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6903492 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egan%20Range | Egan Range | The Egan Range is a line of mountains in White Pine County, in eastern Nevada in the western United States. From Egan Creek near the historic community of Cherry Creek, the range runs south for approximately 108 miles (173 km), extending south of Shingle Peak in the northern part of Lincoln County. To the east are the large Steptoe Valley and the even longer Schell Creek Range. To the west are the White River Valley and the scenic White Pine Range. To the north is the Cherry Creek Range, while to the south is remote Cave Valley and the southern tip of the Schell Creek Range. It is named after the Egan Family that live in Montville.
The southern section of the range rises steadily, climbing to the high ridge of Ward Mountain. This crest is over 3 miles (5 km) long and, at elevations up to 10,936 feet (3333 m), includes the highest point of the range. The mountains then descend rapidly to the north, dropping to elevations below 6200 feet near the community of Ely.
North of Ely the Egan Range rises again at Heusser Mountain (9,411 ft, 2,868 m), approximately 5 miles west of the community of McGill. This northern group of mountains (which might be considered as a separate range) continues to Telegraph Peak (9918 ft, 3023 m), and then descends to Egan Creek, almost merging with the Cherry Creek Range.
See also
Bristlecone Wilderness
South Egan Range Wilderness
References
External links
Mountain ranges of White Pine County, Nevada
Mountain ranges of Nevada |
17339476 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk%20Ireton | Kirk Ireton | Kirk Ireton is a village and civil parish in Derbyshire, England, southwest of Wirksworth on a hillside near Carsington Water, above sea level. The population at the 2011 Census was 518. Ireton is a corruption of the Saxon hyre-tun, meaning "Irishman's enclosure"; Kirk was added after the Norman invasion and the building of the church. The village dates back to at least the Bronze Age.
Kirk Ireton remains what it has always been, an agricultural village. Following the Second World War the number of working farms dropped from over thirty to half a dozen in the space of 40 years. The last cow was turned down Main Street in the late 1980s, but Fords, Matkins, Rowlands, Walkers and Wards still farm locally as they have done for many generations. Many of the former farm buildings have been adapted into houses. Much of the older part of the village dates back to the 17th century and is mostly built from sandstone, quarried locally.
One of the oldest buildings in the village is the Barley Mow pub, which was one of the last premises in the country to accept decimalization, as the 87-year-old landlady, Lillian Ford, did not hold with the new money. The parish previously housed at least four other public houses: The Wheatsheaf, Old Bull's Head, The Windmill and The Gate.
Holy Trinity Church is Norman, with the earliest parts being the three-bayed south and north arcades. The tower and the chancel are Perpendicular. It has an interesting custom known as roping for weddings, when the village children put a rope across the road and the bride and groom are not allowed to leave the church until a toll has been paid in silver by the groom.
The village still celebrates a Wakes week, which starts on Trinity Sunday, the church's patronal festival. A procession of villagers is led by a local brass band, from the Barley Mow pub to the church for thanksgiving. Various events take place during the week, with a major all-day event on Saturday.
The Post Office closed in 2008, before re-opening as a community shop. The premises were originally stables and the restored hay racks are still in place above shelving along one wall.
Notable residents
Anthony Blackwall – scholar was born here.
George Turner (1841–1910), landscape artist, lived at the Barley Mow Inn from 1900 to his death in 1910.
See also
Listed buildings in Kirk Ireton
References
External links
Villages in Derbyshire
Towns and villages of the Peak District
Derbyshire Dales |
44497450 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne%20znam%20%C5%A1ta%20%C4%87u%20majko | Ne znam šta ću majko | Ne znam šta ću majko (I Don't Know What I'll Do Mother) is the fifth release by Bosnian folk singer Zehra Deović. It was released 11 May 1966 through the label PGP-RTB.
Track listing
Personnel
Ansambl Miodraga Todorovića – ensemble
References
1966 EPs
Zehra Deović albums
PGP-RTB EPs |
44497451 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1cio | Estácio | Estácio may refer to:
Estácio de Sá, a Portuguese soldier who was a founder of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Estácio Coimbra, a Brazilian politician
Estácio, Rio de Janeiro, a neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Estácio Station, a subway station in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Estácio S.A., an education company in Brazil |
17339481 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murano%20Station | Murano Station | is a passenger railway station in located in the city of Hirakata, Osaka Prefecture, Japan, operated by the private railway company Keihan Electric Railway.
Lines
Murano Station is a station of the Keihan Katano Line, and is located 2.5 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Hirakatashi Station.
Station layout
The station has two ground-level opposed side platforms connected by an elevated station building.
Platforms
Adjacent stations
History
The station was opened on July 10, 1929.
Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 4,840 passengers daily.
Surrounding area
Murano Public Housing
Murano Shrine
Murano Water Purification Plant
Osaka Prefectural Hirakata Support School
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
External links
Official home page
Railway stations in Osaka Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1929
Hirakata, Osaka |
23578767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walcrow%20River | Walcrow River | Walcrow River, a watercourse of the Manning River catchment, is located in the Northern Tablelands and Mid North Coast districts of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Walcrow River rises within the Tia Range on the eastern slopes of the Great Dividing Range, below Mount Carrington, south southeast of Walcha and flows generally southeast by south, before reaching its confluence with the Cooplacurripa River, north of Giro, northwest of Taree. The river descends over its course.
See also
Rivers of New South Wales
List of rivers in New South Wales (L-Z)
List of rivers of Australia
References
Rivers of New South Wales
Northern Tablelands
Mid North Coast
Mid-Coast Council |
44497485 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951%20French%20legislative%20election%20in%20Gabon%E2%80%93Moyen%20Congo | 1951 French legislative election in Gabon–Moyen Congo | Elections to the French National Assembly were held in Gabon and French Congo on 17 June 1951.
Results
First college
Second college: Gabon
Second College: Moyen Congo
References
Gabon
Elections in Gabon
Elections in the Republic of the Congo
1951 in Gabon
1951 in Moyen-Congo
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results |
17339489 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dzu%20Station%20%28Osaka%29 | Kōzu Station (Osaka) | is a passenger railway station in located in the city of Katano, Osaka Prefecture, Japan, operated by the private railway company Keihan Electric Railway.
Lines
Kōzu Station is a station of the Keihan Katano Line, and is located 3.4 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Hirakatashi Station.
Station layout
The station has two ground-level opposed side platforms connected by an underground passage.
Platforms
Adjacent stations
History
The station was opened on July 10, 1929.
Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 6,768 passengers daily.
Surrounding area
Maruyama Kofun
Kozu Shrine
Matsuzuka Park
Kozu Ekimae Post Office
Katano City Kozu Elementary School
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
External links
Official home page
Railway stations in Osaka Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1929
Katano, Osaka |
23578769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallagaraugh%20River | Wallagaraugh River | The Wallagaraugh River is a perennial river of the Genoa River catchment, with its headwaters located in the South Coast region of New South Wales and its lower reaches located in the East Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia.
Course and features
The Wallagaraugh River rises below Mount Poole, approximately northeast of Nungatta, in New South Wales. The river flows generally south, then east, and then south, crossing the Black-Allan Line that forms part of the border between Victoria and New South Wales, joined by eight minor tributaries and flowing through Nadgee Nature Reserve, before reaching its confluence with the Genoa River at Coleman Inlet, east of Genoa in Victoria. The river descends over its course.
North of the Black-Allan Line and within Nadgee State Forest, the Princes Highway crosses the river.
See also
Croajingolong National Park
List of rivers of New South Wales (L-Z)
List of rivers of Australia
Rivers of New South Wales
References
External links
Rivers of New South Wales
South Coast (New South Wales)
Rivers of Victoria (Australia)
East Gippsland catchment
Rivers of Gippsland (region) |
17339496 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango%20Street | Mango Street | Mango Street () is a historic street in the Jabal Amman area near downtown Amman, Jordan. Officially named Omar bin al-Khattab Street (), the street derives its nickname from the Mango House, a building on the intersection between Mango and Rainbow Streets. Mango Street has an assortment of historic buildings, many being Ottoman, and across the street from the Mango House is Al-Mufti House. Books@Cafe and other locations such as Old View Cafe line the street.
References
Streets in Amman |
23578771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallamba%20River | Wallamba River | Wallamba River, a watercourse of the Mid-Coast Council system, is located in the Mid North Coast district of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Wallamba River rises on the northern slopes of Kyle Range, near the locality of Gangat. The river flows generally east and then south, joined by five minor tributaries, before reaching its confluence with the Coolongolook River at Wallis Lake; descending over its course.
The river is transversed by the Pacific Highway south of Nabiac.
At one stage, a riverboat milk pick up service operated for the dairy farmers who farmed along the banks of the river. This service was discontinued in the mid-1970s due to economic reasons. Road milk tankers were then used to pick up from the farms.
Water skiing and fishing is popular along the Wallamba.
See also
Rivers of New South Wales
List of rivers in New South Wales (L-Z)
List of rivers of Australia
References
External links
Rivers of New South Wales
Mid-Coast Council
Mid North Coast |
17339499 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaotangpa | Shaotangpa | Shaotangpa is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
17339506 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapok | Shapok | Shapok is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
23578772 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallingat%20River | Wallingat River | Wallingat River, a watercourse of the Mid-Coast Council system, is located in the Mid North Coast district of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Wallingat River rises in low lands near Bungwhal, and flows generally north through Wallingat National Park, joined by three minor tributaries, before reaching its confluence with the Coolongolook River at Junction Point; descending over its course.
See also
Rivers of New South Wales
List of rivers in New South Wales (L-Z)
List of rivers of Australia
References
External links
Rivers of New South Wales
Mid-Coast Council
Mid North Coast |
17339509 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapyi | Shapyi | Shapyi is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
17339510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conradus | Conradus | Conradus is a masculine given name. It is often a latinisation of the name Conrad or Konrad, but is also a Dutch given name. People called Conradus include:
Conradus Celtis (AKA Conrad Celtes, 14591508), German humanist and poet
Conradus Dasypodius (AKA Cunradus, Konrad and Conrad Dasypodius, 15321600), Swiss mathematician
Conradus de Pistoria (), Italian composer
Conradus Eubel (AKA Konrad Eubel, 18421923), German Franciscan historian
Conradus Gesnerus (AKA Conrad Gessner, 151665), Swiss naturalist and bibliographer
Conradus Hirsaugiensis (AKA Conrad of Hirsau, ), German Benedictine monk and writer
Conradus Leemans (180993), Dutch Egyptologist
Conradus Megenbergensis (AKA Conrad of Megenberg, 130974), German Catholic writer and scholar
Conradus Mutianus (AKA Konrad Mutian, 14701526), German humanist
Conradus Sapientis (AKA Konrad Witz, 1400/14101445/1446), German painter
Conradus Saxo (AKA Conrad of Saxony and Conradus Holyinger, before 12451279), German Franciscan friar and writer
Conradus Viëtor (15881657), Dutch Lutheran minister whose portrait was painted by Frans Hals
Conradus Vorstius (AKA Conrad Vorstius and Conrad or Konrad Vorst, 15691622), German-Dutch Protestant theologian
See also
Conrad (disambiguation)
Konrad (disambiguation)
Dutch masculine given names |
23578773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang%20Wauk%20River | Wang Wauk River | Wang Wauk River, a perennial river of the Great Lakes system, is located in the Mid North Coast region of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Formed from the confluence of the Horse Creek and Teatree Creek, the Wang Wauk River rises on the slopes of the Meyers Range within Wang Wauk State Forest, and flows generally north and then east, joined by one minor tributary before reaching its confluence with the Coolongolook River, southwest of Nabiac. The river descends over its course.
See also
Rivers of New South Wales
List of rivers of Australia
List of rivers of New South Wales (L–Z)
References
External links
Rivers of New South Wales
Mid North Coast
Mid-Coast Council |
17339512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesnerus | Gesnerus | Gesnerus, commemorating in its title the Swiss naturalist and bibliographer Conrad Gessner, is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published twice yearly in Basel, with editorial offices in Lausanne. Gesnerus covers the history of medicine and the History of science. It publishes original articles in the Helvetic languages, German, French and Italian and also English. Gesnerus is the official journal of the Swiss Society for the History of Medicine and Sciences (SSHMS). Its articles also focus on theoretical and social aspects of these subjects. Gesnerus likewise contains book reviews, reports on current developments and announcements.
Bibliography
Notes
History of science journals
History of medicine journals |
23578775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangat%20River | Wangat River | Wangat River, a perennial river of the Hunter River catchment, is located in the Hunter region of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Wangat River rises below Gloucester Tops, west of Gloucester Gap, within Barrington Tops National Park, and flows generally southeast and south before reaching its confluence with the Chichester River, southeast of Chichester within Lake Chichester. The river descends over its course.
See also
Rivers of New South Wales
List of rivers of Australia
List of rivers of New South Wales (L–Z)
References
External links
Rivers of the Hunter Region
Dungog Shire
Hunter River (New South Wales) |
17339516 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal%20for%20the%20War%20Wounded | Medal for the War Wounded | The Medal for the War Wounded () was originally a mere insignia in the form of an ribbon awarded for wounds received in the line of duty while facing an enemy. The insignia was established by the law of 11 December 1916, based on an idea by the nationalist writer Maurice Barrès. Although originally established as a temporary measure, the insignia survived for a century in some form or another. It could be awarded to wounded soldiers, prisoners of war, to World War II deportees and internees from the French resistance and to soldiers wounded in more recent conflicts. A variety of unofficial medals in the form of a red enamelled star suspended by the same ribbon appeared very early on and although tolerated for wear by the authorities, were not official until recently.
A provisional instruction of 14 April 2015 from the French Army High Command began the proceedings which were later ratified in the official decree n° 2016-1130 of 17 August 2016 making the Medal for the War Wounded a state decoration of the French Republic. A recent 2017 amendment further simplified the regulations of this award by allowing all past recipients to keep wearing it but strictly limiting any future award to military personnel.
Statute
The Medal for the War Wounded can be worn by:
Military personnel suffering from a physical or mental war wound, ascertained by the army health service and approved by the Minister of Defence;
Prisoners of war, physically or psychologically wounded during their detention.
Article 3 of the new regulation states that the wear of this medal is not subordinate to an official ceremony of award.
Article 4 of the new regulation further states that persons who were eligible for and wore the now defunct insignia as mentioned in Article 2 of the now abrogated 1952 law governing its wear (resistance deportees and internees), may wear the medal.
Award description
The Medal for the War Wounded is made of gilded bronze with a 30 mm diameter. It is mainly composed of a large bright red enamelled five pointed star atop a crown of half laurels (left) and half oak leaves (right).
The medal is suspended by a ring from a 35 mm wide silk moiré ribbon composed of vertical stripes in the following colours: white 1 mm - blue 5 mm - white 1 mm - blue 4 mm - white 1 mm - yellow 3 mm - white 1 mm - beginning ou the outer edge on both sides of a 3 mm wide central red stripe.
Small enamel red five pointed stars are added to the medal ribbon and undress ribbon for each additional wound.
Notable recipients (partial list)
Sergeant André Maginot
General Pierre Billotte
Major Hélie de Saint Marc
General Raoul Salan
Resistance fighter André Girard
General Edgard de Larminat
Foreign Legion Captain John Freeman "Jack" Hasey
Lieutenant-Colonel Pierre Clostermann
Sergeant Eugene Bullard
Captain Pierre-Eugène Fournier
General Gilbert Henry
Lieutenant Jean Carrelet de Loisy
Major Jean-Edmond Lamaze
Lieutenant-Colonel Alfred Maurice Cazaud
Lieutenant-Colonel Jean Vérines
General Félix de Vial
See also
List of wound decorations
References
External links
Military Wounded Insignia on France Phaléristique (In French)
Military awards and decorations of France
Wound decorations
Awards established in 1916
Awards established in 2016
Maurice Barrès |
23578776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissing%20You%20%28Girls%27%20Generation%20song%29 | Kissing You (Girls' Generation song) | "Kissing You" is the third single by South Korean girl group Girls' Generation, from their debut album, Girls' Generation (2007). Released in early 2008, the single hit number one on both SBS' The Music Trend and Mnet's M! Countdown.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kim|first=Hyeong-wu|url=http://isplus.joins.com/article/article.html?aid=892117|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710165806/http://isplus.joins.com/article/article.html?aid=892117|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 10, 2012|title=소녀시대 인기가요 이어 엠카도 1위 등극 (Girls' Generation Hits#1 on M! Countdown After Topping The Music Trend)|publisher=Jcube Interactive|work=ISPlus, Newsen| date=February 15, 2008|accessdate=March 8, 2010|language=Korean}}</ref> The song was also the "Song of the Month" in February 2008 on KBS' Music Bank.
Music video
The music video featured a cameo from Super Junior's Donghae as the shared love interest. The video followed a candy theme, with the group members dressed in white and dancing whilst holding a lollipop (both concepts that also feature in live performances of the song, including covers by other groups.) The music video was released on January 14, 2008.
Rhythmer Volume 1 remix single
In January 2008, it was announced that people could submit their remixes of "Kissing You" to a website for a chance to have them officially released. The four chosen remixes were then digitally released in March 2008. The Skool Rock Remix Version, the top choice in the competition, was included in the re-release of their debut album, Baby Baby (2008).
Track listing
Digital download
"Kissing You" – 03:18
Kissing You – Rhythmer Remix, Volume 1
"Kissing You" (Skool Rock Remix) (by 정구현) – 03:06
"Kissing You" (House Remix) (by 기현석) – 02:58
"Kissing You" (Groovy Candy Remix) (by Philtre) – 02:57
"Kissing You" (Funk Remix) (by shoon) – 03:21
Awards and nominations
Mnet 20's Choice Awards: Hot Sweet Music Award
Music programs awards
Covers
The song has been covered by other K-Pop groups multiple times, including live on Korean music shows as part of special stages:
By Wonder Girls on the July 4, 2008 edition of Music Bank. This was one half of a song trade where both groups covered one song by the other group, with Girls' Generation also covering Tell Me on the same show.
By SM labelmates F(x), in conjunction with Seohyun and Sooyoung, on the New Year's Day 2010 edition of Music Bank. Jessica's younger sister Krystal, a member of F(x) since their debut, sang Jessica's parts.
By Lovelyz on the May 19, 2016 edition of M Countdown''.
By Twice's Dahyun, Red Velvet's Yeri, Lovelyz's Kei, GFriend's Umji, Oh My Girl's Arin, (G)I-dle's Yuqi on the 2018 edition of KBS Gayo Daechuje
References
Songs about kissing
2008 singles
Dance-pop songs
Girls' Generation songs
SM Entertainment singles
Korean-language songs
2008 songs |
44497498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor%20Darul%20Ta%27zim%20III%20F.C. | Johor Darul Ta'zim III F.C. | The Johor Darul Ta'zim III or simply known as JDT III (formerly known as Johor Pasir Gudang FC), is an under-21 football team. Johor Darul Ta'zim III is a feeder team for Johor Darul Ta'zim II F.C., which plays in the Malaysia Premier League.
The team currently plays in the Malaysia President Cup, the under-21 competition of the Malaysian football. JDT III is managed by Ervin Boban.
History
Club's names
2015: Johor Darul Ta'zim III Football Club (Johor Darul Ta'zim III FC) (U23)
2016: Johor Darul Ta'zim III Football Club (Johor Darul Ta'zim III FC) (U21)
Honours
Domestic
League
Cups
Malaysia President Cup
Winners (2): 2009, 2022
Current squad
Johor Darul Ta'zim IV
Transfers
For recent transfers, see List of Malaysian football transfers 2020
Current coaching staff
References
External links
Youth and Academy
Football clubs in Malaysia
Malaysian reserve football teams
Football academies in Malaysia
2014 establishments in Malaysia |
23578780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wards%20River | Wards River | Wards River, a mostly perennial river of the Mid-Coast Council system, is located in the Mid North Coast and Upper Hunter regions of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Wards River rises within Kyle Range of the Great Dividing Range, near Waukivory, south southeast of Gloucester, and flows generally west and south, joined by one minor tributary, before reaching its confluence with Mammy Johnsons River at the locale of Johnsons Creek, north of Stroud. The river descends over its course.
First surveyed by European explorers during the 1820s, the river was named in honour of William Ward, a founding director of Australian Agricultural Company.
See also
Rivers of New South Wales
List of rivers in New South Wales (L-Z)
List of rivers of Australia
References
External links
Rivers of New South Wales
Mid-Coast Council
Rivers of the Hunter Region |
17339521 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katanoshi%20Station | Katanoshi Station | is a passenger railway station in located in the city of Katano, Osaka Prefecture, Japan, operated by the private railway company Keihan Electric Railway.
Lines
Katanoshi Station is a station of the Keihan Katano Line, and is located 4.4 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Hirakatashi Station.
Station layout
The station has two ground-level opposed side platforms connected by an elevated station building.
Platforms
Adjacent stations
History
The station was opened on July 10, 1929 as . It was renamed November 1, 1977.
Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 10,295 passengers daily.
Surrounding area
Katano City Hall
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
External links
Official home page
Railway stations in Osaka Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1929
Katano, Osaka |
17339527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blasting%20and%20Bombardiering | Blasting and Bombardiering | Blasting and Bombardiering is the autobiography of the English painter, novelist, and satirist Percy Wyndham Lewis. It was published in 1937. It was in this work that Lewis first identified the critically oft-mentioned "Men of 1914" group of himself, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, and James Joyce.
References
1937 non-fiction books
Books by Wyndham Lewis
British autobiographies |
23578784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warnes%20River | Warnes River | Warnes River, a perennial stream of the Macleay River catchment, is located in the Northern Tablelands district of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Warnes River rises below Mount Werrikimbe, on the eastern slopes of the Great Dividing Range south of Red Hill, and flows generally west northwest then north within Oxley Wild Rivers National Park before reaching its confluence with the Yarrowitch River, northeast of Yarrowitch; descending over its course.
