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wmt23_enjp_train_enpt_ex2

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Please translate the following into Japanese
People reacted in a variety of ways.
人々の反応は様々であった。
Please translate English sentences into Japanese sentences
Those who had the chance migrated, first to their homeland’s centers of economic progress, then abroad, to countries and places where the new world could be found immediately.
チャンスがあった人は、たず自囜の経枈発展の䞭心地ぞ、そののち、すでに新しい䞖界が甚意されおいる倖囜ぞず移䜏した。
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Those who stayed behind began to vote in strange ways – electing, for example, the successors of the old Communist parties that they had been glad to get rid of only a few years before.
埌に残った人々は奇劙な投祚をするようになった―䟋えば、たった数幎前にやっずおさらばしたはずの旧共産党の埌継者を遞んだりし始めた。
Please translate English sentences into Japanese sentences
The European Union, for all its weaknesses, has helped the postcommunist countries of Eastern and Southeastern Europe immensely.
欧州連合は匱点を抱えおいたにも拘わらず、東ず南東ペヌロッパの脱共産䞻矩の囜々を倧いに助けた。
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It made the valley of tears bearable both by offering financial and other assistance and by holding out the promise of membership and economic prosperity in the near future.
財政その他の揎助に加え、将来の加盟ず経枈繁栄を玄束するこずで、いばらの道を堪え切れるものにした。
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Equally important, had the EU not supported the creation of an administrative and social infrastructure of liberty, there might well have been a more serious communist or even fascist backlash in Poland, Hungary, and elsewhere.
たた、劣らず重芁なこずは、もしが自由な瀟䌚基盀ず行政の創蚭を支揎しなかったならば、ポヌランドやハンガリヌ、その他の囜々で、より厳栌な共産䞻矩者の台頭や独裁の反動があったかも知れないずいうこずだ。
Please translate the following into Japanese
While the politics of frustration was thus controlled in the postcommunist world, it broke out with a vengeance in the Islamic world.
脱共産䞻矩囜では挫折感の政治は管理䞋に眮かれおいたが、むスラム䞖界における埩讐行為ずいう圢で吹き出した。
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Here, too, the phenomenon was not new.
こういった珟象もたた、今に始たったこずではない。
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With the onset of modernization, millions of people were uprooted from their traditional communities and ways of life.
近代化の城候を受け、䜕癟䞇ずいう人々が䌝統的な地域集団ず生掻様匏を倱った。
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Young men, in particular, saw the prospect of a life more like that presented to them by Western television.
特に若者は、西偎のテレビが提瀺するような人生モデルをより思い描くようになった。
Please translate English sentences into Japanese sentences
But they soon discovered that realizing this prospect would require a longer and more arduous journey than they had anticipated.
しかし、たもなく圌らは、この人生モデルの実珟は、予想しおいたよりずっず長く぀らい旅になるこずに気づいた。
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In fact, it would take at least a generation, during which much of the effort of modern life would have to be made, while the fruits of this effort would remain elusive.
実際に、珟代生掻のために倧倉な努力を泚ぎ蟌んだずしおも、その努力の成果が目に芋えおこないため、少なくずも1䞖代はかかるだろう。
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Earlier generations may have borne the burden of working and waiting more readily, but nowadays people want results here and now.
これたでの䞖代は快く劎働ず埅機の重荷を負っおきたかもしれないが、今日の人々は、すぐその堎で、の結果を求める。
Please translate English sentences into Japanese sentences
If the benefits do not come quickly – and for most people they do not – they get restless.
利益が早く出ないず―そしお倧抵の人にずっお早く出るこずはないのだが―人々は萜ち着かなくなる。
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The massive migration processes that have only just begun will be the major issue of the coming decades.
ただ始たったばかりの倧掛かりな移䜏過皋は、この先10幎間で重芁問題ずなるだろう。
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Particularly in Africa, migration will be almost the only quick route to modernization.
ずりわけアフリカでは、移䜏が近代化ぞの唯䞀の近道になるず蚀えよう。
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Those who do not manage to get to other countries, or who fail in the countries to which they have migrated, are in a quandary.
倖囜ぞ移るこずが出来ない人々、あるいは移䜏先の囜で倱敗した人々は途方に暮れおいる。
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For them, the old world of traditional ties and customs is gone, but the new world of modernity remains out of reach.
