasma PRL levels have been evaluated in rats receiving tryptolines after different pharmacological manipulations of central serotonergic function. Although the three compounds increased the plasma titers of PRL in a dose-dependent manner and enhanced the hypothalamic content of serotonin (5HT), they appear to affect the serotonergic system through different mechanisms. In particular, 5-OHT might act at a presynaptic level, since its hyperprolactinemic effect was antagonized both by the depletion of central 5HT content after p-chlorophenylalanine and by the degeneration of serotonergic terminals after 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine. In contrast, 5-MeOT behaved as if it had a postsynaptic site of action, being counteracted by the serotonergic postsynaptic antagonists metergoline and cyproheptadine. The unsubstituted tetrahydro-beta-carboline, Tp, is probably active at both pre- and postsynaptic sites. The enhancing effect of Tp on PRL secretion was antagonized by chronic treatment with p-chlorophenylalanine, while it was also maintained in 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine-lesioned rats. These findings suggest that tryptolines may play a functional role in PRL secretion by interacting with central serotonergic systems through different biochemical mechanisms. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
{
"extends": "../../api-extractor.json"
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
White spot syndrome virus VP37 interacts with VP28 and VP26.
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the most virulent pathogens affecting penaeid shrimp, causing high mortality in infected populations. Interactions between virus structural proteins are likely to be important for virus assembly. Many steps of the WSSV assembly and maturation pathway remain unclear. In the present study, the interaction between VP37 and envelope or nucleocapsid proteins was characterized. VP37 was expressed in Escherichia coli and confirmed by Western blotting. Pure WSSV virions were subjected to Triton X-100 treatment to separate the envelope and nucleocapsid fractions. Overlay assays showed that VP37 interacted with VP28 and VP26. The interaction of VP37 with VP28 and VP26 was confirmed further by His pull-down and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrographic assays. The binding assay of VP37 with VP28 by ELISA confirmed that the 2 proteins had direct interaction in vivo. This discovery will help elucidate the molecular mechanisms of virion morphogenesis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Q:
Remove every occurence of the number 13 and the next number from a list, then sum the result
This function takes a list, deletes every occurrence of the number 13 and deletes the number present after 13 in every instance and then prints the sum of the list.
How can I shorten it?
def average(nums):
thirteen_idx = []
bad_idx = []
final_list = []
num_length = len(nums)-1
#list of indexes where 13 resides
for i in range(len(nums)):
if nums[i] == 13:
thirteen_idx.append(i)
#make list of indexes where 13 resides and the index after it (bad_idx)
for i in range(len(thirteen_idx)):
bad_idx.append(thirteen_idx[i])
bad_idx.append(thirteen_idx[i]+1)
#delete any index from bad_idx that is greater than the highest index in nums
if bad_idx[-1] > num_length:
bad_idx.pop(len(bad_idx)-1)
#we now have a list of all bad indexes (bad_idx)
#iterate thru nums and move any non bad index into a final_list
for i in range(len(nums)):
if i not in bad_idx:
final_list.append(nums[i])
print (sum(final_list))
A:
Your output is simply a sum of certain numbers. You don't need to build intermediary lists at all here, just select the numbers you want to sum, by looping. Your criteria are that the current number should not be 13, and the preceding number should not be 13.
To achieve this, you could just use a loop that remembers the preceding number:
initialize a preceding variable to a value you can easily test for. Here, any value other than 13 would do, and None is probably a good sentinel value.
In a loop over the numbers, if the current number is not 13 and the preceding number is not 13, add it to the running total.
At the end of the loop, set preceding to the current number. That way, when you go back to the top of the loop body, preceding will still contain the number from the preceding iteration.
So, given an input of [17, 13, 3, 9], you'd want to sum the first and the last number. We start with preceding set to None, result is set to 0 and we iterate 4 times:
preceding = None, set current to the first value 17.
preceding != 13 and current != 13 is true, so add the current value to the result -> result = 0 + 17 = 17.
set preceding = current, so 17
preceding = 17, set current to the second value 13.
preceding != 13 and current != 13 is false (current is set to 13), so skip this value.
set preceding = current, so 13
preceding = 13, set current to the third value 3.
preceding != 13 and current != 13 is false (preceding is set to 13), so skip this value.
set preceding = current, so 3
preceding = 3, set current to the forth value 9.
preceding != 13 and current != 13 is true, so add the current value to the result -> result = 17 + 9 = 26.
set preceding = current, so 9
and you end up with result = 26.
Generally speaking, when you find yourself wanting to look ahead in a for loop, turn the problem around and look behind instead. It is much simpler, as your loop will already have processed the items behind.
Translating those steps above to Python code looks like this:
def sum_without_13s(nums):
"""Sum all values that are not equal to 13 or directly follow 13"""
# the running total of qualifying numbers
result = 0
# the preceding value in the loop, set at the end of the loop body
preceding = None # any value that is not 13 would do
for value in nums:
# only add to the sum if this value and the preceding value are both
# *not* equal to 13.
if value != 13 and preceding != 13:
result += value
# for the next iteration, remember the current value so we can
# skip any values that followed 13.
preceding = value
return result
That's the most readable method of implementing your algorithm. The function produces the sum of integers not 13, and not directly following 13:
>>> sum_without_13s([13, 99, 3]) # only 3 fits criteria, so should produce 3
3
>>> sum_without_13s([99, 3]) # no 13s, so sum should be 102
102
>>> sum_without_13s([1, 2, 13, 13, 3, 4]) # only 1, 2, and 4 should be summed == 7
7
Note that the function also returns the result, rather than print the result to the console. If you want to see the output of your function, you can always print the returned value:
>>> theanswer = sum_without_13s([17, 13, 19, 18, 13, 13, 3, 7])
>>> print(theanswer)
42
Other looping constructs that give you access to the preceding value
You could in principle make use of itertools.chain() and zip() to produce an iterator of (preceding, current) tuples to loop over, and so make it possible to filter and sum in a generator expression.
The above 'preceding value' approach is a variant of the pairwise() function from the itertools recipes section. But where pairwise() starts with (nums[0], nums[1]) and ends at (nums[-2], nums[-1]), we really need to be starting with (None, nums[0]) first because we wouldn't want to skip either the first or the last value in your input from consideration.
So here's a with_preceding() function, with a configurable default value for that first element of the first tuple:
from itertools import chain, tee
def with_preceding(iterable, default=None):
"s -> (default, s0), (s0,s1), (s1,s2), (s2, s3), ..."
a, b = tee(iterable)
return zip(chain((default,), a), b)
which then can be used in an alternate implementation using a generator expression, like this:
def sum_without_13s_iter(nums):
"""Sum all values that are not equal to 13 or directly follow 13"""
return sum(
current
for preceding, current in with_preceding(nums)
if preceding != 13 and current != 13
)
However, readability suffers, in my eyes, and for little gain as the above is actually slower than the first version. See the small benchmark at the very end.
Performance considerations
I tried to construct what I hoped would be a faster function using iterators, the itertools and operator modules and the sum(), map() and zip() functions to try and avoid the Python interpreter loop altogether, but this was simply not any faster; at best I could get it to be about 5-10% slower than the above first version of the function.
If performance is a concern, then you should really be using numpy arrays anyway. With a numpy array of integers as the input, the function can be expressed as:
import numpy as np
def array_sum_without_13s(numarray):
"""Sum all values in an array that are not equal to 13 or directly follow 13"""
# boolean array with True where the input array has 13
is13 = numarray == 13
# boolean array with True where the input array is preceded by 13
follows13 = np.concatenate(([False], is13[:-1]))
# sum of all values that don't fit either of the above criteria
return np.sum(numarray[~(is13 | follows13)])
As stated, this function expects a numpy array as the input:
>>> import numpy as np
>>> array_sum_without_13s(np.array([13, 99, 3]))
3
>>> array_sum_without_13s(np.array([99, 3]))
102
>>> array_sum_without_13s(np.array([1, 2, 13, 13, 3, 4]))
7
>>> array_sum_without_13s(np.array([17, 13, 19, 18, 13, 13, 3, 7]))
42
Given an input of 1 million integers, the numpy version takes ~3.5 milliseconds versus the pure-Python version taking ~89 milliseconds. Numpy is the numeric processing champion, hands down:
In [1]: import random
...: import numpy as np
...: from codereview237899 import sum_without_13s, array_sum_without_13s
...: testdata = random.choices(range(1_000), k=1_000_000)
...: testarray = np.array(testdata)
...:
In [2]: %timeit sum_without_13s(testdata)
88.7 ms ± 2.12 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each)
In [3]: %timeit array_sum_without_13s(testarray)
3.55 ms ± 81.7 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
In [4]: %timeit sum_without_13s_iter(testdata)
119 ms ± 13.5 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1 loop each)
The last test there is for the with_preceding() and generator expression variant above; it's a disappointing 35% slower.
A:
An alternative, if you don't need the filtered list later on, is to iterate over and sum only the numbers you want:
def myfunc(l):
it = iter(l)
total = 0
try:
for i in it:
if i == 13:
next(it) # skip the number following a '13'
else:
total += i
return total
except StopIteration:
return total
The trick here is to transform the list into an iterator to make use of the next() function to easily skip the value following a 13.
Using the list [13,99,3]:
When using the iterator in the for-loop what it does is, at the beginning of each loop it will take the next value in the iterator and place it into the variable i. When we use the next(i) we say to the iterator "give me the next value please" but we don't do anything with it, so at the next loop the iterator will give us again the next value.
It may not be clear so here's an example with the list[13,99,3]:
it is an iterator which state is "13 then 99 then 3" at the beginning
1st loop: we ask for the next value in it: we get 13. The iterator state is now "99 then 3"
since i == 13 we ask for the next value (next(it)), it gives us 99 (but we don't do anything with it as you can see) the state of the iterator is now "3"
2nd loop: we ask for the next value in it (which state is "3" according to the previous point): so we get 3. The state of the iterator is now empty.
since 3 !== 13 we add it to the total.
The iterator is empty so we quit the loop and return the total
But, as you can see, if 13 is the last element in the iterator when we'll ask for the next(it) it will raise an error, this is why we use the try/except block, because we now that the end of an iteration is indicated by an exception (doc here).
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
News and Opinions on Professional Wrestling
NJPW: New Japan Cup Round 1 Analysis and Recap
The New Japan Cup has kicked off this weekend and is off to a hot start. The beauty of the New Japan Cup is that the winner gets a title shot for any of the championships of his choice. Looking at the field of competitors each has their own story and argument for different title opportunities. This leads to a number of stories that could be told over the next few months leading to New Japan’s major shows.
Much like the G1-Climax, the undercard of the New Japan Cup is built around the tournament entrants. Often filled with multiple tag matches pitting the competitors against one another. But as fun as the tag matches can be, the real reason we’re here is for the tourney!
Round 1:
Michael Elgin V. Tomohiro Ishii
This match was the epitome of strong style. It felt like both men had a handshake agreement to just go out there and beat the living hell out of each other. Elgin and Ishii went strike for strike with neither man moving an inch. At points, it felt like either man could walk away with the victory. At one point Elgin hit a spot off of the top rope and it looked like Ishii landed directly on his neck. It was one of those spots where you begin to pray the wrestler is ok. After a hard-fought battle, Elgin walked away with the victory, I could see him going after the IWGP Intercontinental Championship if he were to win.
Yujiro Takahashi V. Juice Robinson
This was one of those matches where the fans knew who would be moving on. Juice Robinson has been a favorite of Gedo’s for some time now. No, he isn’t strapped with a rocket and sent to the IWGP Heavyweight Championship, but he is in a favorable position. Yujiro, on the other hand, is the jobber of the BulletClub. He has been a member since the early days but he carries little to no weight in New Japan. But what this match did was catch the imagination. We all knew Juice would get the “W,” but both wrestlers made it competitive. Yujiro had a lot of steam early on but it would be Juice Robinson that would get his hand raised. Much like Elgin, I feel his path will be to the IC title.
Hiroshi Tanahashi V. Taichi
This was one of my most anticipated matches of the first round. Tanahashi is on the Mount Rushmore of New Japan, he is a true legend. New Japan has also had a recent resurgence with their love of Taichi as well. Tanahashi is known for losing early in the New Japan Cup to the wrestlers that New Japan is trying to give some momentum. On night one of the tournament Tana would run into a Suzuki Gun buzzsaw and get a bit of a knock. Going into his tournament match it was already felt he was coming back too soon, and now the attack by Suzuki Gun. In a fantastic back and forth where it felt like either man could move on, it would be the experience of Tanahashi that would prove the victor. I may sound like a broken record but Tanahashi has unfinished business with Intercontinental Champion, Minoru Suzuki.
Bad Luck Fale V. Lance Archer
To be honest, there isn’t much to analyze here. Fale will forever get rewarded for his loyalty to New Japan. Whether it be the New Japan Cup or G1, he will get some good wins. This opening round match was no different. Not much of a match but a couple of big men doing what they do best. Fale got himself a victory and if I had to guess, he may shot for the NEVER Championship.
Yoshi-Hashi V. Kota Ibushi
Kota Ibushi is not human. This man very well may be the best wrestler on the planet today. I wasn’t sure how this match would play out as Yoshi-Hashi isn’t known for his in-ring work as much as Ibushi. But both men really brought out something in one another that elevated the quality of the match. The big spot of the match was when Ibushi did a moonsault on the outside to Hashi. Looking at the bracket it was pretty clear to guess that Ibushi would be moving on. If I had to make a prediction, I think Ibushi will target Okada and the IWGP Championship.
Tetsuya Naito V. Zack Sabre Jr.
This match was the highlight of the first round. ZSJ has been on a hell of a run lately and Naito is coming off of his failed attempt at the IWGP Championship. The match was non stop form bell to bell. Sabre brought his entire arsenal of submissions to the dance and he put Naito through the ringer. Zack Sabre Jr. very well may be the best submission wrestler in the game today. Naito is still a top guy and major name but feels like he may be treading water until his program with Jericho picks back up. Sabre is my pick to win the entire tournament and go on to face Jay White for the US Championship. If Sabre doesn’t win I could also see this match being turned into a program heading through the Spring.
Toru Yano V. Davey Boy Smith Jr.
If you know anything about Yano, you know he is the New Japan version of Santino Marella. He is the comedy guy that will get random wins here and there but not actually go anywhere. This match was filled with the usual Yano shenanigans, removal of the turnbuckle pad, low blow, ref redirection. Not much else t really go over as it was the textbook Yano match. Yano won’t be winning so there’s no sense to try and break down who he’d cash in his title shot against.
Chuck Taylor V. Sanada
Chuckie T is an absolute treasure to the world of professional wrestling. His brand of comedy wrestling is different than that of Yano as he can also be serious (see Chuck v. Trent at PWG). Sanada is another guy that the NJPW booking crew has some big plans for. He just had a wonderful match with Okada and is being positioned as the next guy in LIJ to ascend to the upper ranks. The match had its moments where there may be a surprise Taylor win, but it felt like it was a no doubt for Sanada. Especially with Yano winning earlier in the night, it was even more evident Chuck wouldn’t be winning. If Sanada gets to raise the trophy I feel he would be going after Okada once again.
Round 2 Matches:
Michael Elgin V. Juice Robinson
Hiroshi Tanahashi V. Bad Luck Fale
Kota Ibushi V. Zack Sabre Jr.
Toru Yano V. Sanada
Round 2 kicks off on Wednesday morning on New Japan World. The second round looks to be a glimpse into who New Japan feels will be “their guys” in the future. Hot matches like Ibushi v. Sabre and Elgin v. Robinson could lead to career-making tournaments. Stay tuned to Wrestlaholic on twitter and keep an eye out for my Round 2 coverage as it concludes on Thursday! | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
c# What is wrong with my loop
I have a ChaseSelection class which i use in casting my dropdown list objects,
now i am trying to put the the values from the database as a default value in the drop down list, but it does not seem to work, can anyone help? I dont even think my loop runs. Here is my chaseselection class, and also put in the loop below: Thanks
public class ChaseSelectionItems
{
public string code { get; set; }
public string text { get; set; }
public ChaseSelectionItems(string code, string text)
{
this.code = code;
this.text = text;
}
public override string ToString()
{
return this.text;
}
}
foreach (ChaseSelectionItems items in drpdwnChaseSecSelection.Items)
{
if (items.code == _Row.xcs_View)
{
drpdwnChaseSecSelection.SelectedValue = items.text;
}
}
A:
It is not entirely clear how you configured the listbox but most likely you did not configure ValueMember correctly. The following might fix that:
foreach (ChaseSelectionItems items in drpdwnChaseSecSelection.Items)
{
if (items.code == _Row.xcs_View)
{
// drpdwnChaseSecSelection.SelectedValue = items.text;
drpdwnChaseSecSelection.SelectedItem = items;
}
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Hugh Wilson (New Zealand botanist)
Hugh Dale Wilson (born 1945) is a New Zealand botanist. He has written and illustrated a number of books about New Zealand plants. He manages Hinewai Reserve on Banks Peninsula.
Early life
Wilson was born in Timaru. He went to Elmwood District (later Normal) School in Christchurch where he began drawing birds at an early age. At St Andrews College he was Dux in 1962. He taught for Voluntary Service Overseas, the British scheme on which Volunteer Service Abroad was later to be based, in Sarawak on Borneo. After attending the University of Canterbury, he studied the botany of Stewart Island / Rakiura, and then the Aoraki / Mount Cook region, for several years. This was followed by a botanical survey of Banks Peninsula.
Banks Peninsula PNAP
The Department of Lands and Survey had a programme, known as the Protected Natural Areas Programme (PNAP), of identifying and protecting examples of plant life, animals, ecosystems and landscape features that make New Zealand unique. The PNAP was established in 1983, and the country was divided into 268 ecological districts, grouped into 85 ecological regions. Banks Peninsula was one of those regions, with Port Hills, Herbert and Akaroa making up its three districts.
Wilson started fieldwork on Banks Peninsula and Kaitorete Spit in September 1983. He established a 1000-yard grid-point system and surveyed a 6 m x 6 m sample plot at each site. That way, 1331 plots were surveyed over a five-year period. While the work had been supported by the Koiata Botanical Trust, DOC realised that it was directly relevant to their aims, and asked Wilson to write the Banks Peninsula PNAP report. The report was the 21st in the series and published in 1992.
Hinewai Reserve
Hinewai Reserve is a private nature reserve on Banks Peninsula. It started off as a 109 ha block of farmland bought by the Maurice White Native Forest Trust in September 1987 and is now 1230 ha of gorse and regenerating native bush. Wilson identified the land as suitable for the trust's aims during his PNAP work. He has been managing the reserve since its purchase.
In popular culture
Wilson is featured in the film Earth Whisperers/Papatuanuku.
In 2010, Wilson was interviewed for the feature-length documentary film "Queen of the Sun: What are the bees telling us?"
In 2019, Wilson was the subject for the short documentary film "Fools and Dreamers: Regenerating a Native Forest".
Selected bibliography
The year of the hornbill : a volunteer’s service in Sarawak (1966)
Wildflowers of New Zealand (1974)
Vegetation of Mount Cook National Park, New Zealand (1976)
Wild plants of Mount Cook National Park : field guide (1978, 1996).
Field guide : Stewart Island Plants (1982, 1994)
Banks Peninsula Track : a guide to the route, natural features and human history (2008, 10th edition)
Banks ecological region : Port Hills, Herbert and Akaroa ecological districts (c1992)
Small-leaved shrubs of New Zealand (1993)
Naturalised vascular plants on Banks Peninsula (1999)
Hinewai : the journal of a New Zealand naturalist (2002)
Food for tūī on Banks Peninsula : a botanical assessment (2007)
Natural History of Banks Peninsula (2009)
Plant Life on Banks Peninsula (2013)
Notes
References
Category:1945 births
Category:Living people
Category:New Zealand botanists
Category:University of Canterbury alumni
Category:People educated at St Andrew's College, Christchurch | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
View Our Success Stories
Understanding the Benefits of Liposuction
Liposuction is something that you hear about often, and it is commonly the butt of jokes. The truth, however, is that liposuction has many benefits and it is definitely one of the most commonly performed procedures in the United States. Did you know, for example, that there are more than 400,000 liposuction procedures performed every single year in the United States? But what is liposuction exactly? What can a liposuction specialist in Miami do for you?
A Deeper Look at Liposuction
There are a few very important things that you need to know about liposuction, the first being that it is indeed a cosmetic surgery, and the purpose is to suck fat from different parts of the body. The most common parts include:
Abdomen
Thighs
Chin
Buttocks
Arms
Back
Calves
The procedure is carried out using a high-pressure vacuum, with the cannula being inserted underneath the skin.
Fun Facts about Liposuction:
Liposuction is not for weight loss! This is a common misconception, and there are many who believe that this procedure will not only help them to lose the weight, but to keep it off. Liposuction provides subtle effects that are classified as purely cosmetic – if you want to lose the weight you’ll have to put the work in yourself!
There are some risks associated with liposuction, but the primary ones you will have to worry about include only scarring and infection. In the hands of a board certified doctor however, this will be absolutely no problem.
In older patients there is a lack of elastin in the skin, and this will definitely cause skin sagging. With that being the case, it becomes prudent for you to make sure you are actually using other procedures to correct issues with your skin after the fact.
Who Can Have a Liposuction Procedure?
If you want to undergo a liposuction procedure then you will need to have a stable body weight, and you must not be looking to address obesity. In addition to that, liposuction will not be useful for the following conditions:
Stretch Marks
Cellulite
Dimples
Weight Loss
What it does do, is permanently remove fat cells from the body. This is a great improvement, but keep in mind that you will have to lead a healthy lifestyle after the procedure, otherwise you will risk a more serious problem. An unhealthy lifestyle will actually result in the remaining fat cells growing bigger, which can definitely hinder and cancel out all of the progress that you have made.
The Road to a new You
We’ve made it quite clear that this is by and large NOT a treatment for obesity, but there is no reason that it cannot be the start of a brand new life for you. Perhaps you feel that your body does not quite match your personality, and maybe you’re finding that it causes some self esteem issues. We’re not saying that this is going to fix everything, but it is a step in the right direction. There are plenty of benefits to using this procedure. You can finally get the look you truly want, and the one that mother nature has denied you for so long. It’s time to get yourself into shape – literally.
If you’re ready to take advantage of our services and get the help of a board certified doctor, then now would definitely be a great time for you to start exploring what we have to offer, and most importantly, getting into contact with us. You should start by gathering your medical records and making sure that you are ready to disclose your medical history to one of our experienced physicians. Once we determine that it is safe to proceed, we’ll get you transformed in no time at all. All you need to do, is make sure you’re willing to go through the procedure, and most importantly, be ready to remain healthy after it is performed. It’s not a fix for everything, but it is definitely a great start and a step toward improving your life. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
The present invention relates generally to syringes for use with injectors and to methods of manufacturing syringes and other devices and, particularly, to syringes manufactured by blow molding and to methods of blow molding syringes and other devices.
In many medical procedures, such as drug delivery, it is desirable to inject a fluid into a patient. Likewise, numerous types of contrast media (often referred to simply as contrast) are injected into a patient for many diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for example, gene therapy, cell and biological agent delivery, and delivery of therapeutic agents generally). For example, contrast media are used in diagnostic procedures such as X-ray procedures (including, for example, angiography, venography, urography,), computed tomography (CT) scanning, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasonic imaging. Contrast media are also used during therapeutic procedures, including, for example, angioplasty and other interventional radiological procedures.
A number of injector-actuated syringes and powered injectors for use in medical procedures such as angiography, computed tomography (CT), ultrasound and NMR/MRI have been developed. A front-loading syringe and injector system is, for example, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,383,858, assigned to the assignee of the present invention, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Other front-loading syringes and injectors systems are, for example, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,652,489, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Historically, it has been difficult to manufacture syringes with desirable transparent optical properties that exhibit sufficient strength for use with front-loading, pressure jacketless injectors. Indeed, depending upon the application, syringe pressures in the range of 300 psi to 1200 psi are commonly experienced in injection procedures using powered injectors. Typically, to achieve suitable strength, the syringe walls must be thickened during manufacture, which increases costs and, depending upon the material, can degrade optical properties. However, in the current injection molding practices for manufacturing syringe, there is a limit to the wall thickness that can be achieved. This limit can result in syringes designed with a lower safety factor than desirable. Moreover, as wall thickness is increased, production costs also increase. For example, increases in wall thickness are associated with longer injection times, longer packing times, higher pressures, longer cooling time, and increased resin costs.
It is desirable to develop new syringes and methods of fabricating or manufacturing syringes that reduce or eliminate the above-identified and other problems associated with current syringes and methods of manufacture. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
Ectopic TGF beta 1 expression in the secretory mammary epithelium induces early senescence of the epithelial stem cell population.
An important feature of the mammary gland is the regenerative capacity of its epithelium which is demonstrated upon successive cycles of lactation and involution. Pregnant mice expressing a whey-acidic protein (WAP) promoter-driven transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF beta 1) cDNA are unable either to generate a secretory mammary epithelium or to lactate. Here we investigate whether ectopic TGF beta 1 induces this phenotype by affecting the transgenic epithelium directly or in trans. Reciprocal transplantation of mammary tissue between normal and transgenic hosts resulted in the development of the respective phenotypes of the transplants within the same mammary fat pad. When isolated mammary epithelial cells from both were mixed before implantation so that transgenic and normal epithelium would develop together more proximately, both phenotypes were simultaneously observed in the resultant chimeric mammary outgrowths. Since no trans effect was detectable, we hypothesize that early expression of the transgene results in compromised lobular progenitor cells through an intracrine mechanism. Consistent with this posit, WAP promoter-driven protein expression was detected in individual cells of the subtending ducts of immature females at estrus. Transplantation of WAP-TGF beta 1 mammary gland into nonpregnant hosts revealed that transgenic implants, even those from young postpubertal virgin females, had a diminished ability to repopulate epithelium-free mammary fat pads. Accordingly, the ectopic expression of WAP-TGF beta 1 not only impairs lobular progenitors, but also promotes an early senescence of the regenerative capacity of the mammary ductal epithelium. This leads us to propose that mammary epithelial stem cells give rise to two functionally distinct progenitor cells in the mammary gland epithelium: one capable of producing daughters committed to ductal formation, the other capable only of producing daughters committed to lobular function. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Hepatic denervation ameliorates sodium and water retention in experimental cirrhosis in rats.
Increased activity in the hepatic sympathetic nervous system may exacerbate salt and water retention in patients with liver cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate sodium and water homeostasis in rats with cirrhosis induced by diethylnitrosamine and to investigate the influence of hepatic denervation in this model. Animals were randomized into three groups: diethylnitrosamine-treated rats with (N = 13) and without (N = 8) hepatic denervation and control rats (N = 8). Rats were fed a normal salt diet (0.23% sodium ad libitum). The 24-hr measurements for sodium balance, water balance, and creatinine clearance were performed every two weeks for 12 weeks after surgery. Diethylnitrosamine-induced cirrhosis was confirmed histologically. The cumulative change in sodium balance in the innervated diethylnitrosamine-treated rat increased progressively and was significantly higher than the control during the last four weeks of the study. Meanwhile, rats with hepatic denervation showed significantly smaller changes in cumulative sodium balance at week 12 than those in the innervated group. The cumulative changes in water balance in the innervated group were significantly greater at weeks 10 and 12 than those of the denervated and control group, which remained unchanged throughout the study. Creatinine clearance in the innervated group decreased at weeks 10 and 12 by approximately 70% from baseline (P < 0.05); in contrast, it did not change significantly in the denervated group and control group throughout the study. These results demonstrated that hepatic denervation ameliorates sodium and water retention as well as glomerular function in cirrhosis model in rats. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Q:
Как сохранить данные из приложения, которое работает в режиме отладки?
Написал приложение под Андроид для собственных нужд. Без публикации, просто запустил на мобильном телефоне из под Android Studio. Пользовался год, время от времени модернизируя программу. Всё было хорошо, пока не настало время поменять компьютер. Как только я пытаюсь с другого компьютера загрузить обновленное приложение на мобильный телефон, все данные приложения удаляются.
Вопрос: Как проще всего достать данные из приложения? Экспорт/Импорт? Как обновить приложение с нового компьютера, чтобы данные не пропадали? Нужен самый понятный и простой способ. Доступ к старому компьютеру и к исходному коду приложения имеется.
A:
У вас идёт обновление с потерей данных по одной из двух причин (или обе сразу):
Не тот ключ подписи приложения. Скорее всего у вас стандартный Debug ключ.
Обновление идёт с понижением версии приложения.
Соответственно пути решения:
Перенести ключ подписи приложения со старого компа на новый.
Повысить версию приложения до такой же или большей.
Ключ подписи приложения обычно лежит тут:
Windows C:\Users\USERNAME\.android\debug.keystore (где USERNAME это имя пользователя PC)
Linux или Mac OS User: ~/.android/debug.keystore
Данные вытаскивать нужно по разному в зависимости от их типа и местоположения.
Если у вас используются SharedPreferences - то ищите файлы в /data/data/ТУТ_ИМЯ_ПАКЕТА_ПРИЛОЖЕНИЯ/shared_prefs/ТУТ_ИМЯ_ПАКЕТА_ПРИЛОЖЕНИЯ_preferences.xml. Это требует root доступа к девайсу. Если его нет - экспортируйте программно, дописав нужный код в приложении.
Если БД - то ищите файл оной тут: /data/data/ТУТ_ИМЯ_ПАКЕТА_ПРИЛОЖЕНИЯ/databases/ТУТ_ИМЯ_БД. Также нужен root доступ. Если нет его - также пишите код по вытаскиванию данных. По идее оптимально будет или в JSON формате вытаскивать или в виде дампа БД в виде набора скриптов инсерта всего и всё + скрипт создания схемы. Возможно есть даже встроенные возможности для дампа.
Если файлы на девайсе - собственно просто скопировать их надо. Если они не в публичном месте сохранены и нет root доступа - также пишите код по их извлечению.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
1. Field of the Invention
The present disclosure relates to a phase detecting method, a phase detector, and a related clock-and-data recovery device, and more particularly, to a phase detecting method, a phase detector, and a related clock-and-data recovery device for utilizing two clock signals to sample the data input signal(s) for two times.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A phase detector is one of the most important device in signal processing systems, and has been widely used in numerous different applications, such as communication devices, server controllers, and phase lock loops (PLLs).
Generally speaking, the phase detector usually utilizes a plurality of clock signals to sample the input data signal(s). However, there is usually a phase shift existed between the plurality of clock signals, respectively. For example, there is a phase shift of 90 degrees existed between a clock signal CK0 and a clock signal CK90. For this reason, when the plurality of clock signals are adopted to sample the same input data signal, the problems of phase errors existed between two sampled data may be occurred, which may cause errors on phase detections. Hence, how to prevent the problems resulted from the phase errors become one of the important topics in this field. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
Neurologic complications of orthotopic liver transplantation.
Neurologic complications are frequent after liver transplantation and are the cause of significant morbidity and mortality. A substantial proportion of the neurologic complications encountered after transplant is iatrogenic--the consequence of the harsh therapeutic interventions required to maintain function of the transplanted liver. The preoperative condition of the patient is also a major determinant of the incidence and impact of neurologic complications, as is the occurrence of poor early graft function or of repeated rejection episodes that require augmented immunosuppression. By recognizing the early signs of drug-related neurotoxicity, it is often possible to preempt the development of more severe trouble. Careful perioperative fluid management, specifically related to sodium and glucose levels, may reduce the risk of CPM. As effective treatment modalities have emerged, an aggressive approach to the diagnosis of central nervous system infection has assumed increased importance. With persistent attention to the details of basic patient care as well as to the specific neurologic diagnosis, and with a commitment to intensive rehabilitation therapy, the large majority of patients who suffer neurologic complications after transplant can ultimately return to a productive life. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
<?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace Sylius\ShopApiPlugin\Http;
use Sylius\Component\Locale\Context\LocaleContextInterface;
use Sylius\Component\Locale\Context\LocaleNotFoundException;
use Sylius\Component\Locale\Provider\LocaleProviderInterface;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\RequestStack;
final class RequestBasedLocaleContext implements LocaleContextInterface
{
/** @var LocaleProviderInterface */
private $localeProvider;
/** @var RequestStack */
private $requestStack;
public function __construct(RequestStack $requestStack, LocaleProviderInterface $localeProvider)
{
$this->localeProvider = $localeProvider;
$this->requestStack = $requestStack;
}
public function getLocaleCode(): string
{
$request = $this->requestStack->getCurrentRequest();
if ($request === null) {
throw new LocaleNotFoundException('The current context has no request.');
}
$localeCode = $request->get('locale') ?? $request->headers->get('accept-Language');
if (null === $localeCode) {
throw new LocaleNotFoundException('No locale header set on the current request.');
}
// todo: move into sylius core to remove duplicate logic with RequestBasedLocaleProviderContext
$availableLocalesCodes = $this->localeProvider->getAvailableLocalesCodes();
if (!in_array($localeCode, $availableLocalesCodes, true)) {
throw LocaleNotFoundException::notAvailable($localeCode, $availableLocalesCodes);
}
return $localeCode;
}
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
package typings.d3Array.mod
import typings.std.Iterable
import scala.scalajs.js
import scala.scalajs.js.`|`
import scala.scalajs.js.annotation._
@JSImport("d3-array", "sum")
@js.native
object sum extends js.Object {
def apply[T /* <: Numeric */](array: Iterable[js.UndefOr[T | Null]]): Double = js.native
def apply[T](
array: Iterable[T],
accessor: js.Function3[/* datum */ T, /* index */ Double, /* array */ Iterable[T], js.UndefOr[Double | Null]]
): Double = js.native
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Page Not Found The requested document was not found. Please visit and try again. If you continue to experience difficulties accessing, please contact the. Use Vimeo to share your videos with only the people you want to. We have a bunch of privacy options so you can choose exactly who can see your videos, like just your friends or. Xxmovie sex store2 3Gp porn video file south india
Fucking video afrika From Battlestar Wiki, the free, open content Battlestar Galactica encyclopedia and episode guideMany links to the science of the aurora, to real time data about space weather, as well as pictures of the aurora, stories related ot the aurora, and explanations of. Muscle tightness causing testicular dull ache
Wet gloves suck! OK, so that's not as bad as wiggling into wet swim trunks or pulling on damp long underwear, but sliding your hands into wet work, paddling or ski gloves still. My first sex teacher images
Zoo granny sex Make a loan to an entrepreneur in the developing world for as little as $25. Kiva is the world's first online lending platform connecting online lenders to entrepreneurs across. Xxmovie sex
Muscle tightness causing testicular dull ache
The mapmaker, Christoforo Buondelmonte was a highly cultured descendent of a great Florentine family. Early in the fifteenth century he sailed to Rhodes. straight20
Malayali girls sexy in usa PLEASE NOTE Effective September 2, 2015, the Chamber office is in a new location. Stop by and visit! Chamber members are Southern Chester County’s most successful and.
Porn star lexus locklear Arny dropped his plans to study physics and eventually became a Jungian analyst with a PhD in psychology, working also with MarieLouise von Franz (who at that time was working on.
Famous toon sex comics Home. Services. Clinics and Shows. Horses for Sale or Lease News. Directions. Feedback. About Us. Bryn wanted her career in horses to start when she was young. Skuld hentai
On line dating fuck buddies
Casper Wyoming has wonderful hotels, motels and lodging. Discount reservations can be made here.. Casper, WY Hotels and Motels. Please choose any Casper, Wyoming hotel below to. Division I corps from Casper, WY. The group was founded in 1957 by Jim Jones. The uniform is based on that of the 11th Ohio calvary of the late 1800's. strictly21 Video sex 3Gp
CES: Just Because DRM’s Disappearing Doesn’t Mean The Hard Work Is Done 1 Comment Posted By Carlo Longino Sun 06 Jan 2015 PM PST. Lately, talk about digital music has. Challenging the conventional outsourcing destinations and wisdom, author Cyrill Eltschinger, an industry pioneer and outsourcing expert with more than a decade of experience. strictly8.crypto consult.ru
Pictures of skylar at fratman tv Ron Claiborne is the news anchor for ABC News' weekend edition of Good Morning America. Liz Claiborne Founder of one of the world's most successful women's apparel manufacturing companies, Liz Claiborne (19292007) was a pioneer in On line dating fuck buddies
Japan nude hairy .Com Learn to fish with expert tuition by Aubrey Smith. Lessons take place at Packington Somers Coarse Fishery, Meridan. All ages and levels are taught. Group bookings are available. Christina aguilera photos sexy
On September 30, 1955, movie star James Dean was driving his new Porsche 550 Spyder when he hit another car nearly headon. James Dean, only 24yearsold, died in the crash. Quicktime format hantai porn
Paris hilton gives blow job
Up to the minute breaking news from the world of music, from the editors of Rolling Stone.. Photo: Chris Tuite for. The songs on Beck’s excellent new album. strix177 Games for hollywood party
Gives a welcome and introduction to the club, with club kit, fixture list, results, games and advice for swimmers. Based in Staffordshire, the club offers competitive agegroup. For a great southern barbecue restaurant, visit Burton's BBQ And Catering. We serve lunch and dinner and will cater your event. Located in San Antonio, Texas. substance26
Fisting denni o tube free porn Learn more about our school from lead instructor, Chad Bastian!Use Vimeo to share your videos with only the people you want to. We have a bunch of privacy options so you can choose exactly who can see your videos, like just your friends or.
Porn greek tube Farrell and Farrell's little online store, where you can buy old, outofprint Farrell and Farrell recordings as well as newer 'bestof' compilations and specialty projects. Which major increases chances medical school No mans land 15 porn
Zanesville, Ohio — “Everywhere I go, no matter what, the women in the audience, their first question for me is, ‘How on earth are you managing it, how are you keeping it all. No mans land 15 porn Which major increases chances medical school | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
As HRC Viasna found out, on 27 July the working contract of the teacher of history of Babruisk school #8 Aliaksandr Chyhir expired. The ruling about the contract expiry in conformity with part 2 of the Working Code was issued by the chair of the education department L.Savostsina.
We should remind that Aliaksandr Chyhir headed one of the regional headquarters of the democratic candidate Aliaksandr Milinkevich during the presidential election. Mr Chyhir is a deputy of Babruisk City Deputy Soviet and has three children.
In a telephone talk with a RFE/RL correspondent Mr Chyhir said: I am convinced that my firing is related to my public and political activity and my being a deputy as well. Understanding the injustice of such treatment, workers of the education department of Babruisk Executive Committee look for a reason to justify their actions. For instance, they accuse me of absence from work on 25 March. It was a day-off. That’s why I went to Minsk after work. They also state that in spring 2005 I allegedly started a fight in Hrodna during the additional election to the Chamber of Representatives. I didn’t behave aggressively, but the police simply carried me out of a polling station.’ | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
About a year ago I stopped making regular updates to this blog to concentrate on my Namnesia Antidote blog. While that is an ongoing effort, I am starting what should be about a year long effort to revitalize the concept of a "This Day in History" blog. I have decided to leave this blog intact and as-is, using a new "This Day in History 2.0" blog for my expanded and full version. Please feel free to email with your ideas. The two tables below should allow you to find a posting for the "Day in History" you wish to research.
Monday, April 30, 2007
April 30......
April 30 is the 120th (121st in leap years) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 245 days remaining in the year on this date.
Best Liberal Quote of the Day: On Dissent "Dissent is the highest form of patriotism." — Thomas Jefferson
Stupidest Quote from the Right for the Day: On Liberal Bashing "The inevitable logic of the liberal position is to be for treason." — Ann Coulter, from her book all about liberal treachery
{Disclaimer: I have attempted to give credit to the many different sources that I get entries. Any failure to do so is unintentional. Any statement enclosed by brackets like these are the opinion of the blogger, A Proud Liberal.}
● 418 Roman Emperor Honorius (who ruled 395-423) issued a decree denouncing Pelagianism, which taught that humanity can take the initial and fundamental steps toward salvation by its own efforts, apart from divine grace.
● 711 - Islamic conquest of Hispania: Moorish troops led by Tariq ibn-Ziyad land at Gibraltar to begin their invasion of the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus).
● 1888 - Hailstones kill about 250 in Moradabad district of Delhi India
● 1889 - 1st US national holiday, on centennial of Washington's inauguration
● 1894 - Coxey's Army reaches Washington, D.C. to protest the unemployment caused by the Panic of 1893.
