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20468935 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefkowitz%20v.%20Great%20Minneapolis%20Surplus%20Store%2C%20Inc | Lefkowitz v. Great Minneapolis Surplus Store, Inc | Lefkowitz v. Great Minneapolis Surplus Store, Inc 86 NW 2d 689 (Minn, 1957) is an American contract law case. It concerns the distinction between an offer and an invitation to offer. The case held that a clear, definite, explicit and non-negotiable advertisement constitutes an offer, acceptance of which creates a binding contract. Furthermore, it held that an advertisement which did not clarify the terms of its bargains, such as with fine print, could not then be modified with arbitrary house rules.
Facts
Great Minneapolis Surplus Store published an advertisement that said:
Saturday 9 A.M. Sharp 3 Brand New Fur Coats Worth to $100.00. First Come First Served $1 Each.
On April 13, they published another advertisement in the same newspaper, as follows.
Saturday 9 A.M. 2 Brand New Pastel Mink 3-Skin Scarfs
Selling for $89.50
Out they go Saturday. Each ... $1.00
1 Black Lapin Stole Beautiful, worth $139.50 ... $1.00
First Come First Served
Mr. Lefkowitz was the first person to come on the Saturday after seeing the advertisement. He said he was ready to pay $1. But each time the store owner refused to sell, saying there was a "house rule" that it was for women only. The same advertisement was published the next week, and he arrived again. He was told that he knew the house rules and he would not get the coat.
Judgment
Justice William P. Murphy (judge) held that the advertisement constituted an offer, which could not be withdrawn. He described the facts and gave his decision as follows.
See also
English contract law
References
United States contract case law |
6901281 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.%20Fred%20Bergsten | C. Fred Bergsten | C. Fred Bergsten (born April 23, 1941) is an American economist, author, and political adviser. He has previously served as assistant for international economic affairs to Henry Kissinger within the National Security Council and as assistant secretary for international affairs at the U.S. Department of the Treasury. He was director of the Peterson Institute for International Economics, formerly the Institute for International Economics, from its founding in 1981 through 2012 and is now senior fellow and director emeritus. In addition to his academic work, he makes his opinions known to the policy making community and engages with the public with television appearances, writing for influential periodicals such as Foreign Affairs magazine
and by writing numerous books.
Education and career
Bergsten received a BA from Central Methodist University, during which time he was valedictorian of his class and a championship debater, and then earned MA, MALD, and PhD degrees from The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. He was a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations from 1967 to 1968. In 1969 he became assistant for international economic affairs to Henry Kissinger at the National Security Council where he coordinated US foreign economic policy until 1971. From 1972 to 1976 he was a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution.
From 1977 to 1981 he served at the U.S. Treasury Department as Assistant Secretary for International Affairs during the Carter administration. He functioned as well as Under Secretary for Monetary Affairs, during 1980–81, representing the United States on the G-5 Finance Ministers' deputies and in preparing G-7 summits.
Bergsten was a senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace during 1981. In that same year he founded a Washington-based think-tank, the Institute for International Economics. He was director of that now renamed organization through 2012 and is now its director emeritus and a senior fellow. He has authored 41 books on a wide variety of global economic topics, most recently The International Economic Position of the United States and China's Rise: Challenges And Opportunities.
In 1991, he was elected chairman of the Competitiveness Policy Council, created by the Congress, and led the council for several years with distinction. During his tenure, the council issued a series of reports on US competitiveness to the President and the Congress. From 1992 through 1995, he was also chairman of the Eminent Persons Group of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum, whose recommendations for achieving "free and open trade and investment in the region" by 2020 were agreed by the leaders of the member economies and are now being implemented through the TransPacific Partnership.
In 2001, he co-founded the Center for Global Development along with Edward W. Scott, Jr. and Nancy Birdsall. He is now a member of the President's Advisory Committee on Trade Policy and Negotiations (ACTPN), a member of the Advisory Committee to the Export-Import Bank of the United States and co-chairman of the Private Sector Advisory Group to the Trade Policy Forum composed of the trade ministers of India and the United States. His career is described and analyzed in C. Fred Bergsten and The World Economy, a book of essays on his contributions to a wide range of global economic issues published by the Peterson Institute for International Economics in 2007 and edited by former Senior Fellow Michael Mussa.
Honors
National Foreign Trade Council (NFTC) World Trade Award, 2013;
Royal Order of the Polar Star from the Government of Sweden, 2013;
Distinguished Alumni Leadership Award, Fletcher School, 2010;
Global Advisor to the President of the Republic of Korea, 2009;
Distinguished Service Award for International Statesmanship, International Relations Council, Kansas City, MO, 2009;
Honorary Fellow, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 1997;
Doctor of Humane Letters, Central Methodist University, 1994;
Legion d'Honneur, Government of France, 1987;
Exceptional Service Award, Department of Treasury, 1980;
Distinguished Alumnus Award, Central Methodist University, 1975;
Meritorious Honor Award, Department of State, 1965
Personal life
Bergsten is married to Virginia Wood Bergsten. They have one son who is a doctor.
Notes and references
External links
21st-century American economists
1941 births
Living people
Central Methodist University alumni
The Fletcher School at Tufts University alumni
Order of the Polar Star
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Center for Global Development
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Peterson Institute for International Economics |
20468954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takami%20Dam | Takami Dam | Takami Dam is a dam in Hokkaidō, Japan. It has an electrical generation output of 200MW.
History
The dam was constructed to control flooding of the Shizunai River and also to generate electricity. It was constructed by Kajima, Aoki Corporation, and Chizaki Kogyo Construction. It was completed in 1983. Power generation commenced in July 1983. A second power generation unit was completed in April 1993.
Characteristics
The dam is approximately 120 metres high and 435 metres long.
The electrical generation output is 200MW. Power is supplied to the Hokkaido Electric Power Company.
References
1983 establishments in Japan
Dams in Hokkaido
Dams completed in 1983
Shinhidaka, Hokkaido |
23576548 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed%20rail%20in%20the%20Netherlands | High-speed rail in the Netherlands | High-speed rail service in the Netherlands started at 13 December 2009 with the dedicated HSL-Zuid line that connects the Randstad via Brussels to the European high-speed rail network. In later years improved traditional rail sections were added to the high-speed network. Proposals for more dedicated high-speed lines were deemed too costly; plans for the HSL-Oost to Germany were mothballed and instead of the Zuiderzeelijn the less ambitious Hanzelijn was built to enable future high-speed service between the northern provinces and the Randstad.
As per 2020 three high-speed train services are operative in the Netherlands: Thalys, InterCityExpress (ICE), and Eurostar; the short-lived Fyra service was cancelled in 2013 after severe reliability issues.
History
As early as 1973, the Den Uyl cabinet discussed a high-speed railway line in the Netherlands. It was not until 1988 that the Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS) started three HSL projects, namely HSL-Zuid, HSL-Oost, and HSL-Noord (Zuiderzeelijn). The overall plan, called Rail 21, was approved in 1989, coinciding with the 150th anniversary of the first railway in the Netherlands (1839). HSL-Zuid was constructed between 2000 and 2006, and began operating in 2009. HSL-Oost was cancelled in 2001, HSL-Noord was cancelled in 2007. The Hanzelijn (constructed 2006–2012) partially took over HSL-Noord's role in connecting the west and north of the country through Lelystad and Zwolle, and has been built to be eventually upgraded to 200 km/h, but so far trains on this track are not running at high speeds yet. New plans for a HSL-Noord, now dubbed 'Lelylijn' instead of 'Zuiderzeelijn', were unveiled in 2019; a feasibility study, with the support of all national political parties, is underway and expected to be finished in late 2020.
Following numerous problems with the V250 multiple units the Fyra service on HSL-Zuid was cancelled in January 2013 after less than two months in full service. A week later Thalys and Eurostar trains replaced the Fyra to a less frequent and slower timetable. The Intercity Nieuwe Generatie (ICNG) is scheduled to be introduced on Dutch high-speed rails (HSL-Zuid and the Hanzelijn) in 2023.
Lines
HSL-Zuid
HSL-Zuid (, ) is a high-speed railway line in the Netherlands. Using existing tracks from Amsterdam Centraal to Schiphol Airport, the dedicated high-speed line begins here and continues to Rotterdam Centraal and to the Belgian border. Here, it connects to the HSL 4, terminating at Antwerpen-Centraal. Den Haag Centraal (The Hague) and Breda are connected to the high-speed line by conventional railway lines. Services running at on the HSL-Zuid began on 7 September 2009 between Amsterdam and Rotterdam. From December 2009, Thalys trains from Amsterdam to Brussels and Paris have run on HSL-Zuid. From December 2012 to January 2013 (40 days in total) the Fyra V250 trains ran on HSL-Zuid between Amsterdam and Brussels, only to have service suspended because of the poor quality (and safety risks) of the Italian-made trains.
Stations
The HSL-Zuid serves the following stations:
Amsterdam Centraal
Schiphol
Rotterdam Centraal
Between Rotterdam and the Belgian border there is a branch to Breda (from 04-04-2011).
Hanzelijn
Hanzelijn (English: Hanseatic line) is a high-speed railway line in the Netherlands. It connects Lelystad, capital of the province of Flevoland, with Zwolle, capital of the neighbouring province of Overijssel, and provides a direct rail link between Flevoland and the north-east of the Netherlands. The maximum speed on the line is , though no Dutch domestic rolling stock can achieve speeds greater than . Only by clearing the line for International trains is the line speed of reached.
The completion of the Hanzelijn in 2012 turned Zwolle into the Netherlands' second-most important railway junction. A new type of train, the Intercity Nieuwe Generatie (ICNG), will be introduced in 2023 on the HSL-Zuid track from Breda via Rotterdam, Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam Zuid, Lelystad, Zwolle, Groningen and Leeuwarden. On the Breda–Schiphol HSL-Zuid stretch and the Lelystad–Zwolle Hanzelijn stretch, this new train will be able to achieve 200 km/h instead of the regular 160 km/h. The current direct trains from Breda to Zwolle run via 's-Hertogenbosch and will take 2h 21m. The current fastest route is up to 8 minutes faster if you transfer at Rotterdam Centraal. The new direct route from Breda to Zwolle that will be using the HSL-Zuid removes the need for a transfer the total trip time is expected to be shortened by roughly 30 minutes.
Proposed and cancelled lines
HSL-Oost
HSL-Oost (Dutch: Hogesnelheidslijn-Oost, English: High-Speed Line East) is the name of a proposed high-speed line from Amsterdam into Germany via the Dutch cities of Utrecht and Arnhem. The scope of the project has now been reduced, but it is expected that German ICE trains will be able to travel at from Amsterdam to Utrecht in the near future. Currently, ERTMS has been installed on the line, but the soil is soft and needs time to stabilize after the recent expansion works. Transport Minister Tineke Netelenbos turned against the HSL-Oost, deeming it unfeasible and arguing that public funds were better spelt on improving existing infrastructure; the NS eventually agreed. In December 2001, the parliamentary coalition parties Labour, VVD and D66 finally voted in favour of Netelenbos' plan to not double the railway tracks until 2020, and instead only optimise the current two rails with sidetracks so that faster trains can overtake slower ones, and more efficient techniques to let trains drive more closely after one another beginning in 2007.
In 2009, a new feasibility study for the HSL-Oost after the year 2020 was promised by Transport Minister Camiel Eurlings. On 22 September 2010, the study named Synergie in railcorridors: Een onderzoek naar het integraal ontwerpen van railnetwerken was published, which stated that a new design method could make the HSL-Oost economical after all.
Other lines
According to the ProRail 2030 plan, several mainlines will be upgraded. To decrease journey time, some sections are likely to become operated at 160 km/h or 200 km/h. Still it's uncertain, if the whole line between Amsterdam and Groningen will be upgraded or few stretches of it. By the end of 2021 the decision of selecting routes to be upgraded is to be made. Some of mainlines, capable for 140 km/h can be upgraded to 160 km/h after re-signalling and even for 200 km/h after four-tracking and changing electrification from DC to AC.
References |
6901286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabaty%20metro%20station | Kabaty metro station | Metro Kabaty is the southern terminus of Line M1 of the Warsaw Metro, located in the Kabaty neighbourhood of the Ursynów district in the south of Warsaw, at the end of Aleja Komisji Edukacji Narodowej, the main artery of Ursynów. Tracks continue beyond the station, where they rise to surface level and go into the depot. The station is close to a Tesco supermarket and several bus stops. The Kabaty Forest is nearby.
The station was opened on 7 April 1995 as the southern terminus of the inaugural stretch of the Warsaw Metro, between Kabaty and Politechnika.
References
External links
Warsaw Metro stations
Railway stations opened in 1995
1995 establishments in Poland |
23576549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete%20Brungardt | Pete Brungardt | Peter F. Brungardt (born January 30, 1947) is a former Republican member of the Kansas Senate, representing the 24th district from 2001 to 2013. His previous political experiences include the Salina City Planning Commission (1986–1991), Salina City Commission (1991–1999), and Mayor of Salina (1993–1994, 1998–1999).
An optometrist, he is married to Rosie Brungardt.
Committee assignments
Brungardt served on these legislative committees:
Federal and State Affairs (chair)
Joint Committee on State-Tribal Relations (chair)
Joint Committee on Corrections and Juvenile Justice Oversight (vice-chair)
Ethics and Elections
Calendar and Rules
Public Health and Welfare
Major donors
Some of the top contributors to Brungardt's 2008 campaign, according to the National Institute on Money in State Politics:
Kansas Republican Senatorial Committee, Kansas Bankers Association, Senate Republican Leadership Committee of Kansas, Kansas National Education Association, Kansas Contractors Association, Kansas Association of Realtors
Financial, insurance and real estate companies were his largest donor group.
Elections
2012
Brungardt was defeated by Tom Arpke in the August 7, 2012 Republican primary, by a margin of 5,413 to 4,354. Arpke went on to defeat Democratic nominee Janice Norlin in the general election on November 6, 2012.
References
External links
Kansas Senate
Project Vote Smart profile
Follow the Money campaign contributions
2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008
Pete Brungardt on State Surge
Pete Brungardt on Vote-KS.org
Living people
1947 births
Salus University alumni
American optometrists
Kansas Republicans
Kansas state senators
21st-century American politicians |
20468959 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulation%20Open%20Framework%20Architecture | Simulation Open Framework Architecture | Simulation Open Framework Architecture (SOFA) is an open source framework primarily targeted at real-time physical simulation, with an emphasis on medical simulation.
It is mostly intended for the research community to help develop newer algorithms, but can also be used as an efficient prototyping tool or as a physics engine.
Features
Based on an advanced software architecture, SOFA allows users to:
Create complex and evolving simulations by combining new algorithms with existing algorithms
Modify most parameters of the simulation (deformable behavior, surface representation, solver, constraints, collision algorithm, ...) by simply editing a XML file
Build complex models from simpler ones using a scene graph description
Efficiently simulate the dynamics of interacting objects using abstract equation solvers
Reuse and easily compare a variety of available methods
Transparently parallelize complex computations using semantics based on data dependencies
Use new generations of GPUs through the CUDA API to greatly improve computation times
Scene graph
A key aspect of SOFA is the use of a scene graph to organize and process the elements of a simulation while clearly separating the computation tasks from their possibly parallel scheduling. The description of a SOFA simulation can easily be done in an XML file. For even more flexibility, a Python plugin allows scripting simulations using the Python language.
Basically, a SOFA scene-graph is composed with:
Nodes: used to categorise the components and keep the XML file clean (mechanical node, collision node, visual node, ...)
Components: main elements used to build a scene (solver component, forcefield component, rendering component, ...)
Data: everything that components have to deal with (forces, velocities, positions, ratios, ...)
Plugins
To extend its capacities and provide more features, SOFA is bundled with a lot of plugins:
Drivers for VR / haptic / simulation devices (Geomagic®, ARTTrack™, Novint® Falcon™…)
Visualization and simulation of medical images
Python scripting
Parallelization:
Multithreading
GPU computing using the CUDA API
Community
SOFA Day
Organized each year, the SOFA Day is a one-day event dedicated to SOFA. This event is open to everyone interested in SOFA, from beginner to advanced users. It contains an introduction to SOFA, several tutorials (adapted to the audience) and a large time to experience SOFA with the help of the instructors.
SOFA Consortium
Exactly ten years after the first commit in SOFA, Inria founded the SOFA Consortium in December 2015.
The Consortium missions are to:
Represent the identity of SOFA
Organize and develop the community
Distribute and make SOFA more stable
See also
Graphics processing unit (GPU)
Soft body dynamics
Rigid body dynamics
Collision detection
VRPN
References
External links
SOFA website
Computer physics engines
Computational science
Simulation software
Medical simulation
Health software |
20468992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetwater%20Canal | Sweetwater Canal | Sweetwater Canal can mean:
The Sweet Water Canal in Egypt running eastwards from the Nile near Cairo to the south end of the Suez Canal
A canal near Basra in Iraq |
6901288 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factotum%20%28novel%29 | Factotum (novel) | Factotum (1975) is a picaresque novel by American author Charles Bukowski. It is Bukowski’s second novel and a prequel to Post Office (1971).
Plot
Set in the 1940s, the plot follows Henry Chinaski, Bukowski's perpetually unemployed, alcoholic alter ego, who has been rejected from the World War II draft and makes his way from one menial job to the next (hence a factotum). After getting into a fight with his father, Chinaski drifts through the seedy city streets of lower-class Los Angeles and other American cities in search of a job that will not come between him and his first love: writing. Much of the novel is dedicated to describing various menial jobs that Chinaski temporarily holds during the USA’s WWII economic boom. Even though some of Chinaski's jobs and colleagues are described with great detail, they all eventually end with him either abruptly leaving or being fired.
He is consistently rejected by the only publishing house he respects, but is driven to continue by the knowledge that he could do better than the authors they publish. Chinaski begins sleeping with fellow barfly Jan, a kindred spirit he meets while drowning his sorrows at a bar. When a brief stint as a bookie finds him abandoned by the only woman with whom he is able to relate, a fling with gold-digging floozie Laura finds him once again falling into a morose state of perpetual drunkenness and unemployment.
Film adaptation
Factotum was adapted into a film of the same name in 2005, directed by Bent Hamer and starring Matt Dillon, Lili Taylor and Marisa Tomei.
Release details
Paperback – , originally published in 1975 by Black Sparrow Books
References
External links
Factotum Quotes
1975 American novels
Novels by Charles Bukowski
American autobiographical novels
American novels adapted into films
Fiction set in 1944
Novels set in Los Angeles
Novels about alcoholism |
17336370 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308%20Belarusian%20Cup | 2007–08 Belarusian Cup | 2007–08 Belarusian Cup was the 17th edition of the football knock-out competition in Belarus.
First round
12 teams from the First League (out of 14, excluding Belshina Bobruisk and Lokomotiv Minsk who relegated from the Premier League after 2006 season), 13 teams from the Second League (out of 16, excluding three teams which were reverve squads for Premier and First League teams) and 7 amateur clubs started in this round. The games were played on 28 and 30 July 2007.
Round of 32
16 winners of previous round were joined by 14 clubs from Premier League and two First League clubs which relegated from the Premier League after 2006 season. The games were played in August and September 2007.
Round of 16
The first legs were played on 15 and 16 March 2008. The second legs were played on 21 and 22 March 2008.
|}
1 Kommunalnik Zhlobin withdrew from the Cup due to bankruptcy.
First leg
Second leg
Quarterfinals
The first legs were played on 29 March 2008. The second legs were played on 2 April 2008.
|}
First leg
Second leg
Semifinals
The first legs were played on 16 April 2008. The second legs were played on 30 April 2008.
|}
First leg
Second leg
Final
External links
RSSSF
Belarusian Cup seasons
Belarus
Cup, 2007-08
Cup, 2007-08 |
20469023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Metomkin%20%28AVP-47%29 | USS Metomkin (AVP-47) | What would have been the first USS Metomkin (AVP-47) was a proposed United States Navy seaplane tender that was never laid down.
Construction and commissioning
Metomkin was to have been one of 41 Barnegat-class small seaplane tenders the U.S. Navy planned to commission during the early 1940s, and was to have been built at Houghton, Washington, by the Lake Washington Shipyard. However, by the spring of 1943 the Navy deemed that number of seaplane tenders excess to requirements, and decided to complete four of them as motor torpedo boat tenders and one as a catapult training ship. In addition, the Navy also decided to cancel six of the Barnegat-class ships prior to their construction, freeing up the diesel engines that would have powered them for use in escort vessels and amphibious landing craft.
AVP-47 was assigned the name Metomkin on 23 August 1942. However, she became one of the final two ships to be cancelled when the Navy cancelled the contract for her construction on 29 April 1943 before construction could begin.
References
NavSource Online: Service Ship Photo Archive Small Seaplane Tender (AVP) Index
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
Barnegat-class seaplane tenders
Cancelled ships of the United States Navy
Ships built at Lake Washington Shipyard |
6901294 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%20Evens | Get Evens | Get Evens is the second album by indie/punk duo The Evens. It was released on November 6, 2006.
Track listing
"Cut from the Cloth"
"Everybody Knows"
"Cache Is Empty"
"You Fell Down"
"Pushed Against the Wall"
"No Money"
"All You Find You Keep"
"Eventually"
"Get Even"
"Dinner with the President"
Personnel
Ian MacKaye – guitar, vocals
Amy Farina – drums, vocals
References
2006 albums
The Evens albums
Dischord Records albums |
17336372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAI%20Nammer | IAI Nammer | The IAI Nammer (נמר "Leopard") was a fighter aircraft developed in the Israeli aerospace manufacturing Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) during the late 1980s and early 1990s. The programme was pursued as a private venture and the resultant aircraft was intended for the export market.
During the 1980s, IAI decided to embark upon the independent development of a modernised version of the IAI Kfir; reusing its airframe and pairing it with a modernised cockpit, engine, and avionics, the latter of which was to have taken advantage of the earlier work undertaken for the cancelled IAI Lavi programme. These changes were to result in greater performance, range, and air-to-air combat capabilities than the preceding Kfir. Named Nammer, the aircraft was to be offered under various different configurations, including alternative engines and radars, as well as prospective licensed production arrangements, to customers. IAI stated that they were willing to be highly flexible with the Nammer's launch customers, being open to giving them great leeway over modifying the design and incorporating their own systems as to their preferences.
Development of the Nammer proceeded to the prototype stage; a single aircraft was constructed to function as a proof-of-concept prototype, demonstrating IAI's capability to successfully install and operate advanced avionics in existing airframes, in this case the Mirage III/Kfir. On 21 March 1991, the prototype performed its maiden flight. Following on from its first flight, it continued to be used for test flights for some time, demonstrating both the maturity of the concept and of the new IAI-integrated systems. While the proven delta canard configuration of the airframe had been retained, testing was focused upon the new avionics installed, which were said by IAI to make for a relatively modern fighter aircraft. However, despite the company's lengthy efforts to seek both partner companies and export customers for the Nammer, neither participants in the programme nor buyers of the finished proved to be forthcoming; as such, development of the Nammer was ultimately ceased by IAI during the early 1990s without any further examples having been constructed.
Development
During the 1980s, Israeli aerospace company Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI), decided to embark upon the development of a private-venture fighter aircraft; as envisaged, this programme was to be principally based around the airframe of the IAI Kfir and the advanced avionics that had been developed for the cancelled IAI Lavi. Speaking on the Nammer, Moshe Scharf, IAI's director of international military aircraft marketing stated of the reasoning behind the initiative: "Upgrading the existing Kfir platform will not be as cheap as building a new airframe based on the proven delta canard concept". By early 1988, the company had completed the preliminary design and system definition stages of the Nammer's development and had progressed onto the detail design phase. Additionally, the company had conducted early discussions with prospective customers in respect to the type. In particular, IAI was keen to form a partnership with another entity with which to carry out further development work and subsequent production on the Nammer programme.
During the late 1980s, IAI had originally announced and marketed the Nammer as being an upgrade package for existing Mirage III and Mirage 5 airframes. Customers were to have been offered a choice of two basic configurations of the type, one based around re-engining the aircraft with a General Electric F404, while the other was to have retained the Mirage's SNECMA Atar engine but integrated either the Elta EL/M-2011 or EL/M-2032 fire-control radar. The first of these options was envisioned to maximise the aircraft's performance and range while the second was to have served to increase the air-to-air targeting capabilities of the Nammer.
As development progressed, the Nammer came to be advertised by the company as being a new-build aircraft, featuring the EL/M-2032 radar as an integral part of the package. Reportedly, customers were able to choose their preferred engine, ranging from the General Electric F404 (or its Volvo Aero-built derivative, the RM12), the SNECMA M53, and the Pratt & Whitney PW1120, all of which being within the 18,0001b-20,0001b-thrust class. The company has claimed that the proven delta canard configuration of the airframe, when paired with new avionics and a more modern engine design, would result in a relatively modern fighter aircraft, comparable to the General Dynamics F-16A Fighting Falcon or Dassault Mirage 2000, but at a cost of approximately half of the price of the latter aircraft.
For development and demonstration purposes, a single prototype was constructed by the company. On 21 March 1991, this prototype perform its maiden flight. According to IAI, the concept was presented to a number of foreign air forces while seeking to secure sales of the aircraft; the company also stated that it had no intentions to proceed with production of the aircraft until orders for a minimum of 80 aircraft had been secured. It is known that in the course of these negotiations, IAI offered a high degree of customisability to prospective operators, essentially allowing for them to make a significant impact upon the Nammer's design. The company also offered various manufacturing arrangements, from constructing the Nammer at the company's existing facilities in Israel to the potential establishment of a final assembly line within a client customer's country. During 1990, as part of a renewed sales effort, IAI offered to effectively entirely transfer production of the Nammer, along with the onboard systems and software, overseas to customers.
Design
The IAI Nammer was a proposed fighter aircraft, the airframe of which being derived from the earlier IAI Kfir (which was, in turn, based upon the Dassault Mirage 5). Externally, the design bore a strong resemblance to the C7 model of the Kfir; however, it could be easily distinguished by the presence of a longer nose and the lack of a dorsal airscoop at the base of the leading edge of the tailfin. Other areas of the aircraft also featured major differences from the Kfir, including in its cockpit, radar and engine. According to IAI, Nammer was to possess a maximum speed of Mach 2.2 and a 58,000ft (19,300m) stabilised ceiling. The company intended to offer the Nammer with a choice of engines — either the Mirage Ill's original Snecma Atar 9K50, or a variety of more modern powerplants, which would typically possess greater fuel-efficiency and reduced weight than the original engine.
The cockpit of the Nammer was extensively modernised, includes a new overall layout which, amongst other benefits, would have permitted its pilot to maintain effective control of the aircraft via hands-on-throttle-and-stick (HOTAS) operation of all of the key systems under the majority of anticipated operational circumstances. A total of four displays, comprising a head-up display, a pair of multi-function displays, and a radar warning/electronic countermeasures display, were intended to supply the pilot with all necessary information. The various displays and the solid-state instrumentation for the engine was to be based upon reused Lavi technology. The avionics were a major focus area of the Nammer's development.
According to IAI, the Nammer was to be equipped with an advanced weapon management system that was directly integrated with a multimode pulse-Doppler radar, while its electronic warfare suite included features originally designed for the cancelled Lavi would also have been potentially used. The maximum take-off weight of the aircraft was approximately 15,450kg, while the maximum payload was 6,270kg. It could internally contain a total of 3,000kg of fuel, along with an additional 3,720kg in external tanks. In addition, it was to be provided with an aerial refueling capability. According to repeated statements by IAI, serial production of the Nammer fighter would have had been available at a unit cost of less than $20 million.
Specifications (as designed)
See also
References
Citations
Bibliography
Copley, Gregory R. Defense & Foreign Affairs Strategic Policy, Volume 16. Copley & Associates, 1988.
Golan, John W. Lavi: The United States, Israel, and a Controversial Fighter Jet. University of Nebraska Press, 2016. .
International Aeronautic Federation. "Joining the Big League." Interavia: Volume 43, 1988.
External links
1980s Israeli fighter aircraft
IAI aircraft
Cancelled military aircraft projects of Israel
Aircraft first flown in 1991 |
17336397 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocyma | Melanocyma | Melanocyma is a monotypic butterfly genus in the subfamily Morphinae of the family Nymphalidae. Its one species Melanocyma faunula, the pallid faun, is restricted to Burma, Malaya, Thailand and Indochina in the Indomalayan realm.
The wingspan of M. faunula is at around 90 millimetres. Individuals found in lowland forests are often smaller than specimens of M. faunula found on hills.
There are two subspecies, M. f. kimurai and M. f. faunula
Life History
M. faunula individuals are known to breed in primary rainforest. They are often seen in flight in the mid-story of primary rainforest. Individuals are often known to be baited with rotting fruit. They are known to be commonly found in hill stations.
The Pallid Faun's larvae feed on Orania sylvicola. Their eggs hatch after 11 days, hatching within 12 hours. The eggs are 1.1 millimeters in diameter, and are yellow in colour changing to black with time. The Pallid Faun exhibits similar egg laying and feeding behaviour with Taenaris onolaus.
Gallery
References
External links
Images representing Melanocyma at Bold
TOL
Amathusiini
Butterflies of Indochina
Monotypic butterfly genera
Taxa named by John O. Westwood
Nymphalidae genera |
17336410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burley%20Hill | Burley Hill | Burley Hill is a hamlet in the Erewash district, in the county if Derbyshire, England. It is located one mile north of Allestree. Burley Hill was the location of a pottery in the 13th and 14th centuries and some of those pots are preserved in Derby Museum.
References
Hamlets in Derbyshire
Borough of Erewash |
17336439 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Percy%20Bargery | George Percy Bargery | George Percy Bargery (1 October 1876 – 2 August 1966) was an English missionary and linguist from Exeter, Devon.
Bargery was born in Exeter, where he was educated at Hele's School and Islington College. After attending the University of London, Bargery was ordained with the Church Missionary Society in 1899.
Bargery joined the Colonial Education Service and was sent to Northern Nigeria, serving until 1910. He published a Hausa-English Dictionary in 1934 that remains widely referenced and is available in several online versions. The dictionary was recognised as a tremendous achievement, and his alma mater, the University of London, rewarded him with a Doctorate in Literature in 1937. He also worked as a lecturer in the professor of Hausa at the university for several years while working in London on his dictionary.
He was married to Eliza Minnie "Nina" Turner from 1906 to her death in 1932. They had one son. He remarried in 1940 to Minnie Jane Martin, who died in 1952. In 1966, he died suddenly at his son's home in Tring, Hertfordshire, at age 90.
He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1957 Birthday Honours. He returned to England from Nigeria permanently in 1957.
According to the School of Oriental and African Studies Library in London, where Bargery's collected papers are on deposit, his Hausa-English dictionary contained "the first tonal analysis of the Hausa language".
Publications
References
External links
Bargery's Hausa-English Dictionary Online
Bargery's Hausa-English Dictionary Online
Archives in London and the M25 Area
1876 births
1966 deaths
Linguists from England
English Anglican missionaries
Clergy from Exeter
Anglican missionaries in Nigeria
Missionary linguists
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Alumni of the University of London
Colonial Education Service officers
People educated at Hele's School, Exeter
Linguists of Hausa |
17336463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpay | Alpay | Alpay is a masculine Turkish given name, and a surname. It derives from "alp". In Turkish, "alp" means "stouthearted", "brave", "chivalrous", "daredevil", "valorous", and/or "gallant".
Notable persons with that name include:
People with the given name
Alpay (singer), Turkish singer
Alpay Özalan (born 1973), Turkish footballer
Alpay Şalt, Turkish musician, member of the band Yüksek Sadakat
People with the surname
David Alpay (born 1980), Canadian actor
Turkish masculine given names
Turkish-language surnames |
17336469 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIDPoint | HIDPoint | HIDPoint is proprietary Linux software for USB Keyboards and Mice. Currently it supports most Logitech keyboards and mice. It runs on many Linux distributions such as RHEL, SUSE, Ubuntu and Fedora. HIDPoint has been designed to give users using USB Mice and Keyboards the same experience they get when using these devices on Microsoft Windows.
Features
Allows users to fully utilize the functionality provided by their hardware.
Allows full use of Multimedia buttons, “Office” keys, and Programmable keys.
Users have the same experience as in Windows.
Single binary distribution for all supported Operating systems.
GUI Installer and Uninstaller.
No run time dependencies to install.
Currently supported platforms
Ubuntu 10.10 (Maverick Meerkat)
Ubuntu 10.04 (Lucid Lynx)
Ubuntu 9.10 (Karmic Koala)
Ubuntu 9.04 (Jaunty Jackalope)
Linux Mint 9 (Isadora)
Linux Mint 8 (Helena)
Linux Mint 7 (Gloria)
Linux Mint 6 (Felicia)
Debian 5
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.0
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4.0
CentOS 5.0
Suse 10.2
Suse 10.1
Suse 10.0
Mandriva 2008 and 2010
Fedora Core 6.0
Fedora Core 4.0
SMP (multi-processor/multi-core) are not yet supported.
64bit drivers are available for selected Platforms.
Currently supported mice
Logitech Cordless Mouse for Notebooks
Logitech Cordless Click
Logitech MX 1000 Laser Mouse
Logitech Media Play Cordless
Logitech V500 Cordless Mouse
Logitech G3/MX518 Optical Mouse
Logitech Cordless Click Plus
Logitech V200 Cordless Mouse
Logitech Cordless Mini Optical Mouse
Logitech LX7 Cordless Optical Mouse
Logitech LX5 Cordless Optical Mouse
Logitech G5 Laser Mouse
Logitech G7 Laser Mouse
Logitech MX610 Laser Cordless Mouse
Logitech MX610 Left Handed Laser Cordless Mouse
Logitech G1 Optical Mouse
Logitech MX400 Laser Mouse
Logitech G3 Laser Mouse
Logitech V450 Laser Mouse
Logitech VX Revolution
Logitech MX Air mouse
Logitech MX Revolution
Logitech MX 600 Cordless Laser
Logitech LX7 Cordless Laser Mouse
Logitech MX 620 Cordless Laser
Logitech V220 Cordless Optical
Logitech LX8 Cordless Optical Mouse
Logitech VX Nano
Logitech LX8 Cordless Optical Mouse
Logitech LX6 Cordless Optical Mouse
Logitech V450 Laser Mouse
Logitech MX 700 Cordless Optical Mouse
Logitech MX 900
Currently supported keyboards
Logitech LX 500 Cordless Keyboard
Logitech LX 501 Cordless Keyboard
Logitech LX 300 Cordless Keyboard
Logitech Numeric Keypad
Logitech Cordless Ultra Flat Keyboard
Logitech EX 110 Series Keyboard
Logitech Media Keyboard Elite
Logitech MX 3000 Keyboard
Logitech S510 Keyboard
Logitech Comfort Keyboard
Logitech LX 710 Keyboard
Logitech MX 3200 Keyboard
Logitech Easy Call Keyboard
Logitech Wave Cordless Keyboard
Logitech Wave Corded Keyboard
Other keyboard/mice software
Microsoft IntelliPoint
Logitech SetPoint
External links
HIDPoint download page
Linux software |
6901296 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate%20Price%20%28actress%29 | Kate Price (actress) | Katherine Duffy (13 February 1872 – 4 January 1943), known professionally as Kate Price, was an Irish-American actress. She is known for playing the role of Mrs. Kelly in the comedy series The Cohens and Kellys, made by Universal Pictures between 1926 and 1932. Price appeared in 296 movies from 1910 to 1937.
Career
Price was born in Cork, Ireland and immigrated to the United States with her family in 1881. Her brother was actor Jack Duffy. She began her stage and vaudeville career with her German-American husband, actor Joseph Price Ludwig, in 1890. Price's motion picture career began with the old Vitagraph Studios in New York City in 1902. She acted with movie stars such as Flora Finch, Douglas Fairbanks, John Bunny, Buster Keaton, and Mary Pickford. She was paired with Oliver Hardy for 14 films produced at the Vim Comedy Company in Jacksonville, Florida.
In 1917, Price went to Hollywood. She had parts in The Sea Tiger (1927), The Godless Girl (1929), and Reaching for the Moon (1930). Her final MGM feature was Have a Heart (1934). After making Easy Living and Live, Love and Learn (both released in 1937), she retired.
Death
Price died at age 70 at the Motion Picture Country Home, Woodland Hills. Funeral services were held at St. Theresa's Church with interment in Calvary Cemetery.
Partial filmography
Her Crowning Glory (1911)
Lady Godiva (1911)
All for a Girl (1912)
One Can't Always Tell (1913)
Jerry's Mother-In-Law (1913)
A Million Bid (1914)
Bringing Up Father (1915)
The Waiters' Ball (1916)
A Maid to Order (1916)
Twin Flats (1916)
A Warm Reception (1916)
Pipe Dreams (1916)
Mother's Child (1916)
Prize Winners (1916)
The Guilty Ones (1916)
He Winked and Won (1916)
Fat and Fickle (1916)
The Boycotted Baby (1917)
Humdrum Brown (1918)
Good Night, Nurse! (1918)
The Ghost of Rosy Taylor (1918)
Arizona (1918)
Love (1919)
Dinty (1920)
The Figurehead (1920)
That Girl Montana (1921)
The Other Woman (1921)
The New Teacher (1922)
My Wife's Relations (1922)
A Dangerous Game (1922)
Flesh and Blood (1922)
Paid Back (1922)
Come on Over (1922) as Delia Morahan
Broken Hearts of Broadway (1923)
The Dangerous Maid (1923)
Enemies of Children (1923)
The Near Lady (1923)
Good-By Girls! (1923)
Wolf Tracks (1923)
Fools Highway (1924)
Another Man's Wife (1924)
Riders Up (1924)
The Sea Hawk (1924)
The Wife of the Centaur (1924)
Passion's Pathway (1924)
The Tornado (1924)
Seven Chances (1925)
The Sporting Venus (1925)
The Man Without a Conscience (1925)
The Desert Flower (1925)
His People (1925)
The Goose Woman (1925)
The Unchastened Woman (1925)
Sally, Irene and Mary (1925)
The Perfect Clown (1925)
The Arizona Sweepstakes (1926)
Memory Lane (1926)
The Beautiful Cheat (1926)
Paradise (1926)
The Third Degree (1926)
Frisco Sally Levy (1927)
Mountains of Manhattan (1927)
Mad Hour (1928)
Show Girl (1928)
Thanks for the Buggy Ride (1928)
The Cohens and the Kellys in Paris (1928)
The Cohens and the Kellys in Atlantic City (1929)
Two Weeks Off (1929)
Linda (1929)
The Cohens and the Kellys in Scotland (1930)
Shadow Ranch (1932)
Ladies of the Jury (1932)
Have a Heart (1934)
References
External links
Kate Price in a 1927 film (University of Washington, Sayre collection) (new url)
1872 births
1943 deaths
Irish film actresses
American film actresses
American silent film actresses
19th-century American actresses
American stage actresses
20th-century American actresses
Actresses from Cork (city)
19th-century Irish people
Vaudeville performers
Irish emigrants to the United States (before 1923)
Burials at Calvary Cemetery (Los Angeles)
20th-century Irish actresses |
6901297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roan%20Creek | Roan Creek | Roan Creek is a tributary of the Watauga River that rises near the border between the U.S. states of Tennessee and North Carolina. Its source is located along the slopes of Snake Mountain near Trade in Johnson County, Tennessee. From its source, Roan Creek flows north, then turns west around the northern end of Stone Mountain. Then it flows south and west through Cherokee National Forest in the valley between Stone Mountain and Doe Mountain, until entering the Watauga River and Watauga Lake, the reservoir behind Watauga Dam. Its waters eventually flow through the Watauga River, the Holston River, the Tennessee River, the Ohio River, and the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico.
