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6901496 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early%20Edu-Ware%20products | Early Edu-Ware products | Most of the programs in Edu-Ware Services' initial product line, released in 1979 under the slogan "Unique software for the unique mind", were not typical of the intellectually challenging computer games and structured, pedagogically sound educational software for which the company would later become known. Quickly designed and programmed in Applesoft BASIC primarily by co-founder Sherwin Steffin, most of these text-based programs were dropped from Edu-Ware's catalog when the company began developing products featuring high-resolution graphics in 1981.
E.S.P.
E.S.P. is a game giving players the opportunity to find out whether they possess extrasensory perception. While displaying a constantly changing graphic design on the screen, the program briefly flashes emotionally charged words, randomly chosen from a word list, on the screen. The program then asks a series of questions to determine if the player's attitudes have been influenced by the subliminal messages. A file-builder is included to allow players to insert new words in the data base.
The program was offered in both a stand-alone disk version and a compendium, along with E.S.P. and Zintar, called Party-Pak I. However, Edu-Ware dropped the game from its product line by the time its August 1, 1980 catalog was issued.
Metri-Vert
Metri-Vert is an analytical program performing metric conversion calculations for length/distance, area, volume weight and temperature. The program features a display page storing up to twenty conversions for easy reading and recall.
Perception
Perception is a puzzle game consisting of three games designed to challenge and improve players' visual skills. The first involves using game paddles to draw lines matching those drawn by the computer. The second, based on a World War II test for spy candidates, tests players' power of observation by showing them only small glimpses of an abstract object as a narrow mask travels over it and then asking them to choose from among several objects what they had just seen. The third modules tests player's visual memory by requiring them to distinguish sizes of identical shapes. Players have control over the shape, display time, and presentation format.
Originally developed by Steffin before founding Edu-Ware, he wrote a second version of the program soon after establishing the publishing company. The program was offered as both a stand-alone versions, and in a compendium, along with Statistics and Compu-Read, called Edu-Pak I. Edu-Ware upgraded the program to high resolution graphics using its EWS3 graphics engine in 1982, renaming it Perception 3.0, which was featured in the company's catalogs until 1984.
Rescue
Rescue is a low-resolution graphics action game in which the player uses game paddles move his spaceship to intercept with a damaged ship randomly floating around the screen. The program was offered in both disk and cassette stand-alone versions, as well as in a compendium, along with War, called Rescue/War, but was dropped from Edu-Ware's catalog by 1980.
However, Edu-Ware dropped the game from its product line by the time its March 1, 1980 catalog was issued.
Statistics
Statistics is an analytical program performing many of the statistical calculations ordinarily found in FORTRAN driven SPSS programs of the time. Calculations performed by the program included mean, variance, standard deviation, Pearson correlation, normal distribution, Chi-square test, and T-Test.
The program was offered in both disk and cassette stand-alone versions, as well as in a compendium, along with Perception and Compu-Read, called Edu-Pak I.
Originally developed by Steffin before founding Edu-Ware, the company upgraded the program to high resolution graphics using its EWS3 graphics engine in 1982, renaming it Statistics 3.0, which was featured in the company's catalogs until 1984.
Story Teller
Story Teller is a word game in which players are asked to type in a series of names, animals, colors, phrases and other words with which the program constructs a story. Edu-Ware described it as being "more than just a mad-libs game" because it described and made use of all parts of speech.
Subliminal
Subliminal is a game testing whether players are influenced by subliminal messages. While the player is watching a constantly changing graphic design, the program quickly flashes an emotionally changed word on the screen. The player then answers a series of questions to determine whether his attitudes has been affected by the subliminal message. The program includes a file builder for modifying the data base from which the program randomly chooses the words to display.
The program was offered in both disk and cassette stand-alone versions, as well as in a compendium, along with Zintar, called Party-Pak I. However, Edu-Ware dropped the game from its product line by the time its August 1, 1980 catalog was issued.
Text File Editor
Text file editor is a program allowing users to create, combine or manipulate sequential text files. The program was advertised as useful for "unlocking the secrets" hidden in the files of Compu-Read, Network, Subliminal, and Zintar.
Unisolve
Unisolve: The Electronics Designer is an analytical program that calculates 24 equations encountered in engineering and design, including transmission line formulae, reactance, coil-winding models and modulation percentages.
War
War is a numeric strategy game occurring in ten rounds. In each round, the program would display a number on the screen and allow the player to type another number in response. The program would then use both numbers in a formula to determine the winner for that round, and the side that won the most number of rounds would win the game. The challenge for the player was to determine the formula the program was using to determine the winner in each round.
The program was offered in both disk and cassette stand-alone versions, as well as in a compendium, along with Rescue, called Rescue/War, but was dropped from Edu-Ware's product line by the time its March 1, 1980 catalog was issued.
Zintar
Zintar is a drinking game in which players are instructed by the computer (randomly) to "take hits" while watching a series of color and black & white graphics. A scoreboard kept track and designated the player who had been assigned the most hits as "The Mayor". It was Pederson's first Apple II program written strictly for fun; Sherwin Steffin supplied the graphics. Edu-Ware offered it for sale after being encouraged by an early mail order distributor. This controversial party game was advertised in Edu-Ware's catalogs as being banned by Apple II retailer Rainbow Computing. However, Edu-Ware dropped the game from its product line by the time its August 1, 1980 catalog was issued.
See also
Space (role-playing game series)
Compu-Read
References
Edu-Ware
Edu-Ware |
6901516 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss%20Kiss%20Bang%20Bang%20%28book%29 | Kiss Kiss Bang Bang (book) | Kiss Kiss Bang Bang (1968) is Pauline Kael's second collection of reviews from 1965 through 1968, compiled from numerous magazines including The Atlantic, Holiday, The New Yorker, Life, Mademoiselle, The New Republic, McCall's, and Vogue. It features her review of The Sound of Music, which she notoriously dubbed "The Sound of Money," sparking outrage from loyal readers of McCall's. This is erroneously considered to be the reason why she was fired from her short-lived position as their film critic. The book also features a smaller collection of synopses (as opposed to full-length reviews) of little-known movies, some of which are also printed in Kael's 5001 Nights at the Movies.
In her note on the title which begins the book, Kael asserts that these words are "perhaps the briefest statement imaginable of the basic appeal of movies. This appeal is what attracts us, and ultimately what makes us despair when we begin to understand how seldom movies are more than this." The title itself is a reference to the character of James Bond, who was often referred to as Mr Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang in international markets; the original theme song for the 1965 Bond film Thunderball was to have had this title.
The book is now out-of-print in the United States, but is still published in the United Kingdom by the independent publishing company Marion Boyars Publishers.
Contents
The book is divided into five sections, titled:
I) Trends;
II) The Making of The Group;
III) Reviews, 1965-1967;
IV) Careers;
V) The Movie Past.
References
1968 non-fiction books
Books of film criticism
Books about film
Little, Brown and Company books
Books by Pauline Kael
American non-fiction books |
17337043 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse%20panbronchiolitis | Diffuse panbronchiolitis | Diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB) is an inflammatory lung disease of unknown cause. It is a severe, progressive form of bronchiolitis, an inflammatory condition of the bronchioles (small air passages in the lungs). The term diffuse signifies that lesions appear throughout both lungs, while panbronchiolitis refers to inflammation found in all layers of the respiratory bronchioles (those involved in gas exchange). DPB causes severe inflammation and nodule-like lesions of terminal bronchioles, chronic sinusitis, and intense coughing with large amounts of sputum production.
The disease is believed to occur when there is susceptibility, or a lack of immune system resistance, to DPB-causing bacteria or viruses, caused by several genes that are found predominantly in individuals of East Asian descent. The highest incidence occurs among Japanese people, followed by Koreans. DPB occurs more often in males and usually begins around age 40. It was recognized as a distinct new disease in the early 1960s and was formally named diffuse panbronchiolitis in 1969.
If left untreated, DPB progresses to bronchiectasis, an irreversible lung condition that involves enlargement of the bronchioles, and pooling of mucus in the bronchiolar passages. Daily treatment of DPB with macrolide antibiotics such as erythromycin eases symptoms and increases survival time, but the disease currently has no known cure. The eventual result of DPB can be respiratory failure and heart problems.
Classification
The term "bronchiolitis" generally refers to inflammation of the bronchioles. DPB is classified as a form of "primary bronchiolitis", which means that the underlying cause of bronchiolitis is originating from or is confined to the bronchioles. Along with DPB, additional forms of primary bronchiolitis include bronchiolitis obliterans, follicular bronchiolitis, respiratory bronchiolitis, mineral dust airway disease, and a number of others. Unlike DPB, bronchiolitis that is not considered "primary" would be associated with diseases of the larger airways, such as chronic bronchitis.
Signs and symptoms
Symptoms of DPB include chronic sinusitis (inflamed paranasal sinuses), wheezing, crackles (respiratory sounds made by obstructions such as phlegm and secretions in the lungs), dyspnea (shortness of breath), and a severe cough that yields large amounts of sputum (coughed-up phlegm). There may be pus in the sputum, and affected individuals may have fever. Typical signs of DPB progression include dilation (enlargement) of the bronchiolar passages and hypoxemia (low levels of oxygen in the blood). If DPB is left untreated, bronchiectasis will occur; it is characterized by dilation and thickening of the walls of the bronchioles, inflammatory damage to respiratory and terminal bronchioles, and pooling of mucus in the lungs. DPB is associated with progressive respiratory failure, hypercapnia (increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood), and can eventually lead to pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in the pulmonary vein and artery) and cor pulmonale (dilation of the right ventricle of the heart, or "right heart failure").
Cause
DPB is idiopathic, which means an exact physiological, environmental, or pathogenic cause of the disease is unknown. However, several factors are suspected to be involved with its pathogenesis (the way in which the disease works).
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a large genomic region found in most vertebrates that is associated with the immune system. It is located on chromosome 6 in humans. A subset of MHC in humans is human leukocyte antigen (HLA), which controls the antigen-presenting system, as part of adaptive immunity against pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. When human cells are infected by a pathogen, some of them can present parts of the pathogen's proteins on their surfaces; this is called "antigen presentation". The infected cells then become targets for types of cytotoxic T-cells, which kill the infected cells so they can be removed from the body.
Genetic predisposition for DPB susceptibility has been localized to two HLA haplotypes (a nucleotide or gene sequence difference between paired chromosomes, that is more likely to occur among a common ethnicity or trait) common to people of East Asian descent. HLA-B54 is associated with DPB in the Japanese, while HLA-A11 is associated with the disease in Koreans. Several genes within this region of class I HLA are believed to be responsible for DPB, by allowing increased susceptibility to the disease. The common genetic background and similarities in the HLA profile of affected Japanese and Korean individuals were considered in the search for a DPB gene. It was suggested that a mutation of a suspected disease-susceptibility gene located somewhere between HLA-B and HLA-A had occurred on an ancestral chromosome carrying both HLA-B54 and HLA-A11. Further, it is possible that a number of genetic recombination events around the disease locus (location on a chromosome) could have resulted in the disease being associated with HLA-B54 in the Japanese and HLA-A11 in Koreans. After further study, it was concluded that a DPB susceptibility gene is located near the HLA-B locus at chromosome 6p21.3. Within this area, the search for a genetic cause of the disease has continued.
Because many genes belonging to HLA remain unidentified, positional cloning (a method used to identify a specific gene, when only its location on a chromosome is known) has been used to determine that a mucin-like gene is associated with DPB. In addition, diseases caused by identified HLA genes in the DPB-susceptibility region have been investigated. One of these, bare lymphocyte syndrome I (BLS I), exhibits a number of similarities with DPB in those affected, including chronic sinusitis, bronchiolar inflammation and nodules, and the presence of H. influenzae. Also like DPB, BLS I responds favorably to erythromycin therapy by showing a resolution of symptoms. The similarities between these two diseases, the corresponding success with the same mode of treatment, and the fact that the gene responsible for BLS I is located within the DPB-causing area of HLA narrows the establishment of a gene responsible for DPB. Environmental factors such as inhaling toxic fumes and cigarette smoking are not believed to play a role in DPB, and unknown environmental and other non-genetic causes—such as unidentified bacteria or viruses—have not been ruled out.
Cystic fibrosis (CF), a progressive multi-system lung disease, has been considered in the search for a genetic cause of DPB. This is for a number of reasons. CF, like DPB, causes severe lung inflammation, abundant mucus production, infection, and shows a genetic predominance among Caucasians of one geographic group to the rarity of others; whereas DPB dominates among East Asians, CF mainly affects individuals of European descent. While no gene has been implicated as the cause of DPB, mutation in a specific gene—much more likely to occur in Europeans—causes CF. This mutation in the CF-causing gene is not a factor in DPB, but a unique polymorphism (variation) in this gene is known to occur in many Asians not necessarily affected by either disease. It is being investigated whether this gene in any state of mutation could contribute to DPB.
Pathophysiology
Inflammation is a normal part of the human immune response, whereby leukocytes (white blood cells), including neutrophils (white blood cells that specialize in causing inflammation), gather, and chemokines (proteins released from certain cells, which activate or elicit a response from other cells) accumulate at any location in the body where bacterial or viral infections occur. Inflammation interferes with the activity of bacteria and viruses, and serves to clear them from the body. In DPB, bacteria such as Haemophilus influenzae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause the proliferation of inflammatory cells into the bronchiolar tissues. However, when neither bacteria are present with DPB, the inflammation continues for an as yet unknown reason. In either circumstance, inflammation in DPB can be so severe that nodules containing inflammatory cells form in the walls of the bronchioles. The presence of inflammation and infection in the airways also results in the production of excess mucus, which must be coughed up as sputum. The combination of inflammation, nodule development, infection, mucus, and frequent cough contributes to the breathing difficulties in DPB.
The fact that inflammation in DPB persists with or without the presence of P. aeruginosa and H. influenzae provides a means to determine several mechanisms of DPB pathogenesis. Leukotrienes are eicosanoids, signaling molecules made from essential fatty acids, which play a role in many lung diseases by causing the proliferation of inflammatory cells and excess mucus production in the airways. In DPB and other lung diseases, the predominant mediator of neutrophil-related inflammation is leukotriene B4, which specializes in neutrophil proliferation via chemotaxis (the movement of some types of cells toward or away from certain molecules).
Inflammation in DPB is also caused by the chemokine MIP-1alpha and its involvement with CD8+ T cells. Beta defensins, a family of antimicrobial peptides found in the respiratory tract, are responsible for further inflammation in DPB when a pathogen such as P. aeruginosa is present. If present with DPB, the human T-lymphotropic virus, type I, a retrovirus, modifies DPB pathogenesis by infecting T helper cells and altering their effectiveness in recognizing the presence of known or unknown pathogens involved with DPB.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of DPB requires analysis of the lungs and bronchiolar tissues, which can require a lung biopsy, or the more preferred high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scan of the lungs. The diagnostic criteria include severe inflammation in all layers of the respiratory bronchioles and lung tissue lesions that appear as nodules within the terminal and respiratory bronchioles in both lungs. The nodules in DPB appear as opaque lumps when viewed on X-rays of the lung, and can cause airway obstruction, which is evaluated by a pulmonary function test, or PFT. Lung X-rays can also reveal dilation of the bronchiolar passages, another sign of DPB. HRCT scans often show blockages of some bronchiolar passages with mucus, which is referred to as the "tree-in-bud" pattern. Hypoxemia, another sign of breathing difficulty, is revealed by measuring the oxygen and carbon dioxide content of the blood, using a blood test called arterial blood gas. Other findings observed with DPB include the proliferation of lymphocytes (white blood cells that fight infection), neutrophils, and foamy histiocytes (tissue macrophages) in the lung lining. Bacteria such as H. influenzae and P. aeruginosa are also detectable, with the latter becoming more prominent as the disease progresses. The white blood, bacterial and other cellular content of the blood can be measured by taking a complete blood count (CBC). Elevated levels of IgG and IgA (classes of immunoglobulins) may be seen, as well as the presence of rheumatoid factor (an indicator of autoimmunity). Hemagglutination, a clumping of red blood cells in response to the presence of antibodies in the blood, may also occur. Neutrophils, beta-defensins, leukotrienes, and chemokines can also be detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid injected then removed from the bronchiolar airways of individuals with DPB, for evaluation.
Differential diagnosis
In the differential diagnosis (finding the correct diagnosis between diseases that have overlapping features) of some obstructive lung diseases, DPB is often considered. A number of DPB symptoms resemble those found with other obstructive lung diseases such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Wheezing, coughing with sputum production, and shortness of breath are common symptoms in such diseases, and obstructive respiratory functional impairment is found on pulmonary function testing. Cystic fibrosis, like DPB, causes severe lung inflammation, excess mucus production, and infection; but DPB does not cause disturbances of the pancreas nor the electrolytes, as does CF, so the two diseases are different and probably unrelated. DPB is distinguished by the presence of lesions that appear on X-rays as nodules in the bronchioles of both lungs; inflammation in all tissue layers of the respiratory bronchioles; and its higher prevalence among individuals with East Asian lineage.
DPB and bronchiolitis obliterans are two forms of primary bronchiolitis. Specific overlapping features of both diseases include strong cough with large amounts of often pus-filled sputum; nodules viewable on lung X-rays in the lower bronchi and bronchiolar area; and chronic sinusitis. In DPB, the nodules are more restricted to the respiratory bronchioles, while in OB they are often found in the membranous bronchioles (the initial non-cartilaginous section of the bronchiole, that divides from the tertiary bronchus) up to the secondary bronchus. OB is a bronchiolar disease with worldwide prevalence, while DPB has more localized prevalence, predominantly in Japan. Prior to clinical recognition of DPB in recent years, it was often misdiagnosed as bronchiectasia, COPD, IPF, phthisis miliaris, sarcoidosis or alveolar cell carcinoma.
Treatment
Macrolide antibiotics, such as erythromycin, are an effective treatment for DPB when taken regularly over an extended period of time. Clarithromycin or roxithromycin are also commonly used. The successful results of macrolides in DPB and similar lung diseases stems from managing certain symptoms through immunomodulation (adjusting the immune response), which can be achieved by taking the antibiotics in low doses. Treatment consists of daily oral administration of erythromycin for two to three years, an extended period that has been shown to dramatically improve the effects of DPB. This is apparent when an individual undergoing treatment for DPB, among a number of disease-related remission criteria, has a normal neutrophil count detected in BAL fluid, and blood gas (an arterial blood test that measures the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood) readings show that free oxygen in the blood is within the normal range. Allowing a temporary break from erythromycin therapy in these instances has been suggested, to reduce the formation of macrolide-resistant P. aeruginosa. However, DPB symptoms usually return, and treatment would need to be resumed. Although highly effective, erythromycin may not prove successful in all individuals with the disease, particularly if macrolide-resistant P. aeruginosa is present or previously untreated DPB has progressed to the point where respiratory failure is occurring.
With erythromycin therapy in DPB, great reduction in bronchiolar inflammation and damage is achieved through suppression of not only neutrophil proliferation, but also lymphocyte activity and obstructive mucus and water secretions in airways. The antibiotic effects of macrolides are not involved in their beneficial effects toward reducing inflammation in DPB. This is evident because the treatment dosage is much too low to fight infection, and in DPB cases with the occurrence of macrolide-resistant P. aeruginosa, erythromycin therapy still reduces inflammation.
A number of factors are involved in suppression of inflammation by erythromycin and other macrolides. They are especially effective at inhibiting the proliferation of neutrophils, by diminishing the ability of interleukin 8 and leukotriene B4 to attract them. Macrolides also reduce the efficiency of adhesion molecules that allow neutrophils to stick to bronchiolar tissue linings. Mucus production in the airways is a major culprit in the morbidity and mortality of DPB and other respiratory diseases. The significant reduction of inflammation in DPB attributed to erythromycin therapy also helps to inhibit the production of excess mucus.
Prognosis
Untreated DPB leads to bronchiectasis, respiratory failure, and death. A journal report from 1983 indicated that untreated DPB had a five-year survival rate of 62.1%, while the 10-year survival rate was 33.2%. With erythromycin treatment, individuals with DPB now have a much longer life expectancy due to better management of symptoms, delay of progression, and prevention of associated infections like P. aeruginosa. The 10-year survival rate for treated DPB is about 90%. In DPB cases where treatment has resulted in significant improvement, which sometimes happens after about two years, treatment has been allowed to end for a while. However, individuals allowed to stop treatment during this time are closely monitored. As DPB has been proven to recur, erythromycin therapy must be promptly resumed once disease symptoms begin to reappear. In spite of the improved prognosis when treated, DPB currently has no known cure.
Epidemiology
DPB has its highest prevalence among the Japanese, at 11 per 100,000 population. Korean, Chinese, and Thai individuals with the disease have been reported as well. A genetic predisposition among East Asians is suggested. The disease is more common in males, with the male to female ratio at 1.4–2:1 (or about 5 men to 3 women). The average onset of the disease is around age 40, and two-thirds of those affected are non-smokers, although smoking is not believed to be a cause. The presence of HLA-Bw54 increases the risk of diffuse panbronchiolitis 13.3-fold.
In Europe and the Americas, a relatively small number of DPB cases have been reported in Asian immigrants and residents, as well as in individuals of non-Asian ancestry. Misdiagnosis has occurred in the West owing to less recognition of the disease than in Asian countries. Relative to the large number of Asians living in the west, the small number of them thought to be affected by DPB suggests non-genetic factors may play some role in its cause. This rarity seen in Western Asians may also be partly associated with misdiagnosis.
History
In the early 1960s, a relatively new chronic lung disease was being observed and described by physicians in Japan. In 1969, the name "diffuse panbronchiolitis" was introduced to distinguish it from chronic bronchitis, emphysema, alveolitis, and other obstructive lung disease with inflammation. Between 1978 and 1980, the results of a nationwide survey initiated by the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan revealed more than 1,000 probable cases of DPB, with 82 histologically confirmed. By the 1980s, it was internationally recognized as a distinct disease of the lungs.
Before the 1980s, the prognosis or expected outcome of DPB was poor, especially in cases with superinfection (the emergence of a new viral or bacterial infection, in addition to the currently occurring infection) by P. aeruginosa. DPB continued to have a very high mortality rate before generalized antibiotic treatment and oxygen therapy were beginning to be used routinely in the effort to manage symptoms. Around 1985, when long-term treatment with the antibiotic erythromycin became the standard for managing DPB, the prognosis significantly improved. In 1990, the association of DPB with HLA was initially asserted.
References
External links
Genetic disorders with OMIM but no gene
Rare diseases
Respiratory diseases |
17337055 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla%20de%20Luzon | Isla de Luzon | Isla de Luzon is Spanish for "Island of Luzon", ad may refer to:
The island of Luzon in the Philippines.
Isla de Luzon, a Spanish Navy second-class protected cruiser that fought in the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish–American War.
USS Isla de Luzon, a U.S. Navy gunboat. |
6901519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Forgotten%20%281973%20film%29 | The Forgotten (1973 film) | The Forgotten (also known as Don't Look in the Basement and Death Ward #13) is a 1973 independent horror film directed by S. F. Brownrigg, written by Tim Pope and starring Bill McGhee, former Playboy model Rosie Holotik, and Annabelle Weenick (credited as Anne MacAdams) about homicidal patients at an insane asylum.
Plot
The film is set in Stephens Sanitarium, a secluded rural mental health institute whose chief doctor believes that the best way to deal with insanity is to allow the patients to freely act out their realities in the hopes that they will snap out of it, so to speak. The film begins with an elderly nurse in Stephens Sanitarium making her rounds. After a troubling incident in which a patient threatens her life, she decides to retire and goes out to visit the chief doctor, Dr. Stephens, to inform him of the decision. Unfortunately, in the process of therapy (which involves chopping wood with an axe), the crazed former magistrate, Oliver W. Cameron, known as Judge, accidentally lands the axe in Dr. Stephens' back, apparently killing him. The shaken nurse returns inside to finish packing, where she is attacked by Harriett, a patient who accuses her of stealing her "baby" (actually a plastic doll). The patient kills her by crushing her head in the nurse's suitcase.
The only remaining doctor appears to be Dr. Geraldine Masters, who is greeted by Charlotte Beale, a pretty young nurse who informs Dr. Masters that Dr. Stephens had hired her a week ago. Dr. Masters begrudgingly allows her to settle in. The young nurse meets the patients, including a lobotomized and childish man named Sam, who enjoys popsicles and his plastic toy boat, a nymphomaniac and schizophrenic named Allyson, an emotionally dependent woman named Jennifer, an octogenarian woman named Mrs. Callingham who spouts bizarre poetry and mistakes flowers in the garden to be her own children, a juvenile prankster named Danny, a shellshocked Sergeant who lost his mind after accidentally killing his men in Vietnam, and the crazed judge, who seems incapable of speaking in anything other than courtroom jargon and the repeated phrase "My name... is... Oliver... W... Cameron..."
Dr. Masters becomes disturbed when a telephone man comes to investigate the faulty phone system at the institution. Mrs. Callingham's tongue is ripped out of her mouth during her sleep, although Dr. Masters tells Charlotte that Mrs. Callingham did it to herself. The audience later discovers that Dr. Masters is actually a patient at the institute and that Dr. Stephens had allowed her to pretend to be a doctor. After he disobeys her, Dr. Masters burns the Sergeant's hand and murders Jennifer for stealing medicine. After a frantic conversation with Allyson, Charlotte discovers Dr. Masters' secret. Mrs. Callingham indicates to Charlotte that it was Masters who cut out her tongue, apparently to prevent the elderly woman from disclosing the secret. Charlotte then discovers the body of the telephone man in the kitchen closet, presumably murdered by Masters, to make sure he would not report the institution's situation to anyone on the outside. Allyson is distraught, as she thought the man was going to marry her, but she convinces herself that the man is still alive and drags his body to her room so she can have sex with it.
Charlotte realizes that her life is in grave danger, and she tries to escape. The judge informs her that they all know Masters is a patient, but they think Charlotte is also a patient. Charlotte finds that all the windows and doors have been boarded up by Masters, preventing an escape. Sam then leads Charlotte to the basement, where she is startled by a man grabbing her ankle and beats him to death with a toy boat. She realizes that it is Dr. Stephens, but not before finishing him off. At the direction of Masters, Sam leads Charlotte upstairs, apparently, so the judge can axe her to death. Sam thinks Charlotte murdered Dr. Stephens on purpose, so he helps restrain her. However, he has a flashback from his lobotomy (which Masters had assisted with) and lets Charlotte go. He then leaves the room as Masters cowers in a corner. As Sam leaves, the other inmates enter with weapons, and the judge brutally axes Masters to death. Sam is deeply disturbed, grabs the axe, and kills all the other inmates except Mrs. Callingham, who is not in the room. Charlotte is already outside, having been told of a secret exit in the basement by Sam. She wanders around outside as the camera goes back to Sam, who cries to himself while eating a popsicle and viewing the carnage.
Cast
Bill McGhee as Sam
Rosie Holotik as Nurse Charlotte Beale
Annabelle Weenick as Dr. Geraldine S. Masters (credited as Anne MacAdams)
Gene Ross as "Judge" Oliver W. Cameron
Camilla Carr as Harriett
Hugh Feagin as Sergeant Jaffee
Betty Chandler as Allyson King
Jessie Kirby as Danny
Jessie Lee Fulton as Jane St. Claire
Rhea MacAdams as Mrs. Callingham
Robert Dracup as Ray Daniels
Harryette Warren as Jennifer
Michael Harvey as Dr. Stephens
Release
Home media
The Forgotten was released for the first time on DVD by Vci Video on January 25, 2000. It was later released by BCI on January 22, 2002, as a part of its two-disk "Evil Places" movie pack. BCI would later re-release the film in 2004 and in 2005 in various multi-movie packs. The film was released five separate times in 2003 by Diamond Entertainment, Platinum Disc, Pop Flix, and Alpha Video respectively. In 2004, it was released twice by St. Clair Entertainment on February 24, and March 2. On October 25, and November 29 that same year, it was released by Elstree Hill Entertainment and HHO respectively. In 2005, Platinum Disk re-released the film three separate times as a part of various multi-film packs. That same year, it would also be released by Stax, Mill Creek Entertainment, Black Horse, and re-released by Diamond Entertainment. The following year saw the film's re-release by both Mill Creek and Vci, as a part of several multi-movie collections. Mill Creek would once again re-release the film in 2007, as a double-feature alongside Don't Open the Door! (1975). It was released both as a single feature by Video International in 2008 and as a part of a five-disk movie pack by Echo Bridge Home Entertainment in 2010. Echo Bridge would include the film the following year along with Madacy Home Video in several multi-film collections. In 2012, the film was released by Film Chest and re-released by Pop Flix on January 24, and April 10, respectively. Mill Creek re-released the film one more time in 2013, for their three-disk "American Horror Stories: 12 Movie Collection". In 2014 Film Chest re-released a digitally restored version of the film in November. Film Chest then released the film on December 16, the following month. In 2015, the film was released as a single feature by VFN and by Films Around The World Inc. On October 25, 2016 it was released by VCI and the following month by Film Detective. It was released for the first time on Blu-ray by Brink in a double-feature, alongside its sequel Don't Look in the Basement 2 (2015). 2018 saw the film's releases on both Blu-ray and DVD by Code Red and VCI.
Reception
Critical reception for The Forgotten has been mixed to negative.
Dave Sindelar on his film review website Fantastic Movie Musings and Ramblings gave the film a mixed review. In his review on the film Sindelar criticized the film's premise, calling it "hard to swallow" and the unnecessary nastiness of film's climax. However, Sindelar also wrote, "Nonetheless, the characters are quite interesting, and the acting from the cast of unknowns is excellent for such a low-budget movie, and there are enough moments sprinkled throughout the movie that show a sense of real sadness and a sense of humanity that give a greater texture to the proceedings. Ultimately, the strong points make the movie work, and I can appreciate it well enough, even if it does remain in that realm of movies that are simply not much fun for me."
Rob Gonsalves from ‘’eFilmCritic.com’’ awarded the film one out of five stars, calling it “a grade-Z horror flick”.
Cavett Binion of AllMovie gave it a generally favorable review, writing, "somehow the intrinsic sleaziness generated by the threadbare production manages to lend it a remarkably suitable ambience."
TV Guide gave the film a positive review, writing, “Despite the overall cheapness of the production, director S.F. Brownrigg does manage to convey a sense of seedy claustrophobia during the depraved proceedings.” Almar Haflidason from BBC gave the film three out of five stars.
Legacy
Remake
In May 2008, a remake of the film was being planned by directors Alan Rowe Kelly and Anthony G. Sumner. Filming was scheduled for October 2008 in Indiana with a planned 2009 release, but this version never came to fruition.
In March 2017, former horror punk guitarist from the Misfits, Doyle Wolfgang Von Frankenstein, was put to star in Death Ward 13, a remake and continuation of Don't Look in the Basement, to be directed by Todd Nunes (All Through the House) and produced by The Readmond Company. The second planned remake has not yet come to fruition.
Sequel
In December 2013, a sequel titled Id: Don't Look in the Basement 2 was announced with Anthony Brownrigg, son of S.F. Brownrigg, directing. The film was shot in Texas in March/April 2014 and used several of the same locations from the original film. The sequel was eventually released in 2015.
References
External links
1973 films
1973 horror films
American psychological horror films
1970s psychological horror films
Films set in psychiatric hospitals
Films shot in Texas
Necrophilia in film
Video nasties
1970s English-language films
1970s American films |
6901537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n%20Santo%20Tom%C3%A1s | Volcán Santo Tomás | Volcán Santo Tomás is a stratovolcano in southern Guatemala. It is also known as "Volcán Pecul", or as "Cerro Zunil" the name of its youngest and most prominent dome which was last active approximately 84,000 years ago (K-Ar dating).
Geothermal activity can be observed in the form of Solfataras and thermal springs which are located on the west of the ridge between Santo Tomás and Zunil.
See also
List of volcanoes in Guatemala
References
Santo Tomas
Santo Tomas
Volcano
Santo Tomas
Pleistocene stratovolcanoes |
6901546 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable%20Database%20Image | Portable Database Image | The Portable Database Image, also known as .pdi file, is a proprietary loss-less format designed for analytics, publishing and syndication of complex data. The .pdi format, generation process, and GUI, were invented by Dr. Reimar Hofmann and Dr. Michael Haft from Siemens AG Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning.
The .pdi footprint is typically 100 to 1000 times smaller than the footprint normally found in structured data files or database systems, and is rendered without any loss of detail. The word portable in the name derives from the idea that the smaller footprint allows a .pdi runs in the main memory of a user's’ computer without disk or network input/output (IO).
The .pdi is a digitally rights protected, encrypted data source that can be accessed by any ODBO (OLE DB for OLAP) compliant OLAP tool, including Microsoft Excel and the Panoratio's Explorer GUI.
The .pdi presents detailed discrete or binned data without pre-calculation or cardinality reduction. It allows for real-time correlation and relationship exploration of unrestricted bounds — throughout all dimensions. They (.pdi’s) have been tested in excess of 5,000 dimensions and 500 million rows of information, with query response times in the .1 to 8 second range.
Additionally, because of patented techniques used in .pdi generation, patterns found in the data are summarily exposed, allowing for instant predictive and descriptive data mining. Yield optimizations, segmentation, outcome optimizations and simulations are all dynamically supported by the .pdi format. Users are constantly presented with the most changed and most highly correlated dimensions affected in every query as discovered in the patterns of the historical data.
External links
Panoratio web site. Panoratio provides the PDI related software.
About PDI at computerworld.com
Journalism
Computer file formats |
6901569 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unreleased%20%28No-Big-Silence%20album%29 | Unreleased (No-Big-Silence album) | Unreleased is an album released in 2003 by an Estonian industrial metal band No-Big-Silence. It consists of previously unreleased songs and remixes.
Most of the songs on this CD were originally recorded for an album to be titled New Race which was to be released sometime between 1998 and 2000. But due to problems with their record company at the time, the band never released that album. In spite of this, an album was made and titled Unreleased.
The album also contains original versions of "Blowjob" and "Vamp-o-Drama" which were intended to be on the New Race album. But as that album was never released, the band decided to re-record the songs and put them on the following album, Successful, Bitch & Beautiful.
Track listing
"New Race [v.1]" – 3:11
"Blowjob" (original) – 4:20
"Machine of Pleasure" – 3:43
"Relief [v.2]" – 4:12
"Love Song" – 4:39
"Under My Skin" – 5:23
"Perfect Man" – 3:30
"New Race [v.2]" – 3:33
"Relief [electronic v.1]" – 3:54
"Good and Holy" – 4:48
"Nothing to Say" – 3:25
"Vamp-o-Drama" (original) – 3:49
"Relief [electronic v.2]" – 4:50
"New Race" (video) – 3:38
Personnel
Cram - vocals
Willem - bass, backing vocals, guitar
Kristo K - guitar, keyboards and programming, bass
Marko Atso - drums
External links
Unreleased
No-Big-Silence albums
2003 compilation albums |
6901583 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20New%20Best%20Friend | My New Best Friend | My New Best Friend was a hidden camera comedy game show that aired on Channel 4 from 8 August to 12 September 2003. It was hosted by Marc Wootton.
Format
The idea was a hidden camera show where a member of the public would enter into an agreement to be filmed for a whole weekend with the task of convincing their friends and family that a character being played by Marc Wootton was their new best friend. Their reward was a prize of £10,000. What made the game difficult was Marc's character constantly embarrassing them in front of their family and friends to extreme levels, but they had to agree and go along with everything he said. Marc Wootton's characters were chosen for different episodes to make them as different from the contestant as possible to make it difficult for their friends and family to be convinced.
Once they have made it through the weekend the cameras capture the moment where Marc gives them the money and leaves the scene. The contestant is left to explain to their friends and family that the whole situation was a TV game show to win £10,000.
Reception
In a retrospective review published in The Daily Telegraph in 2020, Tom Fordy declared the series to be "The most excruciating prank show ever made".
DVD release
The series is available as a bonus third disk for the DVD release of High Spirits with Shirley Ghostman, also starring Marc Wootton.
See also
Mein neuer Freund, German adaptation
My Big Fat Obnoxious Fiance, a similar show
References
External links
2000s British game shows
2003 British television series debuts
2003 British television series endings
Channel 4 comedy
Channel 4 game shows
Hidden camera television series
Television series by Endemol |
23576558 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/84th%20Academy%20Awards | 84th Academy Awards | The 84th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best films of 2011 in the United States and took place on February 26, 2012, at the Hollywood and Highland Center Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories. The ceremony was televised in the United States by ABC, and produced by Brian Grazer and Don Mischer, with Mischer also serving as director. Actor Billy Crystal hosted the show for the ninth time. He first presided over the 62nd ceremony held in 1990 and had last hosted the 76th ceremony held in 2004.
On June 14, 2011, academy president Tom Sherak announced at a press conference that, in an attempt to further revitalize interest surrounding the awards, the 2012 ceremony would feature between five and ten Best Picture nominees depending on voting results, as opposed to a set number of nominees. In related events, the academy held its third annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on November 12, 2011. On February 11, 2012, in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Milla Jovovich.
The Artist won five awards, including Best Picture. Other winners included Hugo with five awards, The Iron Lady with two awards, and Beginners, The Descendants, The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr. Morris Lessmore, The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, The Help, Midnight in Paris, The Muppets, Rango, Saving Face, A Separation, The Shore, and Undefeated with one. The telecast garnered more than 39 million viewers in the United States.
Winners and nominees
The nominees for the 84th Academy Awards were announced on January 24, 2012, at 5:38 a.m. PST (13:38 UTC) at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Tom Sherak, president of the academy, and the actress Jennifer Lawrence. Hugo led all nominees with eleven nominations; The Artist came in second with ten.
The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on February 26, 2012. The Artist was the second silent feature to win Best Picture. The 1927 film Wings was the first such film to achieve this distinction at the inaugural awards ceremony in 1929. Moreover, it was also the first black-and-white feature to win Best Picture since 1993's Schindler's List. Best Actor winner Jean Dujardin became the first French actor to win an Oscar. With her latest win for Best Actress, Meryl Streep became the fifth performer to win at least three acting Oscars.<ref name="Chicago Tribune Oscar"
Awards
Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().
Honorary Academy Awards
The academy held its 3rd Annual Governors Awards ceremony on November 12, 2011, during which the following awards were presented.
Academy Honorary Award
James Earl Jones For his legacy of consistent excellence and uncommon versatility.
Dick Smith For his unparalleled mastery of texture, shade, form, and illusion.
Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award
Oprah Winfrey
Films with multiple nominations and awards
The following 18 films received multiple nominations:
The following three films received multiple awards:
Presenters and performers
The following individuals, listed in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers.
