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0.467604
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Application workflow for CF-Seq users. Panel 1 shows the starting window of the application, where users are presented with a manual that explains the functionality and purpose of the application. Users are then directed to the study view screen, shown in panel 2, where they can select a species of interest and view available RNA-Seq studies. Panel 3 shows how filters can be applied to delineate studies with certain experimental characteristics (strain, media, treatment, gene perturbed). Panel 4 offers a look at the metadata that can be examined for each individual study. Panels 5 and 6 show the study analysis window, where analysis tables and figures can be generated for all experimental comparisons, individual genes may be highlighted, P value and fold change cutoffs can be selected, and differentially expressed genes on selected KEGG pathways can be highlighted when KEGG pathway information is available (Panel 6). For certain studies, users can also highlight other biological features, such as GO terms, COG categories, and functional descriptions of genes (e.g., “serine/threonine protein kinase”) Zoomed-in versions of the figure panels showing more detail are available as Supplementary Figures S1–S6.
PMC9203545
41597_2022_1431_Fig2_HTML.jpg
0.430703
877ddd386ebc4e8497e1a50392c5b6c1
Expression of A. fumigatus genes following exposure to P. aeruginosa presented in volcano plot format. In the CF-Seq application, the species A. fumigatus strain A1160 was selected and the dataset “Transcriptomics analysis of Aspergillus fumigatus co-cultivated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa” (GSE122391) was used for the subsequent analysis. Comparisons were selected comparing fungus co-cultured with bacteria to fungus alone at (a) 45, (b) 90, and (c) 180 min. Genes highlighted in orange are those whose p-value was less than 0.05. At 45 minutes, 531 of 8526 total genes were differentially expressed to a statistically significant degree. At 90 minutes and 180 minutes, the number of statistically significant differentially expressed genes was 257 and 514 respectively.
PMC9203545
41597_2022_1431_Fig3_HTML.jpg
0.549119
2f651891370d429097c2892c48a5640b
(a) P. aeruginosa genes involved in phenazine biosynthesis tend to be upregulated in co-culture with C. albicans (b) but not in co-culture with S. aureus compared to P. aeruginosa in monoculture. Green data points were highlighted by selecting the KEGG pathway for phenazine biosynthesis using the ‘find a pathway’ feature in the CF-Seq application. Genes that are differentially expressed between co-culture and monoculture conditions to a statistically significant degree (p < 0.05) were colored orange for emphasis.
PMC9203545
41597_2022_1431_Fig4_HTML.jpg
0.466867
820dd7d0ce9f4581b6b76996b3e5ae28
(a) P. aeruginosa upregulates the expression of lactate permease lldP (red point) and other lactate metabolism genes including lactate dehydrogenases (present in the cluster of dark blue points near lldP) in co-culture with C. albicans. (b) Similarly, lactate dehydrogenase lldA (red point) and other lactate metabolism genes (included in dark blue points near lldA) are upregulated in co-culture with S. aureus as well. (c) P. aeruginosa upregulated alcohol dehydrogenase adh in co-culture with C. albicans (d) but not in co-culture with S. aureus. (e) In complex co-culture P. aeruginosa will have to integrate multiple signals such as the positive influence of ethanol and a possible negative influence of lactate that converge to influence phenazine production. After CF-Seq exploratory analysis, our hypothesis is that the presence of ethanol will supersede that of lactate to promote phenazine production.
PMC9203545
41597_2022_1431_Fig5_HTML.jpg
0.507852
2beba9d343f84180afc95588a1c66014
Expression of virulence factors sodA and sodM in S. aureus tends to diverge under different experimental conditions. Volcano plots of all genes are shown to demonstrate the expression values of sodA and sodM relative to other genes detected. (a,b) In co-culture with P. aeruginosa, both sodA and SodM expression are upregulated, sodA to a much greater extent. (c,d). In ‘persister cells’, the expression pattern was quite different: sodM expression was more markedly upregulated while sodA expression was downregulated (e,f). Finally, exposure to apicidin was found to induce downregulation of sodA, but no significant change in sodM. In all cases, aside from sodM expression in (f) sodA and sodM were differentially expressed to a statistically significant degree (p < 0.05).
PMC9203545
41597_2022_1431_Fig6_HTML.jpg
0.445777
6295ee0ea1154285b41062b6d963a362
Prevalence of MUO across tertiles of dietary total, plant, and animal protein intake in the study population. (A) MUO based on IDF definition. (B) MUO based on IDF/HOMA-IR definition.
PMC9203557
41598_2022_14433_Fig1_HTML.jpg
0.445522
91d2f4dbd5cd4c48be5ea5fd33858cf4
Multivariable-adjusted odds ratio and 95% CIs for MUO across tertiles of dietary total, plant, and animal protein intake. The estimates were adjusted for age, gender, energy intake, physical activity levels, socioeconomic status, total dietary fat intake, plant protein (for animal protein), animal protein (for plant protein) and BMI.
PMC9203557
41598_2022_14433_Fig2_HTML.jpg
0.437876
583685c590424817ac27773061ca6087
Sample size flowchart.
PMC9203674
10.1177_14034948211013279-fig1.jpg
0.484549
e7caa91924264b9ab9e8b22becda33dc
Barley microbiota composition displays a quantitative variation in a segregating population between wild and elite parental lines.a Ternary plot depicting microbiota composition in the elite and wild genotypes as well as bulk soil samples. Each dot illustrates an individual ASV; the size of the dots is proportional to ASV’s abundance while their position reflects the microhabitat where bacteria were predominantly identified. Individual dots are colour-coded according to their significant enrichment in the rhizosphere of either parental line (Wald Test, Individual P-values < 0.05, FDR corrected). b Canonical Analysis of Principal Coordinates computed on Bray–Curtis dissimilarity matrix. Individual dots in the plot denote individual biological replicates whose colours depict sample type in the bottom part of the figure. The number in the plot depicts the proportion of variance (R2) explained by the factor ‘Sample’ within the rhizosphere microhabitat, i.e., Elite, Wild or Segregant. The asterisks associated to the R2 value denote its significance, P-value ‘Sample’ = 0.001; Adonis test, F = 2.23, 5000 permutations. Source data are provided as a Source data file.
PMC9203816
41467_2022_31022_Fig1_HTML.jpg
0.459959
5ed7e05dce6f4af3b63bbb4387776049
Genetic map of the barley determinants of individual bacterial members of the rhizosphere microbiota.Circos plot depicting a the seven barley chromosomes and b grey connector lines link the physical position of SNPs with the genetic position in cM as indicated in the outer part of the ring; numbers in black within the individual chromosome define genetic positions (cM) significantly associated (using the function scanone implementing interval mapping with a single-QTL model, expectation-maximization algorithm, LOD genome-wide significance threshold 20% adjusted per taxa, 1000 permutations) to the differential enrichment of individual c ASVs, d genus or e family, respectively. Different shapes depict taxonomic assignment at phylum level. Shapes are colour-coded according to the microbiota of the parental line where individual taxa were identified. Source data are provided as a Source data file.