In 2005 Roan Creek was cited as one of the top ten most endangered rivers by American Rivers, a national non-profit conservation organization focused on rivers.
See also
List of rivers of Tennessee
External links
http://www.americanrivers.org/ American Rivers
Tributaries of the Watauga River
Rivers of Tennessee
Rivers of Johnson County, Tennessee |
6901305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure%20hunt | Treasure hunt | Treasure hunt generally refers to:
Treasure hunting, the physical search for treasure, typically by finding sunken shipwrecks or buried ancient cultural sites
Treasure hunt (game), a game simulating a hunt for treasure
Treasure Hunt may refer to:
BBC Archive Treasure Hunt, the public campaign to recover lost television productions
Treasure Hunt (British game show), a British television game show
Treasure Hunt (American game show), an American game show
Treasure Hunt Series, a line of Hot Wheels toy cars
Treasure Hunt (module), an accessory for the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game
Treasure Hunt (1952 film), a 1952 British comedy film directed by John Paddy Carstairs
Treasure Hunt (1994 film), a Hong Kong action comedy-drama film starring Chow Yun-fat
Treasure Hunt (2003 film), a 2003 American film directed by Jim Wynorski
Treasure Hunt (2011 film), a Hong Kong comedy film directed by Wong Jing
See also
Treasure hunters (disambiguation) |
6901310 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Shadow%20Line%20%28album%29 | The Shadow Line (album) | The Shadow Line is the sixth studio album by the industrial rock band Godhead, released on August 29, 2006.
Background
In 2005, frontman Jason C. Miller invited James O'Connor to return as the band's drummer, which he accepted. Following the completion of The Shadow Line, however, O'Connor left the group for a second time.
"Trapped In Your Lies" was the album's lead single. It was followed by "Push" and "Hey You".
Track listing
"Trapped in Your Lies" - 3:30
"Hey You" - 4:12
"The Gift" - 4:33
"Fall Down" - 4:24
"Push" - 3:37
"Another Day" - 4:50
"Once Before" - 3:49
"Unrequitted" - 3:53
"Through the Cracks" - 4:20
"Goodbye" - 3:38
"Your End Of Days" - 4:26
"Inside Your World" - 3:49
References
2006 albums
Godhead (band) albums |
20469036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takisato%20Dam | Takisato Dam | The Takisato Dam is a dam on the Sorachi River in west central Hokkaidō, Japan.
References
Dams in Hokkaido
Dams completed in 1999
1999 establishments in Japan |
20469039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20contract%20law | United States contract law | Contract law regulates the obligations established by agreement, whether express or implied, between private parties in the United States. The law of contracts varies from state to state; there is nationwide federal contract law in certain areas, such as contracts entered into pursuant to Federal Reclamation Law.
The law governing transactions involving the sale of goods has become highly standardized nationwide through widespread adoption of the Uniform Commercial Code. There remains significant diversity in the interpretation of other kinds of contracts, depending upon the extent to which a given state has codified its common law of contracts or adopted portions of the Restatement (Second) of Contracts.
Formation
A contract is an agreement between two or more parties creating reciprocal obligations enforceable at law. The elements of a contract are mutual consent, offer and acceptance, consideration, and legal purpose.
Agreement
Mutual consent, also known as ratification and meeting of the minds, is typically established through the process of offer and acceptance. However, contracts can also be implied in fact, as discussed below. At common law, the terms of a purported acceptance must be the "mirror image" of the terms of the offer. Any variation thereof constitutes a counteroffer.
An offer is a display of willingness by a promissor to be legally bound by terms they specify, made in a way that would lead a reasonable person in the promisee's position to understand that an acceptance is being sought and, if made, results in an enforceable contract. Ordinarily, an offeror is permitted to revoke their offer at any time prior to a valid acceptance. This is partially due to the maxim that an offeror is the "master of his offer."
In the case of options, the general rule stated above applies even when the offeror promises to hold the offer open for a certain period of time. For example, Alice says to Bob, "I'll sell you my watch for $10, and you can have a week to decide." Alice is free to revoke her offer during the week, as long as Bob has not accepted the offer.
However, if the offeree gives some separate consideration (discussed below) to keep the offer open for a certain period of time, the offeror is not permitted to revoke during that period. For example, Alice offers to sell Bob her watch for $10. Bob gives Alice $1 to keep the offer open for a week. Alice is not permitted to revoke during the week.
A counteroffer is a new offer that varies the terms of the original offer. Therefore, it is simultaneously a rejection of the original offer. For example, Alan says to Betty, "I'll sell you my watch for $10." At this point Betty has the power of acceptance. But Betty responds, "I'll only pay $8." Betty's response is a rejection of Alan's offer but gives Alan a new power of acceptance. It is possible to phrase what appears to be a counteroffer so that it does not destroy the original power of acceptance. For example, Alan says to Betty, "I'll sell you my watch for $10." Betty responds, "I wonder whether you would take $8." Betty retains her original power of acceptance (unless Alan revokes), but she does not give Alan a new power of acceptance, as she is not making an offer of her own. Therefore, she is not making a counteroffer either. As such, mere inquiries are not counteroffers.
An acceptance is an agreement, by express act or implied from conduct, to the terms of an offer, including the prescribed manner of acceptance, so that an enforceable contract is formed.
In what is known as a battle of the forms, when the process of offer and acceptance is not followed, it is still possible to have an enforceable contract, as mentioned above with respect to contracts implied in fact.
Uniform Commercial Code
The Uniform Commercial Code ("UCC") dispenses with the mirror image rule in § 2-207. UCC § 2-207(1) provides that a "definite and seasonable expression of acceptance...operates as" an acceptance, even though it varies the terms of the original offer. Such an expression is typically interpreted as an acceptance when it purports to accept and agrees on the following terms of the original offer: subject matter, quantity, and price. However, such an expression is not interpreted as an acceptance if it is "expressly conditional" on the original offeror's assent to the varied terms, discussed below. This language is known as the proviso. When the proviso is not used, the terms of the contract are determined by subsection 2. When the proviso is used, but there is no assent by the original offeror to the offeree's varied terms, yet the parties go ahead and perform (act like they have a contract, hence a contract implied in fact), the terms of the contract are determined by subsection 3. So, the terms of a contract under 2-207 are never determined by a combination of subsections 2 and 3.
UCC § 2-207(2) of the statute tells what to do with additional terms. It does not explicitly address what to do with different terms. A minority of states, led by California, infer that this was a typographical error by the drafters. As such, those states treat different terms in the same manner as additional terms. The majority rule, however, is that different terms do not become part of the contract; rather, both of the conflicting terms—from both parties—are removed from the contract. This is known as the knockout rule. Any "gaps" resulting from the removal of these terms are "filled" by Article 2's "gap-fillers."
A term in a purported acceptance is different if it directly contradicts the subject matter of a term present in the original offer. A term in a purported acceptance is additional if it contemplates a subject matter not present at all in the original offer. As already mentioned, subsection 2 does tell what to do with additional terms. They do not become part of the contract if either party is not a merchant.
A merchant is defined elsewhere in the UCC as a party that regularly "deals in goods of the kind" or otherwise gives an impression of knowledge or skill regarding the subject matter of the transaction. If both parties are merchants then additional terms in a purported acceptance do become part of the contract unless any of three exceptions apply.
The exceptions are (out of order): objection by the original offeror in advance; objection by the original offeror within a reasonable time after notice; and material alteration of the contract. The third exception, whether the additional terms materially alter the contract, is the most difficult to apply. Typically, to show it, the merchant must be subjected to undue hardship and/or surprise as a result of the varied term, as measured by the industry involved. It is well established that disclaimer of warranty, indemnification, and arbitration are all clauses that do constitute material alterations.
UCC § 2-207(3) only applies when the proviso language from subsection 1 is used. When the proviso is used, there is no contract formed at that time unless the original offeror assents to the terms that the party purporting to accept has made "expressly conditional."
For example, a buyer sends a purchase order with its own terms. The seller sends an acknowledgement with additional and/or different terms and uses the proviso. The buyer must accept the seller's additional and/or different terms, or else no contract is formed at that time.
Frequently, however, the buyer in such a situation does not accept the seller's terms, typically through silence, that is, not signing and returning the form to the seller. Subsection 3 is designed to deal with this situation.
When the parties begin to perform the contract, they form a contract implied in fact. The terms of that contract are determined by this subsection. They consist of those terms both forms agree on. Any pertinent term upon the forms do not agree are not part of the contract but instead are supplied by the Code's gap fillers.
Note that whether the parties are merchants is irrelevant for this subsection. However, private parties do not typically send and receive purchase orders or invoices, so in hypotheticals, the parties typically are merchants.
For example, the Brown Company (buyer) sends a purchase order to the Smith Company (seller) for 100 widgets. Brown's terms are silent as to arbitration. Smith sends an acknowledgement, making its acceptance of Brown's offer "expressly conditional" on Brown's assent to Smith's additional term that any dispute arising from the transaction be resolved by arbitration. Brown does not sign and return Smith's form, but Smith goes ahead and fulfills the order. Brown receives the widgets and pays for them. The forms do not agree as to the term of arbitration. Therefore, if a dispute arises, the arbitration clause is not part of the contract. Instead, a UCC gap-filling provision is used. Since the Code does not supply arbitration, Brown is able to avoid Smith's term and bring an action in court.
Examples
Laidlaw v. Organ, 15 U.S. 178 (1817) the seller of tobacco was not entitled to get out of a contract to sell a load at a low price when it transpired that the War of 1812 had ended, and so that prices would rise (because a navy embargo was lifted). Even though the buyer stayed silent about the peace treaty that had just been agreed when he was asked if prices might rise, he was entitled to enforce the contract.
Pando v. Fernandez, 127 Misc.2d 224 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1984) it was held that it was not impossible to prove that a boy had agreed with the winner of $2.8m in a lottery that she would share the winnings with him
ProCD, Inc. v. Zeidenberg, 86 F.3d 1447 (7th Cir. 1996) the click of a button accepting a license's terms on software counts as agreement
Specht v. Netscape, 306 F.3d 17 (2d Cir. 2002) simply clicking a download button does not indicate agreement to the terms of a contract if those terms were not conspicuous
Seixas v. Woods 2 Cai. R. 48 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1804) a contract was binding despite making a mistake
Consideration and estoppel
Consideration is something of value given by a promissor to a promisee in exchange for something of value given by a promisee to a promissor. Typical examples of things of value are acts, forbearances, and/or promises to do so. The latter referring to those things that a party has a legal privilege to do in the first place. So, promising to refrain from committing a tort or crime is not a thing of value for purposes of consideration. This is known as the bargain theory of consideration and requires that the promises to exchange the things be reciprocally induced. This is especially important for the discussion of past consideration, below.
Consideration must be sufficient, but courts do not weigh the adequacy of consideration, partially because in a capitalistic society private parties are entitled and expected to determine the value of things for themselves. In other words, the things being exchanged must have some value in the eyes of the law, but the general rule is that courts do not care how much. Love and affection, for example, would not constitute sufficient consideration, but a penny would. However, sufficient consideration that is grossly inadequate may be deemed unconscionable, discussed below.
Moreover, things that ordinarily constitute sufficient consideration may be deemed insufficient when they are being exchanged for fungible things. For example, $1 is ordinarily sufficient consideration, and $100 is ordinarily sufficient consideration. However, if Alan and Betty agree to exchange $1 for $100, it would not be an enforceable contract for lack of consideration. An exception to this exception is when there is special significance to the $1 bill itself, such as if it was the first dollar a person made in business and carries tremendous sentimental value, similar to the peppercorn rule. Fungible things do not have to be money, though. They can be grains stored in a silo, for example. One bushel of grain being exchanged for 100 bushels of the same grain would not be sufficient consideration.
Past acts cannot constitute consideration. For example, an employer lays off an employee but promises to give him a pension in exchange for his long and faithful service to the company. It is impossible for the employee to presently promise to have worked all those years for the pension. He worked for the paychecks that the company promised in the past, not knowing whether a pension lay in the future. He might have hoped to one day receive a pension, but the company did not promise one until his layoff. Note, in this situation, the employee may be able to prevail on a claim of promissory restitution, but there is no contract for lack of consideration.
Promissory estoppel is a separate cause of action to breach of contract, requiring separate elements to be shown. It has the effect that in many contract like situations, the requirement of consideration need not be present.
The elements of promissory estoppel are:
an express or implied promise;
detrimental reliance by the promisee foreseeable to a reasonable person in the promissor's position;
actual detrimental reliance by the promisee (worsening of their position); and
for specific performance (as opposed to reliance damages), injustice can only be avoided by enforcing the promise.
Examples
Angel v. Murray, 322 A.2d 630 (RI 1974) modification of a contract does not require consideration if the change is made in good faith and agreed by both parties.
Hamer v. Sidway, 124 N.Y. 538, 27 N.E. 256 (N.Y. 1891) promising to not behave anti-socially amounted to valid consideration for a contract, in this case payment of money by an uncle to a nephew to not swear, drink, gamble and smoke.
Kirksey v. Kirksey, Ala. Sup. 8 Ala. 131 (1845) an old case holding that it was not sufficient consideration to promise to visit a person, in return for getting a house.
Lingenfelder v. Wainwright Brewing Co., 15 S.W. 844 (1891) promising not to sue did not amount to valid consideration
McMichael v. Price, 58 P.2d 549 (OK 1936) mutuality of obligation, and an illusory promise. It was not illusory to promise to buy all sand from one supplier, even though there was no contractual obligation to buy any sand at all. This meant there was sufficient mutuality of obligation.
Wood v. Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon, 222 N.Y. 88, 118 N.E. 214 (1917) it was sufficient consideration to promise to represent someone's interests.
Salsbury v. Northwestern Bell Telephone Co., 221 N.W.2d 609 (IA 1974) charitable subscriptions can be enforced without consideration or detrimental reliance.
Formality
Ordinarily, contracts do not have to be in writing to be enforceable. However, certain types of contracts do have to be reduced to writing to be enforceable, to prevent frauds and perjuries, hence the name statute of frauds, which also makes it not a misnomer (fraud need not be present to implicate the statute of frauds).
Typically the following types of contracts implicate the statute of frauds:
Land, including leases over a year and easements
Suretyships (promises to answer for the debts, defaults, or miscarriages of another)
Consideration of marriage (not to actually get married but to give a dowry, for example)
Goods over a certain amount of money (usually $500, as in the UCC)
Contracts that cannot be performed within one year
For example, a two-year employment contract naturally cannot be performed within one year.
In many states lifetime contracts are not considered to fall within the Statute of Frauds reasoning that life can end at any time, certainly within one year from the time of execution. In other states, notably Illinois, contracts requiring performance for a lifetime are covered by the Statute.
The statute of frauds requires the signature of the party against whom enforcement is sought (the party to be sued for failure to perform). For example, Bob contracts with the Smith Company for two years of employment. The employer would need to sign the writing.
Moreover, the writing for purposes of satisfying the statute of frauds does not need to be the actual contract. It might be a letter, memorializing and formalizing an oral arrangement already made over the phone. Therefore, the signed writing does not need to contain all of the terms that the parties agreed to. At common law, only the essential terms were required in the signed writing. Under the UCC, the only term that must be present in the writing is the quantity. The writing also does not need to be one document, but if there are multiple documents, they must all obviously refer to the same transaction, and they all must be signed. The signature itself does not need to be a full name. Any mark made with the intent to authenticate the writing is satisfactory, such as initials or even such as an X by an illiterate party.
A contract that may otherwise be unenforceable under the statute of frauds may become enforceable under the doctrine of part performance. If the party seeking enforcement of the contract has partially or fulfilled its duties under the contract without objection from the other party, the performing party may be able to use its performance to hold the other party to the terms of the contract.
No writing is required when:
Goods have been received and accepted;
Payment has been made and accepted;
Goods are specially manufactured (there is no market for them); or
under the UCC, the party against whom enforcement is being sought admits a certain quantity of goods.
The last exception applies up to the quantity admitted, which may include the entire contract. This reversed the rule at common law that permitted a defendant to testify that he indeed contracted with the plaintiff but refuses to perform because it is not in writing.
Privity
Under the principle of privity, a person may not reap the benefits or be required to suffer the burdens of a contract to which they were not a party.
Breach of contract
Performance
Jacob & Youngs, Inc. v. Kent, 230 N.Y. 239 (1921) a builder who used the wrong kind of piping in construction of a building was entitled to payment, as he had substantially performed the work, but subject to a deduction for the difference in value of the wrong piping.
Damages
The primary remedy for breach of contract is expectation damages, or "benefit of the bargain." At law, this is monetary compensation. At equity, it can be specific performance or an injunction, among other things. For example, Dan and Pam have an enforceable contract for the sale of Dan's watch. The price they agreed to was $10. The actual value of the watch is $15. Pam would be able to successfully pursue a claim for $5. She might elect this route if she did not want to keep the watch but sell it to a third party for a profit. Alternatively, Pam could successfully pursue a claim whereby the court would order Dan to sell the watch for the original price. She might elect this route if she actually wanted the watch for herself.
The remedy for quasi-contracts (contracts implied in law) is quantum meruit, the reasonable or "fair market" value of goods or services rendered. The remedy for promissory estoppel is reliance damages.
Examples
Hawkins v. McGee, 84 N.H. 114, 146 A. 641 (N.H. 1929) the plaintiff's hand was injured by electrical wiring, and the doctor promised surgery to give him a 100% good hand. The operation failed, and the plaintiff won damages to the value of what he expected to get, compared to what he had. However, he received no extra compensation for pain and suffering.
United States Naval Institute v. Charter Communications, Inc., 936 F.2d 692 (Second Cir. 1991) punitive damages and efficient breach, The Hunt for Red October
Snepp v. United States 444 U.S. 507 (1980) restitution damages
Specific performance
Specific performance occurs when a court orders a party to perform a specific act. In the context of a contract, specific performance requires that a party in breach fulfill its duties under the contract.
Arbitration
Parties are permitted to agree to arbitrate disputes arising from their contracts. Under the Federal Arbitration Act (which has been interpreted to cover all contracts arising under federal or state law), arbitration clauses are generally enforceable unless the party resisting arbitration can show unconscionability, fraud or something else that undermines the entire contract.
Quasi-contract
The terms quasi-contract and contract implied in law are synonymous. There are two types of quasi-contract. One is an action in restitution. The other is unjust enrichment. Note, therefore, that it is improper to say that quasi-contract, implied in law contract, and unjust enrichment are all synonymous, because unjust enrichment is only one type of the broader category of quasi-contracts (contracts implied in law).
Contracts implied in law differ from contracts implied in fact in that contracts implied in law are not true contracts. Contracts implied in fact are ones that the parties involved presumably intended. In contracts implied in law, one party may have been completely unwilling to participate, as shown below, especially for an action in restitution. There has been no mutual assent, in other words, but public policy essentially requires a remedy.
Unjust Enrichment
The elements of this cause of action are:
conferral of a benefit on another;
the other's knowledge of the benefit;
the other's acceptance or retention of the benefit;
circumstances requiring the other to pay the fair value for the benefit to avoid inequity.
Britton v. Turner, 6 N.H. 481 (1834) an employee who left work on a farm after nine months, but had contracted to be paid $120 at the end of one year, was entitled to receive some payment ($95) even though the contract was not completed.
Restitution
The full name of this cause of action is "restitution for actions required to preserve another's life or health." It is available when a party supplies goods or services to someone else, even though the recipient is unaware or does not consent. Unawareness and non-consent can both be due to unconsciousness, but the latter also includes incapacity, which in turn refers to mental incompetence and/or infancy (minority).
The elements of this cause of action are:
the supplier acts "unofficiously", that is, isn't interfering in the affairs of the recipient for no reason;
the supplier acts with the intent to charge money for doing so;
the goods or services are necessary to prevent the recipient from suffering serious bodily injury or pain;
the recipient is unable to consent;
the supplier has no reason to know that the recipient would not consent if they could; and,
if the recipient is "extremely" mentally incompetent or young and objects, the non-consent is immaterial.
Construction
Uniform Commercial Code §2-301
Restatement §201(1)
Uniform Commercial Code §2-313(1)(b)
Frigaliment Importing Company v BNS International Sales Corp, 190 FSupp 116 (SDNY 1960) Friendly J
Express terms
Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors, on warranties
Restatement §213, parol evidence rule: a written agreement that is completely integrated discharges prior oral agreements in its scope.
Mitchill v Lath 247 NY 377 (1928)
Masterson v Sine 68 Cal 2d 222 (1968) Traynor J
Restatement §203, trade usage non-excluded by parol evidence rules
Columbia Nitrogen Corp v Royster Co, 451 F 2d 3 (4th 1971) 31,000 tons of phosphate a year for $50 a ton. The buyer could rely on custom of adjusting prices in the fertilizer industry despite the contract's express price, when the market fell.
Southern Concrete Services v Mableton Contractors, Inc, 407 F Supp 581 (ND Ga 1975)
Implied terms
Restatement §223, courts can supply a missing term by resorting to trade usage or course of dealing "which is fairly to be regarded as establishing a common basis of understanding"
UCC §1-205 and 2-208
Wood v. Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon, 118 NE 214 (1917) Cardozo J, promise to use reasonable efforts to generate license revenues properly implied. "The law has outgrown its primitive stage of formalism when the precise word was the sovereign talisman, and every slip was fatal.... A promise may be lacking, and yet the whole writing may be 'instinct with and obligation,' imperfectly expressed...." UCC 2-306(2)
Bloor v Falstaff Brewing Corp 601 F2d 609 (2nd 1979) Friendly J, breach of best efforts covenant
Uniform Commercial Code §315
Kellogg Bridge Company v. Hamilton, 110 U.S. 108 (1884) there was an implied warranty of fitness for the Kellog Co to build a bridge for a railway company.
Kirke La Shelle Company v. The Paul Armstrong Company et al, 263 NY 79 (1933) "In every contract there is an implied covenant that neither party shall do anything, which will have the effect of destroying or injuring the right of the other party, to receive the fruits of the contract, which means that in every contract there exists an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing."
Unconscionable terms
Interpretation
Uniform Commercial Code §2-302, 2-314, 2-316, 2-719
Moscatiello v Pittsburgh Contractors Equipment Co
Pierce v Catalina Yachts, Inc
Restatement (Second) of Contracts §211
Darner Motor Sales v Universal Underwriters
Gordinier v Aetna Casualty & Surety Co
Farm Bureau Mutual insurance Co v Sandbulte
Max True Plastering Co v United States Fidelty & Guaranty Co
Substance
Restatement (Second) of Contracts §208
Post v Jones
Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co., 350 F2d 445 (DC 1965) procedural unconscionability
Pittsley v Houser
People v Two Wheel Corp
Maxwell v Fidelity Financial Services, Inc
Kansas City Wholesale Grocery Co. v. Weber Packing Corp., 93 Utah 414 (1937) a contract clause limiting the time for allowing complaints about the delivery of a shipment of ketchup was unconscionable
Buchwald v. Paramount, Cal. App. LEXIS 634 (1990) Paramount's contract stipulating it would only pay for work if a $288m film earned a net profit was unconscionable.
Harris v. Blockbuster, Inc., 622 F.Supp.2d 396 (2009)
Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors, Inc., 161 A2d 69 (1960)
Consumer protection
Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act 2010
Fair Debt Collection Practices Act
Fair Credit Reporting Act
Truth in Lending Act
Fair Credit Billing Act
Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act
Federal Trade Commission
U.S. Department of Justice
Cancelling the contract
Mistake
Unilateral mistakes
Donovan v. RRL Corp., 109 Cal.Rptr.2d 807 (2001).
Restatement, Second, Contracts §§153-154
Speckel v Perkins
Mutual mistakes, shared assumptions
Restatement, Second, Contracts §§151-152 and 154
Sherwood v. Walker 66 Mich 568, 33 NW 919 (1887)
Nester v Michigan Land & Iron Co
Griffith v Brymer
Wood v Boynton
Firestone & Parson, Inc v Union League of Philadelphia
Everett v Estate of Sumstad
Lenawee County Board of Health v. Messerly, 331 N.W.2d 203 (1982) it transpired an illegal septic system had contaminated the ground.
Beachcomber Coins, Inc v Boskett
Uniform Commercial Code §§2-312 to 2-315
Transcription mistakes
Restatement, Second, Contracts §§155
Chimart Associates v Paul
Duress and undue influence
Duress
Misrepresentation
United States v. Spearin, 248 U.S. 132 (1918) superior knowledge of US government
Helene Curtis Industries, Inc. v. United States (160 Ct. Cl. 437, 312 F.2d 774 (1963) the superior knowledge doctrine gives the US government a duty of disclosure
Laidlaw v. Organ 15 U.S. 178 (1817), on caveat emptor
Obde v. Schlemeyer 56 Wash 2d 449, 353 P2d 672 (Supreme Court of Washington, 1960) termite infested house not revealed to buyers. Even though no questions asked, seller still liable for failure to disclose.
Smith v. Bolles, 132 U.S. 125 (1889) damages for misrepresentation of share sale did not entitle the buyer to get money as if the representation were true
Illegality
ProCD v. Zeidenberg, copyrights
SCO v. DaimlerChrysler, license agreements
Stoddard v. Martin 1 R.I. 1 (1828) a contract to bet on the outcome of a Senate election was void, because it was contrary to public policy to gamble.
See also
Restatement (Second) of Contracts 1962-1979
Uniform Commercial Code
Uniform Commercial Code adoption
English contract law
United States tort law
Civil Procedure in the United States
Contract theory
References
Further reading
Texts
I Ayres and RE Speidel, Studies in Contract Law (2008)
SJ Burton and MA Eisenberg, Contract Law: Selected Source Materials Annotated (2011)
MA Chirelstein, Concepts and Case Analysis in the Law of Contracts (6th edn 2010)
EA Farnsworth, Contracts (2008)
LL Fuller, MA Eisenberg and MP Gergen Basic Contract Law (9th edn 2013)
CL Knapp, NM Crystal and HG Prince, Problems in Contract Law: Cases and Materials (7th edn Aspen 2012)
Books
OW Holmes, The Common Law (1890) chs 7-9
G Gilmore, The Death of Contract (1974)
Articles
MR Cohen, 'The Basis of Contract' (1933) 46 Harvard Law Review 553
LL Fuller and WR Perdue, 'The Reliance Interest in Contract Damages' (1936) 46 Yale Law Journal 52-96
Goldberg, 'Institutional Change and the Quasi-Invisible Hand' (1974) 17 JLE 461
R Hale, 'Force and the State: A Comparison of "Political" and "Economic" Compulsion' (1935) 35 Columbia LR 149
MJ Horwitz, 'The History of the Public/Private Distinction' (1982) 130(6) University of Pennsylvania LR 1423
D. Kennedy, 'Distributive and Paternalist Motives in Contract and Tort Law, with special reference to compulsory terms and unequal bargaining power' (1982) 41(4) Maryland Law Review 563
F Kessler, 'Contracts of Adhesion – Some Thoughts About Freedom of Contract' (1943) 43(5) Columbia Law Review 629
R Pound, 'Liberty of Contract' (1909) 18 Yale LJ 454
Contract theory
Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc. v. Shute, on forum selection clauses
The Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Company, forum selection clauses
Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge, on the Constitution's Contract Clause
Marquez v. Screen Actors Guild Inc., on the validity of union shop contracts
Salazar v. Ramah Navajo Chapter, 567 U.S. ___ (2012) the US government's obligation to honor contracts with Native Americans.
Law of obligations, tort, unjust enrichment and trusts
Freedom of contract and regulation
Autonomy
Bargaining power and inequality of bargaining power
Will theory, promise
"Promise" in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Arthur Linton Corbin
Adverse selection, moral hazard, information asymmetry
Complete contract and default rule
Agency cost, principal and agent problem
External links
Uniform Commercial Code |
17336491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%20history%20of%20the%20British%20Isles | Genetic history of the British Isles | The genetic history of the British Isles is the subject of research within the larger field of human population genetics. It has developed in parallel with DNA testing technologies capable of identifying genetic similarities and differences between both modern and ancient populations. The conclusions of population genetics regarding the British Isles in turn draw upon and contribute to the larger field of understanding the history of the human occupation of the area, complementing work in linguistics, archaeology, history and genealogy.
Research concerning the most important routes of migration into the British Isles is the subject of debate. Apart from the most obvious route across the narrowest point of the English Channel into Kent, other routes may have been important over the millennia, including a land bridge in the Mesolithic period, as well as maritime connections along the Atlantic coasts.
The periods of the most important migrations are contested. The Neolithic introduction of farming technologies from Europe is frequently proposed as a period of major change in the British Isles. Such technology could either have been learned by locals from a small number of immigrants or have been introduced by colonists who significantly changed the population.
Other potentially important historical periods of migration that have been subject to consideration in this field include the introduction of Celtic languages and technologies (during the Bronze and Iron Ages), the Roman era, the period of Anglo-Saxon influx, the Viking era, the Norman invasion of 1066 and the era of the European wars of religion.
History of research
Early studies by Luigi Cavalli-Sforza used polymorphisms from proteins found within human blood (such as the ABO blood groups, Rhesus blood antigens, HLA loci, immunoglobulins, G6PD isoenzymes, amongst others). One of the lasting proposals of this study with regards to Europe is that within most of the continent the majority of genetic diversity may best be explained by immigration coming from the southeast towards the northwest or in other words from the Middle East towards Britain and Ireland. Cavalli-Sforza proposed at the time that the invention of agriculture might be the best explanation for this.
With the advent of DNA analysis modern populations were sampled for mitochondrial DNA to study the female line of descent and Y chromosome DNA to study male descent. As opposed to large scale sampling within the autosomal DNA, Y DNA and mitochondrial DNA represent specific types of genetic descent and can therefore reflect only particular aspects of past human movement. Later projects began to use autosomal DNA to gather a more complete picture of an individual's genome. For Britain, major research projects aimed at collecting data include the Oxford Genetic Atlas Project (OGAP) and more recently the People of the British Isles, also associated with Oxford.
Owing to the difficulty of modelling the contributions of historical migration events to modern populations based purely on modern genetic data, such studies often varied significantly in their conclusions. One early Y DNA study estimated a complete genetic replacement by the Anglo-Saxons, whilst another argued that it was impossible to distinguish between the contributions of the Anglo-Saxons and Vikings and that the contribution of the latter may even have been higher. A third study argued that there was no Viking influence on British populations at all outside Orkney. Stephen Oppenheimer and Bryan Sykes, meanwhile, claimed that the majority of the DNA in the British Isles had originated from a prehistoric migration from the Iberian peninsula and that subsequent invasions had had little genetic input.
In the last decade, improved technologies for extracting ancient DNA have allowed researchers to study the genetic impacts of these migrations in more detail. This led to Oppenheimer and Sykes' conclusions about the origins of the British being seriously challenged, since later research demonstrated that the majority of the DNA of much of continental Europe, including Britain and Ireland, is ultimately derived from Steppe invaders from the east rather than Iberia. This research has also suggested that subsequent migrations, such as that of the Anglo-Saxons, did have large genetic effects (though these effects varied from place to place).
Analyses of nuclear and ancient DNA
Mesolithic population
Mesolithic Britons were closely related to other Mesolithic people throughout Western Europe. This population probably had pale-coloured eyes, lactose intolerance, dark curly or wavy hair and dark to very dark skin.
Continental Neolithic farmers
The transition to the Neolithic in the British Isles ( 4,000 BC) went along with a significant population shift. Neolithic individuals were close to Iberian and Central European Early and Middle Neolithic populations, modelled as having about 75% ancestry from Anatolian farmers with the rest coming from Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHG) in continental Europe. This suggests that farming was brought to the British Isles by sea from north-west mainland Europe, by a population that was, or became in succeeding generations, relatively large. In some regions, British Neolithic individuals had a small amount (about 10%) of WHG excess ancestry when compared with Iberian Early Neolithic farmers, suggesting that there was an additional gene flow from British Mesolithic hunter-gatherers into the newly arrived farmer population: while Neolithic individuals from Wales have no detectable admixture of local Western hunter-gatherer genes, those from South East England and Scotland show the highest additional admixture of local WHG genes, and those from South-West and Central England are intermediate.
Bronze Age European Bell Beaker People
According to Olalde et al. (2018), the spread of the Bell Beaker culture to Britain from the lower Rhine area in the early Bronze Age introduced high levels of steppe-related ancestry, resulting in a near-complete transformation of the local gene pool within a few centuries, replacing about 90% of the local Neolithic-derived lineages between 2,400 BC and 2,000 BC. These people exhibiting the Beaker culture were likely an offshoot of the Corded Ware culture, as they had little genetic affinity to the Iberian Beaker people. In addition to the large steppe-derived component, they had a smaller proportion of continental Neolithic and Western Hunter Gatherer DNA. The Modern British and Irish likely derive most of their ancestry from this Beaker culture population. According to geneticist David Reich, southern Britain saw an increase in Neolithic DNA around the Iron Age to the Roman Period, which may be attributable to a resurgence of the native Neolithic-derived population or to Celtic Iron Age or Roman period migrations.
An earlier study had estimated that the modern English population derived somewhat just over half of their ancestry from a combination of Neolithic and Western Hunter Gatherer ancestry, with the steppe-derived (Yamnaya-like) element making up the remainder. Scotland was found to have both more Steppe and more Western Hunter Gatherer ancestry than England. These proportions are similar to other Northwest European populations.
Anglo-Saxons
Researchers have used ancient DNA to determine the nature of the Anglo-Saxon settlement, as well as its impact on modern populations in the British Isles.
One 2016 study, using Iron Age and Anglo-Saxon era DNA found at grave sites in Cambridgeshire, calculated that ten modern-day eastern English samples had 38% Anglo-Saxon ancestry on average whilst ten Welsh and Scottish samples each had 30% Anglo-Saxon ancestry, with a large statistical spread in all cases. However, the authors noted that the similarity observed between the various sample groups was possibly due to more recent internal migration.
Another 2016 study conducted using evidence from burials found in northern England found that a significant genetic difference was present in bodies from the Iron Age and the Roman period on the one hand and the Anglo-Saxon period on the other. Samples from modern-day Wales were found to be similar to those from the Iron Age and Roman burials whilst samples from much of modern England, East Anglia in particular, were closer to the Anglo-Saxon-era burial. This was found to demonstrate a "profound impact" from the Anglo-Saxon migrations on the modern English gene pool, though no specific percentages were given in the study.
A third study combined the ancient data from both of the preceding studies and compared it to a large number of modern samples from across Britain and Ireland. This study concluded that modern southern, central and eastern English populations were of "a predominantly Anglo-Saxon-like ancestry" whilst those from northern and southwestern England had a greater degree of indigenous origin.
Vikings
Historical and toponymic evidence suggests a substantial Viking migration to many parts of northern Britain; however, particularly in the case of the Danish settlers, differentiating their genetic contribution to modern populations from that of the Anglo-Saxons has posed difficulties.
A study published in 2020, which used ancient DNA from across the Viking world in addition to modern data, noted that ancient samples from Denmark showed similarities to samples from both modern Denmark and modern England. Whilst most of this similarity was attributed to the earlier settlement of the Anglo-Saxons, the authors of the study noted that British populations also carried a small amount of "Swedish-like" ancestry that was present in the Danish Vikings but unlikely to have been associated with the Anglo-Saxons. From this, it was calculated that the modern English population has approximately 6% Danish Viking ancestry, with Scottish and Irish populations having up to 16%. Additionally, populations from all areas of Britain and Ireland were found to have 3–4% Norwegian Viking ancestry.
Irish populations
A 2015 study using data from the Neolithic and Bronze Ages showed a considerable genetic difference between individuals during the two periods, which was interpreted as being the result of a migration from the Pontic steppes. The individuals from the latter period, with significant steppe ancestry, showed strong similarities to modern Irish population groups. The study concluded that "these findings together suggest the establishment of central aspects of the Irish genome 4,000 years ago."
Another study, using modern autosomal data, found a large degree of genetic similarity between populations from northeastern Ireland, southern Scotland and Cumbria. This was interpreted as reflecting the legacy of the Plantation of Ulster in the 17th century.
Haplogroups
Mitochondrial DNA
Bryan Sykes broke mitochondrial results into twelve haplogroups for various regions of the isles:
Haplogroup H
Haplogroup I
Haplogroup J
Haplogroup T
Haplogroup V
Haplogroup W
Haplogroup X
Haplogroup U
...and within U...
Haplogroup U2
Haplogroup U3
Haplogroup U4
Haplogroup U5
Sykes found that the maternal haplogroup pattern was similar throughout England but with a distinct trend from east and north to west and south. Minor haplogroups were mainly found in the east of England. Sykes found Haplogroup H to be dominant in Ireland and Wales, though a few differences were found between north, mid and south Wales—there was a closer link between north and mid-Wales than either had with the south.
Studies of ancient DNA have demonstrated that ancient Britons and Anglo-Saxon settlers carried a variety of mtDNA haplogroups, though type H was common in both.