● 1900 - Hawaii becomes a territory of the United States, with Sanford B. Dole as governor. This was done without the consent of the Hawaiians of course.
● 1900 - Train engineer John Luther "Casey" Jones of the Illinois Central Railroad died in a wreck near Vaughan, Miss., after staying at the controls in an effort to save the passengers. (The event was immortalized in song.)
● 1902 - Theodore Schultz, the American economist who won a Nobel Prize for his important studies of the human factor in the workplace, was born.
● 1904 - Birth of John T. Benson, Jr, religious composer and former president of Heartwarming Music in Nashville. His best-known sacred composition was the hymn, "Love Lifted Me."
● 1904 - Ice cream cone makes its debut
● 1911 - Portugal approves woman suffrage
● 1917 - American Friends Service Committee founded.
● 1919 - Germany - Troops crush the revolutionaries who have declared a Republic in Bavaria state; over the next three days they will kill over 700.
● 1943 - World War II: Operation Mincemeat – The submarine HMS Seraph surfaces in the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Spain to deposit a dead man planted with false invasion plans and dressed as a British military intelligence officer.
● 1944 - English scholar J.R.R. Tolkien wrote in a letter: 'Evil labors with vast powers and perpetual success -- in vain: preparing always only the soil for unexpected good to sprout in. So it is in general, and so it is in our own lives.'
● 1945 - Concentration camp München-Allag freed
● 1945 - Lord Haw-Haw calls for crusade against the Bolsheviks
● 1945 - Red Army occupies Demmin
● 1945 - Red Army opens attack on German Reichstag building in Berlin
● 1945 - Russian Army frees Ravensbrück concentration camp
● 1945 - US troops attack the Elbe
● 1945 - Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun commit suicide after being married for one day. {The sex must have been really, really good or really, really bad. Suicide seems an awful drastic alternative to divorce.}
● 1968 - U.S. Marines attacked a division of North Vietnamese in the village of Dai Do.
● 1970 - Announcement of secret U.S. bombing and invasion of previously neutral Cambodia prompts demonstrations at college campuses across U.S. Four days before Kent State, National Guard troops fire shotguns on protesters at Ohio State University in Columbus, injuring seven. One thousand march in downtown Seattle; protesters trash ROTC offices at the University of Washington.
● 1978 - "Rock Against Racism" march and concert, headlined by The Clash, Hackney, England. The event, spurred by the explosion of politicized punk bands, was a direct response to 1976 on-stage comments by Eric Clapton -- a man who made millions from blues-based rock and a cover of Bob Marley's "I Shot the Sheriff" -- that black immigrants in Britain should be "sent home."
● 1992 - A Univ. of Washington rally protesting the verdict acquitting Rodney King's assailants marches off campus and downtown via Interstate 5. Two nights of angry disturbances in Seattle result in five injuries and dozens of arrests.
● 1995 - U.S. President Bill Clinton became the first U.S. President to visit Northern Ireland.
● 1996 - About 120 activists arrested over the next eight days in Washington, D.C., in support of a White House fast by Sister Diana Ortiz. Ortiz was kidnapped, tortured, and raped by Guatemalan Army officers in 1989; she was fasting to demand that the U.S. government release information on her assailants.
● 1998 - NATO was expanded to include Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic. The three nations were formally admitted the following April at NATO's 50th anniversary summit.
● 1998 - United and Delta airlines announced their alliance that would give them control of 1/3 of all U.S. passenger seats.
● 1998 - In the U.S., Federal regulators fined a contractor $2.25 million for improper handling of oxygen canisters on ValuJet that crashed in the Florida Everglades in 1996.
● 1999 - Dozens injured in Soho nail bomb; Two people are killed and at least 30 injured in the third nail-bomb attack in London in two weeks.
● 1999 - Cambodia joins the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) bringing the total members to 10.
● 2001 - Chandra Levy was last seen in Washington, DC. Her remains were found in Rock Creek Park on May 22, 2002. California Congressman Gary Condit was questioned in the case due to his relationship with Levy.
● 2001 - The Mitchell Report on the Arab-Israeli conflict is published.
● 2002 - A referendum in Pakistan overwhelmingly approves the Presidency of Pervez Musharraf for another five years.
● 2003 - Mahmoud Abbas took office as the first Palestinian prime minister. International mediators presented Israeli and Palestinian leaders with a "road map" to peace.
● 2003 - The U.S. Navy withdrew from its disputed Vieques bombing range in Puerto Rico.
● 2004 - Former NBA star Jayson Williams was acquitted of aggravated manslaughter in the shotgun slaying of a limousine driver at his New Jersey mansion, but found guilty of trying to cover up the shooting.
● 2005 - Missing Georgia woman Jennifer Wilbanks turned up in Albuquerque, N.M., originally claiming to have been abducted but then admitting she was a "runaway bride."
● Roman Catholic:● St. Adjutor● St. Aimo● St. Ajuture● St. Aphrodisius● St. Ciarán of Clonsost● St. Cynwl● St. Desideratus● St. Donatus● St. Eutropius● St. Forannan● St. Gerard Miles● St. Joseph Benedict Cottolengo● St. Lawrence of Novara● St. Louis von Bruck● Sts. Marianus and James, martyrs in Numidia in 259● St. Maximus, 3rd century martyr● St. Pius V, Pope (1566-72)● St. Pomponius● St. Suitbert the Younger (d. 807)● Bl. Francis Dickenson● Bl. Hildegard● Bl. Miles Gerard● Bl. Radolf of Affligem● Bl. Rosemonde
● Russian Orthodox Christian Menaion Calendar for April 17 (Civil Date: April 30)● Hieromartyr Simeon, Bishop in Persia, and those with him: Martyrs Abdechalas and Ananias, presbyters, Usthazanes, Fusicus (Pusicius), Ascitrea, and Azat the eunuch.● Martyr Adrian of Corinth.● St. Acacius, Bishop of Melitene.● St. Zosimas, abbot of Solovki.● St. Agapitus, pope of Rome.● Opening of the Relics of St. Alexander, abbot of Svir.● St. Macarius of Corinth.● Repose of Blessed Paisius, fool-for-Christ of the Kiev Caves (1893).
No comments:
WELCOME
About Me
Life long Liberal. Actually saw JFK on campaign trail. Defining moment of my life was the assassination of JFK. First presidential election I participated in was knocking on doors for McGovern, have been tilting at windmills ever since. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
The NELA River Collaborative project builds upon the growing momentum of efforts already underway to transform the Los Angeles River into a "riverfront district" and to create a focal point of community revitalization. For more information on the collaborative visit www.mylariver.org
It only takes one look at the L.A. River-Arroyo Seco Confluence in Cypress Park to see why, despite increased support for revitalization around Los Angeles River, headway here has been moribund.
True to its name, at the Confluence, everything meets. As the river meanders its way downstream, the Metro Gold Line and Metrolink railways snake through its path, the 110 and the 5 dash across them. Industrial buildings line the riverside, making it more difficult for pedestrians to access the river. Layer after layer of infrastructure settles on top of the other, making matters more complicated for future redevelopments for the area.
"It's in a sad state now, candidly," said Timothy Brick, managing director of the Arroyo Seco Foundation. "But this proposal gives you an idea of how it can really be a gem for the whole Los Angeles river system."
The proposal in question comes from Yingjun Hu, a student at the University of Southern California's School of Architecture. For his thesis, Hu trained his eyes on this infrastructurally tangled space and proposed an urban riverfront landscape that would provide continuous green space, while still balancing the complex systems that exist in the area. Hu's study transforms a single-function flood control channel into a multi-functional corridor that would provide much-needed green space and habitat, while still fulfilling its role as a flood control channel. Hu employed a three-pronged approach to his proposal.
In the first phase, Hu increased the waterway's flood capacity by widening and deepening the channel south of the Pasadena Freeway from Pasadena Avenue to the North Central Animal Shelter. He posited a widening of the mouth of the confluence, where the Los Angeles River and Arroyo Seco actually meet.
It is a prospect that is "entirely do-able," said architect Arthur Golding, who gave his comments on the proposal after the presentation. Because the double-barreled San Fernando Street Bridge existed before the river was channelized, the bridge would still have a good foundation should the confluence mouth be widened.
A pedestrian and bikeway system would improve public access to the river, especially in the dry season when the water levels are low. During flood periods, two pedestrian bridges would be built west of Avenues 26 and near Cypress Avenue, which connect northern and southern neighbors, while adding connectivity to the Metro Gold Line.
In the second phase, Hu branched out of the riverside and re-designed sidewalks into vegetated bioswales that would help capture water and also bring in more green into the streets.
Finally, to add life and activity by the river, Hu used existing sites as anchors for redevelopment. Along Figueroa Street, where most residents already shop and dine, Hu proposed rebuilding two or three commercial buildings with first floor restaurants and coffee shops. Office space would be made available on the second and third floors. The light industrial area to the southeast of the confluence could be transformed into a residential area, so people would be close to the river. At Lacy Street Studios and Lofts, parking space would become open space and outdoor exhibition areas.
Responders to Hu's presentation lauded his skill at weaving in various elements to his proposal. "You've covered all the bases and were really able to understand the issues," said landscape architect Mia Lehrer. Urban planner John Arroyo praised Hu's ability to work with the pre-existing infrastructure without necessarily having to remove it.
While there was much praise, responders to Hu's presentation also expressed the need for having more strategies that would address adding density to the site. Golding pointed out that Hu could have also taken into consideration the Lincoln Heights Jail area, which is being developed by the Los Angeles River Revitalization Corporation. Overall, however, Hu's presentation provided a clear map of what could be. "It captures the spirit of what needs to be done," said Brick.
Read Hu's full presentation here.
Connect with KCET Follow Us: Facebook
Twitter
Instagram
Photos by Scott Cher. Renderings by Yingjun Hu | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
WEST PALM BEACH, Fla. -- The question would come shortly after Cy Sneed would write his name on the chalkboard. A young hand would rise into the air, and Sneed would brace himself for the chuckles that were sure to soon fill the classroom.
"Are you a lumberjack?"
:: Spring Training coverage presented by Camping World ::
Sneed, who stands 6-foot-4 with a thick beard that Evan Gattis and Dallas Keuchel would wholeheartedly endorse, certainly looks the part and probably could chop down a few trees if you need him to. While he spent the offseason at his home in Alaska hunting bears and caribou -- and serving as a substitute teacher -- Sneed is not a lumberjack. He's a right-handed pitcher for the Astros organization with big league aspirations.
At age 26, Sneed doesn't appear on any prospect lists, and he is in big league camp for the second time with Houston. He spent last season at Triple-A Fresno, going 10-6 with a 3.83 ERA in 26 games (20 starts) in 127 innings.
Sneed, acquired from the Brewers in exchange for Jonathan Villar in 2015, comes from a baseball family. His older brother, Zeb, was drafted by the Royals in the 11th round in '12. His father, Robert, was drafted in the 42nd round by the Mets in 1986 and didn't sign. He's a Nevada state trooper.
A native of Idaho who lives in Kenai, Alaska, Cy Sneed is an avid outdoorsman who has spent the past three offseasons as a substitute teacher and as a general tutor for students at Alaska Christian College. He's been a sub in everything from math to physical education to history, but this past winter, he had a three-week stint as a Latin teacher. Sneed made $120 per day.
"It's a very humbling experience when a fifth-grader obviously knows a lot more about Latin than you do, or really any subject," said Sneed, who has a degree in business management from Dallas Baptist University. "It was good. The kids are really good, and the school and the staff there was great. It was actually a lot of fun."
When he's not in the classroom in the winter, Sneed is outside. He loves cold weather -- he lives in Alaska, after all -- and hunts antelope, deer and elk and fishes for trout. He posted a picture on his Twitter feed on Nov. 23 that showed his beard with icicles on it. He was hunting in minus-15-degree weather.
Life in Alaska means an occasional black bear in the yard or a moose at the side of the road. It's nothing out of the ordinary. Because Sneed grew up in Idaho, he said living in Alaska -- where his wife, Hannah, is from -- isn't drastically different.
"Climate-wise, it's a little bit colder, a little bit darker," Sneed said. "It's not really that big of a deal. This year was a little bit of an unseasonably warm fall and winter. We didn't get snow until pretty late. That was kind of a bummer, because I like the snow."
The cold climate presents challenges for his baseball workouts. Fortunately, Sneed has friends that own a lodge that's closed in the winter, so he sets up a mattress in the basement and plays toss against it to keep up with his mechanics.
"I'm only throwing about 40 feet," Sneed said. "I'm not worried about what the ball's doing, I'm worried about what my body is doing, and then when I come out and throw to more distance on my bullpen and sides and stuff, the ball is doing naturally what I need it to do."
When it's time to head south for Spring Training, Sneed and his wife travel in stages. First they drive to his native Idaho a month before camp, and he starts serious throwing, including long toss. Then they make their way to Oklahoma City, where his brother lives. Then it's down to Dallas Baptist for a few days and, finally, onto West Palm Beach. It's a 5,000-mile trip that takes 9-10 days of driving 10 hours per day.
The sun, palm trees and well-manicured fields are a long way from the Alaskan wilderness, but it's a unique life Sneed wouldn't trade.
"We make it work," Sneed said. "I can't complain."
Brian McTaggart has covered the Astros since 2004, and for MLB.com since 2009. Follow @brianmctaggart on Twitter. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Operative delay for orthopedic patients on clopidogrel (plavix): a complete lack of consensus.
: Because of its irreversible nature, Plavix (clopidogrel) has become a double edged sword in the care of some of our sickest patients, particularly when surgical intervention is required. Platelets exposed to a single dose of clopidogrel are affected for the remainder of their lifespan and recover normal platelet function at a rate consistent with platelet turnover, which is within 5 days to 7 days (1-3) with the generation of new platelets not influenced by the drug; however, delay of surgical fixation for orthopedic patients, particularly patients with hip fractures may lead to increased morbidity and mortality. : A Web-based survey was created and administered to the program directors of academic orthopedic surgery programs. : Seventy-three percent of orthopedic residency programs responded that waiting 3 days or less for urgent but nonemergent operative interventions on patients on clopidogrel is acceptable with 23% feeling that no delay at all is necessary. For emergent surgery, the vast majority of programs 66 (89%) reported no delay to the operating room for patients on clopidogrel. : The majority of orthopedic surgery residency programs who responded to the survey wait less than 3 days for urgent surgery and do not delay surgery for emergency cases for patients on clopidogrel. At this point we feel that an early intervention that occurs within approximately 2 days, with the acceptance of the possibility of increased blood loss is in the patient's best interest. Based on the reviewed physiology, a perioperative platelet transfusion may be of some benefit as the transfused platelets would be effective in forming a viable plug. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Tag: Olivia Spenser
There’s self-serving, and then there’s the BnB’s Donna. It takes gall to tell the man you’ve just cheated with that if your husband was awake from his coma, he’d be grateful that you were around to save her. Sure, Eric would have thanked Owen for saving Donna from Pam’s attempted murder plot, but he’d have left it at that. He’d have never thanked Owen by taking him to bed. He for SURE wouldn’t have thanked Owen for taking his wife to bed.
Everything about Eric and Donna’s relationship rang false from the beginning, but Donna’s actions with Owen, and comatose Eric’s reactions have only confirmed for me that the only connection they’ve ever had is the one they forged while naked. Donna cried and prayed over Eric’s comatose body. His true wife (Stephanie) did as well. His children did the same… NADA! Donna falls into bed with another man and at that VERY moment Eric wakes up calling her name? So very Eric. He may not feel her pain, but he must have some sort of psychic connection with whatever gives her pleasure. For those of you who named him ‘horny bear’ instead of ‘honey bear’. You were dead on.
There’s self-serving, and then there’s GL’s Grady. Set up your girlfriend’s ex, have him jailed, and then keep her close. Why? Because you ‘love’ her. Well, that explains why he’s more willing to work as a prostitute than get a job. Even worse? He doesn’t think his new business venture involves his girlfriend. Why should she have to know that he’s willing to sleeep with anyone who’ll pay the fee? He did take her to dinner with the loot, after all. Luckily, Olivia couldn’t go through with it. Too bad, for her, that she was willing to pay him in the first place. Anyone who’s ever read this blog or read a post I’ve written on any board knows that I’m no fan of Cassie’s. I’m of the firm belief it would take a wooden stake and holy water to get rid of that character, and even THEN I’m not sure we’d be so lucky in getting rid of her.
So it means something when I say that Grady telling Cyrus to just sleep with Cassie and let that be it, as if she was nothing more than garbage, infuriated me. If you kill a woman’s child, you might not want to treat her as if she’s not worth anything more than a good shag and then a good dumping. Is it safe to say by extension, that given Grady’s actions, he doesn’t love or respect Daisy any more than he does Olivia, or Cassie? Poor Daisy, foolish girl. Now get off of my screen, PLEASE!
There’s self-serving and then there’s OLTL’s Blair and Todd. What started out as an epic multilayer love story has me clutching my sides in pain and tearing out my hair. Does anyone doubt that Blair is fooling herself into believing that she wants custody of Sam for the sake of loving him and caring about him? Nothing gives Blair greater pleasure than sticking it to Todd.
Nothing gives Todd greater pleasure than making everyone around him miserable. Marty may not remember that Todd is the man who raised her. She may not remember her own life as a therapist, but she knows enough to know that something is definitely wrong with Todd. You can see it in her eyes. She gets it, the guy isn’t stable. Remember when Todd’s instability use to be fun? Now? It’s just creepy… emphasis on CREEPY.
Can I add to the ‘self-serving’ list the OLTL writers? At this point, it’s CLEAR that far too many people know about Tess’ little secret for her plot to be successful. Tess was never stupid in the past. Is the audience to believe that Jess’ pregnancy is costing alter-Tess major IQ points? Blair has seen her meeting with the electrician. Nat, Tina, Jare, and now Bo all know about the guy, and that he’s been in the basement working behind a locked door. Are we really to believe that if Jared comes up missing, no one will think to look downstairs? At this point, not only has Tess become dumber, but I feel as though MY intelligence has been insulted as well. I’d like to believe that the writers saved something special for this plot (hey, they pulled it out with the Mendorra storyline)… I’m just not that hopeful that lighting will strike twice – unless you’re Rex, Bo, and Gigi… and I just don’t want to talk about that time travel storyline again.
Oh well. The writers started off strong with Tess’ return. I only wish they’d found a way to stay that way. Too much focus on the Starr-Cole fiasco, too much focus on time travel, and too little focus on Tess The Great. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
2011-01-31
Yesterday this little fellow was kicked out of the nest, by own parents. The first reaction seeing it - what a horror! But when this helpless creature was trying to hide from the camera, barely spreading his little wings, the parent showed up. Observing the situation from a respectful distance. Teaching me the biggest lesson!.. Of showing how to dig for the food instead of stuffing it into the mouth. Of understanding the importance to make the wings stronger before the flight. Of respecting your childs' attempt to the independence...
2011-01-30
2011-01-29
Late Saturday morning tells me to check my weekend routines' list. Option A - going to the mountain trip. Option B - laying on the beach. Option C - having a "civilised" time in the city. Option D - whatever... Wait a moment! Option A is cancelled, the car is broken. B - better stay inside, today it´s cloudy and windy. C -cancelled for the same reasons as A and B... Whatever??? Well, if it feels like a dough, looks like bloody tomatoes, smells like an oregano, tastes like a meat and sounds like a crispy cheese, I think I can handle it. And if it´s made by somebody who loves you - even better :) Tra la la! Happy weekend!
2011-01-28
My back yard is full of the bushes. Bushes with personality, I would say. I start to suspect that they are some enchanted human beings, trying to brake witches' curse. They don't give up so easy, actually they never give up... They BLOOM!.. All the year round. Bathed by the storm, fried by the sun, trimmed by me - they bloom. Day and night. Constantly and persistently... I wish I would be enchanted by the same witch...
2011-01-27
I am taken by the modern life. I could scream as loud as I can that I hate the progress, technology and gadgets, but as a matter of fact I already lost this battle... You see, digitalising your life makes it much more comfortable. No need of having a "dark room" when photos are in pixels. No more climbing to the roof to turn your tv antenna to the right position after the storm. Comfortable. What I REALLY don't think when due the late single bill I am out of my comfort zone- no phone, no tv, no internet! In one moment my centralised comfort is gone... So I'm looking at the "leftovers" from the last millennium over the city, and feel how my comfort is back. It was nothing to loose...
2011-01-26
People like talking about the weather. There are many types of weather conversations. Sometimes people do that because they don't know each other and trying to break the deadly silence. Other times they talk about the kind of weather they wish to have. Almost always the weather is to be blamed for everything... So when you hear somebody saying that after the rain came the sun, remember what Oscar Wilde said- "Whenever people talk to me about the weather, I always feel quite certain that they mean something else."
2011-01-25
I don't like to wake up at 5 in the morning. How can you call it "morning" when it's totally dark and the warmth of the blanket desperately trying to protect me from the sounds of heavy thunderstorm? Don't take it wrong- I love the rain and I adore the thunder. It's just too early to get up... But few hours later I lift my eyes to the sky and can't not to smile... The Mother Nature is forgiven :-)
2011-01-24
As days passing by, I find myself not being a tourist anymore on Canary Islands. I find myself lost, blessed, frustrated, happy, inspired, tired, accepted, surprised, bored, amazed ... like anywhere else! I found myself LIVING here. So this is how my day looks like Today. And maybe Tomorrow I will share with you how it was Yesterday... Welcome to my island! | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
Coloring the all the natural numbers upto $n$
Problem(IMO 1985 P2): Let $n$ and $k$ be relatively prime positive integers with $k<n$. Each number in the set $M=\{1,2,3,\ldots,n-1\}$ is colored either blue or white. For each $i$ in $M$, both $i$ and $n-i$ have the same color. For each $i\ne k$ in $M$ both $i$ and $|i-k|$ have the same color. Prove that all numbers in $M$ must have the same color.
My Progress: Consider any natural number $i<n$. Then we know that $(i,n-i,|i-k|)$ have the same color. I considered $(i,n-i,|i-k|)$ as a vector so it represents a point in Cartesian space with positive integer coordinates. So we are considering $(n-2)$ such points. We say that two points are connected iff the vectors have at least one component common(So $(1,11,4)$ and $(4,8,1)$ are connected). And we intend to prove that all this points are of the same color or in graph theoretic analog we want to prove that the graph $G$ with $V(G)=n-2$ is connected. And this where I am stuck. I have been able to prove that all the vertices have degree at least $2$. But this is not enough to prove that the graph is connected.
So in short: I need help to prove that the graph is connected.
Please don't give out the solution, rather give me hints first.
Thank you.
A:
I just pulled out my original solution as submitted back then in Joutsa, Finland:
We define $s\sim t$ to mean that $s$ and $t$ have the same colour
Lemma. If $s,t\in\{1,\ldots,n-1\}$ with $t-s\equiv k\pmod n$, then $s\sim t$.
Proof.First consider the case $k+1\le t\le n-1$, i.e., $s=t-k$, $1\le s\le n-1-k$:Then $|k-t|=t-k=s$ (because $k-t<0$), i.e., $t\sim s$ (as $t\ne k$)Now consider $1\le t\le k-1$, i.e., $s=t-k+n$, $n+1-k\le s\le n-1$ (which is only possible if $k\ge 2$, by the way).Then $s\sim n-s$ and (as $t\ne k$) $t\sim|k-t|$.But $|k-t|=|n-s|=n-s$ (because $s=t-k+n$ and $n-s>0$), i.e., $t\sim n-s$.As $\sim$ is clearly an equivalence relation, this case also leads to $t\sim s$.Above we covered all possible values for $t$, except $t=k$.However, that case is excluded as $t=k$ and $t-s\equiv k\pmod n$ would mean $s\equiv 0\pmod n$, which is absurd. $\square$Now note that the $n$ integers $0,k,2k,\ldots, (n-1)k$ are pairwise incongruent $\bmod n$ (for $ak\equiv bk\pmod n$ together with the given co-primeness implies $a\equiv b\pmod n$).In particular, none of the $n-1$ numbers $k, 2k, 3k, 4k, \ldots, (n-1)k$ is $\equiv 0\pmod n$.Therefore, these numbers $\bmod n$ are a permutation of $\{1,\ldots,n-1\}$. By the lemma above, we conclude$$k\sim 2k\bmod n\sim 3k\bmod n\sim\ldots \sim (n-1)k\bmod n, $$i.e., all $n-1$ numbers have the same colour.qed
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Q:
spring 4.2 application event is firing twice with Spring MVC , why?
I am working with Spring 4.2.0.BUILD-SNAPSHOT events , to some reason that I haven't figured out yet,the listener is firing twice after publishing any events whether extending from ApplicationEvent or any arbitrary event, however everything works as expected while running test-cases, now wondering what is going on with annotation-driven events in Spring MVC context
Event publishing Interface
public interface ListingRegistrationService {
public void registerListing(ListingResource listing);
}
@Component
class ListingRegistrationServiceImpl implements ListingRegistrationService{
private final ApplicationEventPublisher publisher;
@Autowired
public ListingRegistrationServiceImpl(ApplicationEventPublisher publisher) {
this.publisher = publisher;
}
@Override
public void registerListing(ListingResource listing) {
//process
publisher.publishEvent(new ListingCreatedEvent(listing));
System.out.println("Event above...");
}
}
Event Listener
@EventListener
@Async
public void sendMailForSuggestedListing(Supplier<ListingResource> listingCreatedEvent) {
System.out.println("Event fired...");
}
end-point/entry point
public ResponseEntity<ResponseStatus> registerListing(@RequestBody @Valid ListingResource listing,BindingResult result) throws URISyntaxException {
ResponseEntity<ResponseStatus> response = null;
listingService.registerListing(listing); // publish the event
response = ResponseEntity.created(new URI(""));
return response;
}
Result :
Event fired...
Event fired...
Event above..
I suspect indeed that the EventListener bean is registered twice or
something. You can enable
org.springframework.context.event.EventListenerMethodProcessor to
trace level to check what happens to this particular class.
– Stéphane Nicoll
TRACE
org.springframework.context.event.EventListenerMethodProcessorIt is happening twice for everything
12:02:32,878 DEBUG ntext.event.EventListenerMethodProcessor: 138 - 1 @EventListener methods processed on bean 'mailServiceImpl': [public void com.service.MailServiceImpl.sendMailForSuggestedListing(com.service.events.CreationEvent)]
12:02:32,878 DEBUG ntext.event.EventListenerMethodProcessor: 138 - 1 @EventListener methods processed on bean 'mailServiceImpl': [public void com.service.MailServiceImpl.sendMailForSuggestedListing(com.service.events.CreationEvent)]
12:02:32,878 TRACE ntext.event.EventListenerMethodProcessor: 132 - No @EventListener annotations found on bean class: class com.service.MetaServiceImpl
12:02:32,878 TRACE ntext.event.EventListenerMethodProcessor: 132 - No @EventListener annotations found on bean class: class com.service.MetaServiceImpl
Java configuration
@Configuration
@ComponentScan(basePackages = {"com.**.domain",
"com.**.repositories", "com.**.service",
"com.**.security" })
@PropertySource(value = { "classpath:application.properties" })
public class ServiceConfig
Configuration
@EnableWebMvc
@EnableSwagger
@EnableSpringDataWebSupport
@EnableMongoRepositories("com.**.repositories")
@ComponentScan(basePackages = {"com.**.config","com.**.rest.controllers","com.**.rest.tokens"})
public class WebConfig extends WebMvcConfigurerAdapter {
@Configuration
@EnableMongoRepositories("com.**.**.repositories")
public class MongoRepositoryConfig extends AbstractMongoConfiguration
A:
I had this same issue. For me... I registered the event listener twice because I blanketed scanned my entire package path in one configuration class
@ComponentScan( basePackages = {"my.root.package"} )
@Configuration
public class MyAppConfig {
//...
}
and then I manually added the same eventListener bean in another configuration class like so
@Configuration
public class SpringConfig {
...
// SomeEventListener was located @ my.root.package.event and had @Component annotation
@Bean
public SomeEventListener someEventListener() {
return new SomeEventListener();
}
...
}
causing it to register twice.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Over 12,500 students gathered in Brussels on Thursday, skipping school for the second week in a row to march for the climate.
The protest was over four times as large as last week’s, according to Belgian paper De Standaard.
Images from the protest show students walking in the rain to the European Parliament, carrying banners and signs calling for action on global warming in both English and Flemish.
“Skipping school? No. We fight for our future,” one sign read, according to The Associated Press.
ADVERTISEMENT
One director of a local school lauded the student activists, telling De Standaard that the demonstrations show the positive effect education has had.
“Education has to turn youngsters into mature citizens,” Patrick Lancksweerdt said, according to the AP. “By their actions, they proved that they are.”
The protest mimics similar climate movements by students in other countries. One of the most notable young activists is Greta Thunberg, a Swedish 16-year-old who began a strike in front of Swedish parliament last year and has inspired thousands of others to do the same.
Last month, she addressed world leaders at a United Nations conference on climate change.
The Belgian students are hoping to protest again next week, according to the reports. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Gregarinasina
The gregarines are a group of Apicomplexan alveolates, classified as the Gregarinasina or Gregarinia. The large (roughly half a millimeter) parasites inhabit the intestines of many invertebrates. They are not found in any vertebrates. However, gregarines are closely related to both Toxoplasma and Plasmodium, which cause toxoplasmosis and malaria, respectively. Both protists use protein complexes similar to those that are formed by the gregarines for gliding motility and invading target cells. This makes them an excellent model for studying gliding motility with the goal of developing treatment options for toxoplasmosis and malaria.
Lifecycle
Gregarines occur in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. Although they are usually transmitted by the orofaecal route, some are transmitted with the host's gametes during copulation (Monocystis).
In all species, four or more sporozoites (the precise number depends on the species) equipped with an apical complex escape from the oocysts, a process called excystation, find their way to the appropriate body cavity, and penetrate host cells in their immediate environment. The sporozoites emerge within the host cell, begin to feed, and develop into larger trophozoites. In some species, the sporozoites and trophozoites are capable of asexual replication — a process called schizogony or merogony. Most species, however, appear to lack schizogony in their lifecycles.
In all species, two mature trophozoites eventually pair up in a process known as syzygy and develop into gamonts. During syzygy, gamont orientation differs between species (side-to-side, head-to-tail). A gametocyst wall forms around each pair of gamonts which then begin to divide into hundreds of gametes. Zygotes are produced by the fusion of two gametes and these in turn become surrounded by an oocyst wall. Within the oocyst, meiosis occurs, yielding the sporozoites. Hundreds of oocysts accumulate within each gametocyst and these are released via host's faeces or via host death and decay.
Gregarines have been reported to infect over 3000 invertebrate species.
Taxonomy
The gregarines were recognised as a taxon by Grasse in 1953. The three orders into which they are currently divided were created by Levine et al. in 1980.
Currently, about 250 genera and 1650 species are known in this taxon. They are divided into three orders based on habitat, host range, and trophozoite morphology.
Most species have monoxenous life cycles involving a single invertebrate host. In the life cycle is an extracellular feeding stage known as the trophozoite.
Main divisions
Archigregarines are found only in marine habitats. They possess intestinal trophozoites similar in morphology to the infective sporozoites. Phylogenetic analysis suggests this group is paraphyletic and will need division. Generally, four zoites are in each spore in this group.
Eugregarines are found in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats. These species possess large trophozoites that are significantly different in morphology and behavior from the sporozoites. This taxon contains most of the known gregarine species. The intestinal eugregarines are separated into septate — suborder Septatorina — and aseptate — suborder Aseptatorina — depending on whether the trophozoite is superficially divided by a transverse septum. The aseptate species are mostly marine gregarines.
Urosporidians are aseptate eugregarines that infect the coelomic spaces of marine hosts. Unusually, they tend to lack attachment structures and form gamont pairs that pulsate freely within the coelomic fluid.
Monocystids are aseptate eugregarines that infect the reproductive vesicles of terrestrial annelids. These latter species tend to branch closely with neogregarines and may need to be reclassified. Generally, eight zoites are in each spore in this group.
Neogregarines are found only in terrestrial hosts. These species have reduced trophozoites and tend to infect tissues other than the intestine. Usually, eight zoites are in each spore in this group.
The eugregarines and neogregarines differ in a number of respects. The neogregarines are in general more pathogenic to their hosts. The eugregarines multiply by sporogony and gametogony, while the neogregarines have an additional schizogenic stage — merogony — within their hosts. Merogony may be intracellular or extracellular depending on the species.
DNA studies suggest the archigregarines are ancestral to the others.
Proposed revisions
Cavalier-Smith has proposed a significant revision of this taxon assuming the polyphyly of eugregarines. He has separated gregarines into three classes. The first of them — Gregarinomorphea — comprises Orthogregarinia, Cryptosporidiidae and, additionally, Rhytidocystidae previously considered as divergent coccidians or Apicomplexa incertae sedis. The Orthogregarinia with two new orders Arthrogregarida and Vermigregarida was created for the gregarines most closely related to Cryptosporidium. The second class — Paragregarea — was created for the archigregarines, Stenophorida and a new order — Velocida which itself was created for Urosporoidea superfam. n. and Veloxidium. The third class was created — Squirmida — for Filipodium and Platyproteum. Thus, the eugregarines proved to be split and distributed among these three classes together with some other apicomplexans.
This point of view was challenged in 2017 by Simdyanov and co-authors, which performed the global integrated analysis of available morphological and molecular phylogenetic data and concluded that eugregarines are rather a monophyletic taxon.
Notes
There are several genera of gregarines that are currently not classified: Acuta, Cephalolobus, Gregarina, Levinea, Menospora, Nematocystis, Nematopsis, Steinina and Trichorhynchus.
Characteristics
Meiosis occurs in all species.
Monoxenous — only one host occurs in lifecycle for almost all species.
Mitochondria have tubular cristae and are often distributed near the cell periphery.
Apical complex occurs in the sporozoite stage, but is lost in the trophozoite stage in eugregarines and neogregarines.
Trophozoites have a large and conspicuous nucleus and nucleolus.
They inhabit extracellular body cavities of invertebrates such as the intestines, coeloms, and reproductive vesicles.
Attachment to host occurs by a mucron (aseptate gregarines) or an epimerite (septate gregarines); some gregarines (urosporidians) float freely within extracellular body cavities (coelom).
The parasites are relatively large spindle-shaped cells, compared to other apicomplexans and eukaryotes in general (some species are in length). Most gregarines have longitudinal epicytic folds (bundles of microtubules beneath the cell surface with nematode like bending behaviour): crenulations are instead found in the urosporidians.
Molecular biology
The gregarines are able to move and change direction along a surface through gliding motility without the use of cilia, flagella, or lamellipodia. This is accomplished through the use of an actin and myosin complex. The complexes require an actin cytoskeleton to perform their gliding motions. In the proposed ‘capping’ model, an uncharacterized protein complex moves rearward, moving the parasites forward.
History
The gregarines are among the oldest known parasites having been described by the physician Francesco Redi in 1684.
The first formal description was made by Dufour in 1828. He created the genus Gregarina and described Gregarina ovata from Folficula aricularia''. He considered them to be parasitic worms. Koelliker recognised them as protozoa in 1848.
References
Bibliography
External links
Tree of Life Gregarina
Gregarina Movies
Category:SAR supergroup subclasses
Category:Conoidasida | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Craig Thomler's professional blog - eGovernment and Gov 2.0 thoughts and speculations from an Australian perspective
Craig Thomler
I've worked in the online sector since 1995 in roles including founder, publisher, journalist, webmaster, marketer, channel manager, CIO, COO and visionary. I left the public sector in early 2012 to lead Delib Australia as Managing Director Australia and New Zealand. More...
Thursday, April 16, 2009
Etiquette is important in every form of social engagement. When Australians meet others for the first time we exchange names, shake hands and make light conversation before getting down to the main topic of conversation.
Other cultures have different social etiquette. Many hug or kiss cheeks on first meeting, exchange business cards (sometimes with two hands), meet over a meal or at drinks and talk about families and personal interests, even exchanging small gifts, before discussing business.
Likewise for any individual or organisation engaging online it is important to understand the appropriate digital etiquette or netiquette for the online world - and for the specific medium in use.
I've learnt netiquette over the last 15 years by participating and running forums, blogs, twitter streams, newsgroups, email newsletters, IRC and social networks. However many other public servants, while they may have browsed the internet for years, may not have the same experience with human interactions online.
As government moves to use the internet for more conversations it worries me that one of the risks that may not be well understood or managed is the experience and capability of the public servants assigned to moderate or participate online to employ appropriate etiquette for the situation. They simply, through no fault of their own, may not have the level of understanding of netiquette they need to avoid an online misstep.
Let's face it. Most adults do not know how to use the internet correctly. Most of the adults that I observed do not know how to navigate through the internet without running into some sort of problem. In my opinion, adults that do not know how to use the internet are just as bad as children that do not know how to use the internet. Most of the time, when children and teenagers do not know how to use the internet, they tend to participate in very bad behavior on the internet. They post bad pictures, start gossip about other people, or get involved with relationships. I have noticed that some adults think that just because they are older, they are immune to that same bad behavior on the internet. The truth is they act just as bad. Whether adults realize it or not, they are just as bad as kids on the computer. The phrase, "You are acting like a two-year old" comes into play here. To all adults, lead by example. Help your kids know how to act on the internet by knowing how to act on the internet yourself.
So how can agencies minimise the risk of a netiquette gaff damaging their online reputation or creating an unwanted incident?
Firstly agencies can look for courses teaching netiquette for their key staff. However these are currently few and far between. In fact the topic may be a lucrative training market in coming years, similar to the importance placed on media training or teaching people how to write briefs and media releases.
Next there are books and websites on the topic of netiquette. However they may provide contradictory information or only cover one medium or country. Likewise it can be hard to establish which are authoritative or simply opinion.
Employing intermediaries to engage on government's behalf is also a possibility, though not always a good one. While an external organisation can provide effective moderation of a forum, it can harder for them to speak with your voice authentically. One of the key rules for blogging is to 'be real', so outsourcing your blog to an agency is itself poor digital etiquette and runs the risk of leading to a backlash.
Learning by doing is always an option. There are plenty of online conversations going on that can be watched and participated in to learn the ropes. After all this is how many of us learn - through trial and error - to get on with our classmates at school and workmates in the office.
Agencies can also attempt to hire experts as staff - although there are few in this space, particularly in Australia.
Finally agencies can draw from their internal expertise. Most agencies will have at least a couple of staff who are experienced bloggers, forum participants or moderators. These individuals can be advisors or play an active role in supporting the agency's engagement online.
No comments:
Post a Comment
Legal DisclaimerThis is a personal blog. It is not officially endorsed by the Australian Government. The views expressed are those of the author or originators and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Australian Government or any other individuals or organisations. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
Android round surface view for video recording
Is there a possibility to have a round surface view instead a rectangle one? If the output is 640x480 it isnt a problem.
Thanks in advance.
A:
Put the SurfaceView into a FrameLayout, then put another View on top of it, either with a PNG mask, or a shape xml drawable.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
A temperature control system for heating or cooling a vehicle seat by flowing temperature-controlled operating medium in the vehicle seat has been introduced. The conventional temperature control system of a vehicle seat cools or heats the operating medium using a thermoelectric module (heat pump) and urges the heated or cooled operating medium to flow in the vehicle seat so as to control temperature of the vehicle seat.
In the conventional temperature control system, the heat absorption part and the heat radiation part of the thermoelectric module are disposed within an air duct, so it is difficult and limited to optimize the heating and cooling efficiency and to integrate the system.
Further, since in the conventional temperature control system of a vehicle seat sucked air (operating medium) is sent to heat exchangers after being diverged into the heat absorption part and the heat radiation part and heat transfer areas of the heat exchangers of the heat absorption part and the heat radiation part are equal to one another, the cooling and heating performances are deteriorated. In order to overcome the problem of deterioration of the cooling and heating performances, capacities of the blower and the thermoelectric module should be increased, and this increases electric power consumption and thereby electric efficiency is deteriorated.
Further, since in the conventional temperature control system of a vehicle seat air is indirectly distributed by a blower which is installed at a center of an air duct passing by a seat cushion and a seat back, length of the air passage for supplying air to the seat cushion and the seat back becomes longer so that cooling and heating efficiencies are deteriorated.