Presenters
Performers
Ceremony information
Because of the declining viewership of recent Academy Awards ceremonies, the academy sought ideas to revamp the show while renewing interest with the nominated films. In light of the previous year's telecast, whose performance by co-hosts James Franco and Anne Hathaway yielded critically negative reviews and a 9% decline in viewership, many within the Motion Picture Academy proposed new ways to give the awards a more populist appeal. After a two-year experiment with ten Best Pictures nominees, AMPAS president Tom Sherak announced that the number of final nominees can now range from five to ten as opposed a fixed number. The nomination voting process would be the same as before, through preferential balloting, but now only films that receive a minimum of 5% of total number-one votes are eligible for Best Picture nominations. Academy then-executive director Bruce Davis explained, "A Best Picture nomination should be an indication of extraordinary merit. If there are only eight pictures that truly earn that honor in a given year, we shouldn't feel an obligation to round out the number." Changes in the Best Animated Feature also were announced. In response to the growing number of animated features released per year, the academy stated in a press release that four to five films would now be nominated per year contingent on how many animated feature films were released in that year.
Originally, the academy selected director Brett Ratner as co-producer of the ceremony with Don Mischer in August 2011. Actor and comedian Eddie Murphy was hired by Ratner to preside over hosting duties. However, after commenting to radio host Howard Stern during an interview promoting the film Tower Heist that "rehearsal is for fags" and disparaging remarks about actress Olivia Munn, Ratner resigned from his co-producing duties on November 8. Murphy subsequently stepped down as host the following day. Immediately, the academy selected film producer Brian Grazer to replace Ratner as co-producer. Actor and veteran Oscar emcee Billy Crystal was recruited by Grazer to take over hosting duties.
Multiple others participated in the production of the ceremony. Musicians Hans Zimmer and Pharrell Williams composed new music exclusive to the Oscars ceremony, which was later released as an album via the iTunes Store. Oscar-winning production designer John Myhre designed a new stage for the ceremony. Director Bennett Miller filmed several vignettes featuring actors discussing movie memories and the business of filmmaking. Cirque du Soleil, who was concurrently renting the Hollywood and Highland Center for their show Iris, performed a dance number at the ceremony inspired by their aforementioned show. Unlike most Oscar ceremonies, however, Grazer and Mischer announced that neither of the two songs nominated for Best Original Song would be performed live.
Box office performance of nominated films
For the first time since 2008, only one of the nominees for Best Picture had grossed over $100 million before the nominations were announced (compared with three from the previous year). The combined gross of the nine Best Picture nominees when the Oscars were announced was $518 million with an average gross of $57.7 million per film.
None of the nine Best Picture nominees was among the top ten releases in box office during the nominations. When the nominations were announced on January 24, 2012, The Help was the highest-grossing film among the Best Picture nominees with $169.6 million in domestic box office receipts. Among the remaining eight nominees, Moneyball was the second-highest-grossing film with $75.5 million; this was followed by War Horse ($72.3 million), Midnight in Paris ($56.4 million), Hugo ($55.9 million), The Descendants ($51.3 million), The Tree of Life ($13.3 million), The Artist ($12.1 million) and Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close ($10.7 million).
Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 36 nominations went to 15 films on the list. Only The Help (13th), Bridesmaids (14th), Kung Fu Panda 2 (15th), Puss in Boots (16th), Rango (22nd), The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (28th), Moneyball (43rd), and War Horse (46th) were nominated for Best Picture, Best Animated Feature or any of the directing, acting or screenwriting awards. The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations were Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (1st), Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2nd), Rise of the Planet of the Apes (11th), Rio (18th), The Muppets (34th), Real Steel (35th), and The Adventures of Tintin (47th).
Critical reviews
The show received a mixed reception from media publications. Some media outlets were more critical of the show. Television critic Lori Rackl of the Chicago Sun-Times criticized Crystal's performance saying that the emcee "left his A game at home Sunday. Crystal's mediocre monologue was consistent with a mediocre 84th installment of Hollywood's biggest awards ceremony. Columnist Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter quipped that "Somewhere, against all odds, James Franco is buying drinks for everybody." He went on to say that the previous year's critically panned telecast was eclipsed by Crystal's dull antics and that the show itself was "poorly paced as any in recent memory." Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times lamented, "The whole night looked like an AARP pep rally." She also noted that, "For a town that prides itself on tinsel and titillation, the night was pretty tame."
Other media outlets received the broadcast more positively. Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly commented that despite the ceremony running over three hours and honoring films that had earned modest box office numbers, "it was a jolly good show." He also praised the cast and several sketches and segments from the show. Film critic Roger Ebert lauded Crystal's performance saying "As probably the most popular Oscar emcee, he astonished the audience by topping himself." Of the show itself, Ebert added that it was "an unqualified improvement" over the previous year's ceremony. Associated Press critic Frazier Moore pointed out that Crystal's performance "was nothing new or unexpected in his act", but he extolled him for stewarding "a sleek and entertaining Oscarcast."
Ratings and reception
The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 39.46 million people over its length, which was a 4% increase from the previous year's ceremony. An estimated 76.56 million total viewers watched all or part of the awards. The show also earned higher Nielsen ratings compared to the previous ceremony with 23.91% of households watching over a 37.64 share. However the program scored a sightly lower 18-49 demo rating with an 11.67 rating over a 32.68 share among viewers in that demographic, essentially flat with last year's numbers. Many media outlets pointed out that the 54th Grammy Awards held two weeks earlier drew a larger audience with an average 39.92 million people watching.
In July 2012, the ceremony presentation received eight nominations at the 64th Primetime Emmys. Two months later, the ceremony won one of those nominations for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Variety Series or Special (Paul Sandweiss, Tommy Vicari, Pablo Munguia, Kristian Pedregon, Bob La Masney, Brian Riordan, Thomas Pesa, Michael Parker, Josh Morton, Patrick Baltzell, Larry Reed, and John Perez).
In Memoriam
The annual In Memoriam tribute, was presented by host Billy Crystal. Singer Esperanza Spalding performed the Louis Armstrong song "What a Wonderful World" alongside the Southern California Children's Chorus during the tribute.
Jane Russell – Actress
Annie Girardot – Actress
John Calley – Executive producer
Polly Platt – Production designer, producer
Ken Russell – Producer, writer, actor
Donald Peterman – Cinemagrapher
Farley Granger – Actor
Whitney Houston – Actress, singer
Bingham Ray – Executive
Takuo Miyagishima – Design engineer
Bert Schneider – Producer
Michael Cacoyannis – Director, writer, producer
David Z. Goodman – Writer
James Rodnunsky – Engineer
Peter E. Berger – Film editor
Jack J. Hayes – Composer, arranger
Peter Falk – Actor
Cliff Robertson – Actor
Laura Ziskin – Producer, humanitarian
Sidney Lumet – Director, producer, screenwriter
Sue Mengers – Talent agent
Steve Jobs – Executive
George Kuchar – Experimental filmmaker
Hal Kanter – Writer, director
Theadora Van Runkle – Costume designer
Tim Hetherington – Documentarian
Gene Cantamessa – Sound
Gary Winick – Director, producer
Bill Varney – Sound mixer
Jackie Cooper – Actor, director
Gilbert Cates – Director, producer
Richard Leacock – Documentarian
James M. Roberts – Academy executive director
Marion Dougherty – Casting director
Norman Corwin – Writer, producer
Paul John Haggar – Post production executive
Joseph Farell – Marketing research
Ben Gazzara – Actor, director
Elizabeth Taylor – Actress
See also
18th Screen Actors Guild Awards
32nd Golden Raspberry Awards
32nd Brit Awards
54th Grammy Awards
64th Primetime Emmy Awards
65th British Academy Film Awards
36th Laurence Olivier Awards
66th Tony Awards
69th Golden Globe Awards
List of submissions to the 84th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
Notes
aKodak ended its naming rights deal prior to the ceremony, and was temporarily renamed "Hollywood and Highland Center" for the ceremony. The theater was later named Dolby Theatre on May 1, 2012.
b:If the color sequences in Schindler's List are taken into consideration, The Artist becomes the first completely black-and-white film to win Best Picture since 1960's The Apartment.
c:In July 2012, the academy revoked the Best Live Action Short Film nomination for Tuba Atlantic after the organization learned that the film was broadcast on television in 2010.
References
External links
Official websites
Academy Awards Official website
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Official website
Oscar's Channel at YouTube (run by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences)
News resources
Oscars 2012 BBC News
Oscars Hub 2012 Empire
Oscars 2012 The Guardian
Analysis
2011 Academy Awards Winners and History Filmsite
Academy Awards, USA: 2012 Internet Movie Database
Other resources
84th Academy Awards show – slideshow by The Indianapolis Star
2011 film awards
2012 awards in the United States
2012 in American cinema
2012 in Los Angeles
Academy Awards ceremonies
February 2012 events in the United States
Television shows directed by Don Mischer |
20469392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen%20Rider%20Decade | Kamen Rider Decade | is the title of the first installment of the 2009 editions of the long-running Kamen Rider Series of tokusatsu dramas. Decade, as its title suggests, is the tenth of the Heisei Rider special anniversary Series, having begun with Kamen Rider Kuuga in 2000. Its protagonists are able to transform into not only their own unique, but also all of the previous 9 Heisei Kamen Rider phase 1 "Kamen Rider Kuuga - Kamen Rider Kiva" (Also able to Heisei phase 2 "Kamen Rider W - Kamen Rider Zi-O" with the Neo DecaDriver in twentieth of the Heisei Rider special anniversary series "Kamen Rider Zi-O") and All Showa Kamen Rider, each of which have their own unique power that the Decade can access. It began broadcasting the week following the finale of Kamen Rider Kiva and was featured in Super Hero Time alongside the 2009 edition of the Super Sentai Series, Samurai Sentai Shinkenger. The series ties in with the arcade game Kamen Rider Battle: Ganbaride, with Kamen Riders Decade and Diend using cards resembling those used in the game to transform and access various weapons. Inspiration for this series was very likely to have been the fact that Toei had successfully ensured that the Kamen Rider series lasted a whole decade (2000-2009) without the show going into a period of hiatus which had always occurred since the franchise began in the 1970s. The series' English dub aired on October 20, 2012, 5:30 p.m. at Singapore's Okto Channel, Mediacorp. Kamen Rider Zi-O, the last Heisei era series of 2018-2019, acts as a spiritual sequel, where both Decade and Diend play prominent roles as re-occurring side characters who are directly involved in that series plotline.
Production And Casting
The Kamen Rider Decade trademark was registered by Toei on July 29, 2008.
Masahiro Inoue, who portrayed Keigo Atobe in the Prince of Tennis musicals, was cast in the lead role for Decade as Tsukasa Kadoya/Kamen Rider Decade. Also involved were Kanna Mori as Natsumi Hikari/Kamen Rider Kivala, and Renji Ishibashi as Natsumi's grandfather Eijiro Hikari. Another member of the cast was Tatsuhito Okuda as the mysterious Narutaki. The world of Kamen Rider Kuuga, as well as most of the other Rider Worlds, sport several characters who have been renamed and cast with different actors. Ryota Murai was cast as Yusuke Onodera who is the series' version of Kamen Rider Kuuga. Rounding up the cast was Kimito Totani who portrayed the thief Daiki Kaito/Kamen Rider Diend.
Synopsis
The story follows Tsukasa Kadoya, an amnesiac photographer in the World of Natsumi. During an attack of many different Kaijin from throughout the Heisei Kamen Rider history Tsukasa becomes Kamen Rider Decade. He then learns that he needs to save the World of Natsumi by traveling to the nine AR worlds, meaning another rider worlds or alternate reality worlds. He begins traveling through the worlds with his friend Natsumi and her grandfather though he later begins traveling with Yusuke Onodera from the World of Kuuga, Kivala from the World of Kiva, and Daiki Kaito from the World of DiEnd. While journeying through the worlds Tsukasa and his companions meet Narutaki, a man who believes Tsukasa is the destroyer of worlds. They also begin running into Dai-Shocker, an alliance of terrorist organizations from across the many worlds. Will Tsukasa and his companions save the many worlds and stop Dai-Shocker, or will Tsukasa become the prophesied destroyer of worlds?
To fit with the printing motif of the series, the main Kamen Riders of the series follow the CMYK color model: Decade is magenta, Diend is cyan, and Kuuga ((Rising) Ultimate Form) is black and yellow. In the Cho-Den-O Trilogy film Episode Yellow: Treasure de End Pirates, Diend is the primary character, emphasizing the yellow accents on his DienDriver and the enhanced Kamen Rider Diend card.
Rider War
The , first revealed in Natsumi Hikari's dream, is a predestined event composed of many Kamen Riders called the , all of whom were seemingly defeated by Kamen Rider Decade. However, Kamen Rider Kuuga survived the initial battle, assuming Ultimate Form to confront Decade once again with the two seemingly destroying each other in the ensuing battle. As Narutaki explains to Natsumi, the dream is a predestined event in which Decade will destroy all the worlds.
Episodes
Generally, episodes of Decade are titled similarly to the episodes of the series that they reference. Kamen Rider Kuugas episodes were titled with only two kanji and episodes of Kamen Rider Kiva have a musical reference and musical notation in the title. For the World of Hibiki story arc, the episode title cards are stylized in calligraphy similar to the styles featured in Kamen Rider Hibiki. For the World of Amazon story arc, the episode title had a reference from Kamen Rider Amazon episode 3. An episode arc also features a crossover with Samurai Sentai Shinkenger.
In an interview in the March 2009 issue of Kindai Magazine, Masahiro Inoue stated that Decade was slated as having only 30 episodes. A subsequent interview in Otonafami magazine confirmed that only 30 episodes were filmed, with 31 episodes airing in total.
Films
The Onigashima Warship
was released on May 1, 2009. The film takes place between episodes 15 and 16 of Decade and primarily features the cast characters from Kamen Rider Den-O in their new media franchise, the Cho-Den-O Series.
All Riders vs. Dai-Shocker
The film opened in Japanese theaters on August 8, 2009, double-booked with the Shinkenger film. The film is billed as featuring twenty-six Kamen Riders: the original ten Showa Riders, Black, Black RX, Shin, ZO, J, the previous nine titular Heisei Riders, Decade, and Diend, serving as a tribute to the entire Kamen Rider franchise as a whole. It also features the first on-screen appearance of the 11th Heisei Kamen Rider: Kamen Rider Double. The film provides light to Tsukasa's past and Decade's relation with the mysterious Dai-Shocker organization, whose membership is composed of the various villains and monsters that previous Kamen Riders battled with. The events of the movie take place between episodes 29 and 30.
Movie War 2010
As part of the triple feature, Decades film tells the story of what happens following the television series' cliffhanger finale, and was released in Japanese theaters on December 12, 2009 (initially hinted during a post credits trailer after All Riders vs. Dai-Shocker). Kamen Rider W was also featured in the sequence. The October issue of TV-Kun also makes reference to this movie, stating that . Gackt once again performed the film's theme song, "Stay the Ride Alive" that was released on January 1, 2010.
Super Hero Taisen
is a film which features a crossover between the characters of the Kamen Rider and Super Sentai Series, including the protagonists of Kamen Rider Decade and Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger alongside the casts of Kamen Rider Fourze, Kamen Rider OOO, and Tokumei Sentai Go-Busters. Masahiro Inoue and Kimito Totani reprised their roles as Tsukasa Kadoya and Daiki Kaito, along with Tatsuhito Okuda as Narutaki and Doktor G.
Kamen Rider Taisen
made its theater debut on March 29, 2014. Masahiro Inoue, playing Kamen Rider Decade, alongside many other lead actors of other series appear in the film, including Gaku Sano of Kamen Rider Gaim, Renn Kiriyama of Kamen Rider W, Kohei Murakami and Kento Handa of Kamen Rider 555, Shunya Shiraishi from Kamen Rider Wizard, Ryo Hayami of Kamen Rider X, and Hiroshi Fujioka of the original Kamen Rider. The Sentai teams' Ressha Sentai ToQger and Ryo Ryusei as Daigo Kiryu from Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger are also in the movie. Shun Sugata playing Kamen Rider ZX from the Birth of the 10th! Kamen Riders All Together!! TV special returns, also performing as Ambassador Darkness. Itsuji Itao of Kamen Rider The First plays Ren Aoi, Kamen Rider Fifteen, a main antagonist of the film.
Kamen Rider G
In addition to commemorating the 10th anniversary of the Heisei Kamen Rider Series, Kamen Rider Decade was broadcast during the 50th anniversary of TV Asahi broadcasting. In a collaboration with popular band SMAP, TV Asahi and Ishimori Productions put forward a special production for SMAP's SmaSTATION talk show titled . It premiered on January 31, 2009.
Kamen Rider G featured several actors from previous Kamen Rider programs in cameos. Kohei Murakami of Kamen Rider 555 fame played a medical experiment subject. Mitsuru Karahashi (also from 555) and Kenji Matsuda (from Hibiki and Kiva) portrayed members of the Shade terrorist cell. Kazutoshi Yokoyama and Eitoku, two suit actors commonly used by the Kamen Rider production team portrayed security guards in the TV Asahi building. Voice actor Katsumi Shiono provides vocal effects for the Phylloxera Worm, as he often does for Kamen Rider monsters. Popular TV Asahi announcer Yoko Ooshita also makes an appearance in Kamen Rider G as herself.
The original characters for Kamen Rider G are all wine-themed. The titular character's transformation requires a bottle of wine to be inserted into a transformation belt that acts as a wine opener, and he is armed with a sword that resembles a corkscrew as well as a sommelier knife. His Rider Kick finisher is also wine-based, as it is called the . The letter "G" in the title is taken to either meaning "Good", referring to the actor Goro Inagaki, or as an onomatopoeia of the sound of wine being poured out of a bottle (). The antagonist of the piece is a Worm called the ; the phylloxera fly is a grapevine pest. The Phylloxera Worm would later be used as the antagonist for the Kamen Rider Kabuto episodes of Decade.
Within the small production, a terrorist organization known as takes over the TV Asahi studios in Tokyo. The group led by Daidō Oda (Yusuke Kamiji) demands that the Japanese government release their leader Seizan Tokugawa (Show Aikawa), who was arrested after the group's human experimentations came to light. The Shade cell is assisted by the brainwashed Goro (SMAP's Goro Inagaki), but when he sees that his girlfriend Eri Hinata (Yumiko Shaku) is amongst the hostages, he regains his memories and turns on the Shade terrorists. Oda is forced to reveal himself as the Phylloxera Worm, and reveals that several other Shade members have been converted into Worms. Goro transforms into Kamen Rider G to take on the Worms, defeating them all save for Phylloxera who is much too strong for him. Just then, Kamen Rider Decade and the other Heisei Kamen Riders appear to give Kamen Rider G the confidence he needs to destroy the Phylloxera Worm with his Swirling Rider Kick. As the Phylloxera Worm says in his last breath that the war is not over, Goro reunites with Eri before proclaiming he will protect the world from Shade's evil influence.
Super Adventure DVD
The called is the Hyper Battle DVD for Decade. Like Kivas DVD, it is another "Choose Your Own Adventure" style story. The viewer's choices throughout the DVD affect how Decade and Diend's fight against Dai-Shocker's as well as Yusuke Onodera's completion of the Decade Bazooka weapon from a punch out sheet in the back of a Televi-Kun magazine. The events of the specials take place between episodes 29 and 30.
World of Stronger
For Decades S.I.C Hero Saga side story tells of how Tsukasa and the Hikari Studio crew enter the reality in which Kamen Rider Stronger takes place and meet up with the characters within, such as the original Yuriko Misaki. The first episode was published in Hobby Japan, June 2010.
Novel
, written by Aki Kanehiro and supervised by Toshiki Inoue, is part of a series of spin-off novel adaptions of the Heisei Era Kamen Riders. The novel was released on April 12, 2013.
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Songs
Opening theme
"Journey Through the Decade"
Lyrics: Shoko Fujibayashi
Composition: Ryo (of defspiral)
Arrangement: Kōtarō Nakagawa, Ryo
Artist: Gackt
Episodes: Nine Worlds arc (first verse), New Worlds arc (second verse)
In its first week on the Oricon Weekly Charts, "Journey Through the Decade" reached the #2 spot, having sold approximately 51,666 records in that time.
Insert themes
"Ride the Wind"
Lyrics: Shoko Fujibayashi
Composition & Arrangement: Shuhei Naruse
Artist: Tsukasa Kadoya (Masahiro Inoue)
Episodes: 10 - 22, 28
Masahiro Inoue had been recording "Ride the Wind" with Shuhei Naruse released on April 22, 2009. Prior to its appearance in the series, Inoue announced the song on his blog and that he would record it under his character's name.
"Treasure Sniper"
Lyrics: Shoko Fujibayashi
Composition & Arrangement: Ryo
Artist: Daiki Kaito (Kimito Totani)
Episodes: 23 - 27, 29 - 31
On June 23, 2009, Kimito Totani announced on his personal blog that he was recording a new song for Decade. The Toei blog for Decade announced its title was "Treasure Sniper". Although "Treasure Sniper" did not have a release as a single, it and its instrumental are included on the MASKED RIDER DECADE COMPLETE CD-BOX boxed set. It was later released as the B-side to the single "Climax-Action ~The Den-O History~", the theme song for the Cho-Den-O Trilogy film in which Kamen Rider Diend is the main character.
Avex Group, as part of Decades soundtrack, released a series of albums featuring the songs of the previous nine Heisei Rider series titled the Masked Rider series Theme song Re-Product CD SONG ATTACK RIDE series. Each album features the original opening theme song, as well as a rearrangement of each by "Kamen Rider's official band" Rider Chips and by "Climax Jump" composer Shuhei Naruse. The first album, released on May 20, 2009, features originally performed by Masayuki Tanaka for Kamen Rider Kuuga, "Break the Chain" originally performed by Tourbillon for Kamen Rider Kiva, and "Alive A life" originally performed by Rica Matsumoto for Kamen Rider Ryuki. The second album, released on June 24, 2009, features "Round ZERO~BLADE BRAVE" originally performed by Nanase Aikawa for Kamen Rider Blade, "Justiφ's" originally performed by Issa of Da Pump for Kamen Rider 555, and originally performed by Shinichi Ishihara for Kamen Rider Agito. The third album was released on July 22, 2009, and features the "Climax Jump" by AAA DEN-O form for Kamen Rider Den-O, "NEXT LEVEL" by YU-KI for Kamen Rider Kabuto, and by Akira Fuse for Kamen Rider Hibiki.
Gackt performed the theme to the film Kamen Rider Decade: All Riders vs. Dai-Shocker. The song is titled "The Next Decade", and was released on August 11, 2009.
References
External links
at Toei Company
at Avex Group
2009 Japanese television series debuts
2009 Japanese television series endings
Crossover tokusatsu television series
Decade
Television series about parallel universes
Fiction about amnesia |
23576567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%20Schodorf | Jean Schodorf | Jean Kurtis Schodorf (born June 11, 1950), a former three-term Republican Kansas state senator, was the Democratic Party nominee for Kansas Secretary of State in 2014. She was defeated on November 4, 2014 by incumbent Kris Kobach by a margin of 59%-41%.
Early life
Schodorf was born to Wilma Mary Horton (1911–2002) and William A. Kuretich (Croatian: Kuretić), of Croatian origin (1914–2001), a U.S. Marine Corps brigadier general and decorated veteran of World War II. Her father’s military career included extensive travel for his family. Upon his retirement, the family settled in Independence, Kansas. She is the sister of television journalist Bill Kurtis.
Education
Schodorf is a speech/language pathologist and graduated from University of New Mexico (Bachelor of Arts and Masters of Science) and Wichita State University (Ph.D. in Communicative Disorders, post-doctoral work in education administration).
Political career
From 1989 to 2000, she was on the Board of Education for Unified School District 259 (Wichita School District) and was the board president in 1993, 1997 and 1999.
She was a Republican member of the Kansas Senate, representing the 25th district in Wichita, from 2001 to 2013.
In 2010, Schodorf was a candidate for U.S Representative of the 4th district, being vacated by Todd Tiahrt. She finished third in the Republican primary to Mike Pompeo, who won the general election.
In the 2012 Republican Primary, Senator Schodorf, and Senate President Stephen Morris and six other state senate moderates were opposed by Governor Sam Brownback, the Kansas Chamber of Commerce and the Koch brothers. At the time, Schodorf was the Majority Whip. She was defeated August 7, 2012, in her attempt to be re-elected to the Kansas State Senate by Wichita City Council member Michael O'Donnell, 59 percent to 41 percent. Of those targeted, only Senator Carolyn McGinn won re-election.
In January 2013, Schodorf changed her party affiliation to Democrat.
In May 2016 Schodorf, by then a resident of Sedan, Kansas, announced she was running again for the Kansas legislature, this time as a State Representative for District 12 in Southeast, Kansas. She lost the general election to Republican primary winner Doug Blex.
Committee assignments
Sen. Schodorf served on these legislative committees:
Education (chair)
Joint Committee on Arts and Cultural Resources (vice-chair)
Commerce
Confirmation Oversight
Interstate Cooperation
Judiciary
Ways and Means
Sponsored legislation
Legislation sponsored or co-sponsored by Sen. Schodorf includes:
A resolution opposing relocation of Guantanamo detainees to Kansas.
A resolution regarding the right to bear arms.
Major donors
Some of the top contributors to Sen. Schodorf's 2008 campaign were, according to the National Institute on Money in State Politics the Kansas Realtors Association, Kansas Contractors Association, Kansas Republican Senatorial Committee, Kansans for Lifesaving Cures and the Kansas National Education Association. Institutions were her major donor group.
Elections
2010 run for Congress
In 2010, Sen. Schodorf entered the primary race for the 4th Congressional District of Kansas, running against four other Republicans (Jim Anderson, Wink Hartman, Mike Pompeo and Paij Rutschman). She was endorsed by former U.S. Sen Nancy Kassebaum Baker on July 13, 2010. Schodorf finished second in the Republican primary, losing to eventual general election winner Mike Pompeo.
2012
In the 2012 Republican primary for her state senate seat, Sen. Schodorf was defeated by Michael O'Donnell of Wichita in the Republican Primary on August 7, 2012, by a 2,785 to 1,949 margin. Schodorf, a moderate, had been targeted by conservatives Republicans for defeat. O'Donnell went on to defeat Democratic nominee, the late Timothy L. Snow in the general election.
2014
In September 2013, Schodorf announced she was running for Secretary of State of Kansas, switching parties to run as a Democrat. She was defeated by incumbent Republican Kris Kobach, who was running for re-election.
2016
Running from rural Sedan, she lost the general election to Republican Doug Blex.60.9% to 30%.
References
External links
Kansas Senate
Project Vote Smart profile
Follow the Money campaign contributions
2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008
State Sen. Schodorf says she is leaving GOP
Kansas state senators
Living people
University of New Mexico alumni
Wichita State University alumni
School board members in Kansas
Women state legislators in Kansas
American people of Croatian descent
Kansas Democrats
Kansas Republicans
Speech and language pathologists
People from Cherry Point, North Carolina
People from Sedan, Kansas
1950 births
Candidates in the 2014 United States elections
Candidates in the 2010 United States elections
Candidates in the 2016 United States elections
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American women politicians
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians |
20469399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncial%200259 | Uncial 0259 | Uncial 0259 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 7th century. The codex contains some parts of the 1 Timothy 1:4-5.6-7, on 2 parchment leaves (12 cm by 10 cm). Written in one column per page, 11 lines per page, in uncial letters.
Text
[transcribed by Kurt Treu]
According to Elliott Treu wrongly deciphered reading οικονομιαν, according to him the manuscript reads οικοδομη.
The nomina sacra contracted. It has two singular readings:
εξετραπτησαν instead of εξετραπησαν
νοσουντης instead of νοουντης.
The text-type of this codex is mixed. Aland placed it in Category III.
History
Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 7th century.
Currently the codex is housed at the Berlin State Museums (P. 3605) in Berlin.
See also
List of New Testament uncials
Textual criticism
Uncial 0262
References
Further reading
Peter Head, Two Parchments Witnessing First Timothy 1 (2007)
G. H. R. Horseley, "New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity" 2 (Macquarie University, 1982), pp. 125-140.
Elliott, J.K., The Greek Text of the Epistles to Timothy and Titus. (Studies and Documents 26). Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1968. p. 19.
Kurt Treu, "Neue Neutestamentliche Fragmente der Berliner Papyrussammlung", APF 18 (Berlin: 1966), pp. 23-38.
Greek New Testament uncials
7th-century biblical manuscripts |
20469403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunobiki%20Dam | Nunobiki Dam | Nunobiki Dam is a dam in Kobe, in Hyōgo Prefecture of Japan. It is the first concrete gravity dam in Japan. It is situated in Chuo-ku, Kobe, at the foot of the mountain stream Nunohiki and waterfall of the same name. In 2006 with the modernization of water resources and water supply, the dam was designated as important heritage site.
History
The modern water supply plan in Japan was originally drawn up in 1887 but in 1892, Professor William Barton from the British Ministry of Engineering proposed an earth-fill dam with a reservoir capacity of about 31 million tons. Construction began in 1897 and it was completed in 1900. In 2005, the dam was partly reconstructed to incorporate seismic strengthening and sediment dredging was completed.
Gallery
Dams in Hyogo Prefecture
Dams completed in 1900
Buildings of the Meiji period
Important Cultural Properties of Japan |
23576576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss%20Namibia%202009 | Miss Namibia 2009 | Miss Namibia 2009 was held on June 7, 2009 in Windhoek, Namibia. The winner represented Namibia in Miss Universe 2009 and Miss World 2009. 10 contestants competed for crown. The first runner up entered in Miss International 2009. The second runner up entered in Miss Earth 2009. This is the first edition that they acquired the license for Miss International and Miss Earth.
Results
Special Awards
Miss Friendship - Daniella Filipovic (Swakopmund)
Miss Photogenic - Theodora Amutjira (Erongo)
Best Face - (Khomas)
Miss Internet - (Khomas)
Miss Congeniality - Selma Usiku (Oshikoto)
Contestants
External links
Official Website
New Miss Namibia 2009
2009
2009 beauty pageants
2009 in Namibia |
23576585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whites%20Road%2C%20Chennai | Whites Road, Chennai | Whites Road in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India branches off from Anna Salai, Chennai's arterial road near National Insurance Company after Thousand Lights Mosque and reaches up to Royapettah Clock Tower near Wesley Church. Chennai's famous Express Avenue shopping mall is located on this road.
Major institutions located at this road includes
United India Insurance
Corporation Bank
Cognizant Technology Solutions
Hobart Muslim Girls Higher Secondary School
Wesley Higher Secondary School
References
Roads in Chennai |
20469414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20D%27Ambrosio | Paul D'Ambrosio | Paul D'Ambrosio is an American journalist and novelist. He is the executive editor of the Asbury Park Press, and creator of DataUniverse.com, a public records site used by multiple Gannett newspapers.
Education
D'Ambrosio graduated from The George Washington University. In 2018, he received an M.A. in journalism and strategic communications from the University of Memphis.
Career
Journalism
In October 1981, D'Ambrosio joined the Asbury Park Press as a reporter responsible for covering Jackson Township, New Jersey. He was later promoted to an investigations editor, senior regional news strategist, and director of investigations and news director for the newspaper before becoming the executive editor in 2019.
D'Ambrosio works in a field of journalism called computer-assisted reporting, which uses various programs to analyze government data. An unnamed precursor to DataUniverse was launched in the Spring of 2005 by D'Ambrosio, and the full DataUniverse was launched on the Asbury Park Press's website, on December 1, 2006. The site is programmed and maintained by D'Ambrosio. DataUniverse contains more than two dozen databases from crime records to property sale information, and garners about 1 million page views a week. The DataUniverse model has been widely duplicated throughout the Gannett newspaper chain and other news outlets.
As both editor and writer, he has won and shared in the Selden Ring Award for Investigative Reporting, the Farfel Prize for Excellence in Investigative Reporting, the National Headliner awards for Public Service and Series Writing, two Associated Press Managing Editors' awards for Public Service, the Clark Mollenhoff Memorial Award for Investigative Reporting, three National Press Club awards for consumer journalism, and three Brechner Freedom of Information awards.
"Fighting New Jersey's Tax Crush" (2009), which D'Ambrosio edited and co-wrote, was named a finalist for the 2010 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service.
Fiction writing
D'Ambrosio's debut novel, Cold Rolled Dead, was a finalist for the Eric Hoffer Award in 2008, and was a best-seller for several weeks on Amazon.com's Techno-thriller list. His work has been compared to Tom Clancy by The SandPaper news magazine. The Asbury Park Press, D'Ambrosio's employer, called the novel "... a page-turner with hefty detail on police procedure ... and human nature at its darkest....
Selected works
News articles
Vital Signs (1996) (D'Ambrosio, Linsk, McEnry, Becker)
House of Cards (1997–98) (Asbury Park Press Staff)
Right to Know Nothing (1999) (D'Ambrosio)
Profiting from Public Service (2003–2004) (D'Ambrosio and Gannett New Jersey staff)
Pay to Play and The Power Brokers (2004) (D'Ambrosio, Prado Roberts, and Gannett Staff)
Fighting New Jersey's Tax Crush (2009) (D'Ambrosio, Mikle, Clurfeld, Bates, Mullen)
Novels
Cold Rolled Dead (2007), Down the Shore Publishing Inc.
Easy Squeezy (2013), Down the Shore Publishing Inc.
References
20th-century American novelists
American thriller writers
Columbian College of Arts and Sciences alumni
American investigative journalists
Living people
Writers from Philadelphia
Syracuse University faculty
21st-century American novelists
American expatriates in Thailand
American male novelists
Novelists from Pennsylvania
Novelists from New York (state)
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers |
23576587 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick%20Kelsey%20%28politician%29 | Dick Kelsey (politician) | Dick Kelsey is a former Republican member of the Kansas Senate, representing the 26th district from 2009 until 2013. He was previously a Kansas Representative elected in 2005.
Kelsey was a candidate for the United States House of Representatives in Kansas's 4th congressional district to succeed fellow Republican Todd Tiahrt. He suspended his campaign on March 5, 2010 due to health concerns of his wife. Kelsey endorsed Mike Pompeo to replace Tiahrt on March 17, 2010.
Issue positions
Sen. Kelsey's issue positions and what he supports, according to his website:
Budget transparency
Less government spending
Tax decreases- including the prevention of higher taxes by signing the Taxpayer Protection Pledge
Funds for maintaining and improving the public schools
Making abortion illegal
Tougher penalties for crime
Affordable health care and putting "Kansans in charge of their health care dollars."
Enforcing immigration laws; penalties for illegal immigrants
Business growth and private sector job growth
Committee assignments
Sen. Kelsey serves on these legislative committees:
Commerce
Joint Committee on Corrections and Juvenile Justice Oversight
Financial Institutions and Insurance
Public Health and Welfare
Sponsored legislation
Legislation sponsored or co-sponsored by Sen. Kelsey includes:
An act repealing the Kansas insurance score act
A resolution regarding the right to bear arms
An amendment to have supreme court justices' appointments subject to consent of the Senate.
A proposition to create a budget stabilization fund
Major donors
Some of the top contributors to Sen. Kelsey's 2008 campaign, according to the National Institute on Money in State Politics:
Kansas Republican Senatorial Committee, Koch Industries, Kansas Association of Realtors, Restore America PAC Inc., Kansas Medical Society PAC. His total funds raised were $44,000.
His opponent was Pam Frieden who raised $39,000. Her major contributors included the Kansas NEA, Zollerlutzweinbarager LLC, and the Wichita-Hutchinson Labor Federation.
References
External links
Dick Kelsey for Congress congressional campaign website
Kansas Senate
Project Vote Smart profile
Follow the Money campaign contributions
2006, 2008
Americans for Tax Reform
Members of the Kansas House of Representatives
Kansas state senators
Living people
Kansas Republicans
1946 births
Politicians from Camden, New Jersey
21st-century American politicians |
17337082 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20Jam%20%28video%20game%29 | Space Jam (video game) | Space Jam is a sports video game that ties in with the film of the same name, and based on Looney Tunes characters by Warner Bros. It was released for the Sony PlayStation and Sega Saturn consoles, and MS-DOS computers. Unlike the film and real rules of basketball, each team plays 3-on-3. Players have a choice whether to play as the TuneSquad or the Monstars. It features basic controls and 2D graphics. The game was developed by Sculptured Software, who also developed the Looney Tunes-based basketball game Looney Tunes B-Ball for Sunsoft the year prior to the production of the Space Jam film, and published by Acclaim Entertainment, who also published the NBA Jam series of basketball games.
Gameplay
Before the actual game of basketball begins, Daffy Duck takes part in a game where he has to find parts of Michael Jordan's uniform, avoiding the family dog Charles. In-between quarters, mini-games such as Shoot Out, Space Race, and Hall of Hijinx are available; after the 2nd quarter, Bugs takes part in a minigame where he has to find water bottles containing Michael's secret stuff.
Reception
Space Jam received unfavorable reviews, with critics generally commenting that the basketball is overly simplistic and easy. Some attributed this to the unbalanced characters, stating that Michael Jordan is overpowered and the Monstars are all underpowered. Most found the mini-games to be poor. The graphics were also criticized, with many critics saying they could have been done on 16-bit consoles, though the depictions of the popular Looney Tunes characters were praised.
GamePro described the game as "ordinary". GameSpots Tom Ham stated that "despite the use of much-loved Warner Bros. cartoon characters, Space Jam fails miserably in every category." Dan Hsu and Crispin Boyer of Electronic Gaming Monthly also panned the game, while their co-reviewers Shawn Smith and Sushi-X defended it, arguing that it was clearly designed for children, making the simplistic gameplay and low difficulty appropriate for its target audience. A reviewer for Next Generation countered this argument by pointing out that it uses one more button than NBA Jam does, which he felt made it too complicated for young players. He remarked that "While it's hard to forgive the poor basketball, it's even harder to like Space Jam given the disc's numerous carnival style mini games ... They add some variety, but are so simplistic that the effort put into creating them would have been much better spent on improving the core game." Sega Saturn Magazines Lee Nutter felt that Space Jam was decent as a multiplayer game, but fell short of other basketball games on the market, most notably Acclaim and Sculptured Software's own NBA Jam Extreme.
References
External links
Cultural depictions of Michael Jordan
1996 video games
Acclaim Entertainment games
Basketball video games
Crossover video games
DOS games
Minigame compilations
Video games based on Looney Tunes
PlayStation (console) games
Sega Saturn games
Video games based on films
Video games based on real people
Space Jam
Cartoon Network video games
Video games developed in the United States |
17337094 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skimmia%20arborescens | Skimmia arborescens | Skimmia arborescens is a small tree or shrub. It is grown as an ornamental plant. It ranges from the Himalayas to Southeast Asia.