Y chromosome DNA
Sykes also designated five main Y-DNA haplogroups for various regions of Britain and Ireland.
Haplogroup R1b
Haplogroup R1a
Haplogroup I
Haplogroup E1b1b
Haplogroup J
Haplogroup R1b is dominant throughout Western Europe. While it was once seen as a lineage connecting Britain and Ireland to Iberia, where it is also common, it is now believed that both R1b and R1a entered Europe with Indo-European migrants likely originating around the Black Sea; R1a and R1b are now the most common haplotypes in Europe.
One common R1b subclade in Britain is R1b-U106, which reaches its highest frequencies in North Sea areas such as southern and eastern England, the Netherlands and Denmark. Due to its distribution, this subclade is often associated with the Anglo-Saxon migrations. Ancient DNA has shown that it was also present in Roman Britain, possibly among descendants of Germanic mercenaries.
Ireland, Scotland, Wales and northwestern England are dominated by R1b-L21, which is also found in northwestern France (Brittany), the north coast of Spain (Galicia), and western Norway. This lineage is often associated with the historic Celts, as most of the regions where it is predominant have had a significant Celtic language presence into the modern period and associate with a Celtic cultural identity in the present day. It was also present among Celtic Britons in eastern England prior to the Anglo-Saxon and Viking invasions, as well as Roman soldiers in York who were of native descent.
There are various smaller and geographically well-defined Y-DNA Haplogroups under R1b in Western Europe.
Haplogroup R1a, a close cousin of R1b, is most common in Eastern Europe. In Britain, it has been linked to Scandinavian immigration during periods of Viking settlement. 25% of men in Norway belong to this haplogroup; it is much more common in Norway than in the rest of Scandinavia. Around 9% of all Scottish men belong to the Norwegian R1a subclade, which peaks at over 30% in Shetland and Orkney. However, there is no conclusive evidence that all came with Vikings, and similarities could have arisen from similar pre-Viking settlement patterns. Current Scandinavians belong to a range of haplogroups.
Haplogroup I is a grouping of several quite distantly related lineages. Within Britain, the most common subclade is I1, which also occurs frequently in northwestern continental Europe and southern Scandinavia, and has thus been associated with the settlement of the Anglo-Saxons and Vikings. An Anglo-Saxon male from northern England who died between the seventh and tenth centuries was determined to have belonged to haplogroup I1.
Haplogroups E1b1b and J in Europe are regarded as markers of Neolithic movements from the Middle East to Southern Europe and likely to Northern Europe from there. These haplogroups are found most often in Southern Europe and North Africa. Both are rare in Northern Europe; E1b1b is found in 1% of Norwegian men, 1.5% of Scottish, 2% of English, 2.5% of Danish, 3% of Swedish and 5.5% of German. It reaches its peak in Europe in Kosovo at 47.5% and Greece at 30%.
Uncommon Y haplogroups
Geneticists have found that seven men with the surname Revis, which originates in Yorkshire, carry a genetic signature previously found only in people of West African origin. All of the men belonged to Haplogroup A1a (M31), a subclade of Haplogroup A which geneticists believe originated in Eastern or Southern Africa. The men are not regarded as phenotypically African and there are no documents, anecdotal evidence or oral traditions suggesting that the Revis family has African ancestry. It has been conjectured that the presence of this haplogroup may date from the Roman era when both Africans and Romans of African descent are known to have settled in Britain. According to Bryan Sykes, "although the Romans ruled from AD 43 until 410, they left a tiny genetic footprint." The genetics of some visibly white (European) people in England suggests that they are "descended from north African, Middle Eastern and Roman clans".
Geneticists have shown that former American president Thomas Jefferson, who might have been of Welsh descent, along with two other British men out of 85 British men with the surname Jefferson, carry the rare Y chromosome marker T (formerly called K2). This is typically found in East Africa and the Middle East. Haplogroup T is extremely rare in Europe but phylogenetic network analysis of its Y-STR (short tandem repeat) haplotype shows that it is most closely related to an Egyptian T haplotype, but the presence of scattered and diverse European haplotypes within the network is nonetheless consistent with Jefferson's patrilineage belonging to an ancient and rare indigenous European type.
See also
Prehistoric Britain
Historical immigration to Great Britain
Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
Nordic migration to Britain
List of haplogroups of historical and famous figures
Other locations:
Genetic history of the Middle East
Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas
Genetic history of Europe
Genetic history of Italy
Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia
References
Bibliography
Further reading
. Also here
Malmström et al. 2009
Mithen, Steven 2003. After the Ice: A Global Human History 20,000-5000 BC. Phoenix (Orion Books Ltd.), London.
Patterson, N., Isakov, M., Booth, T. et al. "Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age". Nature (2021). Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age
Stringer, Chris. 2006. Homo Britanicus. Penguin Books Ltd., London. .
Genetics in the United Kingdom
History of the British Isles
Human population genetics
British Isles |
17336519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannix%20%28disambiguation%29 | Mannix (disambiguation) | Mannix is an American television show that aired between 1967 and 1975.
Mannix may also refer to:
Surname
Brian Mannix (born 1961), Australian rock singer and actor
Daniel Mannix (1864–1963), longtime Catholic Archbishop of Melbourne
Daniel P. Mannix (1911–1997), author and journalist
David Mannix (born 1985), English retired footballer
Eddie Mannix (1891–1963), American film studio executive and "fixer"
Elizabeth A. Mannix, Cornell University management professor
Fred Mannix (born 1942), Canadian billionaire businessman
Fred Mannix Jr. (born 1983/84), Canadian polo player, son of Fred Mannix
Frederick S. Mannix (1881–1951), Canadian entrepreneur, grandfather of Fred Mannix
Kevin Mannix (born 1949), American politician
Simon Mannix (born 1971), New Zealand rugby union football coach and former player
Toni Mannix (1906–1983), American actress, dancer and wife of Eddie Mannix
Given name
Mannix Flynn, Irish author and artist
Mannix Román (born 1983), Puerto Rican volleyball player
Other uses
Mannix (album), the 1969 soundtrack for the television show
Mannix College (Monash University), an Australian residential college named after Daniel Mannix |
17336523 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive%20interpretation | Descriptive interpretation | According to Rudolf Carnap, in logic, an interpretation is a descriptive interpretation (also called a factual interpretation) if at least one of the undefined symbols of its formal system becomes, in the interpretation, a descriptive sign (i.e., the name of single objects, or observable properties). In his Introduction to Semantics (Harvard Uni. Press, 1942) he makes a distinction between formal interpretations which are logical interpretations (also called mathematical interpretation or logico-mathematical interpretation) and descriptive interpretations: a formal interpretation is a descriptive interpretation if it is not a logical interpretation.
Attempts to axiomatize the empirical sciences, Carnap said, use a descriptive interpretation to model reality.: the aim of these attempts is to construct a formal system for which reality is the only interpretation. - the world is an interpretation (or model) of these sciences, only insofar as these sciences are true.
Any non-empty set may be chosen as the domain of a descriptive interpretation, and all n-ary relations among the elements of the domain are candidates for assignment to any predicate of degree n.
Examples
A sentence is either true or false under an interpretation which assigns values to the logical variables. We might for example make the following assignments:
Individual constants
a: Socrates
b: Plato
c: Aristotle
Predicates:
Fα: α is sleeping
Gαβ: α hates β
Hαβγ: α made β hit γ
Sentential variables:
p "It is raining."
Under this interpretation the sentences discussed above would represent the following English statements:
p: "It is raining."
F(a): "Socrates is sleeping."
H(b,a,c): "Plato made Socrates hit Aristotle."
x(F(x)): "Everybody is sleeping."
z(G(a,z)): "Socrates hates somebody."
xyz(H(x,y,z)): "Somebody made everybody hit somebody."
xz(F(x)G(a,z)): Everybody is sleeping and Socrates hates somebody.
xyz (G(a,z)H(x,y,z)): Either Socrates hates somebody or somebody made everybody hit somebody.
Sources
Semantics
Formal languages
Interpretation (philosophy) |
17336524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean%20%28disambiguation%29 | Mean (disambiguation) | Mean is a term used in mathematics and statistics.
Mean may also refer to:
Music
Mean (album), a 1987 album by Montrose
"Mean" (song), a 2010 country song by Taylor Swift from Speak Now
"Mean", a song by Pink from Funhouse
Meane, or mean, a vocal music term from 15th and 16th century England
Other uses
Ethic mean, a sociology term
Mean (magazine), an American bi-monthly magazine
Meanness, a personal quality
MEAN (solution stack), a free and open-source JavaScript software stack for building dynamic web sites and web applications
A synonym of frugal
See also
Meaning (disambiguation)
Means (disambiguation)
Meen (disambiguation) |
20469044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Leroux | Chris Leroux | Christopher Adam Leroux (born April 14, 1984) is a Canadian former professional baseball pitcher and television personality. He played for the Florida Marlins, Pittsburgh Pirates, and New York Yankees in Major League Baseball (MLB) and for the Tokyo Yakult Swallows of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). Leroux also competed for the Canadian national baseball team in international competitions.
Career
Amateur career
Leroux attended St. Joseph Secondary School in Mississauga, Ontario. The Tampa Bay Devil Rays selected Leroux in the ninth round in the 2002 MLB draft, but he did not sign. He attended Winthrop University, where he played college baseball for the Winthrop Eagles baseball team. He also played collegiate summer baseball for the Falmouth Commodores of the Cape Cod League in 2004.
Professional career
Minor leagues
The Florida Marlins selected Leroux in the seventh round of the 2005 MLB draft, and he signed. In 2006, Leroux was assigned to the Greensboro Grasshoppers of the Class A South Atlantic League, where he made three starts before being injured. After a rehab assignment with the Gulf Coast Marlins of the Rookie-level Gulf Coast League, he was assigned to the Jamestown Jammers of the Class A-Short Season New York-Penn League. In 11 total starts, he went 0-4 with a 6.06 earned run average (ERA), striking out 22 in innings pitched. Leroux played 2007 with Greensboro, where in 46 appearances, he went 2-3 with a 4.14 ERA, striking out 76 in innings.
Leroux played 2008 with the Jupiter Hammerheads of the Class A-Advanced Florida State League, where in 57 games, he went 6-7 with a 3.65 ERA and one save, striking out 78 in 74 innings. Leroux began 2009 with the Jacksonville Suns of the Class AA Southern League, where he played until he was promoted to the major leagues by the Marlins. He had a few stints with Florida, but spent most of his time in Jacksonville, where in 46 games, he went 5-3 with a 2.70 ERA and two saves, striking out 55 in 60 innings.
Florida Marlins
On May 23, 2009, Leroux was recalled by the Marlins. He made his MLB debut three days later against the Philadelphia Phillies. He was optioned the next day when Brett Carroll was recalled. He rejoined the Marlins when Matt Lindstrom went on the disabled list. In his third appearance, he recorded his first MLB strikeout, which was of Cristian Guzmán. In 5 games with the Marlins, he had a 10.80 ERA with two strikeouts in innings
Leroux opened 2010 with the New Orleans Zephyrs of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League (PCL), but was recalled on April 14. Leroux was placed on the 15-day disabled list on May 19 with a right elbow strain. He missed 26 games, and was subsequently assigned to New Orleans. He was recalled on September 3 when the rosters expanded.
Pittsburgh Pirates
Leroux was claimed off waivers by the Pittsburgh Pirates on September 13, 2010. In 23 games with both teams, he went 0-1 with a 6.75 ERA with 22 strikeouts in innings.
Leroux began 2011 with the Indianapolis Indians of the Class AAA International League, but after a poor start, he was demoted to the Altoona Curve of the Class AA Eastern League. After a 5-game stint with Altoona, he returned to Indianapolis. On July 3, Leroux was recalled to Pittsburgh, replacing Brad Lincoln. He was optioned to Indianapolis on July 22, but was recalled 5 days later, only to be placed on the disabled list with a left calf strain 2 days after that. He was activated from the disabled list on August 22, and remained on the roster for the rest of the season. In 23 games with the Pirates, he went 1–1 with a 2.88 ERA.
Prior to the 2012 season, Leroux was placed on the 60-day DL with a right pectoral strain. He rejoined the club as a September call-up after rehab and an assignment to the AAA Indianapolis Indians. In 10 games with the Pirates, he had a 5.56 ERA with 12 strikeouts in 11.2 innings.
Leroux made the 2013 Opening Day roster with the Pirates, but was designated for assignment on April 12 after pitching in 2 games. He elected free agency on April 17, 2013.
Tokyo Yakult Swallows
On April 23, 2013, Leroux signed with the Tokyo Yakult Swallows of the Central League of Nippon Professional Baseball.
New York Yankees
On January 27, 2014, Leroux signed a minor league contract with the New York Yankees. The deal included an invitation to major league spring training. Leroux began the season with the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders of the International League. He made his Yankee debut on April 29, 2014. He was designated for assignment on May 3, 2014. He was called back up by the Yankees on July 23, 2014, but was designated for assignment two days later. He was called back up a third time on August 11, 2014 and again designated for assignment two days later. After the 2014 season, he became a free agent. After pitching two innings, he earned a 22.50 ERA, a loss, and didn't earn a win.
Later career
Leroux signed a minor league deal with the Milwaukee Brewers on January 26, 2015. He began the season with the Colorado Springs Sky Sox of the PCL. On May 18, 2015, he was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies for cash considerations. He spent the rest of the season with the Reading Fightin Phils of the Eastern League and the Lehigh Valley IronPigs of the International League.
On April 3, 2016, Leroux was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays for cash considerations, and assigned to the Buffalo Bisons of the International League. He was released on August 28.
After playing for the Canadian national team in the 2017 World Baseball Classic, Leroux retired from baseball.
International career
He was selected to the Canada national baseball team at the 2009 World Baseball Classic, 2013 World Baseball Classic, 2015 Pan American Games, 2015 WBSC Premier12, 2017 World Baseball Classic, 2019 Pan American Games Qualifier, 2019 Pan American Games and 2019 WBSC Premier12.
Pitching style
Leroux throws three pitches: a four-seam fastball and two-seam fastball in the low-to-mid 90s, and a slider in the low-to-mid 80s. He also used to throw a changeup to left-handed hitters, but he dropped it after the 2011 season to simplify his pitching approach.
Personal life
In 2017, Leroux was cast as the Bachelor on The Bachelor Canada.
References
External links
1984 births
Living people
Altoona Curve players
Bachelor Nation contestants
Baseball people from Quebec
Baseball players at the 2015 Pan American Games
Baseball players at the 2019 Pan American Games
Bradenton Marauders players
Canadian expatriate baseball players in Japan
Canadian expatriate baseball players in the United States
Canadian people of French descent
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Falmouth Commodores players
Florida Marlins players
Greensboro Grasshoppers players
Gulf Coast Marlins players
Gulf Coast Yankees players
Indianapolis Indians players
Jacksonville Suns players
Jamestown Jammers players
Jupiter Hammerheads players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from Canada
Navegantes del Magallanes players
Canadian expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
New York Yankees players
New Orleans Zephyrs players
Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers
Pan American Games gold medalists for Canada
Pan American Games silver medalists for Canada
Pan American Games medalists in baseball
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders players
Sportspeople from Montreal
Tokyo Yakult Swallows players
Toros del Este players
Canadian expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
Winthrop Eagles baseball players
World Baseball Classic players of Canada
2009 World Baseball Classic players
2013 World Baseball Classic players
2015 WBSC Premier12 players
2017 World Baseball Classic players
2019 WBSC Premier12 players
Medalists at the 2015 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2019 Pan American Games |
20469075 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobetsu%20Dam | Tobetsu Dam | Tobetsu Dam is a dam currently under construction in Hokkaidō, Japan. It started in 1980 and is scheduled for opening in 2012.
Dams in Hokkaido |
20469076 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot%20Issue%20%28EP%29 | Hot Issue (EP) | Hot Issue is the second Korean EP by South Korean boy band Big Bang, released under YG Entertainment.
Big Bang's first EP after Always further established the group's popularity in South Korea, with the single "Last Farewell" topping online charts for 8 consecutive weeks, sold over 5 million digital downloads. The group's leader, the then 20-year-old G-Dragon produced and wrote the lyrics for all tracks on Hot Issue. "Last Farewell" is a blend of trance hip-hop beats and pop melodies. The song also features rapping by G-Dragon and T.O.P and melodic vocals from Taeyang, Daesung, and Seungri. "Crazy Dog" features synthesizers and a sampling from the Seo Taiji and Boys song "In My Fantasy." "Last Farewell" won several awards, including Song of the Month at Cyworld Digital Music Awards.
The EP sold over a 120,000 copies in South Korea.
Track listing
Sample credits
"But I Love U" contains a sample of "Rhu of Redd Holt Unlimited" by Paula
"Crazy Dog" contains a sample of "You In the Fantasy" (hangul: 환상 속의 그대; rr: Huansang Sogae Goodae) by Seo Taiji & Boys
References
External links
Big Bang Official Site
Big Bang (South Korean band) EPs
2007 EPs
YG Entertainment EPs
Korean-language EPs
Albums produced by G-Dragon |
17336527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRO-IP%20Act | PRO-IP Act | The Prioritizing Resources and Organization for Intellectual Property Act of 2008 (PRO-IP Act of 2008, , , ) is a United States law that increases both civil and criminal penalties for trademark, patent and copyright infringement. The law also establishes a new executive branch office, the Office of the United States Intellectual Property Enforcement Representative (USIPER).
Background
The PRO-IP Act would serve to further protect rights holders in the case of secondary infringement, in which a consumer becomes liable for infringement committed by another. In Capitol Records v. Deborah Foster (2004), the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) could not charge Oklahoma woman, Debbie Foster, with infringement of shared files. Judge Lee suggested that Foster could not be held responsible for the download of files, which were attributed to her adult daughter and estranged husband who used her IP number. The RIAA's use of IP numbers to charge users with infringement was not sufficient evidence to charge Ms. Foster and other defendants in the past. However, in another RIAA case, Elektra v. Santangelo, the judge did find Patti Santangelo potentially liable for file-sharing in her home via Kazaa software, despite the fact that she may not have been aware of the illegal downloads.
In one case, Capitol v. Thomas, Capitol Records did receive an award of $9,250 in statutory damages for each of the twenty-four infringed songs. Although the jury settled on charging the defendant with only $9,250 out of the possible $150,000 per song, through these cases, Capitol Records, the RIAA and others were primarily concerned with sending a message to the public that illegal distribution and download of copyrighted music was unacceptable.
In addition to these domestic issues, United States has a history of participating in global enforcement of intellectual property rights. In 1995, the U.S. participated in negotiating in the World Trade Organization (WTO) on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), which established a minimum standard for protecting various areas of IP rights. Throughout fiscal years 2004 to 2009, the government has tracked the importation of counterfeit goods, including pharmaceuticals, cigarettes, apparel, footwear, computers, software, toys and electronics. In 2006, the government confiscated, for example, cargo containers of counterfeit Nike Air Jordan shoes, as well as counterfeit Abercrombie and Fitch clothing, which together were valued at about $19 million. According to the U.S. Government Accountability Office's April 2010 report, "Observations on the Efforts to Quantify the Economic Effects of Counterfeit and Pirated Goods," such goods undercut American competition with lower prices, thus causing damage to the domestic economy. The U.S. government was also strongly concerned about the illicit distribution of digital products through peer-to-peer networks, streaming sites, and one-click hosting services. At the time, there was no government agency that collected or tracked data on digital copyright violation. Alongside potential lost revenue, these unauthorized goods pressure producers and IP owners to compete with the counterfeit producers. Overall, this contributes to loss of brand value and reputation, as well as lost investment and innovation. Also, American companies are forced to expend further funds on protecting intellectual property in court.
Proponents of PRO-IP frequently cited a study from the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, claiming that intellectual property theft costs American businesses an estimated $250 billion each year, as well as an estimated 750,000 jobs. A subsequent investigation by the technology news site Ars Technica revealed that these statistics were both inaccurate and decades old. A report issued by the Government Accountability Office in 2010 confirmed that these figures had not been derived from any reliable research, and could not be substantiated.
Legislative history
The origin of the legislation was the Intellectual Property Rights Enforcement Act, S.1984 introduced on November 9, 2005, in 109th Congress by Senator Evan Bayh (D-IN) and Senator George Voinovich (R-OH), and re-introduced on February 7, 2007, in the 110th Congress as S.522.
S.522 required the President to appoint an Intellectual Property Enforcement Coordinator, who would serve in the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in the Executive Office of the President. The Coordinator would be responsible for coordinating inter agency activity on IP enforcement, developing a Strategic Plan detailing objectives and strategies, working with the private sector and other outside groups, and reporting to the President and Congress. New provisions were added later that year.
On December 5, 2007, John Conyers (D-MI) introduced the newly expanded legislation into the House of Representatives. The bill (H.R. 4279) was known as Prioritizing Resources and Organization for Intellectual Property (PRO-IP) Act of 2008. Lamar Smith (R-TX), Howard Berman (D-CA), Adam Schiff (D-CA) and Bob Goodlatte (R-VA) were among the sponsors of the bill.
Intellectual-property holders, such as entertainment companies, auto parts manufacturers, pharmaceuticals and unions, championed the bill.
On May 8, 2008, the House of Representatives passed the bill 410 to 11. Only 12 representatives did not vote. On July 12, 2008, H.R. 4279 was received in the House and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary. On July 24, 2008, Senator Patrick Leahy (D-VT) introduced the bill (S.3325) in the Senate as Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights Act.
On September 26, 2008, S.3325 passed in the Senate with unanimous consent. Two days later, S.3325 passed in the House 381 to 41. In this final House vote, 2008 Presidential candidates, Ron Paul and Dennis Kucinich, voted against the bill.
On October 13, 2008, President George W. Bush signed the bill into law. The official name of the bill reverted to its original title when it was introduced into the House, Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights Act.
Content
The PRO-IP Act makes changes to prior intellectual property law in the areas of civil enforcement, criminal enforcement, coordination of federal intellectual property efforts and funding and resources of the Department of Justice intellectual property programs.
For civil enforcement, the PRO-IP Act increases the maximum $30,000 penalty for compilations and increases penalties for repeat offenders. It raises the penalty for statutory damages for counterfeit goods from $1,000 to $200,000, which was originally a range from $500 to $100,000. For repeat offenders, the maximum statutory damages range from $1–2 million. In addition, the Justice Department has the authority to conduct civil asset forfeiture, in which any computer or network hardware used in the act of a copyright crime may be seized and auctioned off.
In civil forfeiture, the plaintiff may also access bank accounts, financial information and other documents in order to trace the source of the infringing goods. In criminal enforcement, the PRO-IP Act offers the government more authority in seizure and forfeiture in the trafficking of counterfeit labels, documentation, and packaging.
Under Title II of the Act, the manufacturers of these products face new criminal penalties, especially if the offender knowingly or recklessly causes serious bodily injury or death, as with counterfeit pharmaceuticals. The Act also prohibits the transshipment or exportation of such goods, which would be in violation of the Trademark Act of 1946 or the Lanham Act.
Section 602 of the Copyright Act states that it is only illegal to import products that infringe a copyright. Section 105 of PRO-IP makes exports of such materials illegal as well.
U.S. Customs and Border Protection also provides the opportunity for musicians and performers to register their work with the agency, enabling CBP to notify the artist if unauthorized copies of their work are tracked entering the U.S. from other countries.
The PRO-IP Act also established the position of the Intellectual Property Enforcement Coordinator within the Executive Office of the President. The purpose of this new position was to coordinate the anti-infringement efforts of the Department of Justice, the Patent and Trademark Office and the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative.
The appointed IPEC would be responsible for developing and implementing a Joint Strategic Plan, a program to battle counterfeiting and copyright infringement. The appointee would also serve as chief advisor to the President on both domestic and international intellectual property enforcement policy.
Under Section 304, the IPEC must submit an annual report to Congress and must update the strategic plan every three years. The legislation also allocates $25 million annually to state and local governments to train law enforcement, educate the public and purchase technology to combat counterfeit activity.
Additional resources, for example, were allotted to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, which now operates a department of at least five full-time Special Agents who work with the Department of Justice's Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section (CCIPS).
The Congressional Budget Office estimated that the federal budget would allocate approximately $429 million between 2009 and 2013 for the implementation of the PRO-IP Act.
Proponents and opponents
Proponents
Based on the White House's 2010 Joint Strategic Plan, proponents stated that the PRO-IP Act would protect the growth of the national economy. They believed it would promote creativity, research and innovation, which are essential to the technology, pharmaceutical, automobile, and entertainment industries and in turn, protect the jobs in those fields. The U.S. federal government also depends on the promotion of innovation to solve global problems and to preserve national and economic security, including the prevention of criminal activity, such as the sale of counterfeit drugs that cause fatal harm to consumers. In addition, supporters said the Act reaffirmed Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution, which aims to promote scientific and artistic creativity.
In a speech at the Export-Import Bank's Annual Conference in March 2010, President Obama remarked: "...we're going to aggressively protect our intellectual property. Our single greatest asset is the innovation and the ingenuity and creativity of the American people. It is essential to our prosperity and it will only become more so in this century. But it's only a competitive advantage if our companies know that someone else can't just steal that idea and duplicate it with cheaper inputs and labor. There's nothing wrong with other people using our technologies, we welcome it –- we just want to make sure that it's licensed, and that American businesses are getting paid appropriately."
When the bill was initially introduced, co-sponsor, Rep. Howard Berman, defended the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. He suggested that individuals are willing to steal intellectual property and that the PRO-IP Act would prevent such crimes.
American businesses, such as the Business Software Alliance, Motion Picture Association of America and the Recording Industry of Association of America, were long time supporters of the bill, since it was first introduced into the House. NBCUniversal Media also supported the Act due to countless unlicensed works on counterfeit DVDs and online, which were circulated throughout the U.S. and abroad.
In response to the changing Internet platforms, corporations like NBC have transformed traditional media companies into new models to monetize their content. Hulu, for example, began as a joint venture between NBC and News Corp, parent company to Fox. Although new resources were provided for consuming entertainment media, it was not sufficient to completely counteract copyright infringement online.
In addition to media and entertainment corporations, the U.S. auto industry, including General Motors, Ford and Chrysler, sought protection from counterfeiters. Ford and GM, who hold one third of all green technology patents and their related value, are in competition with China and India in the development of hybrid and green technology. Proponents in the auto industry suggested that the PRO-IP Act was essential to sustain financial viability, as well as enduring competitiveness.
Other groups that supported the Act include the National Music Publishers' Association and the Copyright Alliance.
Opponents
Compilation clause
However, the PRO-IP Act also faced opposition. Before the act was passed, Library Copyright Alliance (LCA), Computer and Communications Industry Association (CCIA), Net Coalition, Consumer Electronics Association (CEA), Public Knowledge, Center for Democracy and Technology (CDT), Association of Public Television Stations and Printing Industries of America, protested the compilation clause. Under the law at the time, the copyright plaintiff was able to obtain up to $150,000 per work infringed. The compilation clause, from Section 504 (c)(1) of Title 17, states: "For the purposes of this subsection, all the parts of a compilation or derivative work constitute one work." Under the clause, an entire stolen album would count as one work and thus, the infringer would receive a maximum penalty of $150,000. This would mean, for example, that an individual who copied fifty songs from a boxed set would be liable for a maximum $150,000 rather than $7.5 million in damages. Under the PRO-IP Act, however, legislators proposed that the plaintiff could claim up to $150,000 per infringed work. Public Knowledge argued that this proposed change to the compilation clause would "incentivize 'copyright trolls'" to collect larger damage claims than necessary.
William Patry, senior copyright lawyer for Google, was well known for calling the legislation, the most "outrageous gluttonous IP bill ever introduced in the U.S.," in response to the compilation clause. Patry, who served in the Copyright Office in the past, suggested that the penalties of the PRO-IP Act would fall on ordinary Americans, not commercial counterfeiters.
Like Patry, many believed that liability per song was an excessive penalty. Digital rights groups and other critics suggested that the Act failed to recognize the difference between commercial counterfeiters and regular consumers, who would be punished with outstanding fees. In fact, they suggested that non commercial, personal copying of such tracks could possibly be considered fair use.
The PRO-IP Act further narrows rights under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). Under DMCA, fair use limits the statutory damages available under secondary liability and permits bypassing digital rights management (DRM) for lawful uses. Consumer advocates suggested that the PRO-IP Act, in turn, would serve as a means to protect the business interests of American film, music and software companies. "At a time when the entire digital world is going to less restrictive distribution models, and when the courts are aghast at the outlandish damages being inflicted on consumers in copyright cases, this bill goes entirely in the wrong direction," stated Public Knowledge's president and co-founder, Gigi Sohn. Due to this controversy, the compilation clause was ultimately removed from the Act.
Attempted infringement clause
Another contested clause was the "attempted infringement" penalty. Section 506 (a)(1) of Title 17 states that "any person who willfully infringes a copyright shall be punished...if the infringement was committed—(A) for purposes of commercial advantage or private financial gain;
(B) by the reproduction or distribution, including by electronic means...copyrighted works, which have a total retail value of more than $1,000; or (C) by the distribution of a work being prepared for commercial distribution, by making it available on a computer network accessible to members of the public..." Under this section, Representative Steve Chabot (R-OH) had proposed that the PRO-IP Act enact stricter penalties, which would lengthen prison terms.
Consumer rights
In addition, American consumers were concerned about Section 206, which expanded the scope of civil forfeitures. The government could confiscate an iPod, for example, that contained a single illegal music download, as the device can be said to be property which "facilitates" infringement.
Others claimed that the Act was a violation of net neutrality. As a result of the legislation, Internet service providers would partner with recording companies, for example, in order to detect copyright infringement.
The legislation would also permit the Attorney General to sue individuals on behalf of rights holders, like the MPAA and RIAA.
Advocacy groups, like Public Knowledge and Electronic Frontier Foundation stated that the recording industry has threatened or filed over 30,000 lawsuits against individual consumers, suggesting that movie and television producers, software publishers, music publishers and print publishers have sufficient access to their own enforcement programs and do not need additional support from the government.
In addition, the PRO-IP Act was also criticized due to the creation of new federal offices that would further strain taxpayer dollars, such as the U.S. Intellectual Property Enforcement Representative, Intellectual Property Enforcement Division in the Department of Justice and additional intellectual property staff in U.S. embassies.
Implementation
Bush Administration
In September 1999, Congress instituted the National Intellectual Property Law Enforcement Coordination Center to coordinate efforts to protect IP across federal agencies. In 2004, the Strategy for Targeting Organized Piracy (STOP) was also established in response to rising industry concerns about copyright violation. However, the functions of these agencies overlapped and lacked an overall strategy.
On October 8, 2008, President Bush had signed the bailout bill, the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008. Proponents said that PRO-IP would help the country during the economic crisis.. According to co-sponsor, Senator Patrick Leahy, the legislation would serve as a means to protect copyrights, patents, trademarks and trade secrets central to the U.S. economy and its job market. "Intellectual property—copyrights, patents, trademarks, and trade secrets—is an ever-growing sector of our economy. We are the envy of the world for the quality and the quantity of our innovative and creative goods and services. If we want to continue to lead the world in producing intellectual property, we need to protect Americans' rights in that property", stated Senator Leahy.
The Bush Administration had questioned the legality of the "copyright czar" position, suggesting that it was a violation of separation of powers.
The Justice Department was opposed to the bill, suggesting that the power of the appointed copyright czar was unnecessary. As a result, the position was placed in the Executive Office of the President instead of the Department of Justice.
Senator Ron Wyden was one of the representatives who requested that Congress remove the provision that requires the involvement of the Department of Justice in intellectual property enforcement.
Obama Administration
In September 2009, President Barack Obama appointed intellectual property scholar Victoria Espinel to be the first Intellectual Property Enforcement Coordinator, a position informally known as the Copyright Czar.
Victoria Espinel, who taught as a professor at George Mason University, had prior experience working at the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative. Espinel also served as an intellectual property advisor to the staff of the Senate Judiciary Committee, the Senate Finance Committee, the House Judiciary Committee and the House Ways and Means Committee.
On December 3, 2009, Espinel's appointment was confirmed. The United States Chamber of Commerce, Public Knowledge and other groups approved Espinel for this position.
By Executive Order, President Obama also created two interagencies, the Senior Advisory Committee and Intellectual Property Enforcement Advisory Committee. Espinel serves as the chair of these two groups.
Senate Judiciary chairman Patrick Leahy (D-VT) was a strong supporter of these committees, which aimed to further support the goals of the PRO-IP Act, centered upon protecting American intellectual property and in turn, protect innovation central to the U.S. economy and its job market.
In 2009, the Justice Department reported on the implementation of PRO-IP Act in its first year. There were a variety of prosecutions in the protection of health and safety. One defendant was imprisoned for trafficking over $400,000 worth of counterfeit pharmaceuticals. These tablets, when consumed with alcohol, caused symptoms such as abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting and headaches. In another case, a New York resident was incarcerated for trafficking more than a half a million tubes of counterfeit toothpaste, which contained microorganisms and diethylene glycol, a chemical used as a coolant in brake fluids. The most severe of these prosecutions included imprisonment for Kevin Xu of Texas, who trafficked counterfeit cancer drugs, which included less active ingredients than indicated on the labels. The ability to seize these counterfeit products enabled the government to protect citizen health. In commercial counterfeiting online, the Department of Justice reported the operation of forty websites that generated $800,000 selling counterfeit software online. A ring of defendants was also guilty of selling counterfeit software on eBay valued at more than $25 million. Over the course of about six years, another defendant sold unlicensed tele-radiological software to hospitals and outpatient facilities.
The Department of Justice also reported that the FBI was able to target counterfeiting organizations, as well as initiate the first-ever peer-to-peer trial conviction. Apocalypse Production Crew or "APC" was one of these unauthorized music distribution groups that served as a "release group," which are the original sources in which infringed works are distributed on the Internet. In the first peer-to-peer trial conviction, Daniel Dove was convicted as the administrator of Elite Torrents, a P2P Internet release group, which had over 133,000 members and facilitated the distribution of more than 17,800 titles in movies, software, music and games.
In 2010, the Justice Department's Criminal Division also coordinated work between investigatory agencies and the International Organized Crime Intelligence and Operations Center, also referred to as IOC-2. In an attempt to close intelligence gaps between these groups, the FBI, ICE and CBP routinely contribute intellectual property data to IOC-2. The IOC-2 has also collaborated with the National Intellectual Property Rights Coordination Center to train personnel in the identification of intellectual property violations that involve organized crime.
In addition, in 2010, operations detected online infringement in the sale of counterfeit clothing and computer programs. At the Fisherman's Wharf in San Francisco, California, merchants at eight shops were charged with trafficking counterfeit designer merchandise imported from China, such as clothing, handbags and shoes, all of which were valued over $100 million. In New York, a man had been trafficking NFL, NHL, NBA and MLB sports jerseys. The FBI was also able to track organized crime internationally, such as one group that was responsible for smuggling 120 pairs of counterfeit Nike shoes, 500,000 counterfeit Coach handbags, 10,000 pairs of Coach and Gucci shoes and 500 counterfeit Cartier watches through the Port of Baltimore.
The PRO-IP Act is also utilized to prevent the theft of commercial trade secrets. Many of these cases, for example, entail former employees sharing critical information with international markets. A former Bristol-Myers-Squibb employee stole trade secrets from the company, which he planned to use to establish a pharmaceutical firm in India. Valspar Corporation chemist admitted to stealing formulas and other information valued at $20 million, which he would use working for an overseas competitor. Another chemist stole information from DuPont on Organic Light Emitting Diodes or OLED technology used for display and lighting applications. An employee for Dow AgroSciences in Indianapolis had a similar intent to take trade secrets to China.
In June 2010, Espinel's Joint Strategic Plan integrated perspectives across federal agencies, such as U.S. Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Health and Human Services, Homeland Security, Justice, Office of the U.S. Trade Representative and U.S. Copyright Office. It also considered 1,600 public comments and suggestions from the American public. Under this plan, the federal government will avoid purchase or use of infringing products, support transparency in the development of enforcement policy, as well as improve coordination and thus, effectiveness of intellectual property enforcement. The plan also aims to further protect American intellectual property rights through international outreach and to improve data and information collection regarding criminal violations of intellectual property. IPEC has collected data through a Budget Data Request (BDR), in which federal agencies report the resources used and measured outcomes in intellectual property enforcement.
Espinel hosted an Intellectual Property Health and Safety Forum at the White House, meeting with private sector leaders from American Express, eNom, GoDaddy, Google, MasterCard, Microsoft, Neustar, Visa and Yahoo! to take action against illegal online pharmacies, which pose a threat to health in the act of selling counterfeit drugs online. Due to interagency and cross-border efforts, the FBI was able to convict individuals selling cancer drugs that did not contain ingredients to fight cancer. The PRO-IP Act is also intended to prevent the sale of counterfeit products for use in U.S. defense and weapons systems that may possibly fail under fire, causing harm to troop missions and ultimately, public safety. In one case, a business owner was prosecuted for selling counterfeit Cisco products, which were intended to relay troop movement and intelligence for a U.S. Marine Corps base in Iraq.
As a result of this work, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE HSI) opened 1,033 intellectual property cases, which resulted in 365 arrests, 216 indictments and 170 federal and state convictions. ICE HSI has identified and seized domain names facilitating the trafficking of unlicensed materials. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and ICE HSI had 19,959 intellectual property seizures, which resulted in 237 civil fines and penalties totaling over $62 million.
Many have contested the legality of these seizures, suggesting that excessive shutdowns of domain names and other rogue sites is a violation of free speech. John Morton, director of Immigration and Customs Enforcement, has stated that the organization has "zero interest in limiting free speech" and that "ICE is not the police of the Internet."
In 2011, the federal government aims to shut down top illegal websites and to secure legislation that will enable funding for U.S. embassies to monitor American intellectual property internationally. For example, President Obama discussed enforcement of intellectual property rights with Chinese President Hu Jintao. Alongside Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer, Obama urged Hu to take action against consumers who purchase Microsoft software and other counterfeit DVDs and CDs for only a fraction of the cost online or in public markets. Other European countries and Japan have also addressed this growing problem in China, where the authorities hesitate to arrest counterfeiters due to the fact that such products bolster local economies.