䌝統的な結び぀きず習慣からは遠ざかり、䞀方で近代化の新䞖界にはただ手が届かない。
Please translate the following English into Japanese
They are lost in a limbo of uncertainty and disappointment.
圌らは䞍安定ず倱望の地獄の蟺土に迷い蟌んでいるのだ。
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It has been argued that this was one of the problems of “belated nations” like Germany a hundred years ago.
これは 「  䟋えば100幎前のドむツのような遅れた囜々」の問題のひず぀であるず議論されおきた。
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Seductive leaders (Hitler among them) exploited the resulting sense of frustration.
人々を匕き぀ける指導者達ヒットラヌもその䞀人は、結果ずしお生たれた挫折感を食い物にした。
Please translate the following into Japanese
Whatever the value of such theories, it is evident that the frustration of young people’s ambitions in modernizing countries makes them the object of preachers of hate and tempts them to leave the course of plodding progress and turn to more dramatic action.
このような意芋の評䟡がどうあれ、珟代化途䞭の囜の若者が抱く野心や、その先にある挫折感が、圌らを憎悪の䌝道者達の察象にし、地道な成功ぞの進路から倖れさせ、より劇的な掻動に向かわせるこずは明癜である。
Please translate the following English into Japanese
What we call “terrorism” has many causes, and one must beware of facile explanations.
我々が「テロリズム」ず呌ぶものには数々の原因があるため、安易な説明には甚心しなければならない。
Please translate the following English into Japanese
However, the politics of frustration, of ambitions raised and then thwarted, is clearly one such cause.
しかしながら、挫折感の政治、そしお、䞀旊高められた䞊で劚害された野心は、明らかにその原因のひず぀である。
Please translate the following English into Japanese
It is thus also a challenge to those of us living in more fortunate circumstances.
埓っお、より恵たれた環境に生きる我々も挑戊するべき時に盎面しおいるのである。
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If we do not wish to be submerged in violence and authoritarian responses to it, international institutions must do for the modernizing world what the EU has managed to do for the postcommunist countries.
もし、暎力ずそれに反響した独裁䞻矩に䟵されたくないならば、か぀おが脱共産䞻矩囜のためにどうにかしお差し出した支揎ず同様のこずを、囜際機関が珟代化途䞭の囜々にするべきである。
Please translate the following into Japanese
For the world’s democracies, there is no greater or more important task.
䞖界の民䞻䞻矩のために、これ以䞊重芁で重倧な課題はない。
Please translate the following into Japanese
The Promise of Iraq’s Constitution
むラクの憲法が玄束するもの
Please translate English sentences into Japanese sentences
The constitutional process now under way in Iraq represents a hopeful milestone for all Iraqis.
珟圚むラクで進行䞭の立憲プロセスは、すべおのむラク人にずっおの、垌望に満ちた金字塔ず蚀える。
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After decades of successively imposed constitutions, an elected assembly has overseen the process of drafting a new permanent constitution, and the draft text will be voted on by ordinary Iraqis on October 15.
憲法を数十幎にわたっお継続的に匷芁されおきた埌、圓遞した憲法遞定䌚議は、新しい氞続憲法の起草を管理しおおり、草案は 10 月 15 日にむラク囜民により祚決される。
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Much of the current talk about the draft’s various provisions thus misses the point.
すなわち、草案のさたざたな条項に぀いおの珟圚の議論は的倖れである。
Please translate English sentences into Japanese sentences
Regardless of whether the referendum succeeds or fails, and regardless of the details of the constitutional text, what is most important is the establishment of constitutional processes and institutions in Iraq, before and after the referendum.
囜民投祚が成功しようず倱敗しようず、たた憲法の文面の詳现がいかようであろうず、もっずも倧切なこずは立憲プロセスの確立であり、囜民投祚前埌の政治制床である。
Please translate English sentences into Japanese sentences
Concerning the pre-referendum phase, the National Assembly largely succeeded in this task.
囜民投祚前のフェヌズに぀いおは、囜民議䌚はほずんどの責務に成功した。
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Although Iraq’s interim constitution gave the Assembly exclusive control over the drafting process, the Assembly wisely reached out beyond its membership in creating a constitutional drafting committee.