See also
List of rivers of Australia
Rivers of New South Wales
References
External links
Rivers of New South Wales
Northern Tablelands |
23578789 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Girl%27s%20Own%20Story | A Girl's Own Story | A Girl's Own Story is a 1984 short Australian drama film directed by Jane Campion. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1986 Cannes Film Festival. The short centers on the female adolescent experience—particularly female desire—using a fragmentary approach.
Plot
The film is set during the 1960s at the height of Beatlemania. It opens with schoolgirls singing a Beatles song in the courtyard of their Catholic school to the delight of their classmates, but a nun arrives to break it up. Two girls, Pam and Stella, are in a bedroom where they kiss cutouts of Beatles members that are pinned to the wall. One of the girls is wearing the cutout of her favorite Beatle as a mask to practice kissing on her friend.
This is intercut with scenes of one of the other schoolgirls, Gloria, who is at home playing a game of make-believe with her brother Graeme. Pam's home life is a scene of dysfunction due to her unfaithful father and a depressed mother. Despite the parents' marital strife, the couple ends up reconciling much to Pam's surprise.
A leitmotif of music-box notes plays intermittently throughout the film.
Cast
Gabrielle Shornegg as Pam
Geraldine Haywood as Stella
Marina Knight as Gloria
John Godden as Graeme
Joanne Gabbe as Sister
Colleen Fitzpatrick as Mother
Paul Chubb as Father
Jane Edwards as Deidre
Cynthia Turner as Nun 1
Valda Diamond as Nun 2
Katharine Cullen as Little Pam
Filming
Nicole Kidman admitted during an interview that at 14 she was originally cast as the lead in the film but turned it down because of her reluctance to kiss a girl and wear a shower cap.
Reception
A Girl's Own Story received acclaim and won the 1984 Rouben Mamoulian Award at the Sydney Fim Festival and the Best Direction Award at the Australian Film Institute. It screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1986 Cannes Film Festival. Filmmaker Todd Haynes said "'A Girl's Own Story' is a film of acute tenderness and beauty".
In a retrospective review, Cristina Álvarez López of Mubi wrote the film "signals concisely the fragile, liminal territory to be explored: a space between childhood and womanhood, between desire and repression, and between curiosity and trauma".
References
External links
A Girl's Own Story at Vimeo
A Girl's Own Story at Senses of Cinema
1984 films
Australian drama films
Australian short films
1984 drama films
1984 short films
Australian independent films
Australian black-and-white films
Films directed by Jane Campion
1984 independent films
Films about puberty
Films about adolescence
1980s feminist films
1980s English-language films |
17339539 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawachimori%20Station | Kawachimori Station | is a passenger railway station in located in the city of Katano, Osaka Prefecture, Japan, operated by the private railway company Keihan Electric Railway.
Lines
Kawachi-mori Station is a station of the Keihan Katano Line, and is located 6.1 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Hirakatashi Station.
Station layout
The station has two ground-level opposed side platforms connected by an underground passage.
Platforms
Adjacent stations
History
The station was opened on October 21, 1930.
Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 11,320 passengers daily.
Surrounding area
The area around the station is a residential area.
Second Keihan Highway
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
External links
Official home page
Railway stations in Osaka Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1930
Katano, Osaka |
44497504 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townpark | Townpark | In the history of land use in Ireland, a townpark or town park was a smallholding near a town and farmed by someone resident in the town. Typically, a major landowner provided a contiguous area near the town which was subdivided into multiple townparks, each rented on a short-term lease, for a higher rent than that paid by a full-time resident farmer.
Townlands
The Boundary Survey of 1825–44, associated with Griffith's Valuation and the Ordnance Survey of Ireland, set down the names and denominations of subdivisions of land. Griffith often erected a contiguous block of townparks into a single townland named "Town Parks" or "Town Parks of [name of town]". The 1901 townland index recorded such townlands by the following towns: Ballycastle, Larne, Ballymena, Antrim, Ballymoney, Ballyhaise, Cavan, Cloyne, Midleton, Lifford, Ballyshannon, Newtownards, Skerries (Holmpatrick civil parish), Swords, Ballinasloe, Galway, Portumna, Castledermot, Athy, Birr, Daingean (then Philipstown), Carrick on Shannon, Longford, Newtown Forbes, Ardee, Dundalk, Navan, Athboy, Kells, Borris-in-Ossory, Mountmellick, Roscrea, Carrick-on-Suir, Cahir, Lismore, Delvin, Wexford, Lismore, Tallow, Tuam, Donaghadee, and Killeshandra. There were also "Town Fields" (Borrisokane), "Town Lands" (Clonakilty), "Town Lot" (Tipperary), "Town Lots" (Bantry), and "Townplots" (Kinsale and Killala). Town Parks was also the townland containing the centre of Belfast; it is listed in the 1861 index, but was entirely within the county borough boundary by 1901. Thurles Townparks is the townland, now almost entirely urbanised, around the historic centre of Thurles.
Land Acts
The Landlord and Tenant (Ireland) Act 1870 and the Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881, which were designed to enable tenant farmers to purchase their holdings from landlords, specifically excluded townparks from their terms. This led to case law interpreting the Acts' definition of "townpark", which had three components:
That they adjoin or are near a city or town;
That they bear an increased value as accommodation land beyond their ordinary letting value for merely farming purposes
That they are occupied by a person living in a city or town or its suburbs
A "town" need not be a municipality with town commissioners or other government, and conversely a place within the municipal boundary might yet be too far from the built-up area to be considered a townpark. Population was suggestive but not definitive: Portglenone with 800 people was held not to be a "town", whereas Timoleague was, with only 366.
See also
Allotment (gardening)
Sources
References
Further reading
Volume III: Index to Evidence and Appendices pp.131–132 "Townparks" refers to evidence in Volume II: Evidence and Appendices
External links
from the Placenames Database of Ireland:
Townlands called "Townparks"
Townlands called "Town Parks"
Urban agriculture
Geographic history of Ireland
19th century in Ireland
Land law
Farms in Ireland
Towns in Ireland
Townlands of Ireland |
23578813 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams%20River%20%28New%20South%20Wales%29 | Williams River (New South Wales) | The Williams River is a perennial stream that is a tributary of the Hunter River, in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
The Williams River rises on the southern slopes of the Barrington Tops below Careys Peak within Barrington Tops National Park, and flows generally southeast and south, joined by ten tributaries including Chichester River, before reaching its confluence with the Hunter River at Raymond Terrace. The river descends over its course; through Dungog, Clarence Town and Seaham.
At Clarence Town, the Williams River is crossed by the Clarence Town bridge that carries Limeburners Creek Road; and in Dungog, the river is crossed by the Cooreei Bridge that carries Stroud Hill Road. Both bridges are listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register.
See also
Grahamstown Dam
List of rivers of Australia
Gallery
References
External links
Dungog Shire
Port Stephens Council
Rivers of the Hunter Region
Mid North Coast
Hunter River (New South Wales) |
17339540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiothoracic%20anesthesiology | Cardiothoracic anesthesiology | Cardiothoracic anesthesiology is a subspeciality of the medical practice of anesthesiology, devoted to the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative care of adult and pediatric patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery and related invasive procedures.
It deals with the anesthesia aspects of care related to surgical cases such as open heart surgery, lung surgery, and other operations of the human chest. These aspects include perioperative care with expert manipulation of patient cardiopulmonary physiology through precise and advanced application of pharmacology, resuscitative techniques, critical care medicine, and invasive procedures. This also includes management of the cardiopulmonary bypass (heart-lung) machine, which most cardiac procedures require intraoperatively while the heart undergoes surgical correction.
Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology Fellowship (U.S.)
All anesthesiologists obtain either a Doctor of Medicine (MD) or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO) degree prior to entering post-medical school graduate medical education. After satisfactory completion of an Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) or American Osteopathic Association (AOA) accredited one year internship in either internal medicine or surgery and a three-year residency program in all subspecialties of anesthesiology, formal advanced training in Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology is available via a one-year fellowship.Cardiothoracic Anesthesia Fellowship - Department of Anesthesiology - Miller School of Medicine at the University of Miami Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists.
The first Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology fellowship was formed at Harvard Medical School and the Massachusetts General Hospital in 1971. Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine - Fellowships Since then, Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology has become an ACGME approved fellowship (2007), and there are 64 ACGME accredited programs and 212 match positions for the 2017-2018 application year.
This fellowship consists of at least eight months of adult Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, one month dedicated to transesophageal echocardiography, one month in cardiothoracic intensive care unit and two months of elective rotation which includes inpatient or outpatient cardiology or pulmonary medicine, invasive cardiology, medical or surgical critical care and extracorporeal perfusion technology.
Fellows are offered the opportunity to participate in clinical research and encouraged to present at national or international conferences after completion of a research project. The arenas of research can be as diverse as neuroprotection, myocardial protection, blood conservation strategies, and port access surgery.
Cardiac surgical training
Fellows are trained to provide perioperative anesthetic management for patients with severe cardiopulmonary pathology. Some of the cardiac surgeries they train for include the following: coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) both on cardiopulmonary bypass as well as on a beating heart, heart valve surgery, aortic reconstruction requiring deep hypothermic arrest, mechanical ventricular assist device (VAD) placement, thoracic aortic aneurysm repair, aortic dissection repair, heart transplants, lung transplants, heart/lung transplants, and adult congenital heart surgery.
Adequate exposure and experience provided in the management of adult patients for cardiac pacemaker and automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator placement, surgical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias, and the complete gamut of invasive cardiologic (catheter-based) and electrophysiological procedures is expected as well.
Fellows also gain experience in perioperative medical (anesthetic) management of the cardiac patient, including management of intra-aortic balloon pumps (IABP) and ventricular assist devices (VAD), post-operative ICU care, blood transfusion medicine, electrophysiology, and transthoracic echocardiography. Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine - Fellowships
Many fellowships also offer opportunity to become familiar with anesthetic techniques for pediatric cardiac surgery and minimally invasive cardiac surgery, however no formal case numbers for ACGME accreditation are required.
Thoracic surgical training
In addition to the focused cardiac training, additional clinical experience within the full one-year fellowship includes anesthetic management of adult patients undergoing thoracic and vascular surgery. Fellows are trained to manage all type of thoracic surgeries which include video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS), open thoracotomy, and advanced airway procedures involving the trachea. Fellows achieve expertise in different techniques of lung isolation and ventilation
including double-lumen endotracheal tubes, bronchial blockers, univent tubes under guidance of fiber optic bronchoscopy, and advanced jet ventilation.
Advanced monitoring and invasive techniques
The complex nature of cardiothoracic surgery necessitates extra training to acquire the skills needed to be a cardiothoracic anesthesiology consultant. Fellows are trained to achieve expertise in the advanced monitoring techniques including invasive blood pressure, arterial blood gas analysis, cardiac output monitoring, jugular venous oxygen saturation, cerebral oximetry, Bispectral Index (BIS), Transcranial doppler (TCD), and Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).
Finally, invasive procedures completed by the cardiothoracic anesthesiology fellows include but are not limited to arterial line placement (femoral, axillary, brachial, radial), central venous cannulation (internal jugular, femoral, subclavian), pulmonary artery catheter placement, transvenous pacemaker placement, thoracic epidural analgesia, fiberoptic endotracheal tube placement, 2D/3D transesophageal echocardiography, intraspinal drainage placement, and advanced ultrasound guidance of vascular access.
Echocardiography (TTE and TEE)
Echocardiography produces a real-time image of the heart via ultrasound imaging, and can be performed in two or three dimensions. There are two ways of performing echocardiography depending on placement of echocardiography probe: transthoracic or transesophageal.
In transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), the probe is placed over the patient's chest wall, while in transesophageal echocardiography (TEE or TOE in the UK), the probe is placed into the esophagus.
Regardless of technique, each probe contains a transducer. While transmitting signals, it converts electrical energy to acoustic energy. When receiving signals, it converts acoustic energy to electrical energy, which is processed by the machine to form an image. Various techniques are employed to manipulate the data, including Doppler imaging.
Transesophageal echocardiography has rapidly become the most powerful monitoring technique and diagnostic tool for the management of cardiac surgical patients, primarily due to the transesophageal echocardiogram probe location and ability to be used intraoperatively. It provides the detailed information about the structure and function of the heart/great vessels in real time, allowing the cardiothoracic anesthesiologist to precisely manage patient physiology while providing updates and direction to members of the surgical team throughout the pre, intra, and post operative time frame of patient care.
After successful completion of the fellowship with subspecialty training in TEE, cardiothoracic anesthesiology fellows may sit for examination leading to board certification in echocardiography. The examination, also known as the Advanced PTEeXAM, is administered by the National Board of Echocardiography (NBE).
National Board of Echocardiography - PTEeXAM. In addition to passing the test, fellows can become board certified only after performing 150 exams as well as reviewing an additional 150 exams with a board certified cardiologist/cardiothoracic anesthesiologist.
Cardio-pulmonary bypass
Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is a technique in which heart-lung machine temporarily takes over the function of the heart and lungs during surgery. The CPB is operated by the perfusionist. During the heart operation, the perfusionist takes over the heart function. The perfusionist works in close relation with the anesthesiologist and the surgeon.
Blood is drained from the venous (deoxygenated) circulation, and is cycled through the CPB machine. While in the machine, the blood is filtered, heated or cooled, and infused with oxygen. Subsequently, it is pumped back into the arterial (oxygenated) circulation, thereby bypassing the heart and lungs and maintaining the perfusion of the vital organs.
While the step by step process for preparation and initiation of CPB can vary between institution and type of surgery, a typical scenario is as follows.
After a median sternotomy, a surgical retractor is placed by the surgeon to optimize exposure of the heart. At this time, heparin is given to thin the blood to prevent thrombus from forming while on CPB. The surgeon places a cannula in the right atrium, vena cava, or femoral vein to withdraw blood from the venous circulation. The perfusionist uses gravity to drain the venous blood into the CPB machine, and a separate cannula, usually placed in the aorta or femoral artery, is used to return blood to the arterial circulation.
The process of preparation, initiation, and separation of cardiopulmonary bypass is a critical time during cardiac surgery. Some studies have even considered formalizing this period of time, much like the "sterile cockpit" process in critical steps of aviation Is the "sterile cockpit" concept applicable to cardiovascular surgery critical intervals or critical events? The impact of protocol-driven communication during cardiopulmonary bypass. The communication, while a team effort, is led and directed by the cardiothoracic anesthesiologist, as the surgeon is focused on acquiring and maintaining adequate exposure. This can even extend to placement of the cannulae for CPB preparation, as the cardiothoracic anesthesiologist often directs the surgical placement via real-time TEE data. As such, this responsibility demands that the cardiothoracic anesthesiologist have a thorough knowledge of the advanced physiology, principles, practical application and management of CPB.
After completion of the "on bypass" surgical correction, preparations are made to separate the patient from CPB. In other words, the heart and lung are prepared to receive, oxygenate, and pump the blood which had immediately previous been done by the CPB machine. Separation can be complicated by the CPB machine, the patient's inherent pathology/physiology, surgical correction, and the dynamic interaction of all three. Cardiopulmonary bypass has effects on the patient's hematology, physiology, and immunology, which must be acutely managed by the cardiothoracic anesthesiologist in order to ensure effective separation from CPB.
Role of cardiothoracic anesthesiologists in non-cardiac surgery
Patients with cardiothoracic pathology who present for non-cardiothoracic surgery are at increased risk for serious perioperative complications. Cardiothoracic anesthesiologists are often consulted by their colleagues to provide expert management during intraoperative hemodynamic instability or cardiac arrest by evaluating heart function with the aid of TEE and placement of other invasive advanced hemodynamic monitors, such as pacing swans.
References
External links
Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia (JCTVA)
Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia (ACA)
Anesthesiology specialties
Cardiac surgery |
23578816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winburndale%20Rivulet | Winburndale Rivulet | The Winburndale Rivulet is a river of the state of New South Wales in Australia. It begins at the junction of the Kirkconnell and Mitchells Creeks to the West of Sunny Corner and flows in a westerly direction until it meets the Macquarie River to the East of Killongbutta.
It is dammed to the East of Bathurst by Winburndale Dam.
See also
List of rivers of Australia
References
Rivers of New South Wales |
23578818 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wog%20Wog%20River | Wog Wog River | The Wog Wog River is a perennial river of the Towamba River catchment, located in the South Coast region of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
The Wog Wog River rises below White Rock Mountain, south southeast of Bombala and flows generally south southeast, northeast, and then east, joined by two minor tributaries before reaching its confluence with the Towamba River in remote country within South East Forest National Park. The river descends over its course.
See also
Rivers of New South Wales
List of rivers of New South Wales (L-Z)
List of rivers of Australia
References
External links
Rivers of New South Wales |
17339554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisaichi%20Station | Kisaichi Station | is a passenger railway station in located in the city of Katano, Osaka Prefecture, Japan, operated by the private railway company Keihan Electric Railway.
Lines
Kisaichi Station is a terminus of the Keihan Katano Line, and is located 6.9 kilometers from the opposing terminus of the line at Hirakatashi Station.
Station layout
The station has two ground-level dead-headed side platforms.
Platforms
Adjacent stations
History
The station was opened on July 10, 1929.
Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 3,121 passengers daily.
Surrounding area
Botanical Gardens Faculty of Science Osaka City University
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
External links
Official home page
Railway stations in Osaka Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1929
Katano, Osaka |
23578820 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wollangambe%20River | Wollangambe River | The Wollangambe River, an Australian perennial river that is part of the HawkesburyNepean catchment within the Sydney Basin, is located in the Greater Blue Mountains Area of New South Wales.
Course and features
The Wollangambe River rises about southeast of Happy Valley Springs, below Newnes Junction and within the Great Dividing Range. The river flows generally east and then north northeast, joined by three minor tributaries, mainly through rugged country that comprises Wollemi and Blue Mountains national parks. The river reaches its confluence with the Colo River west of Parsons Forest, near Colo Heights. The river descends over its course.
See also
List of rivers of Australia
List of rivers of New South Wales (L-Z)
Rivers of New South Wales
References
External links
Rivers of New South Wales
Hawkesbury River
Central Tablelands |
23578822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie%20Hero%20Fund%20Trust | Carnegie Hero Fund Trust | The Carnegie Hero Fund Trust is a Scottish charity. It was established in 1908 as a British extension to the Carnegie Hero Fund Commission which had been founded in 1904 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Trust was founded upon a financial endowment from the Scottish philanthropist and steel magnate Andrew Carnegie. The purpose of the Trust is to provide payments to individuals who have been injured or financially disadvantaged as a result of undertaking an act of heroism or in fatal cases to provide for the family or other dependants. This has continued to be the aim of the Trust which each year considers around twelve cases of heroism within a geographical area encompassing Great Britain, Ireland, the Channel Islands and the surrounding territorial waters.
History
The founding of the Carnegie Hero Fund Trust was announced in September 1908 with a bold statement from its benefactor, Andrew Carnegie, "Gentlemen…we live in a heroic age. Not seldom are we thrilled by acts of heroism where men or women are injured or lose their lives in attempting to preserve or rescue their fellows; such are the heroes of civilisation". Carnegie provided $1.25 million in bonds, yielding an annual income of £12,500, as a means to supporting the Trust’s work. Such an amount, Carnegie believed, would be sufficient to "meet the cost of maintaining injured heroes and their families during the disability of the heroes [and] the widows and children of heroes who may lose their lives". Essentially, the purpose of the Trust was to provide pensions or one-off payments to individuals who had been injured or financially disadvantaged as a result of undertaking an act of heroism or in the case of those who lost their lives through such an act, to provide for the family or other dependants.
In terms of inspiration for establishing the projects, the noted palaeontologist and first president of the Commission, William J. Holland, recalled a conversion with Carnegie a couple of years prior to the founding of the Commission when, following reports of a dramatic rescue from a burning building, Carnegie commented, ‘I intend some day to do something for such heroes. Heroes in civic life should be recognized’. However, there is evidence that Carnegie was interested and active in recognising civilian heroism long before that.
Memorial to William Hunter
On 25 July 1886, seventeen-year-old William Hunter was returning from a Sunday morning service at Townhill Church near Dunfermline in Scotland when he heard cries that a swimmer was in need of help at the town loch. A fifteen-year-old local lad, Andrew Robson, had attempted to swim the loch but had become entangled in a bed of pondweed from which he was unable to free himself. William, who had run to the spot, waded in and proceeded to swim out to Robson but was apparently struck with cramp and with a cry of "Chaps, I canna go further" he suddenly disappeared into the deep water. Robson was eventually saved through the use of a long ladder and, a short time afterwards, William’s lifeless body was recovered from the loch.
A subscription fund was established to recognise Hunter’s bravery and when Carnegie heard of this he donated £100 towards the creation of a memorial over the young man’s grave in Dunfermline Cemetery. Carnegie also contributed his sentiments to the inscription on the memorial, which includes the following quotation "The false heroes of barbarous man are those who can only boast of the destruction of their fellows. The true heroes of civilisation are those alone who save or greatly serve them. Young Hunter was one of those and deserves an enduring monument". So it would seem as though the will to recognise acts of civilian heroism had burned in Carnegie for many years before he actually established his projects.
Reasons for establishing the Hero Funds
Carnegie was a great believer that men who died rich died in disgrace and the various Hero Funds that he established were just one of the many charitable enterprises through which the philanthropist attempted to distribute his vast wealth. Recognising heroic individuals was a particularly suitable avenue for Carnegie because, by 1908, there was general public perception that heroism was the preserve of morally decent people and the performance of a heroic act was indicative of a respectable and upstanding character". Therefore, recognising acts of heroism provided Carnegie with a practical quality control mechanism through which bestow charity safe in the knowledge that it was going to suitably upstanding citizens.
