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27321738_1_3 | 27321738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadvydas%20v.%20Davis | Zadvydas v. Davis | Zadvydas v. Davis. Appeals
Zadvydas in the Fifth Circuit case and the government in the Kim case both appealed to the Supreme Court. As both circuit courts had come to opposing positions, there was a split in the circuits which may only be resolved by a Supreme Court ruling. The court granted certiorari in both cases and consolidated the cases for the hearing. |
27321738_2_0 | 27321738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadvydas%20v.%20Davis | Zadvydas v. Davis | Zadvydas v. Davis. Arguments
Robert F. Barnard argued the case for Zadvydas. Jay W. Stansell argued the case for Kim. Representing the United States was Deputy Solicitor General Edwin Kneedler. Amicus curiae briefs were filed by the Washington Legal Foundation on behalf of the government in the Zadvydas case and by the Legal Immigration Network, Inc., the American Association of Jews from the former USSR, the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, the American Civil Liberties Union, Human Rights Watch, and Carolyn Patty Blum, et al., on behalf of Kim. |
27321738_3_0 | 27321738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadvydas%20v.%20Davis | Zadvydas v. Davis | Zadvydas v. Davis. Majority opinion
Justice Stephen Breyer delivered the opinion of the court. He noted that the statute grants the Attorney General the authority to detain a deportee past the term of the 90-day removal period, without judicial or administrative review. Breyer indicated that an indefinite, potentially permanent detention was unconstitutional. Using the principles of statutory construction, Breyer stated that the court must infer that the law limits such a detention to that period that is necessary to accomplish the removal of the alien from the United States. Since the detention was for the purpose of removing the alien from the country, once the alien cannot be removed, the immigration purpose for the detention no longer exists. Without a limitation on detentions, the court would be forced to declare the law unconstitutional. He noted that allowing an administrative agency to conduct an unreviewable hearing on such a fundamental right had already been ruled against by the court. |
27321738_3_1 | 27321738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadvydas%20v.%20Davis | Zadvydas v. Davis | Zadvydas v. Davis. Majority opinion
The government also argued that Congress had plenary power to enact such a law under its authority to control immigration, and that both the executive and judicial branches must defer to that decisionmaking. Breyer noted that while Congress may use that power, they "must choose 'a constitutionally permissive means of implementing' that power" and the interpretation that the government advocates is not such a permissive means. The court ruled that a hearing must be held after a six-month detention. Substantive due process applied to aliens that resided within the United States, and absent a showing that they were a danger to society or a flight risk, they could not be detained. |
27321738_3_2 | 27321738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadvydas%20v.%20Davis | Zadvydas v. Davis | Zadvydas v. Davis. Dissenting opinions
Justice Antonin Scalia dissented from the majority. Scalia stated that an alien who has no legal right to be in the United States has no right to release into the country that is trying to expel him or her. Scalia quoted Justice Robert H. Jackson in his dissent, in asserting that "Due process does not invest any alien with a right to enter the United States, nor confer on those admitted the right to remain against the national will." [italics in original] |
27321738_3_3 | 27321738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadvydas%20v.%20Davis | Zadvydas v. Davis | Zadvydas v. Davis. Majority opinion
Justice Anthony Kennedy also dissented. Kennedy said that the majority disregarded congressional intent and then rewrote the statute. He posited that Congress gave the Attorney General the express authority to order continued detention, and added that the majority misapplied the concept of statutory construction, noting that the court could only distinguish between plausible interpretations. If there were two or more interpretations, then the court is bound to accept the one that does not create a constitutional issue, but Kennedy states that this was never the situation in this case. |
27321738_4_0 | 27321738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadvydas%20v.%20Davis | Zadvydas v. Davis | Zadvydas v. Davis. Impact
According to the U.S. Inspector General, nearly 134,000 immigrants with final orders of removal were released into the general population in the U.S. from 2001 to 2004, as a result of the Zadvydas ruling. According to Immigration and Customs Enforcement, nearly 4000 immigrants with criminal records have been released into the general population in the U.S. each year since 2008. |
27321738_4_1 | 27321738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadvydas%20v.%20Davis | Zadvydas v. Davis | Zadvydas v. Davis. Subsequent developments
According to a number of legal experts, INS has taken the view that it can detain aliens for preventive rather than punitive purposes. These experts state INS has no authority to conduct a punitive detention, which is only authorized by criminal statutes. Civil libertarians have noted that over 2,000 aliens have been held indefinitely without hope of repatriation and that the Department of Homeland Security holds approximately 31,000 immigrants in detention at any given time. |
27321738_4_2 | 27321738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadvydas%20v.%20Davis | Zadvydas v. Davis | Zadvydas v. Davis. Subsequent developments
It has been noted that 20 years prior to the Zadvydas decision, approximately 122,000 Mariel Cubans had been paroled into the United States after facing indefinite detention. Most of these were inadmissible to the United States due to their criminal convictions in Cuba and in the U.S., but were not deportable as Cuba refused to accept them back. Once paroled, they remained ineligible for lawful permanent residency in the United States. In one case, a resident alien with a 20-year-old battery conviction was detained for more than four years before being released. |
27321738_4_3 | 27321738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadvydas%20v.%20Davis | Zadvydas v. Davis | Zadvydas v. Davis. Subsequent developments
Opponents of the Zadvydas decision note that suspects in two murder cases in 2012 had been allowed to stay in the U.S. despite final deportation orders. In January 2012, the Miami Herald revealed that Kesler Dufrene, accused of murdering three people in Miami, was released from federal detention despite a final deportation order to Haiti because the U.S. suspended deportations to that country for several months after the 2010 Haiti earthquake. This case also allowed deportee Binh Thai Luc to be released from immigration detention after his native Vietnam declined to offer the U.S. government travel documents. Luc was arrested in March 2012 for the murder of five people in San Francisco. |
27321738_4_4 | 27321738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadvydas%20v.%20Davis | Zadvydas v. Davis | Zadvydas v. Davis. Subsequent developments
Zadvydas was also cited by the 9th Circuit three-judge appeals panel on February 9, 2017, in the case of The States of Washington and Minnesota v. Donald J. Trump with regard to an executive order concerning the restriction of immigration from certain stipulated countries. In that case, the 9th Circuit panel referred to the Zadvydas opinion "emphasizing that the power of the political branches over immigration 'is subject to important constitutional limitations'." |
27321738_4_5 | 27321738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadvydas%20v.%20Davis | Zadvydas v. Davis | Zadvydas v. Davis. Subsequent developments
Following the 2002 signing of a repatriation agreement between Cambodia and the United States, Kim Ho Ma was deported. As of 2007, he lived in a rural area of Cambodia with his wife. |