PMC9203816
41467_2022_31022_Fig2_HTML.jpg
0.412412
1999bbd851f442c382b770676771cd1b
Wild alleles at locus QRMC-3HS are associated with a shift in the composition of the bacterial, but not fungal, microbiota.Canonical Analysis of Principal Coordinates computed on Bray–Curtis dissimilarity matrix of a bacterial or b fungal ASVs’ abundances. Sample type is depicted in the bottom part of the figure. The number in the plots show the proportion of variance (R2) explained by the factors ‘Batch’ and ‘Genotype’, respectively. Asterisks associated to the R2 value denote its significance, ns not significant. a P-value ‘Batch’ = 0.278, F = 1.10; P-value ‘Genotype’ = 0.005, F = 1.84; Adonis test 5000 permutations. b P-value ‘Batch’ = 0.027, F = 3.05; P-value ‘Genotype’ = 0.963, F = 0.26; Adonis test 5000 permutations. Source data are provided as a Source data file.
PMC9203816
41467_2022_31022_Fig3_HTML.jpg
0.451143
c5d6bdeb3270425b8f41198a967824ab
The sibling lines harbouring contrasting alleles at locus QRMC-3HS and the cultivar Barke display distinct root transcriptional profiles.Venn diagram showing the number of differentially expressed genes among pairs of comparisons between the sibling lines 124_52 (wild-like), 124_17 (elite-like) and their elite parent Barke (EdgeR pair-wise comparison, individual P-values < 0.01, FDR corrected). Source data are provided as a Source data file.
PMC9203816
41467_2022_31022_Fig4_HTML.jpg
0.386967
0b176372be3f4c1786941a8a29ecdbcf
Differentially expressed genes mapping at locus QRMC-3HS.a Dots depict individual genes and their expression pattern in the pair-wise comparison 124_17 vs. 124_52 (log2 Fold-Change), colour-coded according to their significance as illustrated at the bottom of the figure (EdgeR, individual P-values < 0.01, FDR corrected). b Projection of the individual genes on the structures of chromosome 3H for the lines 124_17 (elite-like) and 124_52 (wild-like), respectively, colour-coded according to allelic composition as indicated in the key at the bottom of the figure. The physical location of locus QRMC-3HS is highlighted in pale pink. Source data are provided as a Source data file.
PMC9203816
41467_2022_31022_Fig5_HTML.jpg
0.435061
55b75a1c9b1d49e8babfde0d01ce69f2
Locus QRMC-3HS defines an area of structural variation in the barley genome.Alignment visualisation of the sequence at and surrounding the QRMC-3HS locus comparing a the cultivars Barke and Morex and b Barke to cultivar Golden Promise. The QRMC-3HS locus is shown in white, while purple dots represent sequencing matches longer than 1000 bp and ≥95% identity. The gap in the diagonal in (a) denotes a disruption of synteny between the two genotypes. Numbers on the axis denote the physical interval, in bp, analysed in the given genomes. Source data are provided as a Source data file.
PMC9203816
41467_2022_31022_Fig6_HTML.jpg
0.406232
7236ed429b5a43f2b56d2abfc0ee721e
The NLR gene associated with genotype-dependent transcriptional and genomic variations.a Boxplot showing the root RNA-seq NLR expression across the elite and the sibling lines in normalised counts per million. Individual dots depict individual biological replicates. Upper and lower edges of the box plots represent the upper and lower quartiles, respectively. The bold line within the box denotes the median. Whiskers denote values within 1.5 interquartile ranges. b Schematic representation of the NLR gene transcripts inferred from the RNA-seq data depicting predicted protein domains from InterProScan. The black arrow depicts the predicted amplicon site of the PCR marker. c PCR amplicons partially covering the intron between the LRR and the ankyrin domains in the indicated genotypes-Negative control (NC). A DNA ladder was loaded in the first and last well of each lane, arrowheads indicate the 200 bp fragment. The diagnostic screening was repeated twice with identical results. Source data are provided as a Source data file.
PMC9203816
41467_2022_31022_Fig7_HTML.jpg
0.434564
1ff18449dec1420288a6fbbc3c71f910
(A) Computed tomography angiography three-dimensional coronal view demonstrated complete occlusion (arrow) of the subclavian artery at the first section. (B) The right subclavian artery was completely occluded for 75 mm near the reduction plate with reconstitution of the axillary artery from collateral circulation.
PMC9204331
vsi-38-14-f1.jpg
0.432953
271b96472055408caec8978eb34215ce
The great saphenous vein obtained from the right inner thigh. The graft was an adequate length and was compressible without sclerosis.
PMC9204331
vsi-38-14-f2.jpg
0.441564
1802d2e9ee614488b18a7b6860f37b43
(A) Operative pictures of the proximal subclavian anastomosis via a supraclavicular approach. The arrow points to the reversed great saphenous vein (GSV) graft and the arrow heads show the anterior scalene muscle. (B) Three incisions were made; a supraclavicular incision for the proximal anastomosis (arrow), an infraclavicular incision to tunnel the graft (arrowhead), and an axillary incision for the distal anastomosis with the GSV graft in place (asterisk).
PMC9204331
vsi-38-14-f3.jpg
0.52344
7c7b57d317314968ba737f57c515e0c4
Follow-up computed tomography angiography at 3 months revealed a patent subclavian-brachial vein bypass with successful proximal and distal anastomoses (arrows) and the axillary artery (arrowhead).
PMC9204331
vsi-38-14-f4.jpg
0.584264
5e19d3f77210411a8a12324fc2cf937e
4F-PCC and AA patient identification. AA = andexanet alfa, 4F-PCC = four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale score
PMC9204964
13054_2022_4043_Fig1_HTML.jpg
0.486981
fa78e5f83915469aac12057deb05517a
Odds of hemostatic effectiveness after propensity score-overlap weighting for andexanet alfa versus 4F-PCC (referent). AA = andexanet alfa, CI = confidence interval, 4F-PCC = four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate, OR = odds ratio
PMC9204964
13054_2022_4043_Fig2_HTML.jpg
0.468046
3a18ef46e6194c019240ee9f225e03f6
Odds of all-cause 30-day mortality after propensity score-overlap weighting for andexanet alfa versus 4F-PCC (referent). AA = andexanet alfa, CI = confidence interval, 4F-PCC = four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate, OR = odds ratio
PMC9204964
13054_2022_4043_Fig3_HTML.jpg
0.410963
0ee6f67616144b0193d9922f34644c1b
Flowchart showing the number of patients who agreed to participate in the study at the first, third, and sixth-month follow-up after diagnosis
PMC9205653
11845_2022_3072_Fig1_HTML.jpg
0.429529
25271fe61ad245a2bfa82e8242886806
Sankey plot for patients with mild symptoms and respiratory symptoms (December 2020–May 2021 cohort). Cough and dyspnea/difficulty breathing were categorized as respiratory symptoms. Other symptoms were categorized as mild symptoms
PMC9205653
11845_2022_3072_Fig2_HTML.jpg
0.485198
b834a373d5ad43ac95b57b9629322ead
Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of species composition dissimilarity between filters. (A) Ordination of filter species composition dissimilarity in the outputs of OBITools. (B) Ordination of filter species composition dissimilarity in the outputs of the CNN applied to raw reads. Dissimilarity matrices were built with Bray–Curtis distances on read abundance per species per filter. (C) Maps of the filter locations, coloured according to the position of the filters in the PCoA space for OBITools outputs. (D) Maps of the filter locations, coloured according to the position of the filters in the PCoA space for the CNN applied to raw reads outputs. The maps were created with QGIS 3.6.1.