A second motivation for establishing the Trust was related to Carnegie’s other great enthusiasm during his retirement years; his quest for world peace. Between 1904 and 1914 Carnegie gifted over $25 million to the cause of achieving world peace and it would appear that the Hero Fund Trust was part of that endeavour. Carnegie believed that those who saved life were every bit as worthy (if not more worthy) of praise and recognition than those who took life and that promoting and recognising civilian, rather than military, heroism would help to pave the way to world peace. For Carnegie, heroism was not something that could be ignored or overlooked, but was something that would find expression through one means or another, particularly in the case of young men for whom bravery and gallantry were something of a rite of passage. The Hero Fund Trust was designed to demonstrate to young men that there was just as much opportunity for heroism in peaceful pursuits as there was in military ones and thus direct their natural heroic impulses into, in Carnegie’s opinion, more desirable and peaceful areas.
The first Carnegie Hero Fund Trust Board of Trustees
The first Board of Trustees was made up of: sixteen life Trustees, originally appointed by Carnegie; six members appointed by the Corporation of Dunfermline; and a further three appointed by the School Board of Dunfermline. The 16 life Trustees were all members of the 1903 Carnegie Dunfermline Trust Board of Trustees and comprised:
Sir Edward James Bruce, 10th Earl of Elgin, 14th Earl of Kincardine and distant relative to King Robert II.
Hay Shennan, a dedicated advocate who spent much of his career in Sheriff-Substitute positions.
Rev. Robert Stevenson, 1st charge at Dunfermline Abbey.
James Macbeth, a lawyer and one of Scotland’s foremost practitioners of the Workmen’s Compensation Act and solicitor to the miner’s union.
David Blair, who at his death aged ninety-two, was the oldest practicing lawyer in Dunfermline.
Dr John Ross, who was the first Chairman of the Trust was best known for his thirty-five year association with the local school board and twenty years as Sheriff-Substitute. Ross was granted the freedom of Dunfermline in 1905 and awarded a Knighthood in 1921.
Andrew Scobie, the Architect who had been responsible for designing Carnegie’s first public swimming baths and was also noted for his designs for social housing.
Alan Smith Tuke, a noted surgeon and local physician who pioneered the physical training and inspection of schoolchildren and set up the Dunfermline College of Hygiene and Physical Education.
James Brown, who, aside from his wool dying business, was also one of the founders of the Fifeshire Property Investment and Building Society and an enthusiastic freemason, who went on to hold all principal offices in his lodge.
George Mathewson and Robert Walker who helped to found the Dunfermline and West Fife hospital.
William Robertson, who served for four years on the town council and was president of the Dunfermline Rotary Club.
Andrew Shearer, a local linen manufacturer but better known for his military career in which he rose to lieutenant colonel in the Royal Highlanders.
Henry Beveridge, another linen manufacturer who purchased of Pitreavie Castle in 1884.
John Hynd, a working miner who had worked at Rosebank Colliery for most of his life and was also a keen horticulturalist and Secretary of the Dunfermline Horticultural Society.
John Weir, who, aged just twenty-four, was appointed interim president of the Fife and Kinross Miners Union. He went on to become president of the Union in 1880 and was elected as a Scottish trade union representative to the federation of labour convention in 1900. He was a strenuous advocate of the minimum wage, a consistent supporter of the conciliation board and, in addition to his union work, was also a manager of the Dunfermline and West Fife hospital and served on the town council for eighteen years.
The Trust in popular culture
In 1908, the prolific music-hall song writing duo Ted Coleman and Frank Dupree released the words and music for a song entitled "I’m a Real Carnegie Hero". The song was satirical and the lyrics focus upon the work on a Police Inspector with the chorus being:
I’m a real Carnegie heroWith a nerve that’s always cool as zeroAnd a highly enlightened aweFor the majesty of the lawWhen I begin my official net to draw.I follow clues without an errorAnd by crooks I’m called a holy terrorWhile the others are much impressedBy this medal upon my breastFor I’m real Carnegie hero
The Trust was not primarily intended to recognise the heroism of Police Officers and the introduction of the King’s Police and Fire Brigades Medal in 1909 largely catered for that. Despite this, in the period 1908-1914 the Trust made awards to 92 Police Officers which amounted to a little over 10% of all awards made in that period.
Present day
The Carnegie Hero Fund Trust UK remains in operation and is based at a headquarters in Dunfermline, Scotland. It is a registered charity under Scottish law. It continues to make awards, as well as maintaining and updating its Roll of Honour. The Roll of Honour of the Carnegie Hero Fund Trust UK is an illuminated book that contains hand-inscribed entries relating to over 6,000 people whose heroism has been recognised since the foundation of the Trust in 1908. It is unique to the UK Hero Fund and is kept in the Andrew Carnegie Birthplace Museum. The opening pages of volume 1 are on permanent display in the Hero Fund Alcove and other pages can be viewed by prior arrangement.
References
External links
Non-profit organisations based in Scotland
Humanitarian and service awards
Courage awards
Charities based in Scotland |
23578823 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wollomombi%20River | Wollomombi River | Wollomombi River, a perennial stream of the Macleay River catchment, is located in the Northern Tablelands district of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Wollomombi River rises on the eastern slopes of Chandlers Peak in the Great Dividing Range, southeast of Guyra, and flows generally southerly, joined by one minor tributary and tumbling over the Wollomombi Falls before reaching its confluence with the Chandler River, near the village of Wollomombi, south of the Cunnawarra National Park, within the Oxley Wild Rivers National Park. The river descends over its course; through a number of spectacular gorges and waterfalls in the Oxley Wild Rivers National Park.
At the Wollomombi Falls lookout there are scenic gorge rim walks and a steep track that takes you down to the Chandler River.
History
In December 1904 two teenagers were drowned while bathing in the Wollomombi River. Another lady almost drowned while attempting to rescue them.
Beef cattle and sheep are reared on the upper reaches of the river.
See also
List of rivers of Australia
Rivers of New South Wales
References
External links
Rivers of New South Wales
Northern Tablelands |
17339565 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS%20Jeddah | SS Jeddah | SS Jeddah was a British-flagged Singaporean-owned passenger steamship. It was built in 1872 in Dumbarton, Great Britain, especially for the Hajj pilgrim trade, and was owned by Singapore-based merchant Syed Mahomed Alsagoff. In 1880, the officers onboard the Jeddah abandoned it when it listed and appeared to be sinking, leaving more than 700 passengers aboard. The event later inspired the plot of Joseph Conrad's novel Lord Jim. The vessel was retrieved and continued to sail, later being renamed Diamond.
Incident
On 17 July 1880, Jeddah left Singapore bound for Penang and subsequently Jeddah with 953 passengers – 778 men, 147 women, and 67 children – aboard. It also had 600 tonnes of general cargo, mostly sugar, garron wood, and general merchandise. The passengers were Muslim pilgrims travelling to Mecca and Medina for pilgrimage. A nephew of the ship's owner, Syed Omar al-Sagoff (Arabic: سيد عمر السقاف Saiyid ʿUmar al-Saqqāf) was among the passengers. Its multinational crew included the captain (Joseph Lucas Clark), two European officers (the first mate, named Augustine "Austin" Podmore Williams, and the second mate), and a European third engineer. The captain's wife, who was also a European, was also aboard.
On 3 August 1880, while off Ras Hafun in hurricane-force winds and heavy seas, the ship's boilers moved from their seatings. The crew used wedges to reseat the boilers. On 6 August, the weather worsened further and the wedges holding the boilers in place began to give way. Leaks developed and the ship was stopped to make repairs. Thereafter it proceeded slowly during the night of 6–7 August with only one boiler lit. However, the leaks increased and despite the efforts of the crew and passengers trying to bail out the water, it began to take on more water due to leaks in the supply lines in the bottom. It was again stopped for repairs, during which time it began to roll heavily, its boilers broke loose and all connection pipes were washed away, rendering its engines ineffective. Its crew rigged its sails to try to use wind power, but the sails blew away.
On 7 August, while Jeddah drifted in the Indian Ocean off Socotra and Cape Guardafui, Captain Clark and most of the ship's officers and crew prepared to launch the lifeboats. Upon discovering this, the pilgrims, who until then were helping bail out water from the engine room, tried to prevent the crew from abandoning them. A fight ensued, resulting in a few of the crew falling overboard and drowning.
The officers escaped in the starboard lifeboat, leaving the pilgrims to their fate. The Board of Trade inquiry proceedings note that a scuffle began while the lifeboat was being launched; the passengers threw whatever they could onto the lifeboat to prevent it from being lowered, and pulled away the first mate, who was lowering the boat from the ship, causing him to fall overboard. The first mate was later pulled into the lifeboat. Thus, the captain, his wife, the chief engineer, the first officer and several other crew members escaped in the lifeboat, leaving the passengers and a few of the officers and crew on their own aboard Jeddah. The British convict ship SS Scindian picked up the people in the lifeboat a few hours later at 10:00 a.m. on 8 August and took them to Aden, where they told a story of violent passengers murdering two of the ship′s engineers and reported that Jeddah had sunk near Yemen with great loss of life among its passengers.
However, Jeddah did not sink. Its passengers later reported that after the captain's lifeboat had been launched, the second mate had tried to escape in another lifeboat along with a few passengers. The other passengers had prevented this, and in the confusion that ensued, the lifeboat fell into the water, drowning the second mate and two passengers aboard the lifeboat with him. Thereafter the remaining 20 crew members, including two officers, with the help of the passengers, bailed the water out of the ship's engine room. They then hoisted distress signals, which the Blue Funnel Line steamship , sailing from Shanghai to London with 680 passengers aboard, sighted while Jeddah′s passengers and crew were trying to beach Jeddah off Ras Feeluk, near Bandar Maryah. Antenor approached Jeddah, assisted Jeddah′s crew and passengers in making her stable, and then towed her into the port of Aden, where she arrived on 11 August to much astonishment. Almost all the pilgrims had survived.
Fate of crew and passengers
In all, the official inquiry established the number of people rescued from Jeddah as 18 crew members (one of whom was working his passage), one second engineer, one supercargo, and 992 passengers (778 men, 147 women, and 67 children, not counting infants in arms). In all, 18 people died during the incident, including the second mate, three Khalasis, and 14 passengers.
Court of inquiry
A court of inquiry was held at Aden by the resident and sessions judge G. R. Goodfellow. The inquiry criticised Jeddah′s chief engineer for incorrect operation of the boilers, which aggravated matters. It also found the actions of Captain Clark in swinging out Jeddah′s lifeboats prematurely and subsequently launching the boats – dismaying the passengers – unprofessional and that he showed a "want of judgement and tact". It also found him "guilty of gross misconduct in being indirectly the cause of the deaths of the second mate and ten natives, seven crew and three passengers, and in abandoning his disabled ship with nearly 1,000 souls on board to their fate". His master′s certificate was suspended for three years. The court of inquiry also criticised the behaviour of the Chief Mate Williams. It commended the actions of the master and first mate of Antenor. The court was also critical that 1000 passengers could be allowed aboard a ship such as this during inclement weather.
Aftermath and Joseph Conrad's book Lord Jim
The incident was much publicised in the United Kingdom in general and London in particular. Newspapers had many reports and letters to the editors, from the public, from people who had actually sailed on pilgrim ships and described the grim conditions aboard, and from merchants and owners of pilgrim ships.
The Jeddah incident inspired Joseph Conrad, who had landed in Singapore during 1883, to write the novel Lord Jim. He used the name SS Patna for his fictional pilgrim ship.
See also
Augustine Podmore Williams
Costa Concordia disaster, the captain of which was accused of abandoning a wrecked ship
References
Steamships
Passenger ships of the United Kingdom
Maritime incidents in August 1880
1872 ships
August 1880 events |
17339573 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shijang | Shijang | Shijang is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
23578826 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonboyn%20River | Wonboyn River | The Wonboyn River, an open youthful wave dominated barrier estuary or perennial stream, is located in the South Coast region of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Wonboyn River is formed by the confluence of Narrabarba Creek and Watergums Creek, within Ben Boyd National Park, east of the Princes Highway and southeast of the locality of Kiah, approximately north of Timbillica Hill. The river flows generally east, northeast, and then southeast, joined by one minor tributary, flowing through Wonboyn Lake, before reaching its mouth within Disaster Bay, at the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean southeast of Green Cape. The river descends over its course.
The catchment area of the river is with a volume of over a surface area of , at an average depth of .
See also
Rivers of New South Wales
List of rivers of New South Wales (L-Z)
List of rivers of Australia
References
External links
Rivers of New South Wales
South Coast (New South Wales) |
17339580 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Dennis%20%28football%20commentator%29 | Ian Dennis (football commentator) | Ian Dennis (born 22 October 1971) is a commentator for BBC Radio 5 Live and the station's Chief Football Reporter.
Dennis grew up in West Yorkshire where he attended Ilkley Grammar School. He began working in radio with an unpaid Saturday job at BBC Radio York. In 1989, he began his professional career working for telephone publishing company Independent Media Services Limited (IMS), in Leeds, working as a football reporter on its TEAMtalk service and as cricket editor, managing an outside broadcast team that included Clive Lloyd, Alan Knott and Ralph Dellor.
IMS proved to be a strong training ground for sports broadcasters and among his colleagues were BBC Match of The Day commentator Guy Mowbray, talkSPORT presenter Adrian Durham and Sky Sports' football reporter Johnny Phillips. He returned to the BBC in 1995 to work for BBC Radio Cleveland, BBC Radio Leeds and BBC Radio Newcastle.
In 1998, he began commentating on Leeds United games for BBC Radio Leeds alongside Norman Hunter. In 2002, he left Radio Leeds to work as a football commentator for Radio 5 Live, for which he has covered four major international tournaments.
References
1971 births
Living people
People from Ilkley
BBC Radio 5 Live presenters
BBC people
British sports broadcasters
British association football commentators
People educated at Ilkley Grammar School |
17339581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimao%2C%20Chipwi | Shimao, Chipwi | Shimao is a small, remote village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
23578828 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooli%20Wooli%20River | Wooli Wooli River | Wooli Wooli River, an open and trained mature wave dominated, barrier estuary, is located in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Wooli Wooli River rises on the eastern slopes of the Coastal Range within the Newfoundland State Forest and northwest of Red Rock, and flows generally north, east, and then south, before reaching its mouth at the Coral Sea of the South Pacific Ocean south of Wooli; descending over its course.
See also
Rivers of New South Wales
Rivers in Australia
References
External links
Rivers of New South Wales
Northern Rivers |
17339589 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shitzaw | Shitzaw | Shitzaw is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
23578829 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worondi%20Rivulet | Worondi Rivulet | Worondi Rivulet, a perennial stream of the Hunter River catchment, is located in the Upper Hunter region of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Worondi Rivulet rises on the slopes of the Great Dividing Range, east of Terragong and northeast of Merriwa. The river flows generally south by west and then southeast, joined by one minor tributary before reaching its confluence with the Goulburn River, west of Sandy Hollow within Goulburn River National Park. The river descends over its course.
See also
Rivers of New South Wales
References
External links
Rivers of New South Wales
Hunter Region
Rivers of the Hunter Region
Upper Hunter Shire |
23578830 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyong%20River | Wyong River | The Wyong River is a perennial river that is located in the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
The Wyong River rises below Watagan Mountains west of Martinsville, and flows generally south and southeast, joined by three minor tributaries, before reaching its river mouth within Tuggerah Lake, near Tacoma. The river descends over its course.
The merged flows of the Wyong River together with Tuggerah Lake reaches the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean at The Entrance.
The Pacific Motorway crosses the river west of Wyong.
See also
Budgewoi Lake
List of rivers of Australia
List of rivers of New South Wales (L–Z)
Rivers of New South Wales
References
External links
Rivers of New South Wales
Central Coast (New South Wales)
Central Coast Council (New South Wales) |
44497547 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celier%20Aviation | Celier Aviation | Celier Aviation is an aircraft manufacturer, founded by Raphael Celier in France in 1993. The company was moved to Piotrków Trybunalski, Poland in 2006 and Safi, Malta in 2017. The company specializes in the design and manufacture of autogyros available in kit form and also as fully assembled aircraft.
The company established its reputation with the two-seat side-by-side configuration Celier Xenon 2 series of autogyros. By 2011 over 100 of these were flying. Celier subsequently developed a tandem-seat design, the Kiss, but it was not produced in large numbers. By 2014 the company was offering only the Xenon 4, a development of the Xenon 2.
The company also developed the XeWing, a fixed wing light aircraft using the fuselage and engine of the Xenon 2, but mounting a folding strut-braced parasol wing in place of the autogyro's main rotor. The design was shown at AERO Friedrichshafen in 2009, but was never offered for sale and it is unlikely it was ever developed beyond a single prototype.
Aircraft
References
External links
Aircraft manufacturers of Poland
Autogyros
Homebuilt aircraft |
23578831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yadboro%20River | Yadboro River | Yadboro River, a perennial river of the Clyde River catchment, is located in the Southern Tablelands and the upper ranges of the South Coast regions of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Yadboro River rises below Currockbilly Mountain on the eastern slopes of the Budawang Range within Budawang National Park, east northeast of Braidwood, and flows generally northerly parallel to the range, then east, joined by one minor tributary before reaching its confluence with the Clyde River at Campus Head, near Yadboro Flat. The river descends over its course.
See also
Rivers of New South Wales
List of rivers of New South Wales (L-Z)
List of rivers of Australia
References
External links
Rivers of New South Wales
South Coast (New South Wales)
Southern Tablelands
City of Shoalhaven |
20471890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per-%20and%20polyfluoroalkyl%20substances | Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances | Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are synthetic organofluorine chemical compounds that have multiple fluorine atoms attached to an alkyl chain. An early definition, from 2011, required that they contain at least one perfluoroalkyl moiety, –CnF2n+1–.
More recently (2021) the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) expanded the definition, stating that
"PFASs are defined as fluorinated substances that contain at least one fully fluorinated methyl or methylene carbon atom (without any H/Cl/Br/I atom attached to it), i.e. with a few noted exceptions, any chemical with at least a perfluorinated methyl group (–CF3) or a perfluorinated methylene group (–CF2–) is a PFAS."
According to the OECD, at least 4,730 distinct PFASs are known with at least three perfluorinated carbon atoms. A United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) toxicity database, DSSTox, lists 10776 PFASs. A subgroup, the fluorosurfactants or fluorinated surfactants, have a fluorinated "tail" and a hydrophilic "head" and are thus surfactants. They are more effective at reducing the surface tension of water than comparable hydrocarbon surfactants. They include the perfluorosulfonic acids such as perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and the perfluorocarboxylic acids such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA).
PFOS, PFOA and other PFASs are known to persist in the environment and are commonly described as persistent organic pollutants, also known as "forever chemicals". Residues have been detected in humans and wildlife prompting concern. According to the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine PFAS exposure is linked to increased risk of decreased antibody response, dyslipidemia (abnormally high cholesterol), decreased infant and fetal growth, and increased risk of kidney cancer. Health concerns resulted in numerous litigations (Timeline of events related to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances). In 2021, Maine became the first U.S. state to ban these compounds in all products by 2030, except in instances deemed "currently unavoidable".
Fluorosurfactants
Fluorosurfactants are surfactants that containing fluorocarbon chains such as those in PFASs. They can reduce the surface tension of water below what is attainable by using hydrocarbon surfactants. This ability is due to the hydrophobic nature of fluorocarbons, so fluorosurfactants tend to concentrate at the liquid-air interface. Fluorocarbons are lipophobic, as well as hydrophobic, allowing them to repel both oil and water. This lipophobicity results from the lack of attractive London dispersion forces in fluorocarbons compared to hydrocarbons, a consequence of fluorine's large electronegativity and small bond length, which reduce the polarizability of the surfactants' fluorinated molecular surface. Fluorosurfactants are more stable and fit for harsh conditions than hydrocarbon surfactants because of the stability of the carbon–fluorine bond. Likewise, perfluorinated surfactants persist in the environment for that reason.
Economic role
PFASs play a key economic role for companies such as DuPont, 3M, and W. L. Gore & Associates because they are used in emulsion polymerization to produce fluoropolymers. They have two main markets: a $1 billion annual market for use in stain repellents, and a $100 million annual market for use in polishes, paints, and coatings.
Health and environmental concerns
Human health concerns associated with PFASs
On their introduction in the 1940s, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were considered inert. In fact, early occupational studies revealed elevated levels of fluorochemicals, including perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, C8), in the blood of exposed industrial workers, but cited no ill health effects. These results were consistent with the measured serum concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in 3M plant workers ranging from 0.04 to 10.06 ppm and 0.01–12.70 ppm respectively, well below toxic and carcinogenic levels cited in animal studies. Given, however, the "forever chemical" property of PFASs (serum elimination half-life 4–5 years) and widespread environmental contamination, molecules have been shown to accumulate in humans to such a degree that adverse health outcomes have resulted.
Hormone-disrupting chemicals, including PFASs, are linked with rapid declines in human fertility. In a metanalysis for associations between PFASs and human clinical biomarkers for liver injury, authors considered both PFAS effects on liver biomarkers and histological data from rodent experimental studies and concluded that evidence exists showing that PFOA, perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) are hepatotoxic to humans.
Many comprehensive epidemiological studies linking adverse human health effects to PFASs, particularly PFOA, come from the C8 Science Panel, formed as part of a contingency to a class action lawsuit brought by communities in the Ohio River Valley against DuPont in response to landfill and wastewater dumping of PFAS-laden material from DuPont's West Virginia Washington Works Plant. The panel measured PFOA (also known as C8) serum concentrations in 69,000 individuals from around DuPont's Washington Works Plant and found a mean concentration of 83.0 ng/mL, compared to 4 ng/mL in a standard population of Americans. This panel reported probable links between elevated PFOA blood concentration and hypercholesterolemia, ulcerative colitis, thyroid disease, testicular cancer, kidney cancer as well as pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia.