27321738_5_0 | 27321738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadvydas%20v.%20Davis | Zadvydas v. Davis | Zadvydas v. Davis. Supreme Court case
Zadvydas was cited in a subsequent Supreme Court case, Clark v. Martinez, that reiterated the principle that all people within the United States were entitled to due process and could not be deprived of liberty indefinitely. Justice Scalia, despite his dissent in Zadvydas, authored the 7–2 decision in Clark. The government had argued that the law allowed the government to detain people up to the point that the detention "approached constitutional limits." Scalia noted that "If we were, as the Government seems to believe, free to 'interpret' statutes as becoming inoperative when they 'approach constitutional limits,' we would be able to spare ourselves the necessity of ever finding a statute unconstitutional as applied." |
27321738_5_1 | 27321738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadvydas%20v.%20Davis | Zadvydas v. Davis | Zadvydas v. Davis. Legislative remedies
In an effort to roll back Zadvydas, Rep. Lamar Smith (R-Texas) has introduced the "Keep Our Communities Safe Act" (H.R. 1932), legislation aimed at allowing indefinite detention of unremovable admitted immigrants and asylum applicants (immigrants awaiting approval of asylum applications). Three experts lent support to the legislation during a hearing on the Act: Gary Mead, Executive Associate Director for ICE's Enforcement and Removal Operations; Thomas H. Dupree, Jr., partner at Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP (and former Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General under President Bush); and Ft. Myers Chief of Police Douglas Baker, a colleague of Officer Widman who was murdered by an alien released as a result of Zadvydas. |
27321738_5_2 | 27321738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadvydas%20v.%20Davis | Zadvydas v. Davis | Zadvydas v. Davis. Supreme Court case
Conversely, the American Immigration Lawyers Association (AILA) have denounced the legislation, stating that: "The bill, H.R. 1932, would strip important due process protections of harmless individuals by needlessly increasing the government's already broad authority to detain noncitizens." David Leopold, a past AILA President, explains: "The deprivation of liberty is a powerful tool that must be exercised carefully. DHS has exceptional latitude to detain noncitizens who are a flight risk or pose a danger to our communities. Those powers do not need further expansion." In 2010, the Department of Homeland Security detained nearly 400,000 immigrants at a cost of $2 billion. If H.R.1932 passes, this cost could increase exponentially. The constitutionality of the bill has been questioned. Joanne Lin, legislative counsel for the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), stated that the bill would authorize indefinite detention of immigrants without providing procedural safeguards. |
27321738_5_3 | 27321738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadvydas%20v.%20Davis | Zadvydas v. Davis | Zadvydas v. Davis. See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 533 |
27321768_0_0 | 27321768 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRHL | WRHL | WRHL.
WRHL 1060 AM is a radio station licensed to Rochelle, Illinois. The station airs a classic hits format, and is owned by Rochelle Broadcasting Company. |
27321768_0_1 | 27321768 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRHL | WRHL | WRHL. History
The station began broadcasting on September 16, 1966, running 250 watts during daytime hours only. The station was originally owned by Tilton Publications. In 1970, the station was sold to Rochelle Broadcasting Company for $130,000. In 1994, the station added nighttime operations, running 20 watts. In 1995, the station's nighttime power was increased to 50 watts. |
27321768_0_2 | 27321768 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRHL | WRHL | WRHL.
In 1996, the station switched from country music programming to a talk format. The station was branded "Newstalk 1060 WRHL". On December 28, 2016, after stunting with Christmas music throughout most of the month as "Santa 1060", WRHL flipped to oldies as "Good Time Oldies 1060". The station is retaining its news elements including its full service morning show hosted by Jeff Leon along with Fox Newscasts & Fox News Updates. Kris Wexell is Program Director & Operations Manager. WRHL airs Chicago Bears, Chicago Bulls, and Chicago White Sox Sports. As of January 5, 2018 WRHL held a construction permit for a 250-watt FM translator station, W228DT 93.5 MHz. |
27321768_0_3 | 27321768 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRHL | WRHL | WRHL.
On February 12, 2020, the AM (and FM simulcast) flipped to a Classic Hits format of music from the late 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. They kept their on-air staff and branded themselves as "Superhits 93.5". This was the first time that their FM translator was ever promoted, and, furthermore, the station no longer references their AM station except for the top-of-the-hour identification. Under Program Director & Operations Manager Kris Wexell, SuperHits 93.5 has a live morning show with Chuck O'Brien, mid-days with Susan Tyler afternoons with Josh Bolan evenings with Kid Kelly, and overnights with Rick Dees. On the first day of 2022, SuperHits 93.5 dropped the ’60s from the format, and now features music from the 70s, 80s, & 90s. |
27321768_1_0 | 27321768 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRHL | WRHL | WRHL. RHL
Classic hits radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1966
1966 establishments in Illinois |
27321769_0_0 | 27321769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Tail%20Savannah%20Challenger | 2009 Tail Savannah Challenger | 2009 Tail Savannah Challenger.
The 2009 Tail Savannah Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor green clay courts. It was part of the 2009 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Savannah, United States between May 4 and May 10, 2009. |
27321769_1_1 | 27321769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Tail%20Savannah%20Challenger | 2009 Tail Savannah Challenger | 2009 Tail Savannah Challenger. Other entrants
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
Stephen Bass
Nicholas Monroe
Jesse Witten
Fritz Wolmarans |
27321769_1_2 | 27321769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Tail%20Savannah%20Challenger | 2009 Tail Savannah Challenger | 2009 Tail Savannah Challenger. Seeds
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
Ričardas Berankis
Chris Klingemann
Tim Smyczek
Adam Vejmělka (as a Lucky Loser) |
27321769_2_0 | 27321769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Tail%20Savannah%20Challenger | 2009 Tail Savannah Challenger | 2009 Tail Savannah Challenger. Singles
Michael Russell def. Alex Kuznetsov, 6–4, 7–6(6) |
27321769_3_0 | 27321769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Tail%20Savannah%20Challenger | 2009 Tail Savannah Challenger | 2009 Tail Savannah Challenger. Doubles
Carsten Ball / Travis Rettenmaier def. Harsh Mankad / Kaes Van't Hof, 7–6(4), 6–4 |
27321769_4_0 | 27321769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Tail%20Savannah%20Challenger | 2009 Tail Savannah Challenger | 2009 Tail Savannah Challenger. Tail Savannah Challenger
Tennis tournaments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Savannah Challenger
2009 in American tennis |
27321810_0_0 | 27321810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monza%20ampullae | Monza ampullae | Monza ampullae.
The Monza ampullae form the largest collection of a specific type of Early Medieval pilgrimage ampullae or small flasks designed to hold holy oil from pilgrimage sites in the Holy Land related to the life of Jesus. They were made in Palestine, probably in the fifth to early seventh centuries, and have been in the Treasury of Monza Cathedral north of Milan in Italy since they were donated by Theodelinda, queen of the Lombards, (c. 570–628). Since the great majority of surviving examples of such flasks are those in the Monza group, the term may be used to cover this type of object in general. |
27321810_0_1 | 27321810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monza%20ampullae | Monza ampullae | Monza ampullae.
