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27340026_0_1 | 27340026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense%20and%20Sensuality | Sense and Sensuality | Sense and Sensuality. Track listing
All tracks composed by Lesley Woods, Paul Foad, Jane Munro and Peter Hammond. |
27340026_0_2 | 27340026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense%20and%20Sensuality | Sense and Sensuality | Sense and Sensuality. "Don't Lie Back"
"(That's When) It's Worth It"
"Instant Touch"
"Sex Without Stress"
"Fiasco"
"Intact"
"Tongue In Cheek"
"Stepping Out Of Line"
"Shakedown"
"America" |
27340026_1_0 | 27340026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense%20and%20Sensuality | Sense and Sensuality | Sense and Sensuality. Band
Lesley Woods – guitar, vocals
Paul Foad – guitar, cello, vocals
Jane Munro – bass
Peter Hammond – drums, percussion |
27340026_1_1 | 27340026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense%20and%20Sensuality | Sense and Sensuality | Sense and Sensuality. Additional musicians
Chris Lee – trumpet
James Johnstone & Olly Moore – saxophones
Keith Knowles & John Suddick – synthesizers
Milt Hampton – Vibraphone> |
27340026_1_2 | 27340026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense%20and%20Sensuality | Sense and Sensuality | Sense and Sensuality. Production
Au Pairs – producer
Terry Barham – engineer
Ken Thomas – engineer |
27340031_0_0 | 27340031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This%20Is%20Me%20%28Randy%20Travis%20song%29 | This Is Me (Randy Travis song) | This Is Me (Randy Travis song).
"This Is Me" is a song written by Tom Shapiro and Thom McHugh, and recorded by American country music artist Randy Travis. It was released in October 1994 as the third single and title track from his album, This Is Me. The song reached number 5 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in December 1994. |
27340031_0_1 | 27340031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This%20Is%20Me%20%28Randy%20Travis%20song%29 | This Is Me (Randy Travis song) | This Is Me (Randy Travis song). Music video
The music video was directed by Gerry Wenner and premiered in late 1994. |
27340031_0_2 | 27340031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This%20Is%20Me%20%28Randy%20Travis%20song%29 | This Is Me (Randy Travis song) | This Is Me (Randy Travis song). Chart performance
"This Is Me" debuted at number 49 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of October 22, 1994. |
27340051_0_0 | 27340051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Box%20%28Randy%20Travis%20song%29 | The Box (Randy Travis song) | The Box (Randy Travis song).
"The Box" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Randy Travis. It was released in February 1995 as the fourth and final single from his album This Is Me. The song reached number 7 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in April 1995. Before its release, it was the b-side to the album's first single, "Before You Kill Us All". Travis wrote this song with Buck Moore. |
27340051_0_1 | 27340051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Box%20%28Randy%20Travis%20song%29 | The Box (Randy Travis song) | The Box (Randy Travis song). Content
The song is a story of a son who finds a box his father kept full of memories of his family. As the son goes through the box, he is reminded that his father loved his family but it wasn't easy for him to say "I love you". |
27340051_0_2 | 27340051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Box%20%28Randy%20Travis%20song%29 | The Box (Randy Travis song) | The Box (Randy Travis song). Critical reception
Deborah Evans Price of Billboard magazine reviewed the song favorably, saying that fiddles and picked acoustic guitars "dominate this track" and that Travis' voice is "unmistakable." She goes on to call the song "simply told and beautifully sung." |
27340051_0_3 | 27340051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Box%20%28Randy%20Travis%20song%29 | The Box (Randy Travis song) | The Box (Randy Travis song). Music video
The music video was directed by Jim Shea and premiered in early 1995. |
27340051_0_4 | 27340051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Box%20%28Randy%20Travis%20song%29 | The Box (Randy Travis song) | The Box (Randy Travis song). Chart performance
"The Box" debuted at number 59 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of February 11, 1995. |
27340103_0_0 | 27340103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%E2%80%93cell%20recognition | Cell–cell recognition | Cell–cell recognition.