In a report by the Nordic Council of Ministers the total annual health-related costs associated with human exposure to PFASs were estimated to be at least €52-€84 billion in the European Economic Area (EEA) countries. Aggregated annual costs covering environmental screening, monitoring where contamination is found, water treatment, soil remediation and health assessment total €821 million-€170 billion in the EEA plus Switzerland.
Proposed mechanisms of PFAS-related adverse health outcomes
Hypercholesterolemia
Animal studies in the 1990s and early 2000s primarily aimed to investigate the effect of two widely used long-chain PFASs, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, C8) and perfluorooctane sulphonic acid (PFOS, C8), on peroxisome proliferation in rat livers. These studies determined that PFOA and PFOS acted as Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists, increasing lipid metabolism. A paradoxical response is observed in humans where elevated PFOS levels were significantly associated with elevated total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, highlighting significantly reduced PPAR expression and alluding to PPAR independent pathways predominating over lipid metabolism in humans compared to rodents.
Ulcerative colitis
PFOA and PFOS have been shown to significantly alter immune and inflammatory responses in human and animal species. In particular, IgA, IgE (in females only) and C-reactive protein have been shown to decrease whereas antinuclear antibodies increase as PFOA serum concentrations increase. These cytokine variations allude to immune response aberrations resulting in autoimmunity. One proposed mechanism is a shift towards anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages and/or (TH2) response in intestinal epithelial tissue which allows sulfate-reducing bacteria to flourish. Elevated levels of hydrogen sulfide result which reduce beta-oxidation and thus nutrient production leading to a breakdown of the colonic epithelial barrier.
Thyroid disease
Hypothyroidism is the most common thyroid abnormality associated with PFAS exposure. PFASs have been shown to decrease thyroid peroxidase, resulting in decreased production and activation of thyroid hormones in vivo. Other proposed mechanisms include alterations in thyroid hormone signaling, metabolism and excretion as well as function of nuclear hormone receptor.
Cancer
Rat studies investigating the carcinogenicity of PFASs reported significant correlation with liver adenomas, Leydig cell tumors of the testis and pancreatic acinar cell tumors and dietary PFOA consumption. The C8 Science Panel investigated the potential relationship between PFAS exposure and these three cancer types as well as 18 other cancer types in their epidemiological studies. Contrary to the animal studies, the C8 studies did not find a probable link between elevated C8 exposure and liver adenomas or pancreatic acinar cell tumors; however, a probable link was found with regards to testis and kidney cancer. Two mechanisms have been proposed by which PFOA could cause Leydig cell tumors. Both mechanisms start by proposing that PROA exposure results in increased PPAR alpha activation in the liver which increases hepatic aromatase concentration and subsequent serum estrogen levels. The mechanisms now diverge, with one pathway suggesting elevated estradiol levels increase Tissue Growth Factor alpha (TGF alpha) which prompts Leydig cell proliferation. The other pathway suggests that aromatization of testosterone to estradiol reduces serum testosterone levels resulting in increased release of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland which directly results in Leydig Cell tumorgenesis. A mechanism has not yet been proposed to explain how kidney cancer could be caused by C8 exposure as no in vivo animal studies have been able to model this epidemiological outcome.
Pregnancy-induced hypertension and pre-eclampsia
Pregnancy-induced hypertension is diagnosed when maternal systolic blood pressure exceeds 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure exceeds 90mmHg after 20 weeks gestation. Diagnostic criteria are the same for pre-eclampsia as pregnancy-induced hypertension; however, it also confers proteinuria. Mechanisms by which pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia could be caused by PFAS exposure have remained elusive and are largely speculative to date. One proposed mechanism highlights alterations in immune function leading to disruption of placentation, specifically as it pertains to natural killer (NK) cell infiltration of the placenta to facilitate trophoblastic integration with placental blood supply. Another mechanism refers to agonism of PPARs contributing to alterations in cholesterol, triglyceride and uric acid levels which may lead to vascular inflammation and elevated blood pressure.
Other adverse health outcomes that have been attributed to elevated PFAS exposure but were not found to be probable links in the C8 studies are decreased antibody response to vaccines, asthma, decreased mammary gland development, low birth weight (-0.7oz per 1 ng/mL increase in blood PFOA or PFOS level), decreased bone mineral density and neurodevelopmental abnormalities.
Environmental concerns
Forever chemicals
Fluorosurfactants such as PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA have caught the attention of regulatory agencies because of their persistence, toxicity, and widespread occurrence in the blood of general populations and wildlife. In 2009, PFOS, its salts and perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride were listed as persistent organic pollutants under the Stockholm Convention, due to their ubiquitous, persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic nature. PFAS chemicals were dubbed the "Forever Chemicals" following a 2018 op-ed in the Washington Post. The nickname was derived by combining the two dominant attributes of this class of chemicals: 1) PFAS chemicals are characterized by a carbon-fluorine (C-F) backbone (the "F-C" in "Forever Chemicals"); and 2) the carbon fluorine bond is one of the strongest bonds in organic chemistry, which gives these chemicals an extremely long environmental half-life (the "Forever" in "Forever Chemicals"). The Forever Chemicals name is now commonly used in media outlets in addition to the more technical name of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances, or PFASs. Their production has been regulated or phased out by manufacturers, such as 3M, DuPont, Daikin, and Miteni in the US, Japan, and Europe. In 2006 3M replaced PFOS and PFOA with short-chain PFASs, such as perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS). Shorter fluorosurfactants may be less prone to accumulating in mammals; there is still concern that they may be harmful to both humans, and the environment. A majority of PFASs are either not covered by European legislation or are excluded from registration obligations under the EU REACH chemical regulation. Several PFASs have been detected in drinking water, municipal wastewater and landfill leachates, worldwide.
It had been thought that perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) would eventually end up in the oceans, where they would be diluted over decades, but a field study published in 2021 by researchers at Stockholm University found that they are significantly transferred from water to air when waves break on land, and are a significant source of air pollution, and eventually get into the rain. The researchers concluded that pollution "may impact large areas of inland Europe and other continents, in addition to coastal areas". In 2022 it was found that levels of at least four PFAAs in rainwater worldwide exceeded the EPA's lifetime drinking water health advisories as well as comparable Danish, Dutch, and European Union standards, leading the researchers to conclude that "the global spread of these four PFAAs in the atmosphere has led to the planetary boundary for chemical pollution being exceeded."
Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification
Bioaccumulation is the process by which PFASs are transferred into the tissue of any exposed organisms where PFASs accumulate over time since organisms lack natural excretion mechanisms. PFASs can accumulate in marine species by a variety of pathways. They can be absorbed from the environment, such as contaminated sediments or PFASs dissolved in water. PFASs can partition into the organs and tissues of marine organisms from these environmental compartments. They have been shown to bind to blood proteins and accumulate in the livers of marine animals. Another pathway for bioaccumulation is predation. As larger marine animals feed on smaller organisms that have been exposed to PFASs, the larger animals absorb the PFASs contained in their prey.
Biomagnification is the process by which the amount of PFAS contamination increases with increasing trophic level, due to predation by the species at the higher trophic level. Top predators have higher levels of PFASs than species lower down the food chain. Seabirds that feed on fish have among the highest levels of PFAS contamination. Perfluorosulfonic acids, which have a sulfonic acid functional group attached to the fluorinated "tail", have a greater tendency to bioaccumulate than perfluorocarboxylic acids, which contain a carboxylic acid function group. Longer chain PFAS compounds, which have 6, 7, or more fluorinated carbons, bioaccumulate in greater quantities than shorter chain PFAS compounds. The concentration of PFOS, a long chain sulfonic acid, was found at the highest concentrations relative to other PFASs measured in fish and birds in Northern seas such as the Barents Sea and the Canadian Arctic.
Australia
In 2017, the ABC's current affairs programme Four Corners reported that the storage and use of firefighting foams containing perfluorinated surfactants at Australian Defence Force facilities around Australia had contaminated nearby water resources. In 2019, remediation efforts at RAAF Base Tindal and the adjacent town of Katherine were ongoing. In the 2022 Australian federal budget $428million was allocated for works at HMAS Albatross, RAAF Base Amberley, RAAF Base Pearce and RAAF Base Richmond including funding to remediate PFAS contamination.
Canada
Although PFASs are not manufactured in Canada, they may be present in imported goods and products. In 2008, Canada prohibited the import, sale, or use of PFOS or PFOS-containing products, with some exceptions for products used in firefighting, in the military, and some forms of ink and photo media.
Health Canada has published drinking water guidelines for maximum concentrations of PFOS and PFOA. The guidelines were established to protect the health of Canadians, including children, over a lifetime's exposure to these substances. The maximum allowable concentration for PFOS under the guidelines is 0.0002 milligrams per litre. The maximum allowable concentration for PFOA is 0.0006 milligrams per litre.
United Kingdom
Although it is recognized that they may also cause disease, for example through absorption via drinking water, water companies in the United Kingdom do not test for PFASs.
Italy
Over 350,000 residents in Veneto are estimated to have been exposed to contamination through tap water, it is Europe's biggest PFAS-related environmental disaster.
While Italy's National Health Institute (ISS, Istituto Superiore di Sanità) set the threshold limit of PFOA in the bloodstream at 8 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL), some residents had reached 262 and some industrial employees reach 91,900 ng/mL.
In 2021 some data has been disclosed by Greenpeace and other local citizens after a long legal battle against the Veneto Region and ISS, which for years has denied access to data that despite the alarming values known since or even before 2017 the Veneto Region has not carried out further monitoring or taken resolutive actions to eliminate pollution and reduce, at least gradually, the contamination of water not intended for drinking.
Furthermore, as far as is known, it appears that the Region has so far ignored the risk for the entire national community and beyond, given that some of these foods could also be sold abroad.
Although in 2020 the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) has reduced by more than four times the maximum tolerable limit of PSAS that can be taken through the diet, the Region has not carried out new assessments or implemented concrete actions to protect the population and the agri-food and livestock sectors. To this are added some limits on the monitoring of the monitored geographical area, which does not include the orange zone and other areas affected by contamination, as well as the insufficiency of analysis on important productions widespread in the areas concerned: eggs (up to 37600 ng\kg), fish (18600 ng\kg) spinach and radicchio (only one sampling carried out), kiwis, melons, watermelons, cereals (only one spelled sample was analyzed), soy, wines (very famous from the region) and apples.
The most polluted area is near the Lombardia region which has no data public for this kind of pollutant.
United States
In products
Certain PFASs are no longer manufactured in the United States, as a result of phase-outs including the PFOA Stewardship Program (2010-2015), in which eight major chemical manufacturers agreed to eliminate the use of PFOA and PFOA-related chemicals in their products and as emissions from their facilities. Although PFOA and PFOS are no longer manufactured in the United States, they are still produced internationally and are imported into the US in consumer goods such as carpet, leather and apparel, textiles, paper and packaging, coatings, rubber and plastics.
In 2020, manufacturers and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced an agreement to phase out some types of PFAS which are used in food packaging by 2024.
PFASs are also used by major companies of the cosmetics industry in a wide range of cosmetics, including lipstick, eye liner, mascara, foundation, concealer, lip balm, blush, nail polish and other such products. A 2021 study tested 231 makeup and personal care products and found organic fluorine, an indicator of PFASs, in more than half of the samples. High levels of fluorine were most commonly identified in waterproof mascara (82% of brands tested), foundations (63%), and liquid lipstick (62%). As many as 13 types of individual PFAS compounds were found in each product. Since PFAS compounds are highly mobile, they are readily absorbed through human skin and through tear ducts, and such products on lips are often unwittingly ingested. Manufacturers often fail to label their products as containing PFASs, which makes it difficult for cosmetics consumers to avoid products containing PFASs. In response, Senators Susan Collins of Maine and Richard Blumenthal of Connecticut proposed the No PFAS in Cosmetics Act in the United States Senate. It was also introduced in the United States House of Representatives by Michigan Representative Debbie Dingell.
Contaminated sites, drinking water and wastewater
An estimated 26,000 U.S. sites are contaminated with PFASs. At least six million Americans are estimated to have drinking water containing PFASs above the existing safe limits recommended by the U.S. EPA.
EPA published non-enforceable drinking water health advisories for PFOA and PFOS in 2016. In March 2021 EPA announced that it will develop national drinking water standards for PFOA and PFOS. On December 27, 2021, EPA published a regulation requiring drinking water utilities to conduct monitoring for 29 compounds. The data are to be collected during 2023 to 2025. EPA will pay for the monitoring costs for small drinking water systems (those serving a population of 10,000 or fewer). The agency may use the monitoring data to develop additional regulations.
In mid-2021 EPA announced plans to revise federal wastewater regulations (effluent guidelines) for several industries that manufacture PFASs or use PFASs in fabricating various products.
In October 2021 EPA announced the PFAS Strategic Roadmap. This initiative is a "whole-of-EPA" strategy and considers the full lifecycle of PFAS—including drinking water monitoring and risk assessment for PFOA and PFOS in biosolids (processed wastewater sludge used as fertilizer).
The EPA issued health advisories for four specific PFASs in June 2022, significantly lowering their safe threshold levels for drinking water. PFOA was reduced from 70 ppt to 0.004 ppt, while PFOS was reduced from 70 ppt to 0.02 ppt. GenX's safe levels were set at 10 ppt, while PFBS were set to 2000 ppt. While not enforceable, these health advisories are intended to be acted on by states in setting their own drinking water standards.
A formal EPA rule to add PFOA and PFAS as hazardous chemicals was first issued for comment on August 26, 2022. This would require those discharging waste to monitor and restrict the release of these PFAS to set levels, and report when the wastewater exceeds it. It would also make grounds affected by high levels of PFIA or PFAS to be treated as Superfund cleanup sites.
California
In 2021 California banned PFASs for use in food packaging and from infant and children's products and also required PFAS cookware in the state to carry a warning label.
Maine
A program licensed and promoted by the Maine Department of Environmental Protection that provided free municipal wastewater sludge (biosolids) to farmers as fertilizer has resulted in PFAS contamination of local drinking water and farm-grown produce.
Michigan
Launched in 2017, the Michigan PFAS Action Response Team (MPART) is the first multi-agency action team of its kind in the nation. Agencies representing health, environment, and other branches of state government have joined together to investigate sources and locations of PFAS contamination in the state, take action to protect people's drinking water, and keep the public informed.
Groundwater is tested at locations throughout the state by various parties to ensure safety, compliance with regulations, and proactively detect and remedy potential problems. In 2010, the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ) discovered levels of PFASs in groundwater monitoring wells at the former Wurtsmith Air Force Base. As additional information became available from other national testing, Michigan expanded its investigations into other locations where PFAS compounds were potentially used.
In 2018, the MDEQ's Remediation and Redevelopment Division (RRD) established cleanup criteria for groundwater used as drinking water of 70 ppt of PFOA and PFOS, individually or combined. The RRD staff are responsible for implementing these criteria as part of their ongoing efforts to clean up sites of environmental contamination. The RRD staff are the lead investigators at most of the PFAS sites on the MPART website and also conduct interim response activities, such as coordinating bottled water or filter installations with local health departments at sites under investigation or with known PFAS concerns. Most of the groundwater sampling at PFAS sites under RRD's lead is conducted by contractors familiar with PFAS sampling techniques. The RRD also has a Geologic Services Unit, with staff who install monitoring wells and are also well versed with PFAS sampling techniques.
The MDEQ has been conducting environmental clean-up of regulated contaminants for decades. Due to the evolving nature of PFAS regulations as new science becomes available, the RRD is evaluating the need for regular PFAS sampling at Superfund sites and is including an evaluation of PFAS sampling needs as part of a Baseline Environmental Assessment review.
Earlier in 2018, the RRD purchased lab equipment that will allow the MDEQ Environmental Lab to conduct analyses of certain PFAS samples. (Currently, most samples are shipped to one of the few labs in the country that conduct PFAS analysis, in California, although private labs in other parts of the country, including Michigan, are starting to offer these services.) As of August 2018, RRD has hired additional staff to work on developing the methodology and conducting PFAS analyses.
In 2020 Michigan Attorney General Dana Nessel filed a lawsuit against 17 companies, including 3M, Chemours, and DuPont, for hiding known health and environmental risks from the state and its residents. Nessel's complaint identifies 37 sites with known contamination.
In 2020 the Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE) introduced some of the strictest drinking water standards in the country for PFAS, setting maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for PFOA and PFOS to 8 and 16 ppt respectively (down from previous existing groundwater cleanup standards of 70 ppt for both), and introducing MCLs for 5 other previously unregulated PFAS compounds, limiting PFNA to 6 ppt, PFHxA to 400,000 ppt, PFHxS to 51 ppt, PFBS to 420 ppt and HFPO-DA to 370 ppt. The change adds 38 additional sites to the state's list of known PFAS contaminated areas, bringing the total number of known sites to 137. About half of these sites are landfills and 13 are former plating facilities.
In 2022 PFOS was found in beef produced at a Michigan farm. The cattle had been fed crops fertilized with contaminated biosolids. State agencies issued a consumption advisory, but did not order a recall, because there currently is no PFOS contamination in beef government standards.
Minnesota
In February 2018, 3M settled a lawsuit for $850 million related to contaminated drinking water in Minnesota.
New Jersey
In 2018 the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) published a drinking water standard for PFNA. Public water systems in New Jersey are required to meet a maximum contaminant level (MCL) standard of 13 ppt. In 2020 the state set a PFOA standard at 14 ppt and a PFOS standard at 13 ppt.
In 2019 NJDEP filed lawsuits against the owners of two plants that had manufactured PFASs, and two plants that were cited for water pollution from other chemicals. The companies cited are DuPont, Chemours and 3M. NJDEP also declared five companies to be financially responsible for statewide remediation of the chemicals. Among the companies accused were Arkema and Solvay regarding a West Deptford Facility in Gloucester County, where Arkema manufactured PFASs, but Solvay claims to have never manufactured but only handled PFASs. The companies denied liability and contested the directive. In June 2020, the US Environmental Protection Agency and NJ Department of Environmental Protection published a paper reporting that a unique family of PFAS used by Solvay, chloroperfluoropolyether carboxylates (ClPFPECAs), were contaminating the soils of New Jersey as far from the Solvay facility as 150 km and the ClPFPECAs were found in water as well. Later in 2020, the New Jersey state attorney general filed suit in the New Jersey Superior Court against Solvey regarding PFAS contamination of the state's environment. In May 2021, Solvay issued a press release that the company is "discontinuing the use of fluorosurfactants in the U.S.".
Washington
Washington State has a history of PFAS releases to the environment. In addition, five military installations in Washington State have been identified by the U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works as having PFAS contamination. Toward environmental and consumer protections, the Washington State Department of Ecology published a Chemical Action Plan in November 2021, and in June 2022 the governor tasked the Washington State Department of Ecology with phasing out manufacture and import of products containing PFASs. Initial steps taken by the Washington State Department of Health to protect the public from exposure through drinking water have included setting State Action Levels for five PFASs (PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHxS, and PFBS), which were implemented in November 2021.
Class action lawsuits
In February 2017, DuPont and Chemours (a DuPont spin-off) agreed to pay $671 million to settle lawsuits arising from 3,550 personal injury claims related to releasing of PFASs from their Parkersburg, West Virginia plant, into the drinking water of several thousand residents. This was after a court-created independent scientific panel, the "C8 Science Panel", found a "probable link" between C8 exposure and six illnesses: kidney and testicular cancer, ulcerative colitis, thyroid disease, pregnancy-induced hypertension and high cholesterol.</ref>
In October 2018, a class action suit was filed by an Ohio firefighter against several producers of fluorosurfactants, including the 3M and DuPont corporations, on behalf of all US residents who may have adverse health effects from exposure to PFASs. Five New Jersey companies were declared to be financially responsible for statewide remediation of the chemicals in a directive from the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection in March 2019.
This story is told in the film Dark Waters, released in November 2019, produced by the actor Mark Ruffalo and directed by Todd Haynes.
Corporate and federal government suppression of information
Starting in the 1970s, 3M scientists learned that PFOS and PFOA were toxic to humans, documenting damage to the human immune system. Also in the 1970s, 3M scientists found that these substances accumulate over time in the human body. However, 3M suppressed revelation of these facts to the public or to regulators.
In 2018 White House staff and EPA pressured the U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry to suppress a study that showed PFASs to be even more dangerous than previously thought.
Water contamination by U.S. military bases
The water in and around at least 126 U.S. military bases has been contaminated by high levels of PFASs because of their use of firefighting foams since the 1970s, according to a study by the U.S. Department of Defense. Of these, 90 bases reported PFAS contamination that had spread to drinking water or groundwater off the base.
Occupational exposure
Occupational exposure to PFASs occurs in numerous industries due to the widespread use of PFASs in products and as an element of industrial process streams. PFASs are used in more than 200 different ways in industries as diverse as electronics and equipment manufacturing, plastic and rubber production, food and textile production, and building and construction. Occupational exposure to PFASs can occur at fluorochemical facilities that produce PFASs and other manufacturing facilities that use PFASs for industrial processing like the chrome plating industry. Workers who handle PFAS-containing products can also be exposed during their work. Examples include people who install PFAS-containing carpets and leather furniture with PFAS coatings, professional ski-waxers using PFAS-based waxes, and fire-fighters who use PFAS-containing foam and wear flame-resistant protective gear impregnated with PFASs.
People who are exposed to PFASs through their jobs typically have higher levels of PFASs in their blood than the general population. Additionally, while the general population is exposed to PFASs through ingested food and water, occupational exposure includes both accidental ingestion and inhalation exposure in settings where a PFAS becomes volatilized. There has been increased attention to the health risks associated with exposure to PFASs, which can affect the immune system, increase cholesterol, and increase the risk of cancer. The severity of PFAS-associated health effects can vary based on the length of exposure, level of exposure, and health status. In 2009, under decision SC-4/17, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, its salts and perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride were listed in Annex B of the 2009 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, dictating acceptable purposes and specific exemptions to the chemical usage. Among these exemptions are numerous uses in manufacturing as well as firefighting foams.