PMC9205931
41598_2022_13412_Fig1_HTML.jpg
0.43829
e71d4c3a2aeb49ff9de1e998cc07f9ca
Kendall Tau-b correlation coefficient between the outputs of the CNN and OBITools. The left side of the violin plots (blue) displays correlation values between OBITools and the CNN applied to raw reads. The right side of the violin plots (red) displays correlation values between OBITools and the CNN applied to clean reads. The x-axis represents the threshold of the minimum read number per species for the species to be considered present. Stars represent a significant difference between the two correlations. The analysis was made at three levels: PCR replicates (top), eDNA filters (middle), and rivers (bottom).
PMC9205931
41598_2022_13412_Fig2_HTML.jpg
0.47129
f935207cd767451d8997d28a89236a0a
Kappa correlation coefficient between the outputs of the CNN and OBITools. The left side of the violin plots (blue) displays correlation values between OBITools and the CNN applied to raw reads. The right side of the violin plots (red) displays correlation values between OBITools and the CNN applied to clean reads. The x-axis represents the threshold of the minimum read number per species for the species to be considered present. Stars represent a significant difference between the two correlations.
PMC9205931
41598_2022_13412_Fig3_HTML.jpg
0.435847
f4cf6428a56d4d469580d3c2a9ffb65d
Species detections with the CNN approach, with OBITools, and in historical records in the combined Maroni and Oyapock rivers. (A) Overlap of species detections between the CNN applied to raw reads (blue), OBITools (yellow) and historical records (grey). (B) Number of species per family, detected with only one method (CNN applied to raw reads, OBITools or historical records). (C) Overlap of species detections between the CNN applied to clean reads (red), OBITools (yellow) and historical records (grey). (D) Number of species per family that were detected with only one method (CNN applied to clean reads, OBITools or historical records).
PMC9205931
41598_2022_13412_Fig4_HTML.jpg
0.473771
b975dca1839e4579a6c89c24264216ac
CONSORT Flow Diagram in INCLASS trial. SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment
PMC9206755
13054_2022_4055_Fig1_HTML.jpg
0.462247
d8f7e7d993b64fad9b091ac5bc758bc0
Twenty-eight-day survival among trial participants (A) 28-day survival analysis by Kaplan–Meier curves among patients with sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, treated with clarithromycin or placebo. Hazard ratio is provided by Cox-regression analysis. (B) Risk of death within 28-days in pre-specified subgroups among patients treated with clarithromycin or placebo. P values for interactions between treatment arm and subgroup are provided by the Breslow–Day test. *Calculated using the Firth correction. ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; CI, confidence intervals; ICU, intensive care unit; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment
PMC9206755
13054_2022_4055_Fig2_HTML.jpg
0.432744
0162f771eda94b8180b73834ace6d4e3
Serum MMP-12 and MRGPRX2 levels in the AR and HC groups. Serum MMP-12 (a) and MRGPRX2 (b) expression levels were significantly higher in the AR group than the HC group. MMP-12: matrix metalloproteinase-12; MRGPRX2: mas-related G protein-coupled receptor-X2; AR: allergic rhinitis; HC: health control. ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001.
PMC9207019
MI2022-3378035.001.jpg
0.378217
9cccbb494f3242b98156b42760a6ebd7
Associations between serum MMP-12 and MRGPRX2 levels and disease severity. Serum MMP-12 levels were positively correlated with VAS (a) and TNSS (b) scores, and MRGPRX2 levels were associated with VAS(c), but not with TNSS (d). MMP-12: matrix metalloproteinase-12; MRGPRX2: mas-related G protein-coupled receptor-X2; VAS: visual analogue scales; TNSS: total nasal symptoms score.
PMC9207019
MI2022-3378035.002.jpg
0.412275
85adab4376da4665a8c935bed3595da5
Serum MMP-12 and MRGPRX2 levels in two groups 1 year post-SLIT. (a) Serum MMP-12 levels were significantly lower in the effective group than the ineffective group, and concentrations were reduced after 1 year post-SLIT (b). (c) Serum MRGPRX2 level was significantly reduced in the effective group than the ineffective group, but the concentrations were not significantly reduced 1 year post-SLIT (d). MMP-12: matrix metalloproteinase-12; MRGPRX2: mas-related G protein-coupled receptor-X2; SLIT: sublingual immunotherapy, ∗P < 0.05; NS: no significance.
PMC9207019
MI2022-3378035.003.jpg
0.433877
d63e7fd3792d41b5ac3abaa3f3333206
ROC curve analysis of MMP-12 and MRGPRX2 as promising biomarkers for predicting the efficacy 1 year post-SLIT in AR patients. ROC: receiver operating characteristic; MMP-12: matrix metalloproteinase-12; MRGPRX2: mas-related G protein-coupled receptor-X2; SLIT: sublingual immunotherapy; AR: allergic rhinitis.
PMC9207019
MI2022-3378035.004.jpg
0.383799
94f2d01140fe463c8b6e17ca20ffba20
Serum MMP-12 and MRGPRX2 levels in the effective and ineffective groups 3 years post-SLIT. (a–c) Serum MMP-12 levels were significantly lower in the effective group compared to the ineffective group, and concentrations were significantly decreased after 3 years of SLIT than pre-SLIT and post-SLIT 1 year. (d–f) Serum MRGPRX2 levels were lower in the effective group than the ineffective group, and the concentrations were also decreased 3 years post-SLIT, but no statistical difference was observed between 3 years and 1 year post-SLIT. MMP-12: matrix metalloproteinase-12; MRGPRX2: mas-related G protein-coupled receptor-X2; SLIT: sublingual immunotherapy, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001, NS: no significance.
PMC9207019
MI2022-3378035.005.jpg
0.43043
47c51a7937894f45a0b285ec291633f4
ROC curve analysis of MMP-12 and MRGPRX2 as promising biomarkers for predicting the efficacy 3 years post-SLIT in AR patients. ROC: receiver operating characteristic; MMP-12: matrix metalloproteinase-12; MRGPRX2: mas-related G protein-coupled receptor-X2; SLIT: sublingual immunotherapy; AR: allergic rhinitis.