Since the passage of the PRO-IP Act, the National Association of Manufacturers has lobbied for further legislation, as well. In addition to identifying counterfeit and infringing products, the Association would like the legislation that compiles a "watch list" database of importers, shippers and other participants at U.S. ports. Such legislation should also increase fines, as well as develop tools to ensure that manufacturers receive timely information about acts of infringement.
References
Acts of the 110th United States Congress
United States federal intellectual property legislation |
20469104 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasseur%20family | Brasseur family | The Brasseur family is a family in Luxembourg that was prominent in politics and industry in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The head of the household was Alexis Brasseur, who had thirteen children by two wives. This second generation included Dominique Brasseur, a liberal Mayor of Luxembourg City and Pierre Brasseur, who was a prominent mining magnate in southern Luxembourg.
Pierre married the daughter of former minister François-Xavier Wurth-Paquet, and had five children, including Xavier Brasseur, a Socialist member of the Chamber of Deputies. Xavier married Jeane de Saint-Hubert, sister of Aline Mayrisch de Saint-Hubert - wife of Arbed President Émile Mayrisch.
Dominique married Constance Brasseur, his half-niece by Alexis's son Jean-Baptiste, and they had six children, including Robert Brasseur, who was a notable Liberal League deputy, and the playwright and composer Alexis Brasseur. The cousins Xavier and Robert became political rivals, representing different factions. Furthermore, Jeanne divorced Xavier in 1910, and married Robert in 1914, two years after her ex-husband had died.
Family tree
Below is a partial family tree, showing some of the most prominent family members. People have the surname Brasseur unless stated otherwise.
Footnotes
References |
20469126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokachi%20Dam | Tokachi Dam | Tokachi Dam is a dam in Hokkaidō, Japan.
Dams in Hokkaido
Dams completed in 1984 |
17336538 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postkodmiljon%C3%A4ren | Postkodmiljonären | Postkodmiljonären (English translation: The postcode millionaire) is a Swedish game show based on the original British format of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. The show debuted on 26 August 2005 and is hosted by Rickard Sjöberg. It is shown every Friday and Saturday from 7:30 PM to 8 PM (UTC+1) on the Swedish commercial television station TV4. The programme is also combined with a lottery, Svenska Postkodlotteriet (The Swedish Postcode Lottery), in a twice-weekly format. The original format of the show, broadcast between 2000 and 2003, was known as Vem vill bli miljonär? and lacked the lottery tie-in.
The main goal of the game is to win 1 million SEK by answering 15 multiple-choice questions correctly. The more questions the contestant answers correctly, the more money the contestant passively earns. There are a number of lifelines which the participant can use to help them on their journey. There are "guaranteed levels" which guarantee the participant to walk away with a certain amount of money. The participant also has the option of refusing to answer a question and thus walk away with the money the participant has most recently passively or certainly earned. The game ends as soon as the participant either answers a question incorrectly, decides to walk away, or answers the million-SEK question correctly.
Format
The game contains 15 levels, each of which consists of one question. There are three guaranteed levels: 10,000 SEK, 100,000 SEK, and 1,000,000 (1 million) SEK. The contestant begins by deciding whether or not to include the Switch the Question lifeline; if the lifeline is included, the 100,000 SEK level will not be a guaranteed level. The game then begins. Each question has four possible answers. There are three–four lifelines which can be used by the contestant on any question: Fifty Fifty (50:50 – femtio-femtio), Phone A Friend (ringa en vän), Ask The Audience (fråga publiken), and Switch the Question (byta fråga). Fifty Fifty takes randomly away two of the possible wrong answers, leaving the contestant with only two alternatives. Phone A Friend lets the contestant call a friend to help the contestant with the question. During Phone A Friend, the contestant and the called person have 30 seconds, during which the contestant usually delivers the question and then the called person gives their advice. Ask The Audience asks every person in the studio audience to give their answer to the question, after which the percentage results of each possible answer is displayed. Switch the Question swaps the question for a new one while forcing the contestant to pick an answer to find out the correct answer to the initial question. Each lifeline can only be used once during the course of the entire game. Multiple lifelines can be used on the same question.
Every time the contestant answers a question correctly, the contestant moves one step up in the money tree. If the participant answers the million-SEK question correctly, the game ends and the participant wins the top prize of 1 million SEK and is declared a millionaire. If the contestant wrongly answers a question, the right answer is revealed, the game ends and the contestant walks away with the money value of the most recently cleared guaranteed level. This implies that if the contestant loses before clearing the 10,000 SEK guaranteed level, the contestant walks away empty-handed. If the contestant decides not to answer the question, the game ends and the contestant walks away with the money value of the most recently cleared level and is asked to pick an answer to find out the correct answer to the question. This implies that if the contestant walks away before clearing the first question, the contestant walks away empty-handed.
Occasionally, special episodes are aired where the show invites pairs of Swedish celebrities who play together. However, these pairs don't get to keep their earnings; instead, they are donated to a charitable organization which is chosen by the contestants.
Payout structure
*: Only a guaranteed level if the contestant chooses not to get the Switch the Question lifeline.
Winners
There have been 12 winners (one was a pair) in Postkodmiljonären: Per Hörberg, Torgny Segerstedt, Olle Laurell, Jan Sundström, Mattias Österman, Lena Anviken, Birgitta Hedström, the pair Lena Ag and Alexandra Pascalidou, Ylva Orrmell, Marianne Hiller, Ulf Jensen, and Eric Forsyth. Forsyth is the youngest winner at 29 years' age.
This was Eric Forsyth's one million SEK question:
This was Ulf Jensen's one million SEK question:
This was Marianne Hiller's one million SEK question:
This was Ylva Orrmell's one million SEK question:
This was the pair Lena Ag and Alexandra Pascalidou's one million SEK question:
This was Birgitta Hedström's one million SEK question:
This was Lena Anviken's one million SEK question:
This was Mattias Österman's one million SEK question:
This was Jan Sundström's one million SEK question:
This was Olle Laurell's one million SEK question:
This was Torgny Segerstedt's one million SEK question:
This was Per Hörberg's one million SEK question:
External links
References
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?
TV4 (Sweden) original programming
Swedish game shows
2005 Swedish television series debuts |
17336549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Stickney%20%28board%20of%20directors%20member%29 | William Stickney (board of directors member) | William Stickney (April 11, 1827 – October 13, 1881), was the son-in-law of Amos Kendall, a co-founder of the Columbia Institution for the Deaf, a grammar school in Washington, DC, which became Gallaudet University. He was a member of the board of directors of Columbia Institution from its inception in 1857 until his death in 1881. He was the first secretary of the board of directors, and held the position throughout his entire tenure as director.
In May 1857, a house and a vacant lot owned by Stickney were rented and, along with another house, were used to start the Columbia Institution.
William Stickney was born on April 11, 1827, in Vassalborough, Maine, and married Jeannie E. Kendall, the oldest daughter of Amos Kendall, on January 15, 1852, in a ceremony that took place on Kendall Green. They had two children: William "Will" Soule Stickney (October 24, 1852 - July 20, 1880), and a second child who died at six months of age in 1854.
Stickney attended Waterville College (now Colby College) in Maine, from 1846 to 1849, then entered the senior class at the Columbian University in Washington, DC (now George Washington University) and graduated from that institution. He was admitted to the bar to practice law in St. Louis, Missouri in 1850. He worked as a government clerk from 1852 to 1857, then worked as personal secretary to Amos Kendall from 1852 until Kendall's death in 1869.
Stickney died on October 13, 1881, after a four-day illness.
He was descended from William Stickney who settled in Massachusetts in 1636, having come from the town of Stickney on the eastern coast of England.
References
Genealogical information, http://homepages.paradise.net.nz/warrenst/F09GEN8.htm
Twenty-fourth Annual Report (1880-1881), Columbia Institution for the Deaf, November 2, 1881, http://saveourdeafschools.org/columbia_institution_1881.pdf
Stickney v. Stickney, http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/US/131/131.US.227.html
1827 births
1881 deaths
Columbian College of Arts and Sciences alumni
Gallaudet University people |
20469142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking%20the%20Line%20%28Oscar%20Peterson%20album%29 | Walking the Line (Oscar Peterson album) | Walking the Line is an album by Canadian jazz pianist and composer Oscar Peterson, released in 1970. Recorded at: MPS Tonstudio Villingen.
Critical reception
AllMusic critic Ken Dryden stated in his review: "Oscar Peterson's series of recordings for Hans Georg Brunner-Schwer during the 1960s and early '70s are one of many high points in his long career... His mastery of the ballad form is heard in his sensitive interpretation of "Once Upon a Summertime,"...
Track listing
"I Love You" (Cole Porter) – 5:14
"Rock of Ages" (Jack Fascinato, Tennessee Ernie Ford) – 5:32
"Once Upon a Summertime" (Eddie Barclay, Michel Legrand, Eddy Marnay, Johnny Mercer) – 5:19
"Just Friends" (John Klenner, Sam M. Lewis) – 3:58
"Teach Me Tonight" (Sammy Cahn, Gene DePaul) – 5:07
"The Windmills of Your Mind" (Alan Bergman, Marilyn Bergman, Michel Legrand) – 5:04
"I Didn't Know What Time It Was" (Lorenz Hart, Richard Rodgers) – 6:37
"All of You" (Porter) – 5:01
Personnel
Performance
Oscar Peterson – piano
George Mraz – double bass
Ray Price – drums
References
1970 albums
Oscar Peterson albums
MPS Records albums |
20469204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigor%20Brown | Vigor Brown | John Vigor Brown (18 June 1854 – 2 September 1942), known as Vigor Brown, was a New Zealand Member of Parliament for Napier, in the North Island. He was Mayor of Napier for a total of 18 years. He was a well-known figure in his adopted city, a successful businessman, and involved in many clubs and organisations.
Early life
Brown was born in London in 1854. For his parents, Jessie Gilmour and John Brown, it was their third boy and last child. Both parents had Scottish ancestry. His father worked for a bank, and was later a commercial traveller. The family briefly lived in France before emigrating to Victoria, Australia. John Vigor Brown, his brothers and their mother arrived in Melbourne on 22 January 1862 on the Water Nymph. It is assumed that his father was already there. They made their home in South Yarra. He was educated at Melbourne Church of England Grammar School. James Drysdale Brown was an elder brother.
Professional career
Brown learned the trade of a wholesale merchant (clothing) at the firm Sargood, King and Sargood in Melbourne. He came to Wellington in 1875. For two years, he worked for the Wellington firm of A. P. Stewart and Company as a travelling sales person. His next employment brought him to Napier, where he remained for the rest of his life. He became branch manager for Archibald Clark and Sons, an importing company. He resigned from that position in May 1898 and took on the management of Neal and Close, where he was managing director at a later point. He formed his own company, J. Vigor Brown and Co. He was further managing director of White Swan Brewery, and Hawke's Bay Soap and Tannery. He was a director of the Napier Gas Company. He was the local agent for the United and Phoenix Fire Insurance Companies.
Local body politics
He was voted onto both the Napier Harbour Board and the Napier Borough Council in 1898. He was chairman of the Harbour Board from February 1904 until April 1911. He was a member of the Chamber of Commerce.
He was elected Mayor of Napier in April 1907. He was mayor for three periods: 1907–1917, 1919–1921 and 1927–1933. The 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake fell into Brown's last period, and temporary governance arrangement included a Napier Citizens' Control Committee, followed by a two-man Government Commission. J. S. Barton and L. B. Campbell were farewelled by the mayor in May 1933, when their term ended and the municipal affairs once again rested with the borough council. The resulting mayoral election was contested by the incumbent and C O Morse, the chairman of the Earthquake Relief Committee. The election caused great interest, and Morse and Brown received 4110 and 1808 votes, respectively. At the time, mayoral elections were held every two years, but the 1931 election had been skipped due to the earthquake. While mayor Brown was involved in the new Hawke's Bay Rugby League and helped them secure access to McLean Park in 1911.
Member of Parliament
The Napier electorate had been held since the 1899 election by Alfred Fraser. Fraser stood again in the 1908 election, but although he was with the Liberal Party, Brown also contested the electorate as a Liberal. Brown won the contest with a majority of 1035 votes (3803 votes to 2768).
In the 1911 election, Brown was challenged by Henry Hill. Both men were supporters of the current Liberal government. Brown and Hill received 3858 and 2825 votes, respectively.
Brown successfully contested the for the Liberal Party, but the party's leader, Joseph Ward, failed to win re-election in the electorate. When Thomas Wilford became leader later in 1920, Brown objected and transferred his allegiance to the Reform Party.
Brown served in the New Zealand House of Representatives for fourteen years from 1908 to 1922. He contested the as the official candidate for the Reform Party and of the four candidates, he came last. The reasons for this were due to a split in the Reform vote. Prime Minister William Massey had given Brown the official party endorsement, despite the local Reform committee having already chosen John Mason as their candidate. Neither was victorious and the seat was won by Labour's Lew McIlvride.
In , Brown failed to receive Reform nomination with new party organizer Albert Davy ensuring it went to Mason. He later stood unsuccessfully as an independent in .
Family
Brown married Caroline Balaclava Cook, daughter of the late John Cook of Auckland, on 27 November 1880 at St John's Church in Napier. They had four daughters and two sons before Caroline died from peritonitis on 6 September 1891 at the young age of 36. He remarried on 19 September 1894 to Violet McConechie Bogle. There were no further children from this second marriage.
In 1910, Brown had a 31' launch built for the family, named Water Nymph after the ship used for his emigration to Victoria during his childhood.
His second wife predeceased him on 23 February 1924. Brown died on 2 September 1942 in Napier, where he had lived since 1877. After his death, his family took on the surname Vigor-Brown.
Notes
References
1854 births
1942 deaths
New Zealand Liberal Party MPs
Mayors of Napier, New Zealand
New Zealand businesspeople
New Zealand people of Scottish descent
New Zealand rugby league administrators
New Zealand MPs for North Island electorates
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1931 New Zealand general election
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1922 New Zealand general election
University of Canterbury alumni
Napier City Councillors
Reform Party (New Zealand) MPs
English emigrants to New Zealand |
17336563 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapoel%20Holon%20B.C. | Hapoel Holon B.C. | Hapoel Holon Basketball Club () known for sponsorship reasons as Hapoel UNET Holon () is a professional basketball club based in Holon in Israel. The team plays in the Israeli Basketball Premier League (the top tier of Israeli basketball) and internationally in the Basketball Champions League. The team currently plays in the Holon Toto Hall, which is home to 5,500 spectators.
One of Hapoel Holon most prominent title victories would come in 2008 as the club would pull one of the biggest upsets in league history defeating perennial champions Maccabi Tel Aviv in the Premier League final. The club would also go on to win the Israeli Basketball State Cup in 2009 defeating Maccabi Haifa and also in 2018 defeating Maccabi Tel Aviv. Hapoel Holon would win its first ever international title in 2021 in the form of the Balkan International Basketball League defeating Bulgarian side Academic Plovdiv.
History
The club was founded in 1947. It was one of the founding clubs of the top division in 1954, finishing second in their first season.
Holon returned to the top division at the end of the 2006–07 season after playing for 7 years in the second and third divisions. They finished the 2007–08 regular season at the top of the table. They reached the Playoff Final, where they defeated Maccabi Tel Aviv 73–72 to claim their first championship, with Malik Dixon scoring the winning shot two seconds prior to the end of the game. P. J. Tucker won the MVP title. It was the first time Maccabi Tel Aviv had failed to win the championship in 14 years.
The club has reached the final of the State Cup six times, but did not pick up their first prize in that competition until 2009, when Brian Tolbert hit a three-pointer as time expired to give them a 69–68 win over Maccabi Haifa in that year's final.
On January 16, 2010, the club celebrated its 1,000th game in the Ligat HaAl. In the 2009–10 season, the club was under scrutiny after failing to pay the balance of the prior year's staff and players throughout the end of the season.
In 2018, Holon won its second State Cup after beating Maccabi Tel Aviv in the Final, behind MVP Glen Rice Jr.
Arena
Between the years 1953–2015, Hapoel Holon played its home games in the May 1 hall in Holon, Also known as the "tin hall" due to its being made of tin-like irons. It was inaugurated on the 5th Independence Day of the State of Israel, in 1953, in a game against Hapoel Tel Aviv, in which Hapoel Holon won 41:38. The hall was the first in the country to have lighting installed that made it possible to play in the dark.
Due to its low capacity of 2,800 seats, the tin hall was deemed unfit for hosting Israeli basketball premiere league games.
In 2012, A construction began of a new Hall in Park Peres - the Holon Toto Hall, named after Ofer Eshed, an iconic Hapoel Holon player in the past.
Since its completion in 2015, Hapoel Holon plays its home games at in the 5,500 seat Holon Toto Hall.
Honours
Total titles: 5
Domestic
Israeli Championships
Winners (2): 2008, 2022
Runners-up (3): 1954, 1955, 2018
semi-finals (9): 1983, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1995, 1999, 2008, 2012, 2018
State Cup
Winners (2): 2009, 2018
Runners-up (5): 1959, 1961, 1986, 1991, 1995
League Cup
Runner-up (2): 2011, 2020
European
Basketball Champions League
Semifinalist (1): 2021–22
Final 8 (1): 2020–21
FIBA Europe Cup
Semifinalist (1): 2018–19
Regional competitions
Balkan League
Winners (1): 2020–21
Season by season
Colors and mascot
The team's colors are yellow and purple after a Jewish American fan of the Los Angeles Lakers donated uniforms in the colors of his favorite club. Before that, the team played in red and white uniforms, like almost every 'Hapoel' team.
For many years Holon's mascot was a tiger. It appeared on the team's logo for many years and in the 1990s the team's logo read 'Hapoel Tigers Holon'. After the team won the 2007–08 National League championship, and upgraded to the first division, the old symbol was changed and redesigned, keeping Holon's symbol, the tiger.
Players
Current roster
Depth chart
Notable players
Holon's best homegrown player was Ofer Eshed who played for the club between 1957 and 1972. He is the all-time points leader in the team, with 7,495 points.
Israel Elimelech (nicknamed – The King) is considered to be the club's biggest symbol. He played in Holon during two decades, and led the team to many successful seasons in the Premier League. He played on the legendary home-grown team of Holon in the 1980s, with Niv Boogin (Doctor Boogin), Motti Daniel, Avi Maor, and the Israeli-American player Mike Carter (The Crazy – Meshugah), who was known for driving the fans crazy. Other notable players were: Tzahi Peled, Danny Hadar, Rami Zeig, and from very early days and the contingent of ex Egyptian players: Marcel Hefetz.
The team's 2 titles were won by 2 winning baskets, scored by the 2007–08 PG Malik Dixon, and 2008–09 SG Brian Tolbert. Dixon scored a two-pointer 2 seconds before the end of the championship match against Maccabi Tel-Aviv, leaving Maccabi a 2-second possession which they failed to score in. Tolbert scored a three-point buzzer-beater in the cup final, after he got the ball from an inbound pass by Deron Washington.
Over the years the club has signed several former NBA players, including P. J. Tucker, Ken Bannister, Clarence Kea, Cliff Pondexter, Albert King, Richard Dumas, and Dominic McGuire. John Thomas, who played in the 2009–10 season, is also a former NBA player, with a history in five teams, including the New Jersey Nets and Atlanta Hawks.
Ofer Eshed 13 seasons: '57–'72
Rami Zeig-Barak 13 seasons: '57–'72
Moti Daniel 9 seasons: '78–'85, '99–'01
Niv Boogin 14 seasons: '78–'91, '95–'96
Israel Elimelech 16 seasons: '78–'92, '95–'97
Ofer Fleischer 4 seasons: '82–'83, '99–'02
Mike Carter 5 seasons: '82–'84, '92–'95
Clarence Kea 1 season: '84–'85
Desi Barmore 6 seasons: '84–'90
Ken Bannister 1 season: '86–'87
Joe Dawson 2 seasons: '87–'88, '01–'02
Earl Williams 2 seasons: '88–'89, '90–'91
Ben McDonald 1 season: '88–'89
Richard Dumas 1 season: '90–'91
Kobi Baloul 6 seasons: '90–'94, '99–'01
David Henderson 2 seasons: '92–'94
Richard Rellford 1 season: '93–'94
David Thirdkill 1 season: '94–'95
Shelton Jones 2 seasons: '94–'95, '96
Yoav Saffar 4 seasons: '94–'98
Milt Wagner 1 season: '95–'96
Derrick Hamilton 1 season: '95–'96
Joe Wylie 2 seasons: '97–'98, '00–'01
Greg Sutton 1 season: '98–'99
Moshe Mizrahi 3 seasons: '98–'01
Corey Crowder 1 season: '99–'00
Dušan Bocevski 1 season: '99–'00
P. J. Tucker 1 season: '07–'08
Malik Dixon 1 season: '07–'08
Tre Simmons 1 season: '07–'08
Eric Campbell 1 season: '07–'08
Chris Watson 2 seasons: '07–'09
Moran Roth 3 seasons: '07–'08, '10–'12
Guni Israeli 5 seasons: '07–'08, '13–'17
Elton Brown 1 season: '08
Luis Flores 1 season: '08–'09
Deron Washington 1 season: '08–'09
Dwayne Mitchell 1 season: '09–'10
John Thomas 1 season: '09–'10
Saša Bratić 1 season: '10
Richard Melzer 1 season: '10–'11
Jamie Arnold 1 season: '10–'11
Bryant Dunston 1 season: '11–'12
Ron Lewis 1 season: '11–'12
Shlomi Harush 8 seasons: '11–'15, '16–present
Dominic Waters 1 season: '12–'13
Jerome Dyson 1 season: '12–'13
Frank Hassell 1 season: '12–'13
Laurence Bowers 1 season: '13–'14
Scottie Reynolds 3 seasons: '13–'14, '16, '19
Isaac Rosefelt 3 seasons: '13–'16
Dominic McGuire 1 season: '14–'15
Tony Crocker 1 season: '14–'15
Jordan Taylor 2 seasons: '14–'15, '16–'17
Will Clyburn 1 season: '15–'16
James Bell 1 season: '16–'17
Darion Atkins 2 seasons: '16–'17, '18–'19
Khalif Wyatt 2 seasons: '16–'17, '18–'19
Tu Holloway 1.5 seasons: '16–'18
Glen Rice Jr. 1 season: '17–'18
TaShawn Thomas 1 season: '17–'18
Tamir Blatt 1 season: '17–'18
Joe Alexander 2 seasons: '17–'18, '19–present
Corey Walden 2 seasons: '17–'19
DeQuan Jones 1 season: '18–'19
Ofer Yaakobi
Chaim Zlotikman
References
External links
Official website
Holoniafans – The Official fansite
Fansite – The Kometz From Gate 3
Holon
Basketball teams established in 1947
Holon
Israeli Basketball Premier League teams
Sport in Holon |
17336600 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM-087 | AM-087 | AM-087 (part of the AM cannabinoid series) is an analgesic drug which acts as a cannabinoid agonist. It is a derivative of Δ8-THC, substituted on the 3-position side chain. AM-087 is a potent CB1 agonist with a Ki of 0.43 nM, making it around 100 times more potent than THC itself. This is most likely due to the bulky bromine substituent on the side chain.
See also
AM-411
References
Benzochromenes
Phenols
Organobromides
AM cannabinoids |
17336709 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Croker | John Croker | John Croker is the name of:
John Croker (engraver) (1670–1741), earlier Johann Crocker, German-born engraver who worked mostly in Great Britain
John Croker (politician) (1680-1751), Irish politician
John Wilson Croker (1780–1857), Irish politician and author
See also
John Coker (disambiguation)
John Crocker (disambiguation)
John Croke (disambiguation) |
20469207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow%20Hut | Bow Hut | The Bow Hut is an alpine hut located at an elevation of on the eastern edge of the Wapta Icefield in Banff National Park. It is the largest, best equipped, and most accessible of the four alpine huts on the Wapta Icefield, and serves as the base for a wide variety of ski tours and mountaineering ascents to half a dozen peaks on the Wapta. It is the easiest and safest starting point for the Wapta traverse; and Balfour Hut, the next hut on the traverse, can easily be reached from it in a day. It can also serve as an intermediate stop in a longer traverse which starts at the less easily accessible Peyto Hut. The hut is maintained by the Alpine Club of Canada.
The hut sleeps 30 and is equipped with propane powered lamps and stovetop, and a wood stove for heating. There are two indoor drum toilets.
History
The original Bow Hut was built in 1968 by a group led by Peter Fuhrmann, who later became president of the Alpine Club of Canada from 1984 to 1988, and was funded by Peter and Catharine Whyte. The construction was done mostly by members of the Alpine Club and the Calgary Ski Club. The location of the hut, near Bow Glacier, was chosen to assist ski tourers and mountaineers entering the Wapta Icefield via Bow Lake. The old hut saw severe overuse, with up to 7,000 people a year using a building that only slept 14 people at a time. By the 1980s it was in a state of serious disrepair and surrounded by contamination from the outhouses, causing many people to refer to it as Bow Ghetto. In 1989 a new hut was built under the direction of Mike Mortimer, Chairman of the Huts Committee of the Alpine Club of Canada and later President from 1994 to 2001. Money for the facility was primarily provided by the Calgary and Edmonton Sections of the Alpine Club. The new facility is much larger than the previous one, with much better cooking, and waste disposal facilities; and with sleeping areas separated from the rest of the hut to accommodate a number of different groups at a time.
Location
Bow Hut is located near the headwaters of the Bow River, about northwest of Lake Louise, Alberta along the Icefields Parkway in Banff National Park. The hut is situated above Bow Lake on the east edge of the Wapta Icefield, at an altitude of . It is about 1 kilometre northeast of Saint Nicholas Peak.
Access
Reaching the hut requires approximately 3 to 6 hours of hiking or skiing from the Icefields Parkway. The hut can also be reached by approximately 3 to 5 hours of glacier travel from the Balfour Hut, or 4 to 6 hours of glacier travel from the Peyto Hut.
Summer
The summer trail to Bow Hut leaves from the main parking lot on the highway at Bow Lake. It goes past Num-Ti-Jah Lodge and follows the north shore of the lake around to the main creek that feeds the lake. The trail ascends to the right of the canyon just upstream from the lake. At a junction it goes to the left, and crosses the creek, passing over a boulder lodged in the top of the canyon. The trail stays on the east side of the creek for a few kilometres until it opens out into moraine terrain near the treeline. A number of trails marked by cairns lead to the massive headwall below the hut, where hikers must cross the creek and can follow any of a number of trails up the steep slope to the hut. The trip requires 3 to 6 hours.
Winter
The winter route is a little different from the summer trail, and involves exposure to complex avalanche terrain. Skiers can cross the frozen lake, if the ice is thick enough, and at the far side can stay to the left of the creek, following a good trail that skirts the canyon. After about the route drops down onto the creek bed and follows it through a gorge. After the gorge becomes too difficult to negotiate, skiers must ascend the bank to the left at one of the easier points, and then angle up through the trees, parallel to the canyon. When the route reaches an open basin, it is possible to see the hut high up on the headwall to the right. From that point, skiers should aim for the right-hand corner of the headwall, staying left initially to avoid the worst of the moraine. Toward the end of the valley, a number of possible routes lead up through the headwall to the hut, which is a few hundred metres from the top of the headwall. The trip normally takes 3 to 5 hours.
Nearby
Wapta Icefield
Saint Nicholas Peak
Bow Glacier
Bow Lake
Bow River
R.J. Ritchie Hut, (Balfour Hut)
Peter and Catharine Whyte Hut, (Peyto Hut)
References
Mountain huts in Canada
1968 establishments in Alberta
Buildings and structures completed in 1968
Buildings and structures in Banff National Park |
20469221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency%20Severity%20Index | Emergency Severity Index | The Emergency Severity Index (ESI) is a five-level emergency department triage algorithm, initially developed in 1999. It was previously maintained by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), but is currently maintained by the Emergency Nurses Association (ENA).
Algorithm
ESI triage is based on the acuity of patients' health care problems and the number of resources their care is anticipated to require. This differs from standardized triage algorithms used in several other countries, such as the Australasian Triage Scale, which attempt to divide patients based on the time they may safely wait.
The concept of a "resource" in ESI means types of complex interventions or diagnostic tools, above and beyond physical examination. Examples of resources include X-ray, blood tests, sutures, and intravenous or intramuscular medications. Oral medications and prescriptions are specifically not considered resources by the ESI algorithm.
The ESI levels are numbered one through five, with level one indicating the greatest urgency. However, levels 3, 4, and 5 have are determined not by urgency, but by the number of resources expected to be used as determined by an experienced nurse. The levels are as follows:
References
Diagnostic emergency medicine
Triage |
20469249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikuno%20Dam | Ikuno Dam | is a dam in Asago, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan.
References
Dams in Hyogo Prefecture
Dams completed in 1984 |
20469268 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20B.%20MacKinnon | J. B. MacKinnon | James Bernard MacKinnon, commonly cited as J.B. MacKinnon, is a Canadian journalist, contributing editor and book author. MacKinnon is best known for co-authoring with Alisa Smith the bestselling book The 100-Mile Diet: A Year of Local Eating, encouraging readers to focus on local eating as a way to address current environmental and economic issues. MacKinnon and Smith also collaborated in the creation of the Food Network Canada television series The 100 Mile Challenge, based on the book. He has won six National Magazine Awards, and the 2006 Charles Taylor Prize for best work of Literary Non-Fiction.
As a contributing editor to Canadian magazines Adbusters, Explore, and Vancouver, and freelance journalist, MacKinnon's writings span many literary genres and topics, including travel, sports, and politics. MacKinnon's first book, Dead Man in Paradise, combines family history and unsolved mystery in the retelling of the murder of MacKinnon's uncle, a Canadian priest, in 1965 in the Dominican Republic. It won the Charles Taylor Prize. In 2008, MacKinnon co-authored I Live Here with Mia Kirshner, Michael Simons, and Paul Shoebridge, a collection of stories about victims of crisis throughout the globe. In 2011, he wrote the script for the interactive web documentary Bear 71, which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival. MacKinnon lives in Vancouver, British Columbia.
In 2021 he published The Day the World Stops Shopping: How ending consumerism gives us a better life and a greener world.
Notes
See also
The I Live Here Projects
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
Journalists from British Columbia
Canadian magazine writers
Canadian magazine editors
Writers from Vancouver |
6901318 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Gradel | Max Gradel | Max-Alain Gradel (born 30 November 1987) is an Ivorian professional footballer who plays as a winger or striker for Turkish club Sivasspor and the Ivory Coast national team.
Gradel received his first call-up to the Ivory Coast national team in November 2010. He made his debut for the national side on 5 June 2011. On 30 April 2011, Gradel won both the Fans Player of the Year and Players' Player of the Year awards at Leeds. In June 2018, he joined French club Toulouse.
Club career
After moving to the UK from Paris, France, in 2004, Gradel attended Lewisham College Football Academy, under the tutelage of then Head Coach Aaron Jacob, who was one of his early mentors. He attended the Bon Giourno Cup in the Netherlands and the team went on to win the trophy conceding no goals, with Gradel scoring 11 of 17. He was due to attend the Dallas Cup with the team but was offered a Pro contract and made the decision not to go. "Everything started at Lewisham College," says Gradel. "We were all good players in the Football Academy; I think I made it a bit by chance.
Gradel began playing football when he was two years old in the Ivory Coast. After leaving Lewisham College, Gradel was offered trials with Arsenal, Chelsea, West Ham United and Leicester City and spent four months with Arsenal before signing with Leicester. From there he moved to Leeds United where he played regularly for the Championship side.
Gradel was given a squad number for the 2007–08 season. On 5 May 2007, he signed his first professional contract with Leicester along with seven other players, including Eric Odhiambo, Andy King and Carl Pentney.
Loan at AFC Bournemouth
On 6 August 2007, Leicester City manager Martin Allen made Gradel and Conrad Logan available for loan for the forthcoming season. Three days later, Gradel joined AFC Bournemouth on an initial one-month loan, which was extended for the season on transfer deadline day (31 August). However, he was unable to play as many games with the Cherries as he had hoped due to the death of his mother in early October. As a result, he was told by Bournemouth manager Kevin Bond that he could take all the time he needed to return to England.
He returned to Leicester early on 3 January 2008, although Bond stated he wanted to take him back to Bournemouth on loan again, a move which was completed for the rest of the season on 11 January. Gradel's form at Bournemouth earned him a new three-year deal at Leicester, which he signed on 6 February.
Return to Leicester and promotion
He made his league debut for Leicester against Milton Keynes Dons on 9 August 2008, setting up a goal as Leicester won 2–0 at the Walkers Stadium. On 14 August, Gradel signed a new contract that would last until June 2012. He scored his first senior goal in a 2–1 FA Cup defeat to Crystal Palace on 14 January 2009, and his first league goal in a 2–2 draw against MK Dons on 28 February, scoring an equalising free-kick at injury time. His free kick away at MK Dons won the Goal of the Season award at the Leicester City Supporters Club Awards on 23 April. Gradel made 32 appearances in all competitions as Leicester secured their promotion as league champions. In the following season however, Gradel made just one substitute appearance in the League Cup.
Leeds United
2009–10 season
On 19 October 2009, Gradel joined Leeds United on loan for a month. He made his debut as a substitute in a 2–1 win over Norwich City that same evening. Gradel scored his first goal for Leeds on 31 October against Yeovil Town within minutes after coming on as a substitute, which prompted chants from the crowd of "Grayson sign him up".
Leeds manager Simon Grayson said he wanted to extend Gradel's loan move beyond the initial month. Gradel himself stated he would like to extend the loan deal at Leeds and even hinted he would be happy to move to Leeds on a permanent deal. Leicester refused Leeds permission to play Gradel in their FA Cup game against Oldham Athletic. Gradel started his first game for Leeds in the 3–1 win against Grimsby Town, contributing to Leeds' first goal as his cross was diverted by Olly Lancashire into his own net. The game would have been the last of Gradel's initial one-month loan. The loan was extended to 2 January 2010 on 13 November.
Gradel scored the winning goal for Leeds in the 89th minute against Leyton Orient after coming off the bench for Leeds. He made his first start in the league for Leeds against Oldham. He provided two assists in the same game for Neil Kilkenny's and Luciano Becchio's goals. Gradel scored three minutes after coming on for Leeds as a substitute in the West Yorkshire derby against Huddersfield Town. He made his second league start for Leeds in the game against Brentford, due to the suspension of Robert Snodgrass.
Gradel replaced Jermaine Beckford as a substitute against Southampton, and he made an immediate impact in the same game, minutes after coming on Snodgrass curled a shot into the top right corner to seal Leeds' win. Gradel handed in a transfer request on his return to Leicester, and he was signed by Leeds United on a two-and-a-half year contract on 25 January for an undisclosed fee. His first appearance as an under contract Leeds player came as a second-half substitute in the 3–0 defeat to Swindon Town.
After being unavailable for Leeds' FA Cup loss against Tottenham Hotspur, Gradel came back into the Leeds squad and the starting lineup against Hartlepool United in Leeds' 2–2 draw. He retained his place in the starting XI for the next game against Carlisle United in the Trophy second leg game, which Leeds won 3–2 but were knocked out 6–5 on a penalty shootout, with Gradel converting his penalty for Leeds. After Jermaine Beckford returned from injury Gradel dropped back to Leeds' bench.
Gradel received the man of the match award against Yeovil Town in Leeds' 2–1 win. In the following game Gradel kept his place up front and scored for Leeds against Southend United in a 2–0 win. Then, he followed it up in the next match scoring in a 3–1 away win against Carlisle United, with Gradel opening up the scoring and Luciano Becchio scoring a brace. Gradel's sixth goal for Leeds came in Leeds' 4–1 win against MK Dons. Gradel was sent off for violent conduct in Leeds United's final match of the 2009–10 season against Bristol Rovers when after a moment of madness he got himself sent off then refused to leave the pitch in the first half of the match, but Leeds won the game 2–1 and were promoted to The Championship.
2010–11 season
Gradel played his first game back at Elland Road since his red card against Bristol Rovers, with him putting in an impressive performance when Leeds completed their pre-season campaign on 31 July with a 3–1 win over Premier League side Wolverhampton Wanderers at Elland Road. Gradel scored a goal in the game by scoring a long range effort. Due to Gradel's red card the previous season and his refusal to leave the pitch he missed the first four games of the season through suspension.
Gradel returned from his four match suspension in the second round of the League Cup when he made his first start of the season against his former club Leicester. He managed to gain an assist in the game, providing a cross for Davide Somma's goal. His first league appearance came in the following game, when he came on as a second-half substitute in the 1–0 win away to Watford. Gradel made his first league start of the season, when Lloyd Sam was dropped for the game against Swansea City on 11 September. Gradel scored his first goal of the Championship season against Scunthorpe United. Gradel scored his second goal of the season against Coventry City after scoring a penalty. Gradel's third goal of the season came against Norwich City. Gradel scored his fourth goal of the season against Burnley which started Leeds's comeback to win 3–2 after being 2–0 down. On 18 December, Gradel scored his fifth and sixth goals of the season when he scored both goals in Leeds' 2–0 win over league leaders Queens Park Rangers. Gradel scored his seventh goal of the season against his former club Leicester City with a header
Gradel's form for Leeds saw him attract interest from Premiership clubs. Gradel scored his eighth goal of the season against Portsmouth. Newcastle United showed an interest in Gradel but manager Simon Grayson confirmed that he wasn't looking to sell the in-form player. After an impressive December, Gradel was named as one of the nominees for The Championship player of the month. On 8 January, Gradel won a penalty against Arsenal which was scored by Robert Snodgrass as Leeds earned an impressive 1–1 draw. Then on 15 January, Gradel scored his ninth goal of the season against Scunthorpe United Gradel scored his 10th goal of the season against Bristol City. On 22 February, he scored his 11th and 12th goals of the season in the home fixture against Barnsley. Gradel's 13th and 14th goals of the season came in the same game in the 5–2 win against Doncaster Rovers. Gradel's impressive form for Leeds during the 2010–11 season earned special praise by manager Simon Grayson. On 2 April, Gradel scored his 15th and 16th goals of the season against Nottingham Forest. Gradel scored his 17th goal of the season against Derby County in Leeds' 2–1 loss. On 30 April, Gradel won Leeds' 2010–11 Player Of The Year Award and also the Players Player Of The Year Award at Leeds annual Player award ceremony. After winning the award Gradel announced that he wanted to stay at Leeds to help them reach the Premier League. Gradel also revealed he would like to extend his contract at Leeds. Gradel scored his 18th goal of the season in the final match in Leeds' 2–1 win against Queens Park Rangers. In the summer of 2011 Gradel was believed to have been interesting German club Hamburger SV.