References
arborescens |
20469418 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.J.%20Ritchie%20Hut | R.J. Ritchie Hut | The R.J. Ritchie Hut (Balfour Hut) is an alpine hut located at an altitude of between the southern tip of the Wapta Icefield and the northern tip of the Waputik Icefield in Banff National Park. The hut is at the half-way mark for the Wapta traverse and is usually used in conjunction with the other huts in this chain while attempting a cross-glacier ski trip. The hut is maintained by the Alpine Club of Canada.
The hut sleeps 18 in the summer and 16 in the winter. It is equipped with propane-powered lamps and stovetop.
The hut requires approximately three to five hours of glacier travel to get to from the Bow Hut, or six to eight hours from the Scott Duncan Hut.
Location
The hut is found on low, rocky hills at the toe of the Vulture Glacier. It is east of Balfour Pass and the continental divide, just inside the boundary of Banff National Park.
History
The original Balfour Hut, a fibreglass igloo built in 1965 at Balfour Pass in Banff National Park, was the first hut on the Wapta Icefield. Construction was undertaken by the Alpine Club of Canada and the Calgary Ski Club. It survived until 1971, having been disassembled and reassembled entirely with Swiss Army Knives, airlifted by helicopter, and inadvertently dropped onto a glacial moraine. Eventually, marauding bands of wolverines destroyed it.
The second Balfour Hut was constructed in 1971 of cedar logs on the south side of Mount Olive to the west of the continental divide in Yoho National Park. It lasted for 18 years.
In 1989, the current metal hut was built at a new location in Banff National Park: the toe of the Vulture Glacier.
Nearby
Wapta Icefield
Waputik Icefield
Bow Hut
Scott Duncan Hut
References
Mountain huts in Canada
Buildings and structures in Banff National Park |
23576590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chung%20Kai-lai | Chung Kai-lai | Kai Lai Chung (traditional Chinese: 鍾開萊; simplified Chinese: 钟开莱; September 19, 1917 – June 2, 2009) was a Chinese-American mathematician known for his significant contributions to modern probability theory.
Biography
Chung was a native of Hangzhou, the capital city of Zhejiang Province. Chung entered Tsinghua University in 1936, and initially studied physics at its Department of Physics. In 1940, Chung graduated from the Department of Mathematics of the National Southwestern Associated University, where he later worked as a teaching assistant. During this period, he first studied number theory with Lo-Keng Hua and then probability theory with Pao-Lu Hsu.
In 1944, Chung was chosen to be one of the recipients of the 6th Boxer Indemnity Scholarship Program for study in the United States. He arrived at Princeton University in December 1945 and obtained his PhD in 1947. Chung's dissertation was titled “On the maximum partial sum of sequences of independent random variables” and was under the supervision of John Wilder Tukey and Harald Cramér.
In 1950s, Chung taught at the University of Chicago, Columbia University, UC-Berkeley, Cornell University and Syracuse University. He then transferred to Stanford University in 1961, where he made fundamental contributions to the study of Brownian motion and laid the framework for the general mathematical theory of Markov chains. Chung would later be appointed Professor Emeritus of Mathematics of the Department of Mathematics at Stanford.
Chung was regarded as one of the leading probabilists after World War II. He was an Invited Speaker at the ICM in 1958 in Edinburgh and in 1970 in Nice. Some of his most influential contributions have been in the form of his expositions in his textbooks on elementary probability and Markov chains. In addition, Chung also explored other branches of mathematics, such as probabilistic potential theory and gauge theorems for the Schrödinger equation.
Chung's visit to China in 1979 (together with Joseph L. Doob and Jacques Neveu), and his subsequent visits, served as a point of renewed exchange between Chinese probabilists and their Western counterparts. He also served as an external examiner for several universities in the Asian region, including the National University of Singapore.
In 1981, Chung initiated, with Erhan Cinlar and Ronald Getoor, the "Seminars on Stochastic Processes", a popular annual national meeting covering Markov processes, Brownian motion and probability.
Chung also possessed a wide-ranging and intimate knowledge of literature and music, especially opera. He also had an interest in Italian culture and taught himself Italian after he retired. Chung spoke several languages and translated a probability book from Russian to English.
Chung died of natural causes on June 1, 2009, at the age of 91.
Publications
Elementary Probability Theory; by Kai Lai Chung & Farid Aitsahlia; Springer; .
A Course in Probability Theory; by Kai Lai Chung.
Markov Processes with Stationary Transition Probabilities, by Kai Lai Chung.
Selected Works Of Kai Lai Chung; World Scientific Publishing Company; .
Green, Brown, & Probability and Brownian Motion on the Line; by Kai Lai Chung; World Scientific Publishing Company; .
Introduction to stochastic integration (Progress in probability and statistics); K. L. Chung and R. J. Williams.
Introduction to Random Time and Quantum Randomness; by Kai Lai Chung & Jean Claude Zambrini; World Scientific; .
Chance & Choice: Memorabilia; Kai Lai Chung.
Markov Processes, Brownian Motion, and Time Symmetry; (Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften); by Kai Lai Chung & John B. Walsh.
From Brownian Motion to Schrödinger's Equation; (Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften); Kai Lai Chung & Zhongxin Zhao.
Lectures from Markov Processes to Brownian Motion; (Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften); by Kai Lai Chung.
Notes
External links
The Mathematics Genealogy Project: Kai Lai Chung
IMS Bulletin: IMS members’ news – obituary Kai Lai Chung (1917–2009)
Stanford Report: Kai Lai Chung, emeritus math professor, to be remembered at November 6 gathering
Kai Lai Chung died
Oberwolfach Photo Collection: Details for Kai Lai Chung
Tsinghua University Obituary: 世界知名概率学家钟开莱校友去世
Obituary Kai Lai Chung, 1917-2009 Obituary Kai Lai Chung, 1917-2009
1917 births
2009 deaths
Writers from Hangzhou
Republic of China (1912–1949) emigrants to the United States
Tsinghua University alumni
Princeton University alumni
Stanford University Department of Mathematics faculty
University of Chicago faculty
Columbia University faculty
Cornell University faculty
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Syracuse University faculty
American people of Chinese descent
American statisticians
Probability theorists
Boxer Indemnity Scholarship recipients
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century mathematicians
Chinese science writers
National Southwestern Associated University alumni
Mathematicians from New York (state)
Chinese mathematicians |
23576593 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%20Zarqan | Al Zarqan | Al Zarqan (, single Zarqani) is a Sunni Muslim tribe, said to be belonging to the family house of prophet Muhammad.
The origin of Al Zarqan
Al Zarqan tribe come from Hejaz in Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Iraq, Libya, Jordan and Iran.
Places of proliferation
They lived in Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Iraq and Jordan and also in Ahvaz.
Sources
Tribes of Arabia
Yemeni tribes
Tribes of Iraq |
20469477 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivano%20Ciano | Ivano Ciano | Ivano Ciano (born 3 May 1983 in San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy) is an Italian footballer. He plays as a defender. He is currently playing for Italian Lega Pro Seconda Divisione team Catanzaro.
External links
Career statistics
Italian footballers
Vastese Calcio 1902 players
U.S. Catanzaro 1929 players
Living people
1983 births
Association football defenders |
20469504 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow%20P.%20Freeman | Snow P. Freeman | Snow Parker Freeman (1805–1862) was a lawyer and political figure from Liverpool, Nova Scotia. He represented Queen's County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1843 to 1855. He married Annie Head Mitchell in Halifax on March 24, 1846. She was the daughter of George Mitchell, Esq., of Halifax, a former merchant.
He was the son of Joseph Freeman. Freeman served as a judge in the probate court and also as consular agent for the United States. He died in Liverpool.
References
More, James F The History of Queens County, N.S (1972)
1805 births
1862 deaths
Nova Scotia pre-Confederation MLAs |
17337101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twister...Ride%20it%20Out | Twister...Ride it Out | Twister...Ride It Out was an indoor special effects attraction based on the 1996 film Twister, located in the New York themed area at Universal Studios Florida. It replaced Ghostbusters Spooktacular and opened to the general public on May 4, 1998. Hosts Bill Paxton and Helen Hunt, stars from the original film, were featured in recorded video footage and audio narrations throughout the attraction. Guests experienced a life-like encounter with a simulated tornado in the main show area which included water, fire, and the movement of objects across the stage among other audio and visual effects. Declining popularity due to a lack of long-term cultural significance led to the attraction's permanent closure on November 1, 2015. Race Through New York Starring Jimmy Fallon opened in its place two years later in 2017.
History
Prior to the opening of Twister...Ride it Out, the building housing the attraction was formerly home to Ghostbusters Spooktacular, a show themed to the Ghostbusters franchise that was featured at Universal Studios Florida's grand opening on June 7, 1990. By the mid-1990s, the popularity of the attraction had significantly declined, and its final show took place on November 8, 1996. Following the closure of Ghostbusters Spooktacular, Universal sought a change and considered theming a new attraction to Twister, a film that was released in theaters on May 10, 1996.
On February 6, 1997, Universal Studios Florida announced that they would be adding Twister...Ride it Out for the 1998 season in place of the former Ghostbusters Spooktacular. Construction began in the spring of 1997 and was completed later that year.
To accurately simulate a tornado, Universal Parks & Resorts entered talks with tornado meteorologists to discover the actual sights, sound, and feel of the experience. It was necessary to generate constant winds of for a full size effect generation. The sound of thunder was piped through 54 speakers powered by 42,000 watts, enough to power five average homes. The roar of the tornado was made of a combination of camel sounds, lion roars, backward human and animal screams. More than 65,000 gallons of water would simulate the rainstorm and could be ready for the next show every six minutes. The 20 laserdisc players, 300 speakers and 60 monitors were connected by 50 miles of electrical wire and controlled by 20 computers.
Twister...Ride it Out was originally going to open in March 1998, but just a few weeks before that, the Kissimmee tornado outbreak happened nearby. For this, the attraction's opening was delayed to May 4, 1998. During its opening year, staff members performed a demonstration of the attraction experience inside the wind truck. Officials also donated $100,000 to the victims. At the same time, Universal Studios Escape was introduced when the company was gearing up to open Islands of Adventure and CityWalk in 1999.
In 2008, the outdoor queue line was reduced to make room for Hollywood Rip Ride Rockit, where the roller coaster blasts through the firehouse facade. The ride involved the closure of the Boneyard in September 2008, and the moving of the Blue Man Group pathway in November 2008. This was to make room for the Universal Music Plaza Stage and the entrance of Hollywood Rip Ride Rockit.
On February 16, 2009, the attraction began operating only during peak seasons. However, it reopened by Universal on March 9, 2009 due to guest demand.
On October 27, 2015, Universal announced the decision to retire Twister...Ride it Out after 17 years of service on November 2, 2015. Over the years, it had become outdated and one of the park's least popular attractions. The film it was based on lacked long-term cultural significance, and the cost of operation was expensive. It was replaced by Race Through New York Starring Jimmy Fallon, a 3D motion simulator ride that was constructed in the same building.
In a window display of the Jimmy Fallon attraction featuring elements of NBC's broadcasting history, there are multiple references to the former Twister attraction including one that honors Bill Paxton, who died on February 25, 2017, shortly before the new ride's debut. It includes Bill Paxton's light blue shirt that became synonymous with the actor's performance in a video displayed in Twister's pre-show queue. Other references include a stapler on a nearby desk labeled "B. Paxton" and an advertisement for Twister Cola.
Attraction summary
Queue
Guests pass under the entrance and make a right turn. In the first half of the queue, guests bypass some studio props in an enclosed area behind the New York facade. A variety of songs are heard on the speakers in the area. Other visitors can see the guests bypassing the queue in the windows. There are some exit doors that guests can take if they decide not to experience the attraction. This can only be used if they are taking the standard line. A cow imprint in a metal bay door in the wall is shown on the left side. On the right side, there are Steven Spielberg, Bill Paxton and Helen Hunt director chairs. From time to time in the later years, guests can hear the roars coming from the Hollywood Rip Ride Rockit. Guests make a left turn and enter the second half of the queue, which takes place outside in a small mock-up of the Oklahoma town of Wakita. In this area, guests can watch real tornado videos on the television screens. Each video begins with the location and date being shown as a sound effect can be heard. There are two types of sound effects, with one being horror wind blowing and the other being inspired by the Jurassic Park opening theme. In addition, the television screens show tornado facts that guests can read while waiting in line. Each fact features a symbol being shown on the upper left side and a tornado background. Some of the facts include debris flying across the screen. Occasionally, the Twister logo will be shown on the screens as Bill Paxton can be heard telling guests to follow the safety instructions. When the attraction first opened, it featured a much larger outdoor queue with several vehicles, switchbacks, crop farms, a tool barn, a windmill and the Wakita water tower. The vehicles included Dusty's Bus (nicknamed the Barn Burner), Beltzer's Van, a Mercury Grand Marquis and a tractor. Dusty's Bus featured computer equipment and nitrogen tanks, while Beltzer's Van featured a patio with beach chairs, a cooler, an umbrella, blankets, an Oklahoma flag and a television that guests could watch the tornado videos and read the tornado facts. Guests can find an Esmoo's Dairy sign above some haybales. They are greeted by a Wakita sign, which is followed by a damaged rectangular New Channel 4 billboard featuring a map and a lady. A plastic talking cow can be found in the queue line. When guests press the button, the cow will moo and say "Drink Esmoo Milk. Fresh from the farm to your fridge." There are signs of the Fujita Scale that feature tornado pictures and description. Each picture has the location, date and type of tornado. DOROTHY II can be seen near the waiting area. As the doors to Soundstage 50 open, staff members allow guests to enter the first pre-show room.
Scene 1: First Pre-Show
As guests walk into Soundstage 50, there will be more props, such as a piano and road signs. The Twister soundtrack can be heard in this room. There are two large screens and two smaller ones in front. The beginning of the film will be shown on the screens first. When the scene ends, the Twister logo is shown. Bill Paxton and Helen Hunt then appear on the screens to talk about their experiences filming the movie.
Scene 2: Second Pre-Show
Guests next walk into a new room which is a model of Aunt Meg's damaged house after the twister. As guests walk into the kitchen, televisions are seen impaled into the wall, as if by tremendous force. There is a Hidden Mickey on one of the car wheels on the ceiling. Paxton and Hunt appear on the televisions and talk about the extreme experiences filming Twister, such as enduring the blasts of jet engines, having bits of chopped-up ice shot at them to simulate hail, and even having a gas tanker dropped in front of them and explode. They also mention that during filming, actual tornadoes started touching down south of the filming locations. Paxton in particular claims that the role leaves one in fearful awe of tornadoes and the terrible power they can unleash. The moment they finish, a thunder sound effect is heard as the televisions start to static and tornado warning sirens begin to blare. The doors to the main show open and staff members with flashing red emergency glowsticks lead guests into the room.
Scene 3: Main Show
Inside the main showroom, a message is playing telling guests to get out of the house as television screens show the Channel 5 News report, with a weather anchor issuing a tornado warning. Guests are eventually led onto a set resembling a scene in the movie. They line up in three separate rows on a tiered observation platform under a corrugated metal roof, overlooking an authentic sound stage outdoor scene featuring a view of the rural Galaxy Drive-in theater and the Rocket Hamburgers diner at dusk as dark clouds roll overhead. Ambient night sounds and a dog barking from a distance can be heard as music plays from the diner. Suddenly, a tree gets struck by lightning, scenes from The People Under the Stairs appear on the drive-in movie screen, sirens sound briefly, strong winds are simulated, and rain falls seemingly from the sky. A small light from a flashlight can be seen moving inside the diner, as well as voices from a family within the restaurant screaming to get inside. A projected tornado drops from the sky and forms in the background. It turns and destroys the drive-in theater. Another tornado appears on stage five stories tall and twelve feet wide. The glass on the Rocket Hamburgers window shatters and as the sound effect is heard, water spits behind the guests. Dorothy, the name given to the weather device in the film, flies by as lightning flashes. The Galaxy Drive-in sign rips away and crashes inside Eric's garage, followed by a prop cow flying by guests paying homage to a scene in the film. The roof of the observation platform moves as if it will be torn off, being pulled upwards. A Dodge Ram parked in front of the garage slides toward gas pumps, hitting one causing gasoline to leak. Sparks from the truck's impact can be seen starting a fire, which merges with the tornado creating a fireball that erupts three stories. As the twister dissipates, the roof falls down above guests, and the floor below gives a sudden, short drop giving guests a final scare. Bill Paxton thanks everyone for surviving Twister, directing them to exit to their left through the "Aftermath" gift shop. As guests leave, the family inside the restaurant can be seen peering out with a flashlight at the destruction outside.
In media
Twister...Ride it Out appeared in the 2015 film Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!. While riding the Hollywood Rip Ride Rockit roller coaster, a shark caused the ride vehicle to derail from the tracks, sending Fin Shepard into Soundstage 50, where he landed inside the show area of Twister...Ride it Out. As a shark entered the building, he pulled a chainsaw out of his backpack and used it to kill the shark. Afterwards, the audience thanked him for saving their lives.
See also
List of amusement rides based on film franchises
References
External links
Retired attractions at Universal Orlando
Amusement rides introduced in 1998
Amusement rides that closed in 2015
Universal Studios Florida
Universal Parks & Resorts attractions by name
Amusement rides based on film franchises
1998 establishments in Florida
2015 disestablishments in Florida |
17337102 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Man%20Logan | Old Man Logan | Old Man Logan is an alternative version of the Marvel Comics fictional character Wolverine. This character is an aged version of Wolverine set in an alternate future universe designated Earth-807128, where the supervillains overthrew the superheroes. Introduced as a self-contained story arc within the Wolverine ongoing series by writer Mark Millar and artist Steve McNiven, the character became popular with fans. After the Death of Wolverine, Laura Kinney took the Wolverine mantle but an Old Man Logan from the similar Earth-21923 was brought in to serve as an X-Man and featured in his own ongoing series.
Old Man Logan was a principal inspiration for the 2017 film Logan, starring Hugh Jackman as the title character.
Publication history
Old Man Logan debuted as a character in Mark Millar's run on Fantastic Four, which featured characters who are heavily implied to be the aged Wolverine and Bruce Banner Jr. as an adult. Wolverine: Old Man Logan started as an eight-issue storyline from the third volume of Wolverine ongoing series by writer Mark Millar and artist Steve McNiven, published by Marvel Comics in June 2008. The series ran through Wolverine (volume 3) #66–72 and ended in Wolverine Giant-Size Old Man Logan #1 on September 9, 2009.
Old Man Logan debuted in his solo series during the 2015 Secret Wars storyline, written by Brian Michael Bendis with art by Andrea Sorrentino. This story is continued in an ongoing series with the same name beginning in January 2016, written by Jeff Lemire with Sorrentino returning as artist.
Fictional character biography
Original story
The United States and the world of Earth-807128 has been conquered and divided among supervillains, with territories belonging to the Abomination (later conquered by the Hulk), Magneto (later conquered by a new Kingpin), Doctor Doom, and the Red Skull, who has named himself President of the United States. Superheroes have been wiped out of existence, with the few survivors in hiding. Logan lives with his wife Maureen and young children Scotty and Jade on a barren plot of land in Sacramento, California, now part of the territory known as Hulkland. Needing money to pay rent to his landlords the Hulk Gang (the incestuous hillbilly grandchildren of the Hulk and his first cousin She-Hulk), Logan accepts a job from a blind Clint Barton to help him travel east to the capital of New Babylon and deliver a secret package (which Logan assumes to be drugs).
Logan and Barton encounter several diversions on their journey. They rescue Barton's estranged daughter Ashley (who seems to be an aspiring Spider-Girl) from the clutches of the new Kingpin. However, she then murders Kingpin and reveals her intention to seize his territory of Hammer Falls (formerly Las Vegas) herself as the new Kingpin and "Spider-Bitch", before attempting to kill her father; Logan rescues him and the pair escape, as Spider-Bitch sends her forces after them.
They escape a cluster of Moloids who are destroying cities by sinking them from beneath the surface. They then get chased by a Venom symbiote-infused dinosaur (imported from the Savage Land), but they are rescued and teleported by the White Queen and Black Bolt.
Throughout the story it is reiterated that the "Wolverine" persona died the day the villains attacked and that since then, Logan has refused to use his claws. Flashbacks reveal that on the night the attack happened, a group of 40 supervillains attacked the X-Mansion. Unable to locate his teammates, Logan slaughtered the attackers to ensure the safety of the mutant children. As the last "attacker" Bullseye was killed, Logan realized that the entire assault was an illusion created by Mysterio and his perceived enemies were actually his fellow X-Men. This destroyed Wolverine emotionally and mentally, and he fled the mansion and wandered away to a train track in shock and shame. Though he made a subsequent suicide attempt by allowing a freight train to run him over, Logan could not actually kill himself, but had effectively killed "Wolverine".
When they arrive at the capital, Hawkeye delivers his package to an underground resistance group hoping to begin a new team like the Avengers. The package contains Super-Soldier Formula, enough to form an army, but Barton's clients expose themselves as undercover S.H.I.E.L.D. agents. They shoot and kill Logan and Barton. Logan's body heals and he awakens in Red Skull's trophy room amongst the armaments and costumes of fallen superheroes. Without using his claws, he kills Red Skull's men and engages Red Skull himself, eventually decapitating him with Captain America's shield. He grabs a briefcase of money (their intended reward for the delivery) and uses pieces of Iron Man's armor to fly back home. Upon arriving, Logan discovers that the Hulk Gang murdered his family and left the bodies unburied in his absence. His neighbor Abraham Donovan states that Logan's family was killed when the Hulk Gang got tired of waiting for their payment. This results in Logan finally unleashing his claws.
He seeks out and slaughters the Hulk's grandchildren Beau, Bobbie-Jo, Charlie, Elrod, Eustace, Luke, Otis, Rufus, and Woody before encountering Old Man Banner himself who displays monstrous strength, even in his human form. It is implied that the gamma poisoning in his body had begun to deteriorate his sanity in his old age. Banner reveals that while the murder of Logan's family was intended as a message to others, he really just wanted to get Logan angry enough to fight him because he had gotten bored with being a "super-villain landlord", like the others. In his Hulk form, Banner easily defeats Logan and then consumes him. Logan recuperates within Banner's stomach and bursts out, killing the Hulk. Afterward, he discovers a baby Hulk named Bruce Banner, Jr. A month later, Logan and his neighbors hold a small memorial for Logan's family. With nothing left of his old home, Logan then says he plans to defeat all the new world villains and bring peace to the land—with himself and Bruce Banner, Jr. being the first members of a new group of superheroes—before riding off into the sunset.
After a fight with the Ghost Riders, Old Man Logan found that Pappy Banner's head was placed on a gamma-powered robot made from Adamantium by Tinkerer. He used it in his revenge on Old Man Logan. Before Old Man Logan can be finished off by Pappy Banner, he is suddenly attacked by Bruce Banner Jr. who separated Pappy Banner's head from the Adamantium armor. Rather than kill his head, Old Man Logan buried it and planted a tree over him so that its roots can slowly dig into his skull.
Fantastic Four
Some time later, Old Man Logan and the now adult Bruce Banner Jr. are featured during a scene when the new Defenders, led by an older Susan Storm, travels back in time to use cosmic energy to restore their dying Earth. Now calling himself the Hooded Man, Old Man Logan accompanies Gaia back to his original timeline in order to repopulate the now desolate Earth and keep her from going insane from the lack of inhabitants. He is later seen gardening with Gaia, who is now pregnant with his child.
Earth-21923 version
The history of this Old Man Logan is the same as the one on Earth-807128. When the Multiverse was destroyed and Battleworld was created, a different version from an altered universe version of "Old Man Logan" called Earth-21923 is reborn on the Battleworld domain called the Wastelands, a re-creation of his native reality with his memories still intact, although he does not know how he arrived in Battleworld. After having declared to set his world right, Logan disrupts a poker game between the Gladiator and his Flying Devils, and he ends their human trafficking ring by killing them, freeing those imprisoned. While on the way back to meet with Danielle Cage, Logan witnesses the head of an Ultron Sentinel fall from above. Wishing to investigate further, he brings it along with him back home, where Bruce Jr. and Danielle also reside. After explaining this new development, he investigates the head's origins. He visits Hammer Falls and meets with the dying Emma Frost, and he learns that the head is from beyond the Wastelands, so he begins traveling beyond his domain.
When Logan trespasses upon its borders, he is approached by an unidentified Thor of the Thor Corps. She attacks Logan with a lightning bolt for breaking Doctor Doom's laws, falling into the Domain of Apocalypse in the process. Already healed from the burns caused by the Thor's attack, Logan is attacked by Victor Creed (who is one of the Horsemen of Apocalypse) and his soldiers, but Logan is rescued by the X-Men and taken to their hideout, where they are attacked by Apocalypse and his other Horsemen.
The battle that ensues is intervened by the Thor who attacked Logan earlier and as she argues with Apocalypse, Logan flees and hides. The Thor then demands to know to where he had run, but no one answers. Angry, she attacks both the X-Men and the Horsemen with a lightning bolt and then looks for Logan through the domain. When she is near the domain's walls, Logan climbs it and attacks her from behind. Enraged, the Thor attacks him with another lightning bolt and lets him fall into the neighboring domain of Technopolis, as she is attacked by Apocalypse's Infinite Soldiers. Logan is taken to Stark Tower by Baron Stark and Grand Marshal Rhodes, the Thor of that domain. After healing from his injuries, Logan awakens only to find himself in a totally different domain from the one where he was. He ends up fighting Rhodes, but is defeated and sent to the Deadlands as punishment for breaking Doom's laws.
Due to his healing factor, Logan succeeds in fighting through hordes of zombies in the Deadlands. He takes shelter inside a cave where he finds an uninfected She-Hulk who has been there for a long time. He tries to convince her to throw him out of the Deadlands when the zombies find them. In a desperate attempt to save Logan's life, She-Hulk grabs him and jumps as high as she can to throw him out of the Deadlands as he had suggested, ultimately sacrificing her own life to do so. Afterwards, Logan finds himself in the Battleworld domain called the Kingdom of Manhattan.
While wandering the city he has not seen in years, Logan meets this domain's Jean Grey and Emma Frost. They take him to meet the rest of the X-Men, as well as "his" son Jimmy Hudson. Logan later leads the superhero population of the Kingdom of Manhattan in a rebellion against God Emperor Doom. Subsequently, Logan finds himself in a new world.
All-New All-Different Marvel
Logan awakens on Earth-616 in New York City. He is not sure how he has been relocated, but he knows he is in the past. He decides to prevent his post-apocalyptic future. His first target is a minor villain named Black Butcher who, in his future, stole Scotty Logan's baseball cap. Logan easily kills him.
Logan uses Black Butcher's workshop to prepare. He hears on the radio that the Hulk is in Manhattan. Logan confronts Hulk and after a brief fight, learns that the Hulk in question is actually Amadeus Cho and not Bruce Banner. After evading the police, Logan goes to Hawkeye's apartment in Brooklyn to ask for his help, but he finds Kate Bishop.
He explains his situation and drops exhausted on Hawkeye's couch, awakening 33 hours later. Knowing that Logan is seeking Mysterio, Kate accesses the villain's last known whereabouts on S.H.I.E.L.D.'s database. She demands to join Logan on his search. When they arrive, they find a man named Eddie and his unnamed partner there. Logan immediately attacks them, cutting off one man's hand despite them denying that they knew who Mysterio is. A horrified Kate tries to stop him, but Logan quickly neutralizes her as the two men escape. Logan chases them, but he is stopped by the arrival of Commander Steve Rogers.
After gaining Logan's trust and bringing him to Alberta, Canada, Rogers reassures Logan that this is not his past by showing him the adamantium-coated corpse of his younger self. The sight reminds Logan to enjoy life, rather than brood over his own past ghosts. Although he tells Rogers what he had experienced in his timeline, Logan declines Rogers' offer of help.
Logan later appears in Extraordinary X-Men where he decides to remain under the radar, believing his destiny was to kill the X-Men and determined to try anything to avoid it. He also vows to take out those who would orchestrate the villain uprising. Logan catches the X-Men's attention when confronted by Cerebra. The X-Men believe Logan to be their late Wolverine. Storm wants Logan to rejoin the team, but he declines. The time-displaced Jean Grey of the past convinces Logan to change his mind and promises to stop him from killing the X-Men again.
After taking a momentary leave, Logan decides to head to the old Weapon X facility where he initially met Maureen. He finds her, but she is still a child. The Reavers arrive at Killhorn Falls with Lady Deathstrike and attempt to hunt down Logan. When Logan searches for Maureen's missing dog, he discovers its corpse which was killed by the Reavers. As the Reavers massacre the town, Logan singlehandedly kills them all and confronts Lady Deathstrike before saving Maureen. He is wounded multiple times, but Logan defeats Deathstrike. As she leaves, limping, Logan falls unconscious. Realizing that he failed to protect Maureen from the chaos, Logan decides to hunt down Lady Deathstrike.
Logan returns to X-Haven where he has a nightmare about the villain uprising which quickly alerts Jean. In order to calm Logan, Jean assists Logan's travels to Manhattan where in his timeline, Daredevil, She-Hulk, and Moon Knight had been killed by Enchantress and Electro. While Punisher managed to kill Electro, he was stabbed by Kraven the Hunter. Cerebra then teleports Logan and Jean to Connecticut where Pym Falls would be established in Logan's timeline. It is here where Crossbones, and the rest of the villains with him, killed Wonder Man before Crossbones was stepped on by Giant-Man who also crushes Vulture with his hand. When Wasp was killed after shooting down Hobgoblin, Giant-Man was devoured by the Moloids that emerged from the ground when Avalanche shook the area around Giant-Man. Again not assured, Jean and Cerebra teleport Logan to Westchester County, New York where Logan was tricked by Mysterio into killing the X-Men. As Jean manages to assure Logan of no invasion, she takes Logan to Madripoor where he is greeted by Puck, Hawkeye, Steve Rogers, and Jubilee. Logan realizes that if and when the villain uprising comes, he will not need to face it alone.
Logan goes to a bar in Tokyo as Patch where he meets Eito, a minor crime lord. Logan attempts to bribe him for information on Lady Deathstrike's whereabouts, but the meeting turns out to be a ruse. He is gunned down by Eito's henchmen, but he heals and then slaughters them all. Before he kills Eito, Logan interrogates him and learns that Lady Deathstrike is in a remote village. Logan travels there, noting that it is where he and Maureen had attempted to find refuge in his past. The village is seemingly abandoned, but he finds Yuriko chained to a wall, begging for his help. He is then ambushed by a ninja clan, the Silent Order. Four days later, he awakens in a well and attempts to climb out, but he is shot down by Sohei, the Order's leader. Once Logan succeeds in climbing out of the well, he sees he is in a temple and Lady Deathstrike is in a cage. He is attacked by Sohei and the rest of the Silent Order. Logan is overwhelmed by the horde of ninjas, so he has no choice but to free Lady Deathstrike. After Logan and Yuriko manage to kill all of the ninjas, she attempts to kill Sohei, but is cut down by him, causing her to stumble back into the well. Just as Logan attempts to confront Sohei, he is telekinetically assaulted by his unwitting enforcer, a mutant child called the Silent Monk, whose older self Logan had killed in his timeline sometime after Mysterio tricked him into killing his fellow X-Men. The Monk has had a vision of his death and tries to kill Logan by throwing him into the well over and over again. Lady Deathstrike throws an arrow into the Silent Monk's thigh, causing him to fall in. Logan then threatens to kill the young mutant unless Sohei releases he and Yuriko. Sohei calls Logan's bluff, but knows that Yuriko is more than willing to murder a helpless child. Sohei agrees to their demands, just as the Silent Monk regains consciousness and lashes out. The Monk transforms into a giant creature as his powers run wild. Logan convinces the young boy to read his mind, assuring the Monk that Logan's future will never likely come true. The young boy then realizes that Sohei has been manipulating him and subdues Sohei and the remaining Silent Order ninjas. Logan offers to take the Silent Monk to X-Haven, to which he accepts.
One day at X-Haven, Logan is approached by Cerebra, who informs him of Jubilee's disappearance. Logan begins his search by going to Jubilee's apartment, only to find her infant son, Shogo, by himself. Logan leaves the baby in Cerebra's care before telling her to teleport him to wherever Jubilee was last located, which is Romania. Soon after arriving, Logan encounters the Howling Commandos who mistake him for a vampire and attack him. After the misunderstanding is cleared, their leader Warwolf informs Logan of their war with Dracula. Dracula has been psychically calling all vampires to his castle which, Logan deduces, must include Jubilee. The Commandos attack Dracula's castle while Logan sneaks in, but are subdued by his army, led by Vampire by Night, who is under Dracula's control. Logan finds Jubilee who, also under Dracula's control, begs him to save her. Just as he lets his guard down, Dracula attacks Logan from behind, biting him. Logan fights Dracula as his healing factor fights off the vampirism. The Vampire King easily beats the weakened Logan, who then passes out. Logan wakes up in the dungeon, along with the Howling Commandos. As Dracula taunts them, Jubilee begins resisting his control. Logan encourages her to fight back just before Man-Thing and Orrgo break in to free everyone. Dracula threatens to kill Jubilee as Logan approaches him. Now free from his control, Jubilee throws Dracula towards Logan, who then impales him. After a brief scuffle, Orrgo grabs Dracula and exposes him to the sun. Logan then proceeds to decapitate Dracula, freeing his thralls. Logan instructs Cerebra to throw Dracula's head into the sun in order to prevent or at the very least, delay his resurrection. Later, Logan spends time with Jubilee and Shogo over dinner.
Logan awakens in a desert, his memory hazy. Logan realizes that he is somehow back in the Wastelands, as he is attacked by the Venom T-rex. After killing the beast, Logan retraces his steps and remembers receiving a distress call from Puck, who he and the rest of Alpha Flight were trapped in an abandoned space station formerly owned by Reed Richards. After going into space and entering said space station via X-Shuttle, Logan found it infested with the Brood. He managed to kill the Brood drones that attacked him and proceeded to look for Alpha Flight, only to find most of them encased in cocoons. Logan was then attacked by Sasquatch and Abigail Brand, who had been converted into Brood drones. He was saved by Puck at the last minute and the two escaped through an air vent. After finding a safe place to regroup, the hull was ripped open, causing Logan to be pulled into space. Logan regained consciousness aboard the Alpha Flight Squadron Jet, piloted by Puck, who had saved him. The two then snuck back onto the station. Logan and Puck were discovered by the Brood, forcing them to fight. The Brood then inexplicably disappeared. Logan goes back to his old house looking for Dani Cage and Bruce Banner Jr. only to find it seemingly abandoned. Logan then hears a noise and finds Dani bound in the closet. She tells him that Bruce has been kidnapped by Kang the Conqueror. Logan then sets out to hunt down Kang down and rescue the baby. Logan's search leads him to Niagara Falls, where he is assaulted by some thugs and kicked down a cliff. Logan regains consciousness and soon encounters a hysterical Puck, surrounded by the corpses of Alpha Flight. Puck warns Logan about the "Warlord of the Wastelands" just before Kang reveals himself. Kang claims to have taken the baby in order to prevent the Warlord's rise to power, confusing Logan. They are confronted by the Warlord, who is revealed to be a fully grown Bruce Banner Jr. As the Warlord beats Logan, Puck urges him to remember what has happened. It is revealed that the X-Men came to help, but were converted by the Brood and that Logan's experiences in the Wastelands were an illusion created by Jean Grey. Jean telepathically assaults Logan by forcing him to relive his greatest crimes and failures. He resists the attack and kills the parasite controlling Jean. Jean shuts down the Brood hive mind, freeing everyone from its control. In the aftermath, Logan resolves to go back to the Wastelands to save baby Bruce.
Logan seeks help from the foremost experts on time travel and sorcery, including Magik, Beast, Shaman, Cable, Wiccan, Doctor Doom, Scarlet Witch, Black Panther, and Doctor Strange, who all refuse to help him, due to how his plan might affect the timestream. Desperate and left with no options, Logan breaks into the Cellar: a maximum-security super-prison. After subduing the guards, Logan is confronted by Spider-Man, whom he distracts by freeing some of the inmates. Logan then enters the cell of Asmodeus, a servant of Satannish and makes him an offer. Asmodeus states to Logan that he would help him in his mission if he picked up some of his things. Afterwards, Asmodeus begins to help Logan in his mission to rescue Bruce Banner Jr. After reliving each moment, Logan finally arrives in the current time where he finds that the remainder of the Hulk Gang are now working for an unidentified version of Maestro. Logan discovers that Maestro has rounded up the remaining members of the Hulk Gang in his plan to make a paradise for all Hulks on Earth-616. Hearing about what Logan did, Hawkeye followed Logan to his timeline and helped to fight the Hulk Gang. With help from the Cambria Banner (a member of the Hulk gang who defected), Logan and Hawkeye of Earth-616 were able to defeat Maestro and the surviving members of the Hulk Gang went their separate ways. Afterwards, Logan and Hawkeye returned to Earth-616.
During the "Civil War II" storyline, Maria Hill recruited Logan to investigate the missing S.H.I.E.L.D. Agents. He was saved by Wolverine (X-23) before he can be eaten by Fin Fang Foom. Ulysses Cain's vision stated that Logan would kill X-23's clone Honey Badger. This led to Captain America and the S.H.I.E.L.D. Agents to show up to arrest Logan moments after Logan, Wolverine, and Honey Badger defeated the burglars. While a similar event happened during the conflict, Honey Badger survived Logan's attack as Logan commented that he killed the X-23 of his world due to his hallucination. After Wolverine threatened to have Logan thrown in jail if Honey Badger is harmed again, Logan quoted to Honey Badger that he will come after her if Wolverine is harmed. After Honey Badger threatened Logan, Wolverine and Honey Badger told Captain America that they are not partaking in the second civil war. Ulysses Cain's latest vision has him in the Wastelands where he meets Logan after he saves Ulysses from a Hulk. Ulysses learns that the Inhumans left Earth when Tony Stark "pushed her too far".
During the "Inhumans vs. X-Men" storyline, Inferno and Iso escape through Eldrac to get away from Wolverine, only to end up running into Logan. While Inferno distracts Logan, Iso discovers Forge nearby with a device that the X-Men are planning to use to destroy the Terrigen Cloud. Iso and Inferno manage to defeat Logan and Forge, then flee as they take Forge prisoner.
During the "Monsters Unleashed" storyline, Logan is seen fighting Leviathons in Louisiana and receives help from Monstrom.