The second largest group was discovered in a burial at Bobbio Abbey, not far from Monza, and names such as Monza/Bobbio flasks ampullae or flagons are among the many terms by which these objects are described. The few other examples are now scattered across the world; this article deals with the whole group of over fifty known ampullae, wherever located. Examples of comparable ampullae from pilgrimage sites outside the Holy Land have also survived, for example a very similar one from a Syrian site related to Saint Sergius, now in the Walters Art Museum, Baltimore. |
27321810_0_2 | 27321810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monza%20ampullae | Monza ampullae | Monza ampullae.
The ampullae are cast in various metals, including silver (perhaps "silvered" would be more accurate), tin and lead, and are mainly of interest because of the images they carry, which come from a period which has left very few traces in art, and was of crucial importance in establishing the iconography of many Christian subjects. They are also believed to represent buildings and shrines found in Jerusalem in the sixth and early seventh centuries, giving important evidence as to the early appearance of these. They were brought back from the Holy Land filled with oil which had been used in lamps burning before important pilgrimage shrines. Despite their ending up in the heart of the institutional church under royal patronage, the ampullae were made as mass-produced souvenirs, probably relatively inexpensive, whose designs reflect the experiences and concerns of pilgrims as well as those of the church. |
27321810_0_3 | 27321810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monza%20ampullae | Monza ampullae | Monza ampullae. General description
The ampullae are round when seen from the front, with a flattened body giving convex faces and a small neck, often with a fitting round the neck for a chain or cord by which they could be suspended, or perhaps worn. There are records of similar blessed objects, or eulogia, being hung on the bedpost for protection from demons at night, and the oil, or just the relic, was believed to be able to heal the sick when applied to them. Often there is a strip in a different metal running round the edge of the faces and up the sides of the neck, with little rings for a suspension cord. In the Monza examples these strips are secured by wire wound rather untidily round the neck. A diameter for the main body of about 5–7 cm is typical, and in a side view the body swells to a maximum thickness of about 3 cm. Those at Monza are in generally good condition, but those from Bobbio and other examples such as the one at Dumbarton Oaks are flattened and damaged; they are now mostly black in colour. |
27321810_0_4 | 27321810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monza%20ampullae | Monza ampullae | Monza ampullae.
Despite their small size, the images are typically crowded multi-figure compositions, sometimes with extensive depiction of architectural elements, and somewhat crude in execution. They appear in low relief, typically occupying all the space of the faces on both sides of the ampulla, though some have figureless decoration, usually centred on a cross, on the reverse face. There are often inscriptions and tituli in medieval Greek, many running round the outside of a face, or dividing an upper scene from a lower one. A smaller scene may occupy the lower part of a face, or scenes may appear in small roundels grouped across the overall design. |
27321810_0_6 | 27321810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monza%20ampullae | Monza ampullae | Monza ampullae.
Fourteen of the Monza and Bobbio ampullae combine on one face Crucifixions above the Women at the empty tomb, which are also on the two faces in other examples. Two of the flasks, one each at Bobbio and Monza, show a large Christ walking on water and rescuing Saint Peter from drowning, as the other apostles watch from a boat, perhaps reflecting the anxieties of the sea voyages many pilgrims faced as they returned home. Another Bobbio scene shows a Virgin Orant flanked by John the Baptist and his father Zacharias. Figures that appear to be images of pilgrims, as a kind of generalised donor portrait, appear in many scenes, usually kneeling, as part of the emphasis on the pilgrim experience noted above in discussing the Doubting Thomas scenes. |
27321810_1_0 | 27321810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monza%20ampullae | Monza ampullae | Monza ampullae. Context and style
The ampullae join other small-scale Christian works of art from this period, from which almost no major works have survived, and very few manuscript illuminations. These include amulets, devotional medals and other forms of pilgrimage souvenirs. Many of these are in the cheaper material of terracotta, such as the Menas flasks that have been found from Cheshire to the Sudan and come from Abu Mena in Egypt, the exceptionally popular shrine of Saint Menas. Small round terracotta "pilgrimage tokens" or ampullae for oil, water or earth from the Holy Land, are often excavated, and examples of the tokens are also in the Monza treasury; the Piacenza Pilgrim records that in the 570s earth was kept piled up in the tomb of Christ to be taken by pilgrims. |
27321810_1_1 | 27321810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monza%20ampullae | Monza ampullae | Monza ampullae. Context and style
Most of these pieces, in the words of John Beckwith, "rate as works of art little more than a hot cross bun". However few of these works have images with the complexity of those on the ampullae. There is a small wooden box in the Vatican Museums containing earth and rocks from the Holy Land, some tied up in cloth and labelled with their site of origin. The inside of the top cover has five painted scenes from the New Testament relating to the main sites, or sights, on the pilgrimage route, in similar style to the ampullae, and believed to be made in Palestine in around 600. |
27321810_1_2 | 27321810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monza%20ampullae | Monza ampullae | Monza ampullae. Context and style
It was long thought that the ampullae reflected the style of art of Palestine itself, and as such they became involved in the intense scholarly debate over "Oriental" influences on Early Medieval art, which preoccupied scholars of the subject in the early decades of the 20th century, and for which the style of Syria and Palestine was a key battleground. In his monograph of 1957, which for the first time gave scholars good images of all the Monza and Bobbio ampullae, and an extensive analysis of their iconography, André Grabar proposed instead that they derived from the style of Constantinople itself, spread to the provinces by Imperial patronage, which is clearly recorded for the major pilgrimage sites. This view has gained considerable influence. After the Persians under Khosrau II took and sacked Jerusalem in 614, and the Muslim conquest of the region in the 630s, pilgrimages to the Holy Land sites were greatly reduced, and pilgrim souvenirs with them. |
27321810_1_3 | 27321810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monza%20ampullae | Monza ampullae | Monza ampullae. Context and style
With the exception of the somewhat variant example from Sant Pere de Casseres (see below), which may be later, it is usually assumed that all the Monza-type ampullae predate the Persian sack, and probably come from the late sixth century, a few years before Theodelinda's reign. After a nearly complete gap of three centuries or so, different styles of pilgrimage souvenirs begin to appear from the 10th century, reflecting rather different pilgrimage experiences and customs. |
27321810_2_0 | 27321810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monza%20ampullae | Monza ampullae | Monza ampullae. Queen Theodelinda's gift
Theodelinda was a Bavarian princess who married Authari, King of the Lombards in 588. When he died in 590, she was allowed to choose his cousin Agilulf as her next husband and the next king. He was baptised, initially as an Arian like most Lombards, but Theodelinda persuaded him and his son to convert to Catholicism in 603. Together they founded the cathedral at Monza, and endowed it with many treasures, a collection which has remained unusually intact, and includes the Iron Crown of Lombardy (strictly only on deposit there initially), the Late Antique Poet and Muse diptych, a Gospel book and the collection of ampullae. An early inventory survives, although some objects traditionally associated with Theodelinda may actually be made well after her death in 628, when she was buried at Monza. |