2011–12 season
With several clubs interested in Gradel and much speculation on his future, he confirmed on 24 July that he was looking to stay with Leeds. On 2 August, Gradel confirmed he wanted to stay at Leeds, but the club had yet to offer him a new contract. It was revealed on 4 August, Gradel would miss the League Cup match against Bradford City as he had been called up to the Ivorian squad. Gradel scored a late penalty in the first game of the 2011–12 season against Southampton, however it proved to be only a consolation goal as Leeds lost 3–1. Gradel was sent off early on for two bookable offences in a defeat against Middlesbrough; teammate Jonny Howson was also sent off for Leeds in the same match. Gradel came back into the starting lineup after serving his one match suspension against West Ham on 21 August, Gradel missed a penalty for Leeds in the same game. Gradel's final game for Leeds came in the 2–1 loss against Ipswich Town.
Saint-Étienne
On 30 August 2011, Gradel joined French club Saint-Étienne for an undisclosed fee, reported to be £3 million. He signed a four-year contract with the club. He was handed the number 9 shirt upon his arrival at the club. In the 2014–15 season, Gradel was Saint Etienne's top scorer in Ligue 1 with 17 goals, also providing three assists.
Return to AFC Bournemouth
On 4 August 2015, after a four-year spell in France, Gradel returned to England to join former side and Premier League newcomers Bournemouth on a four-year deal, for a reported fee of £7 million. As part of the deal Gradel's old club Leeds United received a percentage of the transfer fee due to a 10% sell on clause.
On 29 August, Gradel tore a cruciate ligament in his knee during the match against Leicester City, with the injury ruling him out for around six months. On 27 February 2016, Gradel made his return to the team, coming on as a substitute in the 21st minute for Junior Stanislas in a 0–0 draw against Watford. Gradel scored his first goal after his return to the club in a 3–2 win over Swansea City on 12 March 2016.
International career
Gradel revealed that by moving to Leeds he was hoping to increase his international prospects to play for the Ivory Coast national team and maybe earn a place in their 2010 FIFA World Cup squad. He was called up to the Ivory Coast squad for the first time on 11 November 2010 for the fixture against Poland. On 21 March 2011, Gradel received his second call up to the squad, this time to face Benin in an Africa Cup of Nations qualifier. In June 2011, he was called up to the squad to face Benin on 5 June 2011. This match ended in a 6–2 win to Ivory Coast, in which Gradel came on in the 54th min to make his debut.
On 4 August, it was revealed Gradel had been called up to the Ivory Coast squad to face Israel. He made his first start for Ivory Coast in the 4–3 win against Israel on 10 August 2011.
Gradel was a part of the Ivory Coast squad that finished runner-up to Zambia at the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations and was also a member of les Éléphants 2014 FIFA World Cup squad, where he made one appearance in the 2–1 loss to Colombia.
At the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations, Gradel scored an 86th-minute equaliser in a group match against Mali.
Career statistics
Club
International
Scores and results list Ivory Coast's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Gradel goal.
HonoursLeicester CityFootball League One: 2008–09Leeds UnitedFootball League One runner-up: 2009–10Saint-ÉtienneCoupe de la Ligue: 2012–13SivassporTurkish Cup: 2021–22Ivory CoastAfrica Cup of Nations: 2015 ; runner-up: 2012Individual'
Leeds United Fans' Player of The Year: 2010–11
Leeds United Players' Player of the Year: 2010–11
Africa Cup of Nations Team of the Tournament: 2015
References
External links
Max Gradel profile at the Leeds United website
1987 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Abidjan
Ivorian footballers
Ivorian expatriate footballers
Ivorian expatriate sportspeople in England
Ivorian expatriate sportspeople in France
Ivorian expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate footballers in France
Expatriate footballers in Turkey
Association football midfielders
Leicester City F.C. players
AFC Bournemouth players
Leeds United F.C. players
AS Saint-Étienne players
Toulouse FC players
Sivasspor footballers
Premier League players
English Football League players
Ligue 1 players
Süper Lig players
Ivory Coast international footballers
2012 Africa Cup of Nations players
2013 Africa Cup of Nations players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
2015 Africa Cup of Nations players
2017 Africa Cup of Nations players
2019 Africa Cup of Nations players
2021 Africa Cup of Nations players
Africa Cup of Nations-winning players
Footballers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers of Ivory Coast |
17336713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda%20Municipality%2C%20M%C3%A9rida | Miranda Municipality, Mérida | Miranda is one of the 23 municipalities (municipios) that makes up the Venezuelan state of Mérida and, according to a 2007 population estimate by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, the municipality has a population of 22,879. The town of Timotes is the shire town of the Miranda Municipality. The municipality is one of several in Venezuela named Miranda Municipality after the Venezuelan revolutionary and independence hero Francisco de Miranda.
See also
Timotes
Mérida
Municipalities of Venezuela
References
External links
miranda-merida.gob.ve
Municipalities of Mérida (state) |
17336717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative%20value | Negative value | Negative value may refer to:
Negative predictive value in statistics
Negative ethic or philosophic value
Negative pricing
insolvency |
17336718 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert%20Garden%20Conservatory | Desert Garden Conservatory | The Desert Garden Conservatory is a large botanical greenhouse and part of the Huntington Library, Art Collections and Botanical Gardens, in San Marino, California. It was constructed in 1985. The Desert Garden Conservatory is adjacent to the Huntington Desert Garden itself. The Garden houses one of the most important collections of cacti and other succulent plants in the world, including a large number of rare and endangered species. The Desert Garden Conservatory serves The Huntington and public communities as a conservation facility, research resource and genetic diversity preserve. John N. Trager is the Desert Collection curator.
There are an estimated 10,000 succulents worldwide, about 1,500 of them classified as cacti. The Huntington Desert Garden Conservatory now contains more than 2,200 accessions, representing more than 43 plant families, 1,261 different species and subspecies, and 246 genera. The plant collection contains examples from the world's major desert regions, including the southern United States, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Brazil, Canary Islands, Madagascar, Malawi, Mexico and South Africa. The Desert Collection plays a critical role as a repository of biodiversity, in addition to serving as an outreach and education center.
Propagation program to save rare and endangered plants
Some studies estimate that as many as two-thirds of the world’s flora and fauna may become extinct during the course of the 21st century, the result of global warming and encroaching development. Scientists alarmed by these prospects are working diligently to propagate plants outside their natural habitats, in protected areas. Ex-situ cultivation, as this practice is known, can serve as a stopgap for plants that will otherwise be lost to the world as their habitats disappear. To this end, The Huntington has a program to protect and plant propagate endangered plant species, designated International Succulent Introductions (ISI).
The aim of the ISI program is to propagate and distribute new or rare succulents to collectors, nurseries and institutions to further research and appreciation of these remarkable plants. The ISI distributes as many as 40 new succulent varieties every year. Field-collected plants, cuttings or seeds are not sold, only seedlings, grafts and rooted cuttings produced under nursery conditions without detriment to wild populations.
The Schick hybrids
The Schick hybrids are derived primarily from crosses of Harry Johnson’s Paramount hybrids, created in the 1930s and 40s, and from successive crosses of their progeny. Like the Paramount hybrids, the Schick hybrids can flower several times in a season and, with increasing age, can produce greater numbers of flowers. Under the Huntington’s growing conditions the first flush of flowers is typically in April with successive flushes occurring in May, June and July, and, in some hybrids, even into August, September and October. These horticultural-significant cultivars are also available through The Huntington’s ISI program.
Interior images of the Desert Garden Conservatory
Plants in the Desert Garden Conservatory
Cactaceae
Other families represented
See also
Huntington Desert Garden
Greenhouse
Solar greenhouse (technical)
Seasonal thermal energy storage (STES)
cactus
cacti
References
External links
Cactus and Succulent Society of America
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington Library
Greenhouses in California
Cactus gardens |
6901326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dull%20Gret | Dull Gret | Dulle Griet (anglicized as Dull Gret), also known as Mad Meg, is a figure of Flemish folklore who is the subject of a 1563 oil-on-panel by Flemish renaissance artist Pieter Bruegel the Elder. The painting depicts a virago, Dulle Griet, who leads an army of women to pillage Hell, and is currently held and exhibited at the Museum Mayer van den Bergh in Antwerp.
History and description
A restoration of the painting in 2018 revealed that it was painted in 1563, shortly after the painter had moved to Brussels. Previously, the signature and the date on the painting had been illegible, and it was assumed that it was painted two years earlier, or, based on its close compositional and stylistic similarity to The Fall of the Rebel Angels and The Triumph of Death, one year earlier. Like those pictures, Dulle Griet owes much to Hieronymus Bosch. It is assumed the painting was destined for a series.
Bruegel's earliest biographer, Karel van Mander, writing in 1604, described the painting as "Dulle Griet, who is looking at the mouth of Hell". It came into the collections of Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, then was looted by the Swedish troops in 1648, and reappeared in Stockholm in 1800. Art collector Fritz Mayer van den Bergh discovered it in 1897 at an auction in Cologne, where he bought it for a minimal sum, discovering its actual author a few days later.
Her mission refers to the Flemish proverb:
She could plunder in front of hell and return unscathed.
In the view of Max Seidel, Roger H. Marijnissen in their book 'Bruegel. Pt.2', Bruegel is making fun of noisy, aggressive women. At the same time he castigates the sin of covetousness: although already burdened down with possessions, Griet and her grotesque companions are prepared to storm the mouth of Hell itself in their search for more. It might also refer to something that is either stupid, or courageous, or both; implying that one who is dull or naive may have more courage and end up in trouble, though not succumbing but making the best of it. Could symbolize a woman defying hell and returning with treasure, a psychological analogy of working through troubles to become stronger and wiser; to enter into one's personal hell and overcome one's "demons" i.e. fears or trauma. Yet, the opinions may differ and are subjective.
Griet was a disparaging name given to any bad-tempered, shrewish woman. In an incisive historical and critical interpretation of the painting, Margaret Sullivan concludes that in it Bruegel allegorizes the ideological zeitgeist’s “madness and folly.” She notes that “in the sixteenth century ‘dulle’ had two meanings. The first was ‘mad’ and the second (and older) meaning was ‘foolish’ or ‘stupid.’ ‘Griet’ as a female name communicated the idea of a fool. . . The name Margaret and its variants Margot, Magrite, Greta, Griet, etc., seemed to have acquired pejorative connotations throughout Northern Europe, making it an especially appropriate choice for the painting.”
Dulle Griet appears as a character in Caryl Churchill's play Top Girls (1982), where she recounts her invasion of Hell: "I'd had enough, I was mad, I hate the bastards. I come out my front door that morning and shout till my neighbors come out and I said, 'Come on, we're going where the evil come from and pay the bastards out. (Churchill, 28).
Details
While her female followers loot a house, Griet advances towards the mouth of Hell through a landscape populated by Boschian monsters (see detailed images). They represent the sins that are punished there. Griet wears male armour — a breastplate, a mailed glove and a metal cap; her military costume is parodied by the monster in a helmet beside her, who pulls up a drawbridge. A knife hangs from her side, while in her right hand she carries a sword, which may refer to the saying: "He could go to Hell with a sword in his hand." A book of proverbs published in Antwerp in 1568 contains a saying which is very close in spirit to Bruegel's painting:One woman makes a din, two women a lot of trouble, three an annual market, four a quarrel, five an army, and against six the Devil himself has no weapon.
Painting materials
The pigment analysis was conducted by the scientists at the Ghent University. Bruegel used the cheap smalt for the robe of the central figure of Mad Meg instead of the more expensive ultramarine together with vermilion and copper resinate.
Notes
External links
Dulle Griet at the Museum Mayer van den Bergh
Bosch Bruegel Society
99 works by Pieter Bruegel the Elder
Creative Bruegel laid the foundation of the Netherlands School (Russian)
Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Mad Meg (Dulle Griet), ColourLex
Paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder
1560s paintings
European folklore characters
Military art
Dutch folklore
Belgian folklore
Fictional characters from Flanders
Women in art
Paintings in Antwerp |
23576552 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/83rd%20Academy%20Awards | 83rd Academy Awards | The 83rd Academy Awards ceremony, organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best films of 2010 in the United States and took place on February 27, 2011, at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST (8:30 p.m. EST). During the ceremony, Academy Awards (commonly called the Oscars) were presented in 24 competitive categories. The ceremony was televised in the United States by ABC, and produced by Bruce Cohen and Don Mischer, with Mischer also serving as director. Actors James Franco and Anne Hathaway co-hosted the ceremony, marking the first time for each.
In related events, the Academy held its second annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on November 13, 2010. On February 12, 2011, in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Marisa Tomei.
The King's Speech won four awards, including Best Picture. Other winners included Inception with four awards, The Social Network with three, Alice in Wonderland, The Fighter, and Toy Story 3 with two, and Black Swan, God of Love, In a Better World, Inside Job, The Lost Thing, Strangers No More, and The Wolfman with one. The telecast garnered almost 38 million viewers in the United States.
Winners and nominees
The nominees for the 83rd Academy Awards were announced on January 25, 2011, at 5:38 a.m. PST at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California by Tom Sherak, president of the Academy, and actress Mo'Nique. The King's Speech led the nominations with twelve, followed by True Grit with ten.
The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on February 27, 2011. Toy Story 3 became the third animated film to be nominated for Best Picture. True Grit was the second film after 2002's Gangs of New York to lose all ten of its nominations. By virtue of his nomination for Best Actor in 127 Hours, host James Franco became the first person since Paul Hogan, who was a co-host and a Best Original Screenplay nominee during the 59th ceremony in 1987, to host the ceremony while receiving a nomination in the same year. He was also the first acting nominee since Michael Caine at the 45th ceremony in 1973 to achieve this distinction. With Christian Bale and Melissa Leo's respective wins in the Best Supporting Actor and Best Supporting Actress categories, The Fighter became the first film since 1986's Hannah and Her Sisters to win both supporting acting categories.
Awards
Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double-dagger ().
Honorary Academy Awards
The Academy held its Second Annual Governors Awards ceremony on November 13, 2010, during which the following awards were presented.
Academy Honorary Award
Kevin Brownlow For the wise and devoted chronicling of the cinematic parade.
Jean-Luc Godard For passion. For confrontation. For a new kind of cinema.
Eli Wallach For a lifetime's worth of indelible screen characters.
Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award
Francis Ford Coppola
Films with multiple nominations and awards
The following 14 films received multiple nominations:
The following six films received multiple awards:
Presenters and performers
The following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers.
Presenters
Performers
Ceremony information
In June 2010, the AMPAS hired Oscar-winning producer Bruce Cohen and veteran television producer Don Mischer to oversee production of the telecast. "I'm absolutely ecstatic that Bruce and Don have accepted my invitation to produce and direct the 83rd Academy Awards telecast," remarked Academy president Tom Sherak. "Their work in producing the Academy's inaugural Governors Awards was exceptional and I am confident they will bring their creative vision and extraordinary talent to produce/direct a most memorable Oscar show." Although the prior ceremony hosted by Alec Baldwin and Steve Martin had the highest ratings in five years, their combined age was 116 years and the producers wanted to focus on a younger demographic. The unofficial first choice was Justin Timberlake but he declined, feeling it was at least a year too early for him.
Opting for younger faces for the ceremony, Cohen and Mischer hired actor James Franco and actress Anne Hathaway as co-hosts of the 2011 ceremony. "James Franco and Anne Hathaway personify the next generation of Hollywood icons — fresh, exciting and multi-talented. We hope to create an Oscar broadcast that will both showcase their incredible talents and entertain the world on February 27," said Cohen and Mischer regarding their selections to host the gala. "We are completely thrilled that James and Anne will be joining forces with our brilliant creative team to do just that." Franco and Hathaway became the first male-female duo to co-host the awards show since comedian Jerry Lewis and actress Celeste Holm presided over the 29th ceremony in 1957. At age 28, Hathaway was also the youngest person to host an Oscar ceremony.
Furthermore, AMPAS announced that this year's ceremony was "the most interactive awards show in history". The Academy revamped their official website oscar.com to include lists of all the nominees and winners, as well as film trailers and exclusive video content produced by both AMPAS and Oscar telecaster ABC. Also, via the Academy's Twitter and Facebook pages, people could post questions for any actor or celebrity attending the festivities to answer. One of the four Oscar pre-show co-hosts would then pose selected questions to both nominees and attendees alike. For a fee of US$4.99, users had online access to two dozen video streams that would take them from the red carpet, through the ceremony and on to the post-telecast Governors Ball. Several of the cameras utilized 360-degree views that viewers could direct.
Several other people participated in the production of the ceremony. For a younger writer, France consulted Judd Apatow, who suggested Jordan Rubin who brought in Megan Amram. William Ross served as musical director and conductor for the ceremony. Production designer Steve Bass built a new stage design for the ceremony. Entertainment Weekly columnist and TV personality Dave Karger greeted guests entering the red carpet. Designer Marc Friedland designed a new envelope heralding the winner of each category made from a high-gloss iridescent metallic gold paper stock, with red-lacquered lining that featured the Oscar statuette stamped in satin gold leaf. During the run-up to the ceremony, television personality Chris Harrison hosted "Road to the Oscars", a weekly behind-the-scenes video blog. Ben Mankiewicz hosted the official ABC pre-show, giving professional betting odds for the winners. PS22 Chorus children's choir performed "Over the Rainbow" from The Wizard of Oz at the end of the ceremony.
According to Rubin, Hathaway was heavily involved during the month of preparation. Franco on the other hand was busy shooting movies, while teaching a class and getting both his masters and his PhD. When filming started, Hathaway was focused and determined while Franco was more laid back, causing friction. In the closing weeks, Franco went back to Apatow who hired four additional writers; in response, Hathaway brought in Liz Feldman. This resulted last-minute scrambling. According to Amram, "[a] lot of stuff that made it into the show was written a few days beforehand." Franco immediately left after the show ended, catching a flight to make a morning seminar on medieval manuscripts at Yale.
Box office performance of nominated films
For the second consecutive year, the field of major nominees included at least one blockbuster at the American and Canadian box offices. However, only three of the nominees had grossed over $100 million before the nominations were announced, compared with five from the previous year. The combined gross of the ten Best Picture nominees when the Oscars were announced was $1.2 billion, the second-highest ever behind 2009. The average gross was $119.3 million.
Two of the ten Best Picture nominees were among the top ten releases in box office during the nominations. At the time of the announcement of nominations on January 25, Toy Story 3 was the highest-grossing film among the Best Picture nominees with $414.9 million in domestic box office receipts. The only other top ten box office hit to receive a nomination was Inception which earned $292.5 million. Among the remaining eight nominees, True Grit was the next-highest-grossing film with $137.9 million followed by The Social Network ($95.4 million), Black Swan ($83.2 million), The Fighter ($72.6 million), The King's Speech ($57.3 million), The Kids Are All Right ($20.8 million), 127 Hours ($11.2 million), and finally Winter's Bone ($6.2 million).
Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 55 nominations went to 15 films on the list. Only Toy Story 3 (1st), Inception (5th), How to Train Your Dragon (9th), True Grit (17th), The Social Network (29th), The Town (32nd), Black Swan (38th), and The Fighter (45th) were nominated for directing, acting, screenwriting, Best Picture or Animated Feature. The other top-50 box office hits that earned nominations were Alice in Wonderland (2nd), Iron Man 2 (3rd), Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows — Part 1 (6th), Tangled (10th), Tron: Legacy (12th), Salt (21st), and Unstoppable (39th).
Critical reviews
The show received a negative reception from most media publications. According to writer Bruce Vilanch, the crowd enjoyed the starting short film, but when Franco and Hathaway came on stage, it shifted. According to Rubin, Hathaway "was embracing their arrival on stage" while Franco was filming the crowd on his phone. Mara Reinstein of The Ringer said there was no single moment of failure but described the broadcast as "death by a thousand paper cuts."
Film critic Roger Ebert said, "Despite the many worthy nominated films, the Oscarcast was painfully dull, slow, witless, and hosted by the ill-matched James Franco and Anne Hathaway. She might have made a delightful foil for another partner, but Franco had a deer-in-the-headlights manner and read his lines robotically." He went on to praise the winners of the night, but he ended his review with the words, "Dead. In. The. Water." Writer David Wild called it "the world's most uncomfortable blind date between the cool rocker stoner kid and the adorable theater camp cheerleader." Television critic Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter commented, "In what could go down as one of the worst Oscar telecasts in history, a bad and risky idea — letting two actors host — played out in spectacularly unwatchable fashion on the biggest of all nights for the film world." He also added, "These Oscars were a bore-fest that seemed to drag on relentlessly but listlessly." Gail Pennington of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch wrote that the ceremony "felt a little like a bad night on Saturday Night Live — awkward, slow and not particularly entertaining." Regarding the hosts, she quipped that Hathaway "at least tried", but she remarked, "Franco seemed half asleep, or possibly stoned."
Some media outlets received the broadcast more positively. Entertainment Weekly television critic Ken Tucker stated that the show was "Funny, poised, relaxed, and smart, Anne Hathaway and James Franco made for marvelous Oscar hosts. Their combination of respect and informality struck the right tone for the night, a happily surprising production that had its share of fine moments both planned and ad-libbed." On the overall aspect of the ceremony, they concluded "all in all, it was a fun, briskly paced night." Mary McNamara from the Los Angeles Times commented, "The two seemed to be following the directive to "first do no harm," as if they knew they couldn't score as big as Jimmy Fallon did with the Emmy Awards, but were determined to avoid becoming morning show fodder like Ricky Gervais was after this year's Golden Globes. The result was a show that moved along, with a few draggy bits and high notes, like precisely what it was: a very long and fancy awards show." Her review further said "Overall, the evening had an oddly business-like feel, a mind-numbing evenness that was exacerbated by the relentless predictability of the winners, and the fact that none of the acting winners were played off no matter how long their "thank-yous" went."
Ratings and reception
The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 37.9 million people over its length, which was a 9% decrease from the previous year's ceremony. An estimated 71.3 million total viewers watched all or part of the awards. The show also drew lower Nielsen ratings compared to the two previous ceremonies, with 21.2% of households watching over a 33 share. In addition, the program scored an 11.8 rating over a 30 share among the 18–49 demographic, which was a 12 percent decrease over last year's demographic numbers.
In Memoriam
The In Memoriam tribute, which featured Celine Dion performing the Charlie Chaplin song "Smile", paid tribute to the following individuals.
John Barry – Composer
Grant McCune – Visual effects
Tony Curtis – Actor
Edward Limato – Agent
Tom Mankiewicz – Writer
Gloria Stuart – Actress
William A. Fraker – Cinematographer
Joseph Strick – Director
Lionel Jeffries – Actor
Sally Menke – Editor
Ronni Chasen – Publicist
Leslie Nielsen – Actor
Robert B. Radnitz – Producer
Claude Chabrol – Director
Pete Postlethwaite – Actor
Bill Littlejohn – Animator
Pierre Guffroy – Art director
Patricia Neal – Actress
George Hickenlooper – Director
Irving Ravetch – Writer
Robert Culp – Actor
Robert F. Boyle – Art director
Mario Monicelli – Director
Lynn Redgrave – Actress
Elliott Kastner – Producer
Dede Allen – Editor
Peter Yates – Producer, director
Anne Francis – Actress
Arthur Penn – Producer, director
Theoni Aldredge – Costume designer
Susannah York – Actress
Ronald Neame – Director
David L. Wolper – Producer
Jill Clayburgh – Actress
Alan Hume – Cinematographer
Irvin Kershner – Director
Dennis Hopper – Actor
Dino De Laurentiis – Producer
Blake Edwards – Writer, director
Kevin McCarthy – Actor
Lena Horne – Singer, actress
At the end of the montage, Halle Berry paid special tribute to Horne and introduced a film clip of her singing the titular song from the film Stormy Weather.
See also
17th Screen Actors Guild Awards
31st Golden Raspberry Awards
31st Brit Awards
53rd Annual Grammy Awards
63rd Primetime Emmy Awards
64th British Academy Film Awards
35th Laurence Olivier Awards
65th Tony Awards
68th Golden Globe Awards
List of submissions to the 83rd Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
References
External links
Official sites
Academy Awards Official website
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Official website
Oscar's Channel at YouTube (run by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences)
News resources
Oscars 2011 BBC
Academy Awards coverage CNN
Oscars 2011 The Guardian
Analysis
2010 Academy Awards Winners and History Filmsite
Academy Awards, USA: 2011 Internet Movie Database
Other resources
Academy Awards ceremonies
2010 film awards
2011 in Los Angeles
2011 in American cinema
2011 awards in the United States
February 2011 events in the United States
Television shows directed by Don Mischer |
23576557 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichocentrum%20luridum | Trichocentrum luridum | Trichocentrum luridum is a species of orchid found from Mexico, Belize, Central America to northern South America.
References
External links
luridum
Orchids of Central America
Orchids of Belize
Orchids of Mexico
Orchids of South America |
6901338 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natolin%20metro%20station | Natolin metro station | Metro Natolin is a station on Line M1 of the Warsaw Metro, located in the Natolin neighbourhood of the Ursynów district in the south of Warsaw at the junction of Aleja KEN and Belgradzka. It is near Galeria Ursynów, a small local shopping centre and a local shopping street.
The station was opened on 7 April 1995 as part of the inaugural stretch of the Warsaw Metro, between Kabaty and Politechnika.
References
External links
Warsaw Metro stations
Railway stations opened in 1995
1995 establishments in Poland |
6901339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n%20Ipala | Volcán Ipala | Volcán Ipala is a stratovolcano in south-eastern Guatemala. It has a wide summit crater which contains a crater lake (Lake Ipala), whose surface lies about below the crater rim. Volcán Ipala is part of a cluster of small stratovolcanoes and cinder cone fields in south-eastern Guatemala.
See also
List of volcanoes in Guatemala
References
Mountains of Guatemala
Volcano
Stratovolcanoes of Guatemala |
6901340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Progressive%20Democrats%20leadership%20election | 2006 Progressive Democrats leadership election | The Progressive Democrats leadership election, 2006 began on 7 September 2006 when Mary Harney resigned as leader of the Progressive Democrats. In spite of speculation earlier in the year surrounding her position as leader, Harney's announcement surprised many. She had been leader of the party since 1993.
Election procedure
According to the party's constitution, if there is just one candidate for the leadership of the Progressive Democrats, this person will be elected leader by acclamation. If several candidates put their names forward, the next leader will be determined by an electoral college. Each member of this college will have one vote, but these votes will be weighed according to which group they belong to. TDs, Senators and MEPs will form the first group which represent 40% of the votes. Councillors, national executive members and trustees of the party will form the second group which represent 30% of the votes. The third group contains party members for more than one year prior to the date of the leadership election. This group represent 30% of the votes.
Candidates
Nominations for the leadership closed on midday Monday, 11 September 2006.
Michael McDowell was nominated for the position of Party Leader by Tom Parlon and that nomination is to be seconded by Liz O'Donnell.
Result
Despite speculation of differences, Michael McDowell was elected unopposed, and remained in office until he resigned on losing his seat in the 2007 general election.
Timeline of events
Summer 2005 – Michael McDowell claims that Mary Harney told him that she would stand down as leader of the Progressive Democrats in December 2005.
20 June 2006 – Following a week of media leaks and comment surrounding Mary Harney, Michael McDowell forces a debate on the leadership issue at a meeting of the Progressive Democrats parliamentary party. Harney receives unanimous support from the party, however, the whole affair is highly damaging to the party.
4 September 2006 – Harney arrives back in Ireland following a holiday with her husband. She convenes a meeting of the Progressive Democrats parliamentary party for the following Thursday.
6 September 2006 – At their weekly face-to-face talks Harney informs Taoiseach Bertie Ahern that she is standing down as leader of her party.
7 September 2006 – Harney phones Progressive Democrats party chairman, John Dardis, to inform him of her decision to stand down. At 3pm Harney tells the parliamentary party that she is retiring as party leader.
8 September 2006 – Minister of State Tom Parlon, who earlier said that an agreed candidate for leader would be best for the party, retracts his statement and now says that a leadership contest would be best for the party. Although no candidate has yet formally launched a campaign, former party member Bobby Molloy favours Michael McDowell as the next leader.
11 September 2006 – Deadline for close of nominations for leadership, Michael McDowell returned unopposed
27 September 2006 – Dáil Éireann returns after its summer recess.
References
2006 elections in the Republic of Ireland
2006 in Irish politics
Progressive Democrats
Political party leadership elections in the Republic of Ireland
Indirect elections
Progressive Democrats leadership election |
17336734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popper%20and%20After | Popper and After | Popper and After: Four Modern Irrationalists is a book about irrationalism by the philosopher David Stove. First published by Pergamon Press in 1982, it has since been reprinted as Anything Goes: Origins of the Cult of Scientific Irrationalism and Scientific Irrationalism: Origins of a Postmodern Cult.
Part one
How Irrationalism About Science is Made Credible
Neutralizing Success-Words
Stove starts chapter one by clarifying the sort of view that would uncontroversially constitute an irrationalist position regarding science.
Stove then advances his reading of the philosophers he is criticising: "Popper, Kuhn, Lakatos, and Feyerabend, are all writers whose position inclines them to deny (A), or at least makes them more or less reluctant to admit it. (That the history of science is not "cumulative", is a point they all agree on)." Popper himself had given a 1963 summary of his thoughts the title "Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge", seemingly endorsing (A) in almost identical language. Nonetheless, the question Stove addresses in the chapter is "How do these writers manage to be plausible, while being reluctant to admit so well-known a truth as (A)?"
A general answer to this question is offered: "the constant tendency in these authors to conflate questions of fact with questions of logical value, or the history with the philosophy of science." Stove claims this tendency is "widely recognized", but waives both this general answer (and its supporters) in favour of seeking a more specific account.
Stove's first step in refining the general answer is observing what he calls mixed strategy writing in the authors he is examining. He uses this expression, since it is not always clear to him whether the writing expresses "equivocation" or "inconsistency". What is common to the examples Stove offers is that something well-known is mixed with something extraordinary, without the clash being resolved; the "irrationalism" is introduced simultaneously with orthodoxy, rendering it more plausible to the reader—disbelief is suspended.
A straightforward example is provided by Thomas Kuhn's description of "paradigm shift", where he asserts the well-known fact that the world is the same after "paradigm shift" as before.
Yet, at the same time, Kuhn also suggests that solutions to problems achieved under old paradigms are lost, redundant or "un-solutions" under new paradigms—denial of (A) above.
Examining Kuhn's use of the word solution more closely, Stove notes that Kuhn sometimes uses it in the ordinary way regarding practical knowledge, but at other times in a weaker sense, specific to Kuhn's theory, that a solution is relative to a paradigm, people, place and time. This equivocation on solution actually provides Stove with an answer of exactly the type he was looking for. All his authors, with many similar words, show similar equivocation. Stove lists knowledge, discovery, facts, verified, understanding, explanation and notes the list is far from complete. Idiosyncratic weak senses of these words are a characteristic of the writing of his subjects that explains clearly how a reader, presuming ordinary use of language, might believe them to be expressing something more orthodox than is, in fact, their intention.
At this point, Stove coins the expression neutralizing success words and provides an uncontroversial example from everyday language to illustrate it.
Stove also provides a quote from Paul Feyerabend (1975:27) explicitly directing his readers to "neutralize" his success words or not, according to their own preferences.
Sabotaging Logical Expressions
Chapter two begins with the following, precisely worded definition of logical expression.
Stove notes that logical expressions can be sabotaged, just as success-words can be neutralized. He spends some time clarifying the relationship between these phenomena, since they are similar in intention but not, in fact, identical. Rather, they work together in the following way.
He also articulates the distinction in an informal (and wittily expressed) way, that sabotaging logical expressions is like derailing cognitive achievement en route, so that it can never arrive anywhere; while neutralizing success-words is more like blowing up any cognitive achievement at the destination, so it can never be recognized as having arrived.
Stove now presents a common method of sabotaging logical expressions in a generalizable form.
This simple pattern of expression makes historical rather than logical assertions (like an encyclopedia documenting debate, without making any truth-claims about what is said, only that it was said, see de dicto and de re).
Example:
Eeyore: Kanga told me Winnie-the-Pooh said, "Pigs can fly."
Piglet: Well, do you believe it?
Eeyore: Yes I do, that's exactly the kind of thing Pooh would say. [de dicto] OR
Eeyore: I don't know, you tell me, you're a pig. [de re]
Knowledge about what people say is different to knowledge about the matters they discuss. Stove accuses his subjects of making statements about scientific discourse, when their readers expect statements about the science itself.
Part two
How irrationalism about science began
The historical source located
Stove notes that in part one he has only demonstrated how an irrational position might be expressed, in such a way as it had some appearance of credibility, not that such a position is actually held by the subjects of his study. He now turns to establishing this second point. The philosophers he is criticising not only use language in unusual ways, but do indeed also make plain language assertions of an irrationalist nature. Stove presents examples of what he believes are the clearest statements of irrationalism in their writing. Ultimately he considers providing examples from Karl Popper suffices. He presents the quotes and paraphrases apparently in ascending order of irrationality.
"There are no such things as good positive reasons."
"Positive reasons are neither necessary nor possible."
A scientific theory is, not only never certain, but never even probable, in relation to the evidence for it.
A scientific theory cannot be more probable, in relation to the empirical evidence for it, than it is a priori, or in the absence of all empirical evidence.
The truth of any scientific theory or law-statement is exactly as improbable, both a priori and in relation to any possible evidence, as the truth of a self-contradictory proposition.
"Belief, of course, is never rational: it is rational to suspend belief."
Stove seems to restrain his witticisms in the course of presenting the evidence above. However, as he presents the last quote, he appears to experience his astonishment at such a statement as though again for the first time, expressing this via his characteristically barbed wit. Not only could Popper bring himself to make the last assertion, he is sufficiently comfortable with it to supply of course. Not only does Popper consider belief to be irrational, he considers this to be common knowledge!
Returning to serious analysis, Stove next presents Popper's own explicit endorsement of David Hume's scepticism regarding induction.
"I agree with Hume's opinion that induction is invalid and in no sense justified."
"Are we rationally justified in reasoning from repeated instances of which we have experience to instances of which we have had no experience? Hume's unrelenting answer is: No, we are not justified. ... My own view is that Hume's answer to this problem is right."
This explains where many of Popper's ideas have come from—he shares Hume's scepticism about induction.
Stove considers this establishes what he set out to show in the chapter since, "Popper's philosophy of science is at any rate not more irrationalist than that of Feyerabend, Kuhn, or Lakatos, and at the same time, as a matter of well-known history, Popper's philosophy owes nothing to theirs, while Kuhn's philosophy owes much, and the philosophy of Lakatos and Feyerabend owes nearly everything, to Popper."
However, he explains that establishing both that these writers are irrationalists, and where their irrationalism comes from historically, still leaves the question of what it is they believe that leads them to accept this irrationalist conclusion. What implicit premise grounds their confidence in such an otherwise unattractive conclusion?
The key premise of irrationalism identified
In chapter four, Stove presents Hume's argument for scepticism about the unobserved (A in diagram and table below), quoting from three primary sources — A Treatise of Human Nature, An Abstract [of A Treatise of Human Nature] and An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding. He supports his reading by quotes from the secondary literature, where his interpretation of Hume might otherwise be challenged. He concludes that deductivism (O in diagram and table below) is the "key premise of irrationalism". In Stove's words, "Nothing fatal to empiricist philosophy of science ... follows from the admission that arguments from the observed to the unobserved are not the best; unless this assumption was combined, as it was with Hume, with the fatal assumption that only the best will do [emphasis original]." He concludes the chapter with the following diagram and table.
Further evidence for this identification
Having established that it is specifically deductivism that characterises his subjects, and leads them first to scepticism regarding induction and then to scepticism about any scientific theory, Stove now observes that deductivism is a thesis that of itself would incline a proponent towards language like that discussed in part one of Popper and After.
Stove provides examples and further evidence before finally turning to a brief, common-sense defense of scientific reasoning.
Stove modifies this argument to suit induction and concludes the book with some strong words regarding the climate of discourse in the philosophy of science current at the time of publication.
Reviews
See also
Australian realism
History and philosophy of science
Notes
Bibliography
David Charles Stove. Popper and After. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1982.
David Charles Stove. Probability and Hume's Inductive Scepticism. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973.
External links
The text of the book.
Relevant entries in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy:
Bird, Alexander. "Thomas Kuhn". August 2004.
Morris, William Edward. "David Hume". July 2007.
Preston, John. "Paul Feyerabend". February 2007.
Thornton, Stephen. "Karl Popper". October 2006.
Other links:
Gardner, Martin. "A Skeptical Look at Karl Popper". Skeptical Inquirer 25 (2001): 13–14.
Jan C. Lester: A Sceptical Look at "A Skeptical Look at Karl Popper" (Libertarian Alliance website, January 2004)
Kelley L. Ross: Criticism of Karl Popper in Martin Gardner's Are Universes Thicker Than Blackberries? (2003)
Panchen, Alec L. "Popper and After". In Classification, Evolution, and the Nature of Biology. Cambridge University Press, 1992. Pages 308ff.
Stove, David Charles. "Cole Porter and Karl Popper: The Jazz Age in the Philosophy of Science". In Anthony O'Hear (ed.). Karl Popper: Critical Assessments of Leading Philosophers. Routledge, 2004.
Windschuttle, Keith. The Killing of History. Sydney: Macleay Press, 1994.
1982 non-fiction books
Australian non-fiction books
Books about Karl Popper
Books by David Stove
Contemporary philosophical literature
English-language books
Philosophical realism
Philosophy of science literature |
17336756 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemetery%20Circuit | Cemetery Circuit | Cemetery Circuit is a temporary motorcycle street racetrack in downtown Wanganui, New Zealand, so named because the route bisects the old town cemetery. The daylong meeting has traditionally been held on Boxing Day (26 December) since 1951. The event attracts around 10,000 spectators and some of the best New Zealand motorbike racers to compete on the tight one-mile street circuit. It has earned a nickname: “Southern Hemisphere’s Isle of Man”.