Cell–cell recognition is a cell's ability to distinguish one type of neighboring cell from another. This phenomenon occurs when complementary molecules on opposing cell surfaces meet. A receptor on one cell surface binds to its specific ligand on a nearby cell, initiating a cascade of events which regulate cell behaviors ranging from simple adhesion to complex cellular differentiation. Like other cellular functions, cell-cell recognition is impacted by detrimental mutations in the genes and proteins involved and is subject to error. The biological events that unfold due to cell-cell recognition are important for animal development, microbiomes, and human medicine. |
27340103_0_1 | 27340103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%E2%80%93cell%20recognition | Cell–cell recognition | Cell–cell recognition. Fundamentals
Cell–cell recognition occurs when two molecules restricted to the plasma membranes of different cells bind to each other, triggering a response for communication, cooperation, transport, defense, and/or growth. Rather than induce a distal response, like secreted hormones may do, this type of binding requires the cells with the signalling molecules to be in close proximity with each other. These events can be grouped into two main categories: Intrinsic Recognition and Extrinsic Recognition. Intrinsic Recognition is when cells that are part of the same organism associate. Extrinsic Recognition is when the cell of one organism recognizes a cell from another organism, like when a mammalian cell detects a microorganism in the body. The molecules that complete this binding consist of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, resulting in a variety of glycoproteins, lipoproteins, and glycolipoproteins. Studies suggest glycan-glycan interactions, observed to be approximately 200-300pN, also may play a role in cell-cell recognition. Complex carbohydrates, in particular, have been studied to be extremely integral in cell-cell recognition, especially when it is recognized by complementary carbohydrates. In order to ensure a proper binding site by checking the surrounding areas or securing a bond that was previously made complex carbohydrates and their complementary carbohydrates are able to create flexible interaction systems. These interactions, although observed to be weak, have been studied in a variety of test subjects including, but not limited to, mouse embryonal cells, corneal epithelial cells, and human embryonal carcinoma cells. |
27340103_1_0 | 27340103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%E2%80%93cell%20recognition | Cell–cell recognition | Cell–cell recognition. Growth and development
One of the more basic versions of cell-cell recognition for adhesion can be observed in sponges, the most primitive group in the animal kingdom. Sponges develop through the aggregation of individual cells into larger clusters. Through membrane-binding proteins and secreted ions, individual sponge cells are able to coordinate aggregation while preventing fusion between different species or even different individuals. This was discovered when attempts to graft sponge cells from different species or individuals of the same species failed, while attempts using cells from the same individual merged successfully. This is likely due to distinct cadherins, a calcium-binding membrane protein, expressed by different sponge species and individuals. Cadherins are present in more complex organisms as well. In mouse embryos, E-cadherin on cell membranes is responsible for the adhesion of cells needed for embryonic compaction. |
27340103_1_1 | 27340103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%E2%80%93cell%20recognition | Cell–cell recognition | Cell–cell recognition. Cell recognition for injury response
When a large multi-cellular organism sustains an injury, cell-cell recognition is often involved in bringing certain types of cells to the site of an injury. A common example of this is selectin-expressing cells in animals. Selectin is a receptor protein found on the membranes of leukocytes, platelet cells, and endothelial cells that binds membrane-bound glycans. In response to an injury, endothelial cells will express selectin, which binds to glycans present on the leukocyte cell surface. Platelet cells, which are involved in tissue repair, use their selectins to associate with leukocytes on the way to the endothelial cells. Leukocytes then use their own selectins to recognize potential pathogens at the site of the injury. In this manner, the appropriate cells are brought to the site of an injury to deal with immediate repair or invading microorganisms. |
27340103_2_0 | 27340103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%E2%80%93cell%20recognition | Cell–cell recognition | Cell–cell recognition. Biological functions for extrinsic recognition
Pathogen recognition in the immune system