During the "RessurXion" storyline, Logan is seen as a member of Kitty Pryde's new Gold Team of X-Men as they fight Mesmero's incarnation of the Brotherhood of Mutants. It was discovered that the members were under Mesmero's control on behalf of Lydia Nance. After the Brotherhood of Mutants was defeated, the X-Men track down Lydia Nance and state that they will come for her if she tries anything against them again.
While spending some alone time in the woods as part of the "Weapons of Mutant Destruction" storyline, Logan is attacked by Weapon X cyborgs, forcing him to team up with Sabretooth to confront the current iteration of the organization, whose goal is to hunt mutantkind to extinction. This experiment led to the creation of Weapon H.
Logan later went on the trail of the Regenix drug which took him to Ikebukuro where he fought the head of the operation and the Crazy Thunder Gang. After being directed to Touku Kenmochi, he learns that he has died and meets with his widow Asami where she stated that Touku was coerced into bringing the Regenix samples to the Crazy Thunder Gang. Their conversation is crashed by the Hand Ninjas led by Gorgon and Scarlet Samurai. When Logan was subdued, Gorgon ordered Scarlet Samurai to remove her helmet as Logan discovered that Scarlet Samurai is the resurrected Mariko Yashida who hesitated to attack Logan enabling him and Asami to get away. When the Silver Samurai wanted to ally himself with Logan, he agreed in exchange that he doesn't kill Mariko and that Touku and Asami's child is taken care of. When Logan and Silver Samurai attack the Hand's Regenix operations, Silver Samurai fought Gorgon while Logan fought the Hand Ninjas to confront Mariko. After Gorgon got away, Silver Samurai injected nanites into Mariko to break the Hand's control over her. Afterwards, Logan and Mariko sent Silver Samurai to destroy the Regenix shipments in Madripoor.
Recently, Old Man Logan, Lady Deathstrike, and Sabretooth were captured by a group of anti-mutant terrorists called the Orphans Of X and were all killed, having all their heads blown off by bullets covered in Muramasa metal and their healing factors nullified temporarily, until being rescued by X-23 Wolverine. They were later revived.
Dead Man Logan
After defeating an alternate version of the Maestro, Logan recognized that he was dying of old age, now relying on regenix to supplement his failing healing factor. He decided to set out to return to his original timeline after sorting out a few loose ends in this one, which included eliminating Mysterio so that the villain could never attempt the same feat he accomplished in Logan's past. Mysterio was recruited by Neo-HYDRA and Miss Sinister when they learned about Logan's history, but Mysterio eventually turned against Neo-HYDRA to aid the Avengers when he learned that Neo-HYDRA intended to kill him once they had won. Mysterio subsequently faked his death after Logan and the Avengers defeated Neo-HYDRA.
After a meeting with his resurrected counterpart, Logan asked Mariko to keep an eye on the version of his future wife in this timeline before he returned to the Wasteland via a time portal created by Forge. Returning to the Wastelands, Logan engaged Joseph Manfredi and his henchmen who are allied with Lizard in Florida, the Creel Gang in Georgia, and the Phantom Riders in Nashville, Tennessee. When Logan was captured by cannibals operating in the Ozarks, he is saved by Danielle Cage and Bruce Banner Jr. who inform him that a lot of villains like the Punisher Gang are looking for him after what he did to Red Skull and Hulk. What happened to Red Skull and the Hulk Gang caused a power vacuum in the Wastelands. After a fight with the Tranquility Temple that tried to kill him and Bruce Banner Jr., Logan drove his group to the Badlands where they met with Forge and Dwight Barrett. Forge's lair was attacked by Sabretooth and his clones. Forge unleashed an unstable Speedball from him container who destroyed the Sabretooth clones as Sabretooth made off with Bruce Jr. Tracking Sabretooth to a Weapon X facility, Logan and Danielle discovered that the head of the Weapon X facility is Mister Sinister who created the Sabretooth clones and claimed that he orchestrated the villains' rise to power which Red Skull took the credit for. After Logan and Danielle Cage rescued Bruce Banner Jr., they got chased by the Sabretooth clones until Danielle picked up Mjolnir and became the new Thor. Logan would eventually meet his end after killing Sabretooth and Mister Sinister, weakly affirming that his healing factor has finally worn out and he just exhausted his final vial of Regenix. Dani and Bruce take him back to the graves of his deceased family and he dies looking up into the sun. After burying Logan with his family, Danielle Cage, now acting as the new Thor, Bruce Banner Jr. as the new Hulk, and Dwight Barrett as the new Ant-Man, formed a new incarnation of the Avengers and vow to keep fighting the opposition until they can find a place they can call home.
Other versions
Venomverse
In the Venomverse crossover, the Earth-21923 version of Old Man Logan raises Bruce Jr. for fifteen years before telling him of his true parentage. Bruce Jr. leaves his adoptive father in anger as Logan is eventually found by Archangel, who evaded being killed by the villains. Archangel (seeking revenge for the massacre of the X-Men) is then revealed to be working with Bruce Jr. and Spider-Bitch, who viewing Logan's escape with her father fifteen years earlier as the only blemish on her career as Kingpin of the Wastelands, restrains him with web-shooters she had gotten from her grandfather Peter Parker's corpse and attempts to feed him to her captured Venom symbiote-infused T-rex; due to Ashley not inheriting a spider-sense, Logan pulls on the webs to feed her to the T-rex instead, only to be successfully fed to the T-rex himself by Archangel and Bruce Jr.. Emerging from the T-rex (killing it) with the symbiote bonded to himself as the Old Man Venom, Logan kills Archangel before berating Bruce Jr. for his actions. After considering killing him, Logan tells him that he cannot because he loves him, only to be transported to another reality before he can finish his sentence, where a Venomized Captain America tells him to prepare for war with the Poisons. Logan then spends much of the war fighting alongside a Venomized Laura Kinney, before he is apparently killed when the Venoms destroy the Poisons' ship.
In other media
Film
Old Man Logan was an inspiration for the 2017 film Logan. While featuring an original premise and being set in an alternate timeline just like the comic, the film likewise features an aging Logan suffering from a degrading healing factor while going on a journey across the country with an old friend in a bleak future after the deaths of his fellow X-Men (implied to be due to Professor X suffering a psychic seizure due to old age).
Novels
In November 2021, author Eoin Colfer expressed interest in writing a future "superviolent" sequel to his Artemis Fowl series inspired by Old Man Logan. Colfer has written the novel Iron Man: The Gauntlet, adapted from the Iron Man comics.
Podcast
In 2021, Marvel New Media and Sirius XM announced Marvel's Wastelanders, a series of podcasts set in a version of the Old Man Logan/Wastelands universe, with Robert Patrick voicing Wolverine. The 10-episode Marvel's Wastelanders: Wolverine story arc began in June 2022 and featured a guilt-ridden Wolverine working to help a young mutant reach safety as the President Red Skull tries to hunt him down.
Video games
The Old Man Logan incarnations of Emma Frost, Hawkeye and Wolverine are available as alternate costumes for the respective characters in Marvel Heroes.
Old Man Logan is a playable character in Marvel: Contest of Champions.
Old Man Logan is a playable character in Marvel Puzzle Quest.
Collected editions
Notes
References
External links
Old Man Logan of Earth-807128 at Marvel Wiki
Old Man Logan of Earth-21923 at Marvel Wiki
Old Man Logan Reading Order Guide at How to Love Comics
Comics by Mark Millar
Wolverine (comics) titles
Cannibalism in fiction
Incest in fiction
Fictional characters from parallel universes
Fictional characters with slowed ageing
Fictional characters with superhuman senses
Marvel Comics characters with accelerated healing
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics martial artists
Marvel Comics mutants
Fictional characters from Sacramento, California
Fictional Canadian people in comics
Fictional fist-load fighters
Fictional pacifists
Cyberpunk comics
Wolverine (comics)
X-Men members |
17337105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich%20Umphrey | Rich Umphrey | Richard Vernon Umphrey III (born December 13, 1958) is a former American football offensive lineman. He played professionally in the National Football League for the New York Giants (1982–1984) and the San Diego Chargers (1985). He graduated from Tustin High School in Tustin, California and went on to play at the University of Colorado at Boulder. He was drafted in the fifth round of the 1982 NFL Draft by the New York Giants as the starting center. He played three seasons for the Giants before being traded in 1985 to the San Diego Chargers.
He is married to Jackie and father to Justin and Noel Umphrey, a water polo player for UCLA.
1958 births
Living people
People from Garden Grove, California
Players of American football from California
American football centers
Colorado Buffaloes football players
New York Giants players
San Diego Chargers players
Sportspeople from Orange County, California |
17337139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argos%20Hill%20Mill%2C%20Mayfield | Argos Hill Mill, Mayfield | Argos Hill Mill is a grade II* listed post mill at Argos Hill, Mayfield, East Sussex, England
As of 2017 it is in the process of restoration by the Argos Hill Windmill Trust.
Description
Argos Hill Mill is a post mill on a single storey roundhouse. She had four patent sails carried on a cast iron windshaft and is winded by a tailpole mounted fantail. The main post is made up from four pieces of timber. Along with Jill, Clayton, she is one of only two windmills in England to retain this feature. The mill drove two pairs of millstones, arranged head and tail. The cast iron brake wheel is diameter and the wooden tail wheel is diameter. The mill is unusual in the way that it has been extended at the rear, giving it a distinctive appearance.
History
The earliest record of a windmill on this site is in 1656. Argos Hill Mill was built in 1835. She worked by wind until 1927, mostly by successive generations of the Weston family. The fantail blew off in 1929 and the shutters were removed from the sails in 1932. The mill was acquired by Uckfield District Council in 1955. Neve's, the Heathfield millwrights fitted a new breast beam and repaired the side girts and corner posts. Further restoration work was done in 1969 by Hole's of Burgess Hill. A storm damaged a sail in 1976, and a new sail and stock were fitted by Hole's.
Millers
Aaron Weston - 1844
William Richardson - 1927
Threat of demolition
A survey in 2007 revealed the mill was in danger of collapsing. Of concern were the roundhouse, crosstrees, crown tree, sails, tailpole and fantail. On 14 January 2008, a meeting was held in Mayfield, where Wealden District Council put forward options for the mill's future. One proposal, to dismantle the mill and remove it to storage was strongly criticised by those attending, including members of the Sussex Mills Group and the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings. It was pointed out that Wealden District Council had not spent money allocated for maintenance of the mill, and that giving themselves permission to demolish a listed building would make other listed buildings in the area more vulnerable, and erode the protection given by listed building status. As a result, the Friends of Argos Hill Windmill was set up to save the mill.
Restoration in progress
In April 2010, the Argos Hill Windmill Trust was established to lease the mill from Wealden District Council with the aim of restoring it to working order. A high-profile fundraising campaign was launched in 2011 to raise funds for the restoration and a substantial lottery grant obtained. Holes were engaged to restore the main structure of the mill and return the striking gear to working order, while volunteers tackled the replacement of the weatherboard on the mill itself, and the renovation of the roundhouse floor, walls and roof. These first two phases of the restoration project were successfully completed in 2016 when the mill's sweeps turned in the wind for the first time in over 80 years. Phase 3 of the restoration project is now underway to rebuild the fantail and restore the internal machinery.
See the Friends of Argos Hill Windmill website for details and open days.
References
External links
Friends of Argos Hill Windmill website
Post mills in the United Kingdom
Windmills completed in 1835
Windmills in East Sussex
Grade II* listed buildings in East Sussex
Grade II* listed windmills
1835 establishments in England |
17337160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Ribbe | Carl Ribbe | Carl Heinrich Michael Ribbe (November 16, 1860, Berlin - August 27, 1934, Radebeul Dresden) was a German explorer and entomologist.
Carl Ribbe was an insect dealer in Berlin. He travelled widely in the South Seas, exploring Celebes, the Aru Islands, Ceram, Amboina, Key Island, Wumba-Inseln, the Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands, Shortland Island and "New Pomerania" (New Guinea). He also collected in Andalusia and Southern Spain. His private collection of Lycaenidae is in the Natural History Museum in Dresden.
Ribbe described many new species of butterflies, including Graphium weiskei. He also collected and sold ethnographic material :de:Ethnologisches Museum and published an ethnographical travelogue of his time in Solomon Islands. Carl followed the profession of his father, also entomologist, Heinrich Ribbe.
Journal articles
partial list
Ribbe, C., 1894. Reise nach Bougainville. Globus 66:133-136
Ribbe, C., 1899. Beiträge zur Lepidopteran-Fauna des Bismarck- und Salomo-Archipels in Süd-See. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift herausgegeben von der Gesellschaft Iris zu Dresden 12: 219-260
Ribbe, C., 1900. Neue Lepidopteren aus Neu-Guinea Insekten-Börse 17 (39): 308, (42): 329–330, (44): 346
Ribbe, C., 1900. Neue Lepidopteren aus der Süd-See und einige Bemerkungen. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift herausgegeben von der Gesellschaft Iris zu Dresden 12 (2): 407–409.
Ribbe, C., 1900. Zwei Jahre auf den Salomoninseln. Verein fur Erdkunde zu Metz, Jahresbericht 22:84-104.
Ribbe, C., 1901. Neue Lepidopteren von Ceram. Niederlandisch-Ostindien. Deut. ent. Zeit. [Iris] 13: 334-337 1 pl.
Ribbe, C., 1904. Die Entdeckungsgeschichte der Salomons-Inseln und uber die fruheren und jetzigen Bewonhner dieser Inseln. Gesellschaft fur Erdkunde zu Berlin, Zeitschrift: 241.
Ribbe, C., 1907. Zwei neue Papilioformen von der Salomo-Insel Bougainville. Deut. ent. Zeit. [Iris] 20: 59–63, pls 4,5.
Ribbe, C., 1914. Die Salomons-inseln und ihre Bewohner. Kolonie und Heimat 36: 4.
Ribbe, C., 1926. Neue Lycaenenformen hauptsächlich von Celebes. Ent. Mitt. 15: 78–91.
Books
Zwei Jahre unter den Kannibalen der Salomo-Inseln: Reiseerlebnisse und Schilderungen von Land und Leuten. Dresden-Blasewitz: Elbgau-Buchdruckerei, Hermann Beyer, 1903.
Ein Sammelaufenthalt in Neu-Lauenburg (Duke of York im Bismarckarchipel). Dresden: Buchdruckerei der Wilhelm und Bertha v. Baensch Stiftung, 1910–1912.
Unter dem südlichen Kreuz: Reisebilder aus Melanesien. Dresden: Deutsche Buchwerkstätten, 1924.
Anleitung zum sammeln in tropischen Ländern. Stuttgart, A. Kernen, 1931.
References
Horn, Walther (H. R.) 1934: [Ribbe, C. jun.] Arb. morph. taxon. Ent. Berlin-Dahlem 1(4).
Ribbe, C. 1903, Zwei Jahre unter den Kannibalen der Salomo-Inseln. Druck un Verlag der Elbgau-Buchdruckerei
Ribbe family private archive
External links
German lepidopterists
1860 births
1934 deaths |
17337167 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skimmia%20laureola | Skimmia laureola | Skimmia laureola is a species of shrub grown as an ornamental plant. The leaves are edible when cooked. The leaves give an aromatic smell when crushed. It produces white flowers that develop into small round red berries. The berries are eaten by birds, which disperse the seeds through their droppings. Its distribution ranges from northern China to the Northern Himalayas.
S. laureola is also used in bonsai.
External links
S. laureola in the Plants for a Future database.
laureola |
17337171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where%20Did%20They%20Go%20%28album%29 | Where Did They Go (album) | Where Did They Go is a 1971 album by Peggy Lee. It was arranged and conducted by Don Sebesky and Al Capps.
Track listing
"Where Did They Go" (Harry Lloyd, Gloria Sklerov) - 3:53
"My Rock and Foundation" (Burt Bacharach, Hal David) - 2:37
"Help Me Make It Through the Night" (Kris Kristofferson) - 2:45
"All I Want" (Steve Clayton [aka P. Tedesco], Gladys Shelley) - 2:40
"I Don't Know How to Love Him" (Tim Rice, Andrew Lloyd Webber) - 3:24
"Goodbye Again" (Donald J. Addrissi, Richard P. Addrissi) - 2:33
"Sing" (Joe Raposo) - 2:25
"I Was Born in Love with You" (Alan Bergman, Marilyn Bergman, Michel Legrand) - 4:01
"Losing My Mind" (Stephen Sondheim) - 2:43
"My Sweet Lord" (George Harrison) - 2:55
Notes
The recording sessions for this album took place at the Capitol Tower in Hollywood, California.
Where Did They Go was Peggy Lee's first album not to make the Billboard 200 chart since her Grammy-winning hit "Is That All There Is?" in 1969.
Burt Bacharach and Hal David wrote the song "My Rock And Foundation" specifically for Lee.
Capitol Records released "Where Did They Go" (backed by "All I Want") as a 45" single in 1971. The single did not make the charts.
Lee performed songs from this album, including "Where Did They Go" and "My Sweet Lord," during her June 1971 engagement at The Frontier Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada.
After completing work on Where Did They Go, Peggy Lee did not return to the recording studio again until nearly a year later, when she began recording Norma Deloris Egstrom from Jamestown, North Dakota in April 1972.
This album was released on 8-track, along with LP.
References
External links
Peggy Lee Discography
1971 albums
Capitol Records albums
Peggy Lee albums
Albums arranged by Don Sebesky
Albums produced by Snuff Garrett |
6901589 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Spanish%20motorcycle%20Grand%20Prix | 2006 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix | The 2006 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix was the first race of the 2006 Motorcycle Grand Prix season. It took place on the weekend of 24–26 March 2006 at the Jerez circuit.
MotoGP classification
250 cc classification
125 cc classification
Championship standings after the race (motoGP)
Below are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round one has concluded.
Riders' Championship standings
Constructors' Championship standings
Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.
References
Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix
Spain
Motorcycle Grand Prix |
6901590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20Edward%20Snyder | J. Edward Snyder | Rear Adm. J. Edward Snyder, USN (Ret.) (October 23, 1924 – November 4, 2007) was notable as the captain of the battleship USS New Jersey during that ship's deployment to the Vietnam War in 1968. Considered by those serving on the New Jersey to be a "sailor's captain," Captain Snyder was able to motivate his men through his more relaxed shipboard policies.
Snyder was also known for his wry sense of humor. While deployed off Vietnam, the USS New Jersey encountered a small US Navy ship. Fearing that the unidentified vessel was a North Vietnamese gunboat, the commanding officer of the smaller ship flashed a message to the New Jersey using its signal lamp, ordering the battleship to identify itself or be fired upon. In response, Snyder ordered that the largest signal lamp aboard be used to identify the ship and relay the message, replete with pun, "OPEN FIRE WHEN READY. FEAR GOD. DREADNOUGHT."
Snyder also sought to cultivate a wider sense of mission. He brought ground troops aboard the New Jersey for weekend liberty, earning the ship the nickname "The New Jersey Hilton." Told to stop the "unauthorized public relations stunt" by DoD, Snyder sternly responded, noting that he had notified the Pentagon, and that it was no stunt. Instead, it was meant to give the ground troops a respite from the war, and remind his men why they were providing gunfire support. He finished his message by disparaging the Pentagon as "Disneyland East," and stating that he had no idea what was going on there, but couldn't care less.
Captain Snyder died on Sunday, November 4, 2007, from pancreatic cancer.
Awards and decorations
References
United States Navy officers
1924 births
2007 deaths
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Order (Vietnam) |
6901601 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna%20Beach%20Fire%20Department | Laguna Beach Fire Department | The Laguna Beach Fire Department is the agency that provides fire protection and emergency medical services for Laguna Beach, California.
Stations & Apparatus
References
Fire departments in California
Laguna Beach, California
Emergency services in Orange County, California |
6901630 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stony%20Kill%20Falls | Stony Kill Falls | Stony Kill Falls is the site of one of many access points to the Delaware Aqueduct. It is located in the town of Wawarsing, on the northwestern edge of the Minnewaska Preserve on land acquired in 2001 by the State of New York, The Open Space Institute and the New York-New Jersey Trail Conference from Napanoch Sand and Gravel Company that once owned the land. Long a little known back entrance into the Minnewaska Preserve, utilized by curiosity seekers and more experienced mountaineers, as a more convenient access point to Stony Kill Falls. The area only provides access to Stony Kill Falls, no other trails are allowed to be accessed from this area. Parking is limited, no parking is permitted on town roads please respect the neighbors and stay off private property.
Hiking guide
From the parking area walk East along a gravel woods road into an open clearing. On the left and right views begin to open. Steep cliffs are visible on the left and right as you continue further along the path. The higher section of the clearing features the fenced in shaft, a deep water valve, running hundreds of feet below the earth to the Delaware Aqueduct, one of the major sources of water for New York City. On the right is an aging helipad, possible utilized as a quick access point for repairs to the Aqueduct. Continuing along the woods road the path dips down into an expansive gravel pit. Care is needed in this area as the shale is loose and sure footing is not guaranteed. Cast iron bars and solid chunks of limestone, shale, and granite litter the area. There are steep embankments all along the left side of the gravel pit. Closer inspection of the gaps in the embankment find a view nearly 60 feet down to the bed of the Stony Kill Creek. Use caution as the embankment becomes very thin and should not be walked upon, especially in wet weather as it is slowly falling into the Stony Kill and the gravel pit.
Technical information
Stony Kill Falls is 87 feet high and one of the highest in the Minnewaska Preserve. Leaving the base of the falls and returning to the main trail the path ascends the side of the valley slowly gaining elevation. As it nears the top there is a 30-foot cascade near the side of the trail. Linking up with the Stony Kill Carriage Way at 1550 feet, the trail angles due west to the top of Stony Kill Falls. Views are expansive from the top of the falls, looking East, one can view the Stony Creek and Rondout Valleys. On a clear day there are views as far as Sullivan County.
Other information to consider:
Use caution when exploring this area. Ice on the falls, especially the top is common throughout the fall, winter, and into late spring.
There are no facilities here including bathrooms and trash service. Please carry out what you carry in, practice leave no trace ethics, and bring out any trash that you find.
Be very careful parking and turning around on this road as it is very narrow with a steep decline on the left side.
Waterfalls of New York (state)
Landforms of Ulster County, New York
Plunge waterfalls |
6901638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why%20I%20Want%20to%20Fuck%20Ronald%20Reagan | Why I Want to Fuck Ronald Reagan | Why I Want to Fuck Ronald Reagan is a short fictional work by English author J. G. Ballard, first published as a pamphlet by the Unicorn Bookshop, Brighton, in 1968. It was later collected in The Atrocity Exhibition. It is written in the style of a scientific paper and catalogues an apocryphal series of bizarre experiments intended to measure the psychosexual appeal of Ronald Reagan, who was then the Governor of California and candidate for the 1968 Republican presidential nomination.
History
Ballard himself was inspired by the then-new phenomenon of "media politicians" and in his preface to the 1990 edition of The Atrocity Exhibition, explained:
A bookseller who sold the pamphlet was charged with obscenity. In 1970, the pamphlet was added as an appendix to Doubleday's first American edition of The Atrocity Exhibition, which was destroyed prior to release.
At the 1980 Republican National Convention in Detroit, a copy furnished with the seal of the Republican Party was distributed by ex-Situationists to the convention delegates. According to Ballard, it was accepted for what it resembled: a psychological position paper on the candidate's subliminal appeal, commissioned by a think tank.
Quotes
Patients were provided with assembly kit photographs of sexual partners during intercourse. In each case Reagan's face was super imposed upon the original partner. Vaginal intercourse with "Reagan" proved uniformly disappointing, producing orgasm in 2% of subjects.
"Faces were seen as either circumcised (JFK, Khrushchev) or uncircumcised (LBJ, Adenauer). In assembly-kit tests Reagan's face was uniformly perceived as a penile erection. Patients were encouraged to devise the optimum sex-death of Ronald Reagan."
See also
Crash, a Ballard novel which focuses on similar themes
Ronald Reagan in music
References
1968 short stories
Pamphlets
Political books
Psychology books
Books about Ronald Reagan
Short stories by J. G. Ballard
Cultural depictions of Ronald Reagan |
6901659 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Min%20National%20Type%20Secondary%20School | San Min National Type Secondary School | Sekolah Menengah Jenis Kebangsaan San Min (Chinese: 三民国民型中学，abbreviated as SMJK San Min or SMSM), which literally translates to San Min National Type Secondary School (or simply San Min Secondary School), is located in Teluk Intan in Perak, Malaysia. It was first established in 1929 and has since survived the many changes and hardships, including the Japanese Occupation, and attained many achievements. It was then classified as a National Type Secondary School after the enforcement of the Malaysian Education Act 1957. It was first located beside Jalan Woo Saik Hong in the town area. In 1998, after receiving a plot of land from a generous Indian donor, the school had then moved to its current location beside Jalan Merbok (formerly Jalan Brewster) off Jalan Sultan Abdullah.
The name
The Name of the school is believed to have originated from Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People (Chinese:三民主义). The Three Principles of the People can also be found in part of the school anthem, "兴民族兮，树民权兮，兴民生责任" (Literal translation: Live nationalism, build democracy, and live social responsibility).
History
Being the only National Type Secondary School in Hilir Perak, the school one of the hundred-odd secondary schools in Malaysia which enlist Chinese and Chinese Literature subject in their standard timetable. Prior to moving to the current location, the school compound was small and was in a deplorable condition. It was only able to provide secondary education up to PMR level. After moving to the current location, it started SPM classes and the school is now one of the biggest school in Teluk Intan with about 2,000 students.
External links
SMJK San Min School Portal
Schools in Perak
Teluk Intan |
23576604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305%20Los%20Angeles%20Lakers%20season | 2004–05 Los Angeles Lakers season | The 2004–05 Los Angeles Lakers season was the 57th season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association (NBA), and 45th in the city of Los Angeles. The previous season had ended with a crushing defeat in five games to the Detroit Pistons in the 2004 NBA Finals, despite the Lakers being heavily favored. The 2004–05 season is best remembered as a tough one for the Lakers, winning only 34 games and missing the playoffs for the first time in 11 years. It was also the Lakers first season since 1995-96 without either center Shaquille O'Neal, who was traded to the Miami Heat for Lamar Odom, Caron Butler, Brian Grant, and future draft picks, or point guard Derek Fisher (who had signed a six year free agent contract with the Golden State Warriors), two instrumental players to the Lakers' previous three championship victories. The Lakers had the worst team defensive rating in the NBA.
Phil Jackson was also fired in the offseason and replaced by former Houston Rockets head coach Rudy Tomjanovich. However, in February of 2005, Tomjanovich's struggle with bladder cancer has been diagnosed since 2003 and forced him to resign after an 24–19 start into the season and be replaced by Jackson's assistant coach Frank Hamblen for the rest of the season. Following the season, Butler was traded to the Washington Wizards, Hamblen was fired as head coach and Vlade Divac retired.
For this season, the Lakers slightly changed their uniforms added the secondary logo to their shorts they remained in used until 2018.
The Lakers would not miss the playoffs again until 2014. This was the first team since the 1998–99 Chicago Bulls and last until the 2014–15 Miami Heat to miss the playoffs after making a Finals appearance as well as the last until the 2014–15 Heat to miss the playoffs after losing the previous year's Finals.
Draft picks
Roster
Player Salaries
Regular season
Season standings
Record vs. opponents
Game log
Player statistics
Awards and records
Kobe Bryant, All-NBA Third Team
Transactions
Kareem Rush was traded to the Charlotte Bobcats on December 6, 2004, for a 2005 2nd round draft pick and a 2009 2nd round draft pick.
References
Los Angeles Lakers seasons
Los Angle
Los Angle
Los Angle |
6901665 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainwashed | Brainwashed | Brainwashed may refer to:
Brainwashing, to affect a person's mind by using extreme mental pressure or any other mind-affecting process
Music
Albums
Brainwashed (George Harrison album), 2002, or the title song
Brainwashed (While She Sleeps album), 2015, or the title song
Songs
"Brainwashed", a song by The Kinks from their 1969 concept album Arthur (Or the Decline and Fall of the British Empire)
"Brainwash", a song by Rick Danko from his 1977 eponymous debut album, Rick Danko
"Brainwashed", a song by Iced Earth from their 1995 album Burnt Offerings
"Brainwash", a song by Simon Curtis from his 2010 debut album 8Bit Heart
"Brainwashed" (Devlin song), from the 2011 album Bud, Sweat and Beers
"Brainwashed" (Tom MacDonald song), a song by Tom MacDonald
Other
Brainwashed (film), originally titled Die Schachnovelle, a chess movie based on Stefan Zweig's novella The Royal Game
Brainwashed (website), a non-profit online music publication that specializes in the review of and news relating to eclectic music
Brainwashed is a 4th season story arc of Pinky and the Brain
Brainwash, a novel by British author John Wainwright, upon which the movies Garde à Vue and Under Suspicion are based |
23576605 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathias-Marie%20Duval | Mathias-Marie Duval | Mathias-Marie Duval (7 February 1844 – 28 February 1907) was a French professor of anatomy and histology born in Grasse. He was the son of botanist Joseph Duval-Jouve (1810–1883).
Biography
He studied medicine in Paris, and later served as prosector in Strassburg. In 1873 he became agrégé, subsequently becoming director of the anthropological laboratory at the École des Hautes Etudes and an anatomy professor at the École Supérieur des Beaux-Arts. In 1885 he replaced Charles-Philippe Robin (1821–1895) as professor of histology at the medical faculty in Paris. In 1892 he became a member of the Académie de Médecine. He was also a member of the International Society for the History of Medicine.
Duval is remembered for research involving placental development in mice and rats, and was the first to identify trophoblast invasion in rodents. With Austrian-American gynecologist Walter Schiller (1887–1960), Schiller Duval bodies are named, which are structures found in endodermal sinus tumors.
Selected writings
Sur la structure et usages de la rétine. Thesis for agrégé- 1873
Manuel du microscopie. 1873, second edition- 1877.
Précis de technique microscopique et histologique, ou introduction pratique à l’anatomie générale. (with an introduction by Charles-Philippe Robin). Paris, J.-B. Baillière et fils, 1878. 315 pages.
Précis de l'anatomie à l'usage des artistes, 1881.
Leçons sur la physiologie du système nerveux, 1883.
Le placenta des rongeurs. Journal de l'anatomie et de la physiologie normales et pathologiques de l'homme et des animaux, Paris, 1891, 27: 24–73, 344–395, 513–612.
Le placenta des rongeurs. Paris, Felix Alcan, 1892.
Précis d'histologie, Paris, 1897, 1900.
Histoire d'anatomie plastique: les maîtres, les livres et les échorchès, (With Edouard Coyer). Paris: Picard & Kann, 1898.
See also
A Clinical Lesson at the Salpêtrière
References
Mathias-Marie Duval @ Who Named It
1844 births
1907 deaths
People from Grasse
University of Paris faculty
French anatomists
French histologists |
6901687 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drivin%27%20%28Pearl%20Harbor%20and%20the%20Explosions%20song%29 | Drivin' (Pearl Harbor and the Explosions song) | "Drivin'" was a moderately successful hit single for San Francisco band Pearl Harbor and the Explosions. It first was released on 415 Records, November 21, 1979. Shortly after, it was re-recorded for the band's self-titled debut LP on Warner Bros, and that version was also released as a single.
After hearing the 415 single, the band Jane Aire and the Belvederes recorded a cover version of "Drivin'", which was released almost at the same time as Pearl Harbor's own WB version.
Track listing
7" (415 Version)
"Drivin'"
"Release It"
7" (Warner Bros. Version)
"Drivin'"
"The Big One"
References
1980 singles
1979 songs
Song recordings produced by David Kahne
Warner Records singles |
23576609 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie%20Donovan | Leslie Donovan | Leslie D. "Les" Donovan, Sr. (May 5, 1936) was a Republican member of the Kansas Senate, representing the 27th district from 1997 to 2017. He was the Assistant Majority Leader in 2001 and was a delegate to the National Republican Convention in 2000. He was a Kansas Representative from 1992 to 1997.
He is an auto dealer from Wichita.
Committee assignments
Donovan served on these legislative committees:
Assessment and Taxation (chair)
Judiciary
Transportation
Sponsored legislation
Legislation sponsored or co-sponsored by Donovan includes:
An amendment to have supreme court justices' appointments subject to consent of the senate.
A resolution to create a budget stabilization fund
A bill regarding campaign finance reform
Major donors
Some of the top contributors to Les Donovan's 2008 campaign, according to the National Institute on Money in State Politics:
Kansas Republican Senatorial Committee, Koch Industries, Kansas Contractors Association, Kansas Association of Realtors, Kansas Medical Society, Kansas Bankers Association
Financial, insurance and real estate companies were his largest donor group.
Elections
2012
Donovan was unopposed in the 2012 Republican primary. He defeated Democratic nominee Diana Cubbage in the general election, by a margin of 20,773 to 10,922 — 65.5 percent to 34.5 percent. In their primaries, Donovan had won 7,455 votes; Cubbage 1,044 votes.
Cubbage, a Wichita educator, had been unopposed in the 2012 Democratic Primary.
She had been endorsed by the Kansas Education Association, the American Federation of Teachers-Kansas and the AFL-CIO.
References
External links
Kansas Senate
Project Vote Smart profile
Follow the Money campaign contributions
1998, 2000, 2004, 2006, 2008
Kansas state senators
Living people
Kansas Republicans
1936 births
21st-century American politicians
Conservatism in the United States
20th-century American politicians |
23576611 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton%20Schwartz | Milton Schwartz | Milton Schwartz may refer to:
Milton Schwartz (spy), American
Milton Lewis Schwartz (1920–2005), U.S. federal judge
A character in Marjorie Morningstar (novel) |
6901696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20McKelvey | Joe McKelvey | Joseph McKelvey (17 June 1898 – 8 December 1922) was an Irish Republican Army officer who was executed during the Irish Civil War. He participated in the anti-Treaty IRA's repudiation of the authority of the Dáil (civil government of the Irish Republic declared in 1919) in March 1922 and was elected to the IRA Army Executive. In April 1922 he helped command the occupation of the Four Courts in defiance of the new Irish Free State. This action helped to spark the civil war, between pro- and anti-Treaty factions. McKelvey was among the most hardline of the anti-Treaty republicans and briefly, in June 1922, became IRA Chief of Staff.
Background
McKelvey was born in Stewartstown, County Tyrone, the only son of Patrick McKelvey, a Royal Irish Constabulary constable who later became a sergeant, and Rose O’Neill, a post office employee. During World War I, McKelvey Snr enlisted in the special reserve of the British Army and, in 1917, was posted to the Northumberland Fusiliers. He died in 1919 in Belfast, due to a perforation of his stomach, at the age of 57.
Joe McKelvey had a keen interest in the Gaelic Athletic Association and the Irish language. He studied as an accountant and gained some of the qualifications necessary for this profession, but never fully qualified. He worked for a time at the Income Tax Office on Queen's Square in Belfast and later found work in the city's engineering industry with Mackies on the Springfield road. He joined the Irish Republican Brotherhood and the Irish Volunteers, which during 1919 became known as the Irish Republican Army (IRA).
He was a founder member of the O'Donovan Rossa Club, Belfast – established in 1916 on the Falls Road. Each year the club honour him with a juvenile hurling blitz, an invitational competition which is participated in by clubs throughout Ireland.
War of Independence
McKelvey participated in the Irish War of Independence 1919–1921 against the British, in which he commanded the IRA's 1st Battalion, Belfast Brigade. In April 1920, he and other Volunteers burned the tax office in Belfast Customs House and two other Income Tax Offices. In July 1920, during a wave of violence in the wake of the IRA assassination of a northern police inspector (Gerard Smyth) in Cork, McKelvey was expelled from his job by loyalist intimidation. Roughly 7,000 other Catholics and left-wing Protestant political activists also lost their jobs in this manner at the time. Many of these unemployed Catholics were later recruited into the IRA. McKelvey later wrote to the IRA leadership that 75% of his volunteers were unemployed. In July 1920 McKelvey defended catholics during the ‘Belfast pogroms’. On 22 August 1920, McKelvey helped to organise the killing of RIC Detective Oswald Swanzy in Lisburn. The killing itself was carried out by IRA men from Cork, but McKelvey arranged a taxi to carry the assassins to and from the scene and disposed of their weapons. In reprisal for this shooting, 300 Catholic homes in Lisburn were burned out (see The Troubles (1920–1922)). McKelvey was forced to lie low in Dublin for some time after these events.
In March 1921, the IRA was re-organised by GHQ into divisions, and McKelvey was appointed commander of the Third Northern Division, responsible for Belfast and the surrounding area. McKelveys three brigades covered Belfast, County Antrim and north County Down. He was criticized by some of the younger, more radical Volunteers in the IRA Belfast Brigade (led by Roger McCorley), for being reluctant to sanction the killing of police and British Army personnel in Belfast. McKelvey feared (and was proved correct) that such actions would provoke retaliatory attacks on the Catholic and Irish nationalist community by loyalists. Nevertheless, he was unable to control some of his younger volunteers, who formed an "active service unit" on their own initiative and killed policemen and soldiers on a regular basis. When such attacks occurred, loyalists, generally supported by the Ulster Special Constabulary, attacked Catholic areas in reprisal. The IRA was then forced to try to defend Catholic areas, and McKelvey feared that the organisation was being drawn into sectarian conflict as opposed to what he saw as the "real" struggle for Irish independence. In May 1921, McKelvey's command suffered a severe setback when fifty of his best men were sent to County Cavan to train and link up with the IRA units there, only to be surrounded and captured by the British Army on Lappanduff hill on 9 May.
In most of Ireland, hostilities were ended with a truce declared on 11 July 1921. However, in the north and particularly in Belfast, violence intensified over the following year. McKelvey wrote to GHQ at this time that his command was very short of both arms and money. In March 1922, many of his papers, detailing the names and units of the roughly 1,000 IRA members in Belfast, were captured by the B-Specials in a raid on St Mary's Hall in Belfast.
Civil War
McKelvey was alone among the leadership of the Belfast IRA in going against the acceptance of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. Most of his comrades supported Michael Collins' assurances that, although the Treaty accepted the partition of Northern Ireland from the rest of the country, this was only a temporary concession which would be dealt with later. McKelvey did not accept this. As a result, he left his command as head of the IRA Third Northern Division and joined the Anti-Treaty IRA in Dublin. McKelvey was replaced by Seamus Woods as O/C of the Third Northern Division. Seamus Woods would go on to senior positions within the Free State Army (Assistant Chief of Staff).