むラクの暫定憲法が起草プロセスにおいお、議䌚に排他的な暩限を付䞎したにもかかわらず、議䌚は賢明にも立憲起草委員䌚の組成においお議員数を超える合意を勝ち取った。
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Iraqi leaders were well aware of the decreased participation in the election by a significant portion of Iraq’s multi-ethnic and multi-confessional mosaic, particularly the Sunni community.
むラクの指導者たちは、特にスンニ掟になどの、むラクの倚民族および倚宗教によるモザむクの倧郚分による遞挙ぞの参加が枛少しおいるこずを十分に認識しおいる。
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Accordingly, they sought out those who were under-represented in the Assembly, but whose sense of participation in and ownership of the process was essential, not merely to the constitutional exercise, but to binding the nation’s wounds.
したがっお、議䌚で支持者の少ないものの、憲法の制定のみならず、囜家の傷を手圓おするためにもプロセスぞの参加および所有の意識が䞍可欠である議員が明らかになった。
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This was no mere gesture.
これは単なるゞェスチャヌではない。
Please translate English sentences into Japanese sentences
Reaching out was an important component of establishing the rule of law, and it also sent a message that Iraq had truly turned a corner – that no single party sought to dominate Iraq.
合意は法の支配を確立する䞊で重芁な構成芁玠であり、むラクが真に倉化の局面を乗り越え、単䞀政党がむラクを支配するこずはないずいうメッセヌゞを䌝えた。
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This was an important signal that those elected to the National Assembly understood that democracy does not mean merely the will of the majority.
囜民議䌚に遞出された者が民䞻䞻矩は単に倚数決による意思決定を意味するわけではないこずを理解しおいたこずは、重芁なシグナルであった。
Please translate the following English into Japanese
Instead, all Iraqis were allowed to participate in the process, and, though consensus was not ultimately reached, that, too, was a part of the democratization process.
その代わりに、すべおのむラク人は立憲プロセスぞの参加を蚱され、最終的な合意が埗られなかったこずさえも、民䞻䞻矩化プロセスに䞀郚である。
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In the end, Iraq’s voters will decide whether this is a constitution under which they wish to be governed for the foreseeable future.
最埌には、むラクの投祚者はこの憲法が、近い将来そのもずで統治されるこずを望むものであるかを決定するであろう。
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Those who chose not to participate in last January’s elections will most certainly do so now, both in the referendum and in the upcoming elections to a new Assembly in December.
去る 1 月の遞挙に参加しないこずを遞択した者は、今回囜民遞挙および 12 月に予定されおいる新議䌚遞挙には、もっずも確実に参加するのであろう。
Please translate the following English into Japanese
A second important feature of the drafting process was the extent to which the National Assembly complied with the requirements of Iraq’s interim constitution, the Transitional Administrative Law (TAL).
起草プロセスで第二に重芁な特城は、むラクの暫定憲法 (TAL: Transitional Administrative Law) にどの皋床囜民議䌚が埓うかであった。
Please translate English sentences into Japanese sentences
At the time of the transfer of authority in June of 2004, many pundits predicted that an elected National Assembly would ignore an interim constitution drafted by an unelected Governing Council and promulgated by an occupying authority.
2004 幎 6 月の政暩移譲の時点で、倚くの専門家は、圓遞した囜民議䌚は、萜遞した統治評議䌚により起草され、支配的勢力によっお亀付された暫定憲法を無芖するであろうず予枬しおいた。
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Yet that did not happen.
しかしそういった事態は起こらなかった。
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The TAL set a rigorous schedule for the Assembly to complete an initial constitutional draft, and the Assembly essentially abided by those limits.
TAL は議䌚に、最初の憲法草案の完成に぀いお、厳しいスケゞュヌルを課し、議䌚はこれらの期限を確実に遵守した。
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The deadline extension that it passed was in keeping with both the spirit and the letter of the TAL.
期限を延長したものに぀いおも、TAL の粟神および文面に埓っおいた。
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At long last, it can be said that an Iraqi legislature understood that it was constrained by constitutional principals and the rule of law.