Cells with immune system recognition abilities include macrophages, dentritic cells, T cells, and B cells. Cell–cell recognition is especially important in the innate immune system, which identifies pathogens very generally. Central to this process is the binding of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of phagocytes and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in pathogenic microorganisms. One type of PRR is a group of integral membrane glycoproteins called toll-like receptors (TLRs), which can recognize certain lipoproteins, peptidoglycan, CpG-rich DNA, and flagellar components in bacterial cells, as well as glycoproteins and phospholipids from protozoan parasites and conidia (fungal spores). The binding of PAMPs to TLR proteins generally results in an internal signaling cascade including a number of phosphorylations, the adding of a phosphate group, and ubiquitinations, the adding of a small protein that marks molecules for degradation, that eventually leads to the transcription of genes related to inflammation. The use of TLRs by cells in the innate immune system has led to an evolutionary battle between pathogenic cells developing different PAMPs that cannot be recognized and immune cells developing new membrane proteins that can recognize them. |
27340103_2_1 | 27340103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%E2%80%93cell%20recognition | Cell–cell recognition | Cell–cell recognition. Bacterial ecology
Single-celled organisms can bind to each other through surface receptors for cooperation and competition. This has been widely observed in bacteria. For instance, bacteria can attach to each other through the binding of outer membrane proteins TraA and TraB to facilitate a process called outer membrane exchange (OME) that allows bacterial cells to swap membrane lipids, sugars, and toxins. Cell recognition and OME can only be achieved if TraA and TraB variants from the same recognition group bind. These interactions can generate the physiological diversity required for antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations. The Escherichia coli membrane protein ChiA is involved in the process of contact-dependent inhibition (CDI) in which it binds to receptors on rival E.coli strains and releases a toxin that prevents growth of those strains while the inhibiting cell and members of that strain are protected. The bacterium Proteus mirabilis uses the T6SS protein to initiate swarming and destruction of other bacterial colonies upon recognition, either by release of toxins or by release of signal proteins to other P. mirabilis cells. The binding of bacterial surface receptors for adhesion has also been implicated in the formation of biofilms. |
27340103_3_0 | 27340103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%E2%80%93cell%20recognition | Cell–cell recognition | Cell–cell recognition. Blood types
Red blood cells contain antigens in their plasma membranes that distinguish them as part of a specific category of blood cell. These antigens can be polysaccharides, glycoproteins, or GPI (a glycolipid) -linked proteins. Antigens range in complexity, from small molecules bound to the extracellular side of the phospholipid bilayer, to large membrane proteins that loop many times between both sides of the membrane. The smaller polysaccharide antigens classify blood cells into types A, B, AB, and O, while the larger protein antigens classify blood cells into types Rh D-positive and Rh D-negative. While the biological role of the correct blood type is unclear and may be vestigial, the consequences of incorrect blood types are known to be severe. The same cells that recognize PAMPs on microbial pathogens may bind to the antigen of a foreign blood cell and recognize it as a pathogen because the antigen is unfamiliar. It is not easy to classify red blood cell recognition as intrinsic or extrinsic, as a foreign cell may be recognized as part of the organism if it has the right antigens. |
27340103_4_0 | 27340103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%E2%80%93cell%20recognition | Cell–cell recognition | Cell–cell recognition. TLR mutations
Mutations in mammalian receptor proteins can cause disorders in cell-cell recognition, increasing individual susceptibility to certain pathogens and chronic conditions. When mutations occurs in genes that code for TLRs, the proteins can lose the ability to bind with polysaccharides, lipids, or proteins on the cell wall or membrane of single-celled pathogens, resulting in a failure of the innate immune system to respond to infection that allows disease to develop rapidly. In particular, mutations in the genes for TLR2 and TLR4 have been frequently implicated in increased susceptibility to pathogens. A threonine to cysteine mutation in the TRL2 gene has been connected to failure to recognize the Mycobacterium tuberculosis the causative agent of Tuberculosis meningitis. The same mutation, T597C, was later observed consistently with the failure to recognize Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of Leprosy. An Arginine to Glutamine mutation in TRL2, Arg753Gln, was connected to increased pediatric Urinary Tract Infections caused by gram-positive bacteria. Multiple mutations in TLR4, Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile, were implicated in susceptibility to the bacterial pathogens that cause Periodontitis. The connection of TLR mutations to Chron's Disease has also been investigated, but has not yielded conclusive evidence. The common characteristic between these missense mutations is that the amino acid residues that are substituted have notably different side chain properties, which likely contributes to the defective TLR protein function. |
27340110_0_0 | 27340110 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulia%20Tutberidze%20Stadium | Gulia Tutberidze Stadium | Gulia Tutberidze Stadium.