27321810_2_1 | 27321810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monza%20ampullae | Monza ampullae | Monza ampullae. Queen Theodelinda's gift
The collection in the treasury was famous, and later augmented by other royal gifts. It was taken to Avignon during the Avignon Papacy but later returned. However the ampullae were incorporated in the high altar and forgotten until rediscovered in the late 18th century. Their identification in the earlier inventories is complicated by the existence of a further set of glass vials, also used for holy oil. The notula ("little note"), a very early papyrus document, now itself regarded as a treasure, records that a cleric called John, during the reign of Pope Gregory the Great (died 604), transferred (the nature of the transaction, whether a gift from Gregory, or John, or a purchase, is not clear) to Theodelinda small containers with oil that had been in lamps burning before the tombs of saints in Rome. The saints are listed; it seems that in most cases, but not those of Saints Peter and Paul, the oil was blended from that used in several places. There is some scholarly confusion as to how this list relates to the glass and metal ampullae. The origin of ampullae other than those produced by John is unknown, although scholars are unanimous that, wherever they went afterwards, the metal ampullae had been made in Palestine. Gregory is recorded as presenting gifts to Theodelinda in 603 after the conversion of Agilulf and his son, and also sending holy oil in ampullae. |
27321810_2_2 | 27321810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monza%20ampullae | Monza ampullae | Monza ampullae. Queen Theodelinda's gift
Bobbio Abbey was founded in 613 by the Irish missionary Saint Columbanus in 613, with land and funds from Theodelinda. The Bobbio ampullae were discovered in the 1920s in the crypt of the abbey church, and are presumed to have been given by Theodelinda or her family. |
27321810_2_3 | 27321810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monza%20ampullae | Monza ampullae | Monza ampullae. Locations
Apart from the collections at Monza and Bobbio, other examples include two owned by the Staatliche Museen of Berlin and one in the Landesmuseum Stuttgart. Two examples in the United States, one at Dumbarton Oaks near Washington, D. C. and one in the Detroit Institute of Arts, appear to be cast from the same mould. There is an example with a Crucifixion and Ascension in the Cleveland Museum of Art (clear image online). |
27321810_2_4 | 27321810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monza%20ampullae | Monza ampullae | Monza ampullae. Queen Theodelinda's gift
A single example was found in 1952 at the monastery church of Sant Pere de Casseres, near Tavèrnoles in Catalonia. As at Monza, it was discovered within the main altar, adapted as a reliquary for a piece of bone, and near a glass vial similarly used. It is made of an iron alloy, is rather larger than most at 7.5 cm high and 5.7 cm wide, and has two handles at the neck. The decoration is a Crucifixion on the obverse, and Greek cross on the reverse. This may be later than the Monza and Bobbio ampullae by some considerable time. |
27321810_3_1 | 27321810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monza%20ampullae | Monza ampullae | Monza ampullae. Further reading
Barag, D. and Wilkinson J., The Monza-Bobbio Flasks and the Holy Sepulchre, Levant 6, 1974
Delehaye, H., Les ampoules et les medaillons de Bobbio, Journal des savants, Paris, 1929
Grabar, André (1896–1990). Ampoules de Terre Sainte (Monza, Bobbio), Paris, C. Klincksieck, 1958. Now the standard monograph, with 61 photographs and 70 pages of commentary. (See Leroy review in references)
Weitzmann, Kurt, ed., Age of spirituality : late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century, pp. 565–66, and nos. 524, 526, 527, 1979, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, ; full text available online from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries
Weitzmann, Kurt. Loca sancta and the Representational Arts of Palestine, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 28, 1974 |
27321810_3_2 | 27321810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monza%20ampullae | Monza ampullae | Monza ampullae. Christian iconography
Silver objects
Medieval European metalwork objects
Christian pilgrimages
Early Christian art
Byzantine art |
27321822_0_0 | 27321822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modul8 | Modul8 | Modul8.
Modul8 is a software for live visual performance developed by GarageCube, a company established in 2005 by Yves Schmid and Boris Edelstein, based in Geneva, Switzerland. Modul8 was started with the intention of providing a tool for VJing in openGL. |
27321822_0_1 | 27321822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modul8 | Modul8 | Modul8. History
The first public release was in 2004, followed by version 2 in 2005. |
27321822_0_2 | 27321822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modul8 | Modul8 | Modul8. Features
While the first version was a stripped down real-time compositing environment, the second version introduced a module system, allowing customization of the software interface. Modul8 also offers support for multiple screen output on the MacPro. The application also has an integrated programming environment that allows to write Python scripts inside the application. |
27321824_0_0 | 27321824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheper | Sheper | Sheper.
Sheper (definite form: Sheperi) is a community in the Gjirokastër County, southern Albania. Sheperi is the largest village of the former Zagori municipality. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Libohovë. It is mountain village located 30 km from the city of Gjirokastër, about 800 meters above sea level. Due to heavy migration, its current population is about 100 inhabitants. Sheper is inhabited by an Orthodox Albanian population. |
27321824_0_1 | 27321824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheper | Sheper | Sheper. Demographics
Sheper is inhabited by an Orthodox Albanian population and some Aromanian families. The Aromanian presence in Sheper dates to the 20th century when during the communist era in Albania they settled in the area. |
27321824_0_2 | 27321824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheper | Sheper | Sheper. Notable people
Andon Zako Çajupi
Mihal Kasso
Aristidh Ruci
Ilia Dilo Sheperi
Pano Xhamballo
Kiço Ngjela, politician of the Communist Albania
Jorgo Bulo, philologist, historian, literary critic |
27321826_0_0 | 27321826 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck%20Island%20%28Milford%2C%20Connecticut%29 | Duck Island (Milford, Connecticut) | Duck Island (Milford, Connecticut).
Duck Island is the one of two islands in the Charles E. Wheeler Wildlife Management Area at the mouth of the Housatonic River. It is approximately from the end of Milford Point Road, near the Connecticut Audubon Society Coastal Center at Milford Point. The island is uninhabited and is designated as a Department of Environmental Protection Natural Area Preserve, though people may visit the island outside of bird nesting season. The maximum elevation on the island is ~. |
27321826_0_1 | 27321826 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck%20Island%20%28Milford%2C%20Connecticut%29 | Duck Island (Milford, Connecticut) | Duck Island (Milford, Connecticut).
The island is within the boundaries of the City of Milford, Connecticut and is owned and managed by State of Connecticut. |
27321826_0_2 | 27321826 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck%20Island%20%28Milford%2C%20Connecticut%29 | Duck Island (Milford, Connecticut) | Duck Island (Milford, Connecticut). Transportation
All transportation to and from the island is by boat. |
27321890_0_0 | 27321890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Steere | Edward Steere | Edward Steere.