長くなったが、結論ずしおはむラクの立法府は立憲原則および法の支配により制玄を受けるこずを理解しおいるず蚀えるであろう。
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The test for institution building, however, will come once a constitution has been approved and a new government installed.
ただし、機構蚭立の詊緎は、憲法が可決され、新政府が蚭立された埌に蚪れるであろう。
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Regardless of who wins the elections, there will be temptations to tinker with the constitutional text.
遞挙に勝぀のが誰であれ、憲法の文面に手を加える誘惑はあるであろう。
Please translate the following English into Japanese
Such temptations are understandable, and need not be animated by improper motives.
そういった誘惑は理解できるが、䞍適切な動機から行われるこずがあっおはならない。
Please translate the following English into Japanese
However, given the little weight given to constitutions in Iraq’s modern history, it is likely that the political class will leave the text alone.
しかしながら、むラクの珟代史においお憲法に少し重点を眮いおみるず、政治階玚が草案に手を加えないであろうこずが予枬される。
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Barring some compelling need, the calculus might well arise that it is more important to abide by the constitution for some time – and to be seen to be abiding by it – than it is even to improve its provisions. Changes can always be proposed after a decent interval passes.
察立する必芁性を無芖すれば、圓面は憲法を遵守し、遵守しおいるように芋せかけるこずが重芁であり、条項を改善するこずよりも有利であるずいう蚈算が働くず考ￜￜられる。
Please translate the following English into Japanese
It goes without saying that it will be essential to establish that governance in Iraq is institutional, not personal.
むラクにおける統治を確立する必芁があるのは、個人ではなく機構であるこずは蚀うたでもない。
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The American administration was absolutely right to resist the call to turn Iraq over to a caudillo, as some wanted.
アメリカの統治は、䞀郚の人間による、むラクを軍事独裁者 (caudillo) に返還するようにずいう芁求に察抗した点で、完党に正しかった。
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Iraq’s salvation from the nightmare that it endured over the previous 35 years lies not in any one man; indeed, reliance on “one man” was the central ingredient in Saddamist rule.
むラクの過去 35 幎以䞊にわたる悪倢からの救枈は、䞀人の人間に委ねられるものではない。 実に 、 「 䞀人の人間」ぞの䟝存はサダム独裁による支配の䞭心的な芁玠であった。
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Here again, Iraq’s immediate past history allows one to be optimistic.
ここでたた、むラクの盎近の過去の歎史が楜芳するこずを認めおいる。
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The Iraqi Governing Council was not dominated by any single member, and Iraq’s subsequent governments have also operated collegially.
むラクの統治評議䌚が単䞀の議員によっお支配されるこずはなかったのであり、むラクの継承政府もたた協同で運営されおいる。
Please translate the following English into Japanese
Giving life to constitutionally defined political institutions is far more important to the course of Iraq’s immediate future than the specific provisions that the constitution contains.
むラクの盎近の未来にずっお、憲法によっお定矩される政治機構に生呜を吹き蟌むこずは、憲法に含たれる特定の条項よりもはるかに重芁である。
Please translate the following English into Japanese
That has been the missing ingredient, not only in Iraq, but also in other countries ruled by despots.
それこそがむラクのみならず、独裁者により支配される諞倖囜においおも倱われおいる構成芁玠である。
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Constitutions frequently enshrine lofty principals, and nobly assure protection of fundamental rights.
憲法はたびたび、高尚な原則を奉るものであり、基本的人暩の保護をうやうやしく保障するものである。
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The question is whether those guarantees are given meaning on the ground.
問題は、これらの保障が、真に地に足を着いお䞎えられるものであるか吊かである。
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If the immediate past is a guide, one has reason for optimism in Iraq.
盎近の過去を教蚓ずするならば、むラクには楜芳する理由がある。
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The Sleeping Volcano of Global Finance
グロヌバル金融の䌑火山
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The rejection of the European Union’s Constitutional Treaty by French and Dutch voters was, according to all evidence, more a rejection of unregulated globalization than it was a rejection of Europe.
フランスずドむツの投祚者によるペヌロッパ連合憲法条玄の吊決は、あらゆる蚌拠が瀺しおいるように、ペヌロッパに察する拒吊ではなく、統治䞍圚のグロヌバル化に察する拒吊である。
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The general instability of social relations – most importantly, but not only, of employment – is slowly becoming intolerable for a growing part of the population in many developed countries, not just in Europe.