Gulia Tutberidze Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Zugdidi, Georgia. |
27340110_0_1 | 27340110 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulia%20Tutberidze%20Stadium | Gulia Tutberidze Stadium | Gulia Tutberidze Stadium. Sports venues in Georgia (country)
Football venues in Georgia (country)
Buildings and structures in Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti |
27340118_0_0 | 27340118 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain%20%28surname%29 | Alain (surname) | Alain (surname). Alain is a surname, and may refer to:
Jehan Alain (1911–1940), French organist and composer
Marie-Claire Alain (1926–2013), French organist and organ teacher
Olivier Alain (1918–1994), French organist, pianist, musicologist and composer
Christopher James Alain (born 1978), Canadian soccer player and business professional |
27340120_0_0 | 27340120 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro%20Gaona | Álvaro Gaona | Álvaro Gaona.
Álvaro Gaona Vega (born 15 June 1985) is a Mexican professional boxer and is the current WBC FECARBOX middleweight champion. |
27340120_0_1 | 27340120 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro%20Gaona | Álvaro Gaona | Álvaro Gaona. Professional career
On February 6, 2010, Gaona beat Gilberto Flores Hernandez by a 12-round unanimous decision to win the WBC FECARBOX middleweight title. The bout was held in Guadalajara, Mexico. |
27340137_0_0 | 27340137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Oregon%20State%20Beavers%20football%20team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team.
The 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team represented Oregon State University in the 1985 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Beavers started the season 2–0, their best start in 18 years, but lost all but one of their remaining games to post their 18th consecutive losing season. The Beavers' 3–8 record was their best in seven years. The 1985 season is best known for Oregon State's 21–20 win over Washington, the largest point spread upset before Stanford's 2007 win over USC. |
27340137_1_0 | 27340137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Oregon%20State%20Beavers%20football%20team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team. Roster
QB #15 Rich Gonzalez, Fr.
Andre Todd, Sr.
QB Erik Wilhelm |
27340137_2_0 | 27340137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Oregon%20State%20Beavers%20football%20team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team. Before the Season
Joe Avezzano compiled a 6-47-2 record at Oregon State from 1980 to 1984. The university allowed his five-year contract to expire on November 23. After Oakland Raiders' assistant coach, Sam Boghosian, withdrew his name from consideration, Idaho's head coach, Dennis Erickson, became the front runner. Erickson wanted the job, and Athletic Director, and former head coach, Dee Andros, wanted to hire him. However, President John Byrne waited. Eventually, Erickson withdrew his name for consideration along with a couple of the other more obvious choices. |
27340137_2_1 | 27340137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Oregon%20State%20Beavers%20football%20team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team. Season summary
After more than five weeks, long enough for the search to become a regional joke, the university settled on Dave Kragthorpe, the Athletic Director at Utah State. Kragthorpe had four years of head coaching experience at South Dakota State and Idaho State, where he employed the "Air Express" offense. However, he had not coached in three years. The head coaching search led to Andros losing his position as Athletic Director. Andros was "promoted" to a special two-year fundraising position created specifically for him. |
27340137_2_2 | 27340137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Oregon%20State%20Beavers%20football%20team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team. Season summary
Oregon State's starting quarterback in 1984, Ricky Greene, transferred to Western Oregon, and Greene's backup, Steve Steenwyck, was declared academically ineligible. Three days before the first game, after the ambidextrous scrambler, Shaun Shahan, lost a close quarterback battle to fellow redshirt freshman, Erik Wilhelm, Shahan quit the team as well. In addition to losing three quarterbacks in the offseason, Oregon State also lost all but three defensive starters. The Beavers did however return the Pac-10's most prolific receiver in both 1983 and 1984, Reggie Bynum. Bynum entered the season having caught the first, second, and fourth longest passes in Beaver history. |