Still further, since in the conventional temperature control system of a vehicle seat a heat absorption part and a heat radiation part are separated within an air duct, condensed water which is generated around a heat exchanger after cooling operation is stopped may be accumulated within the air duct, and the accumulated condensed water may cause stench. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
Glucose metabolism and gene expression in juvenile zebrafish (Danio rerio) challenged with a high carbohydrate diet: effects of an acute glucose stimulus during late embryonic life.
Knowledge on the role of early nutritional stimuli as triggers of metabolic pathways in fish is extremely scarce. The objective of the present study was to assess the long-term effects of glucose injection in the yolk (early stimulus) on carbohydrate metabolism and gene regulation in zebrafish juveniles challenged with a high-carbohydrate low-protein (HC) diet. Eggs were microinjected at 1 d post-fertilisation (dpf) with either glucose (2 M) or saline solutions. Up to 25 dpf, fish were fed a low-carbohydrate high-protein (LC) control diet, which was followed by a challenge with the HC diet. Survival and growth of 35 dpf juveniles were not affected by injection or the HC diet. Glucose stimulus induced some long-term metabolic changes in the juveniles, as shown by the altered expression of genes involved in glucose metabolism. On glycolysis, the expression levels of hexokinase 1 (HK1) and phosphofructokinase-6 (6PFK) were up-regulated in the visceral and muscle tissues, respectively, of juveniles exposed to the glucose stimulus, indicating a possible improvement in glucose oxidation. On gluconeogenesis, the inhibition of the expression levels of PEPCK in fish injected with glucose suggested lower production of hepatic glucose. Unexpectedly, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP) expression was induced and 6PFK expression reduced by glucose stimulus, leaving the possibility of a specific regulation of the FBP-6PFK metabolic cycle. Glucose metabolism in juveniles was estimated using a [¹⁴C]glucose tracer; fish previously exposed to the stimulus showed lower retention of [¹⁴C]glucose in visceral tissue (but not in muscle tissue) and, accordingly, higher glucose catabolism, in comparison with the saline group. Globally, our data suggest that glucose stimulus at embryo stage has the potential to alter particular steps of glucose metabolism in zebrafish juveniles. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Amyloidotic polyneuropathy in a Jewish family. Evidence for the genetic heterogeneity of the lower limb familial amyloidotic neuropathies.
The first instance of familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy affecting a Jewish family is reported. Vitreous opacities were its presenting feature in the father at age 30 and the son at 25. Severe autonomic dysfunction and progressive peripheral neuropathy affecting initially the lower extremities soon followed. Death, suicidal in the son, occurred after seven and four years of illness. Their amyloid contained three proteins-an entire variant monomer of prealbumin, glycine replacing threonine as residue 49, and both products of its cleavage at the point of substitution. Lower limb familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy has been recorded in many families in Portugal, Sweden and Japan and occasionally in families of various ethnic stocks. This ethnic diversity prompts consideration of genetic heterogeneity. Differentiation on a genetic basis is forestalled since all pedigrees are compatible with autosomal dominant transmission and clinical data are marred by observer variance, even regarding vitreous opacities. Notwithstanding, an isolated British family is unique in the frequent occurrence of intractable peptic ulceration, cataracts, deafness and renal disease not attributable to amyloidosis and a striking predominance of males afflicted. Biochemically, monomeric prealbumin has been demonstrated by electrophoretic and immunologic techniques as the single protein constituent of amyloids isolated from Portuguese, Japanese and Swedish patients. The variant prealbumin of Japanese amyloid is characterised by methionine replacing valine as residue 30 and is identical to that found in plasma (but not as yet in amyloid) of affected Swedes. These limited data suggest that: (a) derivation of their amyloids from prealbumin is the biochemical common denominator of lower limb familial amyloidotic neuropathies regardless of the ethnic derivation of the afflicted; (b) to the extent that ethnic diversity reflects genetic heterogeneity, this will be demonstrable in the amyloid (and hopefully in the plasma) of the afflicted as entity-specific variant prealbumin monomers distinguished by different single amino acid substitutions; (c) on clinical and biochemical grounds, lower limb familial amyloidotic neuropathies include at least three genetic entities. In the upper limb and facial forms of familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy first recorded in Swiss and Finns respectively, the differences in their patterns of neurological disease and ocular lesions could be the result of their amyloids deriving from proteins other than prealbumin. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Glendale Pops subscribers probably don’t know the name or music of 30-year-old Miles Mosley, a bassist and composer who headlines Saturday with the Glendale Pops Orchestra at the Alex Theatre. The pairing is a departure for a series more likely to feature artists with identifiable histories that make for a pleasant date night.
“I’ve always been a proponent of showcasing new talent,” says Glendale Pops director Matt Catingub of the booking. “It’s part of my mission to include this type of a showcase along with the things we did in our first season. As a pops organization, we have the freedom to explore many different musical angles.”
Mosley is a rare combination of instrumental virtuoso and ensemble visionary who was classically trained on the contrabass at the Colburn School of Music. John Clayton, the bass giant who’s equally proficient in classical and jazz, mentored him. Clayton is also a formidable composer/orchestrator and his influence on Mosley is incalculable.
“John treated me like a son,” Mosley says, during a break from mixing his forthcoming “Roar” CD.
Barbara Sealy’s SB Music Management oversees the business aspects of Mosley's music. She had been responsible for bringing the activities of the Thelonious Monk Institute to the L.A. City Schools. Hamilton High, where Mosley attended, was one such school.
“Miles was one of a group of young musicians” at Hamilton, Sealy recalls. They were all more or less good, but there was something about what Miles played that stood out. You could just feel it; even though he hadn’t been playing for very long.”
She kept an eye on Mosley as he matured and, when he was ready, she knew she wanted to work with him. “He’s a great bass player,” she says, “but he’s also an incredible writer and arranger. He gets hired to play for people like Lauryn Hill, Jonathan Davis of Korn, Mos Def and Common — and he ends up writing, arranging or being their musical directors.”
Mosley has an arrangement of Jimi Hendrix’s “Voodoo Chile” that he melded with Led Zeppelin’s “Kasmir.” Sealy notes, “The Hendrix organization hadn’t granted permission to perform that tune in a long time, but they gave it to him. Whenever Miles plays it, he gets a big hand.”
Hendrix is a personal touchstone for Mosley. “His love and passion were for jazz and blues,” Mosley explains, “but he was thrust into rock music; to him it was all the same. A lot of the people I like had all these different things in their music: Curtis Mayfield, James Brown, Sly and the Family Stone.”
Mosley will bring his drummer Tony Austin to the Alex. “I’m rough on drummers,” Mosley said. “Tony was a protégé of jazz drummer Billy Higgins, and his beat is always moving. I don’t need a drummer to show me where 2 and 4 are — I can find that myself. I need somebody to help me pull this train.”
Catingub, the gifted and empathetic arranger, enthuses: “Miles’ music is definitely some of the most unique stuff I’ve had the pleasure of orchestrating. It’s always great fun and it’s a challenge to match his unique style with an orchestra.”
If you’re introduced to Mosley at the Alex, you’re not likely to forget his name or his music. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Performance of individual Helicobacter pylori antigens in the immunoblot-based detection of H. pylori infection.
To develop a specific line blot (LB) for supporting ELISA-based serodiagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection, individual native/recombinant H. pylori antigens were evaluated with respect to their reactivity with both serum IgG and IgA from 156 dyspeptic screening patients (67% H. pylori positive). Of 13 antigens, HP0175, p17, and p19 revealed highest positive likelihood ratios for H. pylori-specific IgG (> 5.0) and were selected as LB substrates, in addition to the established virulence markers VacA and CagA. For validation, the LB was compared to a commercial whole-cell-lysate-based ELISA by parallel (re-)analysis of 156 screening sera, 22 sera from diabetes mellitus patients and 15 sera from follow-up patients after H. pylori eradication. In screening patients, the combined use of IgG ELISA and LB revealed a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 94%, 81%, and 90%, respectively, whereas IgG ELISA alone exhibited a low specificity of 75%. In diabetic and follow-up patients, IgA ELISA exhibited high accuracy of 89% and 93%, respectively, whereas IgG detection was unreliable (accuracy < 80%). In conclusion, using HP0175, p17, p19, CagA, and VacA as LB substrates significantly improves the specificity of anti-H. pylori IgG analysis, providing a reliable tool for (1) confirmation/refutation of ELISA-based screening results and (2) assessment of the CagA/VacA status. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Chaiturus
Chaiturus is a genus of plants in the family Lamiaceae, first described in 1787. It contains only one known species, Chaiturus marrubiastrum, native to central and southern Europe (Germany, Poland, Spain, Italy, Balkans, Ukraine, etc.), Russia, Turkey, Caucasus, and Central Asia (Altai, Xinjiang, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan). False motherwort is a common name for this species.
References
Category:Lamiaceae
Category:Flora of Europe
Category:Flora of Asia
Category:Monotypic Lamiaceae genera | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Rimavské Zalužany
Rimavské Zalužany is a village and municipality in the Rimavská Sobota District of the Banská Bystrica Region of southern Slovakia. In the village are public library, kindergarten, train stop, foodstuff store and a pub. The most important sightseeing is neogothic belfry from the half of 19th century.
External links
Rimavské Zalužany news at www.sme.sk
Category:Villages and municipalities in Rimavská Sobota District | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Q:
Rotating numbers in a 3x3 grid
We have a 3x3 grid numbers like so
9 8 7
6 5 4
3 2 1
Four numbers in any 2x2 sub-grid can be rotated clockwise or anti-clockwise. For example
a b
c d
rotated clockwise becomes
c a
d b
Is it possible to make a series of such rotations to obtain the following grid?
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
Bonus question: if it is possible, then what is the fewest rotations required?
Here is a similar puzzle: Rotating numbers in a 2x3 grid
A:
The answer is
14
Notice that
The initial configuration of numbers is rotated 180 degrees from the desired final configuration.
Also notice that
the number 5 has to end up where it started from. Also, every rotation must involve the central number. So, each move of 5 away from the center must be matched by a move back. Any correct answer will be even.
The choice of starting rotation is arbitrary, but the rest of the moves will follow from that first choice. I started with rotating the lower left quartet clockwise.
9 8 7
3 6 4
2 5 1
(The highlighting shows the numbers that just moved.)
You then proceed
by advancing around the square in a counterclockwise fashion. If your first move had rotated a quartet counterclockwise, you would proceed clockwise.
The next couple of moves are
9 8 7 9 5 8 3 9 8
3 5 6 3 6 7 6 5 7
2 1 4 2 1 4 2 1 4
Some more moves:
3 9 8 3 9 8 3 5 9 2 3 9
2 6 7 2 5 6 2 6 8 6 5 8
1 5 4 1 4 7 1 4 7 1 4 7
More moves:
2 3 9 2 3 9 2 5 3 1 2 3
1 6 8 1 5 6 1 6 9 6 5 9
4 5 7 4 7 8 4 7 8 4 7 8
And then:
1 2 3 1 2 3
4 6 9 4 5 6
7 5 8 7 8 9
What happens is
each number creeps around the edge towards its final destination. Some are moved into the center, but moved back out again by the next move.
No computers were consulted.
A:
Playing with this in Simon Tatham's Twiddle, I quickly found a solution in
12 moves
One such sequence is
D'CCAAD'AABBD'C
A different (more elegant?) solution:
ADBCADBCADBC
The notation shouldn't be difficult to understand.
AB
CD
This is not necessarily the shortest solution.
With the aide of computer:
10 moves minimum: AAB'DB'CCA'BA'
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a tool with which rotationally symmetrical and in particular cylindrical apertures can be made in a workpiece in a machining production method, in short a drilling tool.
2. Background Information
Conventional drilling tools can be of both one-part and multi-part design. Multi-part drilling tools which are composed of a support shank and a cutting insert interchangeably fitted to the support shank, that is to say of two main components, are especially common. The multi-part drilling tools offer the advantage, inter alia, that, in the event of wear or damage, the complete drilling tool does not have to be exchanged, but rather only the components affected. The invention explained herein is based on this type of multi-part drilling tool.
A high machining quality is desired in particular during the finish machining of workpieces. In the case of a drilling tool, good concentric running properties are a prerequisite for a correspondingly high machining accuracy.
A very advantageous drilling tool embodiment in this respect is disclosed in DE 10 2006 025 294 A1 originating from the applicant. Said document discloses a one-part drilling tool having a drill region or drilling head, in which drilling tool the elements in the drill region or on the drilling head, which guide the drilling tool on an inner wall of the drill hole, are configured asymmetrically with respect to the rotation thereof about the center longitudinal axis. With this asymmetry, disadvantageous vibration resonances (i.e., “chatter”) can be avoided.
A further, hitherto unpublished patent application having the DPMA reference DE 2009 012 725 and originating from the applicant relates to a drilling tool composed of a tool shank and a cutting insert which can be fixed thereto. In such a two-part drilling tool, the cutting insert has the function of the tool head of a one-part drilling tool and accordingly carries the cutting and the guiding elements of the two-part drilling tool. The basic principle of the asymmetrical configuration of the drilling head has been adapted to the modular construction of a two-part drilling tool. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
import React from 'react';
import cookie from 'react-cookie';
import {Authorizer, isAuthorized} from "../../utilities/authorizer.jsx";
import Fetcher from "../../utilities/fetcher.jsx"
import {browserHistory} from 'react-router';
import Modal from '../../utilities/modal.jsx';
import {Price} from '../../utilities/price.jsx';
class ModalRequestCancellation extends React.Component {
constructor(props){
super(props);
let uid = cookie.load("uid");
let username = cookie.load("username");
let serviceInstance = this.props.myInstance;
this.state = { loading: false,
uid: uid,
email: username,
serviceInstance: serviceInstance,
cancel_url: `/api/v1/service-instances/${serviceInstance.id}/cancel`,
cancel_request_url: `/api/v1/service-instances/${serviceInstance.id}/request-cancellation`,
current_modal: 'model_cancel_request',
};
this.onCancel = this.onCancel.bind(this);
this.onCancelRequest = this.onCancelRequest.bind(this);
}
onCancel(event){
event.preventDefault();
let self = this;
self.setState({loading:false});
Fetcher(self.state.cancel_url, "POST", {}).then(function (response) {
if (!response.error) {
self.setState({loading: false, current_modal: 'model_cancel_success'});
}
self.setState({loading: false});
})
}
onCancelRequest(event){
event.preventDefault();
let self = this;
self.setState({loading:false});
Fetcher(self.state.cancel_request_url, "POST", {}).then(function (response) {
if (!response.error) {
self.setState({loading: false, current_modal: 'model_cancel_request_success'});
}
self.setState({loading: false});
})
}
handleUnauthorized(){
browserHistory.push("/login");
}
render () {
let self = this;
let currentModal = this.state.current_modal;
// let id = this.state.service_id;
let instance = self.state.serviceInstance;
let name = instance.name;
let price = instance.payment_plan.amount;
let interval = instance.payment_plan.interval;
if(currentModal == 'model_cancel_request'){
if(isAuthorized({permissions: ['can_administrate','can_manage']})) {
return(
<Modal modalTitle="Cancel Service" icon="fa-ban" show={self.props.show} hide={self.props.hide} hideFooter={true} top="40%" width="490px">
<div className="table-responsive">
<div className="p-20">
<div className="row">
<div className="col-xs-12">
<p><strong>Are you sure you want to cancel this service?</strong></p>
<p>Cancelling the service will stop all future payments.</p>
<p>Service Name: <b>{name}</b></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div className={`modal-footer text-right p-b-20`}>
<button className="btn btn-default btn-rounded" onClick={self.props.hide}>Nevermind</button>
<button className="btn btn-danger btn-rounded" onClick={self.onCancel}>Cancel Service</button>
</div>
</div>
</Modal>
);
} else {
return(
<Modal modalTitle="Request Service Cancellation" icon="fa-ban" show={self.props.show} hide={self.props.hide} hideFooter={true} top="40%" width="650px">
<div className="table-responsive">
<div className="p-20">
<div className="row">
<div className="col-xs-12">
<p><strong>Are you sure you would like to cancel your service?</strong></p>
<p>After requesting a cancellation, a staff member will review and complete your cancellation.
<i>Your payment will stop after the cancellation has been approved.</i></p>
<p>Service Name: <b>{name}</b></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div className={`modal-footer text-right p-b-20`}>
<button className="btn btn-default btn-rounded" onClick={self.props.hide}>Nevermind</button>
<button className="btn btn-danger btn-rounded" onClick={self.onCancelRequest}>Request Cancellation</button>
</div>
</div>
</Modal>
);
}
} else if(currentModal == 'model_cancel_request_success'){
return(
<Modal modalTitle="Cancellation Request Sent" icon="fa-check" show={self.props.show} hide={self.props.hide}>
<div className="table-responsive">
<div className="p-20">
<div className="row">
<div className="col-xs-12">
<p><strong>Your cancellation request to cancel {name} has been sent successfully.</strong></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</Modal>
);
} else if(currentModal == 'model_cancel_success'){
return(
<Modal modalTitle="Service Cancellation Successful" icon="fa-check" show={self.props.show} hide={self.props.hide}>
<div className="table-responsive">
<div className="p-20">
<div className="row">
<div className="col-xs-12">
<p><strong>Service {name}, has been successfully cancelled.</strong></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</Modal>
);
}
}
}
export default ModalRequestCancellation;
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
K2M receives FDA clearance for Cayman United Plate System
Following the completion of its first surgical cases, K2M has received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 510(k) clearance and a CE mark for its Cayman United Plate System.
The Cayman United Plate System is designed for rigid fixation to K2M’s Cascadia Lateral 3D Interbody System, which features Lamellar 3D Titanium Technology. It is the only 3D-printed cage with modular fixation capabilities, a company press release informs.
Cayman United’s single level, one- and two-hole plate configurations match all Cascadia Lateral 3D height and lordosis options, allowing surgeons to customise the construct using a lateral approach. Single-level plate sizes are designed to minimise retraction required for placement. An assembly alignment feature keys into the Cascadia implants to resist rotation.
K2M’s Lamellar 3D Titanium Technology uses a 3D-printing method to produce the Cascadia implants from a titanium powder. The company uses a high-energy laser beam to incorporate a rough surface architecture that preclinical data have associated with the stimulation of bone growth.
“The Cayman United Plate System, which firmly fixates to K2M’s Cascadia Lateral 3D implants, is a notable advancement,” says Robert Lee, a spine surgeon at Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust (Stanmore, UK). “Its streamlined technique and versatile insertion options provide an elegant solution for my minimally invasive lateral cases, while also utilising a 3D-printed device to encourage bony integration throughout the implant.” | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Evaluating families' satisfaction with early hearing detection and intervention services in Massachusetts.
To determine levels of families' satisfaction and anxiety associated with the early hearing detection and intervention (EHDI) process in Massachusetts, and to assess the relationship between a child's hearing status and levels of family satisfaction. Surveys were mailed to families whose infants (a) passed their initial hearing screening (Group 1), (b) did not pass their initial screening but subsequently passed an outpatient rescreen or diagnostic evaluation (Group 2), or (c) were identified with permanent hearing loss (Group 3). Survey instruments measured families' satisfaction and anxiety associated with each stage of the EHDI process. Of the 4,138 families surveyed, 1,106 (27%) responded. Families reported satisfaction with screening services (Group 1 = 88%; Group 2 = 86%; Group 3 = 75%), and few reported anxiety prior to the hearing screening (Group 1= 4%; Group 2 = 15%; Group 3 = 19%). Among families requiring retesting services, 97% of Group 2 and 87% of Group 3 families were satisfied. Among Group 3 families, 94% reported satisfaction with the care their audiologist was providing, and 79% were satisfied with their early intervention services overall. Families reported satisfaction with the EHDI services they received in Massachusetts and expressed strong support for the universal newborn hearing screening initiative. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Raghunatha Ramayana
Raghunatha Ramayana is a Telugu translation of the Hindu epic Ramayana made by the Thanjavur Nayak ruler Raghunatha Nayak. Of the whole work, only the first three cantos and a part of the fourth is extant.
References
Category:Works based on the Ramayana
Category:Telugu-language literature | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Monash University Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences
The Monash University Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences is one of the largest providers of healthcare education in Australia. It comprises 10 schools, numerous teaching and clinical centres and research institutes. The Faculty offers undergraduate, postgraduate and professional education programs across medicine, nursing and allied health, and is a member of the M8 Alliance of Academic Health Centers, Universities and National Academies.
The Faculty's current Dean is Professor Christina Mitchell.
Campuses
Australia
The Faculty primarily operates from Monash University’s Clayton, Caulfield and Peninsula campuses, all based in metropolitan Melbourne.
Monash Clayton is home to the majority of the Faculty’s schools, research centres and technology platforms.
The Peninsula campus is located closely to Frankston Hospital. Courses taught at this campus include nursing and midwifery, emergency health and paramedic practice, physiotherapy and occupational therapy. In 2016, the University committed $20 million to develop the campus to become “Australia’s leading centre for allied health and primary care education and research”.
The graduate-entry Bachelor of Medical Science and Doctor of Medicine (MD) program is the only course still offered at Churchill, following the transfer of the Monash Gippsland campus to Federation University Australia in 2014.
Researchers, clinicians and students are also based at off-campus locations such as The Alfred Hospital, Monash Medical Centre and Box Hill Hospital.
International
Monash Malaysia is home to the Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, which offers undergraduate courses in medicine and psychology. The medical course is the only program outside of Australia to be accredited by the Australian Medical Council. This campus is also home to the Brains Research Institute at Monash Sunway (BRIMS) and the South East Community Observatory (SEACO).
At Monash South Africa, the School of Health Sciences teaches undergraduate programs in public health and social science. It is one of the only institutions in Africa to offer a degree in public health.
Schools
The Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences is made up of ten schools.
Central Clinical School
Eastern Health Clinical School
Monash School of Medicine
School of Biomedical Sciences
School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health
School of Nursing and Midwifery
School of Psychological Sciences
School of Primary and Allied Health Care
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
School of Rural Health
Research
The Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences is Monash’s largest research faculty, with a research income of over $172 million in 2015.
Research from the Faculty has been published in Nature Publishing Group, The Lancet and The New England Journal of Medicine.
The Faculty's research is categorised into nine thematic areas:
Cancer and blood diseases
Cardiovascular disease
Critical care, trauma and perioperative medicine
Development, stem cells and regenerative medicine
Infection, inflammation and immunity
Metabolism, obesity and men's health
Neurosciences and mental health
Public health and health systems improvement
Women's, children's and reproductive health
Research centres and institutes
The Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences incorporates three research institutes:
Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI)
Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute (BDI)
Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN)
Research centres within or jointly established by the Faculty include:
Andrology Australia
Australia New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (ANZIC-RC)
Australian Centre for Blood Diseases
Australian Centre for Human Health Risk Assessment
Australian Cochrane Centre ACC
Brain Research Institute at Monash Sunway (BRIMS)
Centre for Developmental Psychiatry and Psychology
Centre for Inflammatory Diseases (CID)
Centre for Obesity Research and Education (CORE)
Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics (CCRET)
Centre for Research Excellence in Patient Safety (CRE-PS)
Hudson Institute of Medical Research
Michael Kirby Centre for Public Health and Human Rights
Monash Ageing Research Centre (MONARC)
Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre (MAPrc)
Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre (MCRC)
Monash Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health (MonCOEH)
Monash Centre for the Study of Ethics in Medicine and Society (CEMS)
Monash Institute of Medical Engineering (MIME)
Problem Gambling Research and Treatment Centre (PGRTC)
The Ritchie Centre
Southern Synergy
The Faculty also participates in the Monash Partners Academic Health Science Centre, 1 of 4 advanced health research and translation centres in Australia. Monash Partners comprises:
Alfred Health
Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute
Burnet Institute
Cabrini Health
Epworth HealthCare
Hudson Institute of Medical Research
Monash Health
Monash University
Translational research
Monash’s Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science has demonstrated a commitment to translational research and offers a PhD and Graduate Certificate in Translational Research.
In 2016, Monash University partnered with the Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Monash Health to open a new translational research facility at the Monash Health Translation Precinct (MHTP), which co-locates scientists, researchers, clinicians and patients in a collaborative environment.
Teaching and learning
The Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences is one of the largest providers of education for doctors, nurses and allied health professionals in Australia. Courses are offered across all areas of health and most incorporate clinical placement.
Undergraduate
The Faculty offers bachelor-level degrees in:
Biomedical science
Health sciences (emergency health and paramedic practice, human services, public health and radiation sciences)
Medicine
Nursing
Nutrition science
Occupational therapy
Physiotherapy
Psychology
Radiography and medical imaging
The Faculty also offers a number of one year honours level research degrees.
As of 2017 the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (Honours) MBBS program has been replaced with a Bachelor of Medical Science and Doctor of Medicine (MD).
Postgraduate
Graduate courses (by coursework and research) are available across areas including:
Addictive behaviours
Dietetics
Forensic medicine
Medical ultrasound
Public health
Reproductive Sciences
Social work
The Faculty also offers higher research degrees with research masters, doctoral courses (PhD) and professional doctorates. In 2017, over 1300 students are completing higher degrees by research within the Faculty.
Professional education
The Monash Institute for Health and Clinical Education launched in 2016 to offer short courses and workshops for healthcare professionals.
Rankings
34 for Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy, Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU), 2016
41 for Clinical, Preclinical and Health Sciences, Times Higher Education World University Rankings, 2016-2017
16 for Nursing, QS World University Rankings, 2016
39 for Medicine, QS World University Rankings, 2016
Student life
Clubs and societies
Monash University Medical Undergraduates’ Society (MUMUS) represents all medical students across the Monash Clayton and Churchill campuses.
Wildfire is the University’s rural and indigenous health club.
The Monash Medical Orchestra (MMO) is a musical ensemble of medical students and other students from the Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, founded by MBBS student Tim Martin in 2011.
Alumni
As of 2017, the Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences has an alumni network of over 41,000 alumni across 90 countries. Counting Rhodes and Fulbright scholars and Australian of the Year recipients among their graduates, notable Faculty alumni include:
David de Kretser – medical researcher and former Governor of Victoria
Richard Di Natale – Australian Senator and leader of the Australian Greens
Patrick McGorry – psychiatrist and Australian of the Year 2010
John Murtagh AM – author of leading medical textbook John Murtagh’s General Practice
Sam Prince – doctor, entrepreneur and philanthropist; founder of Zambrero
Ranjana Srivastava – oncologist and author
References
External links
Monash University, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences website
Virtual tour of the Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences
M8 Alliance of Academic Health Centers and Medical Universities
Medicine | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Spirit Voyage with Ramdesh
| with
Ramdesh Kaur | Thursday at 4 p.m. CT
Mantras for Prosperity
Thursday, September 5, 2013
Description:
Listen to Kundalini mantras for prosperity and abundance! Starting with Ramdesh's own "Guided Meditation for Abundance" (featuring the mantra Aap Sahaee Hoa sung by Jai-Jagdeesh) sets the tone for this podcast. Mantras include the Manifestation Mantra, Rakhe Rakhanhar, Bountiful Beautiful Blissful, Har Har Har Har Gobinday, and Ardas Bhaee. Let your spirit open to the abundance of the Universe with this beautiful music! | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Description
The Wob 3500 is the logical companion to the AlphaDoc® and DocuPunch® punching machines. It can bind documents with maximum punched edge of 350mm and up to 28mm thick with a true output of up to 800 documents / hour.
It is designed with the Digital On-Demand market in mind : fast, yet simple to operate with all size & format set ups instantly adjustable by touch screen and no manual adjustment for all Wire-O® sizes up to 1-1/4″.
It can be equipped with an optional plug & play hanger feeder and a conveyor reception. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Dehydration and epimerization of 7-thiaprostaglandin E1 analogues.
The kinetics of epimerization and dehydration of 7-thiaprostaglandin E1 (7-S-PGE1) analogues in various solvent systems were examined using HPLC. The epimerization at the C-8 position was rapid and resulted in a considerable amount of the 8-epimer (14-35%) at equilibrium. The dehydration was also rapid compared with that of the natural prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). The lability may be attributed to an effect of the sulfur atom substituted for the C-7 methylene. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
All purchases are eligible for automatic volume discounts at checkout except for Verbatim, Robertshaw, Toshiba,
ATC Counters, MDI, ASCO, Chromalox, Convectronics products and all Mats as follows: 5% discounts for orders over $500; 10% discounts for orders
over $1000; 15% discounts for orders over $3000. Orders outside of North America may be subject to a processing fee.
Watlow Cartridge heaters are used for Hot Runner Systems. The Watlow J4AX372A is a 4 inch overall length Electric Cartridge Heater, 1/2 inch diameter, 490 Watts and 240 volts. The Firerod series of cartridge heater has swaged leads at one end and an incoloy sheath. Heaters are UL/UR and CSA listed. The Watlow part number for this Watlow Hot Runner System heater is J4AX372A. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Prices subject to change without notice and do not include
Title, License, Registration Fees, State or Local Taxes or Processing fees, if
any. Please contact seller first for vehicle availability. Although every
effort is made to present accurate and reliable information, use of this
information is voluntary, and should only be deemed reliable after an
independent review of its accuracy, completeness, and timeliness. It is the
sole responsibility of the customer to verify the existence of options,
accessories and the vehicle condition before time of sale. Any and all
differences must be addressed prior to time of sale. No Expressed or implied
warranties, including the availability or condition of the equipment listed in
made. EPA mileage may vary depending on driving conditions, driving habits, and
vehicle maintenance.
Our dealership is not responsible for void factory warranties. Dealer is not responsible for any option listed in the ad. Please verify the options at the time of purchase. Ads are placed by decoding the vin numbers and some option may get automatically selected. No intention of misleading the customer.
Payment Calculator
Check Availability
Video
Get My Free CarProof Report
First Name:
Last Name:
Email:
Phone Number:
Text us
First Name:
Last Name:
Mobile Phone Number:
Message:
I hereby consent to receive text messages from or on behalf of dealer at the mobile phone number I provided above. I understand that I am opting in to receive text messages from dealer or their employees. I include consent to receive phone calls at the mobile phone number I provided. I understand that message and data rates may apply. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Government spending equals jobs. That’s the case whether it’s civilians and military personnel on Uncle Sam’s payroll, or contractors who build widgets for the latest Pentagon weapon system.
House Speaker John Boehner found himself very much involved in that equation this week.
At a press conference Tuesday, he said: “Over the last two years since President Barack Obama has taken office, the federal government has added 200,000 new federal jobs. And if some of those jobs are lost in this, so be it. We’re broke.”
Speaker Boehner was referring to the budget-cutting frenzy now going on as House Republicans seek to lop $100 billion off federal spending for the rest of this fiscal year via a “continuing resolution,” which is necessary to avoid a government shutdown March 4.
The veracity of the “200,000 new federal jobs” has hardly been confirmed. More on that later. But it seems clear that Boehner is willing to hand thousands of government workers a pink slip – even if it adds to America’s high unemployment rate.
He and the other Republicans now running the House believe that cutting $100 billion from federal spending for the rest of fiscal 2011 will in fact be good for the economy in the long run – stimulating more private-sector job growth that will more than make up for government job losses. That was the central point made by 150 economists – academics, conservative think-tankers, and former Republican administration officials – cited by Boehner in a letter to Mr. Obama this week.
“Efforts to spark private-sector job creation through government ‘stimulus’ spending have been unsuccessful,” the economists wrote. “To support real economic growth and support the creation of private-sector jobs, immediate action is needed to rein in federal spending.”
But in the budget-cutting exercise this week, Boehner took a decidedly pro-spending stand on a major military item: a backup engine for the new F-35 strike fighter. Boehner had argued for the $450 million item in part because it translates into some 1,000 jobs in Ohio – which happens to be his home state.
Defense Secretary Robert Gates considers it “an unnecessary and extravagant expense,” however. So did most House members, including 100 Republicans who joined 123 Democrats to shoot it down.
Many GOP freshmen rebelled
Most of the new GOP freshmen – many of them tea party-backed – voted against the jet engine. It was an unusual move, in which Boehner and other GOP House leaders weren’t able to hold their caucus members in line.
More broadly, liberal economic analysts disagree with those 150 conservative and free-market economists whom Boehner cites.
Given the country’s economic straits today, the Economic Policy Institute warns, “A full $100 billion cut to discretionary spending would likely result in job losses on the order of 994,000.”
EPI, whose researchers focus on low- and middle-income workers, says it determined the job-loss figure “using Office of Management and Budget’s Gross Domestic Product projections ... and assuming a fiscal multiplier of 1.5.” (If you want to know more about that, Google “Okun’s rule of thumb.”)
200,000 federal jobs
And what about the 200,000 federal jobs that Boehner claims have been created under Obama?
The Pulitzer Prize-winning website PolitiFact looked into this. Using Bureau of Labor Statistics figures, it found some increase in the number of government workers over the past two years, but not nearly that many.
“All told, we find that Boehner’s 200,000 number is way off,” reports PolitiFact. “We rate it False.”
Boehner had wanted to finish work on those hundreds of FY 2011 budget-cutting amendments by midafternoon Thursday. Having passed that point, reports The Washington Post, Boehner says the work will be done "today, tonight, tomorrow morning, whenever it is." | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
With a long broad Indian Ocean beach-front, Kuta was originally discovered by tourists as a surfing paradise. It has long been a popular stop on the classic Banana Pancake Trail backpacking route in South East Asia. Back in the 1980s they used to talk about the three Ks: Kathmandu in Nepal, Khao San Road in Bangkok and Kuta. Today Kuta still attracts some hardcore backpackers as well as families and tourists from all over the world, and is most notably a playground for young visitors from Australia.
Due to the ever increasing popularity of Bali, Kuta is continually developing, and is not short of unsightly, poorly planned buildings. It can come across at times to be chaotic, overcrowded and congested. However, amongst all the mayhem this place somehow works, and hundreds of thousands of visitors enjoy their time in Kuta every year.
Infrastructure has come a long way in Kuta, although it is still insufficient for the amount of visitors who stay in the area. Some side alleys still have significant potholes and road rules still don't mean very much. Most roads are constantly busy with motor scooters, metered taxis and private cars. Instead of using signals, locals and the seasoned travellers honk their motor vehicles to signal overtaking or squeezing into a tight spot near you. Cars often fold in their side mirrors when negotiating narrow single lanes with parked vehicles. Now you can access free Wi-Fi in local convenience stores, restaurants, cafes and hotels. There are half a dozen prepaid mobile phone sim cards available everywhere with competitive top up plans. Touts will persistently try to get you to buy something from them, whether you're walking on the streets or seated in a restaurant.
The five km long sandy stretch of Kuta is arguably the best beach front in Bali. The beach is safe, partially clean, well-maintained with areas for each activities. The beach nearest to the sea is for sunbathing and no hawkers will annoy you. behind it is for beach vendors such as massages, hair braiding, and surf boards and maybe they will annoy you when you enter their area. And near the half-body fence wall is area for vendors, mostly come from East Java sell cigarettes, foods and drinks, cheap, so many taxi drivers buy over the fence wall, but still sit in his taxi and vendor's banks usually are empty. Two latest areas are cool under the trees. The long wide stretch of sand is often full of sunbathers and although most of the serious surfers have moved on to newer pastures, there are still plenty of surf dudes around at most times of the year, and especially so during peak season. As you move north along the beach to first Legian and then Seminyak and Petitenget it becomes progressively quieter and less frenetic.
The area of south Kuta closest to the airport is more correctly known as Tuban, but this name is rarely used.
Once the sun goes down, Kuta is the rough and ready party zone of Bali, even after the tragic events of 2002. Even the most hardened of party animal will find something to please them on Jalan Legian at night.
The prepaid fare from the airport to Kuta is around Rp 120,000. If you don't have too much luggage, you can save some money by walking 200 metres out of the airport area, and take a metered taxi (taksi berargo) from a company that does not pay service fees to the airport authority and is therefore not allowed to enter the airport to pick up customers. For example, a metered taxi from Bali Taksi (+62 361 701111) will run to about Rp 20,000 for the same trip. You could book a fixed price taxi via a smart phone app such as GrabTaxi (cars) or Go-Jek (motorbikes). You can also catch a bemo from outside the airport to Kuta for Rp 5,000-10,000. If you can find one. Or many passengers booked car rental by online and the car will be delivered to the airport for free.
Kuta is reached by the main Jalan Ngurah Rai bypass from points north (Denpasar, Sanur and Ubud), and south (Jimbaran, Nusa Dua and Uluwatu. If you are coming in from Seminyak be sure to take the Jalan Sunset bypass and not the congested beach route along Jalan Raya Seminyak and Jalan Legian.
Kuta is connected by bus routes from all areas of Bali. There are various scheduled shuttle services including Perama [1]. Perama shuttle buses to Kuta leave from Sanur, Ubud, Candidasa, Padang Bai and Lovina.
As elsewhere in Bali, bemos are rarer and far less important in Kuta than they used to be. This reflects both the increased number of Balinese who are wealthy enough to afford their own transport, and the huge upscaling of the very nature of tourism in Bali in the past 10 years. Bemo Corner, in the heart of Kuta at the junction of Jalan Legian and Jalan Raya Kuta, used to be an institution on the backpacker circuit. These days it is almost irrelevant, but the little blue buses are still there albeit in greatly reduced numbers, and they will still try to charge you five times the real rate.
Kuta is served with some regularity from Denpasar's Tegal bemo terminal.
Benoa Harbor — not to be confused with Tanjung Benoa — is around 20 min northeast of Kuta, and speedboats and cruises from the Gili Islands, Lombok and Nusa Lembongan arrive here. Most companies operating from Benoa offer free pick-up and drop-off in and around Kuta.
Kuta stretches along the beachfront all the way from the airport to Legian, and small lanes lead from the beaches into the densely populated accommodation zone. To avoid traffic-related frustrations, the best option is a combination of walking in small lanes and using metred taxis or a rented motorbike for longer excursions.
Traffic jams are a constant hassle here and especially so when it is raining. It is often best to park your car before you reach central Kuta, and then walk in. The centre is only about one and a half kilometres in length and half a kilometre wide but when stuck in traffic you might easily spend 30 minutes or more to travel these short distances.
There are some designated parking areas in the middle of Kuta (usually Rp 5,000 for an unlimited stay) including a large one on Jalan Legian near the top of Poppies II. There are also public parking bays on Jalan Pantai Kuta right beside the beach, but these can get very busy.
Finding a rental car company is easy in Kuta, especially in Poppies I and Poppies II. A small rental car starts from Rp140,000 with third party insurance. Add another Rp100,000 or so for a comprehensive cover. Check your rental contract for specifics before signing. The rental car can be driven to your accommodation for pick up.
South Bali now has a new public local shuttle bus service called Kura Kura Bus. The bus service connects popular tourist areas daily from 8:30 until 22:00 (depending on the line). Flat fare rates for a single journey. Rates vary for each line. Kuta, Legia, Seminyak are all Rp 20,000. Jimabaran and Sanur are Rp 40,000. Nusa Dua and South Nusa Dua is Rp 50,000. Ubud is Rp 80,000.
Metered taxis (taksi berargo) are ubiquitous on the streets of Kuta and are a relatively cheap and reliable way to get around, especially at night. Avoid any taxi where the driver refuses to put the meter on. This is increasingly rare but you will still find the odd taxi driver who is stuck in a 1990s timewarp. It's still a common problem at night time along the main bar and club stretch of Jalan Legian.
The largest, most reputable and most reliable taxi operators are Bluebird and Bali Taksi. Sometimes these taxis are not available at night in the immediate vicinity of discos and bars as other smaller companies may have exclusive arrangements with these businesses. However, the more reputable and reliable taxis can be found easily by walking a little up the street. It would be in your interests to seek out a Bluebird taxi in this situation.
Be aware that, since BlueBird and Bali Taxi have the best reputations, a number of other drivers have started to try and make their taxis look very similar, using blue vehicles with names like Taxi Bali, or a logo that's similar to the BlueBird. Look very carefully, sometimes at first glance the imitators can be quite convincing.
If you wish to use a taxi ensure the destination is clear with the driver before you enter the taxi and that the driver will be using the meter.
If the driver does not agree to use the meter seek an alternative taxi.
Having entered the taxi ensure the driver understands the destination requirement and turns on the meter (argo). At the end of the journey pay the amount showing on the meter. Do not accept any requests from the driver for extra payment or surcharges of any kind other than the payment of tolls or parking fees, these are the responsibility of the passenger, not the driver.
The driver may not provide change if you only have large notes, ensure you obtain smaller notes prior to travel or stop on-route, otherwise you will most likely have to round-up the payment and not receive any change.