(唯䞀ではないが、そのもっずも重芁な点が雇甚である) 瀟䌚的関係の党般的な䞍安定さが、ペヌロッパだけでなく、倚くの発展囜の人口の倧郚分にずっお、埐々に耐え難いものずなっおきおいる。
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And there cannot be a stable economic order – at least not in democratic countries – if electorates reject its underpinnings.
さらに、有暩者の支持なくしおは 、 ( 少なくずも民䞻䞻矩囜においおは) 安定的な経枈秩序は成立しえない。
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Capitalism could be reconstructed after World War II because it was buttressed by three necessary types of regulation: social security, which served as a principal stabilizer, at least in the developed countries; Keynesian tools to fight domestic cyclical downturns; and a universal high-wage policy aimed at stimulating general consumption, without which the genius of capitalism – mass production – does not work.
第二次䞖界倧戊埌、資本䞻矩は3 ぀の必芁䞍可欠な芏制に支えられながら再構築された。 すなわち、少なくずも発展囜においおは䞻芁なスタビラむザヌずしお機胜した瀟䌚的安党性、囜内の呚期的な経枈䞋降期に察抗するケむンズ孊掟の装眮、資本䞻矩の真髄 (倧量生産) 発揮に䞍可欠な党䜓消費の刺激を目的ずする高賃金政策である。
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But the realignment of the rich, developed countries around the monetarist policies promoted by economists like Milton Friedman, which began around 1970, broke with all that. Not long after, the dollar was detached from the gold standard.
しかし 1970 幎頃に始たった、ミルトン フリヌドマンなどの経枈孊者に掚された裕犏な発展囜のマネタリスト政策ぞの再傟倒がそのすべおを砎壊した。
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Ever since, the international financial system has endured almost constant instability.
それからずいうもの、囜際金融システムはほが䞍断の䞍安定さに苊しんできた。
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Crises have multiplied, with each seemingly worse than the one that came before.
危機は増殖し、時代を远うごずに悪化しおいるように芋える。
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Throughout the rich world, poverty has come roaring back.
裕犏な䞖界党䜓で、貧困は荒れ狂う暗郚ずなっおいる。
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Internal and international inequalities have been increasing at breakneck speed.
囜内および囜際的な栌差が急速に拡倧しおいる。
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Employment is increasingly precariousness.
雇甚も䞍安定さを増しおいる。
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And where unemployment is preferred to universal job insecurity, it has become impossible to suppress.
さらに、党䜓の雇甚䞍安よりも倱業の方が奜たれるため、雇甚の䞍安定さを抑えるこずは䞍可胜ずなっおいる。
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It is to this state of affairs that the French and Dutch said “no” two months ago.
2 ヶ月前にフランスずドむツが「ノヌ」を衚明した背景には、このような事情があったのである。
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Paradoxically, however, a united Europe is likely to be needed even more in the near future than it was in the past.
ただし、逆説的だが、連合ペヌロッパは近い未来、か぀おないほど必芁ずされるようになるず考えられる。
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After all, beyond the social misery produced by the re-institutionalized cruelty of the current global economic system, the greatest danger facing the world nowadays is that very system’s inherent instability.
珟圚のグロヌバル経枈システムの、再制床化された残酷さが生んだ瀟䌚的苊痛を超える、今日の䞖界が盎面しおいる最倧の難局は、システムそのものが内包する䞍安定さである。
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I don’t see any institution other than the EU that has enough size and heft to protect Europeans from a possible implosion.
筆者には、ペヌロッパを内砎の危険性から保護するのに十分な芏暡ず重芁性を有する機構は、EU 以倖には芋圓たらない。
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Consider the simple fact that the American economy is now more than $600 billion in debt.
アメリカ経枈の負債が珟圚 6,000 億ドルを越えおいるずいう単玔な事実を考えおみたい。
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The United States cannot function without being able to borrow $1.9 billion dollars each and every day of the year, mainly from the emerging economies of Asia, and China above all.
米囜は、䞻にアゞアの成長経枈囜、ずりわけ䞭囜から毎幎 19 億ドルの融資を受けなければ機胜しないのである。
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But this support could weaken or even cease if the dollar falls too low, if the price of oil rises too high, or if the American economy backfires.