McKelvey participated in the Anti-Treaty IRA's repudiation of the authority of the Dáil (civil government of the Irish Republic declared in 1919) in March 1922 and was elected as the IRA Army Chief of Staff of the Executive. In April 1922 he helped command the occupation of the Four Courts in defiance of the new Irish Free State. This action helped to spark the Irish Civil War, between pro and anti Treaty factions. McKelvey was among the most hardline of the anti-Treaty republicans and briefly, in June 1922, became IRA Chief of Staff, replacing Liam Lynch.
On 28 June 1922, the new Irish Free State government shelled the Four Courts to assert its authority over the militants defending it. The Republicans in the Four Courts surrendered after two days of fighting and McKelvey was captured. He was held for the following five months in Mountjoy Prison in Dublin.
Execution
On 8 December 1922, Joe McKelvey was executed by firing squad along with three other Anti-Treaty militants, Rory O'Connor, Liam Mellows and Richard Barrett. The executions had been ordered in reprisal for the Anti-Treaty IRA's murder of Sean Hales, a Pro-Treaty member of the Third Dáil. McKelvey was a well respected Irish Republican leader and many Pro-Treaty Officers and men took his execution very badly.
On the morning of his execution, he wrote this letter to Mrs Isabella Sullivan (née Letson) of Walmer, Andersonstown, Belfast: Letter written by McKelvey to Mrs Sullivan, 8 December 1922.
See also
Executions during the Irish Civil War,
References
External links
Irish Independent, 17 February 2002, The truth behind the murder of Sean Hales.
1898 births
1922 deaths
People from County Tyrone
Irish republicans
Members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood
Irish Republican Army (1919–1922) members
Irish Republican Army (1922–1969) members
People of the Irish Civil War (Anti-Treaty side)
People executed by Ireland by firing squad
Executed Irish people
People executed by the Irish Free State |
23576614 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigby%20Swift | Rigby Swift | Sir Rigby Philip Watson Swift (7 June 1874 – 19 October 1937) was a British barrister, Member of Parliament and judge. Born into a legal family, Swift was educated at Parkfield School before taking up a place in his father's chambers and at the same time studying for his LLB at the University of London. After completing his degree in January 1895 he was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn on 26 June. He took up a place in his father's chambers, and his work steadily increased. After the death of his father on 26 September 1899 he took over the chambers, and by 1904 he was earning 3,000 guineas a year.
By 1909 he was considered the most prestigious junior barrister in Liverpool, and in 1910 he became the Conservative Member of Parliament for St Helens. He moved to London in 1911, and was made a King's Counsel in 1912. His work continued to increase, and by 1916 he was earning 10,000 guineas a year. In the same year he became Recorder of Wigan and a Bencher of Lincoln's Inn. In 1917 he defended Frederick Handel Booth in Gruban v Booth, and in 1918 he represented the Air Ministry in front of the Select Committee of the House of Lords on the Women's Royal Air Force.
On 21 June 1920 he was made a judge of the High Court of Justice by the Lord Chancellor Lord Birkenhead, and became the youngest High Court judge at the time. In 1921 he heard the "Sinn Féin case", an application of the controversial Treason Felony Act 1848, and his decision in Nunan v Southern Railway Company [1923] 2 K.B. 703 was an important one in relation to exclusion clauses and liability, and was referenced by Lord Hanworth in the later case Thompson v LMS Railway. Swift died on 19 October 1937 while still a High Court judge, and was buried in Rotherfield.
Early life and education
Swift was born on 7 June 1874 at Hardshaw Hall, Lancashire to Thomas Swift and his second wife Emily. The male members of the family were mostly lawyers - Thomas Swift was a solicitor, three of his sons also became solicitors, his brother was a registrar and his cousin, Sir John Rigby was a barrister and later judge. After John Rigby became a King's Counsel in 1880, Thomas Swift switched paths and became a barrister. He specialised in criminal work, and served as counsel in the trial of Florence Maybrick. His career change had a great impact on the family - they moved from Lancashire to Liverpool (where Thomas Swift's chambers were) and Rigby Swift was undoubtedly influenced by his father's career when it came to choosing one of his own.
After some time spent with a governess, Swift began formal education at the age of 10 when he attended a small preparatory school. The school was not a good one - Swift later wrote that "I was immoderately bullied... during the whole time I was there I think I learnt nothing." In May 1886 he moved to Parkfield School, where he became head boy and held a "kindly, easy authority". In 1892 he began studying to become a barrister in a way completely unique - by working at his father's set of chambers from the age of 17. Standard practice was for a student to do a law degree and study the legal theory, before moving to a set of chambers as a pupil to learn the practical application of the law. Swift instead studied both simultaneously, and became noticed by the solicitors of Liverpool before he was even called to the Bar. At this time he became a friend of Arthur Greer, later Baron Fairfield.
As well as the practical work in his father's chambers, Swift also studied at the University of London, gaining an LLB in January 1895 before he was 21, and frequently spoke at the Liverpool Law Students Society, where he debated with Henry McCardie. On 26 June 1895 he was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn by Joseph Chitty, and became qualified to practice as a barrister.
At the Bar
Swift's first proper case took place in November 1895 at the High Court of Justice in front of Mr Justice Cave - a case he won, although he felt that he had worked "horribly". His work increased over the next two years, and in 1897 he acted as a junior for John Bigham QC, later a High Court Judge. Swift would occasionally appear in court against his father, and the two were noted for deliberately baiting each other. By 1899 he was earning 462 guineas in a year, over twelve times what he was earning when he was first called to the Bar. His first murder case was in 1899, and although he lost he was commended by the judge (Mr Justice Wills) for the "great taste and propriety" of his final argument.
On 26 September 1899 his father, Thomas Swift, fell ill on the way home from chambers and died on the bus. With Thomas Swift dead, Rigby Swift had to decide what to do with his father's chambers. Although it would cause significant financial hardship for Swift and his clerk, he decided to run the chambers himself. This soon turned out to be a wise move - many of Thomas Swift's clients chose to stay on with Rigby, and in 1899 he defended the United Alkali Company from a lawsuit resulting from a large explosion at their chemical plant in St Helens. In the same year another two barristers joined the chambers, one of whom later became a High Court judge. By the end of 1900 Swift had earned over 1000 guineas. In 1902 he was earning 2,000 guineas a year, and by 1904 he was earning 3,000. By 1909 he was considered the most prestigious junior barrister (a barrister who isn't a Queen's Counsel) in Liverpool.
Politics and King's Counsel
In January 1910, Swift ran for Member of Parliament for St Helens on the Conservative Party ticket. The seat had previously been Conservative-held, but since 1906 had been controlled by the Labour Party with a safe majority of 1,411 votes. Swift campaigned hard, but despite his work and a "brilliant incursion" by F. E. Smith, Swift was defeated 6,512 votes to 5,717, leaving the sitting Labour member (Thomas Glover) with a majority of 795. Swift ran for the same seat again in the December election, the previous government having lasted only 11 months. The campaign was more hard-fought than the previous one, and was described as "one of the fiercest elections ever contested in a red-hot constituency". When the results were announced, Swift had won with 6,016 votes to Glover's 5,752, a narrow majority of 264.
Now that he was a Member of Parliament, Swift applied to become a King's Counsel (KC). The Lord Chancellor (Lord Loreburn) rejected his application because of the custom that a prospective KC should first open a practice in London. In 1911 he moved to London, something which initially cut into his income as solicitors were not aware of him. When the new Lord Chancellor Lord Haldane promoted a new set of KCs in 1912, Swift was among them. From this point onwards his share of cases began to improve.
In 1913 he defended Cecil Chesterton in the libel trial over his coverage of the Marconi scandal, along with Ernest Wild KC. In opposition was "as formidable a team as ever conducted a prosecution" – Edward Carson, later Baron Carson, F. E. Smith, later the Earl of Birkenhead, and Richard Muir. The allegations by Chesterton were so extreme that a criminal libel case was launched. Chesterton lost, but the case brought Swift's name to the attention of London solicitors.
In 1916 he became Recorder of Wigan. The same year he was made a Bencher of Lincoln's Inn, and by this point was earning 10,000 guineas a year. He disliked going out of London, and doubled his fees to a minimum of 200 guineas for cases outside London. Despite this the more money he charged, the more cases he got. He also followed a rule that meant he would only deal with one case at a time - again this failed to cut down the number of solicitors looking to employ him, because they appreciated a barrister who would dedicate all his working hours to their particular case. In 1917 he defended Frederick Handel Booth in Gruban v Booth, and in 1918 he represented the Air Ministry in front of the Select Committee of the House of Lords on the Women's Royal Air Force.
Judge
In June 1920 he received an invitation from Lord Birkenhead, the Lord Chancellor, to become a judge of the High Court of Justice. He was formally appointed on 21 June, along with Edward Acton, and was knighted on 12 August. When appointed he was 46, and was the youngest High Court judge at that time. His appointment was considered a good one by the press; The Times wrote that "no appointment could be met with greater approval - we might even say enthusiasm - in the legal profession and among the public than that of Mr. Rigby Swift", while the Daily Mail wrote that "Mr. Rigby Swift has long been marked out for judgeship". After 1934 he occasionally sat as an additional judge in the Court of Appeal of England and Wales.
In 1934 in court during a libel action brought by Aleister Crowley (after a statement that Crowley practised black magic), black and white magic were solemnly discussed in court before Mr Justice Swift. The plaintiff said that he had founded a community in Sicily for the purpose of studying white magic.
Sinn Féin case
In 1921 Swift heard a case (known at the time as the Sinn Féin case) in which the controversial Treason Felony Act 1848 was applied. From 1920 to 1921 Manchester had been targeted by IRA forces who mounted an incendiary campaign against the city, setting fire to over 40 buildings between November 1920 and April 1921. On 2 April the police raided the local IRA headquarters, and in the ensuing fight one IRA member was killed and another wounded. A further nineteen were captured, and they went on trial at the next Assize Court. They were charged under the Treason Felony Act based on their membership of the IRA and of Sinn Féin. This was the first time that anyone had been charged simply for being a member of Sinn Féin, and was seen by the British government as a landmark case, with the Attorney General Sir Gordon Hewart acting as the prosecution.
The trial began on 4 July and lasted for six days. The proceedings were heavily guarded - Swift was escorted into court by armed police, the court itself was surrounded by armed patrols and the public were not allowed to watch the proceedings. Witnesses were brought over from Ireland under armed guard and given complete anonymity. The argument of the defence was a weak one, and was not accepted by the defendants themselves, who argued that they were prisoners of war and that their actions were therefore not covered by normal criminal law. Neither Swift or the jury were convinced, however, and after being found guilty the men were sentenced to between three and fifteen years of penal servitude.
A case of Swift's with important implications for the common law was Nunan v Southern Railway Company [1923] 2 K.B. 703. Nunan was a workman who was killed in an accident caused by the negligence of railway employees. Under the Fatal Accidents Act his widow could claim compensation from the railway company, but the case was complicated because of an exclusion clause on the ticket he was using which limited the company's liability to £100. The widow argued that the exclusion clause was only binding on her husband when he was alive, and that it did not affect parliamentary statute such as the Fatal Accidents Act.
Swift decided that while the ticket bound Nunan, his widow was right in saying that the clause did not affect parliamentary statute, and he awarded her £800. His judgment played an important part in and was referenced in the later decision of Lord Hanworth in Thompson v LMS Railway.
Divorce
During the 1920s the Divorce Court was massively backlogged, with even the Lord Chancellor Lord Birkenhead helping deal with cases. Despite this the backlog continued to grow, and in 1920 Swift was seconded to the Divorce Court to deal with cases. Many of them were deliberately arranged divorces, with one party sending the other a letter reading along the lines of "Please divorce me. Here is a bill from - Hotel, I was there with a man who wishes to throw his lot in with mine". In 1925 Swift was again seconded to the Divorce Court, and began to get frustrated with the arranged divorces. On 22 April, while hearing a case, he exclaimed that the arranged divorces were "a perfect farce", included elements of collusion and that he had half a mind to send the cases to the Director of Public Prosecutions. His comments were widely reported by the press, and he apologised the next day, saying that he was simply disgusted by a system in which one party had to pretend to commit adultery to get a divorce.
Frederick Nodder
Shortly before his death, in March 1937 Swift presided at the trial at Warwick Winter Assizes of Frederick Nodder, who was charged with abducting Mona Tinsley, aged 10, who had not been seen since leaving school on 5 January 1937. His conduct of the trial was marked by bad-tempered interruption, sarcastic comments (chiefly directed at defence counsel Maurice Healy), and unjustified complaints that documents had been withheld. When the jury convicted, Swift in passing sentence referred to the continued mystery about Mona Tinsley's fate: "What you did with that little girl, what became of her, only you know. It may be that time will reveal the dreadful secret which you carry in your breast." Three months later Mona Tinsley's body was recovered from a nearby river, and Nodder was subsequently convicted of murder and hanged.
Death
On 15 April 1937 his wife, Lady Swift, had a large heart attack. She survived for four days before finally dying on 19 April. Swift returned to work and his life continued, but it was "continuation from mere momentum" rather than any desire to live. On 15 October he had a heart attack, and on 19 October, exactly six months after his wife's death, he died at home and was buried in a graveyard in Rotherfield.
References
Bibliography
External links
1874 births
1937 deaths
Alumni of the University of London
Queen's Counsel 1901–2000
Knights Bachelor
British barristers
Members of Lincoln's Inn
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1910–1918
People from Rotherfield
Politicians from Lancashire |
23576616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Precious%20Prize%20of%20Gravity | The Precious Prize of Gravity | The Precious Prize of Gravity is the third studio album by international indie rock band Bellini.
Track listing
"Wake Up Under a Truck" – 3:34
"Numbers" – 3:04
"Daughter Leaving" – 3:08
"Susie" – 3:50
"Tiger's Milk" – 3:03
"The Man Who Lost His Wings" – 4:26
"Save The Greyhounds"- 2:41
"The Thin Line"-4:18
"The Painter"-2:44
"A Deep Wound"-3:14
References
Bellini (band) albums
2009 albums |
23576624 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%20Top%2050%20Index | Russell Top 50 Index | The Russell Top 50 Index measures the performance of the largest companies in the Russell 3000 Index. It includes approximately 50 of the largest securities based on a combination of their market cap and current index membership and represents approximately 40% of the total market capitalization of the Russell 3000.
The index, which was launched on January 1, 2005, is maintained by FTSE Russell, a subsidiary of the London Stock Exchange Group. Its ticker symbol is ^RU50.
Investing
Prior to January 27, 2016, the index was tracked by an exchange-traded fund, the Guggenheim Russell Top 50 Mega Cap ETF (). The ETF switched to the S&P 500 Top 50 Index.
Top 10 holdings
Apple Inc. ()
Microsoft Corp ()
Amazon.com ()
Meta Platforms ()
Alphabet Inc Cl A ()
Alphabet Inc Cl C ()
Berkshire Hathaway Inc ()
Johnson & Johnson ()
Procter & Gamble ()
Visa Inc. ()
(as of October 31, 2020)
Top sectors by weight
Technology
Consumer Discretionary
Health Care
Industrials
Financials
See also
S&P 100
Russell Investments
Russell 2000 Index
Russell 1000 Index
Russell Top 200 Index
References
External links
Russell Indexes
Russell Investment Group
Index Construction and Methodology
Yahoo! Finance page for ^RU50
American stock market indices |
17337209 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309%20U.S.%20Citt%C3%A0%20di%20Palermo%20season | 2008–09 U.S. Città di Palermo season | U.S. Città di Palermo spent the 2008–09 season in the Serie A, the fifth season in a row for the Sicilian club in the Italian top flight since their return to the league in 2004.
Review and events
For the upcoming season, Palermo are expected to confirm Stefano Colantuono as head coach. A number of signings were completed in mid-season, namely Brazilian striker Túlio de Melo from Le Mans (free transfer), and young Danish defender Simon Kjær from Midtjylland; these are expected to be joined by a number of loan and co-ownership returns, such as Hernan Dellafiore from Torino. On May 28, Palermo announced to have signed Empoli defender Andrea Raggi in a full transfer. Two days later, the rosanero also finalized the signing of former Fiorentina midfielder Fabio Liverani. On June 5 Palermo announced on their website to have finalized the signing of Italy national team and Livorno goalkeeper Marco Amelia.
On June 19, Palermo announced to have re-signed Croatian striker Igor Budan from Parma and Genoa defender Cesare Bovo, the latter in exchange with long-time rosanero Giuseppe Biava. Six days later, the club completed the signing of Atalanta centre-back Moris Carrozzieri. On July 1, the club finalized the signing of Davide Lanzafame from Juventus in a co-ownership bid.
In addition, Palermo-born Giovanni Tedesco and 41-year-old goalkeeper Alberto Fontana have agreed a one-year contract extension.
On the other hand, a number of transfer were completed, with Amauri sold to Juventus (and Antonio Nocerino being signed by Palermo as part of the deal), Leandro Rinaudo transferred to Napoli and Italian internationals Cristian Zaccardo and Andrea Barzagli signed by German side VfL Wolfsburg;
Palermo's pre-season phase will begin on July 14 to the training camp of Bad Kleinkirchheim, Austria. They then moved to another camp in Levico Terme on August 1, then playing a friendly match in Wolfsburg against VfL Wolfsburg.
Palermo started their season with a surprise 1–2 home loss to Ravenna, a Lega Pro Prima Divisione team (two divisions below Serie A). Successively, Zamparini confirmed the intention to sell newly acquired striker Túlio de Melo, citing the impossibility to ensure the player a guaranteed place in the starting lineup as he wanted. In the meantime, on August 30, and just a few hours before the rosanero'''s kickoff league match, Palermo announced the signing of 18-year-old striker Levan Mchedlidze on loan. The next day, Lille confirmed to have finalized the permanent signing of Melo from Palermo. On 1 September, Palermo completed both the signing of Davide Succi from Ravenna the loaning out of Boško Janković to Genoa. Both moves were finalized following several unsuccessful attempts to sign Brazilian international striker Nilmar from Internacional, as confirmed in a club statement.
The very next day saw notable criticism from supporters and local and national media regarding the club's strategy in the transfer market, particularly underlining the lack of an appropriate replacement for Amauri and the controversial sale of Túlio de Melo a mere two months after signing with the rosanero. Zamparini responded to these criticisms by making the whole bid amounts in the seasons available to the public, in a very unusual move in Italy, noting his club was among the ones who spent the most money in order to sign new players.
On September 4, 2008, in what was promptly received as another controversial move, the club surprisingly announced the immediate dismissal of Stefano Colantuono from his position, making him the first head coach to be sacked in the whole Serie A season, contemporaneously announcing the appointment of Davide Ballardini as new rosanero boss. Ballardini made his debut with an impressive 3–1 home win to Roma on September 13.
Ballardini then followed up the next week by beating Genoa 2–1, with centre-back Cesare Bovo scored a winning goal from 26 metres out.
Palermo's wonderful form continued as they stopped Italian giants Juventus 2–1, ending their unbeaten season. Fabrizio Miccoli scored a tap-in after Buffon deflected a volley from Uruguayan striker Edinson Cavani. Newly acquired youngster Levan Mchedlidze scored in only his second-ever game in the Italian Serie A, grabbing Palermo a surprise win. Palermo then went on to achieve impressive wins to less exciting games, not performing particularly well in away matches. Namely, striking duo of Fabrizio Miccoli and Edinson Cavani proved to be instrumental to the rosaneros successes, with the former Benfica star establishing himself as team topscorer despite being limited by injuries.
Another fan favourite win came in a league match against A.C. Milan, with the rosanero showing probably one of their finest seasonal performances and defeating 3–1 the rossoneri, with goals by Miccoli, Cavani and Simplicio, and Sicilian goalkeeper Marco Amelia being instrumental in the team win by saving a penalty shot by FIFA World Player winner Ronaldinho.
In the January 2009 transfer window, Palermo opted to loan out all of their players who did not play regularly in the first half, namely Hernán Paolo Dellafiore, Andrea Raggi, Davide Lanzafame and Maurizio Ciaramitaro. The club, with Igor Budan being unavailable for the whole season so far, was also linked with being interested to the likes of ACF Fiorentina striker Giampaolo Pazzini, who was ultimately acquired by Sampdoria. Later in the market window, Palermo also announced the loan of Ciro Capuano to Sicilian rivals Catania, and the signing for free of Mirko Savini from Napoli, then completing the transfer session with two international youngsters, Swiss full-back Michel Morganella and Uruguayan striker Abel Hernández.
The club went on performing relatively well with several ups and downs, the bottom point being a shock 0–4 home loss to Catania in the Sicilian derby, which was promptly followed by a 2–0 win at ACF Fiorentina's home. Palermo also managed to come back from two goals down to achieve a 2–2 draw at San Siro against José Mourinho's league leaders Internazionale thanks to efforts from Edinson Cavani and backup striker Davide Succi. In the second part of the season, Palermo declared interest in fighting to take a UEFA Europa League 2009–10 spot, with Roma, league surprise Cagliari and Lazio as main challengers.
On April 23, the Italian National Olympic Committee announced that Moris Carrozzieri was found positive for cocaine as he failed a doping test made immediately after a home game against Torino on April 5. The physical centre-back was immediately suspended from football activities and is likely to face a long ban that could keep him off from the game for up to two years. According to Palermo chairman Maurizio Zamparini and sports director Walter Sabatini, the player might likely have assumed cocaine during a night out in a club in Milan. Such events, which prived Palermo of one of the main defenders in the squad, were followed by a 0–3 loss to AC Milan, with two of the rossoneri goals being scored from controversial penalty kicks and Palermo reduced to 10 men after Cesare Bovo was sent off minutes after the beginning of the second half; this brought to bitter criticism against the referee from Maurizio Zamparini, who also announced a one-day news blackout as a form of protest.
Confirmed summer transfer market bidsInOutOut on loanConfirmed winter transfer market bidsInOut on loan'Player detailsSeason statistics|-
|colspan="12"|Players sold or loaned out during the summer transfer market:|-
|colspan="12"|Players sold or loaned out during the winter transfer market:''
|}
Competitions
Serie A
Matches
Coppa Italia
See also
2008–09 in Italian football
References
Palermo F.C. seasons
Palermo |
23576626 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore%20and%20Harrisburg%20Railway | Baltimore and Harrisburg Railway | The Baltimore and Harrisburg Railway was a railroad that operated in Maryland and Pennsylvania in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The 59 miles (95 km) main line ran from Emory Grove, Maryland to Orrtanna, Pennsylvania, with a 6 miles (9.7 km) branch from Valley Junction, Pennsylvania (east of Hanover) to Hanover Junction, Pennsylvania; and later extensions to Highfield, Maryland and York, Pennsylvania.
The railroad was formed from a merger of the Hanover Junction, Hanover and Gettysburg Railroad, the Bachman Valley Railroad and the Baltimore and Hanover Railroad in 1886. It was acquired by the Western Maryland Railway in 1917.
History
The railroad was chartered by the states of Maryland and Pennsylvania in 1886. In 1889 the railroad constructed a western extension from Orrtanna to Highfield, Maryland, where it connected with the Western Maryland Railway. In 1893 it completed a eastern extension from Porters Sideling, Pennsylvania (east of Hanover) to York.
At its formation, the company was controlled by the Western Maryland Railway by means of a 99-year lease, and the Western Maryland bought the company in 1917. The original Hanover Branch Railroad portion of track between Hanover Junction and Valley Junction was abandoned and removed circa 1930.
See also
List of defunct Maryland railroads
List of defunct Pennsylvania railroads
References
Bibliography
Defunct Maryland railroads
Defunct Pennsylvania railroads
Predecessors of the Western Maryland Railway
Railway companies established in 1886
Railway companies disestablished in 1917
American companies established in 1886
American companies disestablished in 1917 |
23576643 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koras%E2%80%93Russell%20cubic%20threefold | Koras–Russell cubic threefold | In algebraic geometry, the Koras–Russell cubic threefolds are smooth affine complex threefolds diffeomorphic to studied by . They have a hyperbolic action of a one-dimensional torus with a unique fixed point, such that the quotients of the threefold and the tangent space of the fixed point by this action are isomorphic. They were discovered in the process of proving the Linearization Conjecture in dimension 3. A linear action of on the affine space is one of the form , where and . The Linearization Conjecture in dimension says that every algebraic action of on the complex affine space is linear in some algebraic coordinates on . M. Koras and P. Russell made a key step towards the solution in dimension 3, providing a list of threefolds (now called Koras-Russell threefolds) and proving that the Linearization Conjecture for n=3 holds if all those threefolds are exotic affine 3-spaces, that is, none of them is isomorphic to . This was later shown by Kaliman and Makar-Limanov using the ML-invariant of an affine variety, which has in fact been invented exactly for this purpose.
Earlier than the above referred paper, Russell noticed that the hypersurface has properties very similar to the affine 3-space like contractibility and was interested in distinguishing them as algebraic varieties. This now follows from the computation that and .
References
3-folds |
17337217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Diyala | University of Diyala | The University of Diyala is an Iraqi university located in Baquba, Diyala Governorate, Iraq. It was established in 1999.
Colleges of University of Diyala
Basic Education College
College of Education For Human Science
College of Education For Pure Science
College of Physical Education
College of Engineering
College of Science
College of Law and Political Science
College of Medicine
College of Veterinary
College of Agriculture
College of Economic
College of Islamic
College of Arts
College of Education for Girls
Department of University of Diyala
Department of Scholarships and Cultural Relations
Department of Research and Development
Department of Center Childhood and Motherhood
Department of Quality Assurance
Department of Computer Center
Department of Education and Planning
Department of Center Printing
Department of Information and Public Relations
Department of Development and Continuing Education
Department of Physical Education and Technical
Department of Spatial Research
ID Issue
External links
Official website
Official website
Diyala
Educational institutions established in 1999
1999 establishments in Iraq |
23576651 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%202500%20Index | Russell 2500 Index | The Russell 2500 Index measures the performance of the 2,500 smallest companies (19% of total capitalization) in the Russell 3000 Index, with a weighted average market capitalization of approximately $4.3 billion, median capitalization of $1.2 billion and market capitalization of the largest company of $18.7 billion.
The index, which was launched on June 1, 1990, is maintained by FTSE Russell, a subsidiary of the London Stock Exchange Group. Its ticker symbol is ^R25I.
Top 10 holdings
Huntington Bancshares ()
Hologic ()
Mid-America Apartments ()
Quintiles IMS Holdings ()
Alaska Air Group ()
Idexx Laboratories ()
Snap-on ()
Arch Capital Group ()
Lear Corporation ()
E-Trade Financial ()
(as of December 31, 2016)
Top sectors by weight
Financial Services
Producer Durables
Consumer Discretionary
Technology
Health Care
See also
Russell Investments
Russell 2000 Index
Russell 1000 Index
References
External links
Russell page for Russell 2500 index
Russell Indexes
Russell Investment Group
Index Construction and Methodology
Yahoo! Finance page for ^R25I
American stock market indices |
17337220 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%20Bolivian%20vote%20of%20confidence%20referendum | 2008 Bolivian vote of confidence referendum | A vote of confidence in President Evo Morales in the form of a referendum was held in Bolivia on 10 August 2008. The vote was held to determine whether Morales, Vice President Álvaro García Linera, and eight out of nine departmental Prefects should stay in office. Morales received more than 67% support and six of the eight prefects were returned. The prefects of Cochabamba Department and La Paz Department were defeated and had to face re-election.
Background
The referendum was initially suggested by Morales in December 2007, but was rejected by the opposition at the time. However, the opposition-controlled Senate brought back the suggestion following their victory in the Santa Cruz autonomy referendum on 4 May 2008, with Morales agreeing to hold the vote.
The recall election would be deemed successful if the percentage voting in favour of the recall exceeded the percentage of voters that originally voted for the person. For Morales and Linera, there would have to be more than 53.74% (their margin in the 2005 presidential election). The same rules apply for the governors, but their margins are between 48% and 38% in La Paz Department which makes their recall much easier to accomplish. If the recall is successful then fresh elections would be held. Morales has stated that if he stays in office, he will use the referendum result as a springboard for more reforms – for instance, setting a date for the constitutional referendum which would grant more rights to Bolivia's poor indigenous population. If he loses, he said he would go back to farming coca.
Polls in May 2008 showed Morales easily defeating the recall.
Following autonomy referendums held in the second quarter of 2008 in Santa Cruz, Beni, Pando and Tarija, the governors of these four states initially refused to take part in the recall referendum unless the referendum complied with the new autonomy statutes, which the Supreme Electoral Court considers to be invalid; they pushed for early elections to be held instead. Nonetheless, the governors later agreed to participate. However, there were still obstructive measures from these four departments a few days before the referendum.
The recall referendum did not apply to the governor of Chuquisaca Department, as Savina Cuéllar was just elected very recently in June 2008. Cuéllar was a member of the Bolivian Constituent Assembly for Morales' Movement for Socialism, but ran for governorship of Chuquisaca as the candidate of the opposition Interinstitutional Committee Alliance, winning with 55% to MAS' Wálter Valda's 45%. The gubernatorial election was held after the previous governor, David Sánchez of MAS, resigned (against the wish of his party) due to violent protests.
Shortly before the election, the rules were changed, though the legality of this move remains in doubt; under the new rules, the governors will be removed from office if over 50% of voters recall them, effectively raising the threshold required.
Results
|-
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;" |Position
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;" |Party
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Candidate
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Votes against recall
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |% against recall
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |% threshold
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Result
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | President Vice President || Movement Toward Socialism || Juan Evo Morales AymaÁlvaro García Linera
|| 2,103,732 || 67.41% || 53.7% || Survived
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Prefect of Beni Department || PODEMOS || Ernesto Suárez || 64,866 || 64.25% || 44.64% || Survived
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Prefect of Chuquisaca Department || Allianza Comité Interinstitucional || Savina Cuéllar || colspan=4 style="text-align:center;" | Not voting
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Prefect of Cochabamba Department || Nueva Fuerza Republicana || Manfred Reyes Villa || 195,290 || 35.19% || 47.64% || Recalled
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Prefect of La Paz Department || || José Luis Paredes || 362,214 || 35.48% || 37.99% || Recalled
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Prefect of Oruro Department || || Alberto Luis Aguilar || 84,364 || 50.86% || 40.95% || Survived
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Prefect of Pando Department || PODEMOS || Leopoldo Fernández || 14,841 || 56.21% ||| 48.03% || Survived
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Prefect of Potosí Department || || Mario Virreira || 171,629 || 79.08% || 40.69% || Survived
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Prefect of Santa Cruz Department || Autonomy for Bolivia || Ruben Costas || 451,191 || 66.43% || 47.87% || Survived
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Prefect of Tarija Department || Civic Committee || Mario Cossío || 78,170 || 58.06% || 45.65% || Survived
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan=6 |Source: National Election Court of Bolivia
References
External links
IFES ElectionGuide.org Profile
2008 elections in South America
Vote of confidence referendum
2008 referendums
Recall elections
2008 vote of confidence referendum
August 2008 events in South America |
23576657 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind%20the%20Drift | Mind the Drift | Mind the Drift is the third studio album by American heavy metal band Big Business.
Track listing
"Found Art" - 3:34
"Gold and Final" - 3:32
"Cats, Mice." - 3:52
"I Got It Online" - 3:59
"The Drift" - 3:40
"Ayes Have It" - 4:17
"Cold Lunch" - 3:33
"Theme From Big Business II" - 8:43
"Cold Lunch (Demo)" (Bonus Track) - 3:40
"The Drift (Demo)" (Bonus Track) - 3:48
"Send Me A Postcard" (Bonus Track) - 2:45
Personnel
Big Business
Jared Warren - bass, lead vocals
Coady Willis - drums
Toshi Kasai - guitar, backing vocals, keyboards
Technical personnel
Phil Elk and Big Business – recording
Cameron Nicklaus - second engineer
Sadaharu Yagi - second engineer
JJ Golden - mastering
James O'Mara - layout and execution
References
2009 albums
Hydra Head Records albums
Big Business (band) albums |
23576672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%20Microcap%20Index | Russell Microcap Index | The Russell Microcap Index measures the performance of the microcap segment of the U.S. equity market. It makes up less than 3% of the U.S. equity market. It includes 1,000 of the smallest securities in the Russell 2000 Index based on a combination of their market cap and current index membership and it also includes up to the next 1,000 stocks. , the weighted average market capitalization for a company in the index was $535 million; the median market cap was $228 million. The market cap of the largest company in the index was $3.6 billion.
The index, which was launched on June 1, 2005, is maintained by FTSE Russell, a subsidiary of the London Stock Exchange Group. Its ticker symbol is ^RUMIC.
Records
In February 2021, during the everything bubble, a record 14 members of the index exceeded the market capitalization of the smallest member of the S&P 500 Index.
Investing
The Russell Microcap Index is tracked by the iShares Micro-Cap ETF ().
Top 10 holdings
Mercury Systems ()
Centerstate Banks ()
Lakeland Financial ()
Merit Medical Systems ()
Team Inc ()
Patrick Industries ()
Synergy Pharmaceuticals ()
Hanmi Financial ()
Aerie Pharmaceuticals ()
Stewart Information Services ()
(as of December 31, 2016)
Top sectors by weight
Financial Services
Health Care
Consumer Discretionary
Technology
Producer Durables
See also
Russell Investments
Russell 2000 Index
Russell 1000 Index
References
External links
FTSE Russell Index Fact Sheet
FTSE Russell Indexes
FTSE Russell Investment Group
Index Construction and Methodology
Yahoo! Finance page for ^RUMIC
American stock market indices
Financial services companies established in 1981
1981 establishments in the United States |
17337234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilleries%20Company%20of%20Sri%20Lanka | Distilleries Company of Sri Lanka | Distilleries Company of Sri Lanka PLC (DCSL) is a diversified Sri Lankan conglomerate listed on the Colombo Stock Exchange with a market capitalisation of US$600 Million. It was one of the first Sri Lankan companies to be listed in Forbes's Best Managed companies under a USD billion (outside USA). The company has also been featured in business magazine Business Today as one of its Top 10 listed companies in Sri Lanka.
History
Under State ownership (1917–1992)
It was established in 1917 as the liquor producing division of the Excise Department of Ceylon. In 1974, the State Distilleries Corporation was established to take over the liquor distilling and producing activities of the Excise Department of Ceylon. On 17 November 1989, State Distilleries Corporation was converted into a company with shares. Thus, Distilleries Company of Sri Lanka Limited was born, under the Conversion of Public Corporations Act No: 23 of 1983. On 20 February 1992, 60% of the company were sold on the Colombo Stock Exchange to the highest bidder, a consortium of investors formed by Milford Exports Ceylon Limited, Lanka Milk Foods (CWE) Limited (both companies controlled by Sri Lankan businessman Harry Jayawardena) together with Smith New Court Investors from Singapore.
Privatisation (1992)
Distilleries Company of Sri Lanka PLC has been called "a landmark success in privatization". A state-owned company producing liquor, it was privatized by the state in 1992. After less than two decades of privatization, DCSL has become a conglomerate with diversified interests in many areas of the country's economy.
Conglomerate in the making (1995–2016)
In 1995, the company entered into a joint venture with Pernod Ricard of France, one of the top 5 liquor producers in the world, to incorporate Periceyl Limited to produce whiskeys, brandies, and other international liquor in Sri Lanka for the Sri Lankan market. The company represents world-renowned brands such as Chivas Regal and Jameson Irish Whiskey in Sri Lanka. Also in 1995 the company acquired the century-old Beruwala Distillery Limited.
In 1996, the company signaled its intention of diversifying into non liquor sectors and acquired tea and rubber plantations by purchasing significant stakes in Madulsima Plantations PLC and Balangoda Plantations PLC under the government's privatization program. In 1999 the company acquired a significant stake in highly diversified Aitken Spence PLC, which has interests in power generation, shipping and hotels in Sri Lanka, India, Oman and the Maldives. In 2003 the company acquired a 90% stake in Sri Lanka Insurance Corporation Limited when the Sri Lankan government sold the state-owned insurer. Sri Lanka Insurance Corporation is a composite insurer with life and non-life insurance portfolios and over US$500 million in assets and assets under management. In June 2009, the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka determined that the privatization of Sri Lanka Insurance was flawed, annulled the privatization and ordered that its current owners return its shares in the company back to the treasury. However, its owners have been allowed to keep profits made by the insurer after privatization.
In 2005, the company acquired a 99% stake in Lanka Bell Limited, a fixed line telecom operator in Sri Lanka.
DCSL used to be the holding company of Lanka Bell Limited, Periceyl Private Limited, Pelwatte Sugar Industries PLC, Balangoda Plantations PLC, Madulsima Plantations PLC, Texpro Industries Limited and then associate company Aitken Spence PLC.
Share Swap and forming a group holding Company (2017–present)
In 2016 through a share swap Melstacorp PLC became the holding company of the group making DCSL a subsidiary of the former. All Companies which DCSL owned prior to the swap were transferred to Melstacorp Limited making DCSL a stand-alone liquor company. The current chairman of the Distilleries Company of Sri Lanka PLC is Harry Jayawardena.
References
External links
Distilleries Company of Sri Lanka PLC
Sri Lanka Insurance
Companies established in 1989
Drink companies of Sri Lanka
Conglomerate companies of Sri Lanka
Companies listed on the Colombo Stock Exchange |
17337242 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast%20JC%20Football%20Conference | Northeast JC Football Conference | The Northeast Football Conference is a football conference for NJCAA teams located in the northeast United States.
Current members
Former members
Berean Institute (disbanded)
Cayuga County CC (disbanded)
Alfred State (NCAA Division III)
Dean (NCAA Division III)
Erie CC (independent)
Nassau (independent)
Hudson Valley CC (independent)
Louisburg (independent)
SUNY-Canton (NCAA Division III)
SUNY-Morrisville (NCAA Division III)
Champions
See also
National Junior College Athletic Association
NJCAA National football championship
List of community college football programs
External links
Northeast Football Conference
NJCAA conferences
College football-only conferences in the United States |
17337243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaoru%20Mfaume | Kaoru Mfaume | Kaoru Mfaume is an American-born entertainment producer who has worked extensively in the anime industry. He first worked with Island Pictures in 1995 and then joined Manga Entertainment as an Acquisitions and Production Manager in 1996. He continued to work in Acquisitions until 2005 when he became Managing Director. Some of his high-profile anime projects include Dead Leaves, Blood: The Last Vampire, Street Fighter Alpha: The Animation, Street Fighter Alpha: Generations and Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex. After leaving Manga Entertainment in 2007, Mfaume founded Endeleizo Co., Ltd, an intellectual property management, production and consultation company. In 2011, he founded Arigato Blueprint, a project supporting communities and institutions that are in need of help in the disaster areas in Japan, following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.