Edward Steere (1828 – 26 August 1882) was an English Anglican colonial bishop in the 19th century. |
27321890_0_1 | 27321890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Steere | Edward Steere | Edward Steere.
He was educated at London University and ordained in 1850. After curacies in Devon and Lincolnshire, he joined William Tozer (Bishop in Central Africa) on a mission to Nyasaland in 1863. He was appointed Bishop in Central Africa in 1874 and died on 26 August 1882. |
27321890_0_2 | 27321890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Steere | Edward Steere | Edward Steere.
Edward Steere spent several years in Zanzibar, 1864–68, 1872–74, and 1877–82. In 1873 he placed the foundation stone at Christ Church, Zanzibar, in Stone Town, Zanzibar. The cathedral was based on a vision of Edward Steere's who actively contributed to the design; its unique concrete roof shaped in an unusual barrel vault was Steere's idea. Edward Steere also worked with David Livingstone to abolish slavery in Zanzibar. He is buried behind the altar in the church. David Livingstone's aides James Chuma and Abdullah Susi also were part of an expedition lead by Steere. Chuma was captain of the expedition and both men acted as interpreters. |
27321890_0_3 | 27321890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Steere | Edward Steere | Edward Steere.
Steere was a considerable linguist and published works on several East African languages and dialects, including Shambala, Yao, Nyamwezi, and Makonde. But he is especially known for his work on Swahili, publishing a Handbook of Swahili in 1870, and he also translated or revised the translation into Swahili of a large part of the Bible. |
27321936_0_0 | 27321936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergun%20Caner | Ergun Caner | Ergun Caner.
Ergun Michael Caner (born November 3, 1966) is a Swedish-American academic, author, and Baptist minister, who became well known for his book, co-authored with his brother, on Islam and his claims that he was a devout Muslim trained as a terrorist, claims since proven to be false. He emigrated to the United States at age four and claimed to have converted to Protestantism in the early 1980s. |
27321936_0_1 | 27321936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergun%20Caner | Ergun Caner | Ergun Caner.
Caner is the former President of Brewton-Parker College in Mount Vernon, Georgia. He previously served as the Provost and Vice President of Academic Affairs at Arlington Baptist College and was the former dean of the Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary and Graduate School of Liberty University. He was removed from this position after it became clear to Liberty University faculty and the Liberty University Board that he misrepresented his background. |
27321936_0_2 | 27321936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergun%20Caner | Ergun Caner | Ergun Caner.
On January 20, 2015, Brewton-Parker College announced that Dr. Caner was stepping down due to the inability to properly grieve for his deceased son, Braxton, who had committed suicide on July 29, 2014.
He has authored and co-authored several books, many of which discuss Islam and Christianity. His book, Unveiling Islam, co-authored with his brother Emir, sold more than 200,000 copies and has been translated into six languages. It also received a 2003 Gold Medallion Book award by the Evangelical Christian Publisher's Association. |
27321936_0_3 | 27321936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergun%20Caner | Ergun Caner | Ergun Caner. Early life
Caner was born in Stockholm, Sweden in 1966 to Acar, a Turkish national, and Monica, a Swede. He was the oldest of three brothers. Caner immigrated to the United States in 1969 with his parents, moving to Ohio. His parents divorced on April 14, 1978, but his father, through court order, initially established that the boys be raised in Islam. Caner's mother Monica successfully fought against the provision in the divorce decree that the children be raised Muslim by making an appeal to the court on February 6, 1979. The court allowed Monica's petition that religious instruction be "according to the desires of each parent" while in their custody. Caner continues to contradict these facts in many of his lecture videos by providing conflicting statements. |
27321936_0_4 | 27321936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergun%20Caner | Ergun Caner | Ergun Caner.
Caner was the first of his siblings to profess Christianity, doing so at age 15 after accepting a friend's invitation to a revival meeting at a local Baptist church. Within 18 months, both of Caner's brothers baptised into the church. Caner's father disowned all three sons following their conversions, and he did not see them again until 1999, when a stepsister they had never met called to tell them he was dying with cancer. Caner, then pastoring a church in Denver, Colorado, traveled to his father's home days before he died and introduced him to his wife and son, Braxton. |
27321936_0_5 | 27321936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergun%20Caner | Ergun Caner | Ergun Caner.
Caner and his brother Emir became active in Christian ministry. In 1989, Ergun earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Biblical Studies and Languages at Cumberland College (now the University of the Cumberlands), a Baptist college in Williamsburg, Kentucky. After graduation, he and Emir enrolled at Criswell College in Dallas, Texas, where they first met Criswell president Paige Patterson, who they later described as a surrogate father. Ergun Caner became Patterson's assistant while pursuing a Master of Arts in History. In late 1991, Patterson left Criswell under pressure from the school's board of trustees and became president of Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary in Wake Forest, North Carolina. Ergun completed his master's degree in 1992, and both Ergun and Emir followed Patterson to Southeastern. There, Caner earned two additional graduate degrees – a Master of Divinity in 1994 and a Master of Theology in 1995. In 2000, he obtained a Doctor of Theology degree at the University of South Africa. After graduation, he returned to Criswell College as a professor of Theology and Church History. |
27321936_0_6 | 27321936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergun%20Caner | Ergun Caner | Ergun Caner. Public career
Patterson urged Caner and his brother to write a book about Islam, citing the need for Christians to understand the Muslim religion in order to convert its followers to Christianity. Caner said the importance of writing the book was impressed upon him following the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001. The book, Unveiling Islam: An Insider's Look at Muslim Life and Beliefs, was published in March 2002. Paperback editions of the book included a foreword by Richard Land, president of the Southern Baptist Convention's Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission. The book was a commercial success, selling 100,000 copies in its first year of publication. The Evangelical Christian Publishers Association awarded it the Gold Medallion for a missions/evangelism book in 2003. |
27321936_0_7 | 27321936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergun%20Caner | Ergun Caner | Ergun Caner.
A review in the Fort Worth Star-Telegram described Unveiling Islam as "a sketch of religious history, theology and life" and "a handy, brief guide to what is often an unknown world". The reviewer further noted that the book was "strongly evangelistic" and "emphasizes the faith's militant aspect". IslamOnline'''s Ali Asadullah called Unveiling Islam "a diatribe against Muslims and their faith." |
27321936_0_8 | 27321936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergun%20Caner | Ergun Caner | Ergun Caner.
In June 2002, the Caners received national attention for Unveiling Islam after Jerry Vines referred to the Muslim prophet Muhammad as a "demon-possessed pedophile", citing the book as evidence, in a sermon at the annual meeting of the Southern Baptist Convention in St. Louis, Missouri. In the aftermath of these remarks, Muslim leaders labeled Caner and his brother as kafirs or "infidels". |
27321936_0_9 | 27321936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergun%20Caner | Ergun Caner | Ergun Caner.