PMC9207019
MI2022-3378035.006.jpg
0.410964
3f7da577789a42399f9b78fb32aff486
Schematic of the experimental approach. The study was composed of three arms aimed to investigate the effects of cladribine in monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and microglia. The first in vitro (A) approach comprised the isolation of monocytes from healthy donors’ PBMCs by MACS, and M-CSF and/or GM-CSF-induced MDM differentiation. MDMs in differentiation were treated with cladribine for 6 days (total culture period of 7 days). Their viability was analyzed with the annexin V/PI assay by flow cytometry and their activation profile was analyzed by flow cytometry and RT-qPCR. The ex vivo (B) approach comprised monocytes isolated via magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) from PBMCs of MS patients undergoing cladribine treatment. These monocytes were analyzed via flow cytometry and used to generate M-CSF-induced MDMs in vitro, whose activation profile was further analyzed by flow cytometry and RT-qPCR. The second in vitro (C) approach comprised the isolation of microglia from adult surgical brain samples from patients with temporal lobe epilepsy by immunopanning. Microglia were then treated with cladribine for 6 days. Their viability was assessed by fluorescence microscopy with calcein AM and ethidium homodimer-1 staining, and their activation profile was analyzed by flow cytometry and RT-qPCR. Blue: origin of cells. Orange: isolation technique. Red: in vitro culturing and treatment. Yellow: analysis. MS, multiple sclerosis; MACS, magnetic-activated cells sorting; M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; RT-qPCR, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; PI, propidium iodide.
PMC9207174
fimmu-13-678817-g001.jpg
0.410591
379b11fb0c1e44e18d9cf0cccf9e959e
Effects of oral cladribine treatment on circulating PBMCs from MS patients and monocyte ex vivo differentiation. Monocytes isolated from MS patients’ PBMCs before (white) and 19-21 days after (blue) the beginning of cladribine treatment were differentiated to MDMs for 7 days with M-CSF. (A) The density of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in blood collected from MS patients before (BL; baseline) and 19-21 days after (FU; follow up) the beginning of cladribine treatment. (B) The density of MACS-isolated monocytes from freshly isolated PBMCs of MS patients before (BL; baseline) and 19-21 days after (FU; follow up) the beginning of cladribine treatment. (C) Monocyte subsets from cladribine-treated MS patients before (white) and 19-21 days after (blue) the beginning of cladribine treatment were determined by CD14 and CD16 surface expression, as analyzed by flow cytometry. (D) MDMs of cladribine-treated MS patients were differentiated for 7 days with M-CSF and the expression of pro-inflammatory (CD80) and anti-inflammatory (CD163 and MERTK) activation markers were analyzed by flow cytometry. (E–I) Gene expression of activation markers in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) from cladribine-treated MS patients. RT-qPCR gene expression analysis of pro-inflammatory (E–G) and anti-inflammatory (H, I) activation markers. Positive cells were determined according to (C) isotype controls and (D) FMO controls. (A–D) Data depicted as mean (with SD) and lines indicate before-after cladribine treatment, (A, C) n=9, (B–I) n=10. The yellow crossed diamond shows the statistically significant outlier (ESD, extreme studentized deviate method), which was excluded from the analysis. (A–D) Statistical significance was calculated with paired t-test. (E–I) Data depicted as median (with quartiles, dot indicates mean), lines indicate before-after cladribine treatment, n=9 (patient #9 was not included due to technical problems). (E) n=8, the outlier value #7 follow up (ESD method) was not included in the analysis. (E–I) p-values between baseline and follow up were determined by paired t-test and the adjusted p-value (padj) was calculated using the posthoc Holm-Sidak correction for multiple testing.
PMC9207174
fimmu-13-678817-g002.jpg
0.410257
f8a38d60bb8c4d349f195d98fbe13d75
Morphology and viability of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) treated with cladribine in vitro. Monocytes isolated from healthy donors were differentiated to MDMs with M-CSF and/or GM-CSF in the presence of cladribine. (A) Light microscopy images (phase contrast) of MDMs differentiated with M-CSF and/or GM-CSF with DMSO (vehicle), 0.01µM, 0.05µM or 0.25µM cladribine. Scale bar: 50 μm. (B) MDMs viability at day 6 of cladribine treatment in vitro was determined by Annexin V/PI staining and analyzed by flow cytometry. Necrotic cells are PI-positive, while apoptotic cells are Annexin V-positive only and live cells (C) are negative for both Annexin V and PI. Data depicted as mean (with SD) and symbols in (C) (triangle and circle) indicate matched experiments from the same healthy donor’s sample. n=2, (B) ns: p > 0.05, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, compared to vehicle (DMSO, 0 μM) from the same differentiation condition (CSF group). (C) p-values lower than 0.05 between M-CSF and other two differentiation conditions are shown. P-values were determined by ordinary two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s posthoc test.
PMC9207174
fimmu-13-678817-g003.jpg
0.470058
b767b69af8864043b529b754bba24162
Expression of activation markers in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) treated with cladribine in vitro. Monocytes isolated from healthy donors were differentiated to MDMs with M-CSF and/or GM-CSF in the presence of cladribine. (A–C) Percentage of MDMs expressing pro-inflammatory (CD80) and anti-inflammatory (CD163 and MERTK) activation markers at day 6 of cladribine treatment in vitro as analyzed by flow cytometry. Positive cells were determined according to their fluorescent minus one (FMO) control. (D) Levels of CD80 surface protein expression on MDMs treated with cladribine during differentiation in vitro, as analyzed by flow cytometry. (E–I) RT-qPCR gene expression analysis of (E–G) pro-inflammatory and (H, I) anti-inflammatory activation markers at day 6 post cladribine treatment in vitro. (A–C) Positive cells were determined according to FMO controls. (A–D) Data depicted as mean (with SD) and symbols indicate matched experiments from the same healthy donor’s sample, n=2. p-values between cladribine 0.05 μM and vehicle (DMSO) were determined by ordinary two-way ANOVA with Sidak’s posthoc test. (E–I) Data depicted as mean (with max-min) and symbols indicate matched experiments from the same healthy donor’s sample, n=3. p-values between cladribine 0.05 μM and vehicle (DMSO) were determined by ordinary two-way ANOVA with Sidak’s posthoc test.
PMC9207174
fimmu-13-678817-g004.jpg
0.417597
4799c567c2d24657a4e6a61cbb29d7a5
Cell viability and gene expression of activation markers in primary human microglia treated with cladribine. Microglia isolated from temporal lobe surgical resections were treated with cladribine in vitro for 6 days. (A) Fluorescence microscopy images of human adult microglia stained with calcein-AM (green, live cells) and ethidium homodimer-1 (EthD-1) (red, dead cells) at day 6 post cladribine treatment in vitro. (B, C) Cell viability of cladribine-treated microglia as assessed by fluorescence microscopy from panel (A), cells positive for calcein-AM are counted as live and positive for EthD-1 are counted as dead. (B, C) Data depicted as value, n=1. (D–H) RT-qPCR gene expression analysis of (D–F) pro-inflammatory and (G, H) anti-inflammatory activation markers in microglia at 6 days post cladribine treatment. (D–H) Data depicted as mean (+ min/max) and symbols indicate matched experiments from the same brain donor. The fold change expression was calculated for the respective control of each donor. n=3 (except for 0.01 μM for genes IL10, CD40 and MERTK, which n=2). Statistical analysis: one-way ANOVA.