References
External links
Living people
American people of Japanese descent
American people of Tanzanian descent
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
American expatriates in Japan
Japanese people of Tanzanian descent
Year of birth missing (living people) |
17337247 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%20of%20Hearts%20%28TV%20play%29 | Queen of Hearts (TV play) | Queen of Hearts is a television play, written by Paula Milne, directed by Tim King, and produced by Brenda Reid. It was first shown BBC2 on Sunday 11 August 1985, and on repeated 28 August 1985.
Content
Queen of Hearts starred Shakespearean actress Lorna Heilbron as Ann Drury, a bored, frustrated, but attractive middle-class housewife living in an area where prostitution had begun to arouse comment. Two factors encouraged Mrs Drury briefly to try out being a prostitute herself: an admission by her husband (Paul Jesson) that he himself had once consorted with a call girl and her trying on some black lingerie belonging to her teenaged daughter (Dominique Barnes) while she was alone in the house. Her experience with a client gave her a fresh sense of her sexuality, though her husband's rather underwhelmed response when she sought to entice him with lace underwear and stockings had the effect of returning her to her previous rather staid existence.
Notes
BBC Television shows
1985 television plays
1985 in British television |
17337250 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrima | Lagrima | Lagrima is a melodic black/death metal band from Beirut, Lebanon. It is currently a two-man band, due to members constantly coming and going. As the band's founding member, Tarek Yazbek, quoted:
"The band line up has changed continuously due to a different reasons. Now I (Tarek Yazbek) have turned Lagrima into one man-band member featuring guest musicians.''
Band members
Current members
Bilal Al-Aghar - vocals (2010–2014)
Tarek Yazbek - guitar Bass Drum Machines Synth (2003–present)
Discography
Albums
Hannibal Ad Portas (2012)
Classical guitar composition
Lágrima is also the title of a classical guitar piece by Francisco Tárrega.
References
Musical groups established in 2003 |
17337267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asita | Asita | Asita or Kaladevala or Kanhasiri was a hermit ascetic depicted in Buddhist sources as having lived in ancient India. He was a teacher and advisor of Suddhodana, the father of the Buddha, and is best known for having predicted that prince Siddhartha of Kapilavastu would either become a great chakravartin or become a supreme religious leader; Siddhartha was later known as Gautama Buddha.
The name Asita literally means 'not clinging' while Kanhasiri means 'dark splendour'. Asita is described as a tāpasa, a practitioner of asceticism.
Biography
The Theravada tradition depicts Asita as an advisor and chaplain to Sihahanu, the grandfather of Gotama Buddha. He was the teacher of Suddhodana, and then served him as he had his father. At the time of the birth of the Buddha, he had retired by permission of Suddhodana and was living in the forest as an ascetic.
A vision alerted Asita of the birth of the Bodhisattva Gotama, causing him to leave the forest and travel to see the infant, where he prophesied that he would become either a 'wheel turning monarch' (chakravartin) or a Buddha. Disappointed that his own life would end before the Buddha awakened and began preaching, he ordained his nephew, Nalaka, so that he would be able to hear the Buddha's teachings. Nalaka is called Naradatta in the Lalitavistara.
Names and Related Figures
Asita was known under several alternate names or nicknames, and Buddhaghosa attributed his name to his dark complexion. He was known as Kanha Devala, Kanha Siri or Siri Kanha, and Kāla Devala.
Another sage or rishi known as Asita Devala is sometimes confused with him in literary sources- this second Asita Devala was a sage from ancient times who was reborn as a disciple of the Buddha. This confusion may explain why in the Lalitavistara Sūtra there are two versions of Asita's prophecy- one where Asita visits Suddhodana as described in the Pali sources, and another where Asita is a hermit living in the Himalayas who never meets Suddhodana but perceives the birth of the Buddha due to his supernatural powers.
The Pali tradition also records a pratyekabuddha called Asita, and a man who lived at the time of Sikkhi Buddha who was reborn as a disciple of Gotama Buddha.
Early Western scholars related Asita to Simeon, who blessed Jesus as an infant.
References
History of Buddhism in India
Precursors in religion
6th-century BC Indian people |
23576687 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey%20Aleynikov | Sergey Aleynikov | Sergey Aleynikov (born 1970) is a former Goldman Sachs computer programmer. Between 2009 and 2016, he was prosecuted by NY Federal and State jurisdictions for the same conduct of allegedly copying proprietary computer source code from his employer, Goldman Sachs, before joining a competing firm. His first prosecution in federal court in New York ultimately resulted in acquittal by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. The outcome of his second prosecution and trial in New York state court was a split verdict dismissed by court, which acquitted him on all counts. One count in that order of dismissal was later overturned by New York Court of Appeals, which took a very broad interpretation of the statute, and on recommendation of prosecutors he was sentenced to time served without punishment. The same New York Court of Appeals denied his petition to appeal on double jeopardy grounds. His story inspired Michael Lewis's bestseller Flash Boys.
Career
Around 1990, Sergey Aleynikov emigrated from the Soviet Union to the United States. From 1998 to 2007, he worked at IDT Corporation, writing software to better handle high volumes of phone calls.
He authored a telecommunications patent and contributed to a number of open-source Erlang and C++ projects. He also published several Perl modules on CPAN.
Aleynikov was employed for two years, from May 2007 to June 2009, at Goldman at an ultimate salary of $400,000. He left to join Misha Malyshev's Teza Technologies, a competing high-frequency trading firm which offered to triple his pay.
In May 2010, Aleynikov founded Omnibius, LLC, a consulting services firm for financial clients.
Federal prosecution and acquittal
On July 3, 2009, he was arrested by FBI agents at Newark Liberty International Airport after Goldman raised the alarm over a suspected policy violation reported by Goldman on July 1, 2009, two days prior to his arrest. He was accused by the FBI of improperly copying computer source code that performs "sophisticated, high-speed and high-volume trades on various stock and commodity markets", as described by Goldman. The events leading to his arrest are covered by Michael Lewis in his 2014 book Flash Boys. According to Assistant United States Attorney Joseph Facciponti, "the bank has raised the possibility that there is a danger that somebody who knew how to use this program could use it to manipulate markets in unfair ways.". Facciponti's words in the courtroom contradicted to what David Viniar, Goldman's CFO, said a few days later on the earnings call that the sustained losses would be "very, very immaterial". Aleynikov acknowledged downloading some source code, but maintained that his intent was to collect exclusively open-source software that is not proprietary to his then-employer.
On February 10, 2010, a 3-count indictment was handed down by a federal grand jury in Manhattan. The counts included theft of trade secrets (count 1), transportation of stolen goods (count 2), and illicit obtainment of data from a protected computer (count 3).
On July 16, 2010, Aleynikov moved to dismiss the indictment for failure to state an offense under any of the three statutes invoked: the Economic Espionage Act of 1996, the National Stolen Property Act, and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. He argued that the acts he was accused of did not constitute a crime. On September 3, 2010, the federal judge, Denise Cote, dismissed the count 3 but denied the rest of the motion.
In December 2010, Aleynikov had a jury trial in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. Certain trial proceedings were not public. On December 10, he was convicted of the remaining two counts, including theft of trade secrets and transportation of stolen property. Later, he was sentenced to 97 months (8 years) in prison, three years of supervised release following his prison sentence, and a $12,500 fine, despite the recommendation of the Federal Probation Service of suggesting a 24 month (2 years) sentence.
Three weeks before sentencing, Aleynikov was incarcerated on request of the government, as he was judged to be more of a after separating from his wife.
In March 2011, Aleynikov appealed the conviction, asking the Second Circuit to review the District Court's decision denying his original motion to dismiss the indictment for failure to state a claim.
On February 16, 2012, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit heard oral argument on his appeal and, later that day, unanimously ordered his conviction reversed and a judgment of acquittal entered, with opinion to follow. Aleynikov was released from custody the next morning.
On April 11, 2012, Dennis Jacobs, Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals, published a unanimous decision in a written opinion stating:
In the course of these events, Aleynikov has spent a year in prison for crimes he did not commit, has divorced, has lost his savings, and, according to his lawyer, "[his] life has been all but ruined" as a result.
The government did not seek reconsideration of the Second Circuit's ruling, thus ending federal action against Aleynikov.
Later, on December 18, 2012, the Congress enhanced the 1996 Economic Espionage Act, in order to cover similar acts in future rulings, in a law referred to as the "Theft of trade secrets clarification act of 2012".
NY State prosecution
Arrest, trial, and acquittal
On August 9, 2012, Aleynikov was re-arrested and charged by Manhattan District Attorney Cyrus Vance, Jr., on behalf of New York State, with "unlawful use of secret scientific material" (2 counts) and "unlawful duplication of computer-related material" (1 count) based on the same conduct. The state prosecution was initiated based on a complaint signed by the same federal agent, Michael McSwain, who led the investigation underlying the failed federal prosecution. Aleynikov's lawyer, Kevin Marino, accused Goldman Sachs of being behind the government's aggressive prosecution. Marino sharply criticized the Manhattan District Attorney's office for charging Aleynikov after his federal conviction had been overturned and he had already served a year in prison:
On September 27, 2012, Aleynikov pleaded not guilty to all state charges and rejected the prosecutors' plea offer of accepting a single count offense and serving no jail time. On April 5, 2013, Aleynikov lost his motion to dismiss based on double jeopardy. In rendering the decision, New York State Supreme Court Justice Ronald Zweibel stated that Aleynikov's acquittal in federal court only precluded the federal government from retrying Aleynikov. The state of New York, as a separate sovereign, could continue pursuing charges against him.
On June 20, 2014, upon reviewing the evidence, Justice Ronald Zweibel published a 71-page opinion in which the court ruled that the FBI "did not have probable cause to arrest defendant, let alone search him or his home." The arrest was "illegal", and Aleynikov's "Fourth Amendment rights were violated as a result of a mistake of law." Besides finding that he was arrested illegally without probable cause, the court excluded the majority of evidence passed by the FBI to state prosecutors, as that property was supposed to be returned to Mr. Aleynikov upon acquittal.
On May 1, 2015, following a trial before a New York state jury, he was cleared of the unlawful computer-related material duplication charge but found guilty of one count of unlawfully using secret scientific material. The jury deadlocked on the third count. On July 6, 2015, Justice Daniel P. Conviser dismissed the two remaining charges finding that, as a matter of law, Aleynikov did not violate the statute, and no rational jury could convict him of those charges. In his opinion, he wrote:
The statute criminalizing unlawful use of secret scientific material was enacted in 1967 but rarely utilized. The word "tangible" had never been defined by the New York Penal Law or in any reported court decision involving that statute. The one reported decision in which the statute did receive legal scrutiny — People v Russo (131 Misc 2d 677 [Suffolk County Ct 1986, Copertino, J.]) — was not informative with respect to the issues here.
NY State Appeal
On April 4, 2016, almost nine months after Aleynikov was acquitted by the NY Supreme Court, the Manhattan District Attorney Cyrus Vance's office filed an appeal seeking to reinstate the guilty verdict, arguing that
Defense attorney Kevin Marino denounced Mr. Vance's actions:
On January 24, 2017, Aleynikov's conviction was reinstated by the First Department of the Appellate Division of the New York Supreme Court. The appellate court found the trial court's reasoning—that an electronic copy of the code was not a "tangible" reproduction—made "little sense," as a compact disc and a thumb drive are both "unquestionably tangible." The appellate court also found that the trial court erred in concluding that Aleynikov lacked "intent to appropriate," holding that the evidence "permits a rational inference that defendant intended to exercise permanent control over the use of Goldman's source code, as opposed to a short-term borrowing." Aleynikov's lawyer has stated that he will seek "immediate leave to appeal" the decision.
In the opinion on the 330.30 motion, the trial court's judge criticized decision of the appellate court:
On April 20, 2017 New York Court of Appeals granted Aleynikov's motion to appeal the reversal decision of the intermediate New York's appellate court. The New York Court of Appeals affirmed the decision of the Appellate Division on May 3, 2018, and he was sentenced to time served. Aleynikov's lawyer, Kevin Marino, criticized the conviction, and indicated that he will appeal the outcome:
Malicious prosecution lawsuit
Aleynikov sued the FBI agents who arrested him for malicious prosecution. The judge dismissed the case with respect to Aleynikov's federal prosecution, finding that the agents were warranted in believing that Aleynikov had violated the National Stolen Property Act and the Economic Espionage Act. Aleynikov's malicious prosecution claims in connection with his prosecution in New York state court were stayed pending the District Attorney's appeal of the New York trial court's decision to set aside his conviction.
See also
United States v. Agrawal
References
External links
United States of America v. Sergey Aleynikov Complaint
Reuters Special Coverage on Sergey Aleynikov
The Guardian
Former Goldman Sachs employee charged with stealing trade secrets
Goldman grabs hi-tech hacker
Bloomberg News
Goldman Sachs Loses Grip on Its Doomsday Machine by Jonathan Weil
Ex-Goldman Programmer Described Code Downloads to FBI
What's The Deal With That Goldman Sachs Programmer? by NPR Planet Money.
Did Goldman Sachs Overstep in Criminally Charging Its Ex-Programmer? by Michael Lewis, VanityFair
Conviction Overturned & Complete Acquittal
Acquittal Order
Ex-Goldman programmer's conviction overturned
Court overturns conviction of ex-Goldman's programmer
Goldman secrets
Computer programmers
Living people
Goldman Sachs people
Soviet emigrants to the United States
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Russian businesspeople in the United States
1970 births |
23576690 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichocentrum%20microchilum | Trichocentrum microchilum | Trichocentrum microchilum is a species of orchid found from Mexico (Chiapas) to El Salvador.
References
External links
microchilum
Orchids of Chiapas
Orchids of El Salvador |
23576694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%20Small%20Cap%20Completeness%20Index | Russell Small Cap Completeness Index | The Russell Small Cap Completeness Index measures the performance of the companies in the Russell 3000 Index excluding the companies in the S&P 500. , the index contains 2,561 holdings. It provides a performance standard for active money managers seeking a liquid extended benchmark, and can be used for a passive investment strategy in the extended market. Weighted average market capitalization is approximately $15.4 billion.
The index, which was launched on April 1, 2000, is maintained by FTSE Russell, a subsidiary of the London Stock Exchange Group. Its ticker symbol is ^RSCC.
Top 10 holdings
Square Inc. ()
Uber Technologies ()
Zoom Video Communications ()
Twilio Inc. ()
Moderna ()
Workday Inc. ()
DocuSign ()
Veeva Systems ()
Lululemon Athletica ()
Roku Inc. ()
()
Top sectors by weight
Financial Services
Consumer Discretionary
Technology
Producer Durables
Health Care
See also
Russell Indexes
Russell 2500 Index
Wilshire 4500
References
External links
Russell Index Fact Sheet
Yahoo! Finance page for ^RSCC
American stock market indices |
6901697 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Farjeon | Harry Farjeon | Harry Farjeon (6 May 1878 – 29 December 1948) was a British composer and an influential teacher of harmony and composition at the Royal Academy of Music for more than 45 years.
Early life and studies
Harry Farjeon was born in Hohokus Township, New Jersey, United States, the eldest son of author Benjamin Farjeon, who was from the East End of London, and Margaret, the daughter of American actor Joseph Jefferson. His parents returned to Britain when he was a baby, and he lived in Hampstead in London for the rest of his life. His younger sister, Eleanor Farjeon (b. 1881), with whom he shared a rich imaginary life, wrote children's books and poetry, including the hymn, Morning Has Broken. His younger brothers were J. Jefferson Farjeon (b. 1883), novelist, and Herbert Farjeon (b. 1887), writer of theatrical revues.
Harry studied music privately with Landon Ronald and John Storer, then in 1895 he entered the Royal Academy of Music in London, where he studied composition with Battison Haynes and Frederick Corder, and piano with Septimus Webbe. There he was a contemporary of Arnold Bax, York Bowen, Adam Carse, Eric Coates, Benjamin Dale and Percy Hilder Miles. An opera, Floretta, to a libretto by his sister, Eleanor, was produced at the Academy in 1899, and two operettas were performed at St George's Hall in 1901 and 1902.
Career in music
Farjeon left the Royal Academy of Music in 1900, but in 1901 he returned to teach composition. Two years later, at the age of 25, he became the Academy's youngest ever professor, having become the family wage-earner after the death of his father. Among his pupils were Mary Chandler, George Lloyd, Christian Darnton, Geraldine Mucha, Phyllis Tate, Daniel Jones and Steve Race. He also taught at the Blackheath Conservatoire.
Harry Farjeon composed music throughout most of his life. His compositions are mostly for piano (many grouped into suites and collections, some also published separately) with the illustrative pieces mostly intended to appeal to amateur home pianists. But he also wrote a piano sonata, chamber music (including four string quartets), full scale orchestral works and many separate songs, song cycles and dramatic works, often setting texts by his sister Eleanor. He also wrote about music for the Daily Telegraph, the Musical Times and other periodicals.
On 3 September 1903 his Piano Concerto in D minor was performed at the Proms. His Hans Andersen suite for small orchestra was played with great success at a Patron's Fund concert of the Royal College of Music in 1905, and also played by the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra and elsewhere. The song cycle The Lute of Jade, which sets classical Chinese poetry from the popular translations by Launcelot Cranmer-Byng, was premiered in July 1917 by the Welsh mezzo-soprano and composer Morfydd Owen at the Birkenhead National Eisteddfod. His Phantasy Piano Concerto and the St. Dominic Mass were both published as part of the Carnegie Collection of British Music in 1925 and 1926 respectively, and both were frequently performed.
In 1937 Farjeon's close friend, the pianist Eileen Joyce, recorded the Tarantella in A minor in what became one of her most successful gramophone records. It seems likely that he composed it especially for Joyce and gave her the manuscript, as it wasn't published and doesn't appear in any catalogue entries. The Christmas Masque A Room at the Inn (written by Herbert and Eleanor Farjeon with music by Harry Farjeon) was broadcast five times between 1932 and 1945. And on 10 July 1942 his symphonic poem Pannychis (inspired by Eleanor Farjeon's short story of the same name) was played at The Proms, conducted by Basil Cameron. Farjeon regarded the symphonic poem Summer Vision as his best work, but the score was sent to Germany shortly before World War I and was lost.
His eyesight had been bad since childhood, and it grew worse as he became older. His students wrote their compositions on specially printed brown paper. Steve Race has said that writing on this paper cured him of writing long rambling compositions. Farjeon taught at the Academy for 47 years, despite developing Parkinson's disease in later life. He was still teaching thirty students a week when, at the end of the July 1948 term, he fell and broke his hip. He died in Hampstead on 29 December 1948.
Selected works
Orchestral
1903 - Characteristic Variations for orchestra
1905 - Hans Andersen Suite for small orchestra
1907 - Mowgli, symphonic poem
1913 - Summer Vision, symphonic poem (score lost)
1915 - The Ballet of the Trees for orchestra
1929 - Caldicot Suite for orchestra
1942 - Pannychis, symphonic poem
Symphony in D major
Elegy for strings
Air on a Ground Bass for strings
Pantomime, suite for strings
Concertante
1903 - Piano Concerto in D minor
1924-5 - Phantasy Piano Concerto (also version for 2 pianos)
1925? Idyll for oboe and orchestra (fp 7 January 1926, Bournemouth, soloist Leon Goossens)
Chamber
1901 - Two Romances for violin and piano (pub. Boosey)
1906 - Chant d'Ete and Berceuse for violin and piano, Op.14 (pub. Augener)
Suite for violin and piano Op. 20
1911 - Deaux morceaux for viola and piano (pub. Schott)
1915 - Air for violins upon a ground bass for violin and piano, Op.38 (pub. Augener)
1917 - Poem for violins and violas
1925 - Three tone pictures for violin and piano, Op.57
1925? - The Sleeping Beauty Op.60/2 for flute, cello and piano
1927 - String Quartet No.4 in C major Op.65 (pub. W Paxton)
1928 - Humoresque for cello and piano
1928 Two Italian Sketches for piano duet (Recorded by Christopher Howell and Ermanno de Stefani)
1931 Vignettes Op. 72 for two pianos
Cello Sonata in G minor
Cello Sonata in D
Piano Trio in B minor
Piano Trio in G minor
String Quartet No.1 In G
String Quartet No.2 in B flat
String Quartet No.3
Violin Sonata No.1
Violin Sonata No.2 in F sharp minor
Violin Sonata No.3 in E flat Op.69 (publ. Joseph Williams, 1931)
Opera and Dramatic
1899 - Floretta (text by Eleanor Farjeon)
1900 - The Registry Office, operetta
1902 - A Gentleman of the Road, operetta in 1 act, Op. 6
1932 - A Room at the Inn, Christmas Masque (with Herbert Farjeon and Eleanor Farjeon)
Choral
1923 - St Dominic Mass, Op. 51
1924 - Salvator Mundi (anthem)
1925 - Down-adown-Derry for women's voices, flute and strings
1925? - The Sleeping Beauty Op.60/1, choral ballad for female voices and piano (words Walter de la Mare) Op.60/1
Lament for women's choir
Piano
1905 - Night Music Op. 11, piano suite, 7 pieces (pub. Augener)
1905 - Swan Song (pub. Augener)
1906 - Miniature Sonata Op. 12 (pub. Augener)
1906 - Pictures from Greece Op. 13, piano suite, 6 pieces (pub. Augener)
Two Bohemian Sketches, Op. 16
1906 - The Four Winds Op. 18, piano suite, 4 pieces (pub. Augener)
1907 - Musical Sketch Book 4 pieces (pub. Augener)
Tone-Pictures Opp. 19, 23, 29 and 31, piano pieces, four volumes (pub. Augener)
Three Venetian Idylls Op. 20 (pub. Augener). (Recorded by Christopher Howell)
A Summer Suite Op. 21, six pieces (pub. Augener)
3 Moments Musicaux Op. 24 (pub. Augener)
Aquarelles- Five idylls in Water Colour Op. 25 (pub. Ricordi)
1909? - Prelude From The Forest of Andaine Op. 27 (pub. Augener)
1910 - Two Idylls, Op. 28 (pub. Vincent)
From the Three-Cornered Kingdom Op.30, 6 pieces (pub. Augener)
Four Twilight Pieces Op. 34 (pub. Augener)
1914 - Variations in A Op. 35, theme and 5 variations (pub. Augener)
Lyric Pieces, Op. 40
1918 - Peter Pan Sketches Op. 44, piano suite, 5 pieces (pub. Newman)
1920 - Piano Sonata Op.43 (pub. Edwin Ashdown)
1923 - The Art of Piano Pedalling 2 volumes
1923 - Tunes Without Tales Op. 53, piano suite, 10 pieces
Two Free Fugues, Op 54
1925 - Six Preludes, Op 56
1926 - Contrasts, suite
1930 - Sports, suite
1931 - The Art of Piano Phrasing, Op. 66
1931 - Five Love Poems for Piano Op. 67
1931 - Rhapsody for two pianos Op. 70
193? - Tarantella in A minor (recorded by Eileen Joyce, 1937)
Song Cycles
1900 - Vagrant Songs for baritone and piano, Op. 26 (E.Farjeon)
1906 - Three Toy Songs, (E.Farjeon)
1908 - Child Songs, (E.Farjeon)
1917 - The Lute of Jade
1924 - A Sussex Alphabet, (26 songs)
Peacock Pie (Walter de la Mare)
Further reading
Eleanor Farjeon: A Nursery in the Nineties (Gollancz, 1935)
Annabel Farjeon: Morning has broken: a biography of Eleanor Farjeon (Julia MacRae, 1986)
Harry Farjeon: Musical Words Explained (OUP, 1933)
"The Music of Harry Farjeon: A short survey of his work", in The Musical Mirror VII/6, London, 1927, p. 137
References
External links
Harry Farjeon website
Herbert Farjeon archive at the University of Bristol Theatre Collection, University of Bristol
Eileen Joyce plays Tarantella in A minor by Harry Farjeon
Daniel Kasparian plays A Swan Song, 3 December, 2009
Royal Academy of Music: Portrait of Harry Farjeon by William Townsend. Pencil drawing, 1946
1878 births
1948 deaths
British classical composers
British male classical composers
British Jews
20th-century classical composers
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music
Jewish American classical composers
Harry
People from Bergen County, New Jersey
People from Hampstead
Musicians from London
Academics of the Royal Academy of Music
American emigrants to England
American people of English descent
American people of English-Jewish descent
American male classical composers
American classical composers
20th-century British composers
20th-century American composers
Classical musicians from New Jersey
20th-century American male musicians |
23576699 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizoner | Horizoner | Horizoner is the debut studio album by American metal band Bloodhorse.
Track listing
"A Good Son" - 9:55
"A Passing Thought to the Contrary" - 4:29
"The Old Man" - 6:58
"Nonhossono" - 4:32
"Close, But Never So" - 2:53
"Aphoristic" - 2:38
"Morning Burial" - 7:26
"Paranoiac" - 3:46
"In Horror" - 6:49
References
2009 debut albums
Bloodhorse (band) albums |
23576713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%20Gear%20Solid%3A%20Philanthropy | Metal Gear Solid: Philanthropy | Metal Gear Solid: Philanthropy is a 2009 Italian non-profit fan made film series created by Hive Division, a team of Italian students and filmmakers. It is a film based on the highly successful Metal Gear video game series. It is written, directed and edited by Giacomo Talamini, a 27-year-old Italian student filmmaker who also stars in the movie as Solid Snake.
History
Metal Gear Solid: Philanthropy was conceived in 2002 when Talamini and school friend Gianluca were playing Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty. The game had a significant impact on the two and they decided to create a film based on the series. Using equipment they had lying around, they started work on what is now known as the Old Project. After two years, production came to a halt. They had released a trailer but interest in the project was dying.
In 2005, the group (who was then known as Shamrock Creations) met in Venice to discuss the direction of the project. They refocused their aim and renamed themselves Hive Division after Gianluca left the group. The new project was called the New Project. Recruiting almost 40 people, Hive Division continued work on the film and started shooting at different locations around Italy, until July 2008 when the building used in the final scene was demolished. In winter 2008, they found an alternate location and filming continued. In March 2009, filming was complete and post-processing began. Aoife Ní Fhearraigh, whose song "The Best is Yet to Come" was used for the Metal Gear Solid Soundtrack, came into the studio towards the end of production to offer her vocal talent for use in "Will There Be an End", the ending theme to the movie.
The movie features a number of Italian actors, and the script was dubbed by voice actors to recreate the game's iconic style of voice work (in particular, an imitation of David Hayter's Solid Snake).
Plot
The movie is divided into three parts, the first part entitled "The Overnight Nation" is sixty-nine minutes long and follows Snake as he joins Philanthropy, an organization created in order to stop Metal Gears around the world. Snake (Giacomo Talamini) teams up with Elizabeth Laeken (Patrizia Liccardi) and Pierre Leclerc (Nicola Cecconi) as they attempt to find out what's really going on in "The Overnight Nation". The movie is set in 2007, taking place before or right after the first part of Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty.
A quote from Hive Division states:
Philanthropy explores ideas such as genetics, which is a recurring theme in the Metal Gear series; memetics, the study of how culture, habits, and information evolve, expand, how it is used and abused.
Parts two and three were planned for a release in 2014, but due to licensing issues with Konami it was announced to be cancelled. The first twelve minutes of Part 2 are viewable on the network.
Cast
Starring
Giacomo Talamini as Solid Snake and Armstech PMC Trooper
Patrizia Liccaridi as Elizabeth Laeken
Nicola Cecconi as Pierre Leclerc
Marco Saran as Harrison Bishop
Giovanni Contessotto as Abraham Bishop
Andrea Furlan as Vitalij
Enrico Pasotti as Aran
Voice Acting
Philipp Sacramento as Solid Snake
Lucien Dodge as Pierre Leclerc and Harrison Bishop
Laura Post as Elizabeth Laeken
Adam Behr as Abraham Bishop
Glenn X Govan as Vitalij
William Martin as Otacon
Alessandro Schiassi as Russian Pilot
Alberto Vazzola as Russian Pilot
Jonathan Ealam as Newscaster
Post Production
Visual Effects Supervisor: Alessandro Schiassi
3D Lead Artist: Alberto Vazzola
Concept Artist: Lamberto Azzariti
Budget
Metal Gear Solid: Philanthropy was funded entirely by Hive Division who invested almost €10,000 (£9,000 GBP/$13,000 USD) in the production. Most of this went towards obtaining equipment and props.
Reception
PlayStation Official Magazine UK praised the CGI work and remarked at the locations of scenes within the movie while Destructoid.com claims the movie will be better than its Hollywood counterpart.
Game series' creator Hideo Kojima has stated that he has watched the movie and was moved by the love of the film makers towards Metal Gear Solid, commenting that it was very well made and he's anxious to watch the next part.
This stands in contrast to Konami's decision to decline the authorization of the sequel on licensing grounds.
Availability
Released 27 September 2009 the movie is available as a free download from the website and is also available for online stream through Vimeo, an online video sharing website.
References
External links
Recent project: In Memoria
Metal Gear
Live-action films based on video games
Fan films
2000s science fiction films
2009 films
Italian science fiction films
Films set in 2007
Works based on Konami video games
2000s English-language films |
23576725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9368%20Libyan%20Premier%20League | 1966–68 Libyan Premier League | The 1966–68 Libyan Premier League was the 4th edition of the competition since its inception in 1963.
Overview
Al-Tahaddy Benghazi won the championship.
League standings
Final
Al-Tahaddy Benghazi 2-0 Al-Ittihad Tripoli
Al-Tahaddy Benghazi won the championship.
References
Libya - List of final tables (RSSSF)
Libyan Premier League seasons
Libya
Libya
Premier League
Premier League |
23576726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodamnia%20rubescens | Rhodamnia rubescens | Rhodamnia rubescens, the scrub stringybark, brush turpentine, or brown malletwood, is an evergreen rainforest tree of the myrtle family Myrtaceae, that is native to Eastern Australia. Identified by a stringy type of bark and triple-veined leaves, it grows in a variety of different rainforests from the Batemans Bay region (35° S) of southeastern New South Wales to Gympie (27° S) in southeastern Queensland. It is not seen in the cool temperate rainforests. The pathogen myrtle rust threatens the existence of Rhodamnia rubescens.
Description
This small to medium tree can attain a height of up to and a trunk diameter of . The bark is reddish brown, brittle, scaly and "stringy", similar to its relative, Syncarpia glomulifera (the turpentine tree). Its base is channelled, fluted or somewhat buttressed.
The opposite leaves are simple, not toothed, pointed, elliptical in shape, and around long. They are clearly triple-veined, with one central vein and two curved veins closely following the outline of the leaf. The net venation is visible on both sides. The leaves are downy underneath and have a greyish colour. The oil dots are transparent and visible with a hand lens. The tree's small branches are scaly with the same reddish bark as the trunk; the new shoots are covered in minute hairs.
White fragrant flowers form on panicled cymes from August to October. The fruit is a small berry, initially red then turning to shiny black as it matures from October to December. The berries can measure up to in diameter. The fruit is eaten by various birds, including the brown cuckoo dove, figbird, green catbird and rainbow lorikeet. Removing the seed from the fleshy aril is advised to assist germination. Regeneration with cuttings is possible.
References
(other publication details, included in citation)
Rhodamnia rubescens at NSW Flora Online Retrieved 12 July 2009
External links
Myrtales of Australia
Trees of Australia
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of Queensland
rubescens
Taxa named by George Bentham |
23576733 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%AAs | Drês | Drês is the sixth album released by Brazilian band Nando Reis e os Infernais. The singer Ana Cañas guest appeared on the track "Pra Você Guardei o Amor". The song "Ainda Não Passou" nominated for the 2009 Latin Grammy Award of Best Brazilian Song (Portuguese Language). As of August 2010, the album sold around 18,000 copies.
The name of the album is a portmanteau of the words "Dri" (nickname of his ex-girlfriend
Adriana Lotaif) and "três" (three, the number of songs dedicated to her in the album: "Hi, Dri!", "Driamante" and the title-track).
Track listing
"Hi Dri"
"Ainda Não Passou" (It Still Didn't Pass) - 3:16
"Drês" - 4:16
"Conta" (Account) - 4:42
"Só Pra So" (Only for So) - 3:25
"Mosaico Abstrato" (Abstract Mosaic) - 4:38
"Pra Você Guardei o Amor" (For You I Kept Love) (featuring Ana Cañas) - 5:43
"Livre Como um Deus" (Free as a God) - 5:11
"Driamante" (Driamond) - 2:39
"Hoje Eu te Pedi em Casamento" (Today I Proposed to You) - 3:19
"Mil Galáxias" (A Thousand Galaxies) - 3:33
"Baby, Eu Queria" (Baby, I Wanted to) - 3:00
Personnel
Nando Reis – Lead vocals, acoustic guitar
Carlos Pontual – Electric guitar
Alex Veley – Keyboards
Felipe Cambraia – Bass guitar
Diogo Gameiro – drums
References
External links
2009 albums
Nando Reis e os Infernais albums |
23576753 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichocentrum%20pumilum | Trichocentrum pumilum | Trichocentrum pumilum is a species of orchid found from Brazil to northeastern Argentina.
References
External links
pumilum
Orchids of Argentina
Orchids of Brazil |
23576754 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969%E2%80%9370%20Libyan%20Premier%20League | 1969–70 Libyan Premier League | The 1969–70 Libyan Premier League was the 6th edition of the competition since its inception in 1963.
Overview
Al-Ahly Benghazi won the championship.
Final
Al-Ahly Tripoli 1-2 ; 1-2 Al-Ahly Benghazi
Al-Ahly Benghazi won the championship.
References
Libya - List of final tables (RSSSF)
Libyan Premier League seasons
Libya
Premier League |
23576778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neihu%20metro%20station | Neihu metro station | The Taipei Metro Neihu station () is located in the Neihu District in Taipei, Taiwan. It is a station on Wenhu line.
Station overview
This two-level, elevated station features two side platforms, two exits, and platform elevators located on the north and south sides of the concourse level.
History
22 February 2009: Neihu station construction is completed.
4 July 2009: Begins service with the opening of Brown Line.
Station layout
Around the station
Lake Square
Qingbai Park
Huguang Open-air Market
American Institute in Taiwan (new planned location)
Bihu Elementary School
Kangning Elementary School
Jinbi Temple
References
Wenhu line stations
Railway stations opened in 2009 |
23576785 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Botella | Juan Botella | Juan Botella Medina (4 July 1941 – 17 July 1970) was a Mexican diver. He was born in Mexico City.
He competed for Mexico at the 1960 Summer Olympics held in Rome, where he won the bronze medal in the men's springboard event.
He died on July 17, 1970 in Basurto, Mexico City, working on his thesis on architecture, because of hypertension suffering for a long time.
References
External links
Juan Botella's profile at Sports Reference.com
1941 births
1970 deaths
Mexican male divers
Olympic bronze medalists for Mexico
Divers at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Divers at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Olympic divers of Mexico
Divers from Mexico City
Olympic medalists in diving
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games medalists in diving
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Mexico
Divers at the 1959 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1959 Pan American Games
20th-century Mexican people |
23576795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montessori%20Middle%20School | Montessori Middle School | Montessori Middle School is a Montessori school, grades 5 through 8, located in Louisville, Tennessee. The facility was built in 2008 on a rural property once a cattle farm. It is the first Montessori school for adolescents in East Tennessee and one of the first in the Southeast.
Teaching philosophy
The land-based school follows the "erdkinder" or "earth children" philosophy of Maria Montessori. In keeping with this land-based model, Montessori Middle is a producing member of the Maryville Farmers' Market
Events
Events at the school have included a six-week summer day camp program in June and July 2009 and a Farm Festival in May 2008.
References
External links
Montessori Middle School blog
Montessori schools in the United States
Private middle schools in Tennessee
Schools in Blount County, Tennessee |
23576831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Swedish%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 2009 Swedish Open – Men's singles | Tommy Robredo was the defending champion, but lost in the semifinals to Juan Mónaco.
Robin Söderling won in the final 6–3, 7–6(7–4), against Juan Mónaco.
Seeds
The top four seeds receive a bye into the second round.
Draw
Finals
Top half
Bottom half
External links
Main draw
Qualifying draw
Swedish Open - Men's Singles
Swedish Open
Swedish |
23576832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970%E2%80%9371%20Libyan%20Premier%20League | 1970–71 Libyan Premier League | The 1970–71 Libyan Premier League was the 7th edition of the competition since its inception in 1963.
Overview
It was contested by 14 teams, and Al-Ahly Tripoli won the championship.
League standings
References
Libya - List of final tables (RSSSF)
Libyan Premier League seasons
Libya
Premier League |
6901703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm%20characterizations | Algorithm characterizations | Algorithm characterizations are attempts to formalize the word algorithm. Algorithm does not have a generally accepted formal definition. Researchers are actively working on this problem. This article will present some of the "characterizations" of the notion of "algorithm" in more detail.
The problem of definition
Over the last 200 years the definition of algorithm has become more complicated and detailed as researchers have tried to pin down the term. Indeed, there may be more than one type of "algorithm". But most agree that algorithm has something to do with defining generalized processes for the creation of "output" integers from other "input" integers – "input parameters" arbitrary and infinite in extent, or limited in extent but still variable—by the manipulation of distinguishable symbols (counting numbers) with finite collections of rules that a person can perform with paper and pencil.
The most common number-manipulation schemes—both in formal mathematics and in routine life—are: (1) the recursive functions calculated by a person with paper and pencil, and (2) the Turing machine or its Turing equivalents—the primitive register-machine or "counter-machine" model, the random-access machine model (RAM), the random-access stored-program machine model (RASP) and its functional equivalent "the computer".
When we are doing "arithmetic" we are really calculating by the use of "recursive functions" in the shorthand algorithms we learned in grade-school, for example, adding and subtracting.
The proofs that every "recursive function" we can calculate by hand we can compute by machine and vice versa—note the usage of the words calculate versus compute—is remarkable. But this equivalence together with the thesis (unproven assertion) that this includes every calculation/computation indicates why so much emphasis has been placed upon the use of Turing-equivalent machines in the definition of specific algorithms, and why the definition of "algorithm" itself often refers back to "the Turing machine". This is discussed in more detail under Stephen Kleene's characterization.
The following are summaries of the more famous characterizations (Kleene, Markov, Knuth) together with those that introduce novel elements—elements that further expand the definition or contribute to a more precise definition.
[
A mathematical problem and its result can be considered as two points in a space, and the solution consists of a sequence of steps or a path linking them. Quality of the solution is a function of the path. There might be more than one attribute defined for the path, e.g. length, complexity of shape, an ease of generalizing, difficulty, and so on.
]
Chomsky hierarchy
There is more consensus on the "characterization" of the notion of "simple algorithm".
All algorithms need to be specified in a formal language, and the "simplicity notion" arises from the simplicity of the language. The Chomsky (1956) hierarchy is a containment hierarchy of classes of formal grammars that generate formal languages. It is used for classifying of programming languages and abstract machines.