In the years following the publication of Unveiling Islam, Caner became a well-known and popular speaker at evangelical schools and churches. In September 2002, The Dallas Morning News reported that both Caner brothers were "booked [as speakers] nearly every weekend all over the country for the next few years". In 2003, Caner accepted an invitation from Jerry Falwell, founding president of Liberty University in Lynchburg, Virginia, to join the university's faculty. Later that year, Ergun and Emir published The Sacred Trust: Sketches of the Southern Baptist Convention Presidents. A review in Baptist History and Heritage magazine said the book "does achieve its goal in giving a 'sketch' of each president. Unfortunately, the authors provide no analysis, context, or summary; in short, they offer no theme." |
27321936_0_10 | 27321936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergun%20Caner | Ergun Caner | Ergun Caner.
In February 2005, Falwell announced that Caner was to be the first former Muslim to become the President and Dean of an evangelical seminary, making Caner head of Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary. Caner's leadership at Liberty Seminary and with the faculty he built saw the enrollment triple in a relatively short period of time. In conjunction with Child Evangelism Fellowship, Caner led the creation of a Master of Arts degree in Children's Ministry. |
27321936_0_11 | 27321936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergun%20Caner | Ergun Caner | Ergun Caner.
Caner was initially listed as signatory to the 2008 Evangelical Manifesto prepared by a group of religious leaders in an attempt to define evangelical beliefs and de-politicize the evangelical movement. Caner said he was asked to read the document but never consented to endorse it. He said he agreed with much of the document but characterized the language regarding political activism as "spineless" and a "group hug approach to Christianity". David Neff, a member of the committee that drafted the manifesto, said the inclusion of Caner's name was an oversight and was corrected when he objected. |
27321936_0_12 | 27321936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergun%20Caner | Ergun Caner | Ergun Caner.
On December 4, 2013 it was announced that Caner had been elected 16th president of Brewton-Parker College, an independent, four-year coeducational college located in Mount Vernon, Ga. with strong ties to the Georgia Baptist Convention. On January 22, 2015 it was reported Caner would soon resign his presidency of Brewton-Parker College. Caner explained the July, 2014 suicide of his 15 year-old son Braxton was responsible for his decision: "Brewton-Parker College cannot become a healthy, growing and stable college under the leadership of a man who is broken, ... and I am admitting to you that I am broken. I can’t get over his death, and I am not sure I want to. I do know that I cannot muster the fight needed to be the leader of our college. My family and my heart need healing, and you deserve better." Other observers have claimed that Caner's sudden resignation from Brewton-Parker College preceded his certain termination for having made several racially disparaging remarks, comments that many of the students and faculty at Brewton-Parker had recently become aware of, and many had been publicly protesting. |
27321936_0_13 | 27321936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergun%20Caner | Ergun Caner | Ergun Caner. Controversy
In a 2009 San Francisco Examiner article, Davi Barker highlighted errors Caner had made in public statements about Islam, including mispronouncing the word muadhin, misquoting the Shahada, and incorrectly stating that the Muslim holy month of Ramadan lasted 40 days when it only lasts either 29 or 30 days. |
27321936_0_14 | 27321936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergun%20Caner | Ergun Caner | Ergun Caner.
In 2010, Christian and Muslim bloggers accused Caner of making up and lying about his life story by citing details that were incongruent with his regularly stated, printed, and often repeated story. The critics particularly challenged Caner's claims to have grown up in Turkey, when he actually grew up in Ohio; being raised in a devout Muslim home, rather than a nominal one; having been trained as an Islamic jihadist; having debated dozens of Muslims, although they say there is no evidence of such. Mohammad Khan, a Muslim from London, England, was the first to show that Caner's recitation of what he claimed was the Shahada, the Islamic creed, is actually the first two verses of the Qur'an, wrongly recited. |
27321936_0_15 | 27321936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergun%20Caner | Ergun Caner | Ergun Caner.
On May 10, 2010, Liberty University announced that it would launch a formal inquiry into allegations of discrepancies in the claimed background of Caner, the Dean and President of the Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary and Graduate School. Caner said, "I am thrilled that Liberty University is forming this committee, and I look forward to this entire process coming to a close." The committee reported "discrepancies related to the matters such as dates, names and places of residence" in Caner's public statements, although they found no evidence to contradict the idea that he was a Muslim who converted to Christianity as a teenager. The committee also reported that Caner had cooperated with its investigation and apologized for the identified discrepancies. As a result of the investigation, on June 25, 2010, Liberty University removed Caner from his position as Dean of the seminary, but decided to retain him as a full-time faculty member of the seminary for the 2010–2011 school year. |
27321936_0_16 | 27321936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergun%20Caner | Ergun Caner | Ergun Caner.
On September 24, 2010, Caner was the keynote speaker for the Twin City's 12th Annual Community Prayer Breakfast in Bristol, Virginia. When interviewed about the controversy, the chairman of the local prayer breakfast committee said that members were aware of the controversy, but the invitation had been issued before the controversy became apparent. He also noted that the Community Prayer Breakfast does not delve into the backgrounds of their motivational/inspirational speakers. At the meeting, Caner claimed that he and his brother had seen the controversy coming for years. The bloggers were simply "frustrated people in their basements", he said, adding that it would take more than edited videos to take him down. |
27321936_0_17 | 27321936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergun%20Caner | Ergun Caner | Ergun Caner.
Caner left LU in June 2011 to become Provost and Vice President of Academic Affairs for the Arlington Baptist College. The President of Arlington Baptist College, Dr. Dan Moody, stated that Caner's controversy was in the past and the new Vice President had his full confidence.
Caner filed a lawsuit on June 18, 2013, in the U.S. district court in North Texas claiming copyright infringement for reproducing, uploading and maintaining his videos without permission. The lawsuit was dismissed with prejudice on April 17, 2014. The judge ruled the videos had been posted in their entirety and were not edited as Caner had earlier claimed.Allen, Bob "Judge says use of Caner video fair" April 21, 2014 Two courts ruled the lawsuits were frivolous and ordered Caner to pay a combined total of $59,183.39 in legal fees. Following the court order, YouTube made the videos available again.United States Marine Corps "Ergun Caner trains US Marines (Base Theater)" |
27321936_0_18 | 27321936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergun%20Caner | Ergun Caner | Ergun Caner. Books
Caner, Ergun, and Emir Fethi Caner. Unveiling Islam: An Insider's Look at Muslim Life and Beliefs. Updated and Expanded ed. Grand Rapids: Kregel Publications, 2009.
Caner, Emir Fethi, and Ergun Mehmet Caner. More Than a Prophet: an Insider's Response to Muslim Beliefs About Jesus and Christianity. Grand Rapids: Kregel Publications, 2003.
Caner Emir, and Ergun Caner. The Sacred Trust: Sketches of the Southern Baptist Convention Presidents. Nashville, Tenn.: B&H Academic, 2003.