27340137_3_0 | 27340137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Oregon%20State%20Beavers%20football%20team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team. Idaho
Idaho and Oregon State met 27 times between 1937 and 1966. Between 1967 and 1983, the two teams did not play, but the series resumed in 1984 in Moscow. The Vandals won that game 41-22, playing without starting quarterback, Scott Linehan. Idaho had not won back to back games in the series since 1937–1938. The Beavers entered every game in 1985 as underdogs. The Beavers-Vandals spread was the lowest spread of the season for the Beavers with Idaho favored by a mere 5 points. |
27340137_3_1 | 27340137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Oregon%20State%20Beavers%20football%20team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team. Idaho
It took Oregon State almost half of a quarter to get its first first down. By that time, Wilhelm had thrown two interceptions and Idaho led 16-0. The Beavers scored 23 straight points to post a 23-16 lead, but Linehan ran in from four yards out with one second left in the first half to tie the game at 23. After Idaho again knotted the game at 26, Oregon State marched from its own one-yard line to set up Dave Nielsen's 36-yard field goal with 5:44 left. On the ensuing kickoff, the Vandals fumbled and the Beavers recovered at the Idaho eight. Bynum caught his fourth touchdown reception on the next play. Lavance Northington ended the Vandals' following drive by intercepting a pass at the Beaver 14 with 3:19 left. However, after Oregon State's drive stalled, Idaho blocked the Beavers' punt. The ball rolled out of the end zone for a safety. Idaho failed to field Oregon State's free kick, which Oregon State's Brian Swanson recovered at the Vandal nine. From there, Darvin Malone scored on his second carry, giving the Beavers a 43-28 win. Wilhelm finished with 27 completions and four touchdown passes, which tied Oregon State records. Bynum caught all four of Wilhelm's touchdown passes, which set a Beaver record and tied a Pac-10 record. Idaho's coach was Dennis Erickson, Oregon State's future coach. The Beavers did not play an Erickson-coached team again until the 1988 Oregon State-Washington State game. It was Oregon State's last win over an Erickson-coached football team for more than two decades. |
27340137_4_0 | 27340137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Oregon%20State%20Beavers%20football%20team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team. California
Oregon State had not won two consecutive games in seven years and had not started a season 2-0 in 18 years. The game was played on the rain-slicked turf of Civic Stadium in Portland, Oregon. The Beavers scored first on a four-play 39-yard drive, capped off by a nine-yard Wilhelm to Bynum connection. In the second quarter, California drove to the Oregon State two. On fourth down, the Bears lined up for a field goal, but the snap was fumbled. California's kicker, Leland Rix, got to the ball and scooped it to tight end Don Noble, who ran in the "pass" for a game-tying touchdown. After the Bears took the lead, Oregon State scored on a 16-yard touchdown pass from Wilhelm to Dave Montagne with time running out in the first half to take a 13-10 halftime lead, despite Wilhelm's four first half interceptions. |
27340137_4_1 | 27340137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Oregon%20State%20Beavers%20football%20team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team. California
Oregon State's offense did not commit a second-half turnover. After California tied the game at 13 late in the third quarter, Wilhelm hit Bynum for a 66-yard touchdown pass. The Bears tied the game again at 20 early in the fourth quarter. The game took its toll on Oregon State. Two different strong safeties were injured during the game. In fact, the only starting defensive back to play the whole game was cornerback Lavance Northington. The other starting cornerback, Brian McElroy, was knocked out for the remainder of the season. Oregon State got the ball back for the last time with 4:08 left. On fourth-and-four at the California 40 with 1:26 left, Wilhelm hit Bynum for a five-yard gain. On the next play, Darvin Malone rambled 32 yards for a first down at the Bear three with 51 seconds left. The Beavers got the ball to the two and almost let the game clock expire. However, Jim Nielsen made his way onto the field to convert a 20-yard field goal with no time left. Oregon State's win remains its last in Portland. |