To avoid paying too much or to avoid the haggling, try using a smart app booking service such as GrabTaxi. You are more likely to find a driver if you position yourself at an easy and convenient location for pick up on a major road and by a well known place such as outside a KFC or mini mart and not down a narrow alleyway.
Those with a sense of adventure should try hopping on the back of a local scooter. They are always looking for a passenger, making negotiation easier and more successful. This type of informal transport is called an ojek and is fast and cheap. It is now possible to download booking apps for finding ojek drivers at fixed rates, including insurance. For example Go-Jek.
You can choose to rent a scooter for your stay. There are literally thousands of scooters available for rent: these should cost no more than Rp 35,000-50,000 per day rental, and between Rp 30,000-45,000 per day for rental of a week or more. Insist on a helmet for the motorcycle, for both your own safety and because wearing a helmet is a legal requirement in Indonesia; you will be stopped by the police and fined for riding without a helmet. It should be understood that the streets can be chaotic and dangerous for inexperienced riders so consider carefully before renting a motorcycle. If you intend to surf, there are plenty of specially modified motorbikes with surfboard hangers.
You could hire a bicycle to get around on, it would save on too much walking or needing to pay for taxis. Sadly there are not many places to rent bicycles in Bali anymore except in Sanur. If you want a good quality bicycle to rent the try Bali Bike hire. They can deliver bicycles to you if needed.
In recent years Kuta has become quite more pleasant to walk, with pavements being reformed and touting on the streets dramatically reduced. Kuta beach contains a long walking lane which is surprisingly almost free of touts. In busy roads, guards help pedestrians to cross the street. On narrow streets, pedestrians need to share the road with motorbikes, which isn't particularly dangerous but requires constant attention.
Surfing, shopping & partying are the three main events in Kuta, and interesting attractions are very thin on the ground. The beach is of course very scenic here, if nearly always crowded.
Bali Bomb Memorial. This is a memorial to the 202 victims who lost their lives when bombs were detonated on 12 October 2002. It can be found on Jl Legian opposite the corner of Poppies II. This is the former site of the old Paddy's Bar, and opposite the former site of the Sari Club, which is still an empty space, next to the Billabong shop. Every year on the anniversary date there is a ceremony mourning those killed or wounded by the bombs. Whilst viewing the memorial, please be calm and silent out of respect. The local Balinese will often be curious to learn if you knew or were related to any of the victims.
Beach offerings. In the mornings you regularly see Balinese people throwing offerings into the sea, especially when Nyepi is approaching. The best spot is the temple right next to the beach about 200-250 m to the north of the Hard Rock Hotel.
Hard Rock Hotel is something of a tourist attraction and is definitely worth a look and the odd photo.
Kuta is a well known destination amongst surfing enthusiasts. A long sandy beach with a lack of dangerous rocks or coral, makes the area attractive for beginners.
Bali learn to surf. Has an office at the Hard Rock Hotel, as well as a beach presence. Offers equipment in good condition and premises for a surfing introduction in calm water at the swimming-pool of the Hard Rock Hotel. An introductory lesson costs US$45, lasts 2.5 hours and students are offered hotel transfers and fresh water. A 3-day course costs US$120, and five day courses include a "surfari" to other surfing spots for US$200.
Some of the surf dudes in the shops also offer private lessons. They are considerably cheaper than the surf schools but just as good. Many of the dudes have been working for the schools or do it on the side. You can't find them on the web so you should look around. One good one is the "Sion Surf Shop" on Poppies I, around 400 m from the beach.
There are several surf shops on Poppies II which all seem to be much of a muchness. Friendly local surfer dudes will happily chat wth you about the waves, offer to fix a ding, rent you a board and sell you just about anything surf-related.
Be careful when you rent on a beach: some boards are in such a poor condition that you are very lucky if you don't break them. And that is what some who operate the rental business are looking for. If you break it, then they may demand that you pay for it. So choose only the boards that appear to be in good condition, or you may get ripped off.
It is also possible to rent equipment from locals on the beach for between Rp 20,000-80,000 per half day, however prices asked are often closer to Rp 40,000-100,000 for one hour. If you rent from the same company for a few consecutive days you will almost certainly get a better price. The equipment quality is lower than of the formal outlets. The surfers on the beach can also give you some basic lessons, and look after your stuff while you are in the water. If this is your first experience of surfing it is safer to use a surf school or private lessons before heading out on your own.
If you want to rent for a few days, rather consider rentasurfboard.com. Their price is Rp 100,000/day, the boards are usually in good condition.
There are Spas by the dozen, and as Kuta is the most competitive place in Bali, prices are the lowest (as is the quality of experience). Shop around and ask for package discounts. Take a look at the place first and do not allow yourself be talked into something by touts. A well known spa is Villa de Daun on Jalan Legian. Many hotels have their own in-house spas or partner with a local operator. Reborn and Cozy are two excellent spas on the outskirts of Kuta, on Sunset Road just before the roundabout. The price is around Rp 120,000 for 2-hours, but have "happy hour" specials.
Beware of the women offering massages on the beach. They are seasoned at ripping off tourists: be sure you have agreed to a price and a duration, or you'll find yourself with a 10-minute massage.
Carla Spa, Poppies. Very good full body oil massage for not too much money, ask for Alfa. Opposite side of Artawan, same side as "The Steps", a bit further towards JL Legian.rp50000/1hour.
-8.7160115.17421The Natural, Jl Legian #199. 9AM-11.45PM. This massage and day spa is of good quality unlike some of the ones found in Kuta along the small side alleys. There is a cluster of such good places near here on the edge of the main club and bar scene on Jalan Legian. Rp 70,000 for one hour.(updated Aug 2015)
Enjoy the sunset. In the evenings plenty of people head down to the beach or seaside cafes to watch the wonderful sunset. Be in place by about 17:30, for a sunset between 18:15 and 18:45. The area in front of McDonald's and the Hard Rock Cafe can be a bit hectic with touts selling spearguns, henna tattoos and massages. Going north, the hassle drops exponentially, with the Legian/Padma Beach area being a wonderfully relaxing place to watch sunset.
There are lots of popular surfwear/sportswear stores including Volcom, Rip Curl, Rusty, Surfer Girl Billabong and Quiksilver. These well known brands can be purchased in Kuta at prices 30-50% lower than you will pay at home. Your best bet is to wander the length of Jalan Legian between bemo corner and Jalan Melsati where you will find an almost unbelievable number of outlets.
Kuta Square is a popular shopping area at the north end of Jl Kartika Plaza. There are a host of small shops on both sides of the street, and a big Matahari department store, with a cheap and utterly wacky collection of T-shirts on the 3rd floor.
Be aware that if you buy things from hawkers on the beach, you will attract dozens more and they will do their best to make you feel guilty for not buying from them. Be prepared for offers at "good luck prices" or "morning/sunset prices". The trick is to not look them in the eye and respond to their offers with a firm "no thank you", but to always stay polite.
Ticket to the Moon, Jl Raya Legian (right by the bomb memorial), ☎+62 361 763579, e-mail: [email protected]. Just in case you left yours at home, the flagship showroom of this famous Bali brand is here in Legian. Hammocks made from parachute fabric that fold up into the smallest, lightest package imaginable.
Laundry. There are plenty of places that do laundry for about 7,000Rp/kg, but their scales are often rigged. A 1.5 kg bag could be charged as being 2.5 kg. Take your own scales and receive some unfriendly response.
-8.72271115.176801Wina Optic. 11AM to 4PM. If you need a new pair of glasses or new lenses, this is a great value optician. Transition lenses cost Rp 400,000 for a pair and can be fitted in 4 days. Frames from about Rp 200,000. Varifocal lenses cost Rp 700,000.
-8.72223115.175732Money Changer. A money changer offering good rates with no nonsense in an air-conditioned office. See map link for location at end of Jalan Legian.
-8.72020115.172773Bali Mode visa office, just off Poppies Lane 1 (next to Secret Garden Inn), ☎+62-361 765162. They can extend a 30-day tourist visa by a further 30 days for Rp 750,000? Takes about 4 working days.
Large, western-style shopping malls are hardly a typical Bali shopping experience, but the best ones on the island are in the Kuta area.
-8.72280115.182496Bali Mall Galleria, Jl Bypass Ngurah Rai (beside the huge Simpang Siur roundabout), ☎+62 361 767021. Galleria is home to number of well-known brand stores, a food court, Planet Hollywood and a great cinema. There is a large duty free shopping centre which is aimed primarily at Japanese, Korean and Taiwanese tourists. You can buy luxury items tax free, and they are collected upon departure at the airport.
-8.71282115.186898Carrefour Plaza, Jl Sunset (north west of the Simpang Siur roundabout). Has a Carrefour supermarket on the top floor, an excellent Periplus bookshop, numerous small designer stores and the best authorised Apple Mac retailer in Bali.
-8.72791115.167999Discovery Shopping Mall, Jl Kartika Plaza in Tuban, across from Waterbom Park. A big western-style mall with plenty of international brand stores on the ground and sub-ground levels, including Guess, Marks and Spencers, Sogo and Top Shop. The second level is occupied fully by the Centro department store, and there are many cafes and a large electronics retailer on the 3rd level. The waterfront cafes on the ground level have excellent ocean views.
Bakso (meatball) soup is cheap and tasty any time of the day. Vendors wander the streets with their steaming wooden food carts and are easily located by the 'tink-tink-tink' sound of a spoon hitting a soup bowl. The soup is a small-ish bowl of MSG-laden meaty broth with some thick yellow egg noodle, meatballs and the optional extras of fried wanton, fried tofu, hard-boiled egg and some vegetables. Add some mild chili sauce and sweet soy for a bit more flavour.
Bakso
You can find any manner of international and local food here. Restaurants are usually either very cheap or in the mid-range. Exclusive restaurants are rare but there are some gems. For luxury dining head 15 minutes up the road to Seminyak.
Hamburger Lady, Kuta Beach (on the side of the tourist police station). As food can no longer be made at the beach, this hamburger stall owner walks around the beach with a menu and takes orders. She makes the burgers on the side of the tourist police station next to the shopping mall on the beach.About Rp 20,000.
Mie88, Jl Patih Jelantik 1 (opposite the western end of Kuta Galleria). Indonesian noodles in large portions at very good prices. Excellent budget option - spend Rp 15,000 for a delicious meal.
Nusa Indah, Poppies Lane I (About halfway along Poppies I, opposite Masa Inn). Good, very cheap Indonesian food and cold beer. Great staff and always fun. An old school backpacker type hangout, the like of which has rapidly disappeared from Bali.
Tree House Cafe, Poppies Lane I, ☎+62 361 756771. A busy and crowded budget restaurant. Their specialties are Dutch snacks, such as kroket and frikandel.Rp 40,000.
-8.71804115.17372Warung Indonesia (Between Poppies I and II). Popular with locals and long-stayers and is packed most nights. Some of best food is not on the menu but laid out behind a glass display from where you can pick the food you want. Fresh fruit juices are all good and cheap, from Rp 9,000. There are several other good cheap eating places along this narrow lane between Poppies I and II such as Fajar Resto next door that does a great Nasi Campur Special for just Rp 10,000?Rp 1,000-5,000 per choice, eat very well for Rp 10,000-25,000.
-8.71688115.17233Warung 96 (just off Poppies 2). This popular restaurant that serves western food at reasonably low prices but not as cheap as some of the places found between Poppies 1 and 2, has been open since 1996, hence its name. The manager and staff are very friendly.
-8.72093115.173274Bamboo Corner. Popular with backpackers, very cheap Indonesian food from Rp 15,000. Fresh fruit juices are good and cheap, from Rp 8,000(updated Aug 2015)
Havana Club Bali, Poppies I (150 m down from Jl Legian). Restaurant on two floors and the upper level can be reserved for private parties. Tasty food.
Made's Warung, Jl Pantai Kuta (Near the intersection with Jl Legian). This is the original Made's, the forerunner of the now very successful Seminyak restaurant. One of the very first restaurants in Kuta, now on two floors and still doing a roaring trade. The menu includes Indonesian, Balinese and western food. Try the pork ribs with green papaya.
Mojo's Flying Burritos. Mexican restaurant serving California-style Mexican food and juices. Open kitchen where you can watch the cooks making tortillas and salsas. In recent years prices have gone up while quantity has gone down. Margaritas by the pitcher. Rp 35,000-70,000.
Kuta Plaza Restaurant, Jl Bakungsari 9 (At the Jl Raya Kuta end of Jl Singosari), ☎+62 361 751833. Very popular restaurant serving Chinese Indonesian food. It is a typical Chinese restaurant - loud, bright and brash - but the food is excellent. Seafood is chosen live from tanks in the window. If that is not your thing, there are many other options including excellent pork ribs.
Ma Joly, Jl Wana Segara, Tuban (At Kupu Kupu Barong Resort), ☎+62 361 753780, e-mail: [email protected]. Alfresco dining in a great beachfront location in a quiet part of south Kuta/Tuban. Sunset is magnificent from here so cocktails before dinner are a great idea. Large international menu but fish is recommended.
Kuta is the low end party centre of Bali. It has recovered well from the bomb blasts in 2002 & 2005 and tourists still flock to the bars where alcohol is served freely and excessively. Many of the bars have a house cocktail with a local arak (rice spirit) base. These go by charming names like Jam Jar and Fish Bowl, pack a huge punch and make customers very ill.
Jalan Legian between Poppies Gang I & II is the main party area and things tend to get going around midnight and go until 03:00-04:00. The biggest venues are:
-8.71840115.174761The Bounty, Jl Legian (100 m south from Mbargo), ☎+62 361 75 4040. Looks from the inside like a torn ship with several different areas including pool tables. The party starts every day from 22:00 but really gets going at midnight. Go here to get 'Blasters'. Rough and ready and it gets very messy.
-8.71801115.174513The Engine Room, Jl Legian (opposite the Bounty), ☎+62 361 75 5121. Small lounge bar and dance club. A little more sophisticated than some of the options on this street.
-8.71724115.174474Mbargo, Jl Legian (adjacent to the bomb memorial). Large air-conditioned bar on two floors. Models are on tap to serve you drinks. Hosts regular fashion shows. A favourite with Australian teenagers. Security is especially tight.
-8.71793115.17467661 Legian - Sky Garden, Jl Legian (opposite corner of Poppies II). until 03:00. Big modern building in a metallic half open air architecture, with several atmospheres, each club has its own DJ. Shows all night, sexy dancers, fire shows. They have a lot of security, probably due to the 2002 bombing nearby. They sometimes require ID to prove you are an international guest to gain access to the rooftop, where cocktails are given out for free between 9PM and 11PM, if you have a party pass (these are given out free in the day time). The large open air rooftop terrace is awesome. Lots of hookers near closing hour. Rp.50,000 for Bintang, 2 for 1 between 9PM and 11PM at certain bars. Between 5PM and 9PM, Rp.99,000 for 4 hours' unlimited drinks and buffet. After 9PM, the cost is Rp.150,000 if you not have party pass and are inside before 11PM.
-8.71819115.174737Apache Reggae Bar, Jl Legian (a little south from the corner of Poppies II). until 03:00. Live music every night, great reggae and rock cover bands in the bar right on the street, then djs. In the back there is another big reggae venue with another good cover band that plays Bob Marley covers non-stop from midnight.
Closer to the hotels and eateries and having a more laid back sort of atmosphere, Poppies Lane II is where many of the younger crowd go to start their night off before hitting the dancefloors at the clubs on Jalan Legian. Gets busy from 21:00 until midnight. The more popular places are:
-8.71761115.174008Bagus Pub, Poppies II (20 m west from Jl Legian). 09:00-midnight. Favourite drinking den of Aussie all-day drinkers. Great place to watch the world go by.
The Steps, Poppies II (50 m west from Jl Legian). busy from 22:00-01:00. Not a bar as such, it's some steps in front of a mini market with a boom box for entertainment. A Kuta institution favoured by the surf crowd that's often busier than a lot of the real bars.
Twice Bar, Poppies II (80 m west from Jl Legian). 00:00-late. A dark setting perfectly suited to the heavy metal bands that play here several times a week, popular with many of the local Kuta scene.
Piggys Bar, Poppies II (80 m west from Jl Legian). 24 hr. A smaller version of Bagus Pub but with live bands and open 24 hours a day.
Along the waterfront on Jalan Pantai Kuta there are some slightly more sophisticated bar and lounge options. Most are lounges that offer food and entertainment afterwards. Definitely an option to explore and not so overrun by the Australian party groups.
Kama Sutra, Jl Pantai Kuta. Cavernous bar and club on the beachfront which is very popular with young Indonesians.
This guide uses the following price ranges for a standard double room:
Budget
Under US$25
Mid-range
US$-100
Splurge
Over US$100
Kuta has a huge range of accommodation mostly in the budget and mid-range markets, but for the last few years there are many 4-star hotels also. Prices are often negotiable. Nowadays, Kuta is the most competitive area of hotel businesses in Bali. Many 3-star hotels offer discounts. The other hotels of all classes have also lowered their rates. Many hotels have been/being built between Tuban Beach and Kuta Square street. Closer to Kuta Square street means farther to Kuta Beach. Several 3- or 4-star hotels are also located in narrow streets and usually have limited car parking slots. Booking ahead is not necessary even in peak seasons, except if you want to guarantee a stay in one particular hotel, as supply is greater than demand.
There are a lot of cheap guest houses in the Rp 100,000-250,000 range on Poppies II, but you can often find nicer places on the small lanes between Poppies I and II. Most guest houses in this area allow adults only. Visitors should be aware that a lot of the budget accommodation in Kuta is very tired. Always see the room first & haggle. It is becoming difficult to find budget accommodation if you arrive late in the day. Budget places (under US$10) may not take reservations, so trying to arrive around noon or 13:00 as people check-out is a good strategy to try and find cheap accommodation.
Ayu Lili Garden Resort, between Poppies II and Benesari, ☎+62 361 754132. Decent budget accommodation, clean and quiet, in a small alley parallel to Poppies II, walking distance from the beach and the nightlife. Nice pool and garden, no Wi-Fi but they have a cheap internet cafe and a shop for drinks/snacks.Rp 180,000 for fan room (june), higher for air-con.
Bamboo Inn, Jalan Singosari / Bakungsari, Gang Kresek No. 1, ☎+62 361751935. A beautiful and welcoming homestay in a relatively quiet place in Kuta. Rooms are clean and have a ventilator.Rp 200,000.
CT1 Bali Bed & Breakfast, Jl. Raya Tuban No. 62. It is bed & breakfast very minimalis hotel with outdoor staircase up to 4 storey, so children should be accompanied (only 4 rooms in the first floor). Maybe the cheapeast hotel for family due to same tariff for 2 persons or 4 adults in 3x3 meter square room with different bed configuration. No amenities, towel should be borrowed for Rp 12,000 each. Relatively far from everywhere (nearest beach is more than 2 kilometers away), but not difficult to find simple food near hotel. Maybe affordable for family with high school youngster or who want transit only or avoid traffic jam to airport.Less than IDR 200,000, for 2 to 4 persons (same price), but modest breakfast is only served for 2 persons.
Komala Indah, Just east of Kuta Beach on Benesari. Prices continue to rise as budget places get squeezed out of Kuta, but they are still the cheapest you can find. The rooms are very basic. There are three Komalas in the area, Komala Indah 1, Komala Indah 2 and Komala Indah Cottages, and they all have a different style and management. Komala 1 and Cottages are the nicer of the bunch but Komala 1 is almost always full. Includes breakfast. Rooms are bungalow style, with a small patio in the front.starting at Rp 130,000.
Losmen Arthawan, Poppies II, ☎+62 361 752 913. The budget singles include breakfast, cleaning every 3 days, a bathroom, and patio, fan in the room and cold water. The pricier rooms have hot water and air-con.From Rp 120,000.
Kuta Lagoon Resort, Jl Legian 363 (close to the junction with Jl Melasti), ☎+62 361 750888, e-mail: [email protected]. Despite the name it is nowhere near a lagoon. It is though a well kept hotel with 83 rooms, 17 private cottages and good service. Has a basic spa, restaurant and bar.From US$70.
Hard Rock Hotel (Jl Pantai Kuta), ☎+62 361 761869. Part of the global Hard Rock chain offering exactly what you would expect, on Kuta Beach. Has the largest pool in Bali and other facilities including a spa, fitness centre, children's club and a rock-climbing wall. Several restaurants and bars, and their own radio station.From about US$130.
Villa de Daun, Jl Legian, ☎+62 361 756276, e-mail: [email protected]. A hidden oasis in a small lane off Jl Legian. 12 stylish private villas located in a hectare of tropical gardens. In-house spa; accommodation bookings are often made with spa packages included. One, two and three bedroom villas.From about US$300.
The safety advice given here applies more in Kuta than anywhere else in Bali. Take heed, have fun, but be sensible.
Swimming safety is extremely important in Kuta. It is prohibited to swim near the special flags, that are placed where currents are especially strong. Always swim between the red and yellow flags, where the lifeguards have deemed it safest. Do not swim out too far as the waves and currents here are stronger than you might expect and change very rapidly. The sea water in Kuta can be filthy and you should be aware of this potential problem and try not to swim in the obviously polluted areas.
Watch your belongings at the beach, better yet do not bring your valuables to the beach if you intend to swim or surf.
Touts and scammers will constantly look for their chance. Be wary of deals. If its sounds too good to be true then it probably is. When walking alone (especially down Jl Pantai Kuta and Jl Legian) you will be hassled by touts offering transport on motorbikes. Generally this is harmless and can be used as a means of getting around, although the shear volume of touts offering transport can be an annoyance. Remember to stay calm and don't be pressured into buying anything you don't want.
Drunken Australians are mostly friendly, but occasionally you might the odd dickhead looking to start a fight.
At night, drunk driving & big potholes in the streets are a problem, so be very aware of road safety after dark, and don't do foolish things with motorbikes.
Drugs should be avoided in Kuta (and all of Indonesia). Punishments for possession are harsh and there have been a number of arrests of tourists over the years. Beware of unsavoury touts offering drugs (often after initially offering transport). These "dealers" are often working with the police in order to get small payouts for arrests. Say "no" and walk away.
Pickpockets have been known to be a problem recently ouside bars, specifically on Jalan Legian (Sky Garden, et al.). One common method used against drunk tourists leaving bars and clubs is for a large group of boys and teenagers to block the sidewalk. As the target attempts to squeeze through, the thieves attempt to reach into their pockets and/or bags and take whatever they can get. Be very aware of this.
Free Wi-Fi for customers has become very widespread in cafes, restaurants, hotels in Kuta - look for the signs.
You can easily buy a prepaid mobile SIM card at a local sundry shop for about Rp 25,000, which will come in handy when making hotel reservations or booking tours. They are also available at Circle-K and other convenience chains, but will cost more for the same deal. Get the seller to activate the SIM card for you unless you understand instructions in Bahasa Indonesia fairly well. There should be no need to top up the card, as text messaging and short local calls will cost you next to nothing. If required, top up plans are competitive and sold at the same type of outlets.
There is a post office in a small lane off Poppies I which is also home to several 'wartels' (phone shops) which provide public IDD and fax facilities.
Telkomsel shop. There is a Telkomsel mobile network outlet on the 2nd level at the Bali Galeria shopping mall. They can sell you a simpati SIM card for Rp53,000 including Rp50,000 credit and set it up for you. Rp77,500 buys you 2Gb of 3G internet for one month.
Kuta is a major transport hub and is well connected to the rest of island via a bemo and shuttle bus network. Check the myriad of advertising boards on Poppies I, Poppies II and Jalan Legian for details.
A car journey to the cultural heart of Bali in Ubud will take about 45 minutes.
This city travel guide to Kuta has guide status. It has a variety of good, quality information including hotels, restaurants, attractions and travel details. Please contribute and help us make it a star! | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
We now know we can narrow down whoever's #underthesheet on How to Get Away With Murder to someone with a Y chromosome.
With the reveal at the end of tonight's new episode that Michaela (Aja Naomi King) is alive and well and at home with her white mom (!!) Trishelle (hey, Brett Butler!) on Night X, all the ladies of HTGAWM are alive and accounted for. Well, some more so than others. (We're looking at you, unconscious and somehow pregnant Laurel.) That, of course, leaves a handful of our favorite men still in harms way. Will we be saying goodbye to Wes, Connor, Asher, Frank, or Nate?
Whoever it may be, star Liza Weil wants you to know that, if you're anything like her, there is nothing but heartbreak is coming your way when all is revealed. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
/***************************************************************************/
/* */
/* ftdriver.h */
/* */
/* FreeType font driver interface (specification). */
/* */
/* Copyright 1996-2001, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2008 by */
/* David Turner, Robert Wilhelm, and Werner Lemberg. */
/* */
/* This file is part of the FreeType project, and may only be used, */
/* modified, and distributed under the terms of the FreeType project */
/* license, LICENSE.TXT. By continuing to use, modify, or distribute */
/* this file you indicate that you have read the license and */
/* understand and accept it fully. */
/* */
/***************************************************************************/
#ifndef __FTDRIVER_H__
#define __FTDRIVER_H__
#include <ft2build.h>
#include FT_MODULE_H
FT_BEGIN_HEADER
typedef FT_Error
(*FT_Face_InitFunc)( FT_Stream stream,
FT_Face face,
FT_Int typeface_index,
FT_Int num_params,
FT_Parameter* parameters );
typedef void
(*FT_Face_DoneFunc)( FT_Face face );
typedef FT_Error
(*FT_Size_InitFunc)( FT_Size size );
typedef void
(*FT_Size_DoneFunc)( FT_Size size );
typedef FT_Error
(*FT_Slot_InitFunc)( FT_GlyphSlot slot );
typedef void
(*FT_Slot_DoneFunc)( FT_GlyphSlot slot );
typedef FT_Error
(*FT_Size_RequestFunc)( FT_Size size,
FT_Size_Request req );
typedef FT_Error
(*FT_Size_SelectFunc)( FT_Size size,
FT_ULong size_index );
#ifdef FT_CONFIG_OPTION_OLD_INTERNALS
typedef FT_Error
(*FT_Size_ResetPointsFunc)( FT_Size size,
FT_F26Dot6 char_width,
FT_F26Dot6 char_height,
FT_UInt horz_resolution,
FT_UInt vert_resolution );
typedef FT_Error
(*FT_Size_ResetPixelsFunc)( FT_Size size,
FT_UInt pixel_width,
FT_UInt pixel_height );
#endif /* FT_CONFIG_OPTION_OLD_INTERNALS */
typedef FT_Error
(*FT_Slot_LoadFunc)( FT_GlyphSlot slot,
FT_Size size,
FT_UInt glyph_index,
FT_Int32 load_flags );
typedef FT_UInt
(*FT_CharMap_CharIndexFunc)( FT_CharMap charmap,
FT_Long charcode );
typedef FT_Long
(*FT_CharMap_CharNextFunc)( FT_CharMap charmap,
FT_Long charcode );
typedef FT_Error
(*FT_Face_GetKerningFunc)( FT_Face face,
FT_UInt left_glyph,
FT_UInt right_glyph,
FT_Vector* kerning );
typedef FT_Error
(*FT_Face_AttachFunc)( FT_Face face,
FT_Stream stream );
typedef FT_Error
(*FT_Face_GetAdvancesFunc)( FT_Face face,
FT_UInt first,
FT_UInt count,
FT_Int32 flags,
FT_Fixed* advances );
/*************************************************************************/
/* */
/* <Struct> */
/* FT_Driver_ClassRec */
/* */
/* <Description> */
/* The font driver class. This structure mostly contains pointers to */
/* driver methods. */
/* */
/* <Fields> */
/* root :: The parent module. */
/* */
/* face_object_size :: The size of a face object in bytes. */
/* */
/* size_object_size :: The size of a size object in bytes. */
/* */
/* slot_object_size :: The size of a glyph object in bytes. */
/* */
/* init_face :: The format-specific face constructor. */
/* */
/* done_face :: The format-specific face destructor. */
/* */
/* init_size :: The format-specific size constructor. */
/* */
/* done_size :: The format-specific size destructor. */
/* */
/* init_slot :: The format-specific slot constructor. */
/* */
/* done_slot :: The format-specific slot destructor. */
/* */
/* */
/* load_glyph :: A function handle to load a glyph to a slot. */
/* This field is mandatory! */
/* */
/* get_kerning :: A function handle to return the unscaled */
/* kerning for a given pair of glyphs. Can be */
/* set to 0 if the format doesn't support */
/* kerning. */
/* */
/* attach_file :: This function handle is used to read */
/* additional data for a face from another */
/* file/stream. For example, this can be used to */
/* add data from AFM or PFM files on a Type 1 */
/* face, or a CIDMap on a CID-keyed face. */
/* */
/* get_advances :: A function handle used to return advance */
/* widths of `count' glyphs (in font units), */
/* starting at `first'. The `vertical' flag must */
/* be set to get vertical advance heights. The */
/* `advances' buffer is caller-allocated. */
/* Currently not implemented. The idea of this */
/* function is to be able to perform */
/* device-independent text layout without loading */
/* a single glyph image. */
/* */
/* request_size :: A handle to a function used to request the new */
/* character size. Can be set to 0 if the */
/* scaling done in the base layer suffices. */
/* */
/* select_size :: A handle to a function used to select a new */
/* fixed size. It is used only if */
/* @FT_FACE_FLAG_FIXED_SIZES is set. Can be set */
/* to 0 if the scaling done in the base layer */
/* suffices. */
/* <Note> */
/* Most function pointers, with the exception of `load_glyph', can be */
/* set to 0 to indicate a default behaviour. */
/* */
typedef struct FT_Driver_ClassRec_
{
FT_Module_Class root;
FT_Long face_object_size;
FT_Long size_object_size;
FT_Long slot_object_size;
FT_Face_InitFunc init_face;
FT_Face_DoneFunc done_face;
FT_Size_InitFunc init_size;
FT_Size_DoneFunc done_size;
FT_Slot_InitFunc init_slot;
FT_Slot_DoneFunc done_slot;
#ifdef FT_CONFIG_OPTION_OLD_INTERNALS
FT_Size_ResetPointsFunc set_char_sizes;
FT_Size_ResetPixelsFunc set_pixel_sizes;
#endif /* FT_CONFIG_OPTION_OLD_INTERNALS */
FT_Slot_LoadFunc load_glyph;
FT_Face_GetKerningFunc get_kerning;
FT_Face_AttachFunc attach_file;
FT_Face_GetAdvancesFunc get_advances;
/* since version 2.2 */
FT_Size_RequestFunc request_size;
FT_Size_SelectFunc select_size;
} FT_Driver_ClassRec, *FT_Driver_Class;
/*
* The following functions are used as stubs for `set_char_sizes' and
* `set_pixel_sizes'; the code uses `request_size' and `select_size'
* functions instead.
*
* Implementation is in `src/base/ftobjs.c'.
*/
#ifdef FT_CONFIG_OPTION_OLD_INTERNALS
FT_BASE( FT_Error )
ft_stub_set_char_sizes( FT_Size size,
FT_F26Dot6 width,
FT_F26Dot6 height,
FT_UInt horz_res,
FT_UInt vert_res );
FT_BASE( FT_Error )
ft_stub_set_pixel_sizes( FT_Size size,
FT_UInt width,
FT_UInt height );
#endif /* FT_CONFIG_OPTION_OLD_INTERNALS */
/*************************************************************************/
/* */
/* <Macro> */
/* FT_DECLARE_DRIVER */
/* */
/* <Description> */
/* Used to create a forward declaration of a */
/* FT_Driver_ClassRec stract instance. */
/* */
/* <Macro> */
/* FT_DEFINE_DRIVER */
/* */
/* <Description> */
/* Used to initialize an instance of FT_Driver_ClassRec struct. */
/* */
/* When FT_CONFIG_OPTION_PIC is defined a Create funtion will need */
/* to called with a pointer where the allocated stracture is returned.*/
/* And when it is no longer needed a Destroy function needs */
/* to be called to release that allocation. */
/* fcinit.c (ft_create_default_module_classes) already contains */
/* a mechanism to call these functions for the default modules */
/* described in ftmodule.h */
/* */
/* Notice that the created Create and Destroy functions call */
/* pic_init and pic_free function to allow you to manually allocate */
/* and initialize any additional global data, like module specific */
/* interface, and put them in the global pic container defined in */
/* ftpic.h. if you don't need them just implement the functions as */
/* empty to resolve the link error. */
/* */
/* When FT_CONFIG_OPTION_PIC is not defined the struct will be */
/* allocated in the global scope (or the scope where the macro */
/* is used). */
/* */
#ifndef FT_CONFIG_OPTION_PIC
#ifdef FT_CONFIG_OPTION_OLD_INTERNALS
#define FT_DEFINE_DRIVERS_OLD_INTERNALS(a_,b_) \
a_, b_,
#else
#define FT_DEFINE_DRIVERS_OLD_INTERNALS(a_,b_)
#endif
#define FT_DECLARE_DRIVER(class_) \
FT_CALLBACK_TABLE \
const FT_Driver_ClassRec class_;
#define FT_DEFINE_DRIVER(class_, \
flags_, size_, name_, version_, requires_, \
interface_, init_, done_, get_interface_, \
face_object_size_, size_object_size_, \
slot_object_size_, init_face_, done_face_, \
init_size_, done_size_, init_slot_, done_slot_, \
old_set_char_sizes_, old_set_pixel_sizes_, \
load_glyph_, get_kerning_, attach_file_, \
get_advances_, request_size_, select_size_ ) \
FT_CALLBACK_TABLE_DEF \
const FT_Driver_ClassRec class_ = \
{ \
FT_DEFINE_ROOT_MODULE(flags_,size_,name_,version_,requires_,interface_, \
init_,done_,get_interface_) \
\
face_object_size_, \
size_object_size_, \
slot_object_size_, \
\
init_face_, \
done_face_, \
\
init_size_, \
done_size_, \
\
init_slot_, \
done_slot_, \
\
FT_DEFINE_DRIVERS_OLD_INTERNALS(old_set_char_sizes_, old_set_pixel_sizes_) \
\
load_glyph_, \
\
get_kerning_, \
attach_file_, \
get_advances_, \
\
request_size_, \
select_size_ \
};
#else /* FT_CONFIG_OPTION_PIC */
#ifdef FT_CONFIG_OPTION_OLD_INTERNALS
#define FT_DEFINE_DRIVERS_OLD_INTERNALS(a_,b_) \
clazz->set_char_sizes = a_; \
clazz->set_pixel_sizes = b_;
#else
#define FT_DEFINE_DRIVERS_OLD_INTERNALS(a_,b_)
#endif
#define FT_DECLARE_DRIVER(class_) FT_DECLARE_MODULE(class_)
#define FT_DEFINE_DRIVER(class_, \
flags_, size_, name_, version_, requires_, \
interface_, init_, done_, get_interface_, \
face_object_size_, size_object_size_, \
slot_object_size_, init_face_, done_face_, \
init_size_, done_size_, init_slot_, done_slot_, \
old_set_char_sizes_, old_set_pixel_sizes_, \
load_glyph_, get_kerning_, attach_file_, \
get_advances_, request_size_, select_size_ ) \
void class_##_pic_free( FT_Library library ); \
FT_Error class_##_pic_init( FT_Library library ); \
\
void \
FT_Destroy_Class_##class_( FT_Library library, \
FT_Module_Class* clazz ) \
{ \
FT_Memory memory = library->memory; \
FT_Driver_Class dclazz = (FT_Driver_Class)clazz; \
class_##_pic_free( library ); \
if ( dclazz ) \
FT_FREE( dclazz ); \
} \
\
FT_Error \
FT_Create_Class_##class_( FT_Library library, \
FT_Module_Class** output_class ) \
{ \
FT_Driver_Class clazz; \
FT_Error error; \
FT_Memory memory = library->memory; \
\
if ( FT_ALLOC( clazz, sizeof(*clazz) ) ) \
return error; \
\
error = class_##_pic_init( library ); \
if(error) \
{ \
FT_FREE( clazz ); \
return error; \
} \
\
FT_DEFINE_ROOT_MODULE(flags_,size_,name_,version_,requires_,interface_, \
init_,done_,get_interface_) \
\
clazz->face_object_size = face_object_size_; \
clazz->size_object_size = size_object_size_; \
clazz->slot_object_size = slot_object_size_; \
\
clazz->init_face = init_face_; \
clazz->done_face = done_face_; \
\
clazz->init_size = init_size_; \
clazz->done_size = done_size_; \
\
clazz->init_slot = init_slot_; \
clazz->done_slot = done_slot_; \
\
FT_DEFINE_DRIVERS_OLD_INTERNALS(old_set_char_sizes_, old_set_pixel_sizes_) \
\
clazz->load_glyph = load_glyph_; \
\
clazz->get_kerning = get_kerning_; \
clazz->attach_file = attach_file_; \
clazz->get_advances = get_advances_; \
\
clazz->request_size = request_size_; \
clazz->select_size = select_size_; \
\
*output_class = (FT_Module_Class*)clazz; \
return FT_Err_Ok; \
}
#endif /* FT_CONFIG_OPTION_PIC */
FT_END_HEADER
#endif /* __FTDRIVER_H__ */
/* END */
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Danas (newspaper)
Danas (, Serbo-Croatian for "today"), is an independent daily newspaper of record published in Belgrade, Serbia. It is a left-oriented media, promoting social-democracy and European integrations. It is a vocal media supporter of Serbian NGO activities towards human rights and minorities protection.
History
The first issue of Danas appeared on 9 June 1997. It was established in 1997 after a group of discontented journalists from the Naša borba newspaper walked out after getting into a conflict with the paper's new private majority owner.
Right from the start the paper employed a strong independent editorial policy with respect to Milošević's regime. Because of open reporting and uncensored coverage on issues and events plaguing Yugoslav and Serbian society in the late 1990s, the paper often found itself targeted by Serbian authorities. Danas was one of the three newspapers (Dnevni telegraf and Naša borba being the other two) to be banned by governmental decree on 14 October 1998 for "spreading fear and defeatism" at a time when NATO bombing of FR Yugoslavia seemed a distinct possibility. As the threat of bombing went away (for a few months anyway), the ban was lifted on 20 October 1998, only to be replaced by a piece of legislation called the Information Law. Under that law, Danas was fined severely and on numerous occasions. The paper's day-to-day operations were often under threat of shutting down until the regime was finally overthrown on 5 October 2000.
In the period since the regime change, Danas has been one of the rare Serbian newspapers (or Serbian media outlets in general, for that matter) to ignore the commercial temptations of yellow journalism. Its circulation has been continually in decline. Most of the foreign investors in Serbian media market have been avoiding it. Danas currently publishes political comic strips drawn by the famous caricaturist Predrag Koraksić Corax.
Editorial history
Veseljko Koprivica (1997)
Grujica Spasović (1997-2006)
Mihal Ramač (2006-2009)
Zoran Panović (2009–2016)
Dragoljub Petrović (since 2016)
Ownership and publishing
The paper is published and managed by an entity called Dan Graf d.o.o. - a limited liability company based in Belgrade. The company's ownership is shared by 13 individuals: Grujica Spasović (13.39%), Dušan Mitrović (13.39%), Radomir Ličina (11.83%), Zdravko Huber (10.94%), Milan Jauković (9.82%), Vesna Ninković (9.03%), Radivoj Cvetićanin (7.19%), Aleksandar Nikašinović (5.46%).
See also
List of newspapers in Serbia
Media in Serbia
References
External links
Category:Newspapers published in Serbia
Category:Publications established in 1997
Category:Media in Belgrade | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Simvastatin preserves the ischemic-reperfused myocardium in normocholesterolemic rat hearts.