Professional ski wax technicians
Professional ski wax technicians are disproportionately exposed to PFASs from the glide wax used to coat the bottom of skis to reduce the friction between the skis and snow. During this process, the wax is heated to 130-220 °C, which releases fumes and airborne fluorinated compounds. Exposure to aerosolized PFASs is associated with alveolic edema, polymer fume fever, severe dyspnea, decreased pulmonary function, and respiratory distress syndrome in those chronically exposed. In a 2010 study, blood serum levels of PFOA were significantly higher in ski wax technicians compared to levels of the general Swedish population. Serum levels of PFOA in ski wax technicians were positively correlated with years spent working, suggesting bioaccumulation of PFOA over time.
Manufacturing workers
People who work at fluorochemical production plants and in manufacturing industries that use PFASs in the industrial process can be exposed to PFASs in the workplace. Much of what we know about PFASs exposure and health effects began with medical surveillance studies of workers exposed to PFASs at fluorochemical production facilities. These studies began in the 1940s and were conducted primarily at U.S. and European manufacturing sites. Between the 1940s and 2000s, thousands of workers exposed to PFASs participated in research studies that advanced scientific understanding of exposure pathways, toxicokinetic properties, and adverse health effects associated with exposure.
The first research study to report elevated organic fluorine levels in the blood of fluorochemical workers was published in 1980. This study established inhalation as a potential route of occupational PFAS exposure by reporting measurable levels of organic fluorine in air samples at the facility. Workers at fluorochemical production facilities have higher levels of PFOA and PFOS in their blood than the general population. Serum PFOA levels in fluorochemical workers are generally below 20,000 ng/mL but have been reported as high as 100,000 ng/mL whereas the mean PFOA concentration among non-occupationally exposed cohorts in the same time frame was 4.9 ng/mL. Among fluorochemical workers, those with direct contact with PFASs have higher PFAS concentrations in their blood than those with intermittent contact and those with no direct PFAS contact. Further, blood PFAS levels decline when direct contact ceases. Levels of PFOA and PFOS have declined in US and European fluorochemical workers due to improved facilities, increased usage of personal protective equipment, and the phase out of these chemicals from production. However, occupational exposure to PFASs in manufacturing continues to be an active area of study in China with numerous investigations linking worker exposure to various PFASs.
Firefighters
PFASs are commonly used in Class B firefighting foams due to their hydrophobic and lipophobic properties as well as the stability of the chemicals when exposed to high heat. Due to firefighters' potential for exposure to PFASs through these aqueous film forming foams (AFFF), studies raise concerns that firefighters are especially prone to high concentrations of serum PFASs.
Research into occupational exposure for firefighters is emergent, though frequently limited by underpowered study designs. A 2011 cross-sectional analysis of the C8 Health Studies found higher levels of PFHxS in firefighters compared to the sample group of the region, with other PFASs at elevated levels, without reaching statistical significance. A 2014 study in Finland studying eight firefighters over three training sessions observed select PFASs (PFHxS and PFNA) increase in blood samples following each training event. Due to this small sample size, a test of significance was not conducted. A 2015 cross-sectional study conducted in Australia found that accumulation of PFOS and PFHxS was positively associated with years of occupational AFFF exposure through firefighting.
Due to their use in training and testing, recent studies indicate occupational risk for military members and firefighters, as higher levels of PFASs in exposure were indicated in military members and firefighters when compared to the general population. Further, exposure to PFASs is prevalent among firefighters not only due to its use in emergencies but because it is also used in personal protective equipment. In support of these findings, states like Washington and Colorado have moved to restrict and penalize the use of Class B firefighting foam which contains PFASs for firefighter training and testing.
Exposure after World Trade Center terrorist attacks
The September 11, 2001 collapse of the World Trade Center buildings in New York City resulted in the release of chemicals from the destruction of construction and electrical material and long-term chemical fires. This collapse caused the release of several toxic chemicals, including fluorinated surfactants used as soil- and stain-resistant coatings on various materials. First responders to this incident were exposed to PFOA, PFNA, and PFHxS, through inhalation of dust and smoke released during and after the collapse of the World Trade Center.
Fire responders who were working at or near ground zero were assessed for respiratory and other health effects from exposure to emissions at the World Trade Center. Early clinical testing showed a high prevalence of respiratory health effects. Early symptoms of exposure often presented with persistent coughing and wheezing. PFOA and PFHxS levels were present in both smoke and dust exposure. Yet, first responders with smoke exposures had higher concentrations of PFOA and PFHxS than those with dust exposures.
Remediation solutions
Water treatment
Several technologies are currently available for remediating PFASs in liquids. These technologies can be applied to drinking water supplies, groundwater, industrial wastewater, surface water, and other miscellaneous applications (such as landfill leachate). Influent concentrations of PFASs can vary by orders of magnitude for specific media or applications. These influent values, along with other general water quality parameters (for example, pH) can influence the performance and operating costs of the treatment technologies. The technologies are:
Sorption
Granular activated carbon
Biochar
Ion exchange
Precipitation/flocculation/coagulation
Redox manipulation (chemical oxidation and reduction technologies)
Membrane filtration
Reverse osmosis
Nanofiltration
Supercritical water oxidation
Private and public sector applications of one or more of these methodologies above are being applied to remediation sites throughout the United States and other international locations. Most solutions involve on-site treatment systems, while others are leveraging off-site infrastructure and facilities, such as a centralized waste treatment facility, to treat and dispose of the PFAS pool of compounds.
Most recently, a 2022 study published in the Journal of Environmental Engineering found that a heat-and pressure-based technique known as supercritical water oxidation destroyed 99% of the PFASs present in a water sample. During this process, oxidizing substances are added to PFAS-contaminated water and then the liquid is heated above its critical temperature of 374 degrees Celsius at a pressure of more than 220 bars. The water becomes supercritical (being neither gas nor liquid), and, in this state, water-repellent substances such as PFASs dissolve much more readily.
Theoretical and early-stage solutions
The Michigan State University-Fraunhofer team has a viable solution to treat PFAS-contaminated wastewater that, in 2018, was reported to be ready for a pilot-scale investigation. The electrochemical oxidation system used boron-doped diamond electrodes, in a process breaking down the contaminants' formidable molecular bonds and cleaning the water while systematically destroying the hazardous compounds.
"EO, or electrochemical oxidation, is a simple, clean, and effective method for destruction of PFASs and other co-contaminants as a complementary procedure to other wastewater treatment processes," said Cory Rusinek, an electrochemist at MSU-Fraunhofer. "If we can remove it from wastewater, we can reduce its occurrence in surface waters."
In September 2019, it was reported Acidimicrobium sp. strain A6 could be a potential remediator of PFAS, including saturated ones such as PFOS. PFAS with unsaturated bonds are easier to break down: the commercial dechlorination culture KB1 (contains Dehalococcoides) is capable of breaking down such substances, but not saturated PFAS. When alternative, easier-to-digest substrates are present, microbes may prefer them over PFAS.
Chemical treatment
A study published in the journal Science in August 2022 indicated that perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) are able to be "mineralized" via heating in a polar aprotic solvent such as dimethyl sulfoxide. The study reported that heating PFCAs in an 8 to 1 mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide and water at in the presence of sodium hydroxide, caused the removal of the carboxylic acid group at the end of the carbon chain, creating a perfluoroanion. The perfluoroanion then "mineralizes" into sodium fluoride and other salts such as sodium trifluoroacetate, formate, carbonate, oxalate and glycolate. The process does not work on perfluorosulfonic acids.
Example chemicals
Some common per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances:
Polytetrafluoroethylene aka PTFE aka Teflon
Perfluorinated carboxylic acids
Fluorotelomers
Perfluorosulfonic acids
Others:
Films
The Devil We Know (2018)
Dark Waters (2019)
See also
Timeline of events related to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
Entegris, formerly Fluoroware, of Chaska, MN, manufacturer of teflon components for health and semiconductor Fabs
FSI International, now TEL FSI
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Fluoropolymer - another class of polyfluoroalkyl substances
References
Further reading
OECD: Reconciling Terminology of the Universe of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: Recommendations and Practical Guidance , OECD Series on Risk Management, No. 61, OECD Publishing, Paris, 2021.
External links
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) at the National Toxicology Program
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Your Health at the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) at the United States Environmental Protection Agency
Perfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFAS) at the European Chemicals Agency
PFAS Contamination [map] in the U.S. by the Environmental Working Group
Organofluorides
Pollutants
Surfactants
Environment and health
Occupational safety and health
Hazardous air pollutants |
23578833 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welf%20pudding | Welf pudding | Welf pudding or Guelph pudding ( or Welfenpudding), also known as Hock Pudding, is a two-layered pudding from Germany. The white bottom layer is made from a cooked milk and vanilla sauce on a base of very stiffly whipped egg white. After being chilled it is then covered with a yellow layer of wine sauce made of beaten egg yolk, white wine and a little lemon juice.
Welf pudding gets its name from the colours of the House of Welf (also known as the House of Guelph), a German aristocratic family that ruled the Principality of Lüneburg in medieval times. The pudding is a culinary specialty from Lower Saxony in north Germany. It was created by a Hanoverian chef and served for the first time at the 200th anniversary of the rule of the House of Welf. It is said that it became the favourite dessert of Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover.
References
Bibliography
External links
Welfenspeise at www.chefkoch.de. Giela. .
German desserts
German puddings
Lüneburg Heath
North German cuisine
Foods with alcoholic drinks
Culture of Lower Saxony |
23578845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarrangobilly%20River | Yarrangobilly River | The Yarrangobilly River is a perennial river of the Murrumbidgee River catchment within the Murray–Darling basin, located in the Snowy Mountains region of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
The Yarrangobilly River rises on the Fiery Range near the Kennedy Ridge, approximately west southwest of Peppercorn Hill, within the Kosciuszko National Park. The river flows generally southwest, before spilling into Talbingo Reservoir at Tobo Hall, formed by the impounding of the Tumut River via Talbingo Dam. The river descends over its course.
The Snowy Mountains Highway crosses the river at the locality of Yarrangobilly.
Recreation
One of the main visitor access points to the river is the Yarrangobilly Caves area. At the side of the river is a thermal pool which is long and up to deep. The pool is fed by a warm-water spring which maintains the temperature at . Walking tracks along the river include River Walk and Castle Walk which leads to the Yarrangobilly Caves; as well as the Glory Farm track which leads to the remnants of Henry Harris' Glory Hole Farm. Other recreational activities include fishing, canoeing and rafting.
Fauna
The endangered Booroolong Frog was historically recorded in the Yarrangobilly River, but it is believed that the population may have disappeared due to the infectious disease Chytridiomycosis. The introduced rainbow trout is found in the river, a result of the stocking of local water bodies from the Gaden Trout Hatchery at Jindabyne by the Monaro Acclimatisation Society.
See also
List of rivers of New South Wales (L-Z)
List of rivers of Australia
Rivers of New South Wales
References
Rivers of New South Wales
Snowy Mountains
Murray-Darling basin
Snowy Valleys Council |
23578846 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Bernardino%2C%20Verona | San Bernardino, Verona | San Bernardino is a church in Verona, northern Italy. The church, in Gothic style, was built from 1451 to 1466.
History
The church's origin are connected to the presence of San Bernardino in the city from 1422, during which he founded a convent of nuns for the order of the Minor Friars and, later, another one for monks. He was canonized in 1450, six years after his death, and in 1451-1452 his successor Giovanni da Capestrano, with the bishop of Verona, Francesco Condulmerio, started the construction of a large complex for the order in Verona, with the support of the Venetian doge Francesco Foscari.
This was consecrated in 1453, though the nave and its ceiling were completed only in 1466. Later a smaller aisle was added. The six bells in E are rung with Veronese bellringing art.
Overview
The church has a nave and a single aisle. The simple façade is in brickwork, with a Renaissance portal decorated by three saints figures.
Notable is the collection of Veronese 16th-century paintings in the six chapels of the aisles. The sixth chapel, patronized by the Pellegrini family, was designed by Michele Sammicheli. The main altarpiece depicts a Madonna and Child with St. Anne and Angels (1579), painted by Bernardino India, while the lunette and flanking pictures depict an Eternal Father and Saints Joseph and Young John the Baptist by Pasquale Ottino.
An inventory from 1845 notes that the main altarpiece was by Francesco Bonfiglio. The altars on the left had an altarpiece depicting Saints Margaret of Cortona, Francis of Assisi, and John by Cavaliere Barca and statues of St Roch and Sebastian by Ceschini. The altar of the Nativity had a painting by India. The altar of the Sacred Heart had a work (1819) by Antonio Vicentini. A canvas depicting the Virgin of the Annunciation was over the main portal, painted by Amigazzi. St Peter of Alcantara was depicted on a canvas by Antonio Balestra.
The first chapel on the right is dedicated to St. Francis or of the Terziari, with frescoes by Nicolò Giolfino (1522) with the stories of St. John the Evangelist and St. Francis. The altarpiece depicting the Glory of the Saint was painted by Francesco Morando.
The adjacent altar had an altarpiece depicting the Virgen and San Girolamo by Francesco Monsignori. The next chapel dedicated to St Bonaventure, had an altarpiece by Felice Boscarato. The Altar of the Cross had works by Francesco Morando and Francesco Merone in the altar.
The fourth chapel, dedicated to St Antony, has frescoes by Domenico Morone (1511), in poor state. The fifth, includes a Cruficixion by Domenico's son Francesco Morone (1548).
In the sacristy are paintings by Nicolò Giolfino and Paolo Farinata, and lunettes with the Life of Mary painted by Antonio Voltolini.
Frescoes by Domenico Morone and his son Francesco can be found also in a hall of the annexed convent.
Notes
Sources
Gene P. Veronesi. The decoration of the Sagramossa Library in the Church of San Bernardino, Verona.Ph.D. dissertation, Case Western Reserve University, 2000.
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1466
15th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy
Bernardino
Gothic architecture in Verona |
23578847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarrow%20River | Yarrow River | Yarrow River, a perennial stream of the Clarence River catchment, is located in the Northern Tablelands district of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Yarrow River rises below Mitchell Hill, on the slopes of the Great Dividing Range, near Glencoe and flows generally north east, before reaching its confluence with the Mann River, near Oakdale and east of Glen Innes. The river descends over its course; and flows through the Mann River Nature Reserve.
See also
Rivers of New South Wales
References
Rivers of New South Wales
Northern Rivers
Northern Tablelands |
23578850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarrowitch%20River | Yarrowitch River | Yarrowitch River, a perennial stream of the Macleay River catchment, is located in the Northern Tablelands district of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Yarrowitch River rises within Mummel Gulf National Park on the northern slopes of the Great Dividing Range southwest of Yarrowitch, and flows generally north northeast, joined by the Warnes River before reaching its confluence with the Apsley River, southwest of Tia. The river descends over its course; spilling over the Yarrowitch Falls in the Oxley Wild Rivers National Park.
In its middle reaches, the Yarrowitch River passes through rich grazing country used for rearing livestock, principally beef cattle.
See also
List of rivers of Australia
Rivers of New South Wales
References
External links
Rivers of New South Wales
Northern Tablelands |
44497611 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Terry | Don Terry | Don Terry (born Donald Prescott Loker, August 8, 1902 – October 6, 1988) was an American film actor, best known for his lead appearances in B films and serials in the 1930s and early 1940s. Perhaps his best-known role is probably playing the recurring character of Naval Commander Don Winslow in Universal Pictures serials of the early 1940s, including Don Winslow of the Navy (1942) and Don Winslow of the Coast Guard (1943).
Early life and background
Terry was born Donald Loker in Natick, Massachusetts, in 1902. He was a 1925 graduate of Harvard. Some sources give the family name as Locher, perhaps confusing him with actor Charles Locher who became famous as Jon Hall; the Loker spelling is correct, as many charitable enterprises bear the Loker name, as detailed below.
Don Terry was discovered while visiting Los Angeles as a tourist. During the visit, he hoped to see some film stars, but had been disappointed. Nearing the end of his trip, he decided to have lunch at Hollywood's Café Montmartre since it was a favorite of many in the film industry. Terry thought he might finally see a film star while having lunch, but found only other tourists who had the same hope. However, Fox screenwriter Charles Francis Coe was at the restaurant and happened to see Terry and thought of the screenplay he had just completed, based on his 1927 novel. Coe introduced himself and asked Terry if he was in the film industry. He gave Terry his business card and invited him to the Fox lot for a screen test. Terry went to the lot expecting only to be able to see some film stars. When Terry's screen test came out of the film laboratory, he was signed as the lead in the 1928 film Me, Gangster, the screenplay Coe had just written.
Film career
Known for his "typical clean-cut American hero roles", he was signed by Columbia Pictures as a possible replacement for the studio's veteran action star Jack Holt. Terry was one of several tough-guy heroes (including Victor Jory, Paul Kelly, and Charles Quigley) who portrayed "bare-knuckled, sleeves-rolled-up hard hats" in various films. Terry's Columbia "B" features include A Fight to the Finish (1937), Paid to Dance (1937), Who Killed Gail Preston? (1937), When G-Men Step In (1938), and Squadron of Honor (1938). Terry's portrayals are complemented by his distinct New England accent, which he never completely lost.
Don Terry also became a star of serials, his first chapter play being The Secret of Treasure Island, released by Columbia in 1938. His best-known role is probably playing the recurring character of Naval Commander Don Winslow in Universal Pictures serials of the early 1940s, including Don Winslow of the Navy (1942) and Don Winslow of the Coast Guard (1943), co-starring Elyse Knox. Knox previously worked with Terry in Top Sergeant (1942). Terry appeared in Danger in the Pacific (1942) as a scientist, co-starring Louise Allbritton. Other credits include Fugitives (1929), Border Romance (1929), Barnacle Bill (1941), Overland Mail (1942), Sherlock Holmes in Washington (1943) and White Savage (1943), his last screen appearance before enlisting in the U.S. Navy. He rose to the rank of Lieutenant Commander and was awarded the Purple Heart. He left the Navy in 1946 and never returned to film.
Post-film life and career
In 1941, Terry married Katherine Bogdanovich, a daughter of the founder of StarKist tuna. Bogdanovich, a 1940 graduate of University of Southern California (USC), shared an interest in Olympic competition with her husband. She tried out for the 1932 Olympics as a sprinter. The couple had two daughters, and after completing his World War II service, Terry dropped his screen name and went to work for StarKist as vice president of public and industrial relations.
Loker retired from the company in 1965, and the couple then devoted their time and energies to various philanthropic projects by establishing the Donald and Katherine Loker Foundation. The Foundation supported many projects, with a special emphasis on the colleges that were the Lokers' alma maters. They supported USC as board members of long standing, and with financial gifts of more than $30 million over a period of time. The Lokers were long-time friends of Richard and Pat Nixon and were also supporters of the Nixon Library. Despite the Lokers' lack of experience in chemistry, Carl Franklin, who was at the time USC's legal vice president, referred them to the university's hydrocarbon research institute, which was established in 1978 with the Lokers' financial aid. In 1983, it was renamed Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute in their honor. He died at Oceanside, California on October 6, 1988, aged 86. After his death, his widow continued the couple's philanthropic efforts until her death in 2008.
Partial filmography
Me, Gangster (1928) - Jimmy Williams
Blindfold (1928) - Buddy Brower
Fugitives (1929) - Dick Starr
The Valiant (1929) - Policeman (uncredited)
Border Romance (1929) - Bob Hamlin
Lady with a Past (1932) - Party Guest (uncredited)
Whistlin' Dan (1932) - Bob Reid
The Billion Dollar Scandal (1933) - Boxer in Fight Montage (uncredited)
Her First Mate (1933) - Purser, Albany Night Boat (uncredited)
A Fight to the Finish (1937) - Duke Mallor
A Dangerous Adventure (1937) - Tim Sawyer
Paid to Dance (1937) - William Dennis
Who Killed Gail Preston? (1937) - Tom Kellogg
When G-Men Step In (1938) - Larry Kent
The Secret of Treasure Island (1938) - Frederick 'Fred' Garth
Squadron of Honor (1938) - District Attorney Don Blane
You Can't Cheat an Honest Man (1939) - Ping-Pong Player (uncredited)
Barnacle Bill (1941) - Dixon
Mutiny in the Arctic (1941) - Cole
In the Navy (1941) - Reef (uncredited)
Tight Shoes (1941) - Haystack - Reporter (uncredited)
Hold That Ghost (1941) - Strangler (uncredited)
Don Winslow of the Navy (1942) - Cmdr. Don Winslow
Valley of the Sun (1942) - Lieutenant (uncredited)
Unseen Enemy (1942) - Canadian Army Captain William Flynn Hitchcock, aka Bill Flinn, posing as Captain Wilhelm Roering
Drums of the Congo (1942) - Captain Kirk Armstrong
Escape from Hong Kong (1942) - Rusty
Danger in the Pacific (1942) - Dr. David Lynd
Top Sergeant (1942) - Sgt. Dick 'Rusty' Manson
Overland Mail (1942) - Buckskin Billy Burke
Moonlight in Havana (1942) - Eddie Daniels
Sherlock Holmes in Washington (1943) - Howe
Don Winslow of the Coast Guard (1943) - Cmdr. Don Winslow
White Savage (1943) - Chris (final film role)
References
External links
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute at the University of Southern California
American male film actors
1902 births
1988 deaths
People from Natick, Massachusetts
Harvard University alumni
20th Century Fox contract players
Male actors from Massachusetts
20th-century American male actors |
23578855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapsan%20Arena | Sapsan Arena | Sapsan Arena () is a football stadium situated in Moscow, Russia. It hosts Kazanka Moscow, Lokomotiv Moscow's farm club, and Lokomotiv Moscow's youth team. It seats 10,000 people.