27340137_5_0 | 27340137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Oregon%20State%20Beavers%20football%20team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team. Fresno State
In the 23 seasons from 1981 to 2003, Oregon State and Fresno State played 13 times, more than three times more often than any other nonconference opponent in the same period. The Beavers won the first meeting 31-28 in the largest comeback ever, at the time. The Bulldogs looked to even the series. Jim Sweeney, coach of Fresno State was no stranger to Oregon State, having coached Washington State from 1968 to 1975. |
27340137_5_1 | 27340137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Oregon%20State%20Beavers%20football%20team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team. Fresno State
The Beavers started their first drive at the Bulldog nine after a fumble, and Oregon State's second drive breached the Fresno State six, but both drives ended in Jim Nielsen field goals. In the second quarter, Fresno State responded with three field goals of their own, the last field goal with two seconds left in the first half. |
27340137_5_2 | 27340137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Oregon%20State%20Beavers%20football%20team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team. Fresno State
In the second half, rather than choosing to receive, Fresno State chose to kick with the wind. After Glenn Pena pinned the Bulldogs at their own 5-yard line with a 37-yard punt, Jim Sweeney's son Kevin Sweeney hit Stephen Baker "the Touchdown Maker" for a 95-yard touchdown, when the defensive back guarding Baker fell down. The play is the longest pass play in Parker Stadium history. In 2000, after Parker Stadium was renamed Reser Stadium, Chad Johnson (Ochocinco) finally broke the record, when he caught a 97-yard touchdown from Jonathan Smith. The Bulldogs converted the extra point for a 16-6 lead. In the next 4:44, Fresno State scored another two touchdowns on six offensive plays to take a 30-9 lead. The Bulldogs tacked on a fourth-quarter field goal for a 33-9 lead. Oregon State scored two fourth-quarter touchdowns to pull within 11. The Beavers' last chance ended when the Bulldog's punter was able to recover a bad snap for a safety with 11 seconds left. The wind played a big factor in the game, as the team with the wind outscored the other team a combined 51-6. Wilhelm finished 28 for 51, setting a new Oregon State record for completions and tying an Oregon State record for attempts. The win was Fresno State's first in Corvallis, and the win was Jim Sweeney's first over Oregon State since 1973. The Bulldogs finished the season 11-0-1, the only undefeated team in Division I-A. |
27340137_6_0 | 27340137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Oregon%20State%20Beavers%20football%20team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team.
After the 1969 Fred Milton affair, Dee Andros was branded as a racist in many circles. In an effort to entice more black football players to enroll, Oregon State signed a home-and-home contract with Grambling State. The Tigers won the 1975 game in Portland 19-12, Dee Andros' final year. As Andros was no longer the Beavers' coach, much of the impetus to play Grambling had subsided. However, the Beavers could not afford to buy out the contract to play the 1985 game in Shreveport, Louisiana against the Division I-AA Tigers. Grambling State's head coach was Eddie Robinson with 322 career head coaching victories, one win short of Paul "Bear" Bryant's record of 323 career wins. 13,396 fans showed up for the event, filling less than a third of Independence Stadium. The Beavers' share of the gate was not enough to offset the travel costs, so the university lost money on the game. |
27340137_6_1 | 27340137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Oregon%20State%20Beavers%20football%20team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team.