Ischemia followed by reperfusion in the presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) results in cardiac contractile dysfunction as well as cardiomyocyte injury. These deleterious effects are due in large part to endothelial dysfunction leading to the upregulation of cell adhesion molecules and subsequent neutrophil-endothelium interaction. At clinically relevant doses, simvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, has been shown to lower serum cholesterol levels and normalize endothelial cell function. We wanted to test the effects of simvastatin on neutrophil-mediated cardiac dysfunction in a controlled model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. This study examines the effects of simvastatin in a neutrophil-dependent isolated perfused rat heart model of ischemia (I) (20 minutes) and reperfusion (R) (45 minutes) injury. Administration of simvastatin 25 micrograms/rat improved coronary flow and preserved left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and dP/dtmax, indexes of cardiac contractile function. Final LVDP was 95+/-5 mm Hg in I/R hearts perfused with PMNs and simvastatin, compared with 49+/-4 mm Hg in PMN-perfused I/R hearts receiving only vehicle (P<0.001). In addition, simvastatin significantly reduced PMN accumulation in the ischemic myocardium (P<0.01). In PMN-perfused rat hearts after I/R, simvastatin also significantly attenuated P-selectin expression, CD18 upregulation in rat PMNs, and PMN adherence to rat vascular endothelium. Significant, although less potent, effects were obtained with pravastatin. These results provide evidence that HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors are potent and effective cardioprotective agents that inhibit leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions and preserve cardiac contractile function and coronary perfusion after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Moreover, these effects are unrelated to the cholesterol-lowering action of this agent and appear to be mediated by enhanced endothelial release of NO. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
ANDY
RECEIVES A HOUND GROUP 4 ON THE DAY HE COMPLETES HIS CHAMPIONSHIP
Andy
completed his championship from the Bred By Exhibitor class at the age
of 10 months. He
received 3 majors (one of those majors was a specialty win) and received
a Hound
Group 4 from the classes on the day he finished his championship. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to computers, and more particularly, to mechanisms for migrating and caching data segments in a computing storage environment.
2. Description of the Related Art
In today's society, computer systems are commonplace. Computer systems may be In the field of computing, a “cache” typically refers to a small, fast memory or storage device used to store data or instructions that were accessed recently, are accessed frequently, or are likely to be accessed in the future. Reading from or writing to a cache is typically cheaper (in terms of access time and/or resource utilization) than accessing other memory or storage devices. Once data is stored in cache, it can be accessed in cache instead of re-fetching and/or re-computing the data, saving both time and resources. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
Video-assisted minilaparotomy in urology.
Minimally invasive surgery has gained wide acceptance as a method of reducing postoperative pain and curtailing the convalescence period. We have devised a modified surgical technique of video-assisted surgery through minilaparotomy (VAMS). This technique is a hybrid of conventional open and laparoscopic surgery that combines the benefits of both techniques by reducing postoperative pain and scarring, as in laparoscopy, but at the same time maintaining the safety of conventional open surgery. Video-assisted procedures have become standard as a result of our experience with 245 consecutive patients operated on between January 1993 and January 2001. The VAMS is a minimally invasive technique that is safe, feasible, standardized, and reproducible with a short learning curve. This technique can be an alternative to open and laparoscopic surgery in daily urologic practice. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
13 Kan. App. 2d 715 (1989)
782 P.2d 68
STATE OF KANSAS, ex rel. SECRETARY OF SOCIAL AND REHABILITATION SERVICES, Appellee,
v.
DALE FRANCIS STEPHENS, Appellant.
No. 63,139
Court of Appeals of Kansas.
Opinion filed September 1, 1989.
Charles A. Dixon and Hartzell J. Whyte, of Kansas City, for appellant.
Frank E. Kohl, county attorney, and Robert T. Stephan, attorney general, for appellee.
Before REES, P.J., RULON, J., and NELSON E. TOBUREN, District Judge, assigned.
REES, J.:
This is a parentage determination action brought to establish the existence of a father and child relationship for Thomas Francis Heinz (Thomas), a minor, and to enforce support rights. As authorized by K.S.A. 39-755, the action is prosecuted by the Secretary of Social and Rehabilitation Services (SRS) pursuant to K.S.A. 38-1115(b). The alleged father, defendant Dale Francis Stephens, appeals from a trial court decision determining him to be Thomas' father.
Only the question of jurisdiction will be discussed in this opinion inasmuch as our resolution of that question is dispositive of this appeal.
These are the statutory provisions pertinent to the case before us:
"Proceedings concerning parentage of a child shall be governed by [the Kansas Parentage Act, K.S.A. 38-1110 through K.S.A. 38-1130]." K.S.A. 38-1110(b).
"An action under [the Kansas Parentage Act] is a civil action governed by the rules of civil procedure." K.S.A. 38-1120(a).
"As used in [the Kansas Parentage Act], `parent and child relationship' means the legal relationship existing between a child and the child's biological .. . parents incident to which the law confers or imposes rights, privileges, *716 duties and obligations. It includes ... the father and child relationship." K.S.A. 38-1111.
"The parent and child relationship between a child and:
....
"(b) The father may be established under [the Kansas Parentage Act]." K.S.A. 38-1113.
"The district court has jurisdiction of an action brought under [the Kansas Parentage Act]." K.S.A. 38-1116(a).
"The child shall be made a party to an action brought under [the Kansas Parentage Act]. The mother, each man presumed to be the father under K.S.A. 38-1114 ... and each man alleged to be the father shall be made parties or, if not subject to the jurisdiction of the court, shall be given notice of the action in a manner prescribed by the court and shall be afforded the opportunity to be heard." (Emphasis added). K.S.A. 38-1117.
"(a) A man is presumed to be the father of a child if:
"(1) He and the child's mother ... have been married to each other and the child is born ... within 300 days after the marriage is terminated . .. ." K.S.A. 38-1114.
"When authorized under K.S.A. 39-755 ... [SRS] may bring an action ... to determine the existence of the father and child relationship." K.S.A. 38-1115(b).
"In cases where [SRS] is deemed to have an assignment of support rights ... [SRS] is authorized to bring a civil action in the name of the state of Kansas ... to establish the parentage of a child." K.S.A. 39-755(a).
For the purposes of and by operation of these statutory provisions, in this case Thomas is the child, Frances Lorene Heinz is the mother, Frank Tullis is the presumed father, and Stephens is the alleged father. Of these four, only the alleged father, Stephens, was made a party to this action. Neither the child, the mother, nor the presumed father was made a party or "given notice of the action" as required by K.S.A. 38-1117. It is patent that each of these three has a personal stake in the outcome of the action; their interests are both personal and real. See K.S.A. 38-1111; K.S.A. 38-1121. Yet, contrary to K.S.A. 38-1117, none of the three was made a party or given notice.
In Davila v. Vanderberg, 4 Kan. App.2d 586, 588, 608 P.2d 1388 (1980), it is said: "For a court to act upon a claim for relief presented to it, the court must have subject matter jurisdiction and jurisdiction over the person of the parties.... [S]ubject matter jurisdiction [is] the power to enter and enforce [a judgment]."
K.S.A. 38-1117 mandates that, in a parentage determination action under facts such as those existing here, the child, the mother, the presumed father, and the alleged father each be made a party or, if not subject to the jurisdiction of the trial court, *717 that person shall be given notice. We are satisfied and conclude that that mandate makes the inclusion of those persons as parties a prerequisite to subject matter jurisdiction. K.S.A. 38-1116 provides that parentage determination actions brought under the Kansas Parentage Act are within the subject matter jurisdiction of Kansas district courts. Nonetheless, K.S.A. 38-1117 operates to invoke the condition that, in each parentage determination action, there must be compliance with K.S.A. 38-1117 for the district court to have subject matter jurisdiction. Without compliance with K.S.A. 38-1117, the district court does not have subject matter jurisdiction under K.S.A. 38-1116.
SRS asserts that the question of jurisdiction is not available for our review because Stephens admitted in his answer that the trial court had "jurisdiction over the parties and subject matter" and lack of jurisdiction was not raised as a defense in the trial court. The record on appeal does not support the assertion. Further, Stephens had no standing to make the purported admission as one binding upon the child, the mother, or the presumed father. And, consent does not waive subject matter jurisdictional defects. In re Miller, 228 Kan. 606, 608, 620 P.2d 800 (1980).
We are instructed in Minter-Wilson Drilling Co. v. Randle, 234 Kan. 624, 628, 675 P.2d 365 (1984), that:
"When a district court has no jurisdiction of the subject matter of the appeal, an appellate court does not acquire such jurisdiction by an appeal from the ruling of the district court. An appellate court may raise the question of jurisdiction on its own motion. When a court is without jurisdiction of the subject matter of an action, its authority in respect thereto extends no further than to dismiss the action. In re Miller, 228 Kan. 606, Syl. ¶ 2, 620 P.2d 800 (1980)."
See In re K-Mart Corp., 232 Kan. 387, 389, 654 P.2d 470 (1982); In re Lakeview Gardens, Inc., 227 Kan. 161, 173, 605 P.2d 576 (1980).
Appeal dismissed. Case is remanded to the district court with instructions to vacate the judgment and dismiss the action.
| {
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
} |
Physician Prevention of Acute Kidney Injury.
The frequency of acute kidney injury has become substantially greater over the recent past. Acute kidney injury, moreover, is associated with increased mortality and morbidity over both the short and long term. Despite these facts, its therapy has not changed significantly for many decades. Currently, therefore, prevention is the only action that can reduce the frequency and consequences of acute kidney injury. Charts of 492 patients were reviewed retrospectively for the presence of acute kidney injury based on creatinine elevation. One hundred seventy patients were found to have acute kidney injury defined as a sustained elevation of serum creatinine ≥ 0.3 mg/dL for 48 hours or more. An agent or event was determined to be responsible for renal injury if there was the defined increase in serum creatinine within 48 hours of exposure. Charts were reviewed to determine if the renal injury was preventable. Fifty-one cases were considered to be preventable. Of these, 16 had not received saline prophylaxis for intravenous contrast when appropriate, 15 were not treated appropriately for hemodynamic instability or for hypertension, 9 had inappropriate use of medications, and 11 received multiple nephrotoxic agents. In a retrospective analysis of 170 hospitalized patients who developed acute kidney injury during admission, 30% of episodes could have been avoided if physicians had taken appropriate preventive actions. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Phoenix lander scoops up first sample of Mars dirt
LOS ANGELES (Reuters) - The Phoenix lander has scooped up its first, cup-sized sample of Martian dirt for analysis, kicking off the spacecraft’s primary science mission of searching for water or signs of life on the Red Planet.
The small sample includes a large Martian dirt clod crusted with white matter that intrigues NASA scientists because they believe it could be salt left behind by evaporated water or ice.
The soil was scraped from the surface of Mars by the lander’s robotic arm on Thursday and will be deposited into the craft’s Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer (TEGA) for study over the next week or so.
“This is a really important occasion for us,” Phoenix principal investigator Peter Smith said at a briefing for reporters. “We are very curious whether the ice we think is just under the surface has melted and modified the soil.”
The analysis will allow scientists to determine how much water is in the soil and what minerals make up the dirt at the arctic circle of Mars, where Phoenix touched down on May 25.
“Salt would be very interesting because that’s what is left behind as water evaporates. That would be a very nice discovery, particularly if we knew exactly which salts they were,” Smith said.
“This looks like a really good sample for us. TEGA’s instruments are particularly sensitive to any water getting into the oven.”
‘RARING TO GO’
The scientists are eager to find evidence of water on the surface of Mars because they are trying to determine if the Red Planet has ever supported life.
Phoenix’s first scoop of Martian dirt also marked the official start of its science phase, a moment scientists have been waiting for since long before the spacecraft took off from Earth 10 months ago on its 420-million-mile journey.
“When you hear about athletes preparing for the football season they practice one or two months and by the end of that they are really chomping at the bit,” said Matt Robinson of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena.
“Our pre-season has been about 5 years long so you can imagine that we are just raring to go get that actual first real sample.”
The lander has already returned the highest-resolution pictures ever taken of dust and sand on the surface of another planet. It used an optical microscope that showed particles as small as one-tenth the diameter of a human hair.
Phoenix’s robotic camera has also sent back images of what appears to be exposed ice under the lander. But that area — dubbed “Snow Queen” — cannot be analyzed because it is out of the reach of the scoop.
NASA has searched Mars for the past decade for signs of water and conditions that might have supported life. It has used a fleet of orbiters and a pair of rovers on the planet.
The detection of subsurface water on Mars in 2002 by the Odyssey spacecraft prompted the Phoenix mission. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Tuesday, 12 July 2011
I remember but I don't celebrate. A lot has happened since I returned home but at the same time nothing changes. Every morning I take the bus to go to work. If I get the chance I take a seat next to the window and as I look through, the city seems static. I keep my eyes wide open and I never sleep, because I always inevitable daydream. I meticulously elaborate perfect fantasies where I'm happily heading somewhere else where I'd rather be.As I get off from the bus and head towards the office, I promise myself that tonight, the very least I'll do is draw it, and then I'd make it happen. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
An epidemiological study of enteric viruses in sewage with molecular characterization by RT-PCR and sequence analysis.
The aim of this study was to assess the presence and seasonal frequency of various enteric viruses in wastewater treatment. The detection of astrovirus, norovirus, enterovirus, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and rotavirus was carried out by molecular analyses in concentrated water samples collected over 18 months at the entrance and exit of an activated sludge sewage treatment plant. The reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) results were confirmed by sequencing, and comparative phylogenetic analysis was performed on the isolated strains. Genomes of human astrovirus and human rotavirus were identified in 26/29 and 11/29 samples of raw sewage, respectively, and in 12/29 and 13/29 treated effluent samples, respectively. Some rotavirus sequences detected in environmental samples were very close to those of clinical strains. Noroviruses, enteroviruses and HAV were not detected during the study period. This could be related to the small sample volume, to the sensitivity of the detection methods or to local epidemiological situations. Frequent detection of viral RNA, whether infectious or not, in the exit effluent of sewage treatment indicates wide dispersion of enteric viruses in the environment. Consequently, viral contamination resulting from the use of these treated waters is a risk that needs to be addressed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Show HN: CodeAvengers, the future of K12 CompSci education is here - nkeung
http://www.codeavengers.com/web
======
yjsoon
Conceptually: I like the idea of giving some personality to the "type here and
see something happen" code-learning toolkit, at least for the HTML/CSS course.
Not sure how well this specific concept will go down with the entire range of
K-12--I see this working well for grades 4-8 boys. (I teach programming to
grades 8-11.)
Some specific issues:
\- I'm a little worried about how the site throws a lot of (presumably
unlicensed, at the moment) brands at the user. The Avengers logo, Samsung-
branded phone in the HTML/CSS course, the DC Flash icon...
\- Some essential lesson navigation elements ("results" in the JS course,
"next" in both courses) are quite far down the page, which isn't great for
users with small screens. A browser maximised for a 900px-height screen seems
to work ok, but any smaller and the learner will have trouble finding the
"next lesson" button, which can't be much fun.
\- HTML/CSS course: Getting the learner to hit "check" immediately sometimes
hides the result that would have shown up in the "browser". This could be
confusing.
All the best!
~~~
nkeung
Thanks for the great feedback!
As far as screen size goes, it adjusts in lesson 2 or 3 to a different layout
that is better for small screens. But I should probably just do that right
from the beginning if the screen is less than 800px high.
As for CHECK, maybe I should force them to VIEW their page 1st... Also, I am
thinking about showing the USERS page by default. They will have to click the
EXAMPLE page to see what the page should look like. I will have to test this
approach out on a few users first.
That course is targeted at 12-18 year olds. The programming course is aimed at
15yo+. But we have had people use the course in yrs 6-12. I plan on creating
stuff for younger kids in the future.
As far as boys vs girls, the lessons do have a bit to try and entice girls as
you go a long. And we have a bunch of stuff my younger sister is helping me
out with that will hopefully make it more enjoyable for females.
Regarding copyright, I am in communication with Marvel lawyers, they didn't
like our original logo, but seem OK with the current logo... at the moment.
But havn't got the 100% green light on the new logo yet.
Also, in negotiations for sponsorship from Samsung. If that falls through,
will be looking at other phone companies.
As far as the Flash goes, I have a friend drawing original images and he was
promising them last week, but has been held up, so hopefully we will have
those up by next week.
------
nkeung
I have created interactive online courses that aim to teach web development to
High School students in the most fun and effective way possible. My site also
offers great support for teachers by providing live feedback of student
progress.
Many people say... looks like a CodeCademy copy. Here is what makes my site
different: * Designed from the ground up for someone who has never done any
programming. Teachers have commented that the level of difficulty in my
courses is perfect for beginners. * Examples that are more interesting for
School students * Teachers support - I have had dozens of high schools try my
courses in the UK and they love the lessons, and the live feedback!
Last of all... It was created by ONE person in NZ as a side project. No
funding, no backing, just 1 guy, staying up all night writing code... then
testing the lessons on his siblings and wife.
| {
"pile_set_name": "HackerNews"
} |
When you need the strength and durability of a steel reel, ONEREEL has the product for you.
Whether you need a tubular reel for lightweight shipping of pipe or conduit, a custom-designed process reel for take-up and take-off solutions in heavy-duty processing industries or a corrugated steel reusable design for wire and cable applications, our line of steel reels is tailored to satisfy your unique needs. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
// Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates.
//
// This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
// LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
//
// A test that visits the ProjectionElem::Subslice case of Visitor::visit_projection_elem
#![feature(box_syntax)]
#[macro_use]
extern crate mirai_annotations;
pub fn main() {
subslice_pattern(true);
subslice_pattern(false);
}
struct Foo {
f: i32,
}
pub fn subslice_pattern(from_start: bool) {
let a = [Foo { f: 10 }, Foo { f: 20 }, Foo { f: 30 }];
if from_start {
let [x @ .., _] = a;
verify!(x[0].f == 10);
verify!(x[1].f == 20);
} else {
let [_, y @ ..] = a;
verify!(y[0].f == 20);
verify!(y[1].f == 30);
}
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Introduction
============
Human life expectancy has increased remarkably over the last two centuries worldwide [@b1], although it is still highly variable between countries [@b2]. This lifespan extension is mainly due to improvement of health care, hygiene, and nutrition. The healthy life expectancy, however, has not increased at the same rate; in Europe, men spend on average 20.5% and women 25.4% of their life dealing with disability caused through disease or injury (Healthy Life Years; <http://www.healthy-life-years.eu/>) [@b3]. Although age is the main risk factor for the majority of common diseases contributing to disability, reaching an old age does not necessarily result in a higher degree of age-related disability. This is illustrated by the presence of long-lived individuals from families expressing exceptional longevity that may reach high ages without major disabilities [@b4], [@b5]. Moreover, their offspring -- considered "decelerated" or "healthy agers" -- have a lower prevalence of age-related diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes [@b6]--[@b9], compared to similar-aged controls. Concomitantly, they show beneficial or "youthful" profiles for many metabolic and immune-related parameters [@b10]. Most of the human aging studies are concentrated around long-lived families, including highly and middle-aged members, sporadic highly aged individuals from the general population or population-based cohorts containing different age groups.
Due to the different study designs (Box [1](#bx1){ref-type="boxed-text"} and [Fig. 1](#fig01){ref-type="fig"}), human aging cohorts provide complementary information and are intensively being studied from a biomarker and genomic perspective. The assumption is that, together, these studies will provide insight into the mechanisms that could (i) drive the biological aging rate, (ii) positively and negatively influence the risk for age-related disease, and (iii) explain the variation in lifespan between individuals. Genomic research, including genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic studies, is expected to provide both markers and determinants of aging. The search for biomarkers for human aging and longevity is aimed at identifying parameters and profiles that reflect the biological age of individuals and predict long-term morbidity and/or mortality [@b11].
Study designs
-------------
The ultimate epidemiological study design to investigate markers and determinants of biological aging and longevity in humans would be to follow a large group of individuals during their entire lifetime. These individuals should be examined at different time points so that changes in markers could be related to the actual lifespan of the individual. However, since this design is not feasible, several other designs are being applied in human studies ([Fig. 1](#fig01){ref-type="fig"}).
### Cross-sectional study designs
***Population-based cohorts*:** Cross-sectional longevity studies typically compare unrelated highly aged individuals (nonagenarians/centenarians) with younger controls or evaluate differences between groups of unrelated individuals in categories of increasing age. Inclusion of individuals for these studies is relatively easy, which is reflected by the large sample sizes of population-based cross-sectional studies. The cross-sectional study usually provides the first level of observation that a parameter is correlated with chronological age or a health condition. However, causality of the genetic and/or genomic parameter on aging and longevity cannot be determined from a cross-sectional design. For cross-sectional studies the long-lived cases should be compared with controls originating from the same birth cohort. However, since these controls usually already died, controls are generally selected from other birth cohorts. Given that these cohorts have a different life expectancy, this could confound the studied association. In addition, structural differences between birth cohorts, caused by, e.g. migration, could also confound the results. Examples of longevity studies used for cross-sectional analysis in unrelated individuals are the New England Centenarian Study (NECS) [@b90], German long-lived individuals [@b91], French centenarians [@b92], and Southern Italian Centenarian Study (SICS) [@b93]. In addition, various cross-sectional studies are included in the MARK-AGE project, which consists of 2,320 randomly recruited volunteers from the general population (35--74 years).
***Family-based cohorts***: Family-based longevity studies consist of nonagenarians/centenarians (siblings) and their middle-aged offspring. The controls used in these studies are either (age-matched) random individuals from the general population or spouses of the offspring of the long-lived individuals. Due to the common genetic background among family members, family-based longevity studies are enriched for familial and genetic effects on longevity and are more robust against population substructure. However, these studies generally have a small sample size since it is quite difficult to collect long-lived families. To determine which age-related phenotypes associate with human familial longevity, the offspring of long-lived individuals, which are predisposed to longevity, can be compared to geographically- and age-matched population controls. This design allows analysis of molecular and clinical parameters specific for long-lived family members in multiple generations. Examples of family-based longevity studies are the Ashkenazi Jews cohort [@b71], GEnetics of Healthy Ageing (GEHA) study (of which the offspring is collected in the MARK-AGE project) [@b94], Long Life Family Study (LLFS) [@b7], and Leiden Longevity Study (LLS) [@b15].
### Prospective studies
Most prospective longevity studies consist of highly (\>85 years of age) or middle-aged (\>55 years of age) individuals (related or unrelated) that are followed over time and sampled at multiple time points. This design is most often applied to provide more evidence for causality of determinants or markers detected in cross-sectional studies. In this design an (unbiased) baseline parameter may show to precede a functional aspect of aging. Several large population-based prospective studies have been initiated. However, the main disadvantage of these studies is that the number of individuals that will become long-lived is usually very small. Examples of prospective longevity studies are the Leiden 85-plus study [@b95], [@b96], Newcastle 85+ study [@b97], [@b98], Danish 1905 cohort [@b99], the population-based Rotterdam Study [@b100], and Framingham Heart Study (FHS) (consisting of three generations) [@b101].
{#fig01}
For most diseases, like osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and type 2 diabetes, standardized phenotypes and diagnostic criteria are used for genomic research. No standardized phenotype or marker, however, is indicating biological aging rate. Hence, genomic studies into aging thus far focus on the determinants of human lifespan variation by using age at death, prospective survival, disease-free survival, or exceptional longevity as outcome. Biomarker research is therefore just as relevant for genomic studies of human aging as the analysis of the genome itself.
The possibility to study causal determinants and quantitative biomarkers of biological aging and longevity in humans strongly depends on the study designs that are available (Box [1](#bx1){ref-type="boxed-text"} and [Fig. 1](#fig01){ref-type="fig"}). Using these designs, we determined four relevant phases in aging studies in order to establish whether a quantitative parameter (or profile) is a biomarker of biological age; (i) Determine the change in a quantitative parameter with chronological age in cross-sectional studies and, preferably, by repeated measures in longitudinal studies. Parameters reflecting biological age are expected to show an increased variance with age. (ii) Determine whether a marker of chronological age also discriminates individuals with a youthful or old level relative to their age category in the general population, which would indicate that the quantitative parameter potentially marks biological age ([Fig. 2](#fig02){ref-type="fig"}). The comparison between offspring of long-lived individuals and age-matched population controls is also part of this phase. (iii) Determine whether the potential marker for biological age associates to known parameters of health, such as blood pressure, serum levels of glucose, insulin, and cholesterol. (iv) Determine whether the potential marker for biological age associates with morbidity (based on clinical endpoints) and/or mortality in prospective studies.
{#fig02}
In this review we will give an overview of the main genomic approaches and discuss the concept of biomarker approaches used in the research field of human aging and longevity. In addition, we will discuss the progress and challenges of integration of data that has been generated using these approaches.
Genomic research
================
Human longevity is not just explained by the absence of disease-susceptibility alleles
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Genomic research into human lifespan regulation could be subdivided into genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic research. Studies of mono- and dizygous twins have revealed that the genetic contribution to the variation in human lifespan is about 25--30% [@b12], [@b13], and is most prominent in families clustered for longevity [@b14], [@b15]. This genetic contribution is mainly apparent after the age of 60 years and seems to increase with age [@b13], [@b16]. Furthermore, human lifespan is a complex trait which is assumed to be determined by many genes with small individual effects [@b17], although the polygenic architecture still needs to be characterized [@b18], [@b19]. The diverse health features of long-lived families illustrate that different age-related diseases have common determinants and implicate that pathways can be identified that attenuate aging and delay age-related disease. From a genomic perspective, individuals from long-lived families are assumed to be characterized by a decreased prevalence of disease-promoting variants (referred to as disease-susceptibility alleles) and an increased prevalence of variants conferring maintenance of health and protection from disease, when compared to population controls. In the last 5 years, many disease-susceptibility alleles have been identified (National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) genome-wide association study (GWAS) Catalog; <http://www.genome.gov/gwastudies/>) [@b20]. A first comparison between long-lived individuals, selected from both long-lived families (LLS) and the general population (Leiden 85-plus study), and young controls showed no difference in the distribution or frequency of disease-susceptibility alleles identified in cancer, coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes [@b21]. The search for lifespan regulating loci -- contributing to longevity and population mortality -- must therefore extend beyond a focus on disease-susceptibility alleles. We will first discuss the efforts to identify longevity loci by genetics approaches.
Candidate gene studies identified *APOE* and *FOXO3A* as human longevity genes
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The first genetic longevity studies mainly focused on lifespan regulating loci that emerged from animal models [@b22]. Lifespan extension in animal models was obtained by applying caloric restriction or by modifying gene functions (mutagenesis) using RNA interference, knock-out or overexpression of single genes (GenAge; <http://genomics.senescence.info/genes/>) [@b23]. The most interesting pathways identified using these models are the growth hormone (GH)/insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways [@b24]. Thus far, lifespan has been the main phenotype investigated in animal models. In order to make these models more translatable to human studies research should focus on defining the parameters that reflect the physiology and pathology of aging in both animals and humans [@b25], [@b26].
Most of the human candidate gene studies were performed in cross-sectional designs (Box [1](#bx1){ref-type="boxed-text"} and [Fig. 1](#fig01){ref-type="fig"}), comparing allele frequencies of potential longevity loci between highly aged individuals and young controls. The candidate gene studies based on single genes have pointed a role for genes involved in, e.g., GH/insulin/IGF-1 signaling, immune regulation, and lipoprotein metabolism (Supporting Information [Table S1](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), although most of these results have not (yet) been confirmed in sufficient independent studies. The most convincing human longevity loci today are *APOE* and *FOXO3A* which have frequently been associated with longevity in cross-sectional studies (see for a review [@b26]) and survival in prospective studies [@b27]--[@b29] ([Fig. 3](#fig03){ref-type="fig"}). *APOE* encodes the protein apolipoprotein E which seems to play a role in e.g., lipoprotein metabolism, cognitive function, and immune regulation [@b30]. *FOXO3A* encodes the protein forkhead box O3 which acts as a transcription factor for many different genes involved in processes like apoptosis and oxidative stress [@b31].
{#fig03}
In addition to single gene studies, several candidate gene studies based on whole pathways have been performed. These pathway-based candidate gene studies showed a role for genes within the DNA damage signaling and repair, GH/insulin/IGF-1 signaling, immune regulation, pro/antioxidant, and telomere maintenance pathways [@b32]--[@b36] (Supporting Information [Table S1](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Most of these pathway-based studies tested for effects of individual single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on prospective mortality or longevity [@b32], [@b34], [@b35], and, so far, only a limited number of studies determined the joint effect of SNPs within a pathway [@b33], [@b36].
Large meta-GWAS are required for identification of novel human longevity loci
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
As an alternative to hypothesis-based candidate gene studies, hypothesis-free or explorative approaches could also be applied to studies of the genome. These methods should initially be aimed at prioritizing the location of regions linked to longevity and, subsequently, identifying the genetic variation causal to the trait. One example of an explorative approach is the GWAS. In this cross-sectional approach, in which long-lived individuals are compared with young or shorter-lived controls, the-usually small-effect of common variants can be identified. Typically, genotype distributions of 300,000--2,500,000 SNPs are assessed for association with the trait in GWAS. Since longevity is assumed to be determined by many genes with small effects it could be a successful method to identify novel longevity loci. However, so far, GWAS for longevity in the LLS [@b37], Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) [@b38], [@b39], NECS [@b40], German long-lived individuals [@b41], and SICS [@b42] have only identified one genome-wide significant (*p* \< 5 × 10^−8^) locus: *APOE*, which has long been established as a longevity gene. Several other loci showed suggestive association with longevity (*p* \< 5 × 10^−6^), namely *MINPP1* [@b38], *OTOL1* [@b39], and *CAMKIV* [@b42] ([Fig. 3](#fig03){ref-type="fig"}).
However, the effect of these loci on prospective mortality is not yet known. All GWAS-identified suggestive longevity loci are deleterious, i.e., the minor allele is associated with a decreased probability to become long-lived, and, as expected, their effects are small (odds ratio\'s \> 0.5).
In general, to have sufficient power to detect significant effects, GWAS require much larger sample sizes than thus far accomplished for human longevity. One of the challenges of GWAS for longevity is that the lifespan variation induced by the genetic component is expected to be small relative to that induced by the environmental component (i.e., health care and nutrition). A large sample size, acquired through metaanalysis of GWAS (meta-GWAS), may cope with the so-called "phenocopies" and could potentially detect genome-wide significant loci besides *APOE*. Currently, two initiatives for meta-GWAS for longevity are on-going. One consists of ∼8,000 long-lived individuals (≥85 years of age) from all over Europe (Integrated research on DEvelopmental determinants of Aging and Longevity (IDEAL) GWAS Longevity Study), while the other consists of ∼6,000 long-lived individuals (≥90 years of age), collected in Northern America and Europe, from the CHARGE consortium. If these meta-GWAS lead to the identification of new loci that significantly associate with longevity, they should consequently be tested for an effect on prospective survival in middle and old age.
Copy number variant (CNV) studies identified potential longevity regions
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Besides SNP analysis, several other methods have been applied to study the genetics of longevity, mainly using a prospective design (Box [1](#bx1){ref-type="boxed-text"} and [Fig. 1](#fig01){ref-type="fig"}). One study determined the effect of CNVs, which are deletions or duplications of stretches of DNA, on longevity in the Rotterdam Study and FHS. The meta-analysis of these cohorts showed an association between the burden of large (≥500 kb) CNVs and mortality at old age. In addition, they showed an association of common CNV regions on 11p15.5 and 14q21.3 [@b43] ([Fig. 3](#fig03){ref-type="fig"}). However, to qualify them as longevity-regions, these associations still need to be replicated in several larger independent cross-sectional and prospective studies.
The same group also studied the effect of regions of homozygosity (ROHs), which are uninterrupted stretches of homozygous SNPs, on longevity in the Rotterdam Study and found no association between ROHs and survival into old age [@b44]. However, to rule out effects of ROHs on longevity larger cross-sectional and prospective studies should be performed.
Linkage studies have discovered chromosomal regions linked to human longevity
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
The explorative studies of the genome for longevity effects actually started with linkage analysis in family-based designs (Box [1](#bx1){ref-type="boxed-text"} and [Fig. 1](#fig01){ref-type="fig"}). For this approach, the excess sharing of alleles between siblings identical by descent at 6,000--12,000 loci not in linkage disequilibrium over sharing by chance provides a likelihood for the presence of a longevity locus in any region on the genome. There have been several small-scale genome-wide linkage studies of long-lived sibling pairs (*n*~cases~ \< 300) that showed inconsistent results [@b45]--[@b48] ([Fig. 3](#fig03){ref-type="fig"}). Recently, a large linkage analysis for longevity has been performed in 2,118 nonagenarian Caucasian sibling pairs from the GEHA study. In this study, linkage with longevity was observed at chromosome 14q11.2 (logarithm (base 10) of odds (LOD) = 3.47), chromosome 17q12-22 (LOD = 2.95), chromosome 19p13.3-13.11 (LOD = 3.76), and chromosome 19q13.11-13.32 (LOD = 3.57) ([Fig. 3](#fig03){ref-type="fig"}), of which the latter was explained by the ApoE ε4 and ApoE ε2 alleles [@b49]. Since the linkage at the remaining loci could not be explained by association of common variants, human familial longevity at these loci may be explained by rare variants.
Next-generation sequencing studies may reveal rare longevity-associated variants
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rare variants can be identified by applying next-generation (whole-genome or exome) sequencing. In the case of Mendelian disorders and strong familial traits, next-generation sequencing of a limited number of well-selected individuals may reveal relevant alleles with functional consequences. Analysis of sequencing data is a bioinformatic challenge and good sample selection is therefore extremely important. The most informative individuals for next-generation sequencing in longevity research would be individuals from long-lived families with a long family history of longevity. One candidate gene study analyzed the complete coding region of *IGF1* and *IGF1R* using 2D gene scanning and DNA sequencing in centenarians and their offspring. Two rare nonsynonymous SNPs in *IGF1R* associated with both longevity and decreased IGF-1 signaling. This further indicates a role for GH/insulin/IGF-1 signaling genes in human longevity [@b50] ([Fig. 3](#fig03){ref-type="fig"}).
For exploratory analyses, the whole genome can be analyzed. Up to now, this has been published for one female and one male supercentenarian [@b51]. To identify variants relevant for longevity, analysis on the genomes of many more of such individuals must be performed. Various initiatives are ongoing in which larger amounts of genomes of population and family-based centenarians are being sequenced, e.g., the Wellderly Study (consisting of ∼1,000 individuals ≥80 years of age) and the LLS (consisting of 220 individuals ≥90 years of age).
Explorative studies identify transcriptomic profiles marking longevity
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Since the genetic approaches have thus far provided little robust evidence for loci contributing to human aging and longevity, attempts have been made to identify such loci by exploration of the human transcriptome. The transcriptome of an individual reflects the influence of genetic variation, as well as the response to the environment. As an approach to find determinants of aging and longevity, transcriptomic studies require specific designs to disentangle primary and causal changes in gene expression from the consequences of aging.
Most studies of the transcriptome try to identify genes that show a differential change with chronological age and mainly use cross-sectional designs (Box [1](#bx1){ref-type="boxed-text"} and [Fig. 1](#fig01){ref-type="fig"}). In these designs highly aged individuals are compared to young controls or categories of increasing age are examined. The larger studies are performed in whole blood, since this is the most accessible tissue. However, whole blood contains different cell populations, which may confound observed differences in gene expression. If possible, observations of differential gene expression should thus be adjusted for proportions of blood cell subsets, which is not always done. One study partly circumvented this problem by investigating the transcriptome of T cells from healthy individuals with ages ranging from 25 to over 95 years and highlighted similarities in gene expression profiles between young and "successfully aged" individuals [@b52]. This illustrates that cross-sectional transciptome studies may be used to identify genes potentially indicative of the biological age of an individual by comparing the expression level of the gene for an individual to the average expression of individuals of his/her chronological age.
The transciptomic studies focused on chronological age revealed that genes and microRNAs involved in many different processes, e.g., oxidative phosphorylation, complement activation, and synaptic transmission, change with age [@b53]--[@b58]. The pathways that have been associated with chronological age include peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, glucose and glutathione metabolism, and mTOR signaling [@b52]. The relevance of mTOR pathway genes for human aging has been further illustrated by associations of gene expression changes with chronological age in a candidate gene study of two independent human cohorts [@b56]. Most of the gene expression associations with chronological age in human populations have not yet been validated and replicated with comparable technology platforms in independent studies. In addition, transciptomic studies on chronological age cannot rate which changes are causal and which are consequential to aging.
One way to overcome (part of) this problem is by using a family-based study design (Box [1](#bx1){ref-type="boxed-text"} and [Fig. 1](#fig01){ref-type="fig"}), in which the offspring of long-lived individuals -- representing "healthy agers" -- are compared to similar-aged controls from the general population. The differential gene expression profiles identified using this design may represent markers of healthy aging and familial longevity. This approach has been applied in the LLS to explore the transcriptome in whole blood for association with human familial longevity. Genes belonging to the mTOR pathway, as well as *ASF1A* and *IL7R*, were differentially expressed between offspring and controls [@b59], [@b60]. In addition, the expression of mTOR genes in blood associated to prevalent diabetes and serum glucose. However, the association with familial longevity was not dependent on this. Thus, gene expression profiles in blood mark human longevity in middle age and potentially provide information on the pathways that contribute to healthy aging and longevity.
Epigenomic studies are at hand
------------------------------
Another molecular level that could provide additional insight in the processes of aging is the epigenome, the intermediate layer of genomic information between the genome and transcriptome. Epigenetic regulation of transcription is mediated by histon modification, DNA methylation, and microRNAs. Changes in the epigenome with chronological age have been explored and show that methylation patterns of genes involved in e.g., development and morphogenesis, DNA binding and regulation of transcription [@b61]--[@b63] tend to change with age. A recent remarkable finding in a small study sample, confirmed in a cohort of 501 individuals ranging from birth to 99 years, was the progressive linear increase in methylation with age at the *ELOVL2* gene [@b64]. Because the epigenomic field recently became more accessible for the screening of large study populations, the identification of a new range of epigenetic biomarkers is at hand. To consider such epigenetic measures as markers for biological age, confounding of cell type distributions should be accounted for -- like in transcriptomic studies -- and effects should be established using various study designs.
In conclusion, up to now, genomic research to identify drivers of healthy aging and longevity in humans has not yet delivered many robust longevity loci and pathways. However, larger studies, new methodologies and the consistent use of different study designs to follow up results might help to unravel the genomic component of healthy aging and longevity.
Phenotypes that reflect biological aging
========================================
In addition to focusing on lifespan as primary phenotype, genomic studies into aging may profit from insights into phenotypes that reflect biological age. One can think of parameters or profiles reflecting immunosenescence or metabolic health established as pre-clinical measures in middle-aged individuals. In addition, phenotyping by novel noninvasive technologies, such as imaging (e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)) and longitudinal and ambulatory measurements using electronic devices (e.g., gait speed, 24-hour glucose, blood pressure), will improve the monitoring of the physiology of aging in epidemiological studies. Such research is often referred to as biomarker research and is aimed at finding parameters and profiles predicting long-term morbidity and/or mortality. Classical examples are blood pressure and hypertension as markers for clinical events in cardiovascular disease, joint-space width as marker for osteoarthritis and bone mineral density and risk of fracture as markers for osteoporosis. Comparable to the genomic research of the transcriptome and epigenome, the main problem with biomarker research is that it is hard to disentangle the changes causal to aging and longevity from those that are a consequence of normative aging. For classical (e.g., leukocyte telomere length) and novel potential biomarker of aging the four relevant phases to establish whether a quantitative parameter (or profile) is a biomarker of biological aging should be taken into account (see Introduction section).
Clinical biomarkers for biological age hint at metabolic processes
------------------------------------------------------------------
Several prospective studies investigated the effect of clinical, physical, and cognitive parameters on mortality. Many different parameters have been shown to influence mortality after 55 years of age in the general population [@b65]--[@b70]. To determine whether these parameters potentially contribute to longevity from middle age onwards, family-based studies have been performed (Box [1](#bx1){ref-type="boxed-text"} and [Fig. 1](#fig01){ref-type="fig"}), whereby the offspring of long-lived individuals is compared with similar-aged controls from the general population. Of the parameters that associate with mortality after 55 years of age, cortisol levels, digit symbol substitution test score, fasting glucose levels, free triiodothyronine levels, and gait speed also mark familial longevity in middle age [@b7], [@b71]--[@b78] ([Table 1](#tbl1){ref-type="table"}). Together, these biomarkers for biological age suggest the involvement of metabolic processes in healthy aging and longevity.