PMC9207174
fimmu-13-678817-g005.jpg
0.413692
8e7b0dcb907b445e8d12cb6b7cadc54f
The workflow of the development and evaluation process for iPVP-DRLF.
PMC9207291
gr1.jpg
0.484166
6703b81123694bfe99ccc4d9fc52f180
UMAP distribution of PVPs and non-PVPs using the 63-dimensional vector F63 and four compared individual descriptors. The orange dots represent PVPs and the blue dots represent non-PVPs. (A-E) are the distributions of DDE, DPC, BiLSTM, UniRep and F63, respectively. F presents the ROC curves for iPVP-DRLF on the training and independent test datasets. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
PMC9207291
gr2.jpg
0.464524
455fef47b5ca49289831c1527a006836
Performance comparison of different PVPs prediction software. A presents the comparison of iPVP-DRLF with the SOTA predictor VacPred-PSSM on training, test and blind datasets. B shows the benchmark results of iPVP-DRLF and different published software using blind dataset.
PMC9207291
gr3.jpg
0.463041
fa79b08a9f9840139b090dfd87729ec9
An example of flexible neural tree.
PMC9207514
fmicb-13-912145-g001.jpg
0.439719
128265ffe8b349d1b04adc765de76259
A flexible neuron operator.
PMC9207514
fmicb-13-912145-g002.jpg
0.417199
035909e695554e84be083b1485f05182
The flowchart of screening disease-related compounds algorithm.
PMC9207514
fmicb-13-912145-g003.jpg
0.421117
1aed824438a14f5198e4df4b44419021
AUC performances of 11 methods with hypertension dataset.
PMC9207514
fmicb-13-912145-g004.jpg
0.403763
54d9016892cb4e159c94bf3c1a3e5bd6
AUC performances of 11 methods with diabetes dataset.
PMC9207514
fmicb-13-912145-g005.jpg
0.463424
3dd7a4c28b4b49fb98a21aca643100c3
AUC performances of 11 methods with COVID-19 dataset.
PMC9207514
fmicb-13-912145-g006.jpg
0.422896
483df92a225947308361c88af7f551d3
Performances of our method with COVID-19 dataset and the different ratios of positive and negative samples.
PMC9207514
fmicb-13-912145-g007.jpg
0.423941
a5aa38ad269643e797a8608880fba148
Examples of cage transformations triggered by ligand exchange. (a) A network of interconverting PdII2L4 cages driven by the binding hierarchy of the ligands to the PdII centres.58 (b) Formation of cage 12 from the double-layered ‘pregnant molecular nanoball’ cage 10.60 Adapted from ref. 60 with permission from American Chemical Society, copyright 2021. (c) Transformation between Mukherjee's cages 13–15, attributed to enthalpic factors.61 (d) Chiral memory observed upon exchange of the stereochemically fixed ancillary ligand 21 with the more labile 22 to transform cage 19 to 20.62
PMC9207707
d0cs00801j-f1.jpg
0.467418
f62291ddddcd4a37a915382593b322fb
Anion driven conversion between ring 116 and cage 117. Nitrate anions act as templates, driving the formation of the smaller PdII21184 cage.111
PMC9207707
d0cs00801j-f10.jpg
0.450437
e69e9a6926a14869ab38cc09dbe6fda8
Examples of anion-driven transformations producing interlocked cages. (a) Anion templation allows a mixture of assemblies to be driven towards a single interlocked PdII8L16 cage 121. Alkyl chains in the X-ray structure of 121 are omitted for clarity.117 (b) The double-cage 123 was transformed into a highly interpenetrated architecture by stoichiometric addition of chloride, affording new species 124 with five consecutive cavities. Alkyl chains in the X-ray structure of 124 are omitted for clarity.118 (c) Interpenetrated metal–organic cage 127 is formed via subcomponent self-assembly and templation by ClO4− or BF4− anions. The use of labile ZnII plays a crucial role in allowing dynamic reconfiguration of the components. Only the centrally bound BF4− anion is shown in the structure of 127.119
PMC9207707
d0cs00801j-f11.jpg
0.471692
06e78026780740f28c6ca8bba61712f1
Cage-to-cage transformation through crystallisation in the presence of 2,7-naphthalene disulfonate anions. Anions do not play a templating role but act instead as bridges between the PdII centres in the crystal lattice.88
PMC9207707
d0cs00801j-f12.jpg
0.409851
d729927a77e3417783ec51fe8812614a
Examples of anion-driven cage-to-cage transformations. (a) Anion-induced formation of supramolecular helicate hexamer 134. At very high concentrations, helicate 133 aggregates into superstructure 134 where anions play the role of templates, holding the six building blocks together via hydrogen-bonding interactions.121 (b) Transformation network of cages, where all transformations are driven by anion metathesis. The induced-fit phenomenon drives reconfiguration of the assemblies towards the most stable host–guest complex 137.123 (c) A library of cages obtained by subcomponent self-assembly collapsed to produce uniquely species 142 following introduction of BF4−.124
PMC9207707
d0cs00801j-f13.jpg
0.436727
f30a59c125fd4a3892ea855631106ba4
(a) Mixing tetrahedron 146 and cube 148 gives rise to the formation of triangular prism 149, templated by the anionic guest cobalticarborate (CoC4B18H22−).92 (b) Self-assembly of a library of up to four diastereomeric trigonal prismatic cages 154 and guest induced reconfiguration to form a single diastereomer upon addition of the pesticide Mirex. The crystal structure of cage 154 (crystallised in the absence of a guest) where all the pyrene ligands adopt the L orientation is depicted.125
PMC9207707
d0cs00801j-f14.jpg
0.446708
ac7f5942b0584f418c39cb78df5cb5c6
Examples of fullerene induced cage-to-cage transformations. (a) Mixing cages 156 and 158 results in the formation of a library of PdII2L4 assemblies, which is driven towards unique host–guest architecture 159 by the introduction of C60.126 (b) Double cage 161 loses a PdII centre upon encapsulation of two fullerenes in order to optimise binding in 162.128 (c) Both cages 163 and 164 were transformed into 165 upon C60 encapsulation, to maximise interactions between the guest molecules and the walls of the cage.129
PMC9207707
d0cs00801j-f15.jpg
0.439257
e624c577a7d940cab47a2abb1d554b37
Examples of cage-to-cage tranformations induced by neutral guests in aqueous solution. (a) Binding of neutral guests induced an expansion of capsule 167 in order to maximise host–guest interactions, thus transforming 167 into 168.128 (b) In similar fashion, the binding of three molecules of methyl(4-nitrophenyl)sulfane triggered the transformation of cage 170 into bowl-shaped 171. This process reverses when the guest molecules were extracted from the cavity.130 (c) The tetramerization of the trialkoxysilane guest within the cavity of 173 induced the transformation of this host into new species 174.131 (d) Cage 176 transformed into double cage 177 when the guest underwent a self-coupling dimerization after encapsulation.132
PMC9207707
d0cs00801j-f16.jpg
0.447022
3dd7f87258a1400191559de4f289bc01
Anion-driven reconfiguration of a new class of metal–organic assemblies: polyhedral links. Component flexibility, as well as secondary π-coordination between the alkyne linkers of the ligand and the metals, allow the formation of highly entangled architectures. Strong templation effects were shown to drive the transformation between the different architectures.133,134