History
The stadium was built in 2009 and its initial capacity stood at 5000, all seated. It is the home stadium of the youth squad of Lokomotiv. It was also used by Lokomotiv-2, prior to their disbandment. The stadium was further expanded in the winter of 2010, and as a result nowadays the stadium is capable to hold 10,000 people, all seated. In addition to the expansion, all the four stands were covered under a roof. Such development qualified the Minor Sports Arena Lokomotiv to meet the standards for UEFA competition and thus international and European matches can be played at the small stadium.
On 5 August 2017, Lokomotiv announced that the stadium has been renamed to Sapsan Arena
Description
It is situated adjacent to the main Lokomotiv Moscow stadium, the RZD Arena. Its surface is artificial turf.
References
External links
Stadium information
FC Lokomotiv Moscow
Football venues in Russia
Sports venues in Moscow |
23578856 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego%20case | Lego case | These court cases are informally known as the Lego case:
Interlego AG v Tyco Industries Inc — a Hong Kong case that went before the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
Kirkbi AG v Ritvik Holdings Inc — a case that went before the Supreme Court of Canada |
44497617 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956%20French%20legislative%20election%20in%20Gabon%E2%80%93Moyen%20Congo | 1956 French legislative election in Gabon–Moyen Congo | Elections to the French National Assembly were held in Gabon and French Congo on 2 January 1956.
Results
First college
Second college: Gabon
Second College: Moyen Congo
References
Gabon
Elections in Gabon
Elections in the Republic of the Congo
1956 in Gabon
1956 in Moyen-Congo
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results |
6903501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuylkill%20Navy | Schuylkill Navy | The Schuylkill Navy is an association of amateur rowing clubs of Philadelphia. Founded in 1858, it is the oldest amateur athletic governing body in the United States. The member clubs are all on the Schuylkill River where it flows through Fairmount Park in Philadelphia, mostly on the historic Boathouse Row.
By charter, the Schuylkill Navy’s object is "to secure united action among the several Clubs and to promote amateurism on the Schuylkill River." Over the years, the group has had a role in certain ceremonial and state functions. The success of the Schuylkill Navy and similar organizations contributed heavily to the extinction of professional rowing and the sport's current status as an amateur sport.
At its founding, it had nine clubs; today, there are 16: Fairmount Rowing Association, Crescent Boat Club, Bachelors Barge Club, University Barge Club, Malta Boat Club, Vesper Boat Club, College Boat Club, Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association (Penn AC), Undine Barge Club (Undine), Philadelphia Girls' Rowing Club (PGRC), Gillin Boat Club, Conshohocken Rowing Center, Pennsylvania Barge Club, Whitemarsh Boat Club, Sedgeldy, and Pennsylvania Center for Adapted Sports. At least 23 other clubs have belonged to the Navy at various times. Many of the clubs have a rich history, and have produced a large number of Olympians and world-class competitors.
Origins
The Schuylkill Navy was founded by nine Philadelphia rowing clubs seeking a governing body to prevent fixed races. Once formed, the Navy enacted a code of conduct that prohibited wagering on races.
These clubs were present at the founding of the society in October 1858: America, Camilla, Chebucto, Falcon, Independent, Keystone (the 1st), Neptune (the 1st), Pennsylvania (the 1st), and University. Later that month, Amateurs, Nautilus, and Quaker City joined. While not at that first meeting, Undine and Bachelors joined the Navy soon after its founding. Bachelors absorbed member, Amateurs, in December 1858, and became a member in March 1859. While Undine was not initially listed as a founder, it is considered a founder of the Navy because one of Undine's members was the Secretary Treasurer of the Navy at its inception.
In March 1860, Union Boat Club and Atlantic Barge Club (the 1st) joined the Schuylkill Navy. In September 1860 the founding club, Camilla Boat Club, resigned. By June 1861, Falcon, Pennsylvania, and Atlantic had dissolved. Half of the remaining Schuylkill Navy clubs lapsed during the Civil War. As of August 1865 Chebutco, Excelsior, Union, Independent, and Keystone no longer existed.
After the Civil War
Rowing resumed at the end of the Civil War, but many of the fledgling post-war clubs did not last. On August 17, 1865, Pennsylvania Barge Club (the 2nd) and Philadelphia Barge Club were elected to the Navy. Five days later Malta Boat Club and Washington Boat Club (now known as Vesper) joined.
In 1867 the Navy admitted Iona (the 1st), but Iona terminated its membership after it became part of Crescent Boat Club, which joined in 1868. In April 1868 rowers split from Neptune to form the second Atlantic Boat Club. Keystone (the 2nd) joined the Navy in February 1870, but resigned by the end of the year. Washington Boat Club was renamed Vesper Boat Club in 1870, then resigned in 1871, and was not a member again until 1879. Bachelors resigned in 1870 and did not rejoin until 1882. West Philadelphia Barge Club and College Boat Club joined in 1873 and 1875 respectively.
On November 11, 1872, the Navy composed the funeral solemnities of General George Meade. In 1876, it held an international regatta in connection with the Centennial Exposition, the largest of its kind to that point. On April 27, 1878, crews from various clubs of the Navy staged a demonstration to honor President Rutherford B. Hayes's visit to Philadelphia.
A new Iona Boat Club, chartered in 1876, joined the Navy in 1884, and lasted until 1895. Fairmount Rowing Association, in existence since 1877, was admitted in 1916. In 1924, Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association absorbed West Philadelphia Boat Club. In 1932, under the pressures of the Great Depression, Quaker City Barge Club and Philadelphia Barge Club closed their doors.
After World War II
World War II dramatically reduced the membership rolls of the clubs of the Schuylkill Navy. As a result, Crescent Boat Club resigned and leased its boathouse to LaSalle Rowing Association from 1951 until 1960. Pennsylvania Barge Club (the 2nd) ceased rowing in 1955. Pennsylvania turned its boathouse over to the Navy until its membership was reinstated in 2009.
In 1968, Philadelphia Girls' Rowing Club, a women-only club, became a member of the Schuylkill Navy. Most recently, Gillin Boat Club was elected to the Navy by unanimous vote in 2004.
21st century
The Schuylkill Navy is the organizer of the Philadelphia Classic Regatta Series. With three of the largest regattas in the mid-Atlantic region on the schedule as well as two of the nation's oldest regattas, the Philadelphia Classic Regatta Series connects the rowing competitors of today to the historic home of the international rowing elite. It is built on a tradition that launched November 12, 1835, with the first organized regatta on Philadelphia's historic Schuylkill River (a full eight years before the start of the rowing program at Harvard University).
In 2010, USRowing, the national governing body for rowing, announced the launch of a new Training Center Partner Program in order to create partnerships with clubs across the country interested in collaborating in the development of athletes who could potentially represent the United States in international races. The partner program places an emphasis on training athletes in small boat development and incorporating athletes in senior and under-23 camps and trials. Partners include Schuylkill Navy's Penn AC and Vesper Boat Club. Partner programs will have access to national team training programs, and have the opportunity to consult with USRowing National Team staff and the Director of Coaching Education, Kris Korzeniowski.
In 2016, the composite crew racing as Schuylkill Navy won the Prince of Wales Challenge Cup at Henley Royal Regatta.
Traditions
Regattas
Aberdeen Dad Vail Regatta: Held annually since 1953, this is the largest intercollegiate rowing event in the United States. Named for Harry Emerson “Dad” Vail, a crew coach at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, it was created to involve and support schools whose rowing programs were too small to compete in major races against larger institutions.
Head of the Schuylkill: Founded in 1971 by three members of the University Barge Club, it was intended to open up the head-racing season to Club rowers in an era when most headraces were held for Junior, University, and Elite rowers. By 2013, more than 6,500 athletes competed over the 2.5-mile course.
Independence Day Regatta: Originally called “The People's Regatta” and first held around 1880, the Independence Day Regatta was given its current name in 1958 to recognize the Schuylkill Navy’s 100th anniversary. It is a 2000m race held on the Sunday of the week of the Fourth of July. There are races for juniors, intermediate club, senior club, and masters.
Navy Day Regatta: It was founded in 1986 by two former United States Navy members who wanted to sponsor a regatta to promote and support U. S. Navy and Marine Corps awareness. A 700-meter trial race was held in 1986, and in 1987 the course was moved to the 2000-meter course above the Columbia Avenue Bridge. After the United States Naval Academy began attending the regatta, the race was lengthened to 2.5 miles as a preparation for the Head of the Charles Regatta and Head of the Schuylkill regattas held later in the fall season.
Stotesbury Cup: This regatta has been held continuously since 1927, with women's events starting in 1974. Edward T. Stotesbury fronted the cost for the regatta to make a championship race for the Boys' Senior Eight, which is held over 1500 meters. The Stotesbury is the largest high school regatta in the world with over 5000 competitors and 10,000 spectators in attendance at the Athlete Village.
Events
The Navy also sponsors other athletic endeavors including a basketball league and an annual cross country race.
Schuylkill Navy Run
The Schuylkill Navy Run, also known as the Turkey Trot, began in 1899. Held on Thanksgiving Day, the race has been a tradition for rowers in the Philadelphia region ever since, with the exception of two years during World War I and two years during World War II. It begins at Malta Boat Club on Kelly Drive, and continues over 5 5/8 miles of hilly terrain. The runners go inbound on Kelly Drive to the traffic light in front of Lloyd Hall, turn left and go up Lemon Hill and over the Girard Avenue Bridge, then right onto Lansdowne Avenue. Just past Sweetbriar Cutoff, the course turns right and starts the true “cross country” segment across grassy surfaces. Runners go to the General Meade Monument, then follow to the Pagoda entrance gate to Belmont Plateau, up the hill to Belmont Mansion, and return by way of Brewery Hill down Kelly Drive back to Malta Boat Club.
Any and all members of The Schuylkill Navy clubs and its affiliates are eligible to compete, as well as friend and family guest runners. The classifications include the following categories: Open, Masters, Juniors, Guests, and Novices.
Member clubs
Current members
Fairmount Rowing Association
Established in 1877 and located at No. 2 Boathouse Row, Fairmount is on the National Register of Historic Places. Fairmount gained admission to the Schuylkill Navy in 1916 after it had been rejected for decades. In 1945 the boathouse underwent a huge expansion in which it merged with what was No. 3 on Boathouse Row to create the current Fairmount Rowing Association boathouse. Fairmount has called itself the "premiere club for Masters rowing in the mid-Atlantic region". Recently the club has produced several world class rowers. The club is currently coached by Ahsan Iqbal and is affiliated with La Salle University and Episcopal Academy.
Pennsylvania Barge Club
Founded in 1861 and located at No. 4 Boathouse Row, the Pennsylvania Barge Club is also known as the Hollenback House, after William M. Hollenback Jr., who from 1979 to 1985 served as the president of the governing body of rowing, USRowing. It is alleged that painter Thomas Eakins was a member of the Pennsylvania Barge Club as he frequently painted rowers, and one of his close friends, Max Schmitt, is known to have rowed for the club and won the single sculls national championship 6 times. Pennsylvania Barge Club represented the United States at the Summer Olympic Games in 1920 (coxed four), 1924 (coxed four), 1928 (coxed four and four without coxswain) and 1932 (pair with coxswain). In 1955, due to World War II the boathouse suffered a severe decrease in membership and turned its facility over to the National Association of Amateur Oarsmen, which would later become USRowing, to serve as their headquarters. In 2009 Pennsylvania Barge Club was reinstated as a member of the Schuylkill Navy; the club's current president is Michael Ragan, and it is affiliated with La Salle College High School.
Crescent Boat Club
Established in 1867 and located at No. 5 Boathouse Row, Crescent Boat Club was one of the first members of the Schuylkill Navy. The club began to be known as Crescent when Pickwick Barge Club and Iona Barge Club merged. Crescent won the double sculls in the first National Association of Amateur Oarsmen regatta, currently known as the USRowing Club National Championships. After World War II, the club, like many others on Boathouse Row, suffered a dramatic decrease in membership and turned the operation of the boathouse over to the La Salle Rowing Association, which controlled it from 1951 to 1960. By 1974 the boathouse was vacant, and was not returned to prosperity until it came under the reins of John Wilkins. The club is now affiliated with Philadelphia University's rowing team and Roman Catholic High School rowing team, which supplies most of Crescent's summer rowing membership. Crescent has the smallest membership to the Schuylkill Navy on Boathouse Row.
Bachelors Barge Club
Located at No. 6 Boathouse Row, Bachelors was founded in 1853 and is the oldest continuously operating boathouse in the United States. Founding members of Bachelors were members of a volunteer fire-fighting club called the Phoenix Engine Company. Israel Morris is credited with founding the club, and was elected as its second president. As the name of the club suggests, membership was restricted to "Bachelors"; however shortly after its founding Bachelors opened its doors to married men. Now the vast majority of the club's 150 members are women. Bachelors medaled at the Summer Olympic Games in the single sculls and the coxed four in 1924, the single sculls in 1928, and the double sculls in 1932. More recently Bachelors sent Cody Lowry to the World Rowing Championships in 2009 in the lightweight men's single sculls. Bachelors is currently affiliated with the Conestoga High School, Lower Merion High School, and Radnor High School Men's and Women's teams, along with the Drexel University Men's and Women's teams and a number of smaller programs and independent high school scullers.
University Barge Club
Commonly referred to as UBC, the club is located at No. 7 Boathouse Row, and is designated as a National Historic Landmark. Established in 1854 by 10 members of the University of Pennsylvania's freshman rowing class, UBC founded the Schuylkill Navy in 1858. The club's beginnings are considered to be "the dawn of organized athletics at the University of Pennsylvania" as at first membership was restricted solely to University of Pennsylvania students, later opening to alumni in 1867. UBC is known as "the upper-class rowing club", as when it opened to the public most of its members were aristocracy and upper class citizens of the city of Philadelphia. UBC is currently affiliated with the Chestnut Hill Academy high school boys' rowing team and the Springside School high school women's rowing team.
Malta Boat Club
The Malta Boat Club is located at No. 9 Boathouse Row and joined the Schuylkill Navy in 1865, after its establishment in 1860 when it relocated from the Delaware River to the Schuylkill River, occupying what was the Excelsior Club boathouse.
In 1901 Malta became the tallest boathouse on Boathouse Row after George W. and William D. Hewitt designed the third story of the boathouse. Malta currently does not have any strong affiliations, although some boats from The Shipley School are stored there.
Vesper Boat Club
Established in 1865 and located at No. 10 Boathouse Row, Vesper joined the Schuylkill Navy in 1870. In 1873 Vesper built, in conjunction with Malta, a 1 1/2 story boathouse. The boathouse has since been renovated, largely based ondesigns by Howard Egar in 1898.
Vesper's stated goal is "to produce Olympic champions." This was most recently accomplished by Andrew Byrnes, Gold for Canada, and Josh Inman, Bronze for the United States, both in the Men's 8+ 2008 Summer Olympics. Vesper, along with its national team and Olympic aspirations, is affiliated with several high schools including Archbishop Prendergast, Friends Select School, and Sacred Heart.
College Boat Club (University of Pennsylvania)
Located at No. 11 Boathouse Row, College Boat Club houses the University of Pennsylvania rowing teams. College Boat Club houses the Men's, Women's and Lightweight squads, and its constituency is entirely made up of past rowers. The boathouse was established in 1872 after the University of Pennsylvania moved its campus from Center City to West City, and became a member of the Schuylkill Navy in 1875. College Boat Club was admitted to the Schuylkill Navy in 1875. It was initially founded to give University of Pennsylvania students an alternative to the school's original Boathouse, University Barge Club. In 1877 University of Pennsylvania rowers from the club beat the University of Pennsylvania rowers from University Barge Club, making College Boat Club the official hub for most University of Pennsylvania rowers by 1879. By 1893 membership was opened to alumni and enrolled students.
Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association
Otherwise known as Penn AC, the club is located at No. 12 Boathouse Row and was founded in 1871 as the West Philadelphia Boat Club. The club became known as Penn AC in 1924, and joined the Schuylkill Navy in 1925. Penn AC has been a hub for elite and US National Team rowers since John B. Kelly Sr. joined the club after a falling out with his former club, Vesper. The club is currently affiliated with the Shipley School boys' and girls' rowing teams and the Monsignor Bonner High School boys' team, both of which have brought Stotesbury Cup wins back to the club in recent years.
Undine Barge Club
Established in 1856 and located at No. 13 Boathouse Row, Undine joined the Schuylkill Navy in 1858 and is considered a founding member. Both the boathouse (1882–83) and the clubhouse upstream, Castle Ringstetten (1875), were designed by architect Frank Furness. The club is currently affiliated with the rowing teams from Penn Charter and the Baldwin School. The club is also known for its motto "Labor ipse voluptas" (in English: Labor itself is a pleasure).
Philadelphia Girls' Rowing Club
Otherwise known as PGRC, the club is located at No. 14 Boathouse Row and is the oldest all-female rowing club in the world. Built in 1860, it is the oldest structure on Boathouse Row, and was originally constructed for the purpose of housing the Philadelphia Skating Club and Humane Society. Although not formally established until 1938, PGRC was formed by 17 women (mainly wives of rowers at other clubs who wished to partake in the activity of rowing). PGRC was formally admitted into the Schuylkill Navy in 1967, and currently hosts the girls' rowing team from the Agnes Irwin School.
Gillin Boat Club (St. Joseph's University and St. Joe's Prep)
Although not on historic Boathouse Row, Gillin Boat Club sits on the 1,000 meter mark of the famous Schuylkill River 2,000 meter race course. Admitted into the Schuylkill Navy in 2004, Gillin hosts the St. Joseph's University and St. Joe's Prep rowing teams. The boathouse was the first built on this up-river portion of the Schuylkill River in 98 years.
Membership history timeline
Notes
Quaker City formed from the remnants of Camilla (1858)
Bachelors Barge Club absorbed Amateurs Barge Club (1858)
Crescent formed when Iona (1st) and Pickwick merged (1867)
Washington became Vesper (1870)
Penn AC absorbed West Philadelphia (1925)
University Barge absorbed Philadelphia Barge (1932)
Fairmount absorbed Quaker City (1945)
Crescent turned over its boathouse to LaSalle (1951–1960)
Pennsylvania turned over its boathouse to the Navy (1955–2009)
Photo gallery
See also
John B. Kelly Sr.
John B. Kelly Jr.
Joe Burk
Paul Costello
References
Bibliography
History of rowing
Sports in Philadelphia
Rowing in the United States
Schuylkill River
1858 establishments in Pennsylvania
Rowing associations |
23578859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum%20chippendalei | Solanum chippendalei | Solanum chippendalei (common names - solanum, bush tomato, ngaru, Chippendale's tomato) is a small fruiting shrub in the family Solanaceae, native to northern Australia. It is named after its discoverer, George Chippendale. The fruits, known as "bush tomatoes", are edible and are an important indigenous food, and the aborigines who use them broadcast the seed for later harvesting.
The species occurs in Western Australia, the Northern Territory and Queensland.
Distribution
In Queensland it is found in the IBRA region of Mount Isa Inlier.
In the Northern Territory it is found in the IBRA regions of: Burt Plain, Central Ranges, Davenport Murchison Ranges, Gibson Desert, Great Sandy Desert, MacDonnell Ranges, Ord Victoria Plain, and Tanami.
In Western Australia it is found in the IBRA regions of:Central Ranges, Gascoyne, Gibson Desert, Great Sandy Desert, Little Sandy Desert, Pilbara, and Tanami.
Habitat
S. chippendalei is found on spinifex-dominated rocky or gravelly rises, hills or ranges composed of neutral or acidic rocks, on Mulga-dominated red earth plains and on sandplains, and often in recently burnt areas and disturbed areas.
Names
The many Indigenous names reflect both its importance in the Central desert and the many language groups. They are:
Alyawarr: anaweyt, anemangkerr, kanakety
Anmatyerr: anakety, antyewal
Eastern Arrernte: *anaketye
Jaru: rambaramba.
Kaytetye: antyewarle, kanaketye, karnaketye, kwenemangkerre
Pintupi Luritja: ngaru, pintalypa, pura
Pitjantjatjara: ngaru, pintalypa, pura, wirkalpa
Waramangu: nganjawarli
Warlpiri: kakaja, ngaru, kurla-parnta, nganjawarli, ngayaki, wanakiji
Western Arrernte: kwere
References
External links
Solanum chippendalei occurrence data from the Australasian Virtual Herbarium
chippendalei
Solanales of Australia
Flora of the Northern Territory
Flora of Queensland
Eudicots of Western Australia
Plants described in 1981 |
23578870 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawdon%20River | Hawdon River | The Hawdon River is a river of New Zealand. One of the headwaters of Canterbury's Waimakariri River, it flows south through Arthur's Pass National Park, reaching the Waimakariri to the north of the settlement of Cass.
See also
List of rivers of New Zealand
References
Rivers of Canterbury, New Zealand
Rivers of New Zealand |
44497647 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal%20mobilisation | Legal mobilisation | Legal mobilisation is a tool available to paralegal and advocacy groups, to achieve legal empowerment by supporting a marginalized issues of a stakeholder, in negotiating with the other concerned agencies and other stakeholders, by strategic combined use of legal processes along with advocacy, media engagement and social mobilisation. As per Frances Kahen Zemans (1983) the Legal mobilisation is "a desire or want, which is translated into a demand as an assertion of one's rights".
According to Lisa Vanhala (November 2011) Legal mobilisation in its narrowest sense, may refer to high-profile litigation efforts for (or, arguably, against) social change or more broadly, term legal mobilisation has been used to describe any type of process by which an individual or collective actors invoke legal norms, discourse, or symbols to influence policy or behavior. This typically means that there are policies or regulations to mobilize around and a mechanism by which to do so. Legislative activity does create an opportunity for legal mobilization. The courts become particularly relevant when petitioners have grounds to file suit.