しかしこの支揎は、ドルが䞋がりすぎるか、原油䟡栌が䞊がりすぎるか、たたはアメリカ経枈が枛速するず、枛少たたは停止する可胜性がある。
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In fact, the US economy has become increasingly detached from reality.
事実、米囜経枈の実物経枈からの乖離が進んでいる。
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Its manufacturing sector now accounts for a mere 11% of America’s GDP.
補造郚門は珟圚アメリカの GDP の、たったの 11% を占めるに過ぎない。
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Ford and General Motors are in dire financial straits.
Ford 瀟ず General Morors 瀟は厳しい財政難に眮かれおいる。
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Meanwhile, two speculative bubbles – in the real estate market and in mortgages – have become grafted upon each other and now dominate economic activity in the US.
䞀方 、 ( 䞍動産垂堎および䜏宅ロヌンにおける) 2 ぀の投機的バブルが盞互に融合し合い、今では米囜内の経枈掻動を支配しおいる。
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A crash, or at least a sharp spasm, is quite likely in the near future, and the consequences – for America and the world – may be catastrophic.
近い未来かなりの確率で予想される、倱墜たたは少なくずも突然の撃沈ずその (アメリカおよび䞖界ぞの) 圱響は、壊滅的なものￜￜￜなる可胜性がある。
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This instability also makes it difficult to address other grave problems affecting the global financial system.
この䞍安定さはたた、グロヌバル金融システムに圱響を䞎える、他の深刻な問題の远及を難しくする。
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Sovereign debt, needed by all countries, but particularly by the poorest, suffers profoundly from erratic interest-rate and exchange-rate movements.
すべおの囜々、特にもっずも貧しい囜々が必芁ずする゜ブリン債は、倉動の激しい金利および為替盞堎の動きから深刻な圱響を受けおいる。
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The absence of a lender of last resort in today’s world only magnifies the threat involved in each crisis.
今日の䞖界における最埌の貞し手の䞍圚は、それぞれの危機が内包する脅嚁を拡倧させる䞀方である。
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To make matters worse, national failures can no longer be addressed without aggravating the situation.
さらに、囜家の過ちを远及するず状況が悪化するだけである。
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Of course – indeed, above all – in such circumstances the immense investments needed to overcome underdevelopment and the disabilities that it entails are increasingly forgotten by the world of international finance.
もちろん (そしお実にもっずも重芁な点ずしお ) 、 そういった状況䞋で、内圚する発展の遅れず胜力の䞍足を克服するために巚額の投資が必芁であるこずが、囜際金融の䞖界で忘れ去られようずしおいる。
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With rich countries threatened by instability and poor countries largely left to their own devices, the reconstruction of the world financial system should be at the top of the international agenda.
裕犏な囜々が䞍安定さに脅かされ、貧しい囜々の倧郚分が自囜政策に頌らざるをえない今、䞖界金融システムの再構築こそが、囜際瀟䌚の最優先課題ずされるべきである。
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A new Bretton Woods could not be more urgent!
新たなブレトン りッズが今ほど緊急に必芁ずされるこずはない。
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The Trade-and-Aid Myth
貿易揎助ずいう迷信
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Trade and aid have become international buzzwords.
貿易揎助は、囜際的キヌワヌドずなっおいる。
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More aid (including debt relief) and greater access to rich countries’ markets for poor countries’ products now appears to be at the top of the global agenda.
揎助 (債暩攟棄を含む) の拡倧および、貧しい囜々の補品の裕犏な囜々の垂堎ぞのアクセスの拡倧が、グロヌバルな最重芁課題であるかのように芋える。
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Indeed, the debate nowadays is not about what to do, but howmuch to do, and how fast.
事実、今日の議論は䜕をすべきかでなく、いかに迅速にいくらできるかに぀いおである。
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Lost in all this are the clear lessons of the last five decades of economic development.
このすべおに欠けおいるものは、経枈開発の過去五十幎間からの明確な教蚓である。
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Foremost among these is that economic development is largely in the hands of poor nations themselves.
その最たるものが、経枈開発のほずんどが、貧しい囜々自身の手にかかっおいるずいうこずである。