References
External links
Official Website
Exhibition celebrates motorcycle racing heritage
Cemetery Circuit, 2007
Sports venues in Manawatū-Whanganui
Sport in Whanganui
Motorsport venues in New Zealand |
17336774 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMG-3 | AMG-3 | AMG-3 (part of the AM cannabinoid series) is an analgesic drug which is a cannabinoid agonist. It is a derivative of Δ8THC substituted with a dithiolane group on the 3-position side chain. AMG-3 is a potent agonist at both CB1 and CB2 receptors with a Ki of 0.32nM at CB1 and 0.52nM at CB2, and its particularly high binding affinity has led to it being used as a template for further structural development of novel cannabinoid drugs. It has sedative and analgesic effects, with analgesia lasting for up to 36 hours after administration.
See also
AMG-36
AMG-41
References
External links
Cannabinoids
Benzochromenes
Phenols
Dithiolanes |
6901343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melchor%20Li%C3%B1%C3%A1n%20y%20Cisneros | Melchor Liñán y Cisneros | Melchor Liñán y Cisneros (sometimes Melchor de Liñán y Cisneros) (December 19, 1629, Madrid – June 28, 1708, Lima, Peru) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Lima (1677–1708), Archbishop of La Plata o Charcas (1672–1675), Bishop of Popayán (1667–1672), and Bishop of Santa Marta (1664–1668). He also served as Viceroy of Peru from July 7, 1678 to November 20, 1681.
Biography
Melchor de Liñán y Cisneros was born in Madrid, Spain. He studied theology in the University of Alcalá de Henares, where he took his doctorate. Thereafter he was chaplain in Buitrago. He was also calificador (censor) of the Holy Office of the Inquisition. On October 6, 1664, Pope Alexander VII, appointed him Bishop of Santa Marta. In 1665, he was consecrated bishop by Antonio Sanz Lozano, Bishop of Cartagena.
On January 26, 1668, Pope Clement IX, appointed him Bishop of Popayán.
In 1671, he was sent as visitador (inspector) to Nuevo Reino de Granada in what is now Colombia because of the inaction of Diego de Villalba y Toledo, president of the Audiencia. He replaced Villabla in that position on June 2, 1671. At the same time he served as interim governor and captain general of Nuevo Reino de Granada. On February 8, 1672, Pope Clement X, appointed him Archbishop of La Plata o Charcas. On June 14, 1677, Pope Innocent XI appointed him Archbishop of Lima. On July 7, 1678, he was appointed viceroy of Peru serving until November 20, 1681. As viceroy, he improved the fortifications of the port of Callao to defend against attacks by Dutch filibusters. He repressed rebellions of the clergy, who were opposed to the nomination of prelates from Spain—the Franciscans in Cuzco and the Dominicans in Quito.
On the death of the Peruvian astronomer Doctor Francisco Ruiz Lozano, Viceroy Liñán y Cisneros (with the approval of the Crown) gave mathematics a permanent position in the University of San Marcos. Mathematics was attached to the chair of cosmography. Doctor Juan Ramón Koening, a Belgian by birth, was named to the chair.
As a reward for his services, the Spanish Crown granted Liñán y Cisneros the title of conde de la Puebla de los Valles. He wrote Ofensa y defensa de la libertad eclesiástica (Offense and Defence of Ecclesiastical Liberty). He died in Lima in 1708.
Episcopal succession
While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of:
References
External links and additional sources
Short biography
(for Chronology of Bishops)
(for Chronology of Bishops)
(for Chronology of Bishops)
(for Chronology of Bishops)
(for Chronology of Bishops)
(for Chronology of Bishops)
(for Chronology of Bishops)
(for Chronology of Bishops)
1629 births
1708 deaths
Viceroys of Peru
17th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in New Spain
Bishops appointed by Pope Alexander VII
Bishops appointed by Pope Clement IX
Bishops appointed by Pope Innocent XI
Bishops appointed by Pope Clement X
17th-century Roman Catholic bishops in New Granada
17th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Bolivia
17th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Peru
Roman Catholic archbishops of Lima
Roman Catholic bishops of Santa Marta
Roman Catholic bishops of Popayán
Roman Catholic archbishops of Sucre |
20469278 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag%20Me%20to%20Hell | Drag Me to Hell | Drag Me to Hell is a 2009 American supernatural horror film directed and co-written by Sam Raimi. It stars Alison Lohman, Justin Long, Lorna Raver, Dileep Rao, David Paymer, and Adriana Barraza. The plot, written with his older brother Ivan, focuses on a loan officer, who, because she has to prove to her boss that she can make the "hard decisions", chooses not to extend an elderly woman's mortgage. In retaliation, the woman places a curse on the loan officer that, after three days of escalating torment, will plunge her into the depths of Hell to burn for eternity.
Raimi wrote Drag Me to Hell with his brother before working on the Spider-Man trilogy. The film premiered at the Cannes Film Festival and was a box office success, grossing over $90 million worldwide. Drag Me to Hell won the award for Best Horror Film at the 2009 Scream Awards and the 2010 Saturn Awards.
Plot
In 1969 Pasadena, a Hispanic couple seek help from young medium Shaun San Dena, saying their son is ill and hears evil voices after stealing a silver necklace from a Gypsy wagon, despite trying to return it. San Dena prepares a séance, but an unseen force attacks them and drags the boy to Hell. San Dena vows to fight the demon again one day.
In present-day Los Angeles, bank loan officer Christine Brown vies for a promotion to assistant branch manager with her co-worker Stu Rubin. Her boss, Jim Jacks, advises her to demonstrate tough decision-making. Sylvia Ganush, an elderly and disheveled European Roma woman, asks for a third extension on her mortgage. After Christine denies her request, Ganush cries and begs not to have her house repossessed. Security guards arrive and she leaves, angrily accusing Christine of shaming her. In the parking lot, Ganush ambushes and violently attacks Christine. After a long struggle, Ganush rips a button from Christine's coat and curses it. Later, Christine and her boyfriend Clay Dalton visit fortune teller Rham Jas, who tells Christine a dark spirit is haunting her. At home, the entity begins to violently attack Christine. At work, she hallucinates about Ganush and bleeds profusely from her nose while spewing blood on Jacks. As Christine leaves, Stu steals a file from her desk.
Christine goes to beg Ganush for forgiveness but discovers she has recently died. After causing a scene at the funeral, a family member of Ganush warns her that she deserves everything she's about to get. Christine returns to Jas, who explains that as long as she owns the cursed button, a powerful demon known as the Lamia will torment her for three days before dragging her to Hell. He suggests a sacrifice may appease it. Christine reluctantly sacrifices her pet kitten before meeting Clay's parents at their house for dinner, where grotesque hallucinations torment her again.
Christine returns to Jas, who requests a fee of $10,000. He introduces her to San Dena, who prepares a séance to trap Lamia in a goat and kill it. However, the Lamia possesses her and then her assistant, who vomits up the corpse of Christine's cat, saying it wants her soul. San Dena manages to successfully banish the Lamia from the séance, but dies afterwards.
Jas seals the button in an envelope and tells Christine that she can only remove the curse by giving the button to someone else. Christine considers giving the envelope to Stu but reconsiders. Instead, she digs up Ganush's grave and gives the corpse the envelope just at dawn. Christine returns home and prepares to meet Clay at Los Angeles Union Station for a weekend trip. Jacks notifies her of the promotion after Stu confessed to stealing her file and was fired.
At the station, Clay, hoping to propose to Christine, hands her the envelope with her missing button he found in his car, unaware of its significance. She realizes that she accidentally gave the wrong envelope to Ganush, which means the curse was never lifted. Horrified, Christine backs away and falls onto the tracks, just as fiery, demonic hands emerge. Clay tries to rescue Christine, but a train speeds through and he can only watch as the hands drag her to Hell.
Cast
The film includes cameo appearances by Raimi himself as an uncredited ghost at the séance, his younger brother Ted as a doctor, and his eldest children Emma, Henry, and Lorne in minor roles. Frequent Raimi collaborator Scott Spiegel appears as a mourner at the death feast, while fellow frequent Raimi collaborator John Paxton and Irene Roseen appear as the old couple at the diner.
Production
Background
The original story for Drag Me to Hell was written ten years before the film went into production and was written by Sam Raimi and his brother Ivan Raimi. The film went into production under the name The Curse. The Raimis wrote the script as a morality tale, desiring to write a story about a character who wants to be a good person, but makes a sinful choice out of greed for her own betterment and pays the price for it. The Raimis tried to make the character of Christine the main focal point in the film, and tried to have Christine in almost all the scenes in the film. Elements of the film's story are drawn from the British horror film Night of the Demon (itself an adaptation of M.R. James' short story "Casting the Runes") such as the similar-shaped demons and the three-day curse theme in the film. The most significant parallel is that both stories involve the passing of a cursed object, which has to be passed to someone else, or its possessor will be devoured by one or more demons. Unlike his past horror films, Raimi wanted the film to be rated PG-13 and not strictly driven by gore, stating, "I didn't want to do exactly the same thing I had done before."
After finishing the script, Raimi desired to make the picture after the first draft of the script was completed, but other projects such as the Spider-Man film series became a nearly decade-long endeavor, pushing opportunities to continue work on Drag Me to Hell to late 2007. Raimi offered director Edgar Wright to direct Drag Me to Hell which Wright turned down as he was filming Hot Fuzz and felt that "If I did it, it would just feel like karaoke." After the previous three Spider-Man films, Raimi came back to the script of Drag Me to Hell, wanting to make a simpler and lower-budget film. In 2007, Sam Raimi's friend and producer Robert Tapert of Ghost House Pictures had the company sign on to finance the film. Universal Studios agreed to distribute domestically.
Casting
After completing the script and having the project greenlit, Raimi started casting the film. Elliot Page was originally cast for the main role of Christine, but dropped out of the project due to SAG strike-related scheduling issues. The main role eventually went to Lohman, who did not enjoy horror films, but enjoyed doing the stunts during filming. Stage actress Lorna Raver auditioned for the role of Mrs. Ganush. Raver was not aware of the specific nature of her character until being cast, stating that all she had read was "about a little old lady coming into the bank because they're closing down her house. It was only later that I saw the whole script and said, 'Oh my!'". To prepare for this role, Raver met with a Hungarian dialect coach and asked to have portions of the script translated into Hungarian. Raimi would later ask Raver to use some of the Hungarian words in the scenes of Ganush's attacking Christine. Dileep Rao, who plays Rham Jas, made producer Grant Curtis mildly hesitant in casting him, stating that during his audition "he was a little bit younger than he read in the script. But as we were looking at his reading, Sam said, 'There's no minimum age requirement on wisdom.' Dileep has that wisdom and presence on screen, and that's what made him right. Once he got on camera, he brought that shoulder for Alison to lean on." Many of the actors playing secondary characters in Drag Me to Hell have appeared previously in Raimi's films, including Joanne Baron, Tom Carey, Molly Cheek, Aimee Miles, John Paxton, Ted Raimi, Bill E. Rogers, Chelcie Ross, and Octavia Spencer.
Filming
Raimi said he set out to create "a horror film with lots of wild moments and lots of suspense and big shocks that'll hopefully make audiences jump. But I also wanted to have a lot of dark humor sprinkled throughout. I spent the last decade doing Spider-Man and you come to rely on a lot of people doing things for you and a lot of help, but it's refreshing and wonderful to be reminded that, as with most filmmakers, the best way to do it is yourself, with a tight team doing the main jobs."
Production for Drag Me to Hell began on location in Tarzana, California. The production team included director of photography Peter Deming, production designer Steve Saklad and visual effects supervisor Bruce Jones. The film was produced by Grant Curtis and Rob Tapert. Tapert and Raimi are longtime collaborators, having attended college together in Michigan.
Editing
Drag Me to Hell was edited by Bob Murawski, who has collaborated with Raimi on several films including the Spider-Man series, The Gift, and Army of Darkness. Raimi has said of working with Murawski on Drag Me to Hell, "He'd come (down to the set) to see how things were going and to let me know if he'd just cut something that wasn't working the way he'd wanted it to, or to suggest a pick-up shot I should get for a piece he felt we needed in a sequence I hadn't realized I needed. He's very detail-oriented... So we're very close collaborators." Raimi finds editing with Murawski to be "relaxing", adding, "I love it. For me, it's so relaxing, unlike pre-production, which is fraught with anxiety and fear about how we're going to do things, and production, which is so rushed and a sleepless time and you're just racing to finish every shot and worrying about focus and so on. So post is soothing and I can watch the film come together, so it's a time of discovery for me as Bob and I fit all the pieces together. I see new possibilities in post, as Bob puts the film together, sometimes in a way I never imagined..." The film was edited by Murawski on an Avid computer system in a West Los Angeles facility. The color grading was completed at Company 3 with colorist Stephen Nakamura. Nakamura used DaVinci Resolve. It was CO3's first start-to-finish feature in 4K resolution. "For us, post is a very creative time where it's not just about this factory producing the blueprinted product. It's really a very creative, experimental time where we try and take everything that's been written and then shot to the next level," said Raimi. The final sound mix was completed at the Dub Stage in Burbank with mixers Marti Humphrey and Chris Jacobson.
Effects
The effects in Drag Me to Hell were created in many different ways, including green screen, puppets, prosthetics and computer-generated imagery. Bruce Jones was the visual effects supervisor on the film. Of Jones, Raimi commented, "He brought a great can-do approach to the film... He's got a great team of artists and technicians with him, and he's got great instincts."
There were hundreds of visual effects in the film, and different effects houses were utilized. According to Raimi, the Bay Area's Tippett Studio was a big player. "We also had work done by Amalgamated Pixels, Ghost VFX, KNB Effects, Home Digital, Cinesoup and IE Effects," said Raimi. According to Raimi, "Bob (Murawski) and I kept adding visual effects as post proceeded. In this film, the supernatural, the unseen, is almost another character, so sequences were developed — even in post — that would suggest the presence of the supernatural, and we kept on adding. The same with the sound effects, so it was a very ongoing, very live process in post."
Director of photography Peter Deming tried to use realistic lighting in the film. Said Deming, "Normally, you'd put all corrected bulbs in, but we went with what was there, including the shots in the street. We used the streetlight look and mixed that with interior lighting. There were a lot of odd color sources that we chose to leave the way they would be naturally. It's a heightened sense of realism." One of the earliest projects the special effects teams did was the scene in which Mrs. Ganush attacks Christine in her car. To film the action, which included close-ups of Christine jamming her foot on the pedal, hitting the brake, and shifting gears, the team created a puzzle car which allowed the front engine compartment and back trunk — as well as all four sides and doors — to come away from the car. The roof came off in two directions.
Soundtrack
The film score was composed by Christopher Young. Young has worked with director Raimi previously on his films The Gift and Spider-Man 3. The soundtrack was released on August 18, 2009. Sam Raimi stated that emphasis was on using the soundtrack to create a world that didn't exist, a world of the "supernatural". The score contains elements of Young's previous work on Flowers in the Attic. This is particularly apparent in the utilization of the ethereal childlike soprano vocals that feature prominently throughout the soundtrack.
All tracks composed by Christopher Young.
The soundtrack was released by Waxwork Records in 2018 on vinyl record.
Release
Drag Me to Hell was first shown to the public as a "Work in Progress" print at the South by Southwest festival on March 15, 2009. The film debuted in its full form at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival, where it was shown out of competition on May 20, 2009, as a midnight screening.
Reception
Box office
The film was released in the United States on May 29, 2009. The film opened at #4 with $15.8 million from 2,900 screens at 2,508 theaters, an average of $6,310 per theater ($5,457 average per screen). In its second weekend, it dropped 56%, falling to #7, with $7 million, for an average of $2,805 per theater ($2,514 average per screen), and bringing the 10-day gross to $28,233,230. Drag Me to Hell closed on August 6, 2009, with a final gross in the United States and Canada of $42.1 million, and an additional $48.7 million internationally for a total of $90.8 million worldwide.
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 92% based on 270 reviews, and an average rating of 7.6/10. The site's critical consensus states, "Sam Raimi returns to top form with Drag Me to Hell, a frightening, hilarious, delightfully campy thrill ride." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 83 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.
Positive critical reception of the film generally praised the film's scary but humorous and campy tone. Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film an A rating, stating that "Raimi has made the most crazy, fun, and terrifying horror movie in years." Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times praised the film, stating that it "should not be dismissed as yet another horror flick just for teens. The filmmakers have given us a 10-story winding staircase of psychological tension that is making very small circles near the end." Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune described the film as a "hellaciously effective B-movie [that] comes with a handy moral tucked inside its scares, laughs and Raimi's specialty, the scare/laugh hybrid." Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun Times gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, and stated that the film "is a sometimes funny and often startling horror movie. That is what it wants to be, and that is what it is." In a positive review, Variety said of the film: "Scant and barren of subtext, the pic is single-mindedly devoted to pushing the audience's buttons... Still, there's no denying it delivers far more than competing PG-13 thrillers."
Bloody Disgusting gave the film four and a half stars out of five, with the review calling it "quite simply the most perfect horror film I've seen in a long, long while... [It's] a blast and moved quickly from start to finish [and] is well on its way to becoming an immediate classic." The film was then ranked thirteenth in Bloody Disgusting's list of the 'Top 20 Horror Films of the Decade'.
Kyle Smith of the New York Post thought it was cheesy, with too many "gross-outs", Rex Reed of The New York Observer thought that the plot wasn't believable enough, and Peter Howell of The Toronto Star disliked Lohman's performance and thought it was "just not very funny".
Reviews have also received the film as a comedy horror in a more classic Raimi vein. Vic Holtreman of Screenrant claims the film is a long-awaited movie that combines both genres as Army of Darkness had done. A reviewer at UGO Networks says that the film is very much more a comedy than horror and that this is in keeping with Raimi not having produced a "true horror" film since he began directing.
Accolades
The film was nominated for "Choice Movie: Horror/Thriller" at the 2009 Teen Choice Awards, which the film lost to Friday the 13th (2009). At the 2009 Scream Awards show, Drag Me to Hell won the awards for Best Horror Movie and Best Scream-play.
Home media
Drag Me to Hell was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc in the US on October 13, 2009. Both media include an Unrated Director's Cut as well as the Theatrical Version. In its first two weeks the DVD sold 459,217 copies generating $7.98 million in sales. It since accumulated $13.9 million in DVD sales in the United States.
On February 13, 2018, Scream Factory released a two-disc Collector's Edition of Drag Me to Hell, which included both edits of the film remastered from the 2K digital intermediate, archival interviews and featurettes and all-new interviews with Alison Lohman, Lorna Raver and Christopher Young.
See also
Evil Dead
Hellbound, a 2021 South Korean TV series with a similar plot
Inferno, a 2016 film with a similar theme
List of ghost films
References
External links
Drag Me to Hell Full Production Notes
2009 films
2009 horror films
2000s supernatural films
American ghost films
American supernatural horror films
Demons in film
Fictional representations of Romani people
Films about curses
American films about revenge
Films directed by Sam Raimi
Films scored by Christopher Young
Films set in 1969
Films set in 2009
Films set in Los Angeles
Films set in Pasadena, California
Hell in popular culture
Films about Romani people
Films with screenplays by Sam Raimi
2000s Spanish-language films
Films about spirit possession
Universal Pictures films
Films about witchcraft
Films shot in Los Angeles
2000s English-language films
2000s American films |
17336871 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiocco%20%28group%29 | Fiocco (group) | Fiocco was a Belgian Eurodance act by DJ/producer Jan Vervloet. What started as a studio project became the biggest Belgian dance sensation of 1997. In Belgium their success and thereby popularity was comparable with dance acts as Technotronic and 2 Unlimited. Nearly all of their singles and full-album reached the Gold-status in Belgium. Jan Vervloet mostly worked with guest singers for Fiocco. But on stage the act consisted always of Lieve Verbeeck(vocals), Ann Lomans (singer/frontwoman), Anja Maesen (dancer), Jan Vervloet (keyboards/MC/frontman) and Enzo Fumarola (keyboards),
The debut release "Afflitto" became a real club hit which was translated in a No. 1 position for 9 weeks on the Belgian Dance charts. After its tremendous success Jan Vervloet decided to release “Afflitto” on cd-single which reached the top 5 in the Belgian Ultratop.
European Releases
For the second release Fiocco moved to a more commercial sound. With “The Spirit” the dance act was signed in the rest of Europe, including France, The Netherlands, Italy Spain, Scandinavia and Israel. The single became a bigger hit than “Afflitto”. With “The Spirit” they almost topped the Belgian Ultratop, only being stopped by Aqua's “Barbie Girl” at No. 2. By the end of the year the single was the best selling Belgian production in 1997 in the Ultratop. It was the first release with full lyrics (“Afflitto” was more of an instrumental song), who were sung by Absolom singer Pascale Feront.
“Spread The World Around” became the third single in 1998, another top 10 hit, and the album “Free” was also released on Eurodance label Antler Subway. Due to the success of Pascal Feront's project Absolom, Jan Vervloet had to find another singer. Lieve Verbeeck, a singer of The Golden Symphonic Orchestra, was contacted to do the vocals. In the fourth single “Straight Till The End” yet another singer was introduced (Nathalie Van Gronsveld).
In February 1999 Fiocco released the single “Miss You” as Fiocoo feat. Medusa. Medusa was a two-times alias by Evi Goffin, known as singer of Lasgo. The song was co-written by Absolom producer Christophe Chantzis. “Miss You” did well on the charts, but wasn't as big as its predecessors. In December 1999 Fiocco released their next single “The Music”, a more trance orientated song with a stirring up melody. As extra, a millennium countdown could be found on the cd-single. Remixes were done by The Oblique and Razzle Dazzle, two well-known underground aliases by Jan Vervloet. The last single charted was “The Crowd Is Moving” in November 2000. It reached to No. 6.
Fiocco vs Kosmonova
After the success of “Afflitto” in 1997, German DJ Michael Nehrig a.k.a. Kosmonova picked up the single in 1998 and reconstructed it for the German market as “Celebrate”. The single was co-produced by Andreas G. Schneider (Dos Or Die Recordings) and Kosmonova. The single entered the Dance charts in Germany, The Netherlands and Belgium. In Belgium “Celebrate” was released as B-side on Fiocco's fourth cd-single “Straight Till The End”.
A music video was shot with front lady Ann Lomans lip-syncing the lyrics. Actual signing was done by Jamaican singer Maxine Harvey.
Fiocco vs Scoop
Sometimes the side project Scoop by producer Jan Vervloet is credited as a collaboration with Fiocco. Originally Scoop was a project by Daniel Maze. After its debut release “Wings Of Love” Jan Vervloet joined Scoop. What did not happen with Fiocco, happened with the second single by Scoop: topping the charts in Belgium and The Netherlands in 1999. The release “Drop It” was a No. 1 for several weeks in both countries. “Drop It’s cd-single included a Fiocco remix.
Split
Bit by bit the general interest faded away. Other similar Belgian dance act like Astroline and Absolom were facing the same problem. After the release of “The Music” in December 1999 Fiocco once again became a studio project. Two years later three remixes of Fiocco's biggest hit were released by Jan Vervloet as “Afflitto 2003 (Remixes Part One & Two) ” for the Belgian market. In 2005 those same remixes were released in Spain, together with two songs co-written by Olivier Adams (Praga Khan).
Discography
Singles
References
External links
Fiocco list of releases from the online music database Discogs
“Celebrate” music video on YouTube
“Afflitto” music video on YouTube
"janvervloet.com" Jan Vervloet Official site
Belgian Eurodance groups
Belgian electronic music groups |
17336882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reina%20Cristina | Reina Cristina | Reina Cristina can refer to more than one topic:
"Reina Cristina" is Spanish for "Queen Christina," and refers to Maria Christina of Austria, Queen Consort of Spain, second wife of Alonso XII.
Reina Cristina was a Spanish cruiser that fought in the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish–American War. |
6901350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancie%20Caraway | Nancie Caraway | Nancie Ellen Caraway (born February 2, 1942) is the former First Lady of the U.S. state of Hawaii from 2010 to 2014. She is the spouse of former First Congressional District U.S. Representative and former Governor of Hawaii Neil Abercrombie. Caraway is a University of Hawaii at Manoa political scientist, feminist scholar and activist, a member of the university's Globalization Research Center and its Director of Women's Human Rights, leading its Trafficking Project. She is also a mentor and lecturer at the East–West Center.
Caraway was born in Alabama and arrived in Hawaii from Houston, Texas. She received her bachelor of arts degree in political science at the University of Hawaii at Manoa in 1980. She was a resident of New York City while studying for her Master of Science degree in journalism at Columbia University. She married her husband, Neil Abercrombie, in 1981 in Palm Springs, California. She returned to Hawaii and completed a master of arts in 1986 and doctorate in 1991, both in political science.
Following her husband to Washington, D.C. where he served in the United States Congress, Caraway became an assistant professor at Georgetown University, George Washington University and American University.
An author, Caraway won the Victoria Schuck Award—an international award for the best book on women and politics—from the American Political Science Association for her 1992 book, Segregated Sisterhood: Racism and the Politics of American Feminism, also the title of her University of Hawaii at Manoa doctoral dissertation.
Further reading
References
American women political scientists
American political scientists
Living people
First Ladies and Gentlemen of Hawaii
University of Hawaiʻi faculty
American feminist writers
University of Hawaiʻi alumni
Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism alumni
1942 births
American women academics
21st-century American women |
6901363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Etheridge | Brian Etheridge | Brian Etheridge may refer to:
Brian Etheridge, character in comic book series V for Vendetta
Brian Etheridge (footballer) (born 1944), retired English footballer |
17336889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhotoPerfect | PhotoPerfect | PhotoPerfect is a proprietary commercial photo editing software program for Microsoft Windows, published by Arcadia Software AG. The first version was introduced in 2002.
The Arcadia website provides a program manual, tutorials, a user forum, as well as download options for the software — for 14 days of test use.
PhotoPerfect has been discontinued.
Program features
PhotoPerfect is similar to such programs as Adobe Photoshop and the open-source GIMP, Unlike these other programs, PhotoPerfect is designed primarily to edit and improve existing photos, and not for graphics creation.
Its window can contain several movable subwindows. The main window contains, clockwise: A histogram set, a list of available processing resources, a file directory list, and a thumbnail strip from the selected directory.
The program operations are generally available both in a standard menu system and as icons on optional toolbars. Selecting an image modification option will generally open a window with a tabbed user interface — for selecting within a group of related operations. Each tab will generally contain one or more lever-operated controls, and the tab's image display has a user-operated divider separating the transformed and untransformed versions of the image.
The color curves can be controlled (with level limit control) while the resulting histograms are displayed.
RAW files can be opened, and TIFF images can be both opened and saved. A special set of 16-bit operations is available for these. Some dynamic range improvement (within 8 bits) may also be achieved by means of the operation Merge Images DRI.
The list of available Processing resources lists the available (built-in and user-supplied) macros, batch processing routines and scripts. PhotoShop-compatible plugins will appear in this list, ready for use, if their .8BF files have been placed in the PhotoPerfect directory.
Extra functions (on the Extras menu) include tools for:
Slide Show: Combines images for use with a slide show viewer (FFV.exe)
Mosaic: Transforms an image into a mosaic, using a specified set of mosaic piece images.
AVI (animation): Creates an AVI movie from a multi-burst image set, or transforms one image into a sequence, e.g. through panning.
Stereoscopic (3D) image: Generates a 3D image with red & cyan, for viewing with red & cyan glasses.
Measurements (of lengths, angles, areas and brightness)
Graphic markers: For placing arrows, circles, squares and polylines (with straight line segments).
Lens (fringe) correction
Some special image optimizing extensions may be bought separately from Arcadia Software, and they can then be selected from the Image Optimization menu:
PerfectlyClear, I2E, Xe847, and these combined by the option Multi-automatic.
See also
Comparison with other graphics editors.
References
Notes
Nikonians review
Softonic editor's review
External links
PhotoPerfect manual
Raster graphics editors
Digital photography
Photo software
Windows graphics-related software
Proprietary software |
17336890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michalis%20Koumbios | Michalis Koumbios | Michalis Koumbios (; born 1965) is a Greek composer and lyricist.
Koumbios was born in 1965 on the island of Rhodes and lived on the nearby island of Tilos for the first few years of his life.
He studied Byzantine, classical and modern European music, as well as the traditional music of the world’s peoples. He also attended seminars on modern music technology in Greece and abroad.
Koumbios has made 15 recordings and his compositions have also been included in international collections such as Mystic World, Famous Greek Composer, Night Collection, Buddha Bar, Mother Earth, Putumayo Presents: Greece, a musical odyssey. He has produced world projects such as Zambetas Concept, Gypsies Bar, Balkan Voices I and Balkan Voices II.
Michalis Koumbios is a composer in the ancient Greek sense of the word, sometimes writing lyrics and producing, as well as being an expert in sound and recording.
He has worked with the most distinguished Greek musicians, singers and lyricists as well as with the most recognized names in world music. His music has been used on television programmes and series, documentaries in Greece and abroad. He has also been editor of the music magazine Difono.
References
1965 births
Living people
Greek composers |
20469288 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kean%20Soo | Kean Soo | Kean Soo is the creator of the children's comic character Jellaby. Born in Romford, England, but raised in Hong Kong, Soo is currently residing in Canada and was formally trained as an engineer.
Webcomics
Soo drew comics on-and-off in school, and began taking his hobby more seriously when he attended university, where he drew several short stories and comic strips. Soo started posting webcomics in Q3 2002, as an affordable alternative to printing minicomics. Soo was inspired by figures such as Patrick Farley, Kazu Kibuishi, Derek Kirk Kim, Jason Turner, and the people behind Pants Press. One of Soo's first longer webcomics was Elsewhere, which he drew on 24 Hour Comic Day.
Soo experimented much with the use of sound and music in webcomics in the early 2000s. He embedded MP3-files on the pages of his short webcomics such as Devil in the Kitchen, Bottle Up and Explode!, and Passing Afternoon. Soo found that different readers read the webcomics at different rates, which made it difficult sync up the images with the audio. However, he was not interested in using Adobe Flash to direct the user's experience, fearing that the webcomic would turn into a "musical slideshow." Instead, Soo sometimes used lyrics to pace the reader's experience, such as to ensure that readers would reach emotional climax of Bottle Up and Explode! just as the instrumental section of its accompanying song kicked in. Other times, such as for Snowstorm, the accompanying song is purely intended to convey and enhance the mood of the scene.
Career
In 2004, Soo became interested in working on a long-form project, and doodles of the "girl hugging a grub-like monster" Jellaby in his sketchbook caught his eye. Soo met Hope Larson, who had just moved to Toronto at the time, and he realized that his story idea was similar to that of Larson's Salamander Dream, which he had been reading online. Both he and Larson were interested in getting graphic novels published, so the two decided to launch a website to act as a venue to try to sell books to a publisher. The two created the website Secret Friend Society at the start of 2005, and about a year later Disney Press emailed him about their interest in publishing Jellaby. The first issue of Jellaby was eventually published by Disney's Hyperion in 2008.
Soo has had many collaborations and contributing works published. His work has been featured in the comic anthology Flight, and has acted as the anthology's assistant editor since Volume 2. He has also worked as an assistant on the children's graphic novel series Amulet, by Kazu Kibuishi.
Published works
March Grand Prix: The Race at Harewood, 2015
March Grand Prix: The Fast and the Furriest, 2015
March Grand Prix: The Baker's Run, 2015
Jellaby Volume One 2008
Jellaby, Monster in the City 2009
Flight Volume One (contributor) 2004
Flight Volume Two (contributor) 2005
Flight Volume Three (contributor) 2006
Flight Volume Five (contributor) 2008
Flight Explorer Volume One (contributor) 2008
Daisy Kutter: The Last Train (pin-up contributor) 2005
Notes
External links
Personal Homepage
Flight Comics Homepage
Canadian comics artists
Living people
Canadian webcomic creators
Canadian graphic novelists
Year of birth missing (living people) |
17336896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMG-36 | AMG-36 | AMG-36 (part of the AM cannabinoid series) is an analgesic drug which is a cannabinoid agonist. It is a derivative of Δ8THC substituted with a cyclopentane group on the 3-position side chain. AMG-36 is a potent agonist at both CB1 and CB2 with moderate selectivity for CB1, with a Ki of 0.45 nM at CB1 vs 1.92 nM at CB2.
See also
AMG-3
AMG-41
References
Cannabinoids
Benzochromenes
Phenols
Cyclopentanes |
6901375 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Shorthorn | The Shorthorn | The Shorthorn is the campus newspaper for the University of Texas at Arlington. It is published online daily with a print digest on Wednesday during the fall and spring semesters. During the summer, all content is published online since no print edition is produced.
The Shorthorn has been in print since 1919. It is a fully functional student-run publication. The newspaper has won many awards for excellence in college journalism including the Columbia Scholastic Press Association Gold Crown award, the Texas Associated Press Managing Editors award, and the Texas Intercollegiate Press Sweepstakes award. The Shorthorn won the National Pacemaker Award in 2021, 2020, 2018, 2017, 2016 & 2015
The newspaper has been actively providing online content since 1997. In 2019, The Shorthorn celebrated its 100th anniversary, marking it as UT Arlington's oldest tradition. Reese Oxner served as editor in chief during its centennial year.
Notable staff alumni
Michael Ainsworth - Pulitzer prize-winning photographer
Tom Fox - Pulitzer prize-winning photographer
Brad Loper - Pulitzer prize-winning photographer
Michael Phillips - Noted historian
See also
List of college newspapers
References
External links
University of Texas at Arlington
Student newspapers published in Texas |
20469299 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20Tarragona%20Costa%20Daurada | Open Tarragona Costa Daurada | The Open Tarragona Costa Daurada was a tennis tournament held in Tarragona, Spain since 2006. The event was part of the ATP Challenger Tour and was played on outdoor clay courts.
Spanish player Alberto Martín detains the record for victories, two, in singles.
Past finals
Singles
Doubles
External links
Official website
ITF search
ATP Challenger Tour
Defunct tennis tournaments in Spain
Tarra |
20469323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambouseraie%20de%20Prafrance | Bambouseraie de Prafrance | The Bambouseraie de Prafrance (34 hectares, 84 acres) is a private botanical garden specializing in bamboos, located in Générargues, near Anduze, Gard, Languedoc-Roussillon, France. It is open daily in the warmer months; an admission fee is charged.
The garden contains one of Europe's oldest bamboo collections, established in 1856 by amateur botanist Eugène Mazel (1828-1890), who had made his fortune in the spice trade, and who continued to build the collection until he encountered financial problems in 1890. Although the garden subsequently changed ownership several times, it has continued to be a showcase for bamboos, and today contains around 300 bamboo species and cultivars, as well as other plantings of Asiatic shrubs and trees, Ginkgo biloba, sequoia, Trachycarpus fortunei, a replica of a Laotian village, and some 5 km of water canals.
Bamboo collections
Miniature bamboos (10–15 cm.) - Pleioblastus distichus, Pleioblastus fortunei, Pleioblastus pumilus, Pleioblastus pygmaeus, Pleioblastus viridistriatus, Pleioblastus viridistriatus "Chrysophyllus", Pleioblastus viridistriatuss "Vagans", Sasa admirabilis, Sasa masamuneana "Albostriata", Sasa masamuneana "Aureostriata", and Shibataea Kumasaca.
Small bamboos (1–3 meters) - Bambusa multiplex "Elegans", Chimonobambusa marmorea, Chimonobambusa marmorea "Variegata", Fargesia murielae, Fargesia murielae "Harewood", Fargesia murielae "Jumbo", F. murielae "Simba", Fargesia nitida, Fargesia robusta, Hibanobambusa tranquillans "Shiroshima", Pleioblastus chino "Elegantissimus", Pleioblastus shibuyanus "Tsuboï", Sasa latifolia, Sasa palmata "Nebulosa", Sasa tessellata, Sasa tsuboiana, Sasa veitchii, and Sinobambusa rubroligula.
Medium bamboos (3–8 meters) - Arundinaria kunishii, Arundinaria anceps, Bambusa multiplex, Bambusa multiplex "Alphonse Karr", Bambusa multiplex "Golden goddess", Bambusa ventricosa, Bambusa ventricosa "Kimmei", Chimonobambusa quadrangularis, Chimonobambusa quadrangularis "Tatejima", Chimonobambusa tumidissinoda, Chusquea coronalis, Hibanobambusa tranquillans, Himalayacalamus asper, Otatea acuminata, Phyllostachys arcana "Luteosulcata", Phyllostachys aurea, Phyllostachys aurea "Flavescens inversa", Phyllostachys aurea "Holochrysa", Phyllostachys aurea "Koi", Phyllostachys aureosulcata, Phyllostachys aureosulcata "Aureocaulis", Phyllostachys aureosulcata "Spectabilis", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Marliacea", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Subvariegata", Phyllostachys bissetii, Phyllostachys dulcis, Phyllostachys flexuosa, Phyllostachys glauca, Phyllostachys heteroclada, Phyllostachys humilis, Phyllostachys manii, Phyllostachys meyeri, Phyllostachys nidularia, Phyllostachys nigra, Phyllostachys nuda, Phyllostachys nuda "Localis", Phyllostachys pubescens "Heterocycla", Phyllostachys praecox, Phyllostachys praecox "Viridisulcata", Phyllostachys proprinqua, Phyllostachys rubromarginata, Pleioblastus gramineus, Pleioblastus hindsii, Pleioblastus linearis, Pseudosasa amabilis, Pseudosasa japonica, Pseudosasa japonica "Variegata", Pseudosasa japonica "Tsutsumiana", Semiarundinaria fastuosa, Semiarundinaria makinoi, Semiarundinaria okuboi, Semiarundinaria yashadake "Kimmei", Sinobambusa tootsik, Sinobambusa tootsik "Albovariegata", and Thamnocalamus tessellatus.
Giant bamboos (8–28 meters) - Bambusa arundinacea, Bambusa oldhamii, Bambusa textilis, Bambusa vulgaris "Striata", Phyllostachys bambusoides, Phyllostachys bambusoides "Castillonis", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Castilloni inversa", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Holocrysa", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Tanakae", Phyllostachys edulis "Moso",Phyllostachys makinoi, Phyllostachys nigra "Boryana", Phyllostachys nigra "Henonis", Phyllostachys pubescens, Phyllostachys pubescens "Bicolor", Phyllostachys viridis "Mitis", Phyllostachys viridis "Sulfurea", Phyllostachys vivax, Phyllostachys vivax "Aureocaulis", Phyllostachys vivax "Huanvenzhu", Phyllostachys violascens, and Phyllostachys viridiglaucescens.