PMC9207707
d0cs00801j-f17.jpg
0.481625
1b6f94177b324ce481716399421a9188
Concentration driven transformations. (a) Three architectures based on crown-ether ligand 188 and ZnII interconvert depending on concentration.137 (b) In a similar manner, the reaction of triptycene ligand 192 and CdII produces three transformable species.136
PMC9207707
d0cs00801j-f18.jpg
0.469859
920f72e613c74142bc6c200455471129
Ward and co-workers also demonstrated that concentration and hydrophobic effects drive cage transformations among a series of CoII2n1963n architectures.138
PMC9207707
d0cs00801j-f19.jpg
0.493612
faeec277cb4c486ca92641239c98d04f
(a) Heteroleptic cage 25 assembled via dimerization of two equivalents of cage 23 upon addition of ligand 24.64 (b) Transformation of cage 26 to homoleptic 27 and heteroleptic 28via ligand displacement involving a more electron-rich ligand.65
PMC9207707
d0cs00801j-f2.jpg
0.447691
83cb9245882443e3912b7c69d2ac3f66
Concentration dependent formation of a ZnII81986 cube-like assembly 199 and unprecedented ZnII1619812 structure 200 with fac ZnII centres are shown in orange and mer ZnII in yellow. Structure 199 converts into 200 after heating.139
PMC9207707
d0cs00801j-f20.jpg
0.47368
0d72b62a36db4d39acbcf674ea2abb89
Examples of solvent-induced transformations. (a) Reversible cage-to-macrocycle transformation induced by a switch between CHCl3 and CH2Cl2.143 (b) Cage 204 and sandwich-like architecture 205 interconvert by switching the solvent from MeCN to NO2Me.144 (c) Interconversion between ‘peanut’ cage 207 and butterfly complex 208, driven by changing between DMSO and a mixture of MeCN/H2O.145
PMC9207707
d0cs00801j-f21.jpg
0.408544
4f4e2d090fd842359bc4b6e5d76c4371
Examples of solvent-influenced transformations during crystallisation. (a) Kinetically trapped prism 212 is obtained through crystallisation of a solution of 211 or by modification of the reaction conditions. Dissolution of this assembly in water led to the recovery of tetrahedral cage 211.146 (b) In a similar manner, giant assembly 215 was obtained from a solution of 214 after crystallization. However, after a long period in solution, crystals of 215 were observed to transform back into trigonal prism 214. (c) Crystallization allowed the selection of specific isomers from a library of cages depending on the conditions used, and introduction of pyridine induced transformation of the cages into macrocycle 220.148
PMC9207707
d0cs00801j-f22.jpg
0.497205
aa92b0f775994e9d9e9696654de89234
Acid-driven transformation between assemblies based on basicity and donor strength of the ligands of the system.153
PMC9207707
d0cs00801j-f23.jpg
0.444697
2bf5e76073cc4d9a88e2cf94978dc5cf
Interconversion between tetrahedron 232 and bowl-shaped 233 triggered by five distinct stimuli.155
PMC9207707
d0cs00801j-f24.jpg
0.441382
0dd78129b8a4461fba625f72ed142e48
Stepwise self-assembly and structural transformations between heterobimetallic cages 236–239.156,157
PMC9207707
d0cs00801j-f25.jpg
0.437355
1ca613bd4ff540b0b61ba96c9cbab827
Anion- and metal-ion directed structure interconversion pathways in a network.158 Adapted from ref. 158 with permission from American Chemical Society, copyright 2021.
PMC9207707
d0cs00801j-f26.jpg
0.411833
5b68a7eb73b647808d92ee35def4dafe
Transformations between pseudo-icosahedron 252, helicate 251, and tetrahedron 253.159
PMC9207707
d0cs00801j-f27.jpg
0.405654
8ee560aa005b42f59706e149d84c5d5a
Transformation pathways employing combinations of (R)-254, (S)-254, 2-formylpyridine 55, 2-formylphenanthroline 68, and ZnII. All reactions occurred in MeCN unless otherwise indicated. LS and LR denote ligands derived from (S)-254 and (R)-254 respectively. Adapted with permission.161 Adapted from ref. 161 with permission from American Chemical Society, copyright 2021.
PMC9207707
d0cs00801j-f28.jpg
0.474026
df989856d40a4a98998ca71a602b2061
Self-assembly and multi-stimulus-responsive transformations between Pd122626 cage 259 and the topologically isomeric Pd62623 cages 260 and 261.162 The crystal structure of 259 is shown. Adapted with permission. Adapted from ref. 162 with permission from American Chemical Society, copyright 2021.
PMC9207707
d0cs00801j-f29.jpg
0.50119
2ccbf3e5c271458183eb579f2019615c
Network of interconverting structures 32–39, with transformations driven by electronic effects and relief of steric hindrance.78
PMC9207707
d0cs00801j-f3.jpg
0.483311
f181cfc1e20c45e490882736d2d775a6
(a) Self-assembly and reversible multi-stimuli responsive transformations between monomeric cage 263 and [2]catenane 264. (b) Crystal structure of cyclic bis[2]catenane cage 268.163
PMC9207707
d0cs00801j-f30.jpg
0.427026
40bbe4b620c4444682d06fe63debfb83
Transformation pathways in a network starting from tetrazine-edged FeII4L6 tetrahedal cage 269, showing the major products expressed by the system following the addition of different combinations of three stimuli.164 The crystal structures of 269 and (PF6−)9⊂274 are shown.
PMC9207707
d0cs00801j-f31.jpg
0.431609
36b4fe4fcbcb4b32bd8c29f6a9c9648b
Examples of cage transformation triggered by subcomponent exchange. (a) Exchange of bulky 4-methoxybenzylamine by methylamine leads to the transformation of cage 46 into cage 47.79 (b) An enantiopure ΔΔΔΔ cage 51 is formed by exchange of a chiral amine by achiral tren through a stereochemically retentive pathway.63 (c) Aldehyde exchange transforms high-spin 53 into low-spin 54, with spin-state switching a result of the release of steric crowding around the iron(ii) metal centres.75
PMC9207707
d0cs00801j-f4.jpg
0.461702
b8bee8f1b21a405089285cfe812d6398
Examples of metal-ion induced cage-to-cage transformations. (a) Addition of a PdII salt to cage 58 promoted coordination of its free pyridyl arms to the PdII centres, thus forming stellated cuboctahedron 59 with enclosed faces.80 (b) Addition of RhIII transforms macrocycle 60 into cage 61.81 (c) Transmetallation allows the formation of a series of LnIII8L6 (LnIII = PrIII, NdIII or EuIII) cubes, 63 and YbIII8L6 cube 64, which could not be formed via direct metal–ligand assembly.82 (d) Two CoII5L2 cages 67 were formed from CuI10L4 cage 66via displacement of the CuI ions and 2-formyl-6-methylpyridine by CoII ions and 2-formylphenanthroline.84 (e) The replacement of tripalladium (Tr2PdII3) by triplatinum (Tr2PtII3) clusters drove the conversion of 69 to the intermediate (Tr2PdII3)(Tr2PtII3)L370 and final triple helicate (Tr2PtII3)2L3 cage 71.85
PMC9207707
d0cs00801j-f5.jpg
0.488024
a12daf13f9cf4b67a59574a0bae1f533
Heteroleptic cages 76, 79 and 80 formed via cage fusion of the corresponding homoleptic cages and subsequent integrative self-sorting of ligands. Thermodynamically stable heteroleptic 76 is favoured when cages 79 and 80 are mixed in the presence of catalytic Cl−, due to complementarity between the ligand binding angles.88 Adapted from ref. 88 with permission from John Wiley and Sons, copyright 2021.