From the Chomsky hierarchy perspective, if the algorithm can be specified on a simpler language (than unrestricted), it can be characterized by this kind of language, else it is a typical "unrestricted algorithm".
Examples: a "general purpose" macro language, like M4 is unrestricted (Turing complete), but the C preprocessor macro language is not, so any algorithm expressed in C preprocessor is a "simple algorithm".
See also Relationships between complexity classes.
Features of a good algorithm
The following are desirable features of a well-defined algorithm, as discussed in Scheider and Gersting (1995):
Unambiguous Operations: an algorithm must have specific, outlined steps. The steps should be exact enough to precisely specify what to do at each step.
Well-Ordered: The exact order of operations performed in an algorithm should be concretely defined.
Feasibility: All steps of an algorithm should be possible (also known as effectively computable).
Input: an algorithm should be able to accept a well-defined set of inputs.
Output: an algorithm should produce some result as an output, so that its correctness can be reasoned about.
Finiteness: an algorithm should terminate after a finite number of instructions.
Properties of specific algorithms that may be desirable include space and time efficiency, generality (i.e. being able to handle many inputs), or determinism.
1881 John Venn's negative reaction to W. Stanley Jevons's Logical Machine of 1870
In early 1870 W. Stanley Jevons presented a "Logical Machine" (Jevons 1880:200) for analyzing a syllogism or other logical form e.g. an argument reduced to a Boolean equation. By means of what Couturat (1914) called a "sort of logical piano [,] ... the equalities which represent the premises ... are "played" on a keyboard like that of a typewriter. ... When all the premises have been "played", the panel shows only those constituents whose sum is equal to 1, that is, ... its logical whole. This mechanical method has the advantage over VENN's geometrical method..." (Couturat 1914:75).
For his part John Venn, a logician contemporary to Jevons, was less than thrilled, opining that "it does not seem to me that any contrivances at present known or likely to be discovered really deserve the name of logical machines" (italics added, Venn 1881:120). But of historical use to the developing notion of "algorithm" is his explanation for his negative reaction with respect to a machine that "may subserve a really valuable purpose by enabling us to avoid otherwise inevitable labor":
(1) "There is, first, the statement of our data in accurate logical language",
(2) "Then secondly, we have to throw these statements into a form fit for the engine to work with – in this case the reduction of each proposition to its elementary denials",
(3) "Thirdly, there is the combination or further treatment of our premises after such reduction,"
(4) "Finally, the results have to be interpreted or read off. This last generally gives rise to much opening for skill and sagacity."
He concludes that "I cannot see that any machine can hope to help us except in the third of these steps; so that it seems very doubtful whether any thing of this sort really deserves the name of a logical engine."(Venn 1881:119–121).
1943, 1952 Stephen Kleene's characterization
This section is longer and more detailed than the others because of its importance to the topic: Kleene was the first to propose that all calculations/computations—of every sort, the totality of—can equivalently be (i) calculated by use of five "primitive recursive operators" plus one special operator called the mu-operator, or be (ii) computed by the actions of a Turing machine or an equivalent model.
Furthermore, he opined that either of these would stand as a definition of algorithm.
A reader first confronting the words that follow may well be confused, so a brief explanation is in order. Calculation means done by hand, computation means done by Turing machine (or equivalent). (Sometimes an author slips and interchanges the words). A "function" can be thought of as an "input-output box" into which a person puts natural numbers called "arguments" or "parameters" (but only the counting numbers including 0—the nonnegative integers) and gets out a single nonnegative integer (conventionally called "the answer"). Think of the "function-box" as a little man either calculating by hand using "general recursion" or computing by Turing machine (or an equivalent machine).
"Effectively calculable/computable" is more generic and means "calculable/computable by some procedure, method, technique ... whatever...". "General recursive" was Kleene's way of writing what today is called just "recursion"; however, "primitive recursion"—calculation by use of the five recursive operators—is a lesser form of recursion that lacks access to the sixth, additional, mu-operator that is needed only in rare instances. Thus most of life goes on requiring only the "primitive recursive functions."
1943 "Thesis I", 1952 "Church's Thesis"
In 1943 Kleene proposed what has come to be known as Church's thesis:
"Thesis I. Every effectively calculable function (effectively decidable predicate) is general recursive" (First stated by Kleene in 1943 (reprinted page 274 in Davis, ed. The Undecidable; appears also verbatim in Kleene (1952) p.300)
In a nutshell: to calculate any function the only operations a person needs (technically, formally) are the 6 primitive operators of "general" recursion (nowadays called the operators of the mu recursive functions).
Kleene's first statement of this was under the section title "12. Algorithmic theories". He would later amplify it in his text (1952) as follows:
"Thesis I and its converse provide the exact definition of the notion of a calculation (decision) procedure or algorithm, for the case of a function (predicate) of natural numbers" (p. 301, boldface added for emphasis)
(His use of the word "decision" and "predicate" extends the notion of calculability to the more general manipulation of symbols such as occurs in mathematical "proofs".)
This is not as daunting as it may sound – "general" recursion is just a way of making our everyday arithmetic operations from the five "operators" of the primitive recursive functions together with the additional mu-operator as needed. Indeed, Kleene gives 13 examples of primitive recursive functions and Boolos–Burgess–Jeffrey add some more, most of which will be familiar to the reader—e.g. addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, exponentiation, the CASE function, concatenation, etc., etc.; for a list see Some common primitive recursive functions.
Why general-recursive functions rather than primitive-recursive functions?
Kleene et al. (cf §55 General recursive functions p. 270 in Kleene 1952) had to add a sixth recursion operator called the minimization-operator (written as μ-operator or mu-operator) because Ackermann (1925) produced a hugely growing function—the Ackermann function—and Rózsa Péter (1935) produced a general method of creating recursive functions using Cantor's diagonal argument, neither of which could be described by the 5 primitive-recursive-function operators. With respect to the Ackermann function:
"...in a certain sense, the length of the computation algorithm of a recursive function which is not also primitive recursive grows faster with the arguments than the value of any primitive recursive function" (Kleene (1935) reprinted p. 246 in The Undecidable, plus footnote 13 with regards to the need for an additional operator, boldface added).
But the need for the mu-operator is a rarity. As indicated above by Kleene's list of common calculations, a person goes about their life happily computing primitive recursive functions without fear of encountering the monster numbers created by Ackermann's function (e.g. super-exponentiation).
1952 "Turing's thesis"
Turing's Thesis hypothesizes the computability of "all computable functions" by the Turing machine model and its equivalents.
To do this in an effective manner, Kleene extended the notion of "computable" by casting the net wider—by allowing into the notion of "functions" both "total functions" and "partial functions". A total function is one that is defined for all natural numbers (positive integers including 0). A partial function is defined for some natural numbers but not all—the specification of "some" has to come "up front". Thus the inclusion of "partial function" extends the notion of function to "less-perfect" functions. Total- and partial-functions may either be calculated by hand or computed by machine.
Examples:
"Functions": include "common subtraction m − n" and "addition m + n"
"Partial function": "Common subtraction" m − n is undefined when only natural numbers (positive integers and zero) are allowed as input – e.g. 6 − 7 is undefined
Total function: "Addition" m + n is defined for all positive integers and zero.
We now observe Kleene's definition of "computable" in a formal sense:
Definition: "A partial function φ is computable, if there is a machine M which computes it" (Kleene (1952) p. 360)
"Definition 2.5. An n-ary function f(x1, ..., xn) is partially computable if there exists a Turing machine Z such that
f(x1, ..., xn) = ΨZ(n)(x1, ..., [xn)
In this case we say that [machine] Z computes f. If, in addition, f(x1, ..., xn) is a total function, then it is called computable" (Davis (1958) p. 10)
Thus we have arrived at Turing's Thesis:
"Every function which would naturally be regarded as computable is computable ... by one of his machines..." (Kleene (1952) p.376)
Although Kleene did not give examples of "computable functions" others have. For example, Davis (1958) gives Turing tables for the Constant, Successor and Identity functions, three of the five operators of the primitive recursive functions:
Computable by Turing machine:
Addition (also is the Constant function if one operand is 0)
Increment (Successor function)
Common subtraction (defined only if x ≥ y). Thus "x − y" is an example of a partially computable function.
Proper subtraction x┴y (as defined above)
The identity function: for each i, a function UZn = ΨZn(x1, ..., xn) exists that plucks xi out of the set of arguments (x1, ..., xn)
Multiplication
Boolos–Burgess–Jeffrey (2002) give the following as prose descriptions of Turing machines for:
Doubling: 2p
Parity
Addition
Multiplication
With regards to the counter machine, an abstract machine model equivalent to the Turing machine:
Examples Computable by Abacus machine (cf Boolos–Burgess–Jeffrey (2002))
Addition
Multiplication
Exponention: (a flow-chart/block diagram description of the algorithm)
Demonstrations of computability by abacus machine (Boolos–Burgess–Jeffrey (2002)) and by counter machine (Minsky 1967):
The six recursive function operators:
Zero function
Successor function
Identity function
Composition function
Primitive recursion (induction)
Minimization
The fact that the abacus/counter-machine models can simulate the recursive functions provides the proof that: If a function is "machine computable" then it is "hand-calculable by partial recursion". Kleene's Theorem XXIX :
"Theorem XXIX: "Every computable partial function φ is partial recursive..." (italics in original, p. 374).
The converse appears as his Theorem XXVIII. Together these form the proof of their equivalence, Kleene's Theorem XXX.
1952 Church–Turing Thesis
With his Theorem XXX Kleene proves the equivalence of the two "Theses"—the Church Thesis and the Turing Thesis. (Kleene can only hypothesize (conjecture) the truth of both thesis – these he has not proven):
THEOREM XXX: The following classes of partial functions ... have the same members: (a) the partial recursive functions, (b) the computable functions ..."(p. 376)
Definition of "partial recursive function": "A partial function φ is partial recursive in [the partial functions] ψ1, ... ψn if there is a system of equations E which defines φ recursively from [partial functions] ψ1, ... ψn" (p. 326)
Thus by Kleene's Theorem XXX: either method of making numbers from input-numbers—recursive functions calculated by hand or computated by Turing-machine or equivalent—results in an "effectively calculable/computable function". If we accept the hypothesis that every calculation/computation can be done by either method equivalently we have accepted both Kleene's Theorem XXX (the equivalence) and the Church–Turing Thesis (the hypothesis of "every").
A note of dissent: "There's more to algorithm..." Blass and Gurevich (2003)
The notion of separating out Church's and Turing's theses from the "Church–Turing thesis" appears not only in Kleene (1952) but in Blass-Gurevich (2003) as well. But while there are agreements, there are disagreements too:
"...we disagree with Kleene that the notion of algorithm is that well understood. In fact the notion of algorithm is richer these days than it was in Turing's days. And there are algorithms, of modern and classical varieties, not covered directly by Turing's analysis, for example, algorithms that interact with their environments, algorithms whose inputs are abstract structures, and geometric or, more generally, non-discrete algorithms" (Blass-Gurevich (2003) p. 8, boldface added)
1954 A. A. Markov Jr.'s characterization
Andrey Markov Jr. (1954) provided the following definition of algorithm:
"1. In mathematics, "algorithm" is commonly understood to be an exact prescription, defining a computational process, leading from various initial data to the desired result...."
"The following three features are characteristic of algorithms and determine their role in mathematics:
"a) the precision of the prescription, leaving no place to arbitrariness, and its universal comprehensibility -- the definiteness of the algorithm;
"b) the possibility of starting out with initial data, which may vary within given limits -- the generality of the algorithm;
"c) the orientation of the algorithm toward obtaining some desired result, which is indeed obtained in the end with proper initial data -- the conclusiveness of the algorithm." (p.1)
He admitted that this definition "does not pretend to mathematical precision" (p. 1). His 1954 monograph was his attempt to define algorithm more accurately; he saw his resulting definition—his "normal" algorithm—as "equivalent to the concept of a recursive function" (p. 3). His definition included four major components (Chapter II.3 pp. 63ff):
"1. Separate elementary steps, each of which will be performed according to one of [the substitution] rules... [rules given at the outset]
"2. ... steps of local nature ... [Thus the algorithm won't change more than a certain number of symbols to the left or right of the observed word/symbol]
"3. Rules for the substitution formulas ... [he called the list of these "the scheme" of the algorithm]
"4. ...a means to distinguish a "concluding substitution" [i.e. a distinguishable "terminal/final" state or states]
In his Introduction Markov observed that "the entire significance for mathematics" of efforts to define algorithm more precisely would be "in connection with the problem of a constructive foundation for mathematics" (p. 2). Ian Stewart (cf Encyclopædia Britannica) shares a similar belief: "...constructive analysis is very much in the same algorithmic spirit as computer science...". For more see constructive mathematics and Intuitionism.
Distinguishability and Locality: Both notions first appeared with Turing (1936–1937) --
"The new observed squares must be immediately recognizable by the computer [sic: a computer was a person in 1936]. I think it reasonable to suppose that they can only be squares whose distance from the closest of the immediately observed squares does not exceed a certain fixed amount. Let us stay that each of the new observed squares is within L squares of one of the previously observed squares." (Turing (1936) p. 136 in Davis ed. Undecidable)
Locality appears prominently in the work of Gurevich and Gandy (1980) (whom Gurevich cites). Gandy's "Fourth Principle for Mechanisms" is "The Principle of Local Causality":
"We now come to the most important of our principles. In Turing's analysis the requirement that the action depend only on a bounded portion of the record was based on a human limitiation. We replace this by a physical limitation which we call the principle of local causation. Its justification lies in the finite velocity of propagation of effects and signals: contemporary physics rejects the possibility of instantaneous action at a distance." (Gandy (1980) p. 135 in J. Barwise et al.)
1936, 1963, 1964 Gödel's characterization
1936: A rather famous quote from Kurt Gödel appears in a "Remark added in proof [of the original German publication] in his paper "On the Length of Proofs" translated by Martin Davis appearing on pp. 82–83 of The Undecidable. A number of authors—Kleene, Gurevich, Gandy etc. -- have quoted the following:
"Thus, the concept of "computable" is in a certain definite sense "absolute," while practically all other familiar metamathematical concepts (e.g. provable, definable, etc.) depend quite essentially on the system with respect to which they are defined." (p. 83)
1963: In a "Note" dated 28 August 1963 added to his famous paper On Formally Undecidable Propositions (1931) Gödel states (in a footnote) his belief that "formal systems" have "the characteristic property that reasoning in them, in principle, can be completely replaced by mechanical devices" (p. 616 in van Heijenoort). ". . . due to "A. M. Turing's work a precise and unquestionably adequate definition of the general notion of formal system can now be given [and] a completely general version of Theorems VI and XI is now possible." (p. 616). In a 1964 note to another work he expresses the same opinion more strongly and in more detail.
1964: In a Postscriptum, dated 1964, to a paper presented to the Institute for Advanced Study in spring 1934, Gödel amplified his conviction that "formal systems" are those that can be mechanized:
"In consequence of later advances, in particular of the fact that, due to A. M. Turing's work, a precise and unquestionably adequate definition of the general concept of formal system can now be given . . . Turing's work gives an analysis of the concept of "mechanical procedure" (alias "algorithm" or "computational procedure" or "finite combinatorial procedure"). This concept is shown to be equivalent with that of a "Turing machine".* A formal system can simply be defined to be any mechanical procedure for producing formulas, called provable formulas . . . ." (p. 72 in Martin Davis ed. The Undecidable: "Postscriptum" to "On Undecidable Propositions of Formal Mathematical Systems" appearing on p. 39, loc. cit.)
The * indicates a footnote in which Gödel cites the papers by Alan Turing (1937) and Emil Post (1936) and then goes on to make the following intriguing statement:
"As for previous equivalent definitions of computability, which however, are much less suitable for our purpose, see Alonzo Church, Am. J. Math., vol. 58 (1936) [appearing in The Undecidable pp. 100-102]).
Church's definitions encompass so-called "recursion" and the "lambda calculus" (i.e. the λ-definable functions). His footnote 18 says that he discussed the relationship of "effective calculatibility" and "recursiveness" with Gödel but that he independently questioned "effectively calculability" and "λ-definability":
"We now define the notion . . . of an effectively calculable function of positive integers by identifying it with the notion of a recursive function of positive integers18 (or of a λ-definable function of positive integers.
"It has already been pointed out that, for every function of positive integers which is effectively calculable in the sense just defined, there exists an algorithm for the calculation of its value.
"Conversely it is true . . ." (p. 100, The Undecidable).
It would appear from this, and the following, that far as Gödel was concerned, the Turing machine was sufficient and the lambda calculus was "much less suitable." He goes on to make the point that, with regards to limitations on human reason, the jury is still out:
("Note that the question of whether there exist finite non-mechanical procedures** not equivalent with any algorithm, has nothing whatsoever to do with the adequacy of the definition of "formal system" and of "mechanical procedure.") (p. 72, loc. cit.)
"(For theories and procedures in the more general sense indicated in footnote ** the situation may be different. Note that the results mentioned in the postscript do not establish any bounds for the powers of human reason, but rather for the potentialities of pure formalism in mathematics.) (p. 73 loc. cit.)
Footnote **: "I.e., such as involve the use of abstract terms on the basis of their meaning. See my paper in Dial. 12(1958), p. 280." (this footnote appears on p. 72, loc. cit).
1967 Minsky's characterization
Minsky (1967) baldly asserts that "an algorithm is "an effective procedure" and declines to use the word "algorithm" further in his text; in fact his index makes it clear what he feels about "Algorithm, synonym for Effective procedure"(p. 311):
"We will use the latter term [an effective procedure] in the sequel. The terms are roughly synonymous, but there are a number of shades of meaning used in different contexts, especially for 'algorithm'" (italics in original, p. 105)
Other writers (see Knuth below) use the word "effective procedure". This leads one to wonder: What is Minsky's notion of "an effective procedure"? He starts off with:
"...a set of rules which tell us, from moment to moment, precisely how to behave" (p. 106)
But he recognizes that this is subject to a criticism:
"... the criticism that the interpretation of the rules is left to depend on some person or agent" (p. 106)
His refinement? To "specify, along with the statement of the rules, the details of the mechanism that is to interpret them". To avoid the "cumbersome" process of "having to do this over again for each individual procedure" he hopes to identify a "reasonably uniform family of rule-obeying mechanisms". His "formulation":
"(1) a language in which sets of behavioral rules are to be expressed, and
"(2) a single machine which can interpret statements in the language and thus carry out the steps of each specified process." (italics in original, all quotes this para. p. 107)
In the end, though, he still worries that "there remains a subjective aspect to the matter. Different people may not agree on whether a certain procedure should be called effective" (p. 107)
But Minsky is undeterred. He immediately introduces "Turing's Analysis of Computation Process" (his chapter 5.2). He quotes what he calls "Turing's thesis"
"Any process which could naturally be called an effective procedure can be realized by a Turing machine" (p. 108. (Minsky comments that in a more general form this is called "Church's thesis").
After an analysis of "Turing's Argument" (his chapter 5.3)
he observes that "equivalence of many intuitive formulations" of Turing, Church, Kleene, Post, and Smullyan "...leads us to suppose that there is really here an 'objective' or 'absolute' notion. As Rogers [1959] put it:
"In this sense, the notion of effectively computable function is one of the few 'absolute' concepts produced by modern work in the foundations of mathematics'" (Minsky p. 111 quoting Rogers, Hartley Jr (1959) The present theory of Turing machine computability, J. SIAM 7, 114-130.)
1967 Rogers' characterization
In his 1967 Theory of Recursive Functions and Effective Computability Hartley Rogers' characterizes "algorithm" roughly as "a clerical (i.e., deterministic, bookkeeping) procedure . . . applied to . . . symbolic inputs and which will eventually yield, for each such input, a corresponding symbolic output"(p. 1). He then goes on to describe the notion "in approximate and intuitive terms" as having 10 "features", 5 of which he asserts that "virtually all mathematicians would agree [to]" (p. 2). The remaining 5 he asserts "are less obvious than *1 to *5 and about which we might find less general agreement" (p. 3).
The 5 "obvious" are:
1 An algorithm is a set of instructions of finite size,
2 There is a capable computing agent,
3 "There are facilities for making, storing, and retrieving steps in a computation"
4 Given #1 and #2 the agent computes in "discrete stepwise fashion" without use of continuous methods or analogue devices",
5 The computing agent carries the computation forward "without resort to random methods or devices, e.g. , dice" (in a footnote Rogers wonders if #4 and #5 are really the same)
The remaining 5 that he opens to debate, are:
6 No fixed bound on the size of the inputs,
7 No fixed bound on the size of the set of instructions,
8 No fixed bound on the amount of memory storage available,
9 A fixed finite bound on the capacity or ability of the computing agent (Rogers illustrates with example simple mechanisms similar to a Post–Turing machine or a counter machine),
10 A bound on the length of the computation -- "should we have some idea, 'ahead of time', how long the computationwill take?" (p. 5). Rogers requires "only that a computation terminate after some finite number of steps; we do not insist on an a priori ability to estimate this number." (p. 5).
1968, 1973 Knuth's characterization
Knuth (1968, 1973) has given a list of five properties that are widely accepted as requirements for an algorithm:
Finiteness: "An algorithm must always terminate after a finite number of steps ... a very finite number, a reasonable number"
Definiteness: "Each step of an algorithm must be precisely defined; the actions to be carried out must be rigorously and unambiguously specified for each case"
Input: "...quantities which are given to it initially before the algorithm begins. These inputs are taken from specified sets of objects"
Output: "...quantities which have a specified relation to the inputs"
Effectiveness: "... all of the operations to be performed in the algorithm must be sufficiently basic that they can in principle be done exactly and in a finite length of time by a man using paper and pencil"
Knuth offers as an example the Euclidean algorithm for determining the greatest common divisor of two natural numbers (cf. Knuth Vol. 1 p. 2).
Knuth admits that, while his description of an algorithm may be intuitively clear, it lacks formal rigor, since it is not exactly clear what "precisely defined" means, or "rigorously and unambiguously specified" means, or "sufficiently basic", and so forth. He makes an effort in this direction in his first volume where he defines in detail what he calls the "machine language" for his "mythical MIX...the world's first polyunsaturated computer" (pp. 120ff). Many of the algorithms in his books are written in the MIX language. He also uses tree diagrams, flow diagrams and state diagrams.
"Goodness" of an algorithm, "best" algorithms: Knuth states that "In practice, we not only want algorithms, we want good algorithms...." He suggests that some criteria of an algorithm's goodness are the number of steps to perform the algorithm, its "adaptability to computers, its simplicity and elegance, etc." Given a number of algorithms to perform the same computation, which one is "best"? He calls this sort of inquiry "algorithmic analysis: given an algorithm, to determine its performance characteristcis" (all quotes this paragraph: Knuth Vol. 1 p. 7)
1972 Stone's characterization
Stone (1972) and Knuth (1968, 1973) were professors at Stanford University at the same time so it is not surprising if there are similarities in their definitions (boldface added for emphasis):
"To summarize ... we define an algorithm to be a set of rules that precisely defines a sequence of operations such that each rule is effective and definite and such that the sequence terminates in a finite time." (boldface added, p. 8)
Stone is noteworthy because of his detailed discussion of what constitutes an “effective” rule – his robot, or person-acting-as-robot, must have some information and abilities within them, and if not the information and the ability must be provided in "the algorithm":
"For people to follow the rules of an algorithm, the rules must be formulated so that they can be followed in a robot-like manner, that is, without the need for thought... however, if the instructions [to solve the quadratic equation, his example] are to be obeyed by someone who knows how to perform arithmetic operations but does not know how to extract a square root, then we must also provide a set of rules for extracting a square root in order to satisfy the definition of algorithm" (p. 4-5)
Furthermore, "...not all instructions are acceptable, because they may require the robot to have abilities beyond those that we consider reasonable.” He gives the example of a robot confronted with the question is “Henry VIII a King of England?” and to print 1 if yes and 0 if no, but the robot has not been previously provided with this information. And worse, if the robot is asked if Aristotle was a King of England and the robot only had been provided with five names, it would not know how to answer. Thus:
“an intuitive definition of an acceptable sequence of instructions is one in which each instruction is precisely defined so that the robot is guaranteed to be able to obey it” (p. 6)
After providing us with his definition, Stone introduces the Turing machine model and states that the set of five-tuples that are the machine’s instructions are “an algorithm ... known as a Turing machine program” (p. 9). Immediately thereafter he goes on say that a “computation of a Turing machine is described by stating:
"1. The tape alphabet
"2. The form in which the [input] parameters are presented on the tape
"3. The initial state of the Turing machine
"4. The form in which answers [output] will be represented on the tape when the Turing machine halts
"5. The machine program" (italics added, p. 10)
This precise prescription of what is required for "a computation" is in the spirit of what will follow in the work of Blass and Gurevich.
1995 Soare's characterization
"A computation is a process whereby we proceed from initially given objects, called inputs, according to a fixed set of rules, called a program, procedure, or algorithm, through a series of steps and arrive at the end of these steps with a final result, called the output. The algorithm, as a set of rules proceeding from inputs to output, must be precise and definite with each successive step clearly determined. The concept of computability concerns those objects which may be specified in principle by computations . . ."(italics in original, boldface added p. 3)
2000 Berlinski's characterization
While a student at Princeton in the mid-1960s, David Berlinski was a student of Alonzo Church (cf p. 160). His year-2000 book The Advent of the Algorithm: The 300-year Journey from an Idea to the Computer contains the following definition of algorithm:
"In the logician's voice:
"an algorithm is
a finite procedure,
written in a fixed symbolic vocabulary,
governed by precise instructions,
moving in discrete steps, 1, 2, 3, . . .,
whose execution requires no insight, cleverness,
intuition, intelligence, or perspicuity,
and that sooner or later comes to an end." (boldface and italics in the original, p. xviii)
2000, 2002 Gurevich's characterization
A careful reading of Gurevich 2000 leads one to conclude (infer?) that he believes that "an algorithm" is actually "a Turing machine" or "a pointer machine" doing a computation. An "algorithm" is not just the symbol-table that guides the behavior of the machine, nor is it just one instance of a machine doing a computation given a particular set of input parameters, nor is it a suitably programmed machine with the power off; rather an algorithm is the machine actually doing any computation of which it is capable. Gurevich does not come right out and say this, so as worded above this conclusion (inference?) is certainly open to debate:
" . . . every algorithm can be simulated by a Turing machine . . . a program can be simulated and therefore given a precise meaning by a Turing machine." (p. 1)
" It is often thought that the problem of formalizing the notion of sequential algorithm was solved by Church [1936] and Turing [1936]. For example, according to Savage [1987], an algorithm is a computational process defined by a Turing machine. Church and Turing did not solve the problem of formalizing the notion of sequential algorithm. Instead they gave (different but equivalent) formalizations of the notion of computable function, and there is more to an algorithm than the function it computes. (italics added p. 3)
"Of course, the notions of algorithm and computable function are intimately related: by definition, a computable function is a function computable by an algorithm. . . . (p. 4)
In Blass and Gurevich 2002 the authors invoke a dialog between "Quisani" ("Q") and "Authors" (A), using Yiannis Moshovakis as a foil, where they come right out and flatly state:
"A: To localize the disagreement, let's first mention two points of agreement. First, there are some things that are obviously algorithms by anyone's definition -- Turing machines , sequential-time ASMs [Abstract State Machines], and the like. . . .Second, at the other extreme are specifications that would not be regarded as algorithms under anyone's definition, since they give no indication of how to compute anything . . . The issue is how detailed the information has to be in order to count as an algorithm. . . . Moshovakis allows some things that we would call only declarative specifications, and he would probably use the word "implementation" for things that we call algorithms." (paragraphs joined for ease of readability, 2002:22)
This use of the word "implementation" cuts straight to the heart of the question. Early in the paper, Q states his reading of Moshovakis:
"...[H]e would probably think that your practical work [Gurevich works for Microsoft] forces you to think of implementations more than of algorithms. He is quite willing to identify implementations with machines, but he says that algorithms are something more general. What it boils down to is that you say an algorithm is a machine and Moschovakis says it is not." (2002:3)
But the authors waffle here, saying "[L]et's stick to "algorithm" and "machine", and the reader is left, again, confused. We have to wait until Dershowitz and Gurevich 2007 to get the following footnote comment:
" . . . Nevertheless, if one accepts Moshovakis's point of view, then it is the "implementation" of algorithms that we have set out to characterize."(cf Footnote 9 2007:6)
2003 Blass and Gurevich's characterization
Blass and Gurevich describe their work as evolved from consideration of Turing machines and pointer machines, specifically Kolmogorov-Uspensky machines (KU machines), Schönhage Storage Modification Machines (SMM), and linking automata as defined by Knuth. The work of Gandy and Markov are also described as influential precursors.
Gurevich offers a 'strong' definition of an algorithm (boldface added):
"...Turing's informal argument in favor of his thesis justifies a stronger thesis: every algorithm can be simulated by a Turing machine....In practice, it would be ridiculous...[Nevertheless,] [c]an one generalize Turing machines so that any algorithm, never mind how abstract, can be modeled by a generalized machine?...But suppose such generalized Turing machines exist. What would their states be?...a first-order structure ... a particular small instruction set suffices in all cases ... computation as an evolution of the state ... could be nondeterministic... can interact with their environment ... [could be] parallel and multi-agent ... [could have] dynamic semantics ... [the two underpinings of their work are:] Turing's thesis ...[and] the notion of (first order) structure of [Tarski 1933]" (Gurevich 2000, p. 1-2)
The above phrase computation as an evolution of the state differs markedly from the definition of Knuth and Stone—the "algorithm" as a Turing machine program. Rather, it corresponds to what Turing called the complete configuration (cf Turing's definition in Undecidable, p. 118) -- and includes both the current instruction (state) and the status of the tape. [cf Kleene (1952) p. 375 where he shows an example of a tape with 6 symbols on it—all other squares are blank—and how to Gödelize its combined table-tape status].
In Algorithm examples we see the evolution of the state first-hand.
1995 – Daniel Dennett: evolution as an algorithmic process
Philosopher Daniel Dennett analyses the importance of evolution as an algorithmic process in his 1995 book Darwin's Dangerous Idea. Dennett identifies three key features of an algorithm:
Substrate neutrality: an algorithm relies on its logical structure. Thus, the particular form in which an algorithm is manifested is not important (Dennett's example is long division: it works equally well on paper, on parchment, on a computer screen, or using neon lights or in skywriting). (p. 51)
Underlying mindlessness: no matter how complicated the end-product of the algorithmic process may be, each step in the algorithm is sufficiently simple to be performed by a non-sentient, mechanical device. The algorithm does not require a "brain" to maintain or operate it. "The standard textbook analogy notes that algorithms are recipes of sorts, designed to be followed by novice cooks."(p. 51)
Guaranteed results: If the algorithm is executed correctly, it will always produce the same results. "An algorithm is a foolproof recipe." (p. 51)
It is on the basis of this analysis that Dennett concludes that "According to Darwin, evolution is an algorithmic process". (p. 60).
However, in the previous page he has gone out on a much-further limb. In the context of his chapter titled "Processes as Algorithms", he states:
"But then . . are there any limits at all on what may be considered an algorithmic process? I guess the answer is NO; if you wanted to, you can treat any process at the abstract level as an algorithmic process. . . If what strikes you as puzzling is the uniformity of the [ocean's] sand grains or the strength of the [tempered-steel] blade, an algorithmic explanation is what will satisfy your curiosity -- and it will be the truth. . . .
"No matter how impressive the products of an algorithm, the underlying process always consists of nothing but a set of mindless steps succeeding each other without the help of any intelligent supervision; they are 'automatic' by definition: the workings of an automaton." (p. 59)
It is unclear from the above whether Dennett is stating that the physical world by itself and without observers is intrinsically algorithmic (computational) or whether a symbol-processing observer is what is adding "meaning" to the observations.
2002 John Searle adds a clarifying caveat to Dennett's characterization
Daniel Dennett is a proponent of strong artificial intelligence: the idea that the logical structure of an algorithm is sufficient to explain mind. John Searle, the creator of the Chinese room thought experiment, claims that "syntax [that is, logical structure] is by itself not sufficient for semantic content [that is, meaning]" . In other words, the "meaning" of symbols is relative to the mind that is using them; an algorithm—a logical construct—by itself is insufficient for a mind.
Searle cautions those who claim that algorithmic (computational) processes are intrinsic to nature (for example, cosmologists, physicists, chemists, etc.):
2002: Boolos-Burgess-Jeffrey specification of Turing machine calculation
For examples of this specification-method applied to the addition algorithm "m+n" see Algorithm examples.
An example in Boolos-Burgess-Jeffrey (2002) (pp. 31–32) demonstrates the precision required in a complete specification of an algorithm, in this case to add two numbers: m+n. It is similar to the Stone requirements above.
(i) They have discussed the role of "number format" in the computation and selected the "tally notation" to represent numbers:
"Certainly computation can be harder in practice with some notations than others... But... it is possible in principle to do in any other notation, simply by translating the data... For purposes of framing a rigorously defined notion of computability, it is convenient to use monadic or tally notation" (p. 25-26)
(ii) At the outset of their example they specify the machine to be used in the computation as a Turing machine. They have previously specified (p. 26) that the Turing-machine will be of the 4-tuple, rather than 5-tuple, variety. For more on this convention see Turing machine.
(iii) Previously the authors have specified that the tape-head's position will be indicated by a subscript to the right of the scanned symbol. For more on this convention see Turing machine. (In the following, boldface is added for emphasis):
"We have not given an official definition of what it is for a numerical function to be computable by a Turing machine, specifying how inputs or arguments are to be represented on the machine, and how outputs or values represented. Our specifications for a k-place function from positive integers to positive integers are as follows:
"(a) [Initial number format:] The arguments m1, ... mk, ... will be represented in monadic [unary] notation by blocks of those numbers of strokes, each block separated from the next by a single blank, on an otherwise blank tape.
Example: 3+2, 111B11
"(b) [Initial head location, initial state:] Initially, the machine will be scanning the leftmost 1 on the tape, and will be in its initial state, state 1.
Example: 3+2, 11111B11
"(c) [Successful computation -- number format at Halt:] If the function to be computed assigns a value n to the arguments that are represented initially on the tape, then the machine will eventually halt on a tape containing a block of strokes, and otherwise blank...
Example: 3+2, 11111
"(d) [Successful computation -- head location at Halt:] In this case [c] the machine will halt scanning the left-most 1 on the tape...
Example: 3+2, 1n1111
"(e) [Unsuccessful computation -- failure to Halt or Halt with non-standard number format:] If the function that is to be computed assigns no value to the arguments that are represented initially on the tape, then the machine either will never halt, or will halt in some nonstandard configuration..."(ibid)
Example: Bn11111 or B11n111 or B11111n
This specification is incomplete: it requires the location of where the instructions are to be placed and their format in the machine--
(iv) in the finite state machine's TABLE or, in the case of a Universal Turing machine on the tape, and
(v) the Table of instructions in a specified format
This later point is important. Boolos-Burgess-Jeffrey give a demonstration (p. 36) that the predictability of the entries in the table allow one to "shrink" the table by putting the entries in sequence and omitting the input state and the symbol. Indeed, the example Turing machine computation required only the 4 columns as shown in the table below (but note: these were presented to the machine in rows):
2006: Sipser's assertion and his three levels of description
For examples of this specification-method applied to the addition algorithm "m+n" see Algorithm examples.
Sipser begins by defining '"algorithm" as follows:
"Informally speaking, an algorithm is a collection of simple instructions for carrying out some task. Commonplace in everyday life, algorithms sometimes are called procedures or recipes (italics in original, p. 154)
"...our real focus from now on is on algorithms. That is, the Turing machine merely serves as a precise model for the definition of algorithm .... we need only to be comfortable enough with Turing machines to believe that they capture all algorithms" ( p. 156)
Does Sipser mean that "algorithm" is just "instructions" for a Turing machine, or is the combination of "instructions + a (specific variety of) Turing machine"? For example, he defines the two standard variants (multi-tape and non-deterministic) of his particular variant (not the same as Turing's original) and goes on, in his Problems (pages 160-161), to describe four more variants (write-once, doubly infinite tape (i.e. left- and right-infinite), left reset, and "stay put instead of left). In addition, he imposes some constraints. First, the input must be encoded as a string (p. 157) and says of numeric encodings in the context of complexity theory:
"But note that unary notation for encoding numbers (as in the number 17 encoded by the unary number 11111111111111111) isn't reasonable because it is exponentially larger than truly reasonable encodings, such as base k notation for any k ≥ 2." (p. 259)
Van Emde Boas comments on a similar problem with respect to the random-access machine (RAM) abstract model of computation sometimes used in place of the Turing machine when doing "analysis of algorithms":
"The absence or presence of multiplicative and parallel bit manipulation operations is of relevance for the correct understanding of some results in the analysis of algorithms.
". . . [T]here hardly exists such as a thing as an "innocent" extension of the standard RAM model in the uniform time measures; either one only has additive arithmetic or one might as well include all reasonable multiplicative and/or bitwise Boolean instructions on small operands." (Van Emde Boas, 1990:26)
With regard to a "description language" for algorithms Sipser finishes the job that Stone and Boolos-Burgess-Jeffrey started (boldface added). He offers us three levels of description of Turing machine algorithms (p. 157):
High-level description: "wherein we use ... prose to describe an algorithm, ignoring the implementation details. At this level we do not need to mention how the machine manages its tape or head."
Implementation description: "in which we use ... prose to describe the way that the Turing machine moves its head and the way that it stores data on its tape. At this level we do not give details of states or transition function."
Formal description: "... the lowest, most detailed, level of description... that spells out in full the Turing machine's states, transition function, and so on."
2011: Yanofsky
In Yanofsky (2011) an algorithm is defined to be the set of programs that implement that algorithm: the set of all programs is partitioned into equivalence classes. Although the set of programs does not form a category, the set of algorithms form a category with extra structure. The conditions that describe when two programs are equivalent turn out to be coherence relations which give the extra structure to the category of algorithms.
Notes
References
David Berlinski (2000), The Advent of the Algorithm: The 300-Year Journey from an Idea to the Computer, Harcourt, Inc., San Diego, (pbk.)
George Boolos, John P. Burgess, Richard Jeffrey (2002), Computability and Logic: Fourth Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. (pbk).
Andreas Blass and Yuri Gurevich (2003), Algorithms: A Quest for Absolute Definitions, Bulletin of European Association for Theoretical Computer Science 81, 2003. Includes an excellent bibliography of 56 references.
Burgin, M. Super-recursive algorithms, Monographs in computer science, Springer, 2005.