See also
List of botanical gardens in France
References
Bambouseraie de Prafrance
Patrick Taylor (ed), The Oxford Companion to the Garden, Oxford University Press, pages 33–34. .
GetFrench.com description
GardenVisit description
Bamboo Society description
Gardens in Gard
Botanical gardens in France |
6901377 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Rawlings | Bill Rawlings | William Ernest Rawlings (3 January 1896 – 25 September 1972) was an English footballer. A centre-forward, he scored more than 196 goals in 367 league games in a 15-year career.
He began his career with Southampton in 1918, who were elevated from the Southern League to the Football League in 1919. He finished as the club's top-scorer eight times in nine seasons from 1920–21 to 1927–28, helping the "Saints" to win the Third Division South title in 1921–22 and to reach the FA Cup semi-finals in 1925 and 1927. He also won himself two England caps in 1922, both of which were from British Home Championship games. He signed with Manchester United in March 1928, and moved on to Port Vale in November 1929. He picked up a serious ankle injury whilst with the "Valiants", and moved onto Newport via New Milton the following year, before retiring in 1933.
Playing career
Rawlings' career started in 1918 with Southampton. He quickly settled into the side, building a formidable attacking partnership with Arthur Dominy. He scored 19 goals in the Southern League in 1919–20. The "Saints" were then elected into the Football League, becoming founder members of the Third Division. He became the club's top scorer in 1920–21 with 22 goals, as Southampton were denied promotion despite finishing in second place. He hit 32 goals in 1921–22 to win himself attention at a national level, and to help his club win the Third Division South title. His intelligent play and deadly shooting earned him two England caps. He appeared against Wales and Scotland in the 1922 British Home Championship, achieving the rare distinction of being capped for England while playing for a third tier club.
In 1922–23, the "Saints" posted a respectable 11th-place finish in the Second Division, with Dominy finishing as top-scorer. Rawlings then returned to form and finished as the club's top-scorer for the third time in four seasons in 1923–24, when he found the net 21 times. Rawlings went on to remain as the club's top scorer for another four seasons, hitting 16 goals in 1924–25, 20 goals in 1925–26, 28 goals in 1926–27, and 21 goals in 1927–28. He also helped the club to reach the FA Cup semi-finals in 1927, and scored in what was a 2–1 defeat to Arsenal at Stamford Bridge. He scored a total of 193 goals in 364 appearances in league and cup competitions during his ten years at The Dell. His 193 goals places him third on the club's list of all-time goalscorers, behind Mick Channon and Matthew Le Tissier.
In March 1928, he signed for First Division side Manchester United, scoring on his Old Trafford debut on 14 March; a 1–0 win over Everton. He hit a hat-trick on 7 April, in a 4–3 home win over Burnley, and finished the 1927–28 season with ten goals for the "Red Devils". However, he was limited to six goals in 1928–29. He found all three goals of the 1929–30 campaign on 14 September, in a 3–2 win over Middlesbrough at Ayresome Park.
In November 1929, he moved to Port Vale, after the "Valiants" paid United a four figure fee. Rawlings scored on his Vale debut in a 5–2 win over Accrington Stanley at The Old Recreation Ground on 9 November. He played a further five games before suffering a serious ankle injury on Christmas Day 1929, during a 2–1 home defeat by Stockport County. The "Valiants" went on to win the Third Division North title in 1929–30. He recovered to full fitness by the spring of 1930, but was unable to return to the first team and left for New Milton during the 1930–31 season. Later in 1930 he moved to Isle of Wight and played for Newport, before retiring in 1933.
Statistics
Source:
Honours
Southampton
Football League Third Division South champions: 1921–22
Port Vale
Football League Third Division North champions: 1929–30
England
British Home Championship runners-up: 1922
References
1896 births
People from Andover, Hampshire
1972 deaths
English footballers
Association football forwards
England international footballers
Andover F.C. players
Southampton F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
New Milton Town F.C. players
Newport (IOW) F.C. players
Southern Football League players
English Football League players |
20469337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto%20Gimelli | Roberto Gimelli | Roberto Gimelli (born 16 July 1982 in Canosa di Puglia, Italy) is an Italian footballer who plays as a defender. He is currently playing for Italian Lega Pro Prima Divisione team Pisa.
External links
Profile at aic.football.it
1982 births
Living people
People from Canosa di Puglia
Italian footballers
Vastese Calcio 1902 players
U.S. Catanzaro 1929 players
U.S. Triestina Calcio 1918 players
U.S. Pistoiese 1921 players
A.C. Ancona players
Pisa S.C. players
U.S. Viterbese 1908 players
Serie C players
Association football defenders
Footballers from Apulia
Sportspeople from the Province of Barletta-Andria-Trani |
6901378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuidas%20kuningas%20kuu%20peale%20kippus | Kuidas kuningas kuu peale kippus | Kuidas kuningas Kuu peale kippus (How the King Wanted to Go to the Moon) is an album released in 2004 by No-Big-Silence and Kosmikud.
The singles are "Kuninga imekanad", "Sepa kahurikuul" and "Tisleri kastitorn".
This album is based on the 1976 TV musical Kuidas kuningas kuu peale kippus by Peeter Volkonski and Dagmar Normet.
Now, 28 years later Kosmikud and No-Big-Silence give the songs new energy. The original arrangement was done by the Estonian rock band Ruja (1971-1988).
Style
For many NBS fans this album may seem to sound very strange on first listen. The music can be considered to be a mash of Kosmikud's and No-Big-Silence's music. While "Vapper major annab au", "Sepa kahurikuul" and "Tisleri kastitorn" sound more like standard No-Big-Silence songs, the other tracks can be seen as NBS/Kosmikud mash-ups.
Track listing
"Kuninga imekanad" ("King's Wonder-chicken") – 2:31
"Vapper major annab au" ("Brave Major Salutes") – 1:25
"Tisleri imelind" ("Joiner's Wonderbird") – 3:52
"Sepa kahurikuul" ("Blacksmith's Cannonball") – 2:13
"Koka laul" ("Chef's Song") – 3:26
"Tisleri kastitorn" ("Joiner's Tower of Boxes") – 2:18
"Ehitame torni" ("We're Building a Tower") – 1:55
"Ei jaksa me" ("We Haven't Got the Strength") – 2:19
"Hei pinguta ja rassi" ("Hey Strive and Toil") – 13:18
The real length of "Hei pinguta ja rassi" is 2:14 and is followed by 7:55 of silence before a small clip of the band doing a recording session comes in at 9:29 which lasts for 3:50.
Personnel
No-Big-Silence
Cram – vocals (tracks 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9)
Kristo K – guitar (3); backing vocals (8); keyboards
Willem – acoustic guitar (1, 3, 5, 7); backing vocals (8)
Kristo R – drums; backing vocals (8)
Kosmikud
Hainz - vocals (5, 8, 9)
Aleksander Vana - guitar
Kõmmari - bass
Others
Peeter Volkonski - vocals (6, 7, 9)
Hele Kõre - vocals (1, 5, 7, 8)
Peeter Malkov - flute (3)
DJ Sinda - DJing (4)
Notes
No-Big-Silence & Kosmikud featuring Peeter Volkonski and Hele Kõre.
Music by Peeter Volkonski, lyrics by Dagmar Normet, arranged by No-Big-Silence and Kosmikud.
Recorded at No-Big-Silence Studios winter 2003/2004.
Mastered by Kristo Kotkas.
Drawings by Aivar Juhanson, photos by Viktor Koshkin, design by Cram.
External links
Entry for the album in EstonianMetal.com
2004 albums
No-Big-Silence albums
Kosmikud albums
Estonian-language albums |
20469338 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec%20Graham | Alec Graham | Andrew Alexander Kenny Graham (7 August 1929 – 9 May 2021) was an English Anglican bishop.
Graham was educated at Tonbridge School and St John's College, Oxford. After studies at Ely Theological College he was ordained in 1956. He was ordained in the Church of England: made a deacon on Trinity Sunday 1955 (5 June)
and ordained a priest the Trinity following (27 May 1956), both times by George Bell, Bishop of Chichester, at Chichester Cathedral. His first post was as a curate at Hove from where he moved to be a lecturer at Worcester College, Oxford. After time as warden of Lincoln Theological College he was appointed the Bishop of Bedford in 1977. He was consecrated a bishop on 31 March 1977, by Donald Coggan, Archbishop of Canterbury at Westminster Abbey.
With his nomination on 21 May and confirmation on 29 June 1981, he was translated to Bishop of Newcastle where he stayed for sixteen years. In retirement he was an honorary assistant bishop in the Diocese of Carlisle.
Graham died at his home in Butterwick, on 9 May 2021, at the age of 91.
References
1929 births
2021 deaths
20th-century Church of England bishops
Alumni of Ely Theological College
Alumni of St John's College, Oxford
Bishops of Bedford
Bishops of Newcastle
Fellows of St John's College, Oxford
Fellows of Worcester College, Oxford
People educated at Tonbridge School
Staff of Lincoln Theological College |
6901384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist%27s%20statement | Artist's statement | An artist's statement (or artist statement) is an artist's written description of their work. The brief text is for, and in support of, their own work to give the viewer understanding. As such it aims to inform, connect with an art context, and present the basis for the work; it is, therefore, didactic, descriptive, or reflective in nature.
Description
The artist's text intends to explain, justify, extend, and/or contextualize their body of work. It places, or attempts to place, the work in relationship to art history and theory, the art world and the times. Further, the statement serves to show that the artist is conscious of their intentions, aware of their practice and its position within art parameters and of the discourse surrounding it. Therefore, not only does it describe and place, but it indicates the level of the artist's own comprehension of their field and making. The artist statement serves as a "vital link of communication between you [the artist], and the rest of the world." Most people encounter a work of art through a reproduction first, and there are many elements that are not present within a reproduction. That is why it is imperative that the artist knows how to properly convey their work through their own words. What the artist writes in their statement may be integrated in wall text, handouts at an exhibition or a paragraph in a press release. Judgments will be made based both on the nature of the art, as well as the words that accompany it.
Artists often write a short (50-100 word) and/or a long (500-1000 word) version of the same statement, and they may maintain and revise these statements throughout their careers. They may be edited to suit the requirements of specific funding bodies, galleries or call-outs as part of the application process.
History
The writing of artists' statements is a comparatively recent phenomenon beginning in the 1990s.<ref>Detterer, Gabriele. Ed. Art Recollection: Artists' Interviews & Statements in the Nineties']'. Florence: Danilo Montanari, Exit, and Zona Archives Editori, 1997.</ref> In some respects, the practice resembles the art manifesto and may derive in part from it. However, the artist's statement generally speaks for an individual rather than a collective, and is not strongly associated with polemic. Rather, a contemporary artist may be required to submit the statement in order to tender for commissions or apply for schools, residencies, jobs, awards, and other forms of institutional support, in justification of their submission.
In their 2008 survey of North American art schools and university art programs, Garrett-Petts and Nash found that nearly 90% teach the writing of artist statements as part of the curriculum; in addition, they found that,
Like prefaces, forewords, prologues, and introductions to literary works, the artist statement performs a vital if complex rhetorical role: when included in an exhibition proposal and sent to a curator, the artist statement usually provides a description of the work, some indication of the work's art historical and theoretical context, some background information about the artist and the artist's intentions, technical specifications – and, at the same time, it aims to persuade the reader of the artwork's value. When hung on a gallery wall, the statement (or "didactic") becomes an invitation, an explanation, and, often indirectly, an element of the installation itself.
As subject matter
On at least two occasions, artist's statements have been the subject of gallery exhibitions. The first exhibition of artists' statements, The Art of the Artist's Statement, was curated by Georgia Kotretsos and Maria Pashalidou at the Hellenic Museum, Chicago, in the spring of 2005. It featured the work of 14 artists invited to create artwork offering a visual commentary on the subject of artist statements. The second exhibition, Proximities: Artists' Statements and Their Works, was installed in the fall of 2005 at the Kamloops Art Gallery, Kamloops, British Columbia. Co-curated by W.F. Garrett-Petts and Rachel Nash, the exhibition asked nine contributing artists to respond to the topic of artists’ statements by taking one or more of their own artist's statements and working with the text(s) in a manner that documented, represented, and annotated the original work, creating a new work in the process. In 2013, Workshop Press published a collection of 123 artist statements by British painter Tom Palin. The statements spanned a period of 21 years and came with a foreword by Michael Belshaw.
Artist's statements have been the subject of a research project on the professional language of the contemporary art world by sociologist Alix Rule and artist David Levine. Presented in their 2012 article International Art English, published in the American art journal Triple Canopy, Levine & Rule collated and analysed thousands of gallery press releases, published by e-flux since 1999, in an attempt to dissect and understand the peculiar language of the professional art world. It has since become one of the most widely circulated pieces of online cultural criticism.
References
External links
[https://www.amazon.com/Art-Recollection-Interviews-Statements-Nineties/dp/1564660583 Detterer, Gabriele. Ed. Art Recollection: Artists' Interviews & Statements in the Nineties']'. Florence: Danilo Montanari, Exit, and Zona Archives Editori, 1997.
"Garrett-Petts, W.F. Literary Artists' Statements", Canadian Literature, No. 176 (Spring 2003): 111–114.
Garrett-Petts, W.F., and Rachel Nash, eds. Proximities: Artists' Statements and Their Works Kamloops, B.C.: Kamloops Art Gallery, 2005.
"Nash, Rachel, and W.F. Garrett-Petts, eds. Artists' Statements & the Nature of Artistic Inquiry, Open Letter. Thirteenth Series, No. 4, Strathroy, Canada, 2007.
Garrett-Petts, W.F., and Rachel Nash. "Re-Visioning the Visual: Making Artistic Inquiry Visible." Rhizomes 18 (Winter 2008). Spec. issue on "Imaging Place".
Statements
Business of visual arts |
6901391 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyuta%20%28volcano%29 | Moyuta (volcano) | Moyuta is a stratovolcano in southern Guatemala. It is located near the town of Moyuta in Santa Rosa Department, and is situated at the southern edge of the Jaltapagua fault. The volcano has an elevation of 1662 m and its summit is formed by three andesitic lava domes. The slopes of the volcano complex have numerous cinder cones. Small fumaroles can be seen on the northern and southern slopes, and hot springs are found at the north-eastern base of the volcano, as well as along rivers on south-eastern side. The volcano is covered with forest and coffee plantations.
See also
List of volcanoes in Guatemala
References
Mountains of Guatemala
Volcano
Stratovolcanoes of Guatemala |
6901398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad%20Heyer | Conrad Heyer | Conrad Heyer (April 10, 1749 – February 19, 1856) was an American farmer, veteran of the American Revolutionary War, and centenarian who is notable for possibly being the earliest-born person to have ever been photographed.
Biography
Heyer was born in the village of Waldoboro, then known as "Broad Bay" and part of the Province of Massachusetts Bay. The settlement had been sacked and depopulated by Wabanaki attacks and resettled with German immigrants recruited from the Rhineland. Among these settlers were the parents of Conrad Heyer, who also may have been the first white child born in the settlement.
During the American Revolution, according to the New Market Press, Heyer fought for the Continental Army under the command of George Washington and participated in Washington's famous crossing of the Delaware before the Battle of Trenton in December 1776. He was discharged in December 1777. After the war, he returned to Waldoboro, where he made a living as a farmer until his death in 1856. He was buried with full military honors. However, Don Hagist wrote an article in The Journal of the American Revolution disputing that he crossed the Delaware with Washington because, according to Heyer's own pension deposition, he enlisted "about the middle of December AD 1775 ... I did actually serve said term of one year in the army ... The place of my discharge was on the North River at Fish Kilns and the time I received it about the middle of December AD 1777"; the crossing took place on the night of December 25–26, 1776.
In 1852, at the age of 103, Heyer posed for a daguerreotype portrait. He may therefore be the earliest-born person of whom a photograph taken while alive is known to exist. The claim is not without dispute, however; at least four others were photographed who may have been born earlier. These include a woman named Hannah Stilley Gorby, who may have been born in 1746; a shoemaker named John Adams, who claimed to be born in 1745; a Revolutionary War veteran named Baltus Stone, with a claim of 1744; and an enslaved man named Caesar who, according to the inscription on his marble tombstone, was born in 1737 and died in 1852 — which would mean he lived to be 115 years old.
References
18th-century American military personnel
1749 births
1856 deaths
American centenarians
Men centenarians
American people of German descent
Farmers from Maine
History of photography
Military personnel from Maine
People from Waldoboro, Maine
People of Maine in the American Revolution |
17336898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Register%20of%20Historic%20Places%20listings%20in%20Charleston%20County%2C%20South%20Carolina | National Register of Historic Places listings in Charleston County, South Carolina |
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Charleston County, South Carolina.
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Charleston County, South Carolina, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in an online map.
There are 203 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 43 National Historic Landmarks. The city of Charleston is the location of 102 of these properties and districts, including 34 of the National Historic Landmarks; they are listed separately, while 103 properties and districts in the remaining parts of the county, including 9 National Historic Landmarks, are listed here. Another 5 properties in Charleston County outside Charleston were once listed but have been removed. Three properties and districts — the Ashley River Historic District, Ashley River Road, and the Secessionville Historic District — are split between the city and the other parts of the county, and are thus included on both lists.
Current listings
|}
Former listings
|}
See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places listings in South Carolina
References
Charleston |
6901402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20St.%20Vrain | Jim St. Vrain | James Marcellin St. Vrain (June 6, 1871 – June 12, 1937), a native of Ralls County, Missouri, was a Major League Baseball pitcher. The left-hander played for the Chicago Orphans in 1902.
St. Vrain made his major league debut in a road game against the Cincinnati Reds at the Palace of the Fans (April 20, 1902). He pitched well, but the Orphans lost 2–1. His first major league win came against the New York Giants on May 9. He pitched a 5–0 complete game shutout in front of the home crowd at West Side Park.
St. Vrain pitched well during his only season but gave up a lot of unearned runs. He is also remembered for running the wrong way on the bases; although he was a left-handed pitcher, St. Vrain batted right-handed. One day, manager Frank Selee suggested he try batting left-handed, and upon making contact with the ball, St. Vrain was confused enough to run to third base (he was thrown out at first base).
In a total of 12 games, 11 starts, 10 complete games, and 95 innings pitched, he had 51 strikeouts and only 25 walks, and gave up just 22 earned runs. Though his record was 4–6, his earned run average was a sparkling 2.08.
St. Vrain died in Butte, Montana, in 1937.
References
External links
Retrosheet
SABR biography
1871 births
1937 deaths
Major League Baseball pitchers
Chicago Orphans players
Butte Smoke Eaters players
Tacoma Tigers players
Memphis Egyptians players
Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players
Seattle Siwashes players
Portland Giants players
Topeka White Sox players
St. Joseph Saints players
Baseball players from Missouri
People from Ralls County, Missouri |
20469341 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeritus%20%28album%29 | Emeritus (album) | Emeritus is the tenth studio album by American rapper Scarface. The album was released December 2, 2008 on Rap-A-Lot Records, Asylum Records, and Warner Bros. Records in the United States. At the time of its release, he had stated that it would be his final studio album. The album debuted at number 24 on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart, selling 42,000 copies in its first week. It has sold 167,000 copies in the United States as of August 2015. Upon its release, Emeritus received praise from music critics, with critical response aggregator Metacritic assigning a score of 85/100.
Track listing
Personnel
Credits for Emeritus adapted from Allmusic.
Cey Adams – art direction, design
John Bido – mastering, mixing
Cory Mo – audio engineer
Mike Dean – producer, engineer, mastering, mixing, audio engineer
Christian Gugielmo – audio engineer
Mike Mo – engineer, audio engineer
N.O. Joe – producer
Nottz – audio engineer
Anthony Price – management
J. Prince – executive producer, audio production
Scarface – audio production
Marc Smilow – audio engineer
Tone Capone – producer
Gina Victoria – engineer, audio engineer
Chart positions
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
2008 albums
Scarface (rapper) albums
Albums produced by Cool & Dre
Albums produced by Illmind
Albums produced by DJ Green Lantern
Albums produced by Jake One
Albums produced by N.O. Joe
Albums produced by Nottz
Albums produced by Scram Jones
Albums produced by Sha Money XL
Rap-A-Lot Records albums |
20469343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort%20%28novel%29 | Beaufort (novel) | Beaufort (English translation of אם יש גן עדן; in Hebrew: If There's a Heaven) is the first novel by Israeli author and media professional Ron Leshem. The work was initially published in 2005 and in English translation under this title in 2007. The novel was the basis for the 2007 Academy Award-nominated film Beaufort.
Beaufort is about an Israel Defense Forces unit stationed at the Beaufort Castle, Lebanon post in Southern Lebanon during the South Lebanon conflict. It takes the form of a narrative written by the unit's commander, Liraz Librati, who was the last commander of the Beaufort castle before the Israeli withdrawal in 2000.
The Hebrew original of Beaufort won Israel's 2006 Sapir Prize for Literature and the Yitzhak Sadeh Prize for Military Literature.
Bibliography
Ron Leshem, Im yesh gan eden. Tel Aviv: Zmora Bitan Publishing (2005)
Ron Leshem, Beaufort, New York: Random House (2007), translation: Evan Fallenberg
Ron Leshem, Beaufort, London: Harvill Secker (2008), British English edition
External links
Beaufort synopsis at Random House, Inc.
Reviewed by Tim Rutten, Los Angeles Times
21st-century Israeli novels
Novels about the military
2005 novels
Novels set in Lebanon |
6901406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somniosus | Somniosus | Somniosus is a widely distributed genus of deepwater dogfish sharks in the family Somniosidae. Several members of the genus are believed to attain lengths up to , thus ranking among the largest of sharks.
Species
Somniosus antarcticus Whitley, 1939 (southern sleeper shark)
†Somniosus gonzalezi Welton & Goedert, 2016 – fossil, Oligocene
Somniosus longus Tanaka, 1912 (frog shark)
Somniosus microcephalus (Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801) (Greenland shark)
Somniosus pacificus Bigelow & Schroeder, 1944 (Pacific sleeper shark)
Somniosus rostratus A. Risso, 1827 (little sleeper shark)
Somniosus sp. A Not yet described (longnose sleeper shark)
See also
List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish
References
Extant Oligocene first appearances
Shark genera
Taxa named by Charles Alexandre Lesueur |
20469360 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttimer | Buttimer | Buttimer is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Anne Buttimer (1938–2017), Irish geographer
Anthony Buttimer, Irish soccer referee
James Buttimer, shot dead in the Dunmanway killings
Jerry Buttimer (born 1967), Irish politician
Jim Buttimer, Irish sportsperson |
17336937 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20with%20the%20Korean%20family%20name%20Lee | List of people with the Korean family name Lee | Lee (리 or 이) is a family name among ethnic Koreans, with approximately 15% of all Koreans sharing the name. This is a list of notable people with the Korean name Lee, also transliterated as Yi, in South Korea and Ri, in North Korea; Yie, Rhee and Rhie are also other variations.
Notable people with the surname
General
Lee Choon-jae, South Korean serial killer
Lee Chung, member of the former Imperial Family of Korea
Lee Gae, 15th century government official and scholar
Lee Gang (Prince Imperial Ui), Korean royalty
Lee Gu (Prince Imperial Hoeun), Korean royalty
Lee Hae-chan, former Prime Minister of South Korea (2004–2006)
Lee Hwang (Toegye), 16th century Confucian scholar
Lee I (Yulgok), 16th century Confucian scholar
Seongho Lee Ik (Seongho), 18th century philosopher
Lee Jong Mu, 15th century general
Lee Kun-hee, businessman
Lee Kyung-hae, farmer and political activist
Lee Ok-gi, 16th century naval commander
Lee Sang-yun, South Korean professor
Lee Soo-man, founder of South Korean record label S.M. Entertainment
Yi So-yeon, first Korean astronaut
Lee Sun-sin, 16th century admiral
Lee Tai-young, the first South Korean lawyer and judge, founder the first South Korean legal aid center
Ri Sol-ju, Current First Lady of North Korea
Ri Chun-hee, lead journalist at the Korean Central News Agency
Ri In-mo, pro-North Korea activist imprisoned in South Korea
Michelle Rhee, educator
Simon Hang-bock Rhee, South Korean Scout
Politicians
Lee Beom-seok (prime minister), first Prime Minister of South Korea (1948–1950)
Lee Beom-seok (foreign minister), former Foreign Minister of South Korea (1982–1983)
Lee Cheol-woo, politician
Lee Chul-woo, government official
Lee Eui-geun, politician
Lee Hoi-chang, politician
Lee Jong-wook, Director-General of the World Health Organisation (2003–2006)
Lee Myung-bak, 17th President of South Korea (2008-2013)
Regine Biscoe Lee, Guamanian politician
Lee Sang-don, South Korean legal scholar, activist, politician
Syngman Rhee, first President of South Korea (1948–1960)
Lee Wan-koo, prime minister of South Korea
Kings of the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910)
Arts
General
Cecilia Hae-Jin Lee, writer
Lee Chang-dong, film director and writer
EunWon Lee, ballet dancer
Lee Hyeonggi (1933–2005), poet
Yi In-seong (born 1953), novelist
Sueyeun Juliette Lee (born 1977), Korean American poet
Lee Kang-baek, playwright
Lee Ki-ho (writer) (born 1972)
Lee Mun-ku, author
Lee O-young, critic and author
Lee Pa-ni, model
Lee Sa-bi (Lee Eon-jeong), model
Lee Saek, 14th century philosopher and poet
Lee Sang, 20th century writer
Soo Yeon Lee, table tennis player and model
Lee Sung-Hi, model
Actors and actresses
Lee Beom-soo, actor
Lee Bo-young, actress
Lee Byung-hun, actor
Lee Chae-mi, actress
Lee Chae-young, actress
Lee Da-in (actress, born 1992)
Lee Da-hae, actress and model
Lee Do-hyun, actor
Lee Dong-gun, actor
Lee Dong-wook, actor and model
Lee El, actress
Lee Elijah, actress and model
Lee Eun-ju, actress
Lee Ha-yool, actor
Lee Hong-gi, actor, member of South Korean band F.T. Island
Lee Hyun-wook, actor
Lee Ji-ah, actress and singer
Lee Jae-wook, actor
Lee Jin Wook, actor
Lee Ji-yeon (stage same Lina), South Korean singer and musical actress, member of The Grace
Lee Joo-bin, actress and model
Lee Joo-woo, actress
Lee Jung-eun, actress
Yoon So-ho (born Lee Jung-hoon, 1991), theatre and musical actor
Lee Jung-hyun, pop singer and actress
Lee Jung-jae, actor and model
Lee Je-hoon, actor
Lee Joon-gi, singer, actor and model
Lee Jong-suk, South Korean actor and model
Lee Kang-min, actor
Ki Hong Lee, Korean-American actor
Lee Kwang-soo, a South Korean actor and model
Lee Mi-yeon, actress
Lee Min-ho (born 1987), actor and model
Lee Min-jung, actress
Lee Min-ki, actor
Lee Mi-sook, actress
Lee Min-woo, actor
Lee Na-young, actress
Lee Sang-hee, actress
Lee Sang-woo, an actor
Lee Sang-yoon, an actor
Lee Seul-bi, actress
Lee Seung-gi, South Korean singer, actor, and entertainer
Lee Si-woo, actress
Lee Si-yeon, actress
Lee Si-young, actress and model
Lee Soo-hyuk, actor and model
Lee Soo-kyung (born 1982), actress
Lee Soo-kyung (born 1996), actress
Lee Soon-jae, actor
Stephanie Lee, actress and model
Lee Sung-kyung, actress and model
Lee Tae-gon, actor
Lee Tae-im, actress
Lee Tae-ran, actress
Lee Tae-ri (born Lee Min-ho), actor and model
Lee Tae-sun, actor
Lee Tae-sung, actor
Lee Yeon-hee, actress
Lee Yoo-mi, actress
Lee Yoon-ji, actress
Lee Young-ae, actress
Lee Yu-bi, actress
Lee Yu-ri, actress
Members of boy bands
Lee Chang-sub, member of South Korean boy band BTOB
Lee Chang-sun (stage name Lee Joon), member of South Korean boy band MBLAQ
Lee Dae-hwi, member of South Korean boy band AB6IX, Wanna One
Lee Dong-hae, member of South Korean boy group Super Junior
Lee Dong-min (stage name Cha Eunwoo), actor and member of South Korean boy group Astro
Lee Eun-sang, member of boy band Younite
Lee Gi-kwang (formerly known as AJ), member of South Korean boy band Highlight, formerly known as Beast
Lee Hoe-taek (stage name Hui), member of South Korean boy group Pentagon
Lee Hong-bin, member of South Korean boy band VIXX
Lee Hong-gi, member of South Korean boy band FT Island
Lee Ho-won (stage name Hoya), South Korean actor and former member of South Korean boy band Infinite
Lee Ho-seok, (stage name Wonho) former member of South Korean boy band Monsta X
Lee Joo-heon, (stage name Joohoney) member of South Korean boy band Monsta X
Lee Hyuk-jae (stage name Eunhyuk), member of South Korean boy group Super Junior
Lee Jae-jin, member of South Korean boy band Sechs Kies
Lee Jae-won, member of South Korean boy band H.O.T.
Lee Jeno, member of South Korean boy band NCT
Lee Ji-hoon (stage name: Woozi), member of South Korean boy band Seventeen
Lee Jin-ki (stage name Onew), leader of South Korean boy band SHINee
Lee Jong-hyun, former member of South Korean boyband, CNBLUE
Lee Jun-ho, South Korean actor and singer, member of South Korean boy band 2PM
Lee Jung-hwan (stage name: Sandeul), member of South Korean boy band B1A4
Lee Jung-shin, member of South Korean boy band CNBLUE
Lee Min-hyuk, member of South Korean boy band BtoB
Mark Lee (Korean name Lee Min-hyung) member of South Korean boy band NCT
Lee Min-woo, singer, songwriter, choreographer, producer, member of South Korean boy band Shinhwa
Lee Seung-hyun (stage name Seungri), former member of South Korean boy band Big Bang
Lee Seung-hoon (born 1992), South Korean member and rapper of boy group Winner
Andy Lee (Korean name Lee Sun-ho), member of South Korean boy band Shinhwa
Lee Sung-min, member of South Korean boy group Super Junior
Lee Sung-jong, member of South Korean boy band Infinite
Lee Sung-yeol, member of South Korean boy band Infinite
Lee Tae-il, member of South Korean boy band Block B
Lee Tae-min, member of South Korean boy band SHINee
Lee Tae-yong, member of South Korean boy band NCT
Members of girl groups
Lee Chae-rin (stage name CL), former member of South Korean girl group 2NE1
Lee Da-bin (stage name Yeonwoo), actress and former member of South Korean girl group Momoland
Lee Geu-roo (stage name Nancy), member of South Korean girl group Momoland
Lee Hee-jin, member of inactive South Korean girl group Baby V.O.X, actress
Lee Hye-ri, South Korean actress and singer, member of South Korean girl group Girl's Day
Lee Hyori, member of inactive South Korean girl group Fin.K.L, solo pop singer
Lee Joo-won (stage name JooE), member of South Korean girl group Momoland
Lee Qri (born Lee Ji-hyun), leader of South Korean girl group T-ara
Lee Luda, member of Chinese-South Korean girl group Cosmic Girls
Lee Mi-joo, member of girl group Lovelyz
Lee Min-young (stage name: Min), member of South Korean girl group Miss A
Lee Na-eun, member of South Korean girl group April
Lee Soon Kyu (stage name Sunny), member of South Korean girl group Girls' Generation
Lee Sunmi, former member of the South Korean girl group Wonder Girls
Lee Yeji (stage name Yezi), former member of South Korean girl group Fiestar
Musical performers
Chae Yeon (full name Lee Chae-yeon, born 1978), singer
Lee Hae-ri, South Korean singer and member of pop ballad duo Davichi
Lee Jae-jin, bassist of South Korean band F.T. Island
IU (born Lee Ji-eun, 1993), South Korean solo pop singer
Lee Jooheon (stage name Joohoney), South Korean rapper, member of Monsta X
JinJoo Lee, Korean-American guitarist of pop rock band DNCE
Lee Mu-jin, South Korean singer
Lee Seung-chul, singer
Lee Seung-gi, singer
Lee Seung-hwan, singer
Lee Soo-young, South Korean ballad singer
Lee Sun-hee, South Korean singer
Lee Yejin (stage name Ailee), Korean-American singer
Sports
General
Lee Bum-ho, South Korean baseball player
Lee Bong-ju, marathon runner
Lee Chang-ho, go player
Lee Dae-ho, baseball player
Lee Eun-ju (gymnast), gymnast
Lee Eun-Jung, long-distance runner
Lee Hui-sol, South Korean Olympic weightlifter
Lee Hyung-taik, most successful South Korean male tennis player to date
Lee Jae-dong, professional StarCraft player
Sarah Lee (golfer) (Korean name Lee Jung-yeon), LPGA golfer
Meena Lee, LPGA golfer
Lee Mi-Ok, long-distance runner
Faker (video game player) (born Lee Sang-hyuk, 1996), professional e-sports (League of Legends) player
Lee Sedol, go player
Seon Hwa Lee, LPGA golfer
Lee Seung-Min, taekwondo coach and former world champion
Lee Seung-Yeop, South Korean baseball player
Lee Sung-Hyun (born 1991), South Korean kickboxer
Lee Sung-Jin, archer
Lee Young-Ho, professional StarCraft player
Lee Yun-Yeol, professional StarCraft player
Ri Yong-gum, North Korean skier
Badminton
Lee Dong-soo, badminton player
Lee Hyo-jung (badminton), badminton player
Lee Hyun-il, badminton player
Lee Joo-hyun (born 1974)
Lee Kyung-won, badminton player
Lee Yong-dae, badminton player
Lee Young-suk (born 1970)
Football (soccer)
Lee Bum-young, South Korean
Lee Chung-yong, South Korean
Lee Chun-soo, South Korean
Lee Dong-gook, South Korean
Lee Eul-yong, South Korean
Lee Jae-sung (born 1992), South Korean
Lee Jung-soo, South Korean
Lee Kang-in, South Korean
Lee Keun-ho, South Korean
Lee Seung-woo, South Korean
Lee Woon-jae, South Korean
Lee Yong (born 1986), South Korean
Lee Young-pyo, South Korean
Taekwondo
Dae Sung Lee, taekwondo
Rhee Chong Chul, Australian Taekwondo master
Rhee Chong Hyup, one of the original masters of taekwondo
Rhee Jhoon Goo, American Taekwondo artist
Rhee Ki Ha, British Taekwondo master
Volleyball
Lee Da-yeong South Korean volleyball player
Lee Jae-yeong South Korean volleyball player
Lee So-young South Korean volleyball player
See also
Lee (disambiguation)
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee |
17336959 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowshaw | Bowshaw | Bowshaw is an area in Derbyshire, England, that now forms part of the town of Dronfield. There is little for the casual visitor to see except a long row of 20th-century houses alongside the road from Dronfield to Sheffield, although some notable buildings include Bowshaw House, built in the 1730s by the Lucas family, Bowshaw Farm (formed by a division of Bowshaw House by the Hatfield family c. 1940) and Bowshaw Inn.
Geography of Derbyshire
North East Derbyshire District |
17336962 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason%20Scobie | Jason Scobie | Jason Scobie (born September 1, 1979 in Toledo, Ohio) is an American former professional baseball. He pitched for the Kia Tigers and Woori Heroes of the KBO League.
Minor league career
Scobie made his breakthrough with New York Mets affiliated minor league team Brooklyn Cyclones, with an ERA of 0.89 over 18 games. Over six years in the minors, Scobie maintained a 3.24 ERA and amassed 440 strikeouts. Prior to signing with the Kia Tigers in , Scobie pitched for the Toronto Blue Jays’ Triple-A affiliate in Syracuse, as well as the Norfolk Tides. While on the Tides, he led the International League in victories and tied the Tides franchise record with 15 wins. Scobie, then 27, appeared in seven games for Syracuse, including three starts, and had a 1-2 record with a 3.18 ERA in 17 innings pitched. Kia officials said they liked Scobie's control on breaking pitches.
References
External links
Career statistics and player information from Korea Baseball Organization
1979 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Toledo, Ohio
KBO League pitchers
American expatriate baseball players in South Korea
Kia Tigers players
Brooklyn Cyclones players
St. Lucie Mets players
Norfolk Tides players
Syracuse SkyChiefs players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Binghamton Mets players
Kiwoom Heroes players
McLennan Highlanders baseball players
LSU Tigers baseball players
Capital City Bombers players
New Hampshire Fisher Cats players
Lancaster Barnstormers players |
6901431 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendship%2C%20Indiana | Friendship, Indiana | Friendship is an unincorporated community (village) in a scenic valley on State Road 62, (Chief White Eye Trail) Brown Township, Ripley County, in the U.S. state of Indiana.
History
There are multiple stories about how Friendship obtained its name, the following are a couple of stories.
Originally named Paul Town after Daniel F. Paul, an early settler who opened a general store in his residence. The village's mail was being sent to Ballstown in Ripley County, Indiana, the village was then renamed to Hart's Mill after the Harts, William, Robert, and Hiram. Using this name the village's mail was being sent to Hartsville, in Decatur County, IN. The townspeople then decided upon Friendship, after the “Friendship Lodge” The Masonic Lodge F.& A.M. #68 (smith p. 59).
On February 3, 1837, a post office named Harts Mill was established, with Hiram A. Hart as the first postmaster. On July 5, 1849, William Hart laid out the village, and establish the settlement's name for his family. On January 14, 1868, Friendship was the new name for the post office. WPA files state that the postmaster thought that the locals were quietly friendly, although others say it was so named because Friendship built the settlement.
Tourism and events
Twice a year, the National Muzzle Loading Rifle Association holds major shoots in the community. During the months of June and September (2nd full weekend through the 3rd full weekend), to coincide with the NMLRA shoots, Friendship hosts Indiana's most distinctive open-air flea market event. Vendors from around the country, but especially from the "tri-state" area of Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana participate. The flea market is in two sections, one in town and the other on the other side of the Walter Cline gun range.