PMC9207707
d0cs00801j-f6.jpg
0.528192
28adb5ae572f43f3b8764c9b1627bc85
Examples of cage-to-cage transformations occurring via cage fusion reported by the Clever group. (a) Reaction of homoleptic dinuclear PdII2852 cage 81 with a mixture of PdII3866 and PdII4868 cages 82 and 83 led to the formation of heteroleptic pseudo-tetrahedron 84.11 (b) The selective formation of heteroleptic PdII2912922 cage 90 is dictated by the steric hindrance of the ortho and para methyl substituents on the pyridyl rings of ligands 92 and 91, positioned inside and outside with respect to the cage cavity.89 (c) Unprecedented heteroleptic PdII4964974 cage 95 formed from mixing PdII69612 cage 93 with PdII3976 triangular ring 94.90
PMC9207707
d0cs00801j-f7.jpg
0.428198
419a6364971f4c6892bf08cd39be3d52
Examples of cage-to-cage transformations occurring via cage fusion. (a) Our triple-decker cage 102 formed through fusion of two ZnII4L6 tetrahedral cages 99 and 101.92 (b) Yan's heteroleptic cage 107 formed through the fusion of trigonal prism 104 and macrocycle 106.93
PMC9207707
d0cs00801j-f8.jpg
0.426843
08e7ea6cffb642d3bcf13548bdbfe711
Chand's multi-cavity cages PdII410821094, 112 and PdII510941102, 115, formed through fusion of cage 113 with either cage 111 or 114, respectively.94
PMC9207707
d0cs00801j-f9.jpg
0.434183
cba0208d872048b69d144ceef7dfc0a5
CLP sepsis induces early acute kidney injury. (A) Scr had significant increases in CLP24hAKI (n = 4) and CLP48hAKI (n = 3) mice compared with CLPnoAKI(n = 3) mice (CLP24hAKI vs. SO, 0.19 ± 0.05 vs. 0.12 ± 0.06, p = 0.011; CLP48hAKI vs. SO, 0.21 ± 0.05 vs. 0.12 ± 0.06, p = 0.003). (B) Serum BUN had significant increases in CLPnoAKI compared with SO (n = 3) and CLP48hAKI mice(CLPnoAKI vs. SO, 29.1 ± 9.3 vs. 18.9 ± 1.2, p = 0.039; CLPnoAKI vs. CLP48hAKI,29.1 ± 9.3 vs. 16.2 ± 7.8, p = 0.013); there are no differences among NC (n = 3), SO, CLP24hAKI and CLP48hAKImice. NC, Normal control C57 mice; SO, Sham Operation; CLPnoAKI, CLP without AKI; CLP24hAKI, AKI after CLP 24 h; CLP48hAKIAKI after CLP 48 h. *, p<0.05; **, p<0.01; NS, p > 0.05.
PMC9207930
fmed-09-890782-g0001.jpg
0.459823
097642d86ee44fc291c42711cce967e7
Representative HE staining images (original magnification, ×100) of the cortex and the outer stripe of the outer medulla (OSOM) in each group were shown. There was no significant difference in tubular change scores between each group. SO, Sham Operation; CLPnoAKI, CLP without AKI; CLP24hAKI, AKI after CLP 24 h; CLP48hAKI, AKI after CLP 48 h.
PMC9207930
fmed-09-890782-g0002.jpg
0.46847
12f45400b076454b9eb2ac31c739bd4b
Representative images (original magnification, ×200) of brush border loss in CLP AKI mice. (A) CLP48hAKI mice without BBL. (B) Focal BBL in renal cortical fields of CLP24hAKI mice. (C) Local BBL in renal cortical fields of CLP28hAKI mice. (D) Correlations between AKI and acute tubular lesions in patients. AKI correlated with BBL score significantly (R = 0.752, p < 0.001). The completely loss of brush border (arrows). CLP24hAKI, AKI after CLP 24 h; CLP48hAKI, AKI after CLP 48h.AKI, acute kidney injury; Cast, tubular cast formation; Dila, tubular dilation; Vacu, tubular vacuolation; BBL, brush border loss.
PMC9207930
fmed-09-890782-g0003.jpg
0.402543
99c66bf510a445f0b6cadbf8de1e8f9b
Increased expressions of pSTAT3 and ACE2 were associated with SIAKI. (A) Western blot analyses of STAT3, pSTAT3, Caspase 3, cleaved-caspase 3, Bcl-2 and b-actin levels in renal cortex tissues of SO and CLP mice. (B) Relative pSTAT3 levels in each group. (C) Western blot analyses of ACE2 and AGT1R expression. (D) Relative AGT1R levels in each group. (E) Relative ACE2 levels in each group; (F) Correlations of proteins expression in CLP mice. pSTAT3 level positively correlated with ACE2 expression (R = 0.874, p < 0.001). Significant relations between 2 factors are highlighted. STAT3,signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; pSTAT3, phosphorylated STAT3; Casp3, caspase3; Clecasp3, cleaved-caspase3;Bcl-2,B-cell lymphoma-2; AGT1R, Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor; ACE2, angiotensin converting enzyme 2. *, p<0.05; **, p<0.01; ***, p<0.001.
PMC9207930
fmed-09-890782-g0004.jpg
0.405745
57aa42d5906b4335bd26b43484a78ae0
Increased expressions of pSTAT3 and ACE2 were associated with BBL SIAKI. (A) Western blot analyses of STAT3, pSTAT3, caspase 3, cleaved-caspase 3 and Bcl-2 levels in renal cortex tissues of CLP AKI mice. (B) Western blot analyses of ACE2 and AGT1R levels in renal cortex tissues of CLP AKI mice. (C) The differences of pSTAT3, Cleaved-caspase 3, Bcl2, AGT1R and ACE2 expressions between No BBL and BBL mice. (D) The difference of AGT1R mRNA expression determined by RT-PCT between No BBL and BBL mice. (E) The difference of ACE2 mRNA expression determined by RT-PCT between No BBL and BBL mice. *, p<0.05; **, p<0.01; ***, p<0.001.