Caner, Ergun Mehmet, and Emir Fethi Caner, eds. The Sacred Desk: Sermons of the Southern Baptist Convention Presidents. Nashville, Tenn.: B&H Publishing Group, 2004.
Caner, Ergun Mehmet, ed. Voices Behind the Veil: the World of Islam through the Eyes of Women. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Kregel Publications, 2004.
Caner, Ergun Mehmet, and Emir Fethi Caner. Christian Jihad: Two Former Muslims Look at the Crusades and Killing in the Name of Christ. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Kregel Publications, 2004.
Brunson, Mac & Caner, Ergun. Why Churches Die: Diagnosing Lethal Poisons in the Body of Christ. Nashville: B&H Books, 2005.
Hoffman, Paul K., and Norman L. Geisler, eds. Why I Am a Christian: Leading Thinkers Explain Why They Believe. Rev. and expanded ed. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Books, 2006.
Cabal, Ted, ed. The Apologetics Study Bible: Understand Why You Believe. Nashville, Tennessee: Holman Bible Publishers, 2007.
Pollock, Forrest. The Last Sermon I Would Preach If Jesus Were Coming Tomorrow. Encouraging Word, 2007.
Hindson, Ed, and Caner, Ergun, general editors. The Popular Encyclopedia of Apologetics. Eugene, Or.: Harvest House Publishers, 2008.
Falwell, Jonathan, general editor. InnovateChurch. Nashville, Tenn.: B&H Books, 2008.
Caner, Ergun Mehmet. Holier Than Thou: When Faith Becomes Toxic. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2009.
Allen, David L., and Steve W Lemke, eds. The Return of Christ: A Premillennial Perspective. Nashville: B&H Academic, 2011. |
27321936_0_19 | 27321936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergun%20Caner | Ergun Caner | Ergun Caner. See also
Southern Baptist Convention
List of Southern Baptist Convention affiliated people
Walid Shoebat
Mike Warnke
World Baptist Fellowship |
27321959_0_0 | 27321959 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ano%20Pala | Ano Pala | Ano Pala.
Sir Ano Pala, (born 15 September 1952) is a Papua New Guinean politician. He has been a member of the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea since 2007, representing the electorate of Rigo Open (in Central Province). He is Minister for Justice and Attorney-General in the government of Peter O'Neill. |
27321959_0_1 | 27321959 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ano%20Pala | Ano Pala | Ano Pala.
He was elected to the National Parliament at the 2007 election and was initially a member of the National Alliance Party. In May 2010, he was appointed Attorney General and Minister of Justice in Prime Minister Michael Somare's Cabinet, replacing Allan Marat who had resigned after breaching Cabinet solidarity by criticising government policy. Pala had, until then, served as parliamentary secretary to Dr Puka Temu, the Minister of Lands and Physical Planning and Mining. In July 2010, he was one of four ministers to defect to the Opposition in an unsuccessful attempt to bring down the government, but later rejoined the government ranks and was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs. |
27321959_0_2 | 27321959 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ano%20Pala | Ano Pala | Ano Pala.
At the start of August 2011, he again defected to the Opposition, and this time helped to successfully bring down the government in a parliamentary motion of no confidence. Peter O'Neill became Prime Minister, and appointed Pala as his Minister for Foreign Affairs, Trade and Immigration. |
27321959_0_3 | 27321959 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ano%20Pala | Ano Pala | Ano Pala.
Pala had previously served as parliamentary clerk, but resigned that position to stand (successfully) for Parliament in the 2007 general election. |
27321959_0_4 | 27321959 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ano%20Pala | Ano Pala | Ano Pala.
In 2009, he publicly supported Eastern Highlands Provincial Governor Malcolm 'Kela' Smith who petitioned the government to "intervene to protect our citizens of [sic] the action of Asian businessmen", who he claimed had "exploited locals" by selling "cheap goods and counterfeit products", and by forcing employees to work long hours for low wages. Pala added that locals should be assisted in setting up their own businesses: there was a "need to support our education system, to create some of the basics of how to make money, how to run a business and how to understand the commercial and business system in the schools". |
27321959_0_5 | 27321959 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ano%20Pala | Ano Pala | Ano Pala.
In January 2012, he joined Don Polye's new Triumph Heritage Empowerment Rural Party. |
27321963_0_0 | 27321963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College%20Prep%20International | College Prep International | College Prep International.
College Prep International located in Montreal is an elementary and secondary level private school. The school was established in 1944 by Abraham Brodsky and Phillip Finkel as Prep School of Montreal and in 1993 changed its name to College Prep International. |
27321963_0_1 | 27321963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College%20Prep%20International | College Prep International | College Prep International.
College Prep International offers education from elementary 5 through secondary 5. |
27321963_0_2 | 27321963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College%20Prep%20International | College Prep International | College Prep International. History
In 1944, Abraham Brodsky organized classes for Graduates of Sir George Williams University where he was a teacher. By 1947 Phillip Finkel joined his fellow Graduate A. Brodsky and started their own tutorial school at 4240 Girouard Ave. and the name Prep School of Montreal was established. From 1947 they taught elementary and high school subjects to students from grade 1 through grade 11. During evenings Prep School offered adult education. |
27321963_0_3 | 27321963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College%20Prep%20International | College Prep International | College Prep International.
College Prep was known for helping students through small classes and good discipline, to achieve their high school diplomas. In 1977 Ursulene T. Mora joined Prep School and started changing its profile to high academics. The name College Prep International was registered in 1993 and the school moved to its present home at 7475 Sherbrooke West. |
27321963_0_4 | 27321963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College%20Prep%20International | College Prep International | College Prep International.
Ashton Livingston joined Prep School in 1950. Steve Lawrence was an academic advisor from 1960. Bhagwan Sadaranganey was an academic advisor from 1970. Donna Vaicekauskas was an academic advisor from 1990. Cheryl Selby was a teacher from 1974 to 1978. |
27321963_1_0 | 27321963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College%20Prep%20International | College Prep International | College Prep International. High schools in Canada
English-language schools in Quebec
Elementary schools in Montreal
High schools in Montreal
Private schools in Quebec
Preparatory schools in Quebec
Educational institutions established in 1944
1944 establishments in Quebec |
27321982_0_0 | 27321982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will%20Horton | Will Horton | Will Horton.
Will Horton is a fictional character from the American daytime TV soap opera Days of Our Lives, known for a highly praised coming out story, award-winning performances by actor Chandler Massey, and as one half of US daytime drama's first male gay wedding and marriage. The character first appears in the episode of November 16, 1995, when his mom Sami Brady (Alison Sweeney) gives birth to him. Initially portrayed by a series of child actors, the character grew up in real-time as the show aired, eventually to be played by adult actors Chandler Massey (2010–2014, 2017–2021), and Guy Wilson (2014–2015). |
27321982_0_1 | 27321982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will%20Horton | Will Horton | Will Horton.