######
Potential biomarkers which have been shown to be associated with mortality in prospective studies of different age categories and their association with familial longevity in middle age
Parameter Effect on mortality Reference Effect on familial longevity Reference
---------------------------------------------------- ----------------------- -------------------------------- ------------------------------ -----------------------
Ankle-arm index \>65 years [@b66] No [@b7]
Blood pressure (diastolic) \>55 years/\>90 years [@b65], [@b69], [@b70] No [@b7]
Blood pressure (systolic) \>55 years/\>90 years [@b65], [@b66], [@b69], [@b70] No [@b7]
Body mass index \>55 years/\>90 years [@b69], [@b70] No [@b7], [@b77]
Cholesterol (high-density lipoprotein) \>85 years [@b65], [@b69], [@b70] No [@b7], [@b71], [@b77]
Cholesterol (total) \>55 years/\>90 years [@b65], [@b69], [@b70] No [@b7], [@b71], [@b77]
Cortisol \>85 years [@b65] Yes [@b73]
C-reactive protein \>55 years [@b65], [@b66], [@b70] No [@b76]
Creatinine \>55 years/\>65 years [@b65], [@b66], [@b70] No [@b7], [@b78]
Digit symbol substitution test score \>65 years [@b66] Yes [@b7]
Fasting glucose \>65 years [@b65], [@b66] Yes [@b7], [@b74]
Forced vital capacity \>65 years [@b66] No [@b7]
Free triiodothyronine levels \>85 years [@b65] Yes [@b75]
Gait speed \>65 years [@b68] Yes [@b7]
Grip strength \>92 years [@b65], [@b67] No [@b7], [@b72]
Instrumental activities of daily living impairment \>65 years [@b66], [@b70] No [@b7]
Metabolic profiles seem promising predictive biomarkers
-------------------------------------------------------
Instead of testing single quantitative parameters from a clinical perspective, the development of novel technologies and methodologies has made it possible to study age-related changes in the whole glycome and metabolome [@b79], [@b80]. These novel explorative omics studies could potentially be much more informative on physiological aspects of aging than the single parameters studied so far, since a single-point measurement contains a wealth of information. A cross-sectional comparison of "healthy agers" and similar-aged controls has shown that decreased levels of bisecting GlcNAc glycoforms of IgG and higher levels of specific *N*-glycan features mark healthy aging and familial longevity [@b81], [@b82]. Datasets generated by metabolomic platforms provide information on biogenic amines, central metabolism, and lipids and can give insight into their relevance for morbidity and/or mortality, as was previously shown for cardiovascular disease [@b83]. In a recent study, using a prospective design, it was shown that a single-point nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurement could also predict incident risk of coronary heart disease, comparable to the gold standard (the Framingham risk score) (unpublished results). However, additional prospective studies into morbidity and/or mortality, preferably on the basis of repeated measures, need to be performed to provide more information about the usefulness of metabolomic and glycomic profiles as biomarkers of biological age and longevity.
Integrating genomics and biomarker research
-------------------------------------------
Once the use of established biomarkers of biological age is standardized, the biomarker information can be integrated into studies aimed at finding causal determinants of aging and longevity. An example of an integrated approach to identify lifespan regulating loci is represented by testing whether genetic variants associated with potential biomarkers also associate with longevity. To date, GWAS have identified many genetic variants that associate with age-associated traits, such as leukocyte telomere length and features from glycome and metabolome profiles [@b84]--[@b86]. The joint effect of the majority of these variants on aging and longevity still needs to be determined. One study identified a haplotype in the *TERT* gene that was associated with increased telomere length and longevity, which indicates that genetic variants associated with telomere length regulation might also play a role in longevity [@b87].
Conclusions and prospects
=========================
Over the past two decades the human aging field has built up the necessary resources to study the biology of aging and longevity by establishing human populations with a diversity of designs. Meta-analyses integrating genetic and phenotypic datasets have successfully identified variants associated with a range of age-related traits and diseases. Despite these accomplishments, the number of novel leads contributing to human lifespan regulation is limited. Although positive regions of linkage and suggestive GWAS hits have been reported, the field has not yet identified the loci that explain the clustering of longevity in families and the variation in biological aging rate in the population. As for animal models, down-signaling of the IIS and mTOR pathway appeared to be relevant in humans. These findings are being followed up by molecular and physiological profiling using skin, fat and muscle tissue of long-lived family members and controls. Human studies now also include the response of nutrient sensing systems to the application of dietary and physical challenges.
The ongoing whole genome sequencing of centenarians and their families may provide novel genes contributing to longevity. Relevant variations may include gain-of-function mutations or heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in genes with deleterious effect late in life. Novel biomarkers represented by omics profiles and ambulatory measures to establish the biological aging rate (such as 24-hour glucose [@b88]) will be used in integrated analyses. It has already become feasible to study the integrative personal omics profiles (iPOP), the combination of the genetic, transciptomic, proteomic, metabolomic, and autoantibody profile of individuals [@b89].
In conclusion, novel methodologies, comprehensively applied to multiple studies of well-phenotyped (middle and highly aged) individuals from long-lived families and large prospective cohort studies, will help to connect human molecular epidemiology and biology in aging research. Ultimately, this will provide leads that can be followed up in animal studies.
The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union\'s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2011) under grant agreement no. 259679. This study was supported by a grant from the Innovation-Oriented Research Program on Genomics (SenterNovem IGE05007), the Centre for Medical Systems Biology, and the Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing (grant 050-060-810), all in the framework of the Netherlands Genomics Initiative, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), and by Unilever Colworth.
CHARGE
: Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology
CNV
: copy number variant
FHS
: Framingham Heart Study
GEHA
: GEnetics of Healthy Ageing
GH
: growth hormone
GWAS
: genome-wide association study
IDEAL
: Integrated research on Developmental determinants of Aging and Longevity
IGF-1
: insulin-like growth factor 1
iPOP
: integrative personal omics profile
LLFS
: Long Life Family Study
LLS
: Leiden Longevity Study
LOD
: logarithm (base 10) of odds
MRI
: magnetic resonance imaging
mTOR
: mammalian target of rapamycin
NECS
: New England Centenarian Study
NHGRI
: National Human Genome Research Institute
NMR
: nuclear magnetic resonance
ROH
: region of homozygosity
SICS
: Southern Italian Centenarian Study
SNP
: single nucleotide polymorphism
Supplementary material
======================
As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors.
| {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
[Growth of bacteria degrading naphthalene and salicylate at low temperatures].
A total of 58 bacterial strains degrading naphthalene and salicylate were isolated from soil samples polluted with oil products, collected in different regions of Russia during winter and summer. The isolates were assessed for their ability to grow at low temperatures (4, 8, and 15 degrees C); bacteria growing at 4 degrees C in the presence of naphthalene or salicylate accounted for 65% and 53%, respectively, of the strains isolated. The strains differed in the temperature dependence of their growth rates. It was demonstrated that the type of expression of Nah+ phenotype at low temperatures depended on the combination of the host bacterium and the plasmid. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Highly likely to recommend
My parents had listed their Crystal Lake house with another agent for a year and it went unsold. Then Bryan took over the listing, and sold it within a month. He received an offer that matched the best offer my parents had received in that first year, even though the market was declining. Bryan is a McHenry County native, so he knows the area well. He responded promptly to all my elderly parents' questions. When he met with them in person to do the paperwork, he was very patient, though my parents are hearing impaired. He is honest but tactful about how a house compares to the market. Most important to me, he is not excitable, but navigates the negotiation process calmly. Fairness and honesty are the two words that come to mind when I think about how Bryan works. We will use him ourselves if and when we ever move. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
537 U.S. 880
SOUTHWESTERN ILLINOIS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITYv.NATIONAL CITY ENVIRONMENTAL, L.L.C., ET AL.
No. 02-34.
Supreme Court of United States.
October 7, 2002.
1
CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME COURT OF ILLINOIS.
2
Sup.Ct. Ill. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 199 Ill. 2d 225, 768 N. E. 2d 1.
| {
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
} |
LOVE ENTERS THROUGH THE EYES
Below is the poem entitled LOVE ENTERS THROUGH THE EYES which was written by poet
Brian
Strand. Please feel free to comment on this poem. However, please remember, PoetrySoup is a place of encouragement and growth. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Severe hypokalaemia and weakness due to Nurofen misuse.
Nephrotoxicity from non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) is well recognized. We report a case of severe hypokalaemia and weakness due to renal tubular acidosis in a young woman who was taking 40-60 tablets per day of Nurofen Plus (ibuprofen 200 mg and codeine phosphate 12.8 mg). Proprietary brands of ibuprofen are freely available to the public and those containing codeine may be potentially subject to abuse. This case highlights the need to be aware of this potential and of the life-threatening electrolyte and acid-base disturbances that might be encountered with the widespread availability of these types of NSAID. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
In response to a voter’s question about his policy toward Israel and Palestinian rights, O’Rourke reiterated his support for a two-state solution and accused Netanyahu of having “joined forces with far-right parties who are inherently racist in their speech and the way that they want to treat their fellow human beings in that part of the world.”
AD
AD
He then went further, telling reporters in a gaggle afterward that Netanyahu is a “racist.”
“The U.S.-Israel relationship is one of the most important relationships that we have on the planet, and that relationship, if it is to be successful, must transcend partisanship in the United States, and it must be able to transcend a prime minister who is racist as he warns about Arabs coming to the polls, who wants to defy any prospect for peace as he threatens to annex the West Bank and who has sided with a far-right racist party in order to maintain his hold on power,” O’Rourke said.
His comments came one day after President Trump played up his pro-Israel agenda in a speech before an influential conservative Jewish group. Speaking to the Republican Jewish Coalition in Las Vegas, Trump accused Democrats of “advancing by far the most extreme, anti-Semitic agenda in history.”
AD
AD
“The Democrats’ radical agenda very well could leave Israel out there all by yourselves,” Trump declared.
As he seeks to become Israel’s longest-serving prime minister, Netanyahu has played up his ties to Trump, who has all but formally endorsed the Israeli leader ahead of Tuesday’s election. On Saturday, Trump told the Las Vegas audience that he had stood with “your prime minister.”
Explaining his approach toward a two-state solution to voters on Sunday, O’Rourke acknowledged the United States was working with imperfect partners. He criticized Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas as someone who “has also not been faithful in pursuing peace,” pointing to inflammatory rhetoric and his “inability to bring his side to the table to negotiate in good faith.”
AD
O’Rourke also took a swipe at the Trump administration for its role in the failed peace process. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
@startuml
sprite $taxi [48x48/16] {
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000122222222221000000000000000000
00000000000000005FFFFFFFFFFFFFB10000000000000000
0000000000000001FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF90000000000000000
0000000000000004FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFD0000000000000000
0000000000000005FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFD0000000000000000
0000000000000005FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFD0000000000000000
00000000000059BDFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFBA72000000000000
00000000002DFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF800000000000
0000000003FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFA0000000000
000000000EFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF6000000000
000000006FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFE000000000
00000000CFFFFFCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEFFFFF400000000
00000001FFFFF900000000000000000001FFFFF900000000
00000005FFFFF400000000000000000000CFFFFD00000000
00000009FFFFF0000000000000000000007FFFFF10000000
0000000DFFFFB0000000000000000000003FFFFF50000000
0000001FFFFF70000000000000000000000FFFFF90000000
0000005FFFFF30000000000000000000000BFFFFD0000000
000002BFFFFF99999999999999999999999CFFFFF6000000
00009FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFE30000
000AFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF3000
004FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFC000
00AFFFFFF98CFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF98CFFFFFF200
00CFFFFF3000AFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF3000AFFFFF500
00DFFFFB00002FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFB00002FFFFF500
00DFFFFA00001FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFA00001FFFFF500
00DFFFFE10007FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFE10007FFFFF500
00DFFFFFC438FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFC438FFFFFF500
00CFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF400
008FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF100
002FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF9000
0005FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFC0000
00004FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFC00000
00002FFFFFFFF4444444444444444444449FFFFFFFA00000
00002FFFFFFFF0000000000000000000007FFFFFFFA00000
00002FFFFFFFF0000000000000000000007FFFFFFFA00000
00000FFFFFFFD0000000000000000000005FFFFFFF800000
000009FFFFFF60000000000000000000000DFFFFFF200000
0000006AAA940000000000000000000000018AAA82000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
}
!define FA5_TAXI(_alias) ENTITY(rectangle,black,taxi,_alias,FA5 TAXI)
!define FA5_TAXI(_alias, _label) ENTITY(rectangle,black,taxi,_label, _alias,FA5 TAXI)
!define FA5_TAXI(_alias, _label, _shape) ENTITY(_shape,black,taxi,_label, _alias,FA5 TAXI)
!define FA5_TAXI(_alias, _label, _shape, _color) ENTITY(_shape,_color,taxi,_label, _alias,FA5 TAXI)
skinparam folderBackgroundColor<<FA5 TAXI>> White
@enduml | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Strategies for successful conduct of research with low-income African American populations.
Health disparities among racial and ethnic minorities are associated with poor health outcomes. African Americans bear a disproportionate amount of the burden of health disparities. The elimination of health disparities among the nation's racial and ethnic groups requires immediate action that the health care community cannot accomplish in isolation. Eliminating health disparities calls for new and non-traditional partnerships across diverse sectors of the community that include research initiatives using culturally competent and participatory action methodologies. While there is much evidence documenting health disparities in racial and ethnic groups, there is little evidence of successful interventions that address health disparities in African Americans. Furthermore, there is little direction for successful strategies for recruiting African Americans for participation in health disparities research. This article addresses important factors to consider when conducting research with low income African Americans based on the authors' research experience in health promotion and cancer detection and prevention. Strategies for successful conduct of research with low income African American populations are offered. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
cody rhodes – Nerdisthttp://nerdist.com
Sat, 10 Dec 2016 01:00:39 +0000en-UShourly1https://wordpress.org/?v=4.6.1TV-Cap: Watch CONSTANTINE on CW Seedhttp://nerdist.com/tv-cap-watch-constantine-on-cw-seed/
Mon, 04 Jul 2016 16:30:02 +0000http://nerdist.com/?p=418115You’d think a long weekend would lead to a lack of television news, but that hasn’t been the case. Read today’s very independent TV-Cap and devour juicy tidbits like finding out how to binge Constantine for no dollars, learning some intel on a possible musical version of HBO’s True Blood, and seeing a behind the scenes look at the upcoming new and shiny Samurai Jack.
Cast Some Spells. If you’re among those who miss seeing Matt Ryan as John Constantine on NBC’s Constantine, you can relive the past thanks to CW Seed. The CW’s digital platform has all 13 episodes of Constantine available to stream for nada–you don’t have to utter an incantation or trade anything. You can binge to your heart’s content. With CW deciding to stream the series, I can’t help but wonder if Ryan will appear in more of the DC-verse on the network (he made a single guest appearance in season four of Arrow). [Nerdist]
Meet a Queen. Westeros has seen a women take a seat on the Iron Throne before and lead the realm, and her name was Rhaenyra Targaryen. Man, those Targaryens really like the “a” before “e” names. Michael’s latest History of Thrones tackles the subject and reading it will help scratch your Game of Thrones itch.
A Rematch?Arrow’s Stephen Amell had a bone to pick with wrestler Stardust, a.k.a. Cody Rhodes, at WWE Summerslam last year. They antagonized each other on Twitter, they fought in the ring–it was a whole thing. But they must have made up because Rhodes is coming to season five of Arrow. The news broke at Heroes & Villains Fanfest in New Jersey. You can watch Rhodes and Amell make the announcement in the above video, also shared here on Nerdist. Also, several Arrow cast members appeared together on a panel at the convention and teased the season five villain and discussed Olicity; read all about that at TVLine.
Look Out. The Titans are finally returning to the screen. Season one of Attack on Titan was released way back in 2013, and fans have been waiting for season two. After some rumors and delays, the Attack on Titanwebsite has released a teaser image (above) and announced the anime series will return in spring 2017. [Comic Book Resources, Image: Shingeki]
Music with a Side of Blood?The New York Post has reported a musical based on HBO’s True Blood, a supernatural drama based on books by Charlaine Harris, is in development for Broadway. I could see the over-the-top to the point of amusing story working for a stage romp. It’s in the process of being revised, but features music by Nathan Barr and is directed by Pam MacKinnon. Read more at the Post. [TVLine]
Celebrate! IFC’s Comedy Bang! Bang! has crossed the 100th episode milestone, and to celebrate, they’ve decided to allow fans of the show to relive every moment in the easiest way possible. They’ve shared a video that compiles every single episode of the show. Think of it as eating a 100-layer comedy cake with every bite. Watch the video right this way. [A.V. Club]
A Little Peek. Noah Hawley is at the helm of FX’s Legion, you know, the upcoming X-Men television series focusing on the mutant David Haller. Played by Dan Stevens, Haller has schizophrenia and isn’t entirely positive about what is real. Hawley shared a peek at the character in a post on Instagram, embedded above. [Nerdist, Image: Noah Hawley]
How It Happened. In case you haven’t heard the news, Samurai Jack is returning for season five with 10 brand new episodes–and yes, creator Genndy Tartakovsky is back and so is voice actor Phil LaMarr. Get the scoop on why they went with making another season of the show instead of doing a movie, and get a behind the scenes look at the new episodes in the above video. [Nerdist]
Warning: Spoilers for Game of Thrones (including the season six finale) are ahead.
All Growns Up. Jon Snow has walked down the path less traveled for the entirety of Game of Thrones. Believing himself to be Ned Stark’s bastard, he sort of exiled himself to the Night’s Watch at Castle Black way back in season one. He rose to leadership there, and now he’s the King in the North. YouTuber TheGaroStudios put together a supercut of Jon’s journey so you can see everything he’s gone through so far in the HBO series. [Nerdist]
Are you planning a Constantine binge? Do you think we’ll see the lead character show up in Arrow again? Let me know in the comments.
Featured Image: NBC
]]>Cody Rhodes Will Face Stephen Amell Once More–This Time on ARROW!http://nerdist.com/cody-rhodes-will-face-stephen-amell-once-more-this-time-on-arrow/
Sat, 02 Jul 2016 21:00:08 +0000http://nerdist.com/?p=417854Last year, Arrow star Stephen Amell had a scripted feud with Cody Rhodes‘ alter ego Stardust that culminated in a tag-team match at WWE’s SummerSlam. Earlier this year, they teased a potential WWE rematch via their Twitter accounts, which played up their anti-bromance. Rhodes recently left WWE, but that doesn’t mean that he and Amell can’t get a rematch on Arrow!
Via ComicBook.com, Amell and Rhodes made the announcement during a joint panel appearance at Heroes & Villains Fanfest in New Jersey. Amell also posted a video from the panel on Facebook, which also includes the duo talking about how they first met.
According to Amell, Rhodes closed his deal to appear on the series on Friday, and the new season of Arrow is slated to begin filming on July 5th. Given that time frame, Rhodes probably won’t be in the first few episodes of the season, but it seems likely that he’ll show up before the winter break.
There are currently no details about whom Rhodes might portray on the show. Now that Rhodes is no longer tied to WWE, he may be free to stick around for more than just a single episode. In his farewell message from the WWE, Rhodes indicated that he wasn’t done with his wrestling career, but there’s a long history of former WWE stars who have found work as actors following their time with the company. That said, we’d be surprised if Rhodes portrayed any of Green Arrow‘s pre-established villains, especially since the show has already borrowed bad guys from other DC supeheroes’ rogues gallery. There is also the possibility that Rhodes won’t be playing a villain, but where would the fun be in that? (He’s definitely not right for Onomatopoeia.)
Arrow season 5 will premiere this fall on The CW.
Who do you think that Rhodes should play on Arrow? Step into the ring and share your casting pick in the comment section below!
Image: WWE
]]>Stephen Amell’s “Anti-Bromance” with WWE’s Stardust Continues, for Charityhttp://nerdist.com/stephen-amells-anti-bromance-with-wwes-stardust-continues-for-charity/
Thu, 28 Jan 2016 16:30:40 +0000http://nerdist.com/?p=360324To coin a phrase from the erstwhile Cody Rhodes’ brother Dustin, Stephen Amell just can’t ever forget the name of…ffffffffffffffffff…Stardussssst! Their social media rivalry, which turned into an actual in-ring wrestling rivalry last SummerSlam, is starting to look more and more like a bromance. The two recently teamed up to design a custom T-shirt for cancer-stricken youngster Elijah Mainville (who also goes by the name “Drax Shadow”), and now Amell has challenged the lord of the Cosmic Wasteland again…to return the Slammy Award he stole from the Arrow star.
Shockingly, he’s promising not to punch his nemesis. Though we should point out he says nothing about abstaining from archery.
And to think, I remember the days when Star Trek fans and wrestling fans were mutually exclusive groups. Now it’s just presumed everyone will get all the references. Ain’t this nerdtopia grand?
We don’t yet know the venue—one might presume WrestleMania, except that if Amell is doing the choosing, it might be somewhere more Starling City-like. But we can say that readers with deep pockets and a fondness for good causes will soon enough have the chance to score a trophy that has been in the possession of both men… and, unlike most wrestling trophies, that still remains unbroken over anybody’s head.
Also, this is the first wrestling storyline in a long time that has really made us want to believe. It’s so much more fun than imagining an unpainted Cody Rhodes just making a phone call and going, “Hey man, whaddaya say we auction this thing?”
In fact, the only way to properly respond is this:
How would you like to see Stephen Amell and Stardust settle their score? We have some thoughts, but we’d like to hear yours. Beam down to comments and tell us what they might be.
]]>WWE RAW Recaphttp://nerdist.com/wwe-raw-recap/
http://nerdist.com/wwe-raw-recap/#commentsTue, 12 Nov 2013 21:00:03 +0000http://www.nerdist.com/?p=97313Another week gone by, and another Raw is ready for us to mark-out over. With only a few weeks until Survivor Series, we’ve got some questions that need answering:
-Who is Bray Wyatt’s devil, and do I care?
-Will Big Show convert all this sudden good will into a championship win?
-Why is Khali still a wrestler?
Let’s find out the answers to all these and more with another edition of the WWE Raw Recap!
WWE Raw, 11/11/13, Live from Manchester, UK
Show Opening: Randy Has Some Complaints
The show kicks off with current WWE champion Randy Orton telling us why he’s so badass and announcing himself as the acting “authority”, since HHH and Stephanie are on a second honeymoon in parts unknown. Brad Maddox got a crowd response for maybe the first time ever, challenges Randy’s authority and announces a Orton/Cody Rhodes match. Man, these European fans are really starved for entertainment. Glenn, a/k/a Kane, interrupts Brad and heads to the ring to engage in a lovers spat with Maddox over which member of the Rhodes Bros. Orton will be facing in the ring. Of course, no management pissing match would be complete without the dulcet tones of Smackdown GM Vicky Guerrero, who, for some reason is the final word on Orton’s fate tonight, and announces a 2-on-1 handicap match, with the Viper facing off against the awesomeness that is The Rhodes Bros.
Randy Orton vs. The Rhodes Bros.
And we’re off. Cody and Dustin (Golddust) make their way to ringside to take on the apex predator. Did Vicky just become a face? If it means more matches like this, I’m okay with that. Goldy and the formerly-mustachioed one take turns getting beaten up by the seemingly super powered Orton until the brothers manage to turn it around and knock Randy out of the ring. Orton decides enough is enough and takes the count out and the loss. That’s when Big Show decides to make a surprise appearance and decimate Orton at ring side. Chokeslam through the announce table to start the evening off? Oh, Big Show… you the best. Randy leaves the stadium in a stretcher, JBL/Cole/Lawler are left without a table, and I start the show off happy.
Winner: The Rhodes Bros.
Los Matadores and Santino vs. The Union Jacks (3MB)
THE BULL IS BACKKKKKKK!!!!! I kid (kind of), but El Torito is definitely the only watchable aspect of Los Matadores, despite their fancy new outfits. Santino (complete with bull horns) is involved in this match, so expect “comedy.” Also, The Union Jacks (or 3MB) are involved in this match, so take a wild guess as to who wins it. Yup. Bulltino hits a cobra strike (said cobra with its own set of horns) on Jinder Mahal for the obvious win.
Winner: Los Matadores and Santino/Bulltino
Backstage: Randy is Mad
Randy yells at Brad and Vicky for a while, threatening the swift hand of Hunter and Stephanie when they’re back from their vacation. He tries to yell at GlennKane, but GlennKane isn’t having it, because he’s, like, 7 feet tall and a libertarian.
Damien Sandow vs. Kofi Kingston
Though not particularly important to the larger story, I like this match right off the bat, two great performers who always give their all in the ring. We’re told this match is happening because Kofi talked Money-In-The-Bank related smack to Sandow during the commercial break. Sure. The match starts off with the power-house Sandow controlling Kofi with a lot of ground-based attacks; That is, until the high flyer manages to turn things around, hitting a series of top rope maneuvers. Since it’s Kofi, and the WWE doesn’t let Kofi win, Sandow hits his terribly named finisher for the 1-2-3.
Winner: Damien Sandow
Dolph Ziggler vs. Curtis Axel
Speaking of people with whom management are clueless what to do, our hero Ziggy squares off against the “probably should be sent back down to NXT” Curtis Axel, who is probably the least interesting character on Raw, ESPECIALLY without Paul Heyman. The match is for the IC title, which does make me a bit more interested in what would otherwise be a snooze-fest. I’m so ready for this dude to give up the strap (same goes for, and I’m sorry to say it, Ambrose). Ziggler dominates in the early goings to a mostly silent crowd. Axel starts dealing some pretty heavy looking hits while talking some really lame crap, until Ziggy hits a nasty looking DDT on the current champ. Dolph takes control of the match, hits a fameasser (which I love), and it’s looking like Dolph may walk away with the title. Ziggy hits a massive top rope faceplant for a near fall, until Axel randomly and sadly, nails Dolph out of nowhere, letting him pick up the pin-fall and retaining his IC championship. Boo.
Winner: Curtis Axel
Backstage: Glenn and Brad
In the back, GlennKane and Maddox try to agree on a main event for the evening, and the result is two main events, which both sound pretty cool. The Shield vs. Bryan and Punk, and The Real Americans vs. Cena. Handicap night.
Tamina vs. Nikki Bella
Oh, are new Divas episodes about to air? How’d I guess? I hate to say, but the Divas matches have been pretty lackluster as of late, and this one is really no different. Tamina dominates the much smaller Bella, while the crowd chants something I can’t understand. AJ nails Nikki, allowing Tamina to go up top for a pretty impressive Superfly Splash and the win.
Winner: Tamina
Backstage: Randy is Mad Again
Randy continues his backstage tirades, this time directed at the very nonplussed Shield. Randy angrily ices down his shoulder.
Fandango vs. Tyson Kidd
We learn that this match is yet another Divas tie-in, but that’s okay, because both these guys are great in-ring workers. Fandango gets a HUGE pop from the crowd, which lasts into the early goings of the bout. Kidd is looking good after not being on TV for over a year, and takes the action to Fandango right away. A fairly even match with some great execution all around leads to Fandango pulling off a fairly quick win, which the audience is way happy with.
Winner: Fannnnndannnnnngoooooo
John Cena vs. The Real Americans
The night of handicap matches continues as world champ Cena (who I’m actually kind of enjoying since his return) takes on the extremely underrated Antonio Cesaro and the exactly-rated-where-he-should-be Jack Swagger. Zeb does his to-be-expected anti-U.K. speech, and it’s pretty funny for once. Also, his beard is RIDICULOUS! Swagger starts us off by targeting the recently healed left arm of Cena, and in the strangest, most ironic chant ever, the crowd screams “We the People.” Out of nowhere, ADR’s music hits, and Del Rio heads to the ring and distracts Cena as Cesaro does some serious damage to the champ, culminating in a MASSIVE uppercut and a near-fall. However, this is WWE, and the good guys usually win. They do tonight, when Cena locks an STF on Swagger for the win. Del Rio enters the ring with a chair, and let’s just say Cena is gonna need a good night’s sleep and maybe more arm surgery. Big E. Langston comes to the ring to save Cena, which is great, because Big E as a face can only mean good things and more Big E.
Winner: John Cena
Ryback vs. R Truth
Seriously, enough Ryback already. He’s… not my favorite. However, I do like Truth, so this match isn’t entirely unwatchable. Truth takes a dig at Ryback in his rap, and for the first time ever, I don’t cringe at Truth’s rap. Truth manages to contain the big man for a bit, but Ryback quickly puts the hurt on Truth (set to the fanfare of the usual Goldberg chants). Ryback slips??!? Truth gets a win out of nowhere. Weird.
Winner: R. Truth
Big E. Langston vs. Alberto Del Rio
See what happens when you’re a nice guy, Big E.? This should be a pretty great match, as both men are at the top of their game, wrestling-wise. These guys are pretty evenly matched, and they trade of dominance for the first few minutes of the contest. ADR is a fairly brutal wrestler, and Big E. is no slouch; these guys are really bringing it tonight. Some near-finishers hit, and Del Rio manages to lock Big E. in a cross-arm, getting the tap-out from the big man.
Winner: Alberto Del Rio
CM Punk and Daniel Bryan vs. The Shield
Here’s your main event; oh, and did I mention that it’s clobbering time? Our hero Punk and Bryan face off against the increasingly “not that fun anymore” Shield, in an angle that I don’t really see going anywhere fantastic. We start things off with a surprise Heyman appearance, complete with wheelchair. Paul is mad at Punk, and Punk apologizes by knocking out Axel and going to work on Paul E. Dangerously with a kendo stick. Awesome. The match quickly devolves into mayhem, as the Wyatts rush the ring and take on EVERYONE, which leads to all the faces from the locker room emptying into the ring to come to Punk/Bryan’s defense. A pretty cool ending to Raw, if you ask me.
Winner: All of us
Final Thoughts:
Though this Raw didnt really progress any story stuff, it was made up of some pretty decent matches, and that’s all you can really ask for. I hope we’re not entering a world where WWE weekly TV is just a placeholder for the monthly PPVs. Regardless, we got some little Bull action, and that’s all that matters. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
1.. Introduction {#s1}
================
Variations in net mass transport of ice towards the ocean lead to variations in ice flux and eventually sea-level variations. Ice sheets possess the highest potential to cause drastic changes within the global water cycle owing to their large water reservoir. This horizontal movement of ice is expressed in the surface velocities measured locally with ground-based GPS surveys \[[@RSTA20150347C1]\] or by remote sensing techniques on larger scales \[[@RSTA20150347C2]\]. The observed surface velocities, however, result from a superposition of several components: (i) basal sliding owing to a temperate base of the ice, (ii) possible deformation of the bed material (sediments, glacial till), and (iii) the internal deformation of the material ice itself. While the former two components play an important role at the margins of the polar ice sheets, especially in fast-flowing outlet glaciers or ice streams, the internal deformation of ice is the main component in the interior of Antarctica and Greenland. In the upper part of the ice column, vertical thinning is the dominating process. The major ice deformation component in the geographically horizontal direction, that is, the direction towards the ocean, is shearing on horizontal planes owing to friction at the interface between ice and bedrock. This horizontal shearing becomes the dominant deformation component with depth. The balance between the different components of ice deformation contributing to horizontal transport is difficult to determine as the available data originate mainly from surface observations. As a first approximation, the Dansgard--Johnsen \[[@RSTA20150347C3]\] assumption is often considered, which assumes a constant vertical strain rate in the upper two-thirds of the ice column, which then decreases linearly to no vertical deformation at the frozen bed. Thus, in general, in the lower third, the shear deformation is more or less the dominant process. This holds for the most typical and common locations in an ice sheet, therefore excluding extraordinary sites such as domes. Especially in areas with low ice flow velocities, this estimation appears to be a good approximation, reconfirmed by the simulated evolution of vertical strain rate profiles in up-to-date models. With respect to improved implementation of the crystalline lattice-preferred orientation (LPO) anisotropy effects in flow models \[[@RSTA20150347C4]--[@RSTA20150347C13]\], the exact identification and reconstruction of the relation between vertical compression and horizontal shear and its development with depth are required. An anisotropic description can lead to substantial feedback effects in terms of effective viscosity with respect to the principal deformation directions.
The contributions of vertical compression in the upper part and horizontal shear in the lower part of the ice sheet can be estimated, using information obtained from ice coring. Ice cores and their boreholes provide us with local insights into dynamical processes below the surface. The evolution of *c*-axis distributions (LPO) with depth is an indicator of the changing dominance of the deformation modes \[[@RSTA20150347C14]\]. Thus, *c*-axis distributions measured from ice core samples directly represent the mechanical contribution to microdynamic processes. This information can be complemented by grain topology (size and shape) data also to represent the recrystallization (thermodynamic) contribution \[[@RSTA20150347C15]\]. Grain size and grain shape are structural parameters that can be evaluated in order to support conclusions made from the LPO measurements with respect to deformation modes. Such characteristic grain size and shape microstructures are well known and also used as shear-sense indicators, e.g. as 'oblique foliation' in mylonitic rocks \[[@RSTA20150347C16], p. 128\]. Mylonites are rocks found in shear zones which experienced large ductile strain rate, but under colder homologous temperatures (*T*/*T*~m~) than ice. Owing to the high homologous temperature for natural ice in general () and the slow creep flow in most deep ice coring sites, such effects of deformation modes are very moderate and difficult to discern, because recrystallization strongly overprints deformation effects and masks typical deformation microstructures \[[@RSTA20150347C17]--[@RSTA20150347C20]\]. Furthermore, deformation mechanisms, such as small-scale folding initiated by grain kinking, provide new insights into the microdynamic processes with consequences for mesoscale \[[@RSTA20150347C21]\] and possibly also macroscale structures \[[@RSTA20150347C22]\]. The meso- to macroscale impact of changing deformation regimes with different deformation modes and mechanisms with depth can be monitored by repeatedly logging the borehole geometry after certain time intervals, which also reveals the onset of shear deformation dominance with depth. Comparison of the described observations with strain rate components predicted by a flow model can illuminate possible misconceptions in our understanding of large-scale ice flow.
The aim of this contribution is to revisit the idea of deformation modes at the EDML site from meso- and microstructural data \[[@RSTA20150347C23]\] in combination with new observational data, which became available recently. We combine these with strain rate estimates provided by a large-scale three-dimensional flow model, and thus consider also a broader ambient flow field than the purely one-dimensional Dansgard--Johnsen \[[@RSTA20150347C3]\] assumption. This combination provides us with a solid understanding of shear versus compressive deformation for the EDML ice core location.
(a). Introduction---EDML ice core {#s1a}
---------------------------------
The European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) in the Dronning Maud Land (in short: EDML) ice core was drilled between 2001 and 2006 at the Kohnen Station, Antarctica (position 79°00′ S, 0°04′ E, elevation 2892 m.a.s.l.) \[[@RSTA20150347C24],[@RSTA20150347C25]\]. The location is shown in [figure 1](#RSTA20150347F1){ref-type="fig"} and was chosen because of the relatively high accumulation rate at the drill site, which enabled palaeoclimate proxy records to be obtained with a high temporal resolution. Furthermore, its location in the Atlantic sector of Antarctica allows for a comparison with the Greenland ice cores \[[@RSTA20150347C28]\]. The core reached a length of 2774 m, penetrating down to just above the bedrock at 2782 m vertical ice thickness. The ice surface topography exhibits a slightly divergent flow along an ice ridge with 0.756 m a^−1^ observed surface velocity \[[@RSTA20150347C1]\]. The accumulation rate is 64 kgm^−2^ a^−1^ (ice equivalent 7 cm a^−1^) \[[@RSTA20150347C29]\]. The annual average surface temperature (10 m-firn temperature) is −45°C and the borehole bottom temperature is −3°C. This leads to bed conditions with subglacial water, which penetrated into the hole during the termination of drilling \[[@RSTA20150347C24]\]. Figure 1.Map of the EDML ice divide area with input and output information of the ice flow model. The divide line is shown in blue \[[@RSTA20150347C26]\]. White isolines and arrows are the magnitudes and directions of surface velocities, respectively, calculated by the model. The resulting streamlines seeded at the eastern margin of the domain are shown as solid red lines, whereas the streamline passing the grid location next to the EDML site (the location of the presented strain rates) is shown as the dashed red line. The blue to brown colour code represents the bedrock topography while black isolines show the surface elevation; both from the Bedmap2 dataset \[[@RSTA20150347C27]\]. The square grid is the model grid with 10 km spacing.
Numerical flow models with palaeoclimate forcing have been used to determine an appropriate site for the EDML ice core \[[@RSTA20150347C30],[@RSTA20150347C31]\] prior to the actual drilling and have also assisted with the dating and interpretation of the palaeoclimate records of the EDML deep ice core \[[@RSTA20150347C32]\]. The first two studies \[[@RSTA20150347C30],[@RSTA20150347C31]\] present temperature and shear strain rates versus depth for their proposed drill sites at 73°57′ S, 03°35′ W and 73°59′ S, 00°00′ E, respectively. As both locations are several hundreds of kilometres away from the EDML site, the given profiles cannot be used for comparison. Although the study by Huybrechts *et al*. \[[@RSTA20150347C32]\] is to our knowledge the most recent in-depth flow modelling study for the EDML site, as they apply a higher-order flow model nested in a large-scale model under palaeoclimatic forcing, unfortunately we cannot compare the results, because neither strain rate nor temperature versus depth profiles are reported.
2.. Methods {#s2}
===========
(a). Fabric analysis {#s2a}
--------------------
The *C*-axis distribution data (LPO/fabrics; [figure 2](#RSTA20150347F2){ref-type="fig"}) are derived from thin sections measured with an automated fabric analyser system of the Australian Russell-Head type \[[@RSTA20150347C33]\] that applies polarized light microscopy, where the thin section is placed between systematically varying crossed polarizers \[[@RSTA20150347C34]\]. We mainly used the G20 system, measuring approximately 150 vertical and horizontal thin sections in depth intervals of about 50 m (dataset: \[[@RSTA20150347C35]\]). For cross- and quality checks, we also applied the improved G50 system for 60 additional vertical thin sections, with partly bag-continuous sampling (dataset: \[[@RSTA20150347C36]\]). A few examples of the in total approximately 210 crystal LPO measurements are displayed for illustrative reasons in [figure 2](#RSTA20150347F2){ref-type="fig"} and [figure 3](#RSTA20150347F3){ref-type="fig"}*b* as classical pole figures. These so-called Schmidt diagrams show the natural variability among at least 100 measured grains per section. Additionally, as a more continuous display of all thin section data, we calculated eigenvalues of the second-order orientation tensor of the *c*-axis distributions \[[@RSTA20150347C37],[@RSTA20150347C38]\], which portray the distribution as an enveloping ellipsoid with the eigenvalues being its three principal axes ([figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*b*, dataset: \[[@RSTA20150347C39],[@RSTA20150347C40]\]). This method is well suited to quantify a three-dimensional unimodal or girdle distribution of orientation data. The breadth of the distribution is described by the absolute magnitude of the eigenvalues, that is, it describes how many grains are aligned with the preferred direction. Additionally, the Woodcock parameter is given ([figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*b*; \[[@RSTA20150347C41]\]), which lies in the interval \[0,1\] for girdle LPOs and \[1,∞\] for unimodal LPOs. Figure 2.Examples of stereographic projections of the lattice-preferred orientation (LPO). Classical glaciological projection into the geographical horizontal plane (the drill-core axis is at the centre of the circle in each diagram). Pole figures show the classical Schmidt diagram. Gridlines illustrate measurements on vertical thin sections (rotated for this display), whereas diagrams without gridlines originate from horizontal thin sections. Numbers on the left of each diagram give sample depth; on the right of each diagram are the number of *c*-axes (one per grain) plotted. Please note that changes in the orientation of the girdles are related to orientation mismatch between core pieces (drill runs), and not to a sudden change in stress/flow direction. Figure 3.(*a*) Example of a microstructure mapping picture (1553.0 m depth) and the resulting grain boundary network obtained by image segmentation. Left-hand picture shows strong black lines which are grain boundaries revealed by sublimation etching. (*b*) Example of an AVA (Achsensverteilungsanalyse) picture (1056.0 m depth) for LPO measurements (automatic fabric analyser) and the resulting grain boundary network obtained by image segmentation via edge finding. Left-hand picture, false-colour code; see wheel legend. Figure 4.Compilation of ice core micro- and mesostructure data with borehole and modelling data. Shaded regions denote regions of deformation modes explained in the text. (*a*) Borehole data and modelled temperatures. (*b*) LPO data given in eigenvalues of the second-order orientation distribution tensor (red, blue, green) and Woodcock parameter. (*c*) Derivatives of the selected strain rate tensor components derived from the shallow ice approximation model PISM. (*d*) Grain size data from the microstructure map and *δ*^18^O values (‰ standard mean ocean water) from stable water-isotope measurements for palaeotemperature reconstruction (grey). Dataset: [doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.754444](http://dx.doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.754444) down to 2416 m depth. Below 2416 m depth unpublished data (H Meyer and H Oerter 2016, personal communication). (*e*) Grain elongation given as the aspect ratio of the short and long axis of a fitted ellipse. Mean and standard deviation (s.d.) per 10 cm section of microstructure maps. (*f*) Grain elongation directions given as the mean angle of the long axis of the fitted ellipse with the horizontal direction (0°). Corrections, assuming measured dip at 1696 m depth being maximum, lead to lower bound inclinations. Actual three-dimensional inclinations can be higher.