. A source of important definitions and some Turing machine-based algorithms for a few recursive functions.
Davis gives commentary before each article. Papers of Gödel, Alonzo Church, Turing, Rosser, Kleene, and Emil Post are included.
Robin Gandy, Church's Thesis and principles for Mechanisms, in J. Barwise, H. J. Keisler and K. Kunen, eds., The Kleene Symposium, North-Holland Publishing Company 1980) pp. 123–148. Gandy's famous "4 principles of [computational] mechanisms" includes "Principle IV -- The Principle of Local Causality".
Yuri Gurevich, Sequential Abstract State Machines Capture Sequential Algorithms, ACM Transactions on Computational Logic, Vol 1, no 1 (July 2000), pages 77–111. Includes bibliography of 33 sources.
Reprinted in The Undecidable, p. 255ff. Kleene refined his definition of "general recursion" and proceeded in his chapter "12. Algorithmic theories" to posit "Thesis I" (p. 274); he would later repeat this thesis (in Kleene 1952:300) and name it "Church's Thesis"(Kleene 1952:317) (i.e., the Church Thesis).
Excellent — accessible, readable — reference source for mathematical "foundations".
The first of Knuth's famous series of three texts.
Lewis, H.R. and Papadimitriou, C.H. Elements of the Theory of Computation, Prentice-Hall, Uppre Saddle River, N.J., 1998
A. A. Markov (1954) Theory of algorithms. [Translated by Jacques J. Schorr-Kon and PST staff] Imprint Moscow, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1954 [i.e. Jerusalem, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 1961; available from the Office of Technical Services, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington] Description 444 p. 28 cm. Added t.p. in Russian Translation of Works of the Mathematical Institute, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, v. 42. Original title: Teoriya algerifmov. [QA248.M2943 Dartmouth College library. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Office of Technical Services, number OTS 60-51085.]
Minsky expands his "...idea of an algorithm — an effective procedure..." in chapter 5.1 Computability, Effective Procedues and Algorithms. Infinite machines.
Hartley Rogers, Jr, (1967), Theory of Recursive Functions and Effective Computability, MIT Press (1987), Cambridge MA, (pbk.)
Robert Soare, (1995 to appear in Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science, August 19–25, 1995, Florence Italy), Computability and Recursion), on the web at ??.
Michael Sipser, (2006), Introduction to the Theory of Computation: Second Edition, Thompson Course Technology div. of Thompson Learning, Inc. Boston, MA. .
Ian Stewart, Algorithm, Encyclopædia Britannica 2006.
Cf in particular the first chapter titled: Algorithms, Turing Machines, and Programs. His succinct informal definition: "...any sequence of instructions that can be obeyed by a robot, is called an algorithm" (p. 4).
Peter van Emde Boas (1990), "Machine Models and Simulations" pp 3–66, appearing in Jan van Leeuwen (1990), Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science. Volume A: Algorithms & Complexity, The MIT Press/Elsevier, 1990, (Volume A)
Computability theory
Models of computation
Formal methods
Algorithms |
23576842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheung%20Wing-fat | Cheung Wing-fat | Cheung Wing-fat (), also known as Mars (), is a Hong Kong actor, action director, stuntman and martial artist. He is one of Jackie Chan's best friends.
Early life
Cheung Wing-fat was born in Hong Kong in 1954. He got the nickname "Weird Fire Star" after being involved in a car accident leaving him with two scars on his head. While working as a stuntman on a film in Thailand he got promoted to a supporting actor and needed a stage name. He picked "Mars" based on his nickname. He became a student of Madame Fan Fok Wah (粉菊花, aka Fen Juhua) in The Spring and Autumn Drama School. He practiced every day from 5am to 9pm.
Film career
Mars started acting in 1966 at the age of 12. He started out as an extra and later in supporting roles. Lackey and the Lady Tiger (1980) is only the film in which he played the leading role.
In 1971, Mars got his nickname "Mars" from a stunt co-ordinator who suggested it to him since his nickname on stage was Martian Monster, and he ended up with the name Mars after filming The Rescue.
In 1979, he joined the Jackie Chan Stunt Team and focused more on being a stuntman and action director rather than an actor. Being a very close friend of Chan, Mars has worked with Chan in numerous films starting with The Young Master (1980). He played a major supporting role in Chan's hit films, Project A, Project A II, Police Story and Police Story 2. Mars also had minor villain roles in Chan's other hit films, Crime Story, Drunken Master II and Thunderbolt. He also acted in many of Chan's other films and was also a stuntman in his films.
Ever since working in Jackie Chan's 1996 film Mr. Nice Guy, he has been using his real name instead. He had become a senior member in both Jackie Chan's and Sammo Hung's stunt team.
Filmography
Young and Furious (Part 1) (1966) - young child (uncredited)
The Golden Cup, the Wandering Dragon and the Decree to Kill (1966) - young child
The Monkey Goes West (1966) - Little Underwater Turtle Demon Child
The Golden Cup and the Wandering Dragon (1966) - young child (extra)
Come Drink With Me (1966) - one of the little kids (uncredited)
The One Armed-Swordsman (1967) - street kid that gets mask stolen
Blue Skies (1967) - musical troupe dancing child (extra)
Golden Swallow (1968) - Chang Shun's son
The Rescue (1971) - Tartar soldier (extra)
The Eunuch (1971) - soldier (extra) / (uncredited)
Trilogy of Swordsmanship (1972) - Shi's soldier fellow (cameo)
The Black Tavern (1972) - Officer Hai's servant
The Casino (1972) - casino thug (extra) (uncredited) / stunts (uncredited)
The Hurricane (1972) - Neng's thug / stunts
The Brutal Boxer (1972) - Chin / stunts
Tough Guy (1972) - extra (uncredited)
Fist of Fury (1972) - Japanese Person (uncredited) / stunts
Fist of Unicorn (1972) - Stuttering boy
Back Alley Princess (1973) - extra (uncredited)
Honor and Love (1973) - cameo
Dynamite Brothers (1973) - Tuen's henchman in the final fight (uncredited) / stunts (uncredited)
Fist to Fist (1973) - extra (uncredited)
Enter the Dragon (1973) - Han traitor (uncredited) / stunts (uncredited)
The Rendezvous of Warriors (1973) - extra (uncredited)
The Awaken Punch (1973) - (uncredited)
Little Tiger of Canton (1973) - cameo / stunts (as Fo Sing)
The Bastard (1973) - Gu's thug (extra) / stunts
The Rats (1973) - cameo
Village on Fire (1973)
The Young Tiger (1973) - Angry Thug in army pants (as Huo Hsing)
Ambush (1973) - Lao Er of Ximen Tigers
Village of Tigers (1974) - Ba clan member
Virgins of the Seven Seas (1974) - Pirate killed on ship
The Thunder Kick (1974) - (as Fo Sing)
The Shaolin Boxer (1974) - Chuan's student
Supermen Against the Orient (1974) - Thug (uncredited) / stunts
Super Kung Fu Kid (1974) - cameo / stunts
Village of Tigers (1974) - Hero Bao's Friend
Bloody Ring (1974) - cameo
The Mandarin Magician (1974) - (as Fo Sing)
The Skyhawk (1974) - woodland attacker / stunts (as Fo Sing)
The Bod Squad (1974) - (as Huo Shing)
Hong Kong Superman (1975) - extra(uncredited) / cameo / stunts
The Young Dragons (1975) - Lui Fu's thug / stunts
The Valiant Ones (1975) - Japanese swordsman pirate
The Golden Lion (1975) - Golden Lion gang member
Bruce Lee and I (1976) - Little Boy
Bruce Lee - True Story (1976) - Charlie
The Private Eyes (1976) - robber (as Fo Sing)
The Magic Blade (1976) - stunts
Shaolin Plot (1977) - Monk (as Fo Sing)
Last Strike (1977) - extra (uncredited)
The Iron Fisted Monk (1977) - Shu-Liu worker
Broken Oath (1977) - One of Chou's Guards
Soul Brothers of Kung Fu (1977) - cameo
The Pilferer's Progress (1977) - Hitman
He Has Nothing But Kung Fu (1977)
Strife for Mastery (1977) - cameo / stunts
The Amsterdam Kill (1977) - cameo
Enter the Fat Dragon (1978) - opening dream sequence fighter / stunts
Strike and Sword (1978) - thug
Bruce Li - The Invincible Chinatown Connection (1978) - teacher with mask
Warriors Two (1978) - Thunder's men/Civilian (2 roles) / stunts
The Legendary Strike (1978)Game of Death (1978) - Thug (extra) (uncredited) / stunts / stunt doubleIron Maiden - (as Fo Sing)Dirty Tiger, Crazy Frog (1978) - 3 Tricks Kid partner / Casino FighterNaked Comes the Huntress (1978) - MonkFists and Guts (1979) - extra (uncredited)Last Hurrah for Chivalry (1979) - Pak Chung Tong's manHis Name Is Nobody (1979) - person in restaurant (cameo)The Challenger (1979) - Fair croupier (as Fo Sing)Odd Couple (1979) - PotatoCrazy Couple (1979) - extra (uncredited) / stuntsThe Wickedness in Poverty (1979) - Toilet waste carrier (cameo)The Incredible Kung Fu Master (1979) - one of Yang Wei's men (cameo) / stunts Crazy Partner (1979) - cameoThe Dragon, the Hero (1979) - Defeated Fighter (cameo) / stuntsKnockabout (1979) - Tiger (as Fo Sing)Itchy Fingers (1979) - Mr Liu's thug / stunts (uncredited)Lackey and the Lady Tiger (1980) - Big BrotherThe Young Master (1980) - extra (uncredited) / stunts (uncredited)The Legal Illegal (1981) - cameoReturn of the Deadly Blade (1981) - One of the Tun brothersGame of Death II (1981) - guard in the cave / stunts (uncredited)Dragon Lord (1982) - Chin / CowboyThe Trail (1983) - Fatty / action director / stunt co-ordinatorProject A (1983) - Mars / Jaws / stunts / stunt double for Jackie Chan / assistant action directorWinners and Sinners (1983) - Robber stealing Archie's briefcase (cameo)Wheels on Meals (1984) - extra (uncredited) / action director / stunt co-ordinator / stunt double for Jackie ChanPom Pom (1984) - Motorcycle Cop (cameo)The Protector - martial arts co-ordinator
Police Story (1985) - Inspector Kim / action director / stunt unit / stunts (uncredited)
Armour of God (1986) - extra (uncredited) / stunts(uncredited) / stunt double for Jackie Chan (uncredited)
Naughty Boys (1986) - Sheng
Project A Part II (1987) - Mars / Jaws / stunts / stunt double for Jackie Chan / action director
Magic Story (1987) - Taoist priest
The Inspector Wears Skirts (1988) - Member of Tiger Squad
Spooky, Spooky (1988) - East Bay Cop Mars
Police Story 2 (1988) - Inspector Kim
Dragons Forever (1988) - stunts / stunt double for Benny Urquidez
Miracles (1989) - Police Sergeant / stunts
The Inspector Wears Skirts II (1989) - Mars
Undeclared War (1990) - Tiger (as Fo Sing) / stunts
Stage Door Johnny (1990) - Kuo
The Banquet (1991) - Man at Table (as Sing Feng)
Armour of God II: Operation Condor (1991) - extra (uncredited) / stunts (uncredited)
Angry Ranger (1991) - extra (uncredited) / stunts
Twin Dragons (1992) - Street Goon (uncredited) / stunts (uncredited)
Police Story 3: Super Cop (1992) - Hsiung (uncredited) / stunts (uncredited)
Crime Story (1993) - Bank Robber (uncredited) / stunts
Once a Cop (1993) - Jewelry store customer (as Fo Sing) / stunts (uncredited)
Drunken Master II (1994) - Fight Spectator in the crowd/Thug in final fight (2 roles)(uncredited) / stunts (as Fo Sing) / assistant action director
The Wrath of Silence (1994) - Detective / action director
Red Zone (1995) - Prison Guard with Food
Thunderbolt (1995) - Saw's thug (uncredited) / stunts (as Chiang Wing Fat)
Rumble in the Bronx (1995) - stunts (uncredited)
How to Meet the Lucky Stars (1996) - Mahjong Player / action director
Police Story 4: First Strike (1996) - stunts (uncredited) / stunt double for Jackie Chan (uncredited)
Once Upon a Time in China and America (1997) - extra (uncredited) / stunts (as Chiang Wing Fat)
Mr. Nice Guy (1997) - extra (uncredited) / stunts (as Chiang Wing Fat) / stunt double for Jackie Chan / action director
Double Team (1997) - stunts (uncredited)
Till Death Do Us Part (1998) - Bill's man / stunts
Rush Hour (1998) - Juntao's Man in Hong Kong (uncredited) / stunts (uncredited)
Knock Off (1998) - stunts (uncredited) / assistant action director (uncredited)
Gorgeous (1999) - Masked Metal Bat Thug (uncredited) / stunts (uncredited)
Jackie Chan: My Stunts (1999) - Himself (Jackie Chan Stunt Team) / stunts (uncredited)
Moonlight Express (1999) - Officer Tung's detective
No Problem (1999) - cameo / stunts
Prostitute Killers (2000) - One of Brother Shark's men / stunts
Rush Hour 2 (2001) - extra (uncredited) / stunts (uncredited)
Virtues of Harmony (TV series) (2002) - Chan Wan (cameo)
Born Wild (2001) - action director
Inner Senses (2002) - action director
No Problem 2 (2002) - stunts (as Jiang Wing-Fat) / assistant action director
Give Them a Chance (2003) - action director
Shanghai Knights (2003) - Torch Thug (uncredited) / stunts (uncredited)
Around the World in 80 Days (2004) - Scorpion / stunts (uncredited)
New Police Story (2004) - extra (uncredited) / stunts (uncredited)
Kung Fu Mahjong 3 - The Final Duel (2007) - Uncle Pao / action director
Bullet & Brain (2007) - Inspector Wong / action director
I Corrupt All Cops (2009) - Det. Sgt Major at meeting / action director
72 Tenants of Prosperity (2010) - action director
The Other Truth (TV series) (2011) - Lo Yiu Fat (Episode 20–25)
When Heaven Burns (TV series) (2011) - Leslie (cameo) (Episode 10)
Brother's Keeper (TV series) (2013) - Brother Babi
Bet Hur (TV series) (2017) - Slaughter city bodyguard
See also
Jackie Chan Stunt Team
Jackie Chan
References
External links
Hong Kong Cinemagic: Mars
Mars
1954 births
Living people
Hong Kong male film actors
Hong Kong martial artists |
23576855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro%20Gaxiola | Álvaro Gaxiola | Juan Álvaro José Gaxiola Robles (26 January 1937 – 18 August 2003) was a Mexican diver. He competed at the 1960, 1964 and 1968 Olympics in the 3 m springboard and 10 m platform and won a silver medal in the platform in 1968, in Mexico City. He also finished fourth in the springboard in 1960.
Gaxiola lived for many years in the United States and returned to Mexico only in the 1990s. He competed in diving for Ann Arbor High School and then for the University of Michigan, where he studied civil engineering.
Gaxiola died of cancer in his native Guadalajara, aged 66. He was survived by wife Sylvia Wydell and three children, Ingi, Michelle, and Annika.
References
1937 births
2003 deaths
Mexican male divers
Olympic silver medalists for Mexico
Sportspeople from Guadalajara, Jalisco
Divers at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Divers at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Divers at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Olympic divers of Mexico
Michigan Wolverines men's swimmers
Olympic medalists in diving
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games gold medalists for Mexico
Pan American Games silver medalists for Mexico
Pan American Games medalists in diving
Divers at the 1963 Pan American Games
Divers at the 1959 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1959 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1963 Pan American Games
20th-century Mexican people
21st-century Mexican people |
23576863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%E2%80%9372%20Libyan%20Premier%20League | 1971–72 Libyan Premier League | The 1971–72 Libyan Premier League was the 8th edition of the competition since its inception in 1963.
Overview
It was contested by 11 teams, and Al-Ahly (Benghazi) won the championship.
League standings
References
Libya - List of final tables (RSSSF)
Libyan Premier League seasons
Libya
Premier League |
6901706 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YoungArts | YoungArts | YoungArts (previously National YoungArts Foundation and National Foundation for Advancement in the Arts, or NFAA) is an American charity established in 1981 by Lin and Ted Arison to help nurture emerging high-school artists. The foundation is based in Miami, Florida. Alumni of the program include Timothée Chalamet, Jessica Darrow, Kerry Washington, Matt Bomer, Billy Porter, Anna Gunn, Andrew Rannells, Kimiko Glenn, Ben Levi Ross, Sam Lipsyte, Chris Young, Neal Dodson, Viola Davis, Nicki Minaj, Doug Aitken, and Max Schneider.
In 1981, Ted Arison gave $5 million to launch the National Foundation for Advancement in the Arts.
YoungArts nominates up to 60 candidates for consideration as U.S. Presidential Scholars in the Arts following participation in YoungArts week.
YoungArts disciplines
The YoungArts application consists of ten disciplines across the visual, literary, design and performing arts:
Classical Music – composition and instrumental
Dance – ballet, choreography, hip hop, jazz, modern, tap, and world dance forms
Design Arts - architecture, interior, product, graphic, fashion and theater design
Film – narrative, documentary, experimental, and animation
Jazz – composers and instrumentalists
Photography
Theater – musical, classical and contemporary spoken theater
Visual Arts
Voice – classical, jazz, popular and singer/songwriter
Writing – creative non-fiction, novel, play or script, poetry, short story, spoken word
Other programs and activities
Several documentaries have been produced highlighting this unique program and its award recipients. Most notably, Rehearsing a Dream, produced by the Simon and Goodman Picture Company, was nominated for the Academy Award for Documentary Short Subject. A documentary television series entitled YoungArts MasterClass, in which program alumni are teamed with famous mentors, is in its second season on HBO. YoungArts has developed a study guide, based on the HBO series, for high school teachers with Teachers College, Columbia University.
Alumni opportunities
Every YoungArts winner becomes a part of the YoungArts alumni community, an artistic family of more than 20,000 alumni. YoungArts makes open calls to alumni to provide opportunities and inclusion in its programming and events.
Budget
YoungArts has an endowment of $42 million. Its $6 million annual budget is expected to increase as much as 40 percent as its operating expenses grow.
References
External links
YoungArts website
Presidential Scholars Program
Arts foundations based in the United States
Educational foundations in the United States
Scholarships in the United States |
23576876 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codes%20in%20the%20Clouds | Codes in the Clouds | Codes in the Clouds are an English post-rock band formed in July 2007. Consisting of Dartford, Kent natives Stephen Peeling, Ciaran Morahan, Jack Major and Joe Power, the group's music is instrumental post-rock. They are signed with the independent London-based label Erased Tapes Records.
Discography
Studio albums
Paper Canyon (2009)
Paper Canyon Recycled (2010)
As the Spirit Wanes (2011)
Codes in the Clouds (2019)
Piano Re-Works (2020)
Demos and EPs
Distant Street Lights / Fractures (2007)
Members
Stephen Peeling (guitar)
Ciaran Morahan (guitar)
Jack Major (drums)
Joe Power (bass)
Pete Lambrou (guitar)
See also
List of post-rock bands
References
External links
Facebook page
Bandcamp page
Tumblr site
Musical groups established in 2007
English post-rock groups
Erased Tapes Records artists
2007 establishments in England |
6901745 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff%20Stember | Jeff Stember | Jeffrey Alan Stember (born March 2, 1958) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher.
Biography
The right-hander was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey, is Jewish, and attended Westfield High School. He was drafted by the San Francisco Giants in the 26th round of the 1976 amateur draft, and appeared in one game for the Giants in 1980.
Stember's only outing was a start against the Houston Astros at the Astrodome on August 5, 1980. He pitched the first three innings and gave up three runs, but only one earned run. In the top of the fourth, trailing 3-1, the Giants loaded the bases with one out and the pitcher's spot due up. Manager Dave Bristol decided to pinch-hit for Stember, and it worked out as the Giants scored four runs in the inning and ended up with a 9-3 win. Stember, however, had to take his 0-0 record and 3.00 earned run average back to Triple-A Phoenix, and never again pitched in a big league game.
References
External links
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from New Jersey
San Francisco Giants players
Sportspeople from Elizabeth, New Jersey
1958 births
Living people
People from Westfield, New Jersey
Westfield High School (New Jersey) alumni
Jewish American baseball players
Jewish Major League Baseball players
21st-century American Jews |
23576884 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilar%20Rold%C3%A1n | Pilar Roldán | María del Pilar Roldán Tapia (born 18 November 1939 in Mexico City) is a Mexican former foil fencer and the first Mexican woman to win an olympic medal in the history of Olympic fencing. During the 1968 Mexican Olympic Games she was a silver medalist; she was a champion in singles. She competed for Mexico at the 1968 Summer Olympics held in Mexico City, Mexico, where she won the silver medal in the women's foil event.
Family
Her parents were Ángel Roldán ("El Güero"), one of the best tennis players in the national field, selected for the Davis Cup (1934), and María Tapia ("La Chata"), a triple medalist in the Central American and Caribbean Games in El Salvador (1935).
Early life
Pilar Roldán was born in Mexico City, Mexico. At a young age Pilar began playing tennis, but her passion for fencing was born, thanks to the work of Alejandro Dumas "the three musketeers". At first, she only played with a cape to pretend to be a musketeer, but for her third birthday (1952), Pilar asked her parents for fencing lessons. At the end of that year, the world renowned Italian Professor Eduardo Alajmo decided to move to Mexico, and Pilar was one of his first graduates. Recognizing the passion of his daughter, he decided to install a small fencing court in their house and buy her high quality protective masks, gloves, and a vest. And so that without realizing, the so-called "white sport" ceased to be the main focus of this tennis family.
At 15 years of old, Pilar was the undefeated national champion in foil fencing. On March 12, 1955, in Mexico, father and daughter (Ángel Roldán and Pilar Roldán) participated in fencing en the second Pan-American Games. This was an unprecedented feat, and since that day, no one father and daughter pair has ever competed for their country at the Pan-American Games. Neither won a medal, but Pilar had some victories in singles. She was defeated by the Venezuelan, Igrid Sanders, finishing in fourth place after defeating Maxime Mitchel.
References
1939 births
Living people
Olympic silver medalists for Mexico
Fencers at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Fencers at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Fencers at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Olympic fencers of Mexico
Mexican female foil fencers
Fencers from Mexico City
Olympic medalists in fencing
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games medalists in fencing
Pan American Games gold medalists for Mexico
Fencers at the 1959 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1959 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1967 Pan American Games |
23576887 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373%20Libyan%20Premier%20League | 1972–73 Libyan Premier League | The 1972–73 Libyan Premier League was the 9th edition of the competition since its inception in 1963.
Overview
It was contested by 11 teams, and Al-Ahly (Tripoli) won the championship.
League standings
Final
Al-Ahly (Tripoli) 1-0 Al-Ahly (Benghazi)
References
Libya - List of final tables (RSSSF)
Libyan Premier League seasons
Libya
Premier League |
23576895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper%20Canyon | Paper Canyon | Paper Canyon is the debut studio album by English post-rock band Codes in the Clouds. It was produced by Justin Lockey and released on Erased Tapes Records in June 2009.
Background
The album was recorded over five days in Doncaster with producer Justin Lockey. According to guitarist Stephen Peeling, the title of the album is a metaphor for the band's music. "The idea is that a canyon is a big, grand indestructible thing. But if you had a paper canyon it'd be fragile in its detail, like our music."
Music
The music of Paper Canyon has been compared to post-rock bands such as Explosions in the Sky and Mono, along with 65daysofstatic, whom the band have called their "idols". Chris Hidden of Rock Sound noted that the songs are "slow burners" that are "not as immediate or obviously melodic as the likes of Explosions in the Sky or This Will Destroy You," but instead build to a "crescendo".
Critical reception
Paper Canyon was released on 1 June 2009 in the UK, Ireland, and Benelux on Erased Tapes Records. It was released on 4 June 2009 in Japan. German and American releases are planned for later in the year. The album received positive critical reviews. Hidden wrote that the album "might not be a classic post-rock record," but that "it brims with potential and suggests what's to come next should be something really special."
Track list
"Fractures" (5:20)
"Don't Go Awash in This Digital Landscape" (3:21)
"Distant Street Lights" (5:06)
"We Anchor in Hope" (5:42)
"You Are Not What You Think You Are" (9:55)
"The Distance Between Us" (10:00)
Personnel
Codes in the Clouds
Stephen Peeling (guitar)
Ciaran Morahan (guitar)
Rob Smith (guitar)
Jack Major (drums)
Joe Power (bass)
Additional personnel
Justin Lockey (production)
Robert Raths (cover art)
References
2009 debut albums
Codes in the Clouds albums
Erased Tapes Records albums |
23576897 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Builders%20and%20the%20Butchers | The Builders and the Butchers | The Builders and The Butchers are a Folk Rock band based in Portland, Oregon, United States. It is fronted by singer/guitar player Ryan Sollee. The other members of the band are Willy Kunkle (bass guitar, vocals, percussion), Justin Baier (drums, backup vocals, percussion), Ray Rude (drums, piano, clarinet, backup vocals, percussion), and Harvey Tumbleson (mandolin, banjo, guitar, vocals, percussion).
The band's debut self-titled album was released in 2007 by Bladen County Records.
To date, the band has 6 full-length albums, 2 live album and 2 EP splits.
History
The Builders and The Butchers formed on October 31, 2005. They came together because "a lot of bands were all breaking up around the same time, and we were looking to get into something new--so it just worked out."
Each member is originally from Anchorage, Alaska and migrated separately to Portland, Oregon to start a career in music.
Initially they called themselves "The Funeral Band", performing in the streets and outside of music venues. The name eventually changed to The Builders and The Butchers, "for no other reason than it was the only name all five members liked." The first year of acoustic performances were mostly street shows until opening for the experimental band Man Man in 2006. “We very slowly started plugging [our instruments] in.” Sollee says, but the group had to figure out how to utilize its two percussionists on stage. They found that by splitting one drum kit between Seely and Rude, with one handling the kick drum and another playing the snare, they developed what the group calls a “deconstructed” drumming style.
The band's song-writing process involves Sollee writing the lyrics out and presenting it to the other members, who then start playing and putting the music around these lyrics.
In May 2008 the band won the Willamette Week’s “Best New Band of 2008” and Seattle Sound’s “Best Live Performers 2008”.
In late 2010, The Builders and the Butchers signed with Badman Recording Co. and released their third album, Dead Reckoning on February 22, 2011.
Artwork
The Builders and The Butchers' album artwork is produced by Portland, Oregon artist Lukas Ketner.
Members
Current
Justin Baier (drums, backup vocals, percussion)
Willy Kunkle (bass guitar, vocals, percussion)
Ray Rude (drums, piano, clarinet, backup vocals, percussion)
Ryan Sollee (lead vocals, guitar, percussion)
Harvey Tumbleson (mandolin, banjo, guitar, vocals, percussion)
Former
Alex Ellis (bass guitar, vocals, percussion) - "The Builders and The Butchers", "Loch Lomond/The Builders and The Butchers" 12-inch Split, "Salvation is a Deep Dark Well","Dead Reckoning"
Brandon Hafer (drums, trumpet, melodica, backup vocals, percussion)
Adrienne Hatkin (mandolin, banjo, accordion, vocals, percussion) - live shows
Paul Seely (drums, trumpet, melodica, backup vocals, percussion) - "The Builders and The Butchers", "Loch Lomond/The Builders and The Butchers" 12-inch Split, "Salvation is a Deep Dark Well"
Guests
Annalisa Tornfelt (violin, backup vocals) for "The Builders and The Butchers", "Loch Lomond/The Builders and The Butchers" 12-inch Split, "Salvation is a Deep Dark Well"
Emily Tornfelt (cello) for "Salvation is a Deep Dark Well"
Tyler Tornfelt (cello) for "Loch Lomond/The Builders and The Butchers" 12-inch Split
Skip Von Kuske (cello) for "Loch Lomond/The Builders and The Butchers" 12-inch Split
Douglas Jenkins (cello) for "Salvation is a Deep Dark Well"
Justin Kagen (cello) for "Salvation is a Deep Dark Well"
Joe Bowden (backup vocals) for "Salvation is a Deep Dark Well"
Sean Flynn (backup vocals) for "Salvation is a Deep Dark Well"
Jesse Bettis (backup vocals) for "Salvation is a Deep Dark Well"
Scott Magee (bass clarinet, backup vocals) for "Salvation is a Deep Dark Well"
Sebastian Bibb Barrett (trumpet) for "Salvation is a Deep Dark Well"
Victor Nash (trumpet, french horn) for "Salvation is a Deep Dark Well"
Amanda Lawrence (viola) for "Salvation is a Deep Dark Well"
Chris Funk ([backup vocals]) for "Salvation is a Deep Dark Well"
Mike Anzalone (castanets, backup vocals)for "Loch Lomond/The Builders and The Butchers" 12-inch Split, "Salvation is a Deep Dark Well"
The Flash Choir for "Salvation is a Deep Dark Well"
The Gospel Choir for "Salvation is a Deep Dark Well"
The Portland Cello Project - live shows
Discography
Albums
References
External links
Official The Builders and The Butchers Sites: Website· YouTube · Twitter · MySpace · Facebook
2005 establishments in Oregon
Indie rock musical groups from Oregon
Musical groups established in 2005
Musical groups from Portland, Oregon |
23576902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyang%20Cyber%20University | Hanyang Cyber University | Hanyang Cyber University is a virtual university in South Korea, founded in 2002.
External links
Korean website
English website
Universities and colleges in Seoul
Distance education institutions based in South Korea |
23576903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigar%20cell | Cigar cell | Cigar cells (also referred to as pencil cells) are red blood cells that are cigar- or pencil-shaped on peripheral blood smear. Cigar cells are commonly associated with hereditary elliptocytosis. However, they may also be seen in iron deficiency anemia, sepsis, malaria and other pathological states that decrease red blood cell turnover and or production. In the case of iron deficiency anemia, microcytosis and hypochromia would also be expected.
References
External links
Blood cells
Human cells
Hematology |
23576907 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374%20Libyan%20Premier%20League | 1973–74 Libyan Premier League | The 1973–74 Libyan Premier League was the 10th edition of the competition since its inception in 1963.
Overview
It was contested by 11 teams, and Al-Ahly (Tripoli) won the championship.
League standings
References
Libya - List of final tables (RSSSF)
Libyan Premier League seasons
Libya
Premier League |
23576912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpang | Simpang | Simpang, is a planning area located in the North Region of Singapore. The word Simpang means junction or intersection in Malay. It is situated north of Yishun, east of Sembawang and west of Seletar. Pulau Seletar is classified under Simpang planning area. Jalan Kuala Simpang was the main road serving the area. Sungei Simpang Kiri, Sungei Simpang Kanan and Simpang Kiri Park Connector retain and reflect the name of the area.
Simpang is currently a swamp area which is used by the Singapore Armed Forces as a training ground since the early 1996, after the plan of developing a "Simpang New Town" was rejected. In the original 1993 plan, the area was slated for 20,000 housing units in a low density. After the rejection and lull, there are plans for it to be converted into a high-density housing estate.
North Region, Singapore
Places in Singapore |
23576913 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichocentrum%20splendidum | Trichocentrum splendidum | Trichocentrum splendidum is a species of orchid endemic to Guatemala.
References
External links
splendidum
Orchids of Guatemala
Endemic flora of Guatemala |
23576915 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiog%C5%8D%20Dam | Shiogō Dam | The is a dam on the main stream of the Ōi River, in the town of Kawanehon, Haibara District, Shizuoka Prefecture on the island of Honshū, Japan.
History
The potential of the Ōi River valley for hydroelectric power development was realized by the Meiji government at the start of the 20th century. The Ōi River was characterized by a high volume of flow and a fast current. Its mountainous upper reaches and tributaries were areas of steep valleys and abundant rainfall, and were sparsely populated. From the 1930s through the 1960s, numerous concrete gravity dams had been constructed on the main flow of the Ōi River, and to its various tributary streams.
The Shiogō Dam and neighboring Sasamagawa Dam were constructed to provide water for the 58,000 KW Kawaguchi Hydroelectric Plant built by the Shimada city government. Construction work began in 1958 and was completed by 1961. Although styled as a "dam", the structure is in fact a weir, as it does not meet the 15-meter height stipulated in Japanese construction regulations to qualify as a "dam".
Controversy
The Shiogō Dam was built in an area where the Ōi River made a number of turns over swift rapids. The area was a popular fishery for ayu and Japanese dace, which the dam replaced with an area of stagnant, algae-polluted water with an offensive smell. The dam also reduced the amount of sand and silt reaching the mouth of the Ōi River, thus further contributing to shoreline erosion. Legal efforts by local municipalities and landowners to recover water rights over the Ōi River and force the dismantling of the dam have consistently failed in courts.
References
Japan Commission on Large Dams. Dams in Japan:Past, Present and Future. CRC Press (2009).
photo page with data
Weirs
Dams in Shizuoka Prefecture
Hydroelectric power stations in Japan
Dams completed in 1961 |
23576921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deniz%20Hakyemez | Deniz Hakyemez | Deniz Hakyemez Çetin Saraç (born 3 February 1983) is a Turkish volleyball player. She is tall and plays as an outside hitter. She studied at Marmara University.
Hakyemez plays for Galatasaray Medical Park. She signed 1-year contract with the team in July 2009.
Awards
Club
2011-12 Turkish Cup - Runner-up, with Galatasaray Daikin
2011-12 CEV Cup - Runner-up, with Galatasaray Daikin
See also
Turkish women in sports
References
External links
FIVB Profile
Deniz Hakyemez Çetinsaraç at WorldofVolley
Deniz Hakyemez (Çetinsaraç) at Volleybox.net
1983 births
Living people
Turkish women's volleyball players
Eczacıbaşı volleyball players
Beşiktaş volleyballers
VakıfBank S.K. volleyballers
Galatasaray S.K. (women's volleyball) players
Marmara University alumni
Mediterranean Games medalists in volleyball
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Turkey
Mediterranean Games silver medalists for Turkey
Competitors at the 2005 Mediterranean Games
Competitors at the 2009 Mediterranean Games |
23576934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375%20Libyan%20Premier%20League | 1974–75 Libyan Premier League | The 1974–75 Libyan Premier League was the 11th edition of the competition since its inception in 1963.
Overview
It was contested by 12 teams, and Al-Ahly (Benghazi) won the championship.
League standings
References
Libya - List of final tables (RSSSF)
Libyan Premier League seasons
Libya
Premier League |
23576941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen%20Ignagni | Karen Ignagni | Karen Ignagni (b. 1954, Providence, RI) is the President and Chief Executive Officer of EmblemHealth as of 9/1/2015, until which time she was the President and Chief Executive Officer of America's Health Insurance Plans (AHIP), formerly HIAA (Health Insurance Association of America). She is often mentioned as one of the most effective lobbyists and the most powerful people in healthcare. She is involved in health care reform in the United States, working to benefit health insurance companies.
Background
Ignagni grew up in Providence, where her father was a fireman and mother worked at the city hall, her brother Robert currently resides in South Windsor, CT. She graduated from the Providence College, where she majored in political science, and from Loyola College Executive MBA program.
Ignagni led the American Association of Health Plans (AAHP) from 1993 until 2003 when it merged with the Health Insurance Association of America. Before joining AAHP, she was a director of the AFL-CIO's Department of Employee Benefits. Previously she worked in the U.S. Senate Labor and Human Resources Committee, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and as a staffer for Senator Claiborne Pell.
Ignagni wrote articles on health care policy issues in The New York Times, USA Today, the New York Daily News, and New England Journal of Medicine, among others. She sits advisory groups and boards including the Board of the National Academy of Social Insurance, the Partnership for Prevention, and the Bryce Harlow Foundation.
Recognition
She received the Second Century Award for Excellence in Health Care. George Magazine listed her among 50 Most Powerful People in Politics. The New York Times wrote in 1999 that "in a city teeming with health care lobbyists, Ms. Ignagni is widely considered one of the most effective. She blends a detailed knowledge of health policy with an intuitive feel for politics." The Hill newspaper included her among Washington's most effective lobbyists in 2004. She is also an occasional object of derision, such as when Health Care for America Now group awarded Ignagni a "protector of profits" award.
2009 health care reform debate
In June 2009, Ignagni addressed President Barack Obama: "You have our commitment to play, to contribute and to help pass health care reform this year". In October 2009, AHIP issued a report projecting sharply rising costs with or without reform. The study was conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers. As described by Ignagni, "The report makes clear that several major provisions in the current legislative proposal will cause healthcare costs to increase far faster and higher than they would under the current system". Ignagni defended the report on PBS Newshour against the accusation by Nancy-Ann DeParle, the director of the White House Office of Health Reform, that the "industry puts their special interest ahead of the national interests here".
References
External links
American lobbyists
1954 births
Living people
AFL–CIO people
Health policy in the United States
Providence College alumni
Loyola University Maryland alumni
Businesspeople from Providence, Rhode Island |
23576943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberfoyle%20River | Aberfoyle River | Aberfoyle River, a watercourse that is part of the Clarence River catchment, is located in the New England and Northern Tablelands districts of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Aberfoyle River rises on the slopes of the Great Dividing Range, at Llangothlin, north of Guyra, and flows generally south southeast, east southeast, northeast, and east northeast, joined by three minor tributaries towards its confluence with the Guy Fawkes River, below Chaelundi Mountain, within Guy Fawkes River National Park. The river descends over its course.
The Devils Chimney in the Aberfoyle River gorge was declared an Aboriginal Place on 8 August 1980. An Aboriginal Place is an area of special significance to Aboriginal culture and declaration provides recognition of the significance of the area and its heritage values which relate to traditions, observances, customs, beliefs or history of Aboriginal people.
See also
Rivers of New South Wales
References
Rivers of New South Wales
Northern Rivers
New England (New South Wales) |
6901750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20colonial%20governors%20and%20administrators%20of%20Seychelles | List of colonial governors and administrators of Seychelles | This is a list of colonial governors of Seychelles, an archipelagic island country in the Indian Ocean. Seychelles were first colonized by the French in 1770, and captured by the British in 1810, who governed it under the subordination to Mauritius until 1903, when it became a separate crown colony. Seychelles achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 29 June 1976.
List of governors
Italics indicate de facto continuation of office
For continuation after independence, see: List of presidents of Seychelles
See also
Seychelles
Politics of Seychelles
List of presidents of Seychelles
Vice-President of Seychelles
Prime Minister of Seychelles
Lists of office-holders
References
External links
World Statesmen – Seychelles
Governor
Governors
Seychelles
Seychelles
European colonisation in Africa |
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