History of conceptualisation
The use of the law and legal systems by disadvantaged people to contest the unfair distribution of power and resources is a real-world phenomenon that predates and exists independently of international law and justice assistance.
study and research
Tool to ensure statutory intervention
Particularly in circumstances where traditional power resources, in terms of bargaining power and worker solidarity, are not firmly established, Use of the legal mobilisation clearly offers important additional tactics.
See also
References
Activism by type
Practice of law |
23578874 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81wea%20River | Hāwea River | The Hāwea River is a river of New Zealand, draining Lake Hāwea into the Clutha/Matau-au.
The river's flow is set by the Lake Hawea Control Dam, an earth embankment 30m high and 390m long that enables water to be released when wanted for the Clyde Dam further downstream.
See also
List of rivers of New Zealand
References
Rivers of Otago
Rivers of New Zealand |
23578876 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkins%20River | Hawkins River | The Hawkins River is a river of New Zealand. A major tributary of Canterbury's Selwyn River / Waikirikiri, it flows generally southeast from its source to the southwest of Springfield, reaching the Selwyn west of Burnham.
See also
List of rivers of New Zealand
References
Rivers of Canterbury, New Zealand
Rivers of New Zealand |
6903502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca%20Express%20Train%20Museum | Boca Express Train Museum | The Boca Express Train Museum, operated by the Boca Raton Historical Society, is housed in a restored 1930 Florida East Coast Railway (FEC) train station in Boca Raton, Florida. designed by Chester G. Henninger, built for Clarence H. Geist. It is located at 747 South Dixie Highway, off U.S. 1 (Federal Highway). On October 24, 1980, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.
Use as a passenger train station
Historically, the station served several long-distance trains and one or two local trains. Into the early 1960s, passengers could take one of two Chicago-bound trains (on alternating days), the City of Miami or the South Wind (both via Birmingham) and the New York City-bound East Coast Champion, Havana Special, and Miamian from the FEC's station. Into the latter 1950s, passengers could take the Dixie Flagler to Chicago via Atlanta from the station. The FEC operated local passenger service between Jacksonville and the Miami area until July 31, 1968.
Service on the line is planned to be restored by Brightline, with a station north of the museum, scheduled to open in 2021. However, Brightline shut down operations during the 2020–2021 Covid pandemic.
Exhibits
The Museum contains two restored and unique 1947 Seaboard Air Line streamlined rail cars, a dining and a lounge car, built by the Budd Company and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Boca Express Train Museum also includes a 1946 Atlantic Coast Line caboose and a 1930 Baldwin steam switch engine.
For sale
The Boca Raton Historical Society put the Train Museum up for sale in 2017, saying that maintaining two historic buildings (the other is the Society's home, Boca Raton's first city hall) is draining the nonprofit's resources.
See also
Seaboard Air Line 6113
Seaboard Air Line 6603
South Florida Railway Museum
References
Palm Beach County listings at National Register of Historic Places
Florida's Office of Cultural and Historical Programs
Palm Beach County listings
Palm Beach County markers
Count de Hoernle Pavilion
External links
Boca Express Train Museum - Boca Raton Historical Society
Boca Raton
Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida
Buildings and structures in Boca Raton, Florida
National Register of Historic Places in Palm Beach County, Florida
Museums in Palm Beach County, Florida
Railroad museums in Florida
Transportation buildings and structures in Palm Beach County, Florida
Florida East Coast Railway
Preserved steam locomotives of the United States
1930 establishments in Florida
Seaboard Air Line Railroad
Atlantic Coast Line Railroad
Budd Company
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1930 |
23578877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaphy%20River | Heaphy River | The Heaphy River is a river of the northwestern South Island of New Zealand. It flows through Kahurangi National Park, rising on the northern slopes of Amohia Peak and initially flowing northwest before turning southwest to reach the Tasman Sea 30 kilometres north of Karamea. Stages of the Heaphy Track follow the lower course of this river, with the track reaching the coast at the river's mouth. The Heaphy River is located in the Buller District.
The river is named for Charles Heaphy, a soldier who explored the area in the 1840s.
Tributaries to the Heaphy River that are named "river" are (source to sea) the Lewis River and the Gunner River.
See also
List of rivers of New Zealand
Notes
References
Kahurangi National Park
Rivers of the West Coast, New Zealand
Rivers of New Zealand
Buller District |
6903511 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward%20Mountain%20%28Nevada%29 | Ward Mountain (Nevada) | Ward Mountain is the high point of the Egan Range in south-central White Pine County of eastern Nevada. It ranks thirty-fourth among the most topographically prominent peaks in the state. The summit, part of a three mile long crest, is located just south of the city of Ely. The Ward Charcoal Ovens State Historic Park is located on the mountain's eastern flank.
References
External links
Ward Mountain Recreation Area, photos and info, by BLM
Ward Mountain Recreation Area, map & information
Mountains of Nevada
Mountains of White Pine County, Nevada
Humboldt–Toiyabe National Forest |
23578879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector%20River | Hector River | The Hector River is a river of New Zealand's southern North Island. It rises on the northern slopes of Mount Hector in the Tararua Range, flowing east through Tararua Forest Park before joining with the upper reaches of the Waiohine River.
See also
List of rivers of New Zealand
References
Rivers of the Wellington Region
Rivers of New Zealand |
23578880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Hornby | William Hornby | William Hornby may refer to:
William Hornby (governor) (1723–1803), Governor of Bombay, 1771–1784
William Henry Hornby (1805–1884), British industrialist, Member of Parliament (MP) for Blackburn 1857–1869
Sir William Hornby, 1st Baronet (1841–1928), his son, British MP for Blackburn, 1886–1910
William Hornby (Warrington MP), British Member of Parliament for Warrington
William Hornby (priest) (1848–1932), Archdeacon of Lancaster, 1870–1895 |
23578882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemphill%20River | Hemphill River | The Hemphill River is a river of the northwestern South Island of New Zealand. It flows through rugged country to the south of Kahurangi National Park, forming two small lakes (Lake Phyllis and Lake Marina) on its route south to join with the Mōkihinui River.
See also
List of rivers of New Zealand
References
Rivers of the West Coast, New Zealand
Buller District
Rivers of New Zealand |
23578883 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron%20River | Heron River | The Heron River is a river of Stewart Island/Rakiura, New Zealand. It rises north of Adventure Hill and flows south-eastward into Port Adventure.
See also
List of rivers of New Zealand
References
Rivers of Stewart Island |
6903517 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20Rondo%20%C3%A0%20la%20Turk | Blue Rondo à la Turk | "Blue Rondo à la Turk" is a jazz standard composition by Dave Brubeck. It appeared on the album Time Out in 1959. It is written in time, with one side theme in and the choice of rhythm was inspired by the Turkish aksak time signatures. It was originally recorded by the Dave Brubeck Quartet with Dave Brubeck on piano, Paul Desmond on alto saxophone, Eugene Wright on bass, and Joe Morello on drums.
History
Brubeck heard this unusual rhythm performed by Turkish musicians on the street. Upon asking the musicians where they got the rhythm, one replied "This rhythm is to us what the blues is to you." Hence the title "Blue Rondo à la Turk."
Contrary to popular belief, the piece is neither inspired by nor related to the last movement of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Piano Sonata No. 11, known by the near-identical title "Rondo Alla Turca".
The rhythm is an additive rhythm that consists of three measures of followed by one measure of and the cycle then repeats. Taking the smallest time unit as eighth notes, then the main beats are:
Derivative pieces
Rock keyboardist Keith Emerson used this piece (uncredited) as a foundation of his "Rondo" beginning when he was with the progressive rock band The Nice; it appeared on the album The Thoughts of Emerlist Davjack. Emerson's version was in time and Brubeck, meeting with Emerson in 2003, described it to him as "your 4/4 version which I can't play." Emerson, a great admirer of Brubeck, took this to mean that Brubeck preferred his own version, as Brubeck would have had no difficulty in playing Emerson's interpretation.
Later, Emerson folded the melody into the 14-minute "Finale (Medley)" on the 1993 Emerson, Lake & Palmer (ELP) release Live at the Royal Albert Hall, as well as improvisations on "Fanfare for the Common Man". Those medleys also included themes from other well-known tunes including "America" from West Side Story, "Toccata and Fugue in D", and "Flight of the Bumblebee".
Emerson frequently used "Rondo" as a closing number during performances both with The Nice and ELP.
On his 1981 album Breakin' Away, Al Jarreau performed a vocal version of the song, with lyrics by himself.
References
1950s jazz standards
Cool jazz standards
Grammy Award for Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Male
Compositions by Dave Brubeck
Jazz compositions in F major
Articles containing video clips
1959 songs |
23578884 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewson%20River | Hewson River | The Hewson River is a river of New Zealand's South Island. It flows east and then south from the Ben McLeod Range of inland Canterbury before flowing into the upper reaches of the Orari River west of Mount Peel.
See also
List of rivers of New Zealand
References
Rivers of Canterbury, New Zealand
Rivers of New Zealand |
23578885 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikurangi%20River | Hikurangi River | The Hikurangi River is a river of Northland, New Zealand. A winding stretch of river, it can be considered an extension of the Kaikou River, being formed from the confluence of this river and the Moengawahine Stream. The Hikurangi flows south past the Pipiwai settlement for several kilometres before flowing into the Mangakahia River, west of Whangarei.
See also
List of rivers of New Zealand
References
Rivers of the Northland Region
Rivers of New Zealand
Kaipara Harbour catchment |
23578886 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikurua%20River | Hikurua River | The Hikurua River is a river of the far north of New Zealand's North Island. It flows southeast from rough hill country south of the Whangaroa Harbour, reaching the sea at Takou Bay, south of the Cavalli Islands.
See also
List of rivers of New Zealand
References
Rivers of the Northland Region
Far North District
Rivers of New Zealand |
23578888 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Membrillar | Battle of Membrillar | The battle of Membrillar occurred on 20 March 1814, during the War of Chilean Independence.
Background
Prior to the fall of Talca in early March, Juan Mackenna had been positioned along the rata Itata river with a small division of patriot troops, whilst Bernardo O'Higgins had remained with the main body of the army in Concepción. After Talca fell to Royalist forces, however, Mackenna realised his lines of communication with O'Higgins were now cut and that he was isolated. Mackenna, the colonel of engineers on the patriot General Staff, formed a solid defensive position, building three mutually supporting bastions on local hills on the north bank of the north side of the Itata river near Membrillar. The Royalist commander, Gabino Gaínza, had sent a vanguard of 400 men into the hills of Quilo, south of the Itata river, to prevent the two patriot commanders from reuniting. This force had been defeated in the Battle of El Quilo on the 19 March, forcing Gaínza to attempt a different plan. Gaínza instead decided to attack Mackenna's forces immediately, before then turning on O'Higgins. Chillán sent additional reinforcements, and Gaínza then crossed the Itata to attack.
The battle
The battle began on 20 March in chaos. A misinterpreted order resulted in confused skirmishes breaking out between the forward units of both armies. The Royalist forces made a disorganised assault on the Patriot trenches surrounding the field by the village of Membrillar; this attack was repelled and immediately the Royalist officer Manuel Barañao led a second attack, this time on the central positions held by Mackenna. Mackenna's forces held and he sent a counter-attack against the Royalists, comprising units led by Santiago Bueras, Hilario Vidal, Agustín Almanza and Balcarce Marks, driving Barañao's forces back. The Royalists continued their waves of attacks for several hours, but all were repulsed. When night fell, the driving rain and the dark encouraged the Royalists to retreat from the field.
Aftermath
In the morning, Mackenna did not realise how much damage he had inflicted on the Royalists and instead focused on repairing the damage to his fortifications, expecting another attack. As a result, Gabino Gaínza was able to regroup and reorganise his forces.
Notes
Conflicts in 1814
Battles involving Chile
Battles involving Spain
Battles of the Spanish American wars of independence
Battles of the Chilean War of Independence
Battles of the Patria Vieja Campaign
1814 in the Captaincy General of Chile
March 1814 events
Battle of Membrillar
es:Combate de Memebrillar |
6903532 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligustrum%20sinense | Ligustrum sinense | Ligustrum sinense (Chinese privet; syn. L. villosum; in Mandarin: 杻; pinyin: chǒu) is a species of privet native to China, Taiwan and Vietnam, and naturalized in Réunion, the Andaman Islands, Norfolk Island, Costa Rica, Honduras, Panamá and much of the eastern and southern United States (from Texas and Florida north to Kansas, Illinois, New Jersey, Massachusetts and Connecticut). The name "Chinese privet" may also refer to Ligustrum lucidum.
Description
Ligustrum sinense is a deciduous shrub growing to 2–7 m tall, with densely hairy shoots. The leaves are opposite, 2–7 cm long and 1–3 cm broad, rarely larger, with an entire margin and a 2–8 mm petiole. The flowers are white, with a four-lobed corolla 3.5–5.5 mm long. The fruit is subglobose, 5–8 mm diameter, and considered poisonous.
Varieties
The following varieties are accepted by the Flora of China:
Ligustrum sinense var. sinense
Ligustrum sinense var. concavum
Ligustrum sinense var. coryanum
Ligustrum sinense var. dissimile
Ligustrum sinense var. luodianense
Ligustrum sinense var. myrianthum
Ligustrum sinense var. opienense
Ligustrum sinense var. rugosulum
Cultivation and uses
It is cultivated as an ornamental plant and for hedges. Several cultivars have been selected, including the very floriferous 'Multiflorum', the variegated cultivar 'Variegatum', and the dwarf cultivar 'Wimbei' growing to 0.5 m and with leaves only 6 mm long.
It was introduced to North America to be used for hedges and landscaping where it has now escaped from cultivation and is listed as an invasive plant in southeastern states. It is estimated that Chinese privet now occupies over one million hectares of land across 12 states ranging from Virginia to Florida and west to Texas, with detrimental effects to biodiversity and forest health.
Etymology
Ligustrum means 'binder'. It was named by Pliny and Virgil.
See also
Privet as an invasive plant
References
External links
Species Profile - Chinese Privet (Ligustrum sinense), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library
sinense
Flora of China
Flora of Taiwan
Flora of Vietnam
Bonsai
Plants described in 1790 |
23578891 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikutaia%20River | Hikutaia River | The Hikutaia River is a river of New Zealand's North Island. It has its source in several streams which flow west from the Coromandel Range, the longest of which is the Waipaheke Stream. The river generally flows west, reaching its outflow into the Waihou River north of Paeroa on the edge of the Hauraki Plains.
See also
List of rivers of New Zealand
References
Thames-Coromandel District
Rivers of Waikato
Rivers of New Zealand
Hauraki Gulf catchment |
23578892 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikuwai%20River | Hikuwai River | The Hikuwai River is a river of the northeastern North Island of New Zealand. It flows south through a valley between two hill ridges to the north of Tolaga Bay, and for most of its length runs parallel with the Pacific coast, which lies to the east. The river is a tributary of the Uawa River joining with it before the Uawa flows into the sea at Tolaga Bay.
In March 2022, heavy rainfall in the region caused the river to rise by over 9.6 metres, causing the nearby town of Mangatuna to be evacuated.
See also
List of rivers of New Zealand
References
Rivers of the Gisborne District
Rivers of New Zealand |
6903547 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Gilbert%20%28politician%29 | Thomas Gilbert (politician) | Thomas Gilbert ( – 18 December 1798) was a British lawyer, soldier, land agent and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1773 to 1794. As one of the earliest advocates of poor relief, he played a major part in the Relief of the Poor Act of 1782.
Early life
Gilbert was the son of Thomas Gilbert of Cotton, Staffordshire. He entered Inner Temple in 1740 and was called to the bar in 1744. In 1745 he accepted a position in the regiment created by Lord Gower, the brother-in-law of the Duke of Bridgewater. His first wife was named Miss Phillips whom he married between December 1761 and January 1762. When he married her he bought her a lottery ticket, and she won one of the largest prizes in the country. She died on 22 April 1770 and he married secondly to Mary Crauford daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel George Crauford.
Political career
Gilbert was a Member of Parliament for Newcastle-under-Lyme from 1763 to 1768 and for Lichfield from 1768 to 1795. He held many titles throughout his career in parliament and was a very active member. In 1765 the title Sinecure Place of Comptroller of the Great Wardrobe was given to him, and he kept it until it was eliminated by Burke's bill which reformed the civil list. Gilbert also held the long named office of Paymaster of the Fund for Securing Pensions to the Widows of Officers in the Navy. On 31 May 1784 he received his most important post, the Chairmanship of Committees of Ways and Means. Although he became the chairman of these offices, his passion was helping the poor. He dedicated the majority of his life's work to aiding the less fortunate. In 1765 he brought to the House of Commons a bill that would group parishes for poor-law purposes in greatly populated districts, but it was rejected in the House of Lords by 66 votes to 59. In 1778, while Britain was still at war with the American colonies, he proposed to parliament a tax of twenty-five per cent should be enforced upon all government places and pensions. Many people were against a tax this high and called it absurd but it was still carried in the committee but later turned down.
Relief of the poor
Gilbert then turned his attention to improved highways, but was only able to pass acts for local roads. In 1776 a committee of the House of Commons wrote a report on conditions in factories and workhouses. During the 1780s there was an increase in unemployment which was attributed to an increase in food prices, low wages, and a decrease in available land. These factors led to an increase in the poor population and wealthy landowners turned to Gilbert. In 1782, his name was given to the Relief of the Poor Act 1782
In 1787 Gilbert introduced another bill related to poor relief. It proposed grouping many parishes together, for tax purposes, and imposing an additional charge for the use of turnpikes on Sundays. He also advocated the abolition of ale-houses in the country districts, except for the use of travellers, and their stricter supervision. He also wished to do away with imprisonment for small debts, implemented by a bill passed in 1793.
Later life and legacy
Gilbert died at Cotton in Staffordshire on 18 December 1798. His friend John Holliday printed anonymously a monody on his death, praising his generosity in building and endowing in 1795 the chapel of ease of St. John the Baptist at Lower Cotton. Gilbert and his first wife had two sons, one joined the navy and the other became a clerk to the privy council.
Gilbert's publications on his schemes of reform
1775 – Observations upon the Orders and Resolutions of the House of Commons with respect to the Poor and A Bill intended to be offered to Parliament for the better Relief and Employment of the Poor in England
1781 – Plan for the better Relief and Employment of the Poor
1781 – Plan of Police
1782 – Observations on the Bills for amending the Laws relative to Houses of Correction
References
Further reading
A study of Thomas Gilbert (and his younger brother John) is in Agents of Revolution, written by Peter Lead and published by the Centre for Local History, University of Keele in 1989. ( )
External links
Victorianweb.org article on Gilbert
https://web.archive.org/web/20090504111530/http://institutions.org.uk/poor_law_unions/the_poor_law1.htm
1720 births
1798 deaths
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Newcastle-under-Lyme
British MPs 1761–1768
British MPs 1768–1774
British MPs 1774–1780
British MPs 1780–1784
British MPs 1784–1790
British MPs 1790–1796 |
23578894 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinemaiaia%20Stream | Hinemaiaia Stream | The Hinemaiaia Stream is a river of the central North Island of New Zealand. It flows northwest from Kaimanawa Forest Park, flowing into the eastern shore of Lake Taupo at Hatepe, halfway between Taupo and Turangi. It is a popular Fly fishing stream with good numbers of Rainbow trout spawning in the winter months of June through to September.
See also
List of rivers of New Zealand
References
External links
Trustpower Hinemaiaia hydroelectricity generating stations.
Taupō District
Rivers of Waikato
Rivers of New Zealand |
6903557 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikhmenevo | Tikhmenevo | Tikhmenevo may refer to:
Tikhmenevo, Sakhalin Oblast, a former urban-type settlement in Sakhalin Oblast, Russia; since 2005—a settlement of rural type
Tikhmenevo, Yaroslavl Oblast, a former urban-type settlement in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia; since 1999—a settlement of rural type
Tikhmenevo, name of several other rural localities in Russia |
23578896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benderloch | Benderloch | Benderloch (, ) is a village in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. The name is derived from Beinn eadar dà loch, meaning "mountain between two lochs".
Benderloch lies on the A828 road in the coastal parish of Ardchattan, Argyll, Scotland.
It grew up as the railway line from Ballachullish to Connel was completed in the early part of the 1900s, between the older locations of Selma and Craigneuk.
Its railway station closed in 1966.
Benderloch has a village shop (the renowned "Pink Shop"), garage, caravan and leisure store, cafe and a forest walk up to a viewpoint on the summit of Beinn Lora.
Benderloch forms part of the Lynn of Lorn National Scenic Area, one of forty in Scotland.
References
External links
Village website
Villages in Argyll and Bute |
23578897 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodder%20River | Hodder River | The Hodder River is a river of the northeastern South Island of New Zealand. It flows north from the northwestern slopes of Mount Tapuae-o-Uenuku, joining with the Awatere River southwest of Seddon.
See also
List of rivers of New Zealand
References
Rivers of the Marlborough Region
Rivers of New Zealand |
23578900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooker%20River | Hooker River | The Hooker River is a river in the Southern Alps of New Zealand. It flows south from Hooker Lake, the glacier lake of Hooker Glacier, which lies on the southern slopes of Aoraki / Mount Cook. After 3 kilometers, it flows through Mueller Glacier Lake, gathering more glacial water, before joining the braided streams of the Tasman River, also an outflow of a glacier lake.
Etymology
The geographic Hooker items were named by the Canterbury provincial geologist, Julius von Haast, after the English botanist William Jackson Hooker.
Description
The Hooker River drains both the Hooker and Mueller Glaciers and is the principal ablation outlet for these ice masses. Its water is a milky bluish light grey due to the suspended glacial rock flour in the water. Hooker River along transports of sediment per year.
The entire run of Hooker River is within the Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park and easily accessible, as it flows through the flat Hooker Valley, the main tourism area of the park. The river is bridged three times by the pedestrian suspension bridges along the Hooker Valley Track, the most popular walking track in the area. A further track leads further downstream along the river to Tasman Valley Road, which crosses Hooker River on a small one lane road bridge just as the river enters the Tasman Valley.