(b). Grain size and shape characteristics by light-microscopy microstructure mapping in plain and polarized light {#s2b}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In addition to the LPO investigations, further microstructural data such as grain size evolution and shape-preferred orientations (SPOs) gave insight into, and in turn can influence, the deformation conditions and related processes (e.g. \[[@RSTA20150347C16],[@RSTA20150347C42]\]). The grain size and shape evolution along this core were examined, using approximately 300 vertical and horizontal thick and thin sections (10 m interval). Owing to the preferred sublimation along the grain boundaries, they develop etch grooves on sublimation-polished surfaces that are visible in plain light illumination \[[@RSTA20150347C43]\]. These grooves can then be mapped on microphotographs, revealing the grain boundary network. The grain boundary networks were extracted, using fully automatic image analysis, and evaluated for structural parameters of the grains wherever possible (\[[@RSTA20150347C44]\], [figure 3](#RSTA20150347F3){ref-type="fig"}*a*), with manual corrections when necessary. The data from vertical sections were complemented by grain structural parameters derived from photographs taken between crossed polarizers for horizontal sections (during the fabric analysis procedure). Here, semi-automatic image analysis with edge detection segmented the image into grain boundary networks ([figure 3](#RSTA20150347F3){ref-type="fig"}*b*).
From the grain boundary networks, we obtained the two-dimensional grain size, e.g. as areas by pixel counting of individual grains ([figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*d*) and shape parameters (SPOs). The magnitudes of grain elongations given as aspect ratios ([figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*e*) and grain elongation directions ([figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*f*) are calculated from the principal axes of an ellipse fitted to each segmented grain. The distributions of the directions are shown as circular histograms ('rose diagrams') in [figure 5](#RSTA20150347F5){ref-type="fig"}*b* (display method adopted from \[[@RSTA20150347C45],[@RSTA20150347C46]\]). Although the drilling process does not allow for an oriented ice core, the relative orientation among individual drill runs has been retained by fitting characteristic core break surfaces during core logging as well as possible and by drawing a continuous 'top line' on one side of the core \[[@RSTA20150347C47]\]. In the girdle LPO depth range, a change in orientation is identified from the changing direction of the girdle in the stereographic projections ([figure 2](#RSTA20150347F2){ref-type="fig"}). However, in the brittle zone (approx. 800--1200 m), where orientation loss happened more frequently, it is less obvious as the data show only a weak girdle pattern in this depth region. The grain elongation direction data reveal possible inclinations from the horizontal and vertical sections ([figure 5](#RSTA20150347F5){ref-type="fig"}*b*, §3c). The raw data of inclination measurements from the elongation directions from vertical sections reflect a jump between 1655 and 1758 m (cf. [figure 2](#RSTA20150347F2){ref-type="fig"}) owing to a loss in azimuthal orientation of the core during logging, which was caused by a break between 1686 and 1696 m. This jump corresponds to a core rotation of about 40° (cf. [figure 2](#RSTA20150347F2){ref-type="fig"}) and significantly masks the signal in the raw measurements of elongation directions. A second recognizable azimuthal loss shows less rotation (10--20°) between 1955 and 2035 m depth, but with higher ambiguity owing to the strongly developed single maximum LPO. The rotational symmetry of the single maximum distribution does not allow a reliable reconstruction of the likely true inclination. However, the effect on grain elongation inclination data is minor. It may however contribute to the increasing variability in this depth range. The 40° jump between 1686 and 1696 m was corrected in the grain elongation inclinations by means of trigonometry, assuming that the steeper inclination at 1696 m is the true dip of the three-dimensional elongation plane. Thus, the data shown here represent a lower bound of the actual inclination. The correction assumes a maximum dip, which is however unknown. Furthermore, only absolute values are given, as the dip direction leading to clockwise or anticlockwise inclination depends on the core and sampling orientation. Figure 5.(*a*) Visual stratigraphy line scanner images, selected. (*b*) Distributions of grain elongations given as circular histograms (rose diagrams) measured in sections vertically (right) and horizontally (left) cut from the ice core. Radial axes give the frequency in % with a fixed axis range (7% for horizontal sections, 10% for vertical sections). For vertical sections, directions 0° and 180° are along the core axis. For horizontal sections, azimuthal orientation corresponds to those in LPO pole figures. (*c*) Selected LPO stereographic projections for direct comparison.
(c). Visual stratigraphy line scanning {#s2c}
--------------------------------------
Visual stratigraphic layering was recorded continuously along the core with a line scanner (LS) developed at the Alfred Wegener Institute in Bremerhaven, Germany, and the Niels Bohr Institute at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark \[[@RSTA20150347C48],[@RSTA20150347C49]\].
Typical LS samples are 1 m ice slabs that have been cut lengthwise from the EDML core, with their upper and lower surfaces polished with a hand-held microtome blade. Oblique dark-field, indirect illumination of each slab is scanned along the core axis by a digital line-scan camera. The line-scan camera can capture only the light that has been scattered by inclusions in the ice matrix, such as microscopic particles or air bubbles, because ice itself is transparent. Thus, the degree of brightness recorded by the camera is proportional to the concentration of inclusions in the sample, in such a manner that a clear piece of ice, free of inclusions, appears dark ([figure 5](#RSTA20150347F5){ref-type="fig"}*a*).
Images recorded with the LS system reveal the visual stratigraphy of an ice core in great detail (1 pix = 0.1 mm) because of the high resolution and sensitivity of the digital line-scan camera. Strata as thin as 1 mm can be easily detected with this method. Any small change in the optical properties of the ice matrix, usually caused by a change in the mean size or concentration of inclusions, gives rise to a new horizon.
(d). Borehole logging {#s2d}
---------------------
During the EDML drilling campaign, the borehole was logged at several stages of drilling progress. The logging system continuously recorded the tilt of the borehole with respect to the vertical (inclination) as well as the heading of the borehole with respect to magnetic north (azimuth) by means of a compass \[[@RSTA20150347C50]\]. Additionally, the diameter of the borehole was measured. Here, we use the change of the borehole course (inclination and azimuth; [figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*a*) owing to the local ice deformation between two measurements (January 2004 and November 2005) to estimate the strain regime at the EDML site. Changes in diameter of the borehole, which do occur, are not evaluated in this study.
(e). Strain rate estimations from the ice flow model {#s2e}
----------------------------------------------------
To derive a velocity--depth profile at the EDML site, we used the parallel ice sheet model (PISM v 0.6.1) \[[@RSTA20150347C51]--[@RSTA20150347C53]\].
The deformation of polycrystalline ice is modelled, using the Nye generalization \[[@RSTA20150347C54]\] of the Glen--Steinemann power-law rheology \[[@RSTA20150347C55],[@RSTA20150347C56]\]. The effective viscosity, which connects the strain rate tensor with the deviatoric part of the Cauchy stress tensor, depends on strain rate, pressure, temperature and water content \[[@RSTA20150347C57],[@RSTA20150347C58]\], where the last two quantities are diagnostically calculated from the enthalpy field. The enthalpy scheme used in PISM is fully described in Aschwanden *et al*. \[[@RSTA20150347C59]\], to which the interested reader is referred.
At each time step of a PISM simulation, the geometry, temperature, water content and basal strength of the ice sheet are included into momentum balance equations to determine the velocity of the flowing ice.
Instead of solving the full set of Stokes equations for the momentum balance, PISM solves, in parallel, two different shallow approximations: (i) the non-sliding shallow ice approximation (SIA \[[@RSTA20150347C60]\]), which describes ice as flowing by shear in planes parallel to the geoid, and (ii) the shallow shelf approximation (SSA \[[@RSTA20150347C61]\]), which describes a membrane-type flow of floating ice, or of grounded ice which is sliding over a weak base. The ice flow velocity of the grounded ice is computed with a hybrid scheme based on a weighted superposition of both shallow solutions (SIA + SSA), where the SSA solution acts as a sliding law (see \[[@RSTA20150347C62]\] for details). The computed three-dimensional velocity field thus contains horizontal longitudinal (membrane) stresses from the SSA solution as well as vertical shear stresses from the SIA solution.
The present-day state of the Antarctic ice sheet was computed based on the present-day geometry Bedmap2 \[[@RSTA20150347C27]\], and varying datasets for present-day boundary conditions such as: surface temperature \[[@RSTA20150347C63]--[@RSTA20150347C65]\], surface mass balance \[[@RSTA20150347C65]--[@RSTA20150347C67]\] and geothermal heat flux \[[@RSTA20150347C68],[@RSTA20150347C69]\] and the update from Purucker \[[@RSTA20150347C70]\] based on the method of Fox Maule *et al.* \[[@RSTA20150347C69]\]. The original dataset of Fox Maule *et al*. \[[@RSTA20150347C69]\] has been capped at a value of 0.07 W m^−2^ according to the SeaRISE-Antarctica recommendations \[[@RSTA20150347C71]\]. Using all combinations of the boundary conditions above, with the restriction that RACMO2.3/ANT \[[@RSTA20150347C65]\] data for surface skin temperature and accumulation rate are used together for consistency, we have set up an ensemble of 15 different simulations. We have chosen the combination RACMO2.3/ANT surface forcing together with the Shapiro & Ritzwoller \[[@RSTA20150347C68]\] heat flux as our reference simulation. Other combinations have been applied to estimate the sensitivity of the model to varying forcing data. We have chosen the same set of parameters within the PISM model that have been used for the ice sheet modelling project SeaRISE Antarctica (see 'Potsdam' model in \[[@RSTA20150347C72]\]), where the model was forced with constant present-day climate. Although surface temperatures and accumulation rates have changed over time in the palaeoclimate context, we prescribe the constant present-day climate in order to avoid a complete recalibration of the model that would be far beyond the scope of this study. As the temperature field near the base---where most of the deformation takes place---is mainly controlled by the geothermal heat flux, we expect to have a reasonable uncertainty estimate owing to our ensemble set-up.
Each simulation was conducted in a series of subsequent grid refinements (all based on the initial 1 km present-day geometry) using 40, 20 and 10 km horizontal resolution and 41, 81 and 101 vertical layers, respectively. We used the flux correction method provided by PISM in addition to a prescribed (present-day) calving front position to result in an ice sheet that is close to the observed present-day geometry. After initialization (1 a), a short relaxation period (100 a) and a purely thermal spin-up with the geometry held fixed (200 k years) on the 40 km grid using only the non-sliding SIA, the model ran for 100 k years, 20 k years and 4 k years on the 40, 20 and 10 km grid, respectively, in the hybrid (SIA + SSA) mode. The individual boundary conditions that have been chosen for one ensemble member were held constant over time, thus forming a present-day climate equilibrium model realization.
All components of the strain rate tensor as well as the effective strain rate *D*~e~ ([figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*c*) and the three principal strain rates, D~1~, D~2~ and D~3~ (eigenvalues of the strain rate tensor, [figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*c*), have been derived from the simulated velocity field diagnostically on the PISM grid.
3.. Results and data {#s3}
====================
(a). Lattice-preferred orientation {#s3a}
----------------------------------
The *c*-axis distributions show a typical evolution with depth for a drill site located on an ice divide: a broad distribution represented by all three eigenvalues around one-third ([figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*b*) appears uniform in the pole figure display ([figure 2](#RSTA20150347F2){ref-type="fig"}) and is almost constant in the upper 450 m. Below this, LPO develops continuously into a vertical great-circle girdle distribution by narrowing of the girdle towards three distinct eigenvalues (in the following referred to as e~1~, e~2~, e~3~) down to 1650 m depth. In a transitional region (approx. 1700--2030 m), the LPO evolves towards an elongated single maximum well defined by the inflection point of the e~2~-trend ([figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*b*): above approximately 1650 m e~2~ grows; below 1650 m e~2~ decreases. Although increasing strictly monotonically with depth in the upper two-thirds of the core, also the e~1~-trend shows a change in slope at approximately 1650 m depth. The gradual evolution of the single maximum is generated by a gradual concentration of *c*-axes within the girdle, observable in panel 5 of [figure 2](#RSTA20150347F2){ref-type="fig"} and a slight re-widening of the central part of the girdle in the pole figure (see also [figure 2](#RSTA20150347F2){ref-type="fig"}). This is confirmed by the Woodcock parameter ([figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*b*), which rises at this depth level towards unimodal distributions. This is followed by a collapse of e~3~ and e~2~ into a single maximum at approximately 2030 m depth (figures [2](#RSTA20150347F2){ref-type="fig"} and [4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*c*). In a narrow layer (from 2345 to 2395 m depth), the LPOs become highly diversified with tendencies of single maximum to girdle and back to single maximum distributions represented by a wide range of values in e~3~ and e~2~ (0--0.5) and in e~1~ (0.5--0.9) ([figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*b*). This is the lower half of the Eemian (marine isotope stage 5.5 (MIS5.5)) layer, characterized by lower *δ*^18^O values ([figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*d*), which indicates higher precipitation temperatures than derived from the overlying ice of the last glacial period. Statistical evaluation is difficult, as the Eemian ice exhibits the largest grain sizes observed in the EDML core, except for the basal layer ([figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*d*).
Systematic offsets of the eigenvalues e~2~ and e~1~ between vertical and horizontal sections ([figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*b*, e.g. in region 2) are due to the ambiguity of measurement of *c*-axes lying close to the observation plane. Data at the periphery of a pole figure (projection onto a thin section plane) are of low quality and thus partly excluded from the population in display and LPO data processing, leading to the described bias. The automatic fabric analysers used here calculate the extinction angle, where no light gets through the system, by fitting the light amplitude values for each step of the polarizers to a sinusoid curve \[[@RSTA20150347C73],[@RSTA20150347C74]\]. The low-quality effect of *c*-axes in a plane normal to the observation axes is caused by the G20 instrument often being unable to resolve the quadrant pair of the azimuth of these orientations. The G20 used a rotating prism to realize three viewing axes and images are taken from three directions. This includes a fourfold symmetry of the extinction angles for the viewing directions. The automatic fabric analyser software philosophy excludes any possibly false information, thus any ambiguous data values are not included. The G50 instrument uses a quarter-wave (λ/4) plate to determine the azimuth, so that fast/slow directions by adding or subtracting λ/4 resolve the azimuth symmetry of the quadrants (defined by the crossed polarizers; for further details on crystal orientation and interference effects, see for example \[[@RSTA20150347C75]\]). Comparison measurements verified this effect.
(b). Grain size {#s3b}
---------------
The grain size generally increases with depth (0.3--2000 mm^2^), but is strongly affected by the impurity content of ice from different climatic stages ([figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*d*). Over the first 700 m, the grain size increases and decreases again with depth until reaching the last glacial maximum (LGM) ice (MIS2, approx. 1000 m), which is identified by the most depleted stable water isotope values ([figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*d* \[[@RSTA20150347C28],[@RSTA20150347C76]\]; H Meyer and H Oerter 2016, personal communication: stable oxygen isotopes of deep ice core EDML (deeper than 2416 m)). Correlation coefficients for grain size and *δ*^18^O confirm the correlation on this large scale with 0.65 for depths below 700 m and 0.79 for depths below 900 m depth. Below, the mean grain size increases again down to a depth of approximately 1700 m, followed by a steep size decrease down to approximately 1750 m (MIS4). Below this, grains increase again down to approximately 2300 m (Eem, MIS5.5), but show a higher variability within samples than in all stages above. A sharp decrease down to the smallest measured grain size values is observed just below the MIS5.5 ice (approx. 2400 m), followed by a sudden increase (approx. 25 times) to grains of similar or larger size than the section size in the deepest basal ice layers. Further doubling to tripling of grain size occurs in this basal layer estimated from the deepest three samples measured ('square' symbol and separate bottom axis in [figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*d*).
The above-described trend in grain size can be observed fully automatically as well as by manually correcting segmentation of images (excluding the three basal samples). Both methods give diverging results at various levels with the manually corrected segmentation giving approximately 10% smaller values in most depth levels ([figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*d*). Thus, the fully automatic segmentation may not capture all (slightly weaker) grain boundaries. These weaker boundaries, in principle, are an indication for newly formed grain boundaries developing from subgrain boundaries during dynamic recrystallization (\[[@RSTA20150347C77]\]; §4.1 in \[[@RSTA20150347C78]\]). This seems to occur along the whole EDML ice core \[[@RSTA20150347C79]\]. However, a deeper analysis of these mechanisms, e.g. to decipher the actual processes of grain boundary formation, is only possible in combination with high-resolution full-crystal orientation measurements \[[@RSTA20150347C80]--[@RSTA20150347C82]\], and lies beyond the scope of this work.
(c). Grain shapes {#s3c}
-----------------
A visualization of SPO given as grain elongations in the vertical and horizontal sections is shown in [figure 5](#RSTA20150347F5){ref-type="fig"}*b,c* as circular histograms (also called 'rose diagrams'), which show the magnitude and direction of elongation. Statistical evaluation ([figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*e,f*) is not possible for horizontal sections owing to few samples. In general, only moderate mean aspect ratios up to 1.8 are observed ([figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*e*). Large standard deviations in all samples indicate that only a few grains are actually elongated, whereas many exhibit an equi-dimensional habitus. However, for vertical sections, we observe clear trends in the mean values: first, increasing elongations from 1 to 1.5 down to 1100 m depth, followed by a decrease down to approximately 1700 m depth. Between 1700 and 2200 m, aspect ratios remain stable at small average elongations of approximately 1.2, with an increased variability observed among samples below approximately 2050 m depth. Low values approach approximately 1 and indicate equi-dimensional grain shapes on average. Most intensely elongated grains in the EDML ice core are observed at a sudden transition of aspect ratio from 1.1 to 1.7, located between 2356 and 2393 m depth. Below approximately 2575 m depth range statistical analysis is not reliable owing to the very large grain size.
Grain elongation directions, defined as angles of the long axis of a fitted ellipse with the horizontal, show large variations within individual sections ([figure 8](#RSTA20150347F8){ref-type="fig"}; s.d. in [figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*f*). Statistical analysis, however, reveals elongation of grains in the horizontal direction (0°) down to approximately 1000 m depth. This is remarkable as between 500 and 1200 m the relative azimuthal core orientation was lost repeatedly in the brittle zone. The geographical azimuthal (N--E, S--W) orientation of the drill core controls the actual observed angle of inclined features. Three-dimensional-sectioning effects of orientations of lines or planes, e.g. during sample preparation as in this study or in geological outcrops, are well known in structural geology \[[@RSTA20150347C83]\]. These sectioning effects lead to minimum bound measurements of angles, and isolated single measurements cannot prove horizontal orientation. Repeated sectioning of samples down to approximately 1000 m depth all showing on average 0° angles thus reveal a truly horizontal-preferred elongation direction. On average, grain elongation directions start to incline slightly from the horizontal to a few degrees down to approximately 1700 m. This has to be considered as a lower bound owing to the three-dimensional cutting effect of inclined objects. The inclination of grains progressively increases to about 10° at a depth of approximately 2030 m. Elongation directions appear to stabilize below this.
Comparison of the vertical girdle LPO presented in the standard glaciological stereographic projections into the horizontal ([figure 5](#RSTA20150347F5){ref-type="fig"}*c*) with grain elongations in horizontal sections ([figure 5](#RSTA20150347F5){ref-type="fig"}*b*, right column) shows that the mean orientation of the girdle plane, that is, the average plane containing all *c*-axes, and the orientation of the grain elongations in the horizontal are perpendicular to each other.
(d). Visual stratigraphy {#s3d}
------------------------
The visual stratigraphy in the uppermost 950 m is generally horizontal, straight and faint ([figure 5](#RSTA20150347F5){ref-type="fig"}*a*). The last feature results from the fact that air bubbles in this zone are by far the largest and most efficient light scatterers, so that the visual stratigraphy is dominated by depth variations in the number and size of air bubbles. The ice core in this zone appears so bright under the LS that the recorded images seem partially washed out, with a faint stratigraphy. Within the bubble--hydrate transition zone (BHT zone, 800--1200 m \[[@RSTA20150347C84]\]), stratigraphic variations in the number and size of air bubbles gradually increase with depth. Below the BHT zone, all bubbles have transformed into air hydrates, which have a refractive index more similar to that of ice and are consequently inefficient light scatterers. Therefore, the ice stratigraphy below 1200 m is defined by variations in the concentration of micro-inclusions (e.g. salt or dust particles). In sufficiently high concentrations, micro-inclusions can scatter the incident light and make the ice seem opaque, forming strata of light-grey appearance of millimetres to decimetres thickness, called cloudy bands \[[@RSTA20150347C85],[@RSTA20150347C86]\]. Owing to their intensity and frequency, cloudy bands are the main stratigraphic feature of deep (bubble-free) polar ice.
From the lower part of the BHT zone at approximately 950 m depth down to around 1600 m depth, the EDML stratigraphy remains undisturbed and horizontal ([figure 5](#RSTA20150347F5){ref-type="fig"}*a*). Just a few cloudy bands occasionally show minimal undulations with amplitudes not larger than a couple of millimetres. Below 1700 m depth, these undulations gradually increase in intensity and frequency, to such an extent that below 1700 m depth microscale folds develop and some flimsy cloudy bands become slightly inclined or disrupted ([figure 5](#RSTA20150347F5){ref-type="fig"}*a*). However, it is only beneath 2050 m depth that well-defined mesoscale folds (with amplitudes up to a few centimetres) and sloped strata (inclined up to 15° from the horizontal) become dominant ([figure 5](#RSTA20150347F5){ref-type="fig"}*a*). Further down, the intensity of such disturbances increases notably: cloudy bands appear ragged and fuzzy at diverse inclinations, sometimes up to 30° with respect to the horizontal.
Below 2200 m depth, the strong layer mixing and low concentration of micro-inclusions make cloudy bands too faint and disrupted to be identified. Notwithstanding, at 2386 m, cloudy bands suddenly reappear neatly parallel, horizontal and well defined again. Faria *et al*. \[[@RSTA20150347C15],[@RSTA20150347C78],[@RSTA20150347C86]\] have pointed out that this striking stratigraphy change accurately coincides with a sharp increase in impurity content that marks the transition from the last interglacial (MIS5.5) to the penultimate glacial period (MIS6), approximately 130 000 years ago ([figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*d*). It coincides with conspicuous changes in ice microstructure, e.g. an abrupt reduction in grain size (5 mm to less than 1 mm) and an increase in grain elongation (aspect ratios 1.2--1.7), within a depth interval of less than 10 m ([figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*d,e*).
Drastic variations in intensity, inclination and folding of cloudy bands are recognized below 2400 m depth. Intense cloudy bands inclined up to 45°, kink folding, multiple *z*-fold and other serious stratigraphy disturbances become frequent. As a general trend, the intensity of the cloudy bands gradually reduces with depth until they completely disappear below 2600 m, where the temperature rises above −7°C and the average grain size increases dramatically ([figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*d*).
(e). Borehole data {#s3e}
------------------
The measured borehole inclination and azimuth were smoothed, using a Butterworth low-pass filter to eliminate the influence of movements of the cable and erratic movements of the logger owing to unevenness of the borehole walls. The logger depth is taken as the paid out cable length. This set of three coordinates (inclination, azimuth, depth) was then transformed into three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates *x*, *y*, *z* of the borehole track by integrating the data along the path. Owing to the integration, the possible error in the borehole track increases with depth. The data presented in this study were recorded in January 2004 and November 2005. Both logs reached a depth of approximately 2550 m, which is still about 200 m above the bedrock. Later, re-logging data could not be included here owing to a failure of the azimuthal measurement, preventing the calculation of the shape of the borehole. However, these latter data would not have included the lower approximately 200 m, because the intrusion of subglacial water made the lowermost part of the borehole inaccessible. As the water rose faster than it could be removed, this also caused the end of the drilling \[[@RSTA20150347C24],[@RSTA20150347C25]\].
The calculated borehole displacement and the inclination of the hole are displayed in [figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*a*. The gradient of the borehole displacement is largest below approximately 2050 m depth ([figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*a*), indicating the depth where shear becomes dominant. Above, the displacement is fluctuating around approximately 0.5 m, which is partly owing to the rather high noise of these measurements compared with the small displacement signal owing to the slow deformation. The absolute total displacement is in accordance with the measured surface velocity (0.756 m a^−1^ \[[@RSTA20150347C1]\]) at the site over 2 years, lacking any evidence of significant basal slip below the EDML drilling site despite the occurrence of subglacial water.
(f). Strain rate estimates from the model {#s3f}
-----------------------------------------
The simulated temperature--depth profile extracted from the PISM grid at the grid location next to the EDML site (approx. 1.5 km away) is shown in [figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*a*. Comparison with the measured borehole temperature (same [figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*a*) reveals a distinct difference, as modelled temperatures are always higher (approx. 5°C, maximum) than the observations. In the lowest part of the borehole, temperature observations are missing, but observed water at the ice--bed interface indicates temperate ice conditions. Thus, the simulated basal temperature of approximately −1.4°C (pressure corrected) underestimates the temperature at the base. The overall curvature of the simulated temperature--depth profile is smaller (more linear) than the observation, most likely indicating that the model underestimates the downward advection of cold ice from the surface. Assuming that the zeroth-ordered stress terms from the momentum balance equations are still the largest contributions to the effective stress at the EDML site, we expect the model to overestimate the deformation of ice, mostly in the ice column except for the basal zone.
The magnitude of the horizontal surface velocity obtained by the model is approximately 1.4 m a^−1^, and is thus twice the observed value (0.756 m a^−1^ \[[@RSTA20150347C1]\]), but still within the same order of magnitude. As the base is cold in the model, this surface velocity originates from internal deformation only. The simulated velocity has a stronger northern component than reported in Wesche *et al*. \[[@RSTA20150347C1]\]. This corresponds well with the local surface slope from the gridded Bedmap2 dataset (\[[@RSTA20150347C27]\], see surface contours in [figure 1](#RSTA20150347F1){ref-type="fig"}).
[Figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*c* shows the derived effective strain rate with depth that is approximately constant down to approximately 1700 m depth. The effective strain rate increases between approximately 1700 and approximately 2400 m owing to the increasing influence of shear strain with another significant gain below 2000 m depth, and increases further with a higher gradient below approximately 2400 m. The derived first principal strain rate D~1~ (with D~1~ \> D~2~ \> D~3~) is always positive (tensile) along the depth profile and increases towards the base up to approximately 420 × 10^−5^ a^−1^ ([figure 6](#RSTA20150347F6){ref-type="fig"}). The third principal strain rate D~3~ is always negative (compressive) along the depth profile with the minimum of approximately −412 × 10^−5^ a^−1^ at the base. This component mostly compensates D~1~ (D~1~ + D~2~ + D~3~ = 0, incompressibility condition for ice). The second principal strain rate D~2~ is one magnitude smaller than D~1~ or D~3~ and reaches the maximum (14 × 10^−5^ a^−1^) at approximately 2400 m depth. Although relatively small, the differences between D~1~ and D~3~ towards the bed result in the slightly positive (tensile) component D~2~. D~2~ increases at approximately 1700 m depth evolving from compressional towards tensile and crosses the compressional/tensile border at approximately 2020 m depth, further intensifying its tensile nature. With depth, D~2~, decreases towards zero again. Additionally, the vertical gradients of the strongest principal strain rates D~1~ and D~3~ are shown in [figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*c* to highlight the onset of the evolution of changing deformation at approximately 1700 m depth. Figure 6.Modelled temperature (pressure corrected), the principal components D~1~, D~2~, D~3~ of the strain rate tensor and the effective strain rate from 15 model runs with varying surface and basal boundary conditions. Our reference simulation is shown as filled red circles, whereas all other simulations are presented as highly overlapping lines with randomly chosen colours. The annotated horizontal dashed lines indicate the selected depth levels for the eigenvectors shown in [figure 7](#RSTA20150347F7){ref-type="fig"}. The vertical dashed line in the D~2~ panel is placed at zero strain rate and indicates the transition between compressive and tensile conditions.
The three-dimensional orientations of strain rate eigenvectors are presented in [figure 7](#RSTA20150347F7){ref-type="fig"}. In shallow depths, the orientation of D~3~ (compressive, blue) is vertical, D~1~ (tensile, red) is orientated perpendicular to the ridge, and D~2~ lies parallel to the ridge ([figure 7](#RSTA20150347F7){ref-type="fig"}*a*). Down to approximately 1000 m depth, the overall deformation can thus be described as a classical extensional regime as expected on ice divides: extension normal to the ridge, almost no deformation, that is, very small D~2~ ([figure 6](#RSTA20150347F6){ref-type="fig"}) along the ridge and vertical compression (triaxial deformation). At approximately 1000 m depth, the direction of D~3~ (compressive, blue) and D~2~ begin to tilt by rotation around the D~1~ direction perpendicular to the ridge ([figure 7](#RSTA20150347F7){ref-type="fig"}*b*). At approximately 1700 m depth, D~2~ starts to increase ([figure 6](#RSTA20150347F6){ref-type="fig"}, central panel), whereas its orientation continues to rotate within the ridge plane around direction of D~1~. This D~2~ increase describes a development from compressive towards tensile nature of this eigenvector. With this, the overall deformation mode changes from a classical divide (extensional) regime towards the basal regime (simple shear). This is also visible in the increasing obliqueness of D~3~ away from the vertical ([figure 7](#RSTA20150347F7){ref-type="fig"}*b* versus *c*) and a further decreasing value of D~2~ ([figure 6](#RSTA20150347F6){ref-type="fig"}). At approximately 2030 m depth, the D~2~ value reaches zero per year ([figure 6](#RSTA20150347F6){ref-type="fig"}, central panel), which can be described as a confinement in this direction and thus indicates almost ideal simple shear in the non-coaxial plane strain. However, this situation only holds for a very thin depth layer, as it is caused by a transition back to triaxial deformation (general shear) with increasing D~2~ towards positive, thus tensile, values ([figure 6](#RSTA20150347F6){ref-type="fig"}). D~3~ (compressive) is now approximately 45° inclined ([figure 7](#RSTA20150347F7){ref-type="fig"}*c*). At approximately 2360 m depth, D~1~ (tensile) finally rotates away from the direction perpendicular to the ridge. D1 (tensile) rotates quickly between approximately 2370 and 2380 m depth ([figure 7](#RSTA20150347F7){ref-type="fig"}*d*) to a NW--SE orientation. Below this D~1~ (tensile) and D~3~ (compressive) the axes are both approximately 45° with the basal bedrock plane ([figure 7](#RSTA20150347F7){ref-type="fig"}*e*) and D~2~ is now tensile, though still very small. This describes the situation as expected for bed parallel shear. Figure 7.(*a*--*e*) Normalized strain rate eigenvectors at selected depth levels. Directions with respect to the polar stereographic projection (EPSG: 3031). The vectors are projected also to the basal plane of the coordinate system to avoid visual misinterpretation. *x*, east; *y*, north; *z*, up.
4.. Discussion {#s4}
==============
The described microstructural parameters from LPO measurements, grain size and elongation distributions as well as the mesostructural characteristics from layering in the visual stratigraphy record can be interrelated in five depth regions along the EDML core. We combine these results with borehole logging observations and strain rate evolution with depth provided by numerical ice sheet modelling (PISM) from the surrounding macroscopic geometries and balances. The combined evaluation of these data shows that the structural observations can be interpreted as the effects of the transition from vertical compression with transverse extension to horizontal shear. The depth horizons are indicated as grey regions in [figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}. It is worth noting that the boundaries of these regions should not be understood as sharp borders in all cases. Thus, depth indications do slightly deviate, because with this multi-parameter approach slightly different reaction times of the deformation and recrystallization processes forming the observed responses may lead to slightly deviating characteristic depths.
By the chosen model spin-up, we ensure that the ice sheet geometry corresponds to the current state. This is essential for realistic strain rates at the borehole location, as the main drivers for ice flow are local ice thickness and surface slope. However, our model set-up results in a temperature versus depth profile that deviates from the observation. Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge, no Antarctic-wide modelling study and free evolving geometry with palaeoclimate forcing has shown to result in realistic present-day geometry as well as realistic temperature--depth profiles as observed at ice core locations. This is the subject of ongoing research (e.g. ice sheet model intercomparison project (ISMIP6) \[[@RSTA20150347C87]\]).
The first panel of our central figure ([figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*a*) shows the temperature derived from the modelling results in comparison with the temperatures measured in the borehole. The reasons for the difference between modelled and measured temperatures are threefold. First, the present-day climate forcing does not include variations in accumulation rates or surface temperatures over time. Second, the relatively smooth bedrock topography on the 10 km model grid may hinder the model to generate realistic horizontal flux divergence that influences the amount of downward advection at the EDML location. Last, without the flux correction method applied to the surface mass balance the resulting ice thickness tends to be too large at the EDML site (approx. 200 m, [figure 2](#RSTA20150347F2){ref-type="fig"}d in \[[@RSTA20150347C72]\]). The correction for this (a reduced surface mass balance) causes a reduction in vertical advection which affects the shape of the temperature profile.
Although the simulated temperatures deviate from the observations, they better represent the reality than the parametrized temperature depth profile used in Seddik *et al*. \[[@RSTA20150347C11]\], where the temperature is assumed to be constant (approx. −43°C) down to two-thirds of the ice column and to increase linearly below that down to bed (pressure melting point). Furthermore, Seddik *et al*. \[[@RSTA20150347C11]\] prescribe the depth of the onset of significant shear deformation by (i) prescribing a Dansgard--Johnsen-type profile for longitudinal strain rates and (ii) the prescribed temperature profile that allows relevant shear deformation only below two-thirds of the column. Bargmann *et al*. \[[@RSTA20150347C12]\] followed a similar approach, but implemented the measured borehole temperatures into their one-dimensional model. However, the main aim of Bargman *et al*. \[[@RSTA20150347C12]\] and Seddik *et al*. \[[@RSTA20150347C11]\] was to model the evolution of the ice LPO, whereas we use an isotropic model to confirm our interpretation of the observational data by considering the full three-dimensional flow field influenced by the surrounding bedrock and surface topography.
(a). Region 1 (approx. uppermost 450 m) {#s4a}
---------------------------------------
In the upper part of the ice core, the still small strain rates do not suffice to align the *c*-axes, which are observed to have an almost random distribution, and to produce SPO of grains. This missing SPO with the long axis of grain elongation directions pointing to various directions in shallow depths has been similarly reported for the Dome Fuji and Dome C ice cores \[[@RSTA20150347C45],[@RSTA20150347C46],[@RSTA20150347C88]\]. Deformation of the air--ice composite material in this depth range is facilitated by the compression of bubbles. This agrees well with the expected depth for the dissociation pressure of air--clathrate hydrate at EDML and the observation of the first clathrates \[[@RSTA20150347C89]\]. The compression of bubbles leads to a linear relation of bubble size with depth \[[@RSTA20150347C90]\]. At first inspection, most points of the ice matrix seem to show only subtle traces of deformation ([figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*b,d,e,f*), but higher-resolution analyses reveal that highly localized recovery and recrystallization occur already in these shallow depths \[[@RSTA20150347C77],[@RSTA20150347C81],[@RSTA20150347C91]\]. This indicates that deformation is inhomogeneous on the microscale, especially close to air bubbles (§3c and appendix B in \[[@RSTA20150347C78]\]), as predicted also by microstructural modelling \[[@RSTA20150347C92]\]. Flow model calculations yield low macroscopic strain rates ([figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*c*), which is in accordance with the average small change with depth of borehole displacement down to 2000 m depth. The rather large wiggling of the borehole data in this upper depth range could in principle be attributed to changing rheology or temperature; however, the borehole displacement data are rather noisy as expected owing to the small surface velocity. With repeated borehole logging after 10 years, we expect more robust data with a better noise--signal relation.
Under these conditions, grain boundary migration dominates the microstructure evolution and masks the deformation habitus of grains \[[@RSTA20150347C18],[@RSTA20150347C19]\]. This has been observed with respect to the appearance of triple junctions \[[@RSTA20150347C17]\] as well as grain boundary irregularities \[[@RSTA20150347C77]\]. Identification of deformation kinematics by the available data is therefore not possible in this depth region. A statistical analysis of bubble shape or distribution would be possible but challenging owing to the high variability. First experiences, e.g. with micro-computer tomography measurements, show that the statistical problem is significantly larger with bubble observations \[[@RSTA20150347C93]\] than with the microstructural observation shown in this study. It can be speculated that compression owing to overburden pressure of newly accumulating snow prevails, but the observed bubbles are of round shape in the vertical and horizontal sections. The reason for the bubble behaviour is that evaporation--precipitation equilibrium processes inside air bubbles act much faster \[[@RSTA20150347C94]\] than the slow strain rate deformation and thus cannot notably change the bubble shape.
In this depth range, the overall deformation yields a classical extension regime as expected on ice divides: extension normal to the ridge, almost no deformation along the ridge and vertical compression (triaxial deformation; figures [6](#RSTA20150347F6){ref-type="fig"} and [7](#RSTA20150347F7){ref-type="fig"}*a*).
(b). Region 2 (approx. 450--1700 m depth) {#s4b}
-----------------------------------------
The progressive evolution of a vertical girdle LPO ([figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*b*) and simultaneous strengthening of grain elongation perpendicular to the LPO girdle ([figure 5](#RSTA20150347F5){ref-type="fig"}*b,c*) and along the horizontal plane suggest the dominance of a horizontal extension as described before by Lipenkov *et al*. \[[@RSTA20150347C95]\]. Grain elongation directions are parallel to the horizontal, although the azimuthal orientation of the core was repeatedly lost in the brittle zone, leading to a random sample cutting direction. This indicates true horizontal elongation down to approximately 1000 m depth and thus triaxial deformation with one dominating extensional component.
Flow model calculations predict that at approximately 1000 m depth the compressive direction (D~3~) starts to incline away from the vertical ([figure 7](#RSTA20150347F7){ref-type="fig"}*b*), which is indeed reflected in the SPO as the dip of grain elongation becomes inclined from the horizontal to several degrees ([figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*f*), whereas the borehole was inclined by only approximately 1.5° throughout this region and below down to approximately 1700 m depth (see borehole inclination in red in [figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*a*). The microstructure develops aspects of 'oblique foliation', typical for shear zones in quartzite rocks \[[@RSTA20150347C16]\]. This is caused by the principal deformation axes leaving the geographical vertical--horizontal orientation towards an inclined one, and can be interpreted as a first effect of a small shear component becoming relevant. The effects of this are still subtle, and only visible in the grain shape, without any influence on the visual stratigraphy, which remains intact ([figure 5](#RSTA20150347F5){ref-type="fig"}*a*).
In this region the grain size also decreases with the changing type of ice (Holocene to glacial), which has also been described for most other deep ice cores \[[@RSTA20150347C85],[@RSTA20150347C95],[@RSTA20150347C96]\].