The character is initially named Will Reed, after his presumed father, Austin Reed, but it is later revealed that Austin's half-brother and Sami's friend Lucas Roberts (Bryan Dattilo) is his father. Sami and Lucas fight each other for custody, and Will, who is renamed Will Roberts, has a "tumultuous upbringing". As a child, Will endeavors to bring his parents together, whilst his grandma Kate Roberts (Lauren Koslow) schemes to keep them apart. Will sees success when his parents marry in 2007; and his newly united family take the name Horton, to distance themselves from his grandma Kate. |
27321982_0_2 | 27321982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will%20Horton | Will Horton | Will Horton.
Cast in the role when Will was 17, Massey played Will's transition to adulthood and is noted for his portrayal of Will coming out as gay and beginning a same-sex relationship with Sonny Kiriakis (Freddie Smith). Massey's performance and the coming out storyline received high praise: Glamour magazine said it "has never been done better – not on primetime, daytime, or in feature films", and "it's raw, it's touching" and "honest to the core"; and soap journalist Michael Fairman called Massey's performance "beyond sensational". Will and Sonny became the show's first same-sex supercouple (commonly referred to by the portmanteau "WilSon"), and in 2014 Guy Wilson took over the role of Will as Days broadcast the first male gay wedding in US daytime drama history. |
27321982_0_3 | 27321982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will%20Horton | Will Horton | Will Horton.
The character was graphically murdered in the episode of October 9, 2015, with Will being shown strangled to death, lying dead in the morgue, and being buried and grieved by his family. Viewers reacted with "major" backlash, the decision was highly criticized by professionals, and there was a feeling Days of Our Lives was pandering to anti-gay sentiment in its audience base. In January 2017 Days of Our Lives announced a new head-writer in Ron Carlivati; and in May 2017 Entertainment Weekly reported that Massey was reprising the role of Will. Carlivati indicated, via social media, that Will may not have died after all, and the ensuing storyline showed how Will survived. Massey's new episodes played from September 15, 2017 to September 1, 2020, and he returned again for the Christmas season in December 2020. In the fall of 2021, he reprised his role as Will in the Days spin-off miniseries Days of Our Lives: Beyond Salem, on the Peacock streaming service, and later headlined the spin-off Days of Our Lives: A Very Salem Christmas, in December 2021. |
27321982_0_4 | 27321982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will%20Horton | Will Horton | Will Horton.
For playing Will, Massey won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series in 2012, 2013, and 2014, becoming the first to win three years in a row in that category, as well as the first to win it for playing a gay character. |
27321982_0_5 | 27321982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will%20Horton | Will Horton | Will Horton. Casting
Identical twins Shawn and Taylor Carpenter originally played Will. They were only six weeks old when they started, and they portrayed Will from babyhood until six years old (1995 to 2002). In 2002, Days decided they wanted a trained young actor playing Will, and nine-year-old Darian Weiss was cast, and the character was rapidly-aged three years. A year later (2003), Christopher Gerse took over as Will. Gerse was able to attend regular school whilst working on Days, including playing on his school's basketball team, just like his character. In 2005, Days were again planning to rapidly age Will, and were "actively seeking out a new actor to play the role" — but the plans were shelved when a new storyline for the younger Will "became available", and Gerse was retained to "preserve the believability of Alison Sweeney and Bryan Dattilo as his parents". Will was not aged again, and Gerse continued until 2007 when Will was temporarily written out (by having the character go to live with his uncle and aunt in Switzerland). In addition, for one episode in January 2008, Gerse provided Will's voice for a phonecall. |
27321982_0_6 | 27321982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will%20Horton | Will Horton | Will Horton.
In 2009, Will, now sixteen, was reintroduced with actor Dylan Patton. In 2010 the role was again recast with Chandler Massey, the first adult in the role, reportedly to facilitate a new storyline. Before he started, Massey watched as many old episodes as he could find to familiarize himself with the character. In 2013, his younger brother Christian played Will in flashbacks for the episode of February 8. In June 2013, after Massey's second Emmy win, he told reporters he would vacate the role to return to university when his current contract expired. Executive Producer Ken Corday said, "I wish he would stay. I keep telling him to change his mind, don't go away .... The door will always be open here to Chandler. We are not going to recast Will, but I wish him well". Massey said he supported a recast, saying "I don’t want Will and Sonny to break up. I want them to be together forever and go off and get married", and "I want what is best for WilSon!" |
27321982_0_8 | 27321982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will%20Horton | Will Horton | Will Horton.
On May 8, 2017, Entertainment Weekly announced that Massey was reprising the role of Will, airing in September. Massey told the publication: "I am so excited to be bringing Will back [...] I can't wait for the fans to see what we have planned"; and Wilson expressed "joy" about Will's revival, and happiness that Massey was "back in the saddle as the steward of such an important LGBT icon". Massey made his return in the episode of September 15, 2017. Then in February 2020, it was revealed that Massey was again let go from the serial, with his last appearance airing September 1, 2020; but Executive Producer Ken Corday said Will would be "returning on and off", and Massey re-appeared as Will in the 2020 Christmas season. |
27321982_1_0 | 27321982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will%20Horton | Will Horton | Will Horton. Characterization and family
When Will is born, his mother Sami is in love with Austin Reed (Austin Peck) and desperately wants to marry him. To this end, she has convinced Austin (and maybe herself too) that Austin is Will's father. So Will begins life with Austin as his father, and the two develop a "strong bond" as father and son. Austin is "beloved" by Will, and their strong bond continues even after it is revealed, two years later, that Will is actually the son of Austin's half-brother, Lucas Roberts. |
27321982_1_1 | 27321982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will%20Horton | Will Horton | Will Horton. Development
Initially Will is a quiet child; the twins who initially played Will, and who started on the show as babies, had a tendency to be quiet in front of the cameras. But when, in 2002, Will was aged to nine years and Darian Weiss cast to play him, the character was given an outspoken streak; a trait that was carried on with later portrayals. |
27321982_1_2 | 27321982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will%20Horton | Will Horton | Will Horton. Development
Will's parents, Sami and Lucas, fight each other for custody of Will for several years, and Will's chaotic upbringing has an influence on his character. The Sony Pictures web page for Will stated his "turbulent upbringing" made the young Will "moody and suspicious", however About.coms character profile said Will overcame the turmoil of his upbringing, and grew up to be a "kind-hearted" and "level-headed" teenager. In an early interview, Massey said Will is "a great guy .... he kind of had an interesting upbringing, but he turned out to be a really good kid, very forgiving." Massey added: "He doesn’t like being lied to, definitely, but that happens all the time to him. He's very mature for his age. Sometimes it seems like he is the parent in the relationship" (with his mom Sami); Massey said: "He’s like the voice of reason in his family." Will has a relationship with his dad Lucas that is more than father and son – they are "best friends". As a big brother, he is close to his siblings. |
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