PMC9207930
fmed-09-890782-g0005.jpg
0.500385
84f21d571a7942609f38e51611040435
S3I201 intervention experiment in CLP mice. (A) Scr had significant increases in CLP with vehicle (n = 7) and S3I201 (n = 5) AKI mice compared with CLP with vehicle (n = 7) and S3I201 (n = 5) noAKI mice. (B) Western blot analyses of ACE2, STAT3 and pSTAT3 levels in renal cortex tissues of CLP with vehicle and S3I201 AKI mice. (C) Relative pSTAT3 levels in CLP with vehicle and S3I201 AKI mice. (D) Relative ACE2 levels in CLP with vehicle and S3I201 AKI mice. (E) ACE2 mRNA expression in CLP with vehicle and S3I201 AKI mice determined by RT-PCT. (F) Acute tubular injury scores in CLP with vehicle and S3I201 AKI mice. ATI, acute tubular injury. *, p<0.05; **, p<0.01.
PMC9207930
fmed-09-890782-g0006.jpg
0.400404
d07fc7fffb3944479899c0987e8378d8
Median length of stay (A) and median total bill (B) by primary diagnosis and inpatient care team.
PMC9208654
fmed-09-908100-g001.jpg
0.386928
c41b3086a85946b5a8207ca387b2baf6
Median medications bill (A), median laboratory bill (B) and median radiology bill (C) by primary diagnosis and inpatient care team.
PMC9208654
fmed-09-908100-g002.jpg
0.459083
ca18bda2cb084130b196ebe3e8eafbe5
Median length of stay and total bill by frailty group and inpatient care team.
PMC9208654
fmed-09-908100-g003.jpg
0.441028
cd885c173dd64d1da9a50fadb7cef6b1
Mediating effect of perceived dangerousness on the relationship between personality and desire for social distance. Indices in bold represent agreeableness; those in italics represent openness. *p < 0.001, #p = 0.012.
PMC9209478
41598_2022_14017_Fig1_HTML.jpg
0.346108
019df0064b1e496ba2ecb44da66fa399
(a) Morphology of the two Halenia elliptica varieties in the sympatric population. (b) Principle component analysis (PCA) of 21 traits of the two varieties of H. elliptica. PC 1 explains 54.19% of the total variance, with major contributions from initial flowering date of plant, flower openness, petal height, petal width at the base, spur length, width at the base of spur, distance from the top to the base of spur, pistil height, stamen height, pollen number, ovule number, pollen/ovule ratio and seed number. PC 2 explains 16.65% of the total variance, with major contributions from plant height, total flower number, number of lateral branches, length and width of the third leaf on the main branch from the bottom.
PMC9209875
gr1.jpg
0.45785
4fc642cd12c14962b6e96e0123a7ecc3
Flowering phenology of the two Halenia elliptica varieties (a) and duration of pollen shedding and stigma receptivity of H. elliptica var. elliptica (b) and H. elliptica var. grandiflora (c) after flower opened.
PMC9209875
gr2.jpg
0.48883
c1f9bc5f0c5c468cb7df54c2ef20d735
Seed number per fruit of flowers subjected to different treatments. Comparisons were performed using a generalized linear model. Values labelled with different letters (uppercase letters and lowercase letters were for different varieties) indicate that the difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
PMC9209875
gr3.jpg
0.414046
52486b5d541a45b0870316015384aec3
Pollinator component (a), pollinator visitation rate (b) and pollinator fidelity (c) of the two varieties of Halenia elliptica. Different colored bars indicate bees, moths, butterflies, and flies. Moths were not observed visiting H. elliptica var. elliptica (a). Visitation rate of bees to H. elliptica var. elliptica was significantly higher than that to H. elliptica var. grandiflora, as indicated by an asterisk (b). Bees that started visitations on H. elliptica var. elliptica showed no preference for either H. elliptica variety, i.e., not significantly different than 0 (ns) but significantly higher than −0.5 (#). Bees that started visitations on H. elliptica var. grandiflora showed a high but not strong preference for H. elliptica var. grandiflora, i.e., significantly higher than 0 (∗) but less than 0.5 (#) (c).
PMC9209875
gr4.jpg
0.41788
ad5c8097a875479a92207f28e7637880
Traditional tools used in Somali flatbread preparation. a A mortar and pestle used to crush whole grains. b A traditional masaf to winnow grains, traditionally woven from local plants. c A mixdiin and a caali, made from locally procured stones and used to crush grains and cereals or work fine doughs. Photos (a, c) courtesy of the Hargeysa Cultural Centre in Somaliland, photo credit Jean Omboke. Photo (b) courtesy of the Somali Museum of Minnesota, USA
PMC9210053
42779_2022_138_Fig10_HTML.jpg
0.442341
d7946038cd074de7a3fd5573fad95c27
Map of research locations and laxoox/canjeero production styles. a The research locations included: (1) eight urban and peri-urban locations (in Somalia, Puntland, and Somaliland, the latter being a de facto independent country as-yet unrecognized by the international community); (2) one urban location in an ethnically Somali zone of Ethiopia, known as the Somali State. In detail, research locations were: Baidoa, Warsheikh, Mogadishu, and Marka (Somalia), Garowe (Puntland), Hargeisa, Berbera, and Beer (Somaliland), and Jigjiga (Ethiopia's Somali State). b Geographic areas indicated by “new heritage” and “innovative” production styles. New heritage production was found in Somaliland, in Ethiopia’s Somali State, and in rural areas of southern Somalia. Innovative production was found namely in urban southern and eastern Somalia
PMC9210053
42779_2022_138_Fig1_HTML.jpg
0.401688
5d31fca070744a938781715327b9803d
Production flowchart of laxoox/canjeero illustrating the operative conditions of each processing step: batter preparation, leavening, shaping, and baking, as well as cajiin production and dhanaanis recovery. Laxoox/canjeero fits the category of pancake-like flatbreads, i.e., those obtained by baking a batter comprised typically, though not exclusively, of legumes or from cereals other than wheat, usually due to a scarcity of wheat in production areas. Cajiin is a pre-gelatinized dough, while dhanaanis is a fermentation starter
PMC9210053
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c0b14fcafed24f65890b7e1a6d4e424d
Type of flour used in the production of laxoox/canjeero. a The majority of respondents included wheat flour in the batter, followed by those who included sorghum, maize, barley, teff, and pulses such as cowpea and adzuki beans. Thirty percent of respondents used only wheat flour to prepare the batter; of this group, all were located in southern Somalia. In Somaliland and Ethiopia, by contrast, all respondents reported using at least two grains, cereals, or grasses in their flatbread mixtures. b A grain market in downtown Hargeisa, where female vendors sell individual grains, cereals, beans, and legumes, as well as unique mixtures tailored to common dishes. c A sample flatbread grain and cereal mixture that a household cook would purchase and then carry to a nearby small-scale commercial mill to create a unique laxoox/canjeero flour blend
PMC9210053
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