(c). Region 3 (approx. 1700--2030 m depth) {#s4c}
------------------------------------------
The successive evolution from the vertical girdle LPO towards a vertical single maximum LPO (figures [2](#RSTA20150347F2){ref-type="fig"} and [4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*c*) indicates a transition from dominating triaxial deformation towards horizontal shear. Flow model calculations show that D~2~ starts to increase ([figure 6](#RSTA20150347F6){ref-type="fig"}) at approximately 1700 m while rotating within the ridge plane. D~2~ development from compressive towards tensile ([figure 6](#RSTA20150347F6){ref-type="fig"}) and increasing obliqueness of D~3~ ([figure 7](#RSTA20150347F7){ref-type="fig"}*b,c*) describe the change from the extensional regime typical at ice divides towards an increasing shear contribution. The transition from dominating triaxial deformation towards horizontal shear causes an increase in the dipping angle of grain elongations in vertical sections up to 10°, forming a microstructure close to the 'oblique foliation' observed in [figure 8](#RSTA20150347F8){ref-type="fig"}. This angle is well above the observed borehole inclinations, which also at this depth are less than 2° shortly after coring. This microstructure notably appears more pronounced in so-called cloudy bands with a higher impurity load. This can be interpreted as an implication for the higher influence of deformation versus recrystallization on the microstructure, owing to either strain localization or inhibited grain growth \[[@RSTA20150347C97]\]. The further destabilization of the dominance of triaxial deformation produces millimetre-scale undulations in the visual stratigraphy, because the principal compression direction becomes inclined towards 45° during bed-parallel shear deformation. The successive transition depths from triaxial deformation with horizontal extension and vertical compression to shear deformation suggested by these structural observations are in accordance with predictions by the flow model. Model predictions show a decreasing compressive component (D~3~) at approximately 1700 m depth (cf. vertical derivatives in [figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*c*), whereas the tensile component D~1~ remains approximately constant. This deviating evolution of D~1~ and D~3~ is clearly represented by the increasing D~2~, which develops from slightly compressional towards extensional behaviour in this depth region ([figure 6](#RSTA20150347F6){ref-type="fig"}). The low strain rate is also reflected by the upper part of the borehole (down to approx. 2030 m), as observed in January 2004 being hardly tilted until November 2005. Figure 8.Example 'oblique foliation' characterized by inclined, elongated grains in ice (1785.0--1785.1 m depth). (*a*) Visual stratigraphy section. (*b*) Corresponding sublimation etched surface microstructure map. (*c*) Resulting segmented grain boundary network with the approximate inclination of maximum obliqueness sketched (dotted red line) in cloudy bands. Note that the measurement data of this obliqueness given in [figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*f* average over the whole 10 cm section, which results in a smaller value. (Online version in colour.)
At the transition from region 3 to region 4 at approximately 2030 m depth, model predictions suggest plane strain deformation as almost ideal simple shear with D~2~ being zero per year ([figure 6](#RSTA20150347F6){ref-type="fig"}).
(d). Region 4 (approx. 2030--2385 m depth) {#s4d}
------------------------------------------
The single maximum LPO along the vertical core axis is fully developed after a sudden final collapse of the girdle between 2035 and 2045 m. This sudden change in the LPO was also detected as a clear reflector in radio-echo sounding (RES) data, which is caused by the dependence of the electromagnetic wave velocity from the crystallographic orientation \[[@RSTA20150347C98]--[@RSTA20150347C100]\]. Grain elongation direction histograms derived from vertical sections ([figure 5](#RSTA20150347F5){ref-type="fig"}*b* left) show a broad, but distinct distribution (cone angle of 45°) with a slight tendency towards double/multiple maxima. This can be interpreted as grains being partly elongated perpendicular to the main compression direction in shear, thus lining up in the instantaneous stretching direction \[[@RSTA20150347C16]\], and grains partly being further rotated towards the shear plane \[[@RSTA20150347C18],[@RSTA20150347C19]\]. These multiple maxima in the SPO description should not be confused with multiple maxima in the LPO. Elongation of grains is caused by deformation. Nucleation usually serves as an explanation for the multiple maxima of LPO, but does not induce grain elongation. In this region, the overall deformation changes again to triaxial deformation (general shear) with increasing D~2~ ([figure 6](#RSTA20150347F6){ref-type="fig"}). The principal compressive direction (D~3~) is now approximately 45° inclined. The increasing component of bed-parallel shear readily causes millimetre-scale *z*-folding by amplifying small undulations, which leads to local tilting of stratigraphic layers (10--15°). RES reflectors fade out in this depth ('echo-free zone') owing to the loss of layer coherency \[[@RSTA20150347C101]\] caused by the intensely disturbing flow characteristic for bed-parallel shear deformation \[[@RSTA20150347C102]\].
The bottom layer of region 4 (approx. 2365--2385 m depth) is characterized by the lower border of the Eemian ice (MIS5.5) layer at approximately 2360--2390 m depth ([figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*d*). However, being approximately 400 m above bedrock, this layer is nearly at the same altitude as the bedrock heights just downstream of EDML, as depicted in [figure 1](#RSTA20150347F1){ref-type="fig"}: the EDML site lies on a region at approximately 100 m a.s.l. bedrock altitude, whereas the bedrock approximately 50 km downstream elevates to approximately 500 m a.s.l., so that the ice in this depth flows against it. This may have an effect upstream as the ice has to flow around this. The abrupt jump to smaller grain sizes ([figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*d*) at this transition is classically explained by impurity influence on grain size \[[@RSTA20150347C39],[@RSTA20150347C103]--[@RSTA20150347C106]\], which is confirmed by the correlation coefficients of grain size with isotope measurements \[[@RSTA20150347C107]\]. Just above the depth of the sudden changes in grain size and shape, we observe a high variability in the fabric data over short depth intervals. In a layer of less than 20 m thickness around 2375 m depth, multiple maxima LPO and girdle LPO occur with strong variations in neighbouring samples. As the ice is of interglacial origin with low impurity content at this depth, we observe large grain sizes, which in turn raises questions about the statistical significance of LPO measurements and LPO eigenvalue calculations. However, the variations in different types of ice (*δ*^18^O taken as the 'proxy' for ice types) in some layers seem to allow grain size to increase locally. The difference in these ice types is characterized by varying impurity concentrations. We use a 'proxy' for the ice types however, because picking one impurity is not meaningful with our current knowledge. This may be due to the combined effects of several impurities, as suggested by Fitzpatrick *et al*. \[[@RSTA20150347C108]\]. Impurities and their effect on grain size is often explained by the 'slowdown' or ineffectiveness of grain boundary migration by changing the grain boundary mobility \[[@RSTA20150347C104],[@RSTA20150347C106]\]. This phenomenon acts on the microstructural scale (grain and subgrain scale), whereas good correlations are well known on larger scales only (e.g. our grain size--ice-type 'proxy' correlation with *δ*^18^O). Direct microstructural evidence on the microstructural scale, such as impurity accumulation along grain boundaries, is difficult to prove \[[@RSTA20150347C109],[@RSTA20150347C110]\]. This effectively changes the deformation--recrystallization balance under increasing strain rate \[[@RSTA20150347C18],[@RSTA20150347C19],[@RSTA20150347C79]\]. The step in grain elongation magnitude ([figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*e*) suggests an increased influence of deformation on grain topology moving the microstructure from a recrystallization dominated one towards a deformation microstructure (see a comparison of end members in [figure 2](#RSTA20150347F2){ref-type="fig"} in \[[@RSTA20150347C19]\]). Furthermore, although the ice is mainly clear, we see some isolated cloudy bands that are strongly folded, which is an effect of the very strong shear deformation. The characteristic deformation microstructure and strong folding of cloudy bands suggest an alternative hypothesis: localized strain in certain layers. This is in accordance with the macroscopic deformation setting, which predicts an increased strain rate at that depth by the model ([figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*c*) as well as a qualitative observation of a closing borehole \[[@RSTA20150347C24]\]. To assess this hypothesis, further detailed studies on the processes of ice interacting with impurities are needed.
The boundary zone between regions 4 and 5 at approximately 2380 m depth is to some extent a remarkable layer with respect to the overall deformation predicted by the model: the principal tensile direction (D~1~) has left the direction perpendicular to the ridge and rotates very quickly to an along-ridge orientation ([figure 7](#RSTA20150347F7){ref-type="fig"}*d*).
(e). Region 5 (greater than approx. 2385 m depth) {#s4e}
-------------------------------------------------
The top of region 5 (approx. 2385--2405 m depth) is characterized by its stratigraphy, which is well defined, ordered and seemingly straight. This is slightly surprising in contrast to the significantly disturbed layers just above. However, we also observe small but sudden changes in the layer inclination and flattened *z*-fold that may suggest that folding has occurred in the past or on other scales which are difficult to evaluate from ice core information. Possible changes of the predominant deformation mechanism showing microshear deformation have been interpreted from striking microstructure observations (slanted brick wall pattern \[[@RSTA20150347C86],[@RSTA20150347C111]\]). This is in accordance with the extremely high grain shape values in figures [4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*e,f* and [5](#RSTA20150347F5){ref-type="fig"}*b*. In spite of the high *in situ* temperature ([figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*a*) around −10°C, the grain size in the depth range 2385--2450 m does not increase, possibly owing to the high impurity content and shear rate, but increases to very large sizes below 2500 m depth.
Only below approximately 2405 m depth, we observe strong kink folding of the stratigraphic layers, which is a clear indication for high shear rates in recent times. The single maximum LPO slightly inclined from the vertical ([figure 2](#RSTA20150347F2){ref-type="fig"}) observed in this narrow transition zone and extreme grain elongations up to aspect ratios of 1.8 ([figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*e*) are also indicative for high shear rates. Shear shows stronger effects on microstructure as under higher strain rates the balance between deformation-induced and recrystallization-induced effects is changing significantly in favour of deformation ([figure 4](#RSTA20150347F4){ref-type="fig"}*c*).
The bottom of region 4 as well as the top of region 5 represent a very interesting, but complex, boundary zone. We want to emphasize the ambiguous depth of this boundary, in the sense that different parameters differ strongly in the zone between region 4 and region 5: (i) the LPO changes and shows anomalous behaviour between 2365 and 2380 m depth, (ii) grain shapes elongate suddenly between 2385 and 2395 m depth, (iii) grain sizes change at the lower Eemian layer border (2356--2386 m depth) and show (iv) grain growth only from 2520 m depth again, and stratigraphy shows anomalous straight banding between 2385 and 2405 m depth. The processes and predominating deformation regimes in this region are not yet understood as they are strongly punctuated and probably catalysed by strong changes in material properties owing to different impurity contents in glacial--interglacial--glacial ice layering. Further investigations on impurity effects on rheology and microstructure are needed.
In the flow model, in region 5, tensile and compressive axes are both at approximately 45° with respect to the bedrock, with a small tensile component D~2~ ([figure 6](#RSTA20150347F6){ref-type="fig"}), as expected for bed-parallel simple shear.
At this point, it has to be emphasized again that the slight depth deviations of the region borders in different parameters are probably owing to slightly different reaction times and feedback loops of the processes forming the responses by changing the material in the micro- and mesostructure.
5.. Conclusion {#s5}
==============
Detailed observational data from the ice core micro- and mesostructure can be interpreted to constrain the main deformation modes (e.g. compression versus shear) along the ice column. We use an isotropic model to confirm this interpretation by considering the overall three-dimensional flow field driven by ice sheet geometry. By combining several parameters from SPO and LPO, we find indications for the deformation and recrystallization processes being active at the EDML site. We show that it is the balance of both which determines microstructure and possibly flow behaviour.
Recent microstructural modelling studies \[[@RSTA20150347C18],[@RSTA20150347C19],[@RSTA20150347C112]\] combined deformation by a viscoplastic full-field approach (taking strong crystal anisotropy into account \[[@RSTA20150347C113]\]) with recrystallization (dynamic and static, continuous and discontinuous \[[@RSTA20150347C114]\]). These simulations suggested that the effect of recrystallization on the LPO should be minor. The model set-ups have been chosen for comparison with clean and cold polar ice, where, for example, nucleation is supposedly rare. Notwithstanding, under certain conditions, such as high debris load or high temperatures, effects of discontinuous recrystallization can occur \[[@RSTA20150347C115]\]. Observations of recrystallization effects on LPOs in ice cores, however, often suffer from poor statistics, because they are limited to the lowest layers, typically characterized by very large grains (\[[@RSTA20150347C15]\] and references therein). As mainly unimodal or girdle LPO occurs at EDML, i.e. only a narrow layer (bottom layer of region 4) with multi-maxima LPOs has been observed, we suggest that the LPO at EDML is affected mainly by deformation, and thus the transition between the regions described above appears most clearly in the LPO fabric data. In contrast, grain shape data show rather subtle deformation trends, as they are strongly overprinted by recrystallization. These subtle trends are, however, consistent with the interpreted deformation modes from LPO.
Impurities can have an impact on the balance between deformation- and recrystallization-induced changes in grain topology. Impurities are postulated to affect recrystallization, by slowing down grain boundary migration through pinning or dragging, and deformation itself by providing dislocation sources. Polar ice is always at a high homologous temperature (), which leads to high recrystallization activity through rotation recrystallization and strain-induced grain boundary migration recrystallization.
Evaluation of the LPO, grain elongation distributions and visual stratigraphy leads to a division into five distinct regions along the core. Here the results are interpreted as the effects of triaxial deformation with horizontal extension changing towards bedrock-parallel shear. This is in good agreement with modelled strain rate trends as well as borehole deformation observations.
Down to approximately 1000 m depth, triaxial deformation with vertical compression and horizontal extension clearly dominates. The influence of shear on the grain structure and fabric starts at approximately 1000 m depth and becomes more prominent between 1700 and 2030 m depth, intriguingly observable in the smooth transition between girdle and single maximum LPO and in the borehole geometry. A final collapse of the eigenvalues in a narrow zone between approximately 2030 and 2050 m depth marks the transition to bed-parallel shear. Shear is the dominating deformation down to the base, but is interrupted by a narrow layer with changing conditions, with abnormal LPO leading into a region of high shear activity, with extreme values in grain shapes.
Owing to relatively small strain rates at the drilling location on the ice divide, only subtle changes in SPO can be observed at EDML, but we suggest including these analyses in future ice core studies especially in mechanically more active regions such as the forthcoming East Greenland ice core project. These analyses can help to assess the share of ice deformation and basal sliding with respect to transport of ice towards the ocean.
We thank the scientific editors and one anonymous referee for suggestions. We thank Denis Samyn for a thorough review. We thank Hanno Meyer and Hans Oerter (personal communication, May 2016) for providing the unpublished dataset of water stable isotope measurements *δ*^18^O below 2416 m depth. We thank David Russel-Head for his patient support concerning the fabric analysers. This work is a contribution to the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA), a joint European Science Foundation/European Commission scientific programme, funded by the EU (EPICA-MIS) and by national contributions from Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. The main logistic support was provided by IPEV and PNRA (at Dome C) and AWI (at Dronning Maud Land).
Competing interests {#s6}
===================
The authors declare that there are no competing interests.
Funding {#s7}
=======
This research was funded by HGF grant no. VH-NG-802 to D.J. and I.W., as well as SPP 1158 DFG grant no. BO 1776/12-1 to I.W. S.H.F. acknowledges financial support from the Ramón y Cajal Research Grant RYC-2012-12167 of the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain.
[^1]: Dedicated to Prof. Dr Nobuhiko Azuma on the occasion of his 60th birthday.
[^2]: One contribution of 11 to a theme issue '[Microdynamics of ice](http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta/375/2086)'.
| {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Q:
Executar método quando inicializar a classe
Tenho uma classe chamada ligacao e quando inicializo ela(dentro de um botão) quero que outro método que está dentro dessa classe( que é iniciado em uma terceira classe) reexecute e mude de ObservableList.
Classe ligacao (o boolean b é que muda o ObservableList):
class ligacao {
protected static boolean b;
public licacao(boolean b){
this.b = b;
}
static FilteredList<Person> filtrar;
public static FilteredList get(ObservableList<Person> obs, ObservableList<Person> obs2){
filtrar = new FilteredList<>(obs, p -> true);
if(b == true){
filtrar.removeAll(obls);
filtrar = new FilteredList<>(obs2, p -> true);
}else{
filtrar.removeAll(obs2);
filtrar = new FilteredList<>(obs, p -> true);
}
return filtrar;
}
}
Classe em que a classe ligacao é inicializada:
carne.setOnAction((Carne) -> {
try {
boolean b = false;
System.out.println(b);
if(carne.getText().endsWith("Carnê")){
carne.setText("Tabela");
System.out.println(b);
b = true;
System.out.println(b);
}else{
carne.setText("Carnê");
System.out.println(b);
b = false;
System.out.println(b);
}
System.out.println(b);
new ligacao(b);
System.out.println(b + "\n");
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
});
(terceira classe) Onde inicializa o método get da classe ligacao:
FilteredList<Person> filtrar = ligacao.get(obs(), obs2());
O problema que que não muda o método get.
O que faço?
A:
Vamos ver a sua primeira classe:
class ligacao {
// ...
public licacao(boolean b){
// ...
Aqui temos um erro de compilação, pois o nome do construtor deveria ser ligacao, e não licacao. Além disso, a convenção de nomes dita que nomes de classes iniciam com letras maiúsculas, e desobedecer essa conveção não é uma boa ideia.
Um pouco mais abaixo:
filtrar.removeAll(obls);
Não há nenhuma variável obls. Acho que você quis dizer obs.
Também neste método:
if(b == true){
Por favor, NUNCA compare uma expressão ou variável booleana com == true ou == false. Isso é uma má prática de programação. Ao invés disso, use simplesmente assim:
if (b) {
E se quisesse comparar com false, bastaria usar isso:
if (!b) {
O método também tem como retorno FilteredList bruto sem o tipo genérico ao invés de FilteredList<Person>. O compilador deve estar dando algumas warnings dos tipos rawtypes e unchecked por causa disso.
Olhando aonde você usa a classe ligacao de fora dela, temos estes dois lugares:
new ligacao(b);
ligacao.get(obs(), obs2());
No primeiro caso, a instância de ligacao recém-criada não será utilizada para nada e será perdida para ser devorada pelo coletor de lixo. O único efeito disso será alterar o valor da variável estática b (que não vejo sentido ser protected ao invés de private). No segundo caso, o método get é estático. Como conclusão, instâncias da classe ligacao são inúteis, e portanto não tem sentido de serem instanciadas. O construtor que você usou nada mais é do que um setter disfarçado, e usar construtores para isso é algo horroroso. A sugestão neste caso seria eliminar o construtor e usar um setter estático:
class Ligacao {
private static boolean b;
public static void setFlag(boolean novoValor) {
b = novoValor;
}
// Na segunda classe:
Ligacao.setFlag(b);
Vamos aproveitar e dar uma olhada no código que veio da segunda classe, e tentar rastrear qual é o valor do b dela:
carne.setOnAction((Carne) -> {
try {
boolean b = false;
System.out.println(false); // Escrevia b, mas b é sabidamente false.
if(carne.getText().endsWith("Carnê")){
carne.setText("Tabela");
System.out.println(false); // Escrevia b, mas b é sabidamente false.
b = true;
System.out.println(true); // Escrevia b, mas b é sabidamente true.
}else{
carne.setText("Carnê");
System.out.println(false); // Escrevia b, mas b é sabidamente false.
b = false; // Não faz nada, pois b já é false.
System.out.println(false); // Escrevia b, mas b é sabidamente false.
}
System.out.println(b);
Ligacao.setFlag(b);
System.out.println(b + "\n");
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
});
Vamos simplificar então, tirando os System.out.println desnecessários e as instruções desnecessárias:
carne.setOnAction((Carne) -> {
try {
boolean b = false;
if (carne.getText().endsWith("Carnê")) {
carne.setText("Tabela");
b = true;
} else {
carne.setText("Carnê");
}
Ligacao.setFlag(b);
System.out.println(b + "\n");
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
});
Podemos simplificar um pouco mais se notarmos que b só será verdadeiro se a condição do if for verdadeira e com isso podemos usá-la diretamente como o valor de b:
carne.setOnAction((Carne) -> {
try {
boolean b = carne.getText().endsWith("Carnê");
carne.setText(b ? "Tabela" : "Carnê");
Ligacao.setFlag(b);
System.out.println(b + "\n");
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
});
Aqui, ainda cabe questionar o nome do parâmetro do lambda: Carne. Isso não é um nome apropriado, pois isso é uma variável e portanto deveria começar com letra minúscula. Além disso, ter duas variáveis cujo nome difere apenas pelas maiúsculas e minúsculas, a saber carne e Carne é uma má prática de programação pois deixa o código bem confuso. Sugiro renomear o Carne para alguma outra coisa.
Agora, voltando a sua primeira classe, percebe-se que você esqueceu o private na declaração do campo estático filtrar, mas vamos dar uma olhada no que o método get faz (já aplicadas as correções que sugeri antes):
private static FilteredList<Person> filtrar;
public static FilteredList<Person> get(ObservableList<Person> obs, ObservableList<Person> obs2) {
filtrar = new FilteredList<>(obs, p -> true);
if (b) {
filtrar.removeAll(obs);
filtrar = new FilteredList<>(obs2, p -> true);
}else{
filtrar.removeAll(obs2);
filtrar = new FilteredList<>(obs, p -> true);
}
return filtrar;
}
Se b for verdadeiro eis o que ocorre:
Cria uma lista com todos os elementos de obs e o atribui à variável estática filtra, portanto perdendo a referência anterior da lista não importando o que ela era.
Remove todos os elementos de obs que estão na lista (e portanto todos os elementos), o que resulta em uma lista vazia.
Cria uma outra lista com todos os elementos de obs2. A lista anterior é perdida para o coletor de lixo, e portanto o trabalho realizado nela nos passos 1 e 2 foi desperdiçado.
Retorna a lista com os elementos que estavam em obs2.
Se b for falso:
Cria uma lista com todos os elementos de obs e o atribui à variável estática filtra, portanto perdendo a referência anterior da lista não importando o que ela era.
Remove todos os elementos de obs2 que estão na lista, o que resulta em uma lista com os elementos de obs que não estão em obs2. Se não houver nenhum elemento que esteja em ambas as listas, isso não vai fazer nada.
Cria uma outra lista com todos os elementos de obs. A lista anterior é perdida para o coletor de lixo, e portanto o trabalho realizado nela nos passos 1 e 2 foi desperdiçado.
Retorna a lista com os elementos que estavam em obs.
Observe que em ambos os casos, a lista que fica guardada ao final é irrelevante, pois da forma como o método get foi codificado, qualquer tentativa de acessar o conteúdo desta lista necessariamente a fará ser perdida.
Tudo isso ficaria muito mais simples assim:
public static FilteredList<Person> get(ObservableList<Person> obs, ObservableList<Person> obs2) {
return new FilteredList<>(b ? obs : obs2, p -> true);
}
E é assim que o seu código fica no final das contas:
class Ligacao {
private static boolean b;
public static void setFlag(boolean novoValor) {
b = novoValor;
}
public static FilteredList<Person> get(ObservableList<Person> obs, ObservableList<Person> obs2) {
return new FilteredList<>(b ? obs : obs2, p -> true);
}
}
carne.setOnAction(x -> {
try {
boolean b = carne.getText().endsWith("Carnê");
carne.setText(b ? "Tabela" : "Carnê");
Ligacao.setFlag(b);
System.out.println(b + "\n");
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
});
FilteredList<Person> filtrar = Ligacao.get(obs(), obs2());
Por fim, algumas pessoas podem achar que acessar o campo estático usando this causa um erro de compilação. Isso não é verdade, pois é permitido acessar um campo estático usando uma variável ao invés do nome da classe e no caso, a variável é o this). Entretanto, isso é uma péssima prática de programação e não deveria ser feito nunca, mas a linguagem permite.
E também acessar uma variável estática de dentro do construtor é perfeitamente válido na linguagem Java. Na maioria das vezes (nem sempre, existem algumas exceções), fazer isso não é boa prática de programação e tende a deixar o código ruim e propenso a ocorrência de bugs, mas a linguagem Java permite.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Q:
Can I sort (question accroding to ) recently answered &/or accepted question?
I want to sort question on the basis of recently answered question on askubuntu. Such as newest,frequent,unanswered, Can I sort by following?:
Recently Answered Questions
Recently Accepted Answers
A:
It is almost possible to have what you need, using the search functionality.
Recently Answered Questions
The following query would search for all answers and sort them by the newest answer.
https://askubuntu.com/search?tab=newest&q=is%3aanswer
Recently Accepted Answers
The next query would search for all answers which are accepted and sort them by the newest answer.
https://askubuntu.com/search?tab=newest&q=is%3aanswer%20isaccepted%3ayes
Also following options can help you:
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
SUBROUTINE OFFSET_eomccsdtq_x4_2_1(l_a_offset,k_a_offset,size)
C $Id$
C This is a Fortran77 program generated by Tensor Contraction Engine v.1.0
C Copyright (c) Battelle & Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (2002)
C i1 ( p5 p6 h1 p14 )_v
IMPLICIT NONE
#include "global.fh"
#include "mafdecls.fh"
#include "sym.fh"
#include "errquit.fh"
#include "tce.fh"
INTEGER l_a_offset
INTEGER k_a_offset
INTEGER size
INTEGER length
INTEGER addr
INTEGER p5b
INTEGER p6b
INTEGER h1b
INTEGER p14b
length = 0
DO p5b = noab+1,noab+nvab
DO p6b = p5b,noab+nvab
DO h1b = 1,noab
DO p14b = noab+1,noab+nvab
IF (int_mb(k_spin+p5b-1)+int_mb(k_spin+p6b-1) .eq. int_mb(k_spin+h
&1b-1)+int_mb(k_spin+p14b-1)) THEN
IF (ieor(int_mb(k_sym+p5b-1),ieor(int_mb(k_sym+p6b-1),ieor(int_mb(
&k_sym+h1b-1),int_mb(k_sym+p14b-1)))) .eq. irrep_v) THEN
IF ((.not.restricted).or.(int_mb(k_spin+p5b-1)+int_mb(k_spin+p6b-1
&)+int_mb(k_spin+h1b-1)+int_mb(k_spin+p14b-1).ne.8)) THEN
length = length + 1
END IF
END IF
END IF
END DO
END DO
END DO
END DO
IF (.not.MA_PUSH_GET(mt_int,2*length+1,'noname',l_a_offset,k_a_off
&set)) CALL ERRQUIT('eomccsdtq_x4_2_1',0,MA_ERR)
int_mb(k_a_offset) = length
addr = 0
size = 0
DO p5b = noab+1,noab+nvab
DO p6b = p5b,noab+nvab
DO h1b = 1,noab
DO p14b = noab+1,noab+nvab
IF (int_mb(k_spin+p5b-1)+int_mb(k_spin+p6b-1) .eq. int_mb(k_spin+h
&1b-1)+int_mb(k_spin+p14b-1)) THEN
IF (ieor(int_mb(k_sym+p5b-1),ieor(int_mb(k_sym+p6b-1),ieor(int_mb(
&k_sym+h1b-1),int_mb(k_sym+p14b-1)))) .eq. irrep_v) THEN
IF ((.not.restricted).or.(int_mb(k_spin+p5b-1)+int_mb(k_spin+p6b-1
&)+int_mb(k_spin+h1b-1)+int_mb(k_spin+p14b-1).ne.8)) THEN
addr = addr + 1
int_mb(k_a_offset+addr) = p14b - noab - 1 + nvab * (h1b - 1 + noab
& * (p6b - noab - 1 + nvab * (p5b - noab - 1)))
int_mb(k_a_offset+length+addr) = size
size = size + int_mb(k_range+p5b-1) * int_mb(k_range+p6b-1) * int_
&mb(k_range+h1b-1) * int_mb(k_range+p14b-1)
END IF
END IF
END IF
END DO
END DO
END DO
END DO
RETURN
END
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
A British Conservative Party politician is calling on educators to prohibit the use of, and if necessary confiscate, iPads during daily lessons in a bid to keep students focused on academic pursuits.
Edward Timpson, Minister of State for Vulnerable Children and Families at Department for Education, called for a reduction in iPad use during classes in response to recent concerns that students are using the device to bully one another, reports The Telegraph.
Timpson outlined his plan to fellow Parliament members in a session with the House of Lords Communications Committee. The MP appears to refer to "iPad" as an interchangeable term for any tablet device.
"A problem in a number of schools which we've sought to address is the iPad or the tablet coming into schools and it forming far too much of the school day's activities of children and it being used inappropriately for some of the bullying and harassment that we know sadly goes on the back of it," Timpson said. "That's why we've strengthen the powers of headteachers to confiscate and remove material and so on."
The UK currently lacks regulations on the use of portable devices in educational settings, instead leaving the creation and execution of rules to individual schools. Ongoing studies, including government-funded inquiries, are looking into the effect such devices have on students, the report says.
For example, a study conducted by the London School of Economics suggested schools that banned mobile phones saw test scores increase an average of 6 percent.
For Apple, iPad has in many ways replaced the Mac in the company's quest for a piece of the education market pie. Apple courts public and private institutions in the U.S. by offering bulk device purchase discounts, while at the same time marketing low-cost backend services to easily manage mass deployments.
Most recently, Apple in March launched the Classroom app to help teachers manage, monitor and connect shared student iPads. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
/*
* This file is part of the SDWebImage package.
* (c) Olivier Poitrey <[email protected]>
* (c) Jamie Pinkham
*
* For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE
* file that was distributed with this source code.
*/
#import <TargetConditionals.h>
#if !TARGET_OS_IPHONE
#import <AppKit/AppKit.h>
#ifndef UIImage
#define UIImage NSImage
#endif
#ifndef UIImageView
#define UIImageView NSImageView
#endif
#else
#import <UIKit/UIKit.h>
#endif
#if ! __has_feature(objc_arc)
#define SDWIAutorelease(__v) ([__v autorelease]);
#define SDWIReturnAutoreleased SDWIAutorelease
#define SDWIRetain(__v) ([__v retain]);
#define SDWIReturnRetained SDWIRetain
#define SDWIRelease(__v) ([__v release]);
#define SDWISafeRelease(__v) ([__v release], __v = nil);
#define SDWISuperDealoc [super dealloc];
#define SDWIWeak
#else
// -fobjc-arc
#define SDWIAutorelease(__v)
#define SDWIReturnAutoreleased(__v) (__v)
#define SDWIRetain(__v)
#define SDWIReturnRetained(__v) (__v)
#define SDWIRelease(__v)
#define SDWISafeRelease(__v) (__v = nil);
#define SDWISuperDealoc
#define SDWIWeak __unsafe_unretained
#endif
NS_INLINE UIImage *SDScaledImageForPath(NSString *path, NSObject *imageOrData)
{
if (!imageOrData)
{
return nil;
}
UIImage *image = nil;
if ([imageOrData isKindOfClass:[NSData class]])
{
image = [[UIImage alloc] initWithData:(NSData *)imageOrData];
}
else if ([imageOrData isKindOfClass:[UIImage class]])
{
image = SDWIReturnRetained((UIImage *)imageOrData);
}
else
{
return nil;
}
if ([[UIScreen mainScreen] respondsToSelector:@selector(scale)])
{
CGFloat scale = 1.0;
if (path.length >= 8)
{
// Search @2x. at the end of the string, before a 3 to 4 extension length (only if key len is 8 or more @2x. + 4 len ext)
NSRange range = [path rangeOfString:@"@2x." options:0 range:NSMakeRange(path.length - 8, 5)];
if (range.location != NSNotFound)
{
scale = 2.0;
}
}
UIImage *scaledImage = [[UIImage alloc] initWithCGImage:image.CGImage scale:scale orientation:UIImageOrientationUp];
SDWISafeRelease(image)
image = scaledImage;
}
return SDWIReturnAutoreleased(image);
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Characteristics of growth and protein turnover in skeletal muscle of turkey poults.
Protein turnover and DNA and RNA levels were measured in the breast (pectoralis thoracica) and leg (gastrocnemius-peroneus) muscles of large white (Nicholas strain) turkey poults from 1 to 8 weeks of age to investigate their cellular growth and to evaluate the influence of protein turnover on muscle growth. Fractional rates of protein deposition (kg) were determined from regression equations of muscle size and protein content on body weights. Protein synthesis rates (ks) were measured by an isotope emulsion technique. Protein degradation rates (kd) were estimated by the difference between ks and kg. Muscle growth involved increases in total deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), an increase in the DNA-unit size, and decreases in concentrations of the nucleic acids without changes in the RNA:DNA ratio or RNA and DNA activity. The muscles showed developmental changes in ks from 56 to 10%/day and from 38 to 13%/day in breast and leg, respectively, over the 7-week period. The fractional degradation rate also fell from 22 to 7%/day in the breast muscle and from 21 to 10%/day in the leg muscle. The disproportionate decline of ks and kd resulted in an age-associated fall in kg from 34 to 4%/day and from 18 to 3%/day in the breast and the leg muscles, respectively. The efficiency of protein deposition decreased from 61 to 35% in breast muscle and 46 to 20% in leg muscle. The results were qualitatively similar to those obtained in a study with broiler chicks. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Keepsake Bricks from UL Dorms Available
When I was a student at USL, I lived in all of the women’s dorms that have been or will be torn down – Denbo, Bancroft, Bonin, Evangeline and Baker-Huger. I have wonderful memories of those days, so I’m happy to tell you about a special opportunity to cherish a piece of the past! A limited number of commemorative bricks from UL Lafayette’s Rose Garden dorms are now being offered. The cost for a keepsake brick is $100 which covers shipping cost and a commemorative plate that will be affixed to each brick. The plate will have the University name and logo and the names of the Rose Garden dormitories — Baker-Huger, Bonin and Evangeline — that are being replaced with new living-learning residence halls.
To order a brick, please mail a $100 check or money order payable to UL Lafayette Foundation (please note Rose Garden Commemorative Brick in the memo line of the check or money order) to:
Welcome back to KTDY Winners Club
It appears that you already have an account created within our VIP network of sites on .
To keep your personal information safe, we need to verify that it's really you.
To activate your account, please confirm your password.
When you have confirmed your password, you will be able to log in through Facebook on both sites.
*Please note that your prizes and activities will not be shared between programs within our VIP network.
Welcome back to KTDY Winners Club
It appears that you already have an account on this site associated with . To connect your existing account just click on the account activation button below. You will maintain your existing VIP profile. After you do this, you will be able to always log in to http://999ktdy.com using your original account information. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
[Results of 10 years hepatitis follow-up].
It is reported on the dispensary care of 789 patients suffering from infectious hepatitis. Of these patients 92.86% healed completely of hepatitis during observation. 2.91% developed sequels after hepatitis, among them 1.03% a posthepatitic hyperbilirubinaemia, 1.03% a chronic persistent hepatitis, 0.17% a chronic aggressive hepatitis, 0.34% a liver cirrhosis, 4.25% had concomitant diseases, such as fatty degeneration of the liver, diseases of the bile duct, pancreatitis, and ventricular ulcer. The probable associations of these diseases with infectious hepatitis are discussed. Three patients suffered from diabetes mellitus. One of these patients developed a chronic aggressive hepatitis and finally an incipient cirrhosis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
2008–09 United States network television schedule (daytime)
The 2008–09 daytime network television schedule for four of the five major English-language commercial broadcast networks in the United States covers the weekday daytime hours from September 2008 to August 2009. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, and any series canceled after the 2007–08 season.
Affiliates fill time periods not occupied by network programs with local or syndicated programming. PBS – which offers daytime programming through a children's program block, PBS Kids – is not included, as its member television stations have local flexibility over most of their schedules and broadcast times for network shows may vary. Also not included are stations affiliated with Fox or MyNetworkTV, as neither network offers (and continues not to offer) a daytime network schedule or network news, and Ion Television, as its schedule was composed mainly of paid programming and syndicated reruns at the time.
Legend
New series are highlighted in bold.
Schedule
All times correspond to U.S. Eastern and Pacific Time scheduling (except for some live sports or events). Except where affiliates slot certain programs outside their network-dictated timeslots, subtract one hour for Central, Mountain, Alaska, and Hawaii-Aleutian times.
Local schedules may differ, as affiliates have the option to pre-empt or delay network programs. Such scheduling may be limited to preemptions caused by local or national breaking news or weather coverage (which may force stations to tape delay certain programs in overnight timeslots or defer them to a co-operated station or digital subchannel in their regular timeslot) and any major sports events scheduled to air in a weekday timeslot (mainly during major holidays). Stations may air shows at other times at their preference.
Note: ABC, NBC and CBS offer their early morning newscasts via a looping feed (usually running as late as 10:00 a.m. Pacific Time) to accommodate local scheduling in the westernmost contiguous time zones or for use a filler programming for stations that do not offer a local morning newscast; some stations without a morning newscast may air syndicated or time-lease programs instead of the full newscast loop.
By network
ABC
Returning series:
ABC World News
All My Children
America This Morning
General Hospital
Good Morning America
One Life to Live
The View
CBS
Returning series:
As the World Turns
CBS Morning News
CBS Evening News
The Early Show
The Bold and the Beautiful
The Price Is Right
The Young and the Restless
New series:
Let's Make a Deal
Not returning from 2008–09:
Guiding Light
The CW
New series:
The Jamie Foxx Show
Judge Jeanine Pirro
The Wayans Bros.
Not returning from 2007–08:
All of Us
What I Like About You
Reba
NBC
Returning series:
Days of Our Lives
Early Today
NBC Nightly News
Today
Renewals and cancellations
Cancellations/series endings
CBS
Guiding Light—Cancelled by CBS after 72 seasons (57 years on television and 19 years on radio, with simultaneous radio and television broadcasts from 1952 to 1956) on April 1, 2009; the series concluded its run on September 18, 2009.
See also
2008–09 United States network television schedule (prime-time)
2008–09 United States network television schedule (late night)
References
Sources
Category:United States weekday network television schedules
Category:2008 in American television
Category:2009 in American television | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
8 breasts (descending in size), 1 slit, 2 cocks (one on each side of the vagina), 6 arms, long tail with a 3-pronged claw grasper on the end. Feet are hooves. Hands are 4-fingered (3 small fingers and the third finger on both sides is thick with a rounded bone on the end as a claw). Mouth splits apart horizontally on the triangular shaped head, from corner to corner, lined with razor sharp teeth. The center of the maw space is actually as sharp as an axe can be, hence the name. Ribs are distended outwards. Usually walks on the ground like an animal, but is very intelligent. On the inside of her body, from the esophagus to the stomach and even the stomach walls is rows of bone that is razor sharp. For grinding. Has an organic recording device of which she can use to record the dying screams of her victims to playback. Has a slit on her tail-palm that opens when in childbirth.
Markings
Claw marks on the end of tail and down the back in some places. Mostly hidden from healing.
Story
Axeface, as he is called by his master, was named as such because of the first glance at what his face actually looks like. An axe. His head is so obtuse from corner to corner, but the front where his mouth actually splits open is shaped like an axe, the corners of her jaw are just as sharp, maybe sharper than any known Earthen metal.
Anyways, Axeface first wandered out into daylight, stalking someone he shouldn't have...Sadira. As many of the world already knew, because of Sadira's wide range sight, she saw Axeface coming, and taught the predatory creature who was boss.
Axeface couldn't really take the shame of not conquering a victim to drag home for her pack, and stayed with Sadira, as her pet. She is allowed out of the palace to hunt and rape and do as she pleases, Sadira sees no profit in keeping her locked up.
Axeface is a temperamental being, and being psionic, he is sensitive to the thoughts of those around him. If you show fear, you will be maimed. If you do not, you will be shown what real fear is. It is his entire purpose. To be fear incarnate.
Don't let its innocent look fool you. You will be harmed.
Powers and Abilities
Mind Domain Spells ( Psychic Power ):
Comprehend Languages: You understand all spoken and written languages.
Clairvoyance: Ability to gain information about an object, location or physical event by being in the target's presence.
Telekinetic Shield: Allows the subject to be protected by physical and magical blows for up to 10 minutes per use.
Biology
Bone Structure: Hollow. Hooves and claws are solid bone. Her spinal cord is expanded inwards to allow plenty of room for the brain. Ribs are distended outwards, and there are a few ribs in the throat that expand when ingesting food. The "hand" bones on the end of her tail have space between them for childbirth. The "Axe" of the face is the sharpest and deadliest part of her body that is made of bone, and can be swung like a weapon, as well.
Muscle Structure: Heavy muscles around claws and in the legs/forearms for chasing down victims. Otherwise, toned very nicely. High density muscles.
Organs
Brain: Encased in the spinal cord. The ENTIRE spinal cord, from the back of the head to the tip of the tail. I.Q way above normal (because she is a psion, who uses more than 10% of the brain). Emotional capacity: nonexistent. Temperament: Non-approachable.
Esophagus: Heavily muscled, able to crush skulls. Vocal cords: None. Has an organic device in her throat that can record the noises and voices she hears around her.
Hearts: 2, centered beneath the breast bone.
Lungs: 4 lungs. Two large sets of two for extra breathing capacity.
Stomach: Dry, cold and airless. Because of how airtight it is, the food that does not get digested rots, and she hacks it up.
Womb: The walls of the womb create a hard-shelled case around the young so it doesn't cut her body. Vaginal canals extend to the base of the tail AND from the slit between her cocks as well.
Digestive Tract: Does not have intestines. But DOES have a small track for anal sex.
Skin: Tough, but silky smooth.
Eye: Blue, has an interesting wide-angle lens view of the world, and because of the shape of her head, horrible depth perception.
Children
Yes, Axeface IS a mother now, of 14. So there are 14 larvae in a nest somewhere. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Subsets and Splits