Laughery Creek offers open access to kayaking, tubing, canoeing, and fishing (with Indiana fishing license).
The National Muzzle Loading Rifle Association (NMLRA), established in 1933, offers camping, and shooting range (with membership). The NMLRA also owns the Rand House Museum in John Linsey Rand House.
Downtown Friendship is home to The Old Mill Campground and Flea Market. The Old Mill hosts a flea market and is used for camping in spring, summer, and fall.
Due to its position on the thirty mile drive from Lawrenceburg, Aurora, Rising Sun, Florence (IN), Vevay, and Madison, Friendship has become a common beginning and stopping points for motorcycle and ATV benefit rides.
Friendship is home to many historical buildings and organizations. The only remaining church in Friendship, The Bear Creek Baptist Church held the first service on July 2, 1818. Lot number seven in Friendship is the building and location of an earlier church, the building is now privately owned. This building was the Friendship Methodist Church, established in 1848, when this church dissolved the brick building was sold to St. Peter's Lutheran Church in 1877, and held services until 1931
The Methodist/Lutheran Church was also the school until a schoolhouse was built on lot number 32 (now a private residence). This brick building was the school until 1915, the town then constructed a new school building at the west end of town, the building is now apartments.
Friendship Grocery occupies an early 19th century building that has been a general store and part of Friendship, IN for generations.
On state road 62 between The Bear Creek Baptist Church and The Rand house the remains the stone pillar of an old swinging bridge across Laughery Creek.
On the west side of town, on Olean Road, is Friendship's Raccoon Creek Stone Arch Bridge, which was constructed in 1899, and is still in use today.
The Friendship State Bank, founded in 1912, still calls Friendship home, though the building has had multiple additions and renovations over the years, it still stands in the original location.
The Friendship Volunteer Fire Department established in 1914. Friendship housed the fire engine in a private residence until, 1946, when a new fire hall was built, additions and renovations were done in 1961 and in 1978. The Fire Department constructed a new fire hall, west of town on Cave Hill Road in 1993.
In 1921 Tim Corson and Edw. Westmeyer built the garage in Friendship on Main Street (state road 62). Today the garage is running in the same building as Mac's Auto Service.
Friendship Tavern and Restaurant established in 1932, though the business has exchanged hands many times, it is still operating on Main Street in Friendship.
Bruegge Auto Body, formerly Whitey's Auto Body, on Hamlin street, is operating in a historic building that housed many businesses over the years.
Carl Dyer Moccasins was established in the 1920s and relocated to Friendship in 1982, located with The Basket Man on Main Street next to The Bear Creek Baptist Church.
See also
Statue of Hope - Wilson Memorial, Friendship, Indiana; Thomas Wilson killed his brother in-law and the story goes that the "victim was buried on the hillside going to Dewberry, and had a large monument erected so that Wilson would have to view it if looking east from the large brick home (smith p. 63)." Many native residents remember the ruins of the monument which was pointing towards the Rand House. It is not believed by the local residents to have been a monument of the Statue of Hope.
References
Unincorporated communities in Ripley County, Indiana
Unincorporated communities in Indiana
Populated places established in 1837 |
6901441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hult%20Healey | Hult Healey | Hult Healey was a make of kit cars in Sweden.
It all started when Mats Svanberg from Hult saw an Austin-Healey (100 or 3000) and fell in love with it. In the 1970s he bought one and in 1981 it was due for a renovation and he wanted to make a replica of the competition Austin-Healey, but without ruining his original car, so he decided to build a copy. He called in his friend Lennart Waerme to help him. The chassis was based on the original, but used engine, gearbox, front end and rear axle from a 1972 Volvo 142. To make this possible the car had to be made 14 cm wider than the original. The Hult Healey, as it was known, was first registered in the late summer of 1984. They also started to make kits based on their design. Up to 1990 they had made and sold 35 kit cars, and four complete cars.
In 1987 they made an update Mk2 model with a more racing design using a Volvo B23 engine giving . The body weighed just . Only three Mk2 Hult Healys were made.
References
Kit car manufacturers
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Sweden |
17336965 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Byung-joo | Kim Byung-joo | Kim Byung-Joo (born January 14, 1968 in Daegu) is a retired South Korean judoka.
He won a gold medal in the -78 kg class at the 1989 World Judo Championships in Belgrade. Kim represented South Korea in the 1992 Olympic Games, winning bronze in the half middleweight division.
He is currently serving as a professor for Korea Air Force Academy.
He is married to judoka Kim Mi-jung.
References
External links
Judoka at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Olympic judoka of South Korea
Olympic bronze medalists for South Korea
1968 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Daegu
Olympic medalists in judo
Asian Games medalists in judo
Judoka at the 1990 Asian Games
South Korean male judoka
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Asian Games gold medalists for South Korea
Medalists at the 1990 Asian Games
20th-century South Korean people
21st-century South Korean people |
17336967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der%20Trompeter%20von%20S%C3%A4ckingen | Der Trompeter von Säckingen | Der Trompeter von Säckingen (The Trumpeter of Säckingen) is an opera in a prologue and three acts by Viktor Nessler. The German libretto was by Rudolf Bunge, based on the epic poem, Der Trompeter von Säkkingen , by Joseph Viktor von Scheffel.
Performance history
The opera was first performed under Arthur Nikisch at the Carola Theater (or Stadttheater) in Leipzig, on 4 May 1884. It was Nessler's greatest success, albeit in part because of the popularity of von Scheffel's work. It was subsequently given at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City on 23 November 1887, and at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London on 8 July 1892 by the Hamburg Stadttheater, conducted by Leo Feld.
Roles
Synopsis
Setting: 17th-century Heidelberg and Säkkingen, after the Thirty Years War. The trumpeter Werner loves Maria, the daughter of the Baron, but her father and mother want her to marry the cowardly Damian. Werner proves himself a hero and is opportunely discovered to be of noble birth, so all ends happily.
Recordings
Nessler: Der Trompeter von Säckingen – Cologne Radio Orchestra and Chorus
Conductor: Helmuth Froschauer
Principal singers: Alfred Kuhn (bass); Christoph Späth (tenor); Franz Hawlata (bass); Hermann Prey (baritone); Katharina Kammerloher (mezzo-soprano)
Recording date: 1994
Label: Capriccio – CAP60055 (CD)
Sources
Franklin, Peter (1992), 'Trompeter von Säckingen, Der' in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London)
External links
Der Trompeter von Säckingen website
German-language operas
Operas by Viktor Nessler
1884 operas
Operas
Operas set in Germany |
6901456 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gpsd | Gpsd | gpsd is a computer software program that collects data from a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver and provides the data via an Internet Protocol (IP) network to potentially multiple client applications in a server-client application architecture. Gpsd may be run as a daemon to operate transparently as a background task of the server. The network interface provides a standardized data format for multiple concurrent client applications, such as Kismet or GPS navigation software.
Gpsd is commonly used on Unix-like operating systems. It is distributed as free software under the 3-clause BSD license.
Design
gpsd provides a TCP/IP service by binding to port 2947 by default. It communicates via that socket by accepting commands, and returning results. These commands use a JSON-based syntax and provide JSON responses. Multiple clients can access the service concurrently.
The application supports many types of GPS receivers with connections via serial ports, USB, and Bluetooth. Starting in 2009, gpsd also supports AIS receivers.
gpsd supports interfacing with the Network Time Protocol (NTP) server ntpd via shared memory to enable setting the host platform's time via the GPS clock.
Authors
gpsd was originally written by Remco Treffkorn with Derrick Brashear, then maintained by Russell Nelson. It is now maintained by Eric S. Raymond.
References
External links
Global Positioning System
Free software programmed in C
Free software programmed in Python
Software using the BSD license |
17336971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neha%20Oberoi | Neha Oberoi | Neha Oberoi (born 15 September 1985) is an Indian actress who has acted in Tollywood and Bollywood films.
Personal life
Oberoi is the daughter of film producer Dharam Oberoi and niece of director Sanjay Gupta. She married Indian diamond merchant Vishal Shah on 14 December 2010.
Career
She has appeared in the Bollywood films Dus Kahaniyaan, EMI and Woodstock Villa. She is currently shooting for an untitled film with Imran Khan.
Her foray into films started with the Telugu blockbuster Balu ABCDEFG and was followed by a role in one of the short films in Dus Kahaniyaan. Her role in Woodstock Villa won her much critical acclaim, yet the film failed to perform at the box office.
Oberoi is a member of International Film And Television Club of Asian Academy of Film & Television, Noida.
Filmography
Aasman (2009)
Woodstock Villa (2008)
EMI (2008)
Dus Kahaniyaan (2007)
Brahmastram (2006)
Balu ABCDEFG (2005)
Awards
Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award (Telugu) - Balu ABCDEFG (2005)
References
External links
Indian film actresses
Actresses in Hindi cinema
21st-century Indian actresses
Living people
Punjabi people
Punjabi women
Punjabi Hindus
Filmfare Awards South winners
Actresses from Mumbai
Actresses in Telugu cinema
1985 births |
17336978 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marques%20del%20Duero | Marques del Duero | Marques del Duero may refer to:
Spanish gunboat Marques del Duero
Manuel Gutiérrez de la Concha, 19th-century Spanish military commander and politician
Marqués del Duero (Madrid), equestrian statue in Madrid, Spain |
6901481 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global%20distribution%20system | Global distribution system | A global distribution system (GDS) is a computerised network system owned or operated by a company that enables transactions between travel industry service providers, mainly airlines, hotels, car rental companies, and travel agencies. The GDS mainly uses real-time inventory (e.g. number of hotel rooms available, number of flight seats available, or number of cars available) from the service providers. Travel agencies traditionally relied on GDS for services, products and rates in order to provide travel-related services to the end consumers. Thus, a GDS can link services, rates and bookings consolidating products and services across all three travel sectors: i.e., airline reservations, hotel reservations, car rentals.
GDS is different from a computer reservations system, which is a reservation system used by the service providers (also known as vendors). Primary customers of GDS are travel agents (both online and office-based) who make reservations on various reservation systems run by the vendors. GDS holds no inventory; the inventory is held on the vendor's reservation system itself. A GDS system will have real-time link to the vendor's database. For example, when a travel agency requests a reservation on the service of a particular airline company, the GDS system routes the request to the appropriate airline's computer reservations system.
Example of a booking facilitation done by an airline GDS
A mirror image of the passenger name record (PNR) in the airline reservations system is maintained in the GDS system. If a passenger books an itinerary containing air segments of multiple airlines through a travel agency, the passenger name record in the GDS system would hold information on their entire itinerary, each airline they fly on would only have a portion of the itinerary that is relevant to them. This would contain flight segments on their own services and inbound and onward connecting flights (known as info segments) of other airlines in the itinerary. e.g. if a passenger books a journey from Amsterdam to London on KLM, London to New York on British Airways, New York to Frankfurt on Lufthansa through a travel agent and if the travel agent is connected to Amadeus GDS. The PNR in the Amadeus GDS would contain the full itinerary, the PNR in KLM would show the Amsterdam to London segment along with British Airways flight as an onward info segment. Likewise the PNR in the Lufthansa system would show the New York to Frankfurt segment with the British Airways flight as an arrival information segment. The PNR in British Airways system would show all three segments. One as a live segment and the other two as arrival and onward info segments.
Some GDS systems (primarily Amadeus CRS and SABRE) also have a dual use capability for hosting multiple computer reservations system, in such situations functionally the computer reservations system and the GDS partition of the system behave as if they were separate systems.
Systems and vendors
The best-known GDS systems globally are Amadeus, Sabre and Travelport (Galileo, Worldspan and Apollo). Other GDS systems service specific markets, e.g., TravelSky dominates the Chinese market, and KIU System is a PSS and GDS used in Latin America.
Future of GDS systems and companies
Global distribution systems in the travel industry originated from a traditional legacy business model that existed to inter-operate between airline vendors and travel agents. During the early days of computerized reservations systems flight ticket reservations were not possible without a GDS. As time progressed, many airline vendors (including budget and mainstream operators) have now adopted a strategy of 'direct selling' to their wholesale and retail customers (passengers). They invested heavily in their own reservations and direct-distribution channels and partner systems. This helps to minimize direct dependency on GDS systems to meet sales and revenue targets and allows for a more dynamic response to market needs. These technology advancements in this space facilitate an easier way to cross-sell to partner airlines and via travel agents, eliminating the dependency on a dedicated global GDS federating between systems. Also, multiple price comparison websites eliminate the need of dedicated GDS for point-in-time prices and inventory for both travel agents and end-customers. Hence some experts argue that these changes in business models may lead to complete phasing out of GDS in the Airline space by the year 2020. On the other hand, some travel professional experts demonstrate that GDS still continue to offer the flexibility and bulk buying capacities for airline consolidators to reach travel agents that individual airline systems are not able to provide customer segments with wider choices. Their argument is, individual airline distribution systems are not designed to interoperate with competitors systems.
Lufthansa Group announced in June 2015 that it was imposing an additional charge of €16 when booking through an external global distribution system rather than their own systems. They stated their choice was based upon that the costs of using external systems was several times higher than their own. Several other airlines including Air France–KLM and Emirates Airline also stated that they are following the development.
However, hotels and car rental industry continue to benefit from GDS, especially last-minute inventory disposal using GDS to bring additional operational revenue. GDS here is useful to facilitate global reach using existing network and low marginal costs when compared to online air travel bookings. Some GDS companies are also in the process of investing and establishing significant offshore capability in a move to reduce costs and improve their profit margins to serve their customer directly accommodating changing business models.
References
Travel technology
Business software
Airline tickets |
17336983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20with%20the%20Korean%20family%20name%20Kim | List of people with the Korean family name Kim | Kim is a common family name among ethnic Koreans. Approximately 22% of ethnic Koreans are named Kim. This is a list of notable people with the Korean family name Kim.
Business
Bom Kim (born 1978), Korean-American founder of Coupang
Kim Beom-soo (born 1966), chairman of Kakao
Kim Jung-ju (born 1968), founder of Nexon
Michael Kim (born 1963), founder of MBK Partners, a private equity company
Vladimir Kim (born 1960), Kazakhstani businessman of Korean descent, President of KAZ Minerals
Kim Woo-choong (1936-2019), chairman and founder of Daewoo
Entertainment
General
Kim Eana (born 1979), South Korean lyricist
Kim Gura (born 1970), South Korean comedian
Jenny Kim (born 1994), South Korean model and beauty pageant titleholder
Kim Ji-min (born 1984), South Korean comedian
Jonah Kim (born 1988), South Korean cellist
Kim Jong-kook (born 1976), South Korean entertainer
Kim Jun-ho (born 1975), South Korean comedian
Kim Ki-duk (1960–2020), South Korean director
Kim Ki-duk (1934–2017), South Korean director
Kim Kyung-ju (born 1976), South Korean poet and performance artist
Marina Kim (born 1983), Russian television presenter
Kim Saeng-min (born 1973), South Korean television presenter and comedian
Kim Se-yeon (known as Geguri, born 1999), professional Overwatch League player
Kim Sook (born 1975), South Korean comedian
Kim Taek-yong (known as Bisu), South Korean Starcraft professional gamer
Tanya Kim, Korean-Canadian television personality
Kim Yeon-jung (known as Kenzie, born 1976), South Korean songwriter and producer
Kim Young-woon (stage name Kangin, born 1985), South Korean former singer, actor, television host and radio personality
Actors and actresses
Kim Ah-joong (born 1982), South Korean actress
Alan Kim (born 2012), American actor
Kim Bum (born 1989), South Korean actor
Claudia Kim (born 1985), Korean actress
Kim Da-mi (born 1995), South Korean actress
Daniel Dae Kim (born 1968), a Korean-American actor and producer
Kim Ha-neul (born 1978), South Korean actress
Kim Hee-ae (born 1967), South Korean actress
Kim Hee-sun (born 1977), South Korean actress
Kim Hye-jun (born 1995), South Korean actress
Kim Jaewon (born 1981), South Korean actor
Kim Jae-kyung (born 1988), South Korean actress and singer
Kim Jeong-hoon (born 1980), South Korean actor and singer
Kim Ji-eun (born 1993), South Korean actress
Kim Ji-hoon (born 1981), South Korean actor
Kim Ji-soo (born 1993), South Korean actor
Kim Ji-soo (born 1972), South Korean actress
Kim Ji-won (born 1992), South Korean actress
Go Yoon (born 1988 as Kim Jong-min), South Korean actor
Kim Jong-soo (born 1964), South Korean actor
Kim Joo-hun (born 1980), South Korean actor
Kim Joo-hyuk (1972–2017), South Korean actor
Kim Joon (born 1984), South Korean actor and rapper
Kim Kang-hoon (born 2009), South Korean child actor
Kim Kang-min (born 1998), South Korean actor
Kim Kang-woo (born 1978), South Korean actor
Kim Kap-soo (born 1957), South Korean actor
Kim Ki-bang (born 1981), South Korean actor
Kim Ki-bum (born 1987), South Korean actor and singer
Kim Ki-hyeon, South Korean voice actor
Kim Kwang-kyu (born 1967), South Korean actor
Kim Kwon (born 1989), South Korean actor
Kim Kyu-chul (born 1960), South Korean actor
Kim Kyung-nam (born 1989), South Korean actor
Kim Mi-ae (born 1981 as Oh Yeon-ah), South Korean actress
Kim Mi-soo (1992–2022), South Korean actress
Kim Min-hee (born 1982), South Korean actress
Kim Min-seok (born 1990), South Korean actor
Kim Nam-gil (born 1980), South Korean actor
Kim Nam-joo (born 1971), South Korean actress
Kim Rae-won (born 1981), South Korean actor
Kim Sa-rang (born 1978), South Korean actress
Kim Sae-ron (born 2000), South Korean actress
Kim Seon-ho (born 1986), South Korean actor
Kim Seung-jun (born 1967), South Korean voice actor
Kim Yu-bin (stage name Kim Yewon, born 1987), South Korean actress and singer
Kim So-eun (born 1989), South Korean actress
Kim So-yeon (born 1980), South Korean actress
Kim So-hyun (born 1999), South Korean actress
Kim Soo-hyun (born 1988), South Korean actor
Kim Soo-mi (born 1949), South Korean actress
Kim Soo-ro (born 1970), South Korean actor
Kim Suk-hoon (born 1972), South Korean actor
Kim Sun-a (born 1975), South Korean actress
Kim Tae-hee (born 1980), South Korean actress
Kim Tae-pyung (stage name Hyun Bin, 1982), South Korean actor
Kim Woo-bin (born 1989), South Korean actor and model
Kim Yong-rim (born 1940), South Korean veteran actress
Kim Yoo-jin (stage name Eugene, born 1981), South Korean actress and singer
Kim Yoo-jung (born 1999), South Korean actress
Kim Young-ok (born 1937), South Korean actress
Kim Yun-jin (born 1973), Korean-American actress
Kim Sang-eun (stage name Lee Ji Ah, born 1978), South Korean actress
Singers
Allen Kim (born 1990), South Korean male singer, former member of boy band U-KISS
Kim Bok-ja (also known as Akiko Wada, born 1950), Zainichi Korean female singer
Kim Bum-soo (born 1979), South Korean male singer
Kim Chae-won (born 2000), South Korean female singer, member of girl group Le Sserafim
Kim Chan-mi (born Im Chan-mi, 1996), South Korean female singer, member of girl group AOA
Kim Chung-ha (born Kim Chan-mi, born 1996), South Korean female singer, former member of girl group I.O.I
Kim Da-hyun (born 1998), South Korean female rapper, member of girl group Twice
Kim Da-som (born 1993), South Korean female singer and actress, former member of girl group Sistar
Kim Do-yeon (born 1999), South Korean female singer, member of girl group Weki Meki
Kim Dong-ryul (born 1974), South Korean male singer-songwriter
Kim Dong-wan (born 1979), South Korean male entertainer, member of boy band Shinhwa
Kim Dong-young (stage name Doyoung, born 1996), South Korean male singer, member of boy band NCT
Eli Kim (born 1991), Korean-American male singer, member of boy band U-KISS
Kim Gun-mo (born 1968), South Korean male singer
Kim Han-bin (stage name B.I, born 1996), South Korean male rapper, former member of boy band iKon
Kim Hee-chul (born 1983), South Korean male singer, member of boy band Super Junior
Kim Hyo-jin (stage name JeA, born 1981), South Korean female singer, member of girl group Brown Eyed Girls
Kim Hyo-jong (stage name Dawn, born 1994), South Korean male rapper
Kim Hyo-jung (stage name Hyolyn, born 1990), South Korean female singer, former member of girl group Sistar
Kim Hyo-yeon (born 1989), South Korean female singer, member of girl group Girls' Generation, its sub-unit Girls' Generation-Oh!GG, and supergroup Got the Beat
Kim Hyun-ah (stage name Hyuna, born 1992), South Korean female singer-songwriter, rapper and model
Kim Hyun-joong (born 1986), South Korean male singer and actor, member of boy band SS501
Kim Hyung-jun (born 1987), South Korean male singer and actor, member of boy band SS501
Kim Hyung-soo (stage name K.Will, born 1981), South Korean male singer
Kim In-soon (stage name Insooni, born 1957), South Korean female singer
Kim Jae-duck (born 1979), South Korean male singer, member of boy band Sechs Kies
Kim Jae-hwan (born 1996), South Korean male singer, former member of boy band Wanna One
Kim Jae-joong (born 1986), South Korean male singer and actor, member of pop duo JYJ
Jennie Kim (born 1996), South Korean female singer, member of girl group Blackpink
Kim Ji-soo (born 1990), South Korean male singer
Kim Ji-soo (born 1995), South Korean female singer and actress, member of girl group Blackpink
Kim Ji-won (stage name Bobby, born 1995), South Korean male rapper, member of boy band iKon
Kim Ji-woo, (stage name Chuu, born 1999), South Korean female singer, member of girl group Loona
Kim Ji-yeon (stage name Kei, born 1995), South Korean female singer, member of girl group Lovelyz
Kim Jin-pyo (born 1977), South Korean male rapper, television presenter and professional race car driver
Kim Jin-tae (stage name Verbal Jint, born 1980), South Korean male rapper and record producer
Kim Jong-dae (stage name Chen, born 1992), South Korean male singer, member of boy band Exo
Kim Jong-hyun (1990-2017), South Korean male singer, former member of boy band Shinee
Kim Jong-hyun (stage name JR, born 1995), South Korean male singer, former member of boy band NU'EST
Kim Jong-in (stage name Kai, born 1994), South Korean male singer, member of boy band Exo
Kim Jong-min (born 1979), South Korean male singer, member of band Koyote
Kim Jong-woon (stage name Yesung, born 1984), South Korean male singer, member of boy band Super Junior
Kim Ju-na (born 1994), South Korean female singer
Kim Jun-myeon (stage name Suho, born 1991), South Korean male singer, member of boy band Exo
Kim Junsu (stage name Xia, born 1986), South Korean male singer, member of pop duo JYJ
Kim Ki-bum (stage name Key, born 1991), South Korean male singer, member of boy band Shinee
Kim Kyu-jong (born 1987), South Korean male singer, member of boy band SS501
Kim Min-ju (born 2001), South Korean female singer, former member of girl group Iz*One
Kim Min-jun (stage name Jun. K, born 1988), South Korean male singer, member of boy band 2PM
Kim Minseok (stage name Xiumin, born 1990), South Korean male singer, member of boy band Exo
Kim Myung-soo (stage name L, born 1992), South Korean male singer, member of boy band Infinite
Kim Nam-joo (born 1995), South Korean female singer, member of girl group Apink
Kim Nam-joon (stage name RM, born 1994), South Korean male rapper, member of boy band BTS
Kim Na-young (born 1991), South Korean female singer
Kim Ryeo-wook (born 1987), South Korean male singer, member of boy band Super Junior
Samuel Arredondo Kim (stage name Samuel, born 2002), American male singer, former member of duo 1Punch
Kim Sang-woo (stage name Roy Kim, born 1993), South Korean male singer-songwriter
Kim Se-jeong (born 1996), South Korean female singer and actress, former member of girl groups I.O.I and Gugudan
Kim Se-hyeon (born 2000), South Korean male singer, member of boy band DKZ
Kim Se-yong (born 1991), South Korean male singer, member of boy band Myname
Kim Seok-jin (stage name Jin, born 1992), South Korean male singer, member of boy band BTS
Kim Seol-hyun (born 1995), South Korean female singer and actress, member of girl group AOA
Kim Si-hyeon (born 1999), South Korean female singer, member of girl group Everglow
Kim So-hee (born 1995), South Korean female singer, member of girl group I.B.I
Kim So-hee (born 1999), South Korean female singer, member of girl group ELRIS
Kim So-hyang (born 1978), South Korean singer-songwriter
Kim So-hye (born 1999), South Korean female singer and actress, former member of girl group I.O.I
Kim So-ya (born 1990), South Korean female singer
Kim Sung-kyu (born 1989), South Korean male singer, member of boy band Infinite
Kim Tae-hyung (stage name V, born 1995), South Korean male singer, member of boy band BTS
Kim Tae-woo (born 1981), South Korean male singer, member of boy band g.o.d
Kim Tae-yeon (born 1989), South Korean female singer, member of South Korean girl group Girls' Generation, its sub-units Girls' Generation-TTS and Girls' Generation-Oh!GG, and supergroup Got the Beat
Kim Wonsik (stage name Ravi, born 1993), South Korean male rapper, member of boy band VIXX
Kim Woo-jin (born 1997), South Korean male singer, former member of boy band Stray Kids
Kim Woo-seok (born 1996), South Korean male singer, member of Up10tion
Kim Yeon-ji (born 1986), South Korean female singer, former member of girl group SeeYa
Kim Ye-rim (stage name Yeri, born 1999), South Korean female singer, member of girl group Red Velvet
Kim Ye-won (stage name Umji, born 1998), South Korean female singer, member of girl group Viviz
Kim Yeon-woo (born 1971), South Korean male singer and vocal coach
Kim Yo-han (born 1999), South Korean female singer, member of WEi
Kim Yong-sun (stage name Solar, born 1991), South Korean female singer, member of girl group Mamamoo
Kim Yoon-ji (stage name NS Yoon-G, born 1988), Korean-American female singer
Kim Yu-bin (born 1988), South Korean female singer, former member of girl group Wonder Girls
Yuliy Kim (born 1936), Russian male musician
Kim Yu-ra (born 1992), South Korean female singer, member of girl group Girl's Day
Fashion
André Kim (1935–2010), South Korean male fashion designer
Christina Kim (born 1957), American female fashion designer
Daul Kim (1989–2009), South Korean female fashion model
Elaine Kim (born 1962), American female fashion designer
Eugenia Kim, American female hat designer
Yu-ri Kim (1989–2011), South Korean female fashion model
Politics
Pre-1945 Korea
Kim Gu (1876–1949), Korean independence activist and politician
Kim Hong-jip (1842–1896), 1st prime minister of the Korean Empire
Kim Ja-jeom (1588–1652), Chief State Councillor of the Joseon dynasty
North Korea
Kim Il-sung (1912–1994), 1st Supreme Leader of North Korea and leader of the Workers' Party of Korea
Kim Jong-il (1941–2011), 2nd Supreme Leader of North Korea and leader of the Workers' Party of Korea
Kim Jong-nam (1971–2017), eldest son of Kim Jong-il
Kim Jong-un (born 1983), 3rd Supreme Leader of North Korea and leader of the Workers' Party of Korea
Kim Kye-gwan (born 1943), North Korean politician and diplomat
Kim Yong-il (born 1944), 10th Premier of North Korea
Kim Yong-nam (born 1928), North Korea's former head of state
South Korea
Kim Dae-jung (1924–2009), 8th male President of South Korea
Kim Du-han (1918–1972), South Korean male mobster and politician
Kim Hwang-sik (born 1948), 37th South Korean male prime minister
Kim Jin-sun (born 1946), South Korean male politician, Governor of Gangwon Province
Kim Jong-pil (1926–2018), 9th South Korean male prime minister
Kim Kwan-yong (born 1942), South Korean male politician, Governor of North Gyeongsang province
Kim Kyoung-soo (born 1967), South Korean male politician, former governor of South Gyeongsang province, convicted of opinion rigging
Kim Moon-soo (born 1951), South Korean male politician, Governor of Gyeonggi province
Kim Wan-ju (born 1946), South Korean male politician and Governor of North Jeolla province
Kim Young-sam (1927–2015), 7th male President of South Korea
Kim Yung-rok (born 1955), South Korean male politician, Governor of South Jeolla province
United States of America
Andy Kim (born 1982), American male politician and former national security adviser to President Barack Obama
Harry Kim (born 1939), American male politician and mayor of Hawaii County
Ron Kim (born 1979), American male politician serving the 40th District of the New York State Assembly
Sung Yong Kim (born 1960), American male diplomat
Young Kim (born 1962), American female politician and former member of the California State Assembly
Ukraine
Vitalii Kim (born 1981), Ukrainian male politician and the Governor of Mykolaiv Oblast
Religion
Andrew Kim Taegon (1821–1846), first Korean-born Catholic priest and the patron saint of Korea
Augustinus Kim Jong-soo (born 1956), South Korean Catholic titular bishop of Sufasar and bishop of the Diocese of Daejeon
David Kwangshin Kim (1935-2022), South Korean male Protestant pastor
Kim Gyo-gak (696-794), Korean Buddhist and a Silla prince
Hae Jong Kim (1935-2020), Korean-American bishop of the United Methodist Church
Heup Young Kim (born 1949), Korean Christian theologian
Hyginus Kim Hee-jong (born 1947), Catholic Archbishop of Gwangju
Paul Geun Sang Kim (born 1952), Anglican bishop of the Diocese of Seoul
Paul Kim Ok-kyun (1925–2010), Catholic titular bishop of Girba
Stephen Kim Sou-hwan (1922–2009), Catholic cardinal and Archbishop of Seoul
Theophanes (Kim) (born 1976), Russian Orthodox archbishop and the first Eastern Orthodox bishop of Korean origin
Young Oon Kim (1914–1989), Unification Church theologian and missionary
Sports
Association football
Kim Bo-kyung, (born 1989), South Korean football player
Kim Byung-ji, (born 1970), South Korean former football player
Kim Do-heon, (born 1982), South Korean former football player
Kim Do-hoon, (born 1970), South Korean former football player and manager
Kim Dong-jin, (born 1982), South Korean former football player
Kim Gwang-seok, (born 1983), South Korean football player
Kim Hak-bum, (born 1960), South Korean football manager
Kim Ho, (born 1944), South Korean former football player
Kim Ho-kon, (born 1951), South Korean former football player and director
Kim Jin-su, (born 1992), South Korean football player
Kim Jong-boo, (born 1965), South Korean former football player and manager
Kim Jong-hun, (born 1956), North Korean association football player and manager
Kim Joo-sung, (born 1966), South Korean former football player
Kim Jung-woo, (born 1982), South Korean former football player
Kim Kum-il, (born 1987), North Korean footballer
Kim Kyong-il (born 1970), North Korean footballer
Kim Kyong-il (born 1988), North Korean footballer
Kim Min-jae, (born 1996), South Korean football player
Kim Myong-gil, (born 1984), North Korean footballer
Kim Myong-won, (born 1983), North Korean footballer
Kim Nam-il, (born 1977), South Korean former football player and manager
Kim Sang-sik, (born 1976), South Korean former football player and manager
Kim Seung-gyu, (born 1990), South Korean football player
Kim Shin-wook, (born 1988), South Korean football player
Kim Yong-jun, (born 1983), North Korean footballer
Kim Young-gwon, (born 1990), South Korean football player
Baseball
Kim Byung-hyun, (born 1979), Major League Baseball pitcher
Kim Jong-kook, (born 1973), South Korean baseball player
Kim Tae-gyun, (born 1971), South Korean baseball player
Kim Tae-kyun, (born 1982), South Korean baseball player
Gil Kim (born 1981), American baseball executive and coach
Golf
Kim A-lim, (born 1995), LPGA golfer
Anthony Kim, (born 1985), American golfer
Birdie Kim, (born 1981), LPGA golfer
Christina Kim, (born 1984), American golfer
Kim Joo-mi, (born 1984), LPGA golfer
Kim Hyo-joo, (born 1995), South Korean golfer
Kim Kyung-tae, (born 1986), Asian Tour golfer
Mi-Hyun Kim, (born 1977), LPGA golfer
Kim Sei-young, (born 1993), South Korean LPGA golfer
Kim Si-woo, (born 1995), South Korean PGA golfer
Tennis
Alex Kim, (born 1978), American tennis player
Kim Eun-ha, (born 1975), South Korean tennis player
Kim Il-soon, (born 1969), South Korean tennis player
Kevin Kim, (born 1978), American tennis player
Kim Mi-ok, (born 1978), South Korean tennis player
Kim Na-ri, (born 1990), South Korean tennis player
Volleyball
Kim Yeon-koung, (born 1988), South Korean volleyball player
Kim Hee-jin, (born 1991), South Korean volleyball player
Kim Su-ji, (born 1987), South Korean volleyball player
Kim Sa-nee, (born 1981), South Korean volleyball player
Kim Hae-ran, (born 1984), South Korean volleyball player
Other sports
Chloe Kim, (born 2000), American snowboarder, Olympic gold medalist
Dong Hyun Kim, (born 1981), mixed martial artist in the Ultimate Fighting Championship
Dong Hyun Kim, (born 1988), mixed martial artist
Kim Jae-bum, (born 1985), Korean judoka, Olympic gold medalist
Gail Kim, (born 1977), Canadian female professional wrestler
Kim Ji-yeon, (born 1988), South Korean female sabre fencer, 2012 Summer Olympics Women's sabre gold medalist
Jung-Yul Kim, (born 1973), Korean-Canadian former football player
Kim Kuk-hyang, (born 1993), North Korean female Olympic weightlifter
Kim Kum-ok, (born 1988), North Korean female long-distance runner
Nellie Kim, (born 1957), Soviet gymnast, daughter of a Sakhalin Korean father
Kim Sin-rak, (also known as Mitsuhiro Momota or Rikidōzan, 1924-1963), Korean-Japanese male professional wrestler
Kim Taek-soo, (born 1970), South Korean male table tennis player
Kim Won-kwon, (born 1918), South Korean female former track and field athlete
Kim Yo-han, (born 1985), South Korean male volleyball player
Kim Young-ho, (born 1971), retired South Korean foil fencer, 2000 Summer Olympic Men's foil gold medalist
Yuna Kim, (born 1990), retired South Korean female figure skater, Olympic gold medalist
Kim Duk-koo, (1955-1982), South Korean male professional boxer
Miscellaneous
Brian Kim (also known as Bu Yung Kim, born 1975/76), American former hedge fund manager
Kim Haki (born 1958), South Korean writer and ex political-prisoner
Kim Ho-dong (born 1954), South Korean historian
Kim Jae-young (born 1966), South Korean writer and professor
Jaegwon Kim (1934–2019), Korean-American philosopher
Jim Yong Kim (born 1959), physician, anthropologist, activist, former president of Dartmouth College, former World Bank president
Jonny Kim (born 1984), American US Navy lieutenant commander (and former SEAL), physician, and NASA astronaut
Kim Mi-wol (born 1977), South Korean writer
Paul Kim (born 1970), Korean-American CTO of the Stanford Graduate School of Education
Richard C. Kim, retired US brigadier general
Kim Sagwa (born 1984), South Korean writer
Scott Kim, (born 1955), American puzzle and video game designer
W. Chan Kim (born 1951), South Korean business theorist
Kim Wonu (born 1947), South Korean male novelist
Young-Oak Kim (1919-2005), Korean-American US military officer, civic leader and humanitarian
Yu Yeon Kim (born 1956), South Korean international curator
Fictional characters
Kim Kaphwan, fictional character from the Fatal Fury series
Kim Dong Hwan or Kim Jae Hoon, regular characters in Garou: Mark of the Wolves
Kim Sue Il in Kizuna Encounter
Harry Kim, from Star Trek: Voyager
See also
Korean name
Kim (surname)
Kim
Kim |
17337002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla%20de%20Cuba | Isla de Cuba | Isla de Cuba is Spanish for "Island of Cuba", and may refer to:
The island of Cuba
Isla de Cuba, a Spanish second-class protected cruiser in service from 1887 to 1898 that fought in the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish–American War.
USS Isla de Cuba, a U.S. Navy gunboat in service from 1900 to 1904. |
17337024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skimmia%20japonica | Skimmia japonica | Skimmia japonica, the Japanese skimmia, is a species of flowering plant in the family Rutaceae, native to Japan, China, and Southeast Asia. Growing to tall and wide, it is a rounded evergreen shrub with glossy, leathery leaves. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in gardens and parks. Its fragrant flowers are cream-yellow or white, followed on female plants by small, round, red fruits. The plant tolerates a wide range of conditions, including frost, drought, and atmospheric pollution. It is suitable for bonsai and for Chinese gardens.
Many cultivars have been developed for ornamental garden use, including varieties which are significantly more compact than their parents. These cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-
'Fragrans'
'Nymans'
'Rubella'
Skimmia × confusa 'Kew Green'
References
External links
Skimmia japonica info
japonica |
17337025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inamura | Inamura | Inamura may refer to:
Inamura (surname), a Japanese surname
Mount Inamura, a mountain of Kōchi Prefecture, Japan
Inamura Dam, a dam in Tosa, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan |
17337040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elahi%20Ardabili | Elahi Ardabili | Elahi Ardabili () (Kamāl al-Dīn Ḥusayn al-Ilāhī al-Ardabīlī, died 1543 CE) was an Iranian author and scholar.
Early life and education
Elahi was born in Ardabil. After completing his preliminary education, he moved to Shiraz and Khorasan with the help of Shaykh Haydar and completed his education in the presence of the great scholars of his era, Jalaladdin Davani and Amir Ghiasaddin Shirazi.
He spent some years in Herat with Ali-Shir Nava'i and Prince Gharib Mirza Valad Soltan Mirza. After Prince Gharib's death, Elahi returned to Azerbaijan. In Ardabil he began teaching Islamic science and teachings and died in 1543 in Ardabil.
Career highlights
He was the first scholar to translate writings of Shia Islam into the Persian language. He is the author of more than 30 books in Turkish, Arabic and Persian.
He has written interpretations of the Qur'an in Persian and Arabic.
References
1543 deaths
People from Ardabil
16th-century Persian-language writers |
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