See also
List of rivers of New Zealand
References
Rivers of Canterbury, New Zealand
Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park
Rivers of New Zealand |
23578904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horahora%20River | Horahora River | The Horahora River is a short river of Northland, New Zealand. It is formed from the confluence of the Waitangi River and Taheke River, which meet close to the Pacific Ocean coast northeast of Whangarei. It flows into the Pacific at Ngunguru Bay, three kilometres south of Ngunguru.
See also
List of rivers of New Zealand
References
Kaipara District
Rivers of the Northland Region
Rivers of New Zealand |
23578907 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horomanga%20River | Horomanga River | The Horomanga River is a river of the northeastern North Island of New Zealand. The river flows north through Te Urewera National Park, reaching its confluence with the Rangitaiki River north of Murupara. A well formed horse track follows the river valley to its headwaters. There are an abundant amount of introduced species such as Red deer, Rusa deer and wild pigs that provide hunters and locals with a supply of meat and recreation. The river itself holds good numbers of rainbow and some brown trout. There is a rebuilt 5 bed hut where midway hut used to stand. Midway hut was burnt down. the forest cover in the river valley is predominantly Tawa and podocarps from the river level to about 700-800 metres, before transitioning to predominantly Tawai (beech) forest. The mountain range on the west side of the Horomanga is steep and rugged, with thick almost impenetrable bush. Serious care should be taken when hunting or tramping on this side of the river valley. The east side of the Horomanga is a sharp contrast to the west, as the bush here is more open, and the hills less steep. However, care should be taken when hunting on this side of the river, for the lower, less defined ridgelines of this area are easy to get disorientated or lost in.
See also
List of rivers of New Zealand
References
Rivers of the Bay of Plenty Region
Rivers of New Zealand |
23578908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hororata%20River | Hororata River | The Hororata River is a river of Canterbury, in the South Island of New Zealand. A tributary of the Selwyn River, the Hororata has its sources in rough hill country north of Windwhistle, and flows east through the township of Hororata before reaching the Selwyn northwest of Dunsandel.
See also
List of rivers of New Zealand
References
Rivers of Canterbury, New Zealand
Rivers of New Zealand |
23578909 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hossack%20River | Hossack River | The Hossack River is a river on the South island of New Zealand. It flows north from close to the Hossack Saddle, , northwest of Hanmer Springs, before joining the Acheron River.
See also
List of rivers of New Zealand
References
Rivers of Canterbury, New Zealand
Rivers of New Zealand |
6903561 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia%20Vlassov | Julia Vlassov | Julia Vlassov (born August 29, 1990) is an American retired pair skater. She and partner Drew Meekins are the 2006 World Junior Champions.
Personal life
Vlassov was born in Saint Petersburg, Russia, the daughter of Aleksandr Vlasov, the 1977 World silver medalist and European bronze medalist in pairs. The family moved to the United States in 1994.
Career
Vlassov started skating at the age of 5. She competed as a single skater on the Juvenile and Intermediate levels before switching to pairs skating. She teamed up with Drew Meekins in 2002.
Following a successful junior career that was highlighted by medaling in every event they entered including Junior Grand Prix's, Junior Grand Prix Final, and the US National Championships, Vlassov and Meekins made their senior Grand Prix debut in the 2006-2007 season at 2006 Cup of China and 2006 NHK Trophy. They were assigned to two Grand Prix events for the 2007-2008 season; however, they were forced to withdraw from the 2007 Skate Canada International before the event began due to an injury to Meekins's shoulder which occurred during an attempted lift in practice. Vlassov and Meekins announced the end of their partnership on November 8, 2007.
Programs
(with Meekins)
Competitive highlights
(with Meekins)
References
External links
Official Site
American female pair skaters
1990 births
Living people
Figure skaters from Saint Petersburg
World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists
Russian emigrants to the United States
21st-century American women |
23578910 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoteo%20River | Hoteo River | The Hoteo River is a river of the Auckland Region of New Zealand. It flows southwest from its sources close to the North Auckland Peninsula's east coast before emptying into the southern lobe of the Kaipara Harbour.
The lower reaches of the river are popular with whitebaiters and recreational fishermen and the river also hosts the annual Hoteo River Raft Race, a no-holds-barred event.
State Highway 1 crosses the river at Wayby, south of Wellsford and State Highway 16 crosses the river near Mangakura where it discharges into the Kaipara Harbour.
The headwaters of the Hoteo River is the Waitapu Stream that starts within 5 km of the East Coast and the system drains out into the West Coast of Northland. The Hoteo forms at the confluence of the Whangaripo and Waiwhiu streams.
The North Auckland Rail Line crosses the Hoteo river 3 times within 1.5 km; to the north of Kaipara Flats.
The Hoteo River was a traditional rohe (border) marker for the iwi (tribe) Ngāti Manuhiri's northernmost lands.
See also
List of rivers of New Zealand
References
External links
Photos -
Building railway bridge and Tauhoa Tunnel in 1906
Flood in 1907
River crossing in 1907
Hoteo River in 1911
Rodney District
Rivers of the Auckland Region
Rivers of New Zealand
Kaipara Harbour catchment |
23578911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20River | Howard River | The Hinemoatū / Howard River is a river of the northern South Island of New Zealand. A tributary of the Buller River, the Howard rises in the Travers Range of Nelson Lakes National Park, flowing north between Lakes Rotoroa and Rotoiti, before reaching the Buller between Kawatiri and Saint Arnaud.
Formerly known as the Howard River, the river's name was officially altered to Hinemoatū / Howard River in August 2014.
See also
List of rivers of New Zealand
References
Rivers of the Tasman District
Rivers of New Zealand |
6903562 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmikud | Kosmikud | Kosmikud are an Estonian alternative rock group founded in 1999. They released their first album Ei roosid in 2000, after their singer Taavi Pedriks died. The remaining three members of the band – Aleksander Vana (guitar), Kristo Rajasaare (drums) and Kõmmari (bass) – decided to take a time out, rehearse and try new singers. They finally chose Meelis Hainsoo (Hainz), violinist in Eriti Kurva Muusika Ansambel ('Ensemble of Especially Sad Music') and also a friend of their previous singer.
Their second album Kuidas tuli pimedus... ('How Darkness Came...'), which was released in 2003, includes songs that talk about love, death, depression, etc. Their biggest influences have been Joy Division, Nick Cave, and Кино.
In 2004 they did an album with Estonian industrial metal band No-Big-Silence called Kuidas kuningas kuu peale kippus.
In 2006 they released Pulmad ja matused ('Weddings and Funerals') and in 2008 Ainus, mis jääb, on beat ('Only Beat Endures').
On 18 July 2018, Raivo Rätte was killed when he was hit by a car apparently driven by his former wife's new partner. Criminal investigation is ongoing.
Line-up
Original line-up (1999–2000)
Taavi Pedriks (1971–2000) – vocals
Andres alias Aleksander Vana – guitar
Raivo "Kõmmari" Rätte – bass (died 18 July 2018)
Kristo Rajasaare – drums
Second line-up (2001–present)
Meelis "Hainz" Hainsoo – vocals
Andres alias Aleksander Vana – guitar
Raivo "Kõmmari" Rätte – bass (died 18 July 2018)
Kristo Rajasaare – drums
Discography
Ei roosid (2000)
Kuidas tuli pimedus... (2003)
Kuidas kuningas kuu peale kippus (2004), with No-Big-Silence
Pulmad ja matused (2006)
Ainus, mis jääb, on beat (2008)
Öö ei lase magada (2011)
Sügis sanatooriumis (2017)
External links
Entry at Estmusic.com
References
Estonian alternative rock groups
Musical groups established in 1999
1999 establishments in Estonia |
23578912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangarua%20River | Huangarua River | The Huangarua River is a river of the southern North Island of New Zealand. Rising in the foothills of the Aorangi Range it flows north to join the Ruakokoputuna River to the south of Martinborough.
See also
List of rivers of New Zealand
References
Rivers of the Wellington Region
Rivers of New Zealand |
23578913 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huia%20River | Huia River | The Huia River is a river of New Zealand's South Island West Coast. It flows north to meet with the Kakapo River two kilometres before the latter flows into the Karamea River, 17 kilometres to the east of Karamea.
See also
List of rivers of New Zealand
References
Rivers of the West Coast, New Zealand
Buller District
Rivers of New Zealand |
17339590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodie%20Prenger | Jodie Prenger | Jodie Prenger (born 12 June 1979) is an English actress and singer, best known as the winner of BBC television series I'd Do Anything on 31 May 2008 and the second series of The Biggest Loser in 2006. In 2022, she began portraying the role of Glenda Shuttleworth in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street.
Early life
Prenger was educated at Elmslie Girls' School in Blackpool and Blackpool and the Fylde College before starting work in the area as an entertainer. She has performed extensively on the cabaret circuit in Northern England and particularly her hometown of Blackpool and Fylde coast where she has also worked as an agony aunt. In June 1998 she appeared in two different shows each night in two Blackpool theatres. First she had a solo spot in the Tiptoes Summer Spectacular at the resort's Opera House theatre before appearing 20 minutes later in one of the main roles in a Blackpool and the Fylde College production of the musical comedy Hot Mikado at the Grand Theatre.
Prenger's first appearance on television came in 1999 when she appeared on A Taste for Travel on Granada Television with her mother. In 2000, she took part in the Dale Winton show The Other Half on BBC One in which she had to pretend to be the wife of boxer Chris Eubank. Later that year, she played the role of the good witch Hurricane in a non-skating role in Halloween Spectacular on Ice at Alton Towers in Staffordshire. In 2001, she spent eight months as one of four main entertainers in a team of 19 aboard the cruise ship Disney Wonder.
Career
The Biggest Loser
Prenger won the second series of The Biggest Loser in 2006, making her the first female in the world to win the show, starting the show a size 22 and weighing . During the series, she lost over . Her final weight was and she slimmed down to a size 10 before settling at a size 14/16. Prenger won £25,000 for winning the series.
In 2006, Jodie Prenger was also featured on Charlotte Coyle's Fat Beauty Contest on Channel 4, where Coyle searched for plus sized models for a beauty pageant.
On 10 March 2009, Prenger appeared on The Paul O'Grady Show and spoke about her time on The Biggest Loser. On seeing a picture of herself after initially losing weight, she said that she believed she lost too much weight and became too thin at that time. She also commented that she believed all women should have curves.
I'd Do Anything
Prenger was the winner of I'd Do Anything on 31 May 2008, giving her the opportunity to play Nancy in a West End revival of the British musical Oliver! at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. Prenger attended auditions for the show in Manchester in January 2008, and made it through to the final 42 at "Nancy School" from where she was eventually chosen as one of the twelve finalists to perform in the live shows each week.
After her performance of "Chasing Pavements" in the first live show of the series, Prenger was the joint favourite to win. Panelist John Barrowman said, "I love you to death, you connected with everyone and told the story – that's making a good Nancy!" while Denise Van Outen, another panellist, commented that "Nancy needs to have a lot of life experience and I see that coming through in your performance. It was absolutely brilliant". Barry Humphries, another panellist, who had played Mr Sowerberry, the undertaker, in the original Lionel Bart West End stage production, said "You've got that toughness and also a tenderness. A beautiful performance and a fine actress." Head judge Andrew Lloyd Webber said that Jodie could "absolutely play this role." In week five Humphries said that Prenger was "destined for the West End", and in week eight Barrowman labelled Prenger his "perfect Nancy". In the week leading up to the final in week ten, the Nancy finalists posed for publicity pictures recreating some of Madonna's iconic images. Prenger posed in a wedding dress to recreate the cover of the album Like a Virgin. On 30 May, Webber revealed that theatrical producer Cameron Mackintosh, who produced the show in the West End, and joined the panel in week nine, was concerned about her curvaceous figure saying, "Cameron thinks she is a bit too big and has more or less said so". However, Webber defended Prenger, saying that she had both the vocal talents and personality for the role, saying "Jodie could be anybody's idea of Nancy – I can see it absolutely. She has got a lovely voice and a super personality. She has experience as well." In the final, on 31 May, Prenger performed a total number of seven songs including her performance of "As Long as He Needs Me" after she was announced as winner. She also performed "I'd Do Anything" with all the Nancy and Oliver finalists; "Son of a Preacher Man"; "Getting to Know You" from the musical The King and I with Laurence ; "Maybe This Time" from the film Cabaret with Jessie Buckley and Samantha Barks as well as also singing "As Long as he Needs Me" and "I Have Nothing" from A Star Is Born before the final vote. Of her performance of "Son of a Preacher Man", Mackintosh said: "Jodie has convinced me that she could make a Nancy. You absolutely deserve to be in the final." Barrowman said, "every song she sings, you believe the words. I look forward to the day I can guest star with you on the West End stage!" and Webber said, "that was a very, very, very good performance. You have an outsize talent, and a very strong voice. I just don't know if it's going to be quite enough tonight, but it might be." In the second part of the live final, Prenger performed her favourite song from the series, "I Have Nothing", and Nancy's tragic love ballad, "As Long As He Needs Me". After she was announced as the winner, Prenger said, "You have genuinely given me my dream, I can't actually put into words how I feel. I'm so grateful and so chuffed. I'm just Jodie from Blackpool and to be here is my dream." Andrew Lloyd Webber said, "The people's Nancy. Jodie was always going to be the people's choice," adding " I think people love her, they love her open personality. I think they relate to that personality and I think that's what makes her Nancy for the public. Her strengths are her personality and her very, very strong voice." Mackintosh said, "I'm thrilled for Jodie, congratulations!" adding, "She is obviously the public's view of what they want to see as Nancy. She'll give a terrific performance and I really look forward to putting her into training and getting her into rehearsals."
Please note this is a list of her individual performances only
Theatre
In June 2008, it was confirmed that Prenger would be performing six of the eight weekly shows of Oliver! after it opened at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane on 12 December 2008. She performed on Monday and Tuesday evenings, Wednesday matinees, Friday evenings and both the matinee and evening shows each Saturday. Prior to that she appeared in the ensemble in Les Misérables at the Queen's Theatre from 26 August 2008, in order to gain some experience of performing in the West End. Oliver! opened successfully on 14 January 2009, and Prenger received positive reviews. On 16 March 2009, a new cast recording of the revival was released with Prenger and the rest of the cast. For her role as Nancy, Prenger received the Theatregoers' Choice Whatsonstage Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Musical. She played her final performance as Nancy on 27 March 2010, and was succeeded by fellow West End leading lady Kerry Ellis, who is best known for her role as Elphaba in the hit musical Wicked. Prenger reprised the role of Nancy once more, for two one-off performances on 13 November 2010, whilst Ellis was absent.
After winning I'd Do Anything, Prenger was given a civic reception in her hometown of Blackpool on 7 June 2008, with a specially erected stage in front of the town hall where she performed several songs from Oliver!. On 24 August 2008, she performed in a "Music Under the Stars" event at the annual Faenol Festival held near Y Felinheli in Gwynedd, North Wales.
Prenger played the role of The Lady of the Lake in the UK tour of the hit musical Spamalot, which began performances at New Wimbledon Theatre on 29 May 2010. She was also cast as Diane in the new drama series, Candy Cabs, about a group of friends who set up a female-only taxi company in a seaside town in Northern England.
In 2015, Prenger played Miss Hannigan in the UK tour of the musical Annie at Oxford's New Theatre.
Prenger appeared in One Man, Two Guvnors at the Haymarket Theatre in London, alongside Owain Arthur who took over the role of Francis Henshall from Tony award-winning actor James Corden. Prenger played Elsie Tanner in the ill-fated Street of Dreams, the Coronation Street musical written by Trisha Ward. The show finally premiered in May 2012 after its opening was delayed by more than a month at the Manchester Arena and then was supposed to tour around major UK arenas, It closed after a couple of nights amid controversy.
Prenger was in an episode of the food factory titled "Just Add Water".
Jodie performed in the UK tour of Tell Me on a Sunday before taking on the title role in the UK tour of Shirley Valentine.
In 2017/2018, Prenger played the lead role of Kelly in the world premiere of Kay Mellor's Fat Friends The Musical alongside Andrew Flintoff, Sam Bailey, Kevin Kennedy, Natalie Anderson, Neil Hurst and Rachel Wooding
2019 saw Jodie touring in Abigail's Party alongside Coronation Street'''s Vicky Binns.
Television and radio
In 2013, Prenger participated in Let's Dance for Comic Relief. Boyzone's Keith Duffy had originally planned to participate in the programme, but was unable to compete due to private matters. Prenger then took his place on the show. Her first appearance was in the third heat on 2 March 2013, where she danced to the song "Word Up" by Cameo. She was saved by the public, and as a result, made it through to the final on 9 March 2013 where she finished second place to Antony Cotton.
In July 2009, Prenger was a guest panellist on ITV's Loose Women.
She occasionally presented the midweek National Lottery draw on BBC One. In June 2011, Prenger appeared in an episode of Waterloo Road, playing Linda Wickes.
She has been a regular contributor on The Alan Titchmarsh Show and This Morning.
Prenger also frequently sits in for Paul O'Grady and Elaine Paige, when they are absent from their BBC Radio 2 shows.
On 4 December 2011, Jodie appeared on the CBeebies show Justin's House.
Jodie host's the weekly 'Mishaps Podcast' with Emmerdale actress Natalie Anderson and Neil Hurst
Other work
On 23 February 2009, Prenger released her autobiography, It's a Fine Life.
Personal life
Prenger was engaged to her boyfriend, Steve Greengrass, who proposed to her after the Saturday show in week three of I'd Do Anything on 12 April 2008; a whirlwind romance which was featured throughout the series as their first date some three months earlier had been Prenger's audition in Manchester. She split from Greengrass a few weeks after the show's finale.
In April 2012, Prenger announced her engagement to boyfriend of two years, Simon Booth, soon after her father Marty died of kidney cancer.
Theatre Credits
Filmography
Television
Guest appearances as self
BibliographyIt's A Fine Life (2009)
DiscographyOliver! London Cast Recording (2009)The Very Best of Glenn Miller (2010)Spamalot: UK Tour Cast Recording'' (2011)
References
External links
1979 births
Living people
English stage actresses
English television actresses
English soap opera actresses
Reality show winners
People from Blackpool |
23578918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter%20River%20%28New%20Zealand%29 | Hunter River (New Zealand) | The Hunter River, New Zealand is a river of New Zealand, flowing into Lake Hāwea.
See also
List of rivers of New Zealand
References
Rivers of Otago
Rivers of New Zealand |
6903566 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei%20Yuan | Wei Yuan | Wei Yuan (; April23, 1794March26, 1857), born Wei Yuanda (), courtesy names Moshen () and Hanshi (), was a Chinese scholar from Shaoyang, Hunan. He moved to Yangzhou, Jiangsu in 1831, where he remained for the rest of his life. Wei obtained the provincial degree (juren) in the Imperial examinations and subsequently worked in the secretariat of several statesmen such as Lin Zexu. Wei was deeply concerned with the crisis facing China in the early 19th century; while he remained loyal to the Qing Dynasty, he also sketched a number of proposals for the improvement of the administration of the empire.
Biography
From an early age, Wei espoused the New Text school of Confucianism and became a vocal member of the statecraft school, which advocated practical learning in opposition to the allegedly barren evidentiary scholarship as represented by scholars like Dai Zhen. Among other things, Wei advocated sea transport of grain to the capital instead of using the Grand Canal and he also advocated a strengthening of the Qing Empire's frontier defense. In order to alleviate the demographic crisis in China, Wei also spoke in favor of large scale emigration of Han Chinese into Xinjiang.
Later in his career he became increasingly concerned with the threat from the Western powers and maritime defense. He wrote A Military History of the Holy Dynasty (《聖武記》, Shèngwǔjì, known at the time as the Shêng Wu-ki), the last two chapters of which were translated by Edward Harper Parker as the Chinese Account of the Opium War. Wei also wrote a separate narrative on the First Opium War (《道光洋艘征撫記》, Dàoguāng Yángsōu Zhēngfǔ Jì). Today, he is mostly known for his 1844 work, Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms, which contains Western material collected by Lin Zexu during and after the First Opium War.
British India was suggested as a potential target by Wei Yuan after the Opium War.
The creation of a government organ for translation was proposed by Wei.
References
Citations
Sources
Leonard, Jane Kate. Wei Yüan and China's Rediscovery of the Maritime World. Cambridge, MA: Council on East Asian Studies, 1984.
Mitchell, Peter M. "The Limits of Reformism: Wei Yuan's Reaction to Western Intrusion." Modern Asian Studies 6:2 (1972), pp. 175–204.
Tang, Xiren, "Wei Yuan". Encyclopedia of China, 1st ed.
.
See also
Chinese Learning as Substance, Western Learning for Application
Self-Strengthening Movement
1794 births
1856 deaths
Chinese Confucianists
Chinese scholars
People from Shaoyang
Historians from Hunan
Qing dynasty historians
Chinese social scientists
Chinese spiritual writers
19th-century Chinese philosophers
Qing dynasty classicists |
6903567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three%20to%20Get%20Ready | Three to Get Ready | Three to Get Ready may refer to:
Three to Get Ready, a documentary film about Duran Duran
Three to Get Ready, sometimes billed as 3 to Get Ready, TV series featuring Ernie Kovacs
"Three to Get Ready", a jazz instrumental by Dave Brubeck from the 1959 album Time Out
"Three to Get Ready", an I Can Read! children's book by Betty Boegehold, with pictures by Mary Chalmers |
23578920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huriwai%20River | Huriwai River | The Huriwai River is a short river of New Zealand's North Island. It rises in rough hill country to the southeast of Port Waikato, flowing west to reach the Tasman Sea south of the mouth of the Waikato River.
See also
List of rivers of New Zealand
References
Rivers of Waikato
Waikato District
Rivers of New Zealand |
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