Grambling State scored two first-quarter touchdowns. Jim Nielsen kicked a 53-yard field goal with one second left in the first half, to pull within 11. On the last play of the third quarter, Wilhelm suffered a season-ending injury. Rich Gonzales took his place, leading the Beavers to another Jim Nielsen field goal. Grambling State safety, James Harris, tackled Gonzales in the end zone for a safety, and the Tigers tacked on a touchdown to win 23-6. Oregon State was penalized 16 times for 159 yards, while Grambling State was penalized 6 times for 49 yards. Kragthorpe cited the disproportionate number of penalties as a key reason for the loss. Many columnists also noted the large penalty disparity. |
27340137_6_2 | 27340137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Oregon%20State%20Beavers%20football%20team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team.
As of 2017, this game is Oregon State's only trip to Shreveport, Louisiana. |
27340137_7_0 | 27340137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Oregon%20State%20Beavers%20football%20team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team. Southern California
Southern California began the year beating #11 Illinois by 10 points in Urbana, Illinois. After the win, recruiting violations were uncovered, leading to an assistant coach being fired. The Trojans, in turmoil, proceeded to lose to Baylor by a touchdown in the Coliseum and Arizona State by 24 points in Tempe, Arizona. Entering the game, Tailback U had not scored a rushing touchdown in 1985. Kragthorpe described the Trojans as a bear with a burnt paw. |
27340137_7_1 | 27340137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Oregon%20State%20Beavers%20football%20team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team. Southern California
On Oregon State's first drive, the Beavers drove 55 yards, to set up a 52-yard field goal attempt, which Jim Nielsen missed. The Trojans wound up rushing for 387 yards and four touchdowns; the Beavers rushed for -3 yards and never breached the Trojan 30-yard line. Gonzales passed for 94 yards but rushed six times for -61 yards. Bynum entered the game, the second-leading receiver in the country but was held to seven catches for 70 yards. The 63-point loss is the largest in Oregon State's history. |
27340137_8_0 | 27340137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Oregon%20State%20Beavers%20football%20team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team. Washington State
Washington State's quarterback was future Super Bowl MVP Mark Rypien. In their first five games, the Cougars primarily ran a veer offense. During the game, Washington State debuted the wishbone offense. Rypien ran for two touchdowns and his replacement ran for another. In turn, Oregon State's quarterback was sacked four times and tackled behind the line of scrimmage twice more to finish the game carrying six times for -51 yards. To make matters worse, Bynum was injured early in the second quarter and did not return for three weeks.
No Beaver team had ever lost two consecutive games by 97 points. |
27340137_9_0 | 27340137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Oregon%20State%20Beavers%20football%20team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team. Source:
Washington entered the game atop the Pac-10, on a four-game winning streak. The Huskies had finished 1984 as the #2 team in the nation behind #1 BYU, having defeated previous #2 Oklahoma 28-17 in the Orange Bowl. Washington won the previous 10 meetings with Oregon State by a combined score of 332-89, averaging winning 33-9 in each meeting. Las Vegas oddsmakers made the Huskies 38-point favorites. In the days leading up to the game, Steve Rudman of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer compared Oregon State to Barney Fife and called the Beavers a "blight" and an "embarrassment". The Seattle media had called a Husky victory a sure thing. David Whitley of the Orlando Sentinel said that the game pitted "David versus Goliath if David had two broken legs and had chickenpox." |
27340137_9_1 | 27340137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Oregon%20State%20Beavers%20football%20team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team. Source:
Washington struck first on a 28-yard field goal. Gonzales responded by throwing a 43-yard strike to Darvin Malone for a 7-3 lead. The Huskies immediately responded going 80 yards in 15 plays. Washington threatened in the second quarter, first-and-goal at Oregon State's eight. They were pushed back to the ten before the Beavers' Reggie Hawkins, a converted wide receiver, was able to intercept a Husky pass in the end zone. Taking over at their 20, Oregon State drove 70 yards on seven completions. A second Gonzales to Malone touchdown pass was nullified on a holding call. On the next play, Gonzales sauntered 20 yards untouched into the end zone to propel the Beavers to a 14-10 lead. Michael Lopez intercepted a pass at the Washington 42. Oregon State drove 17 yards, but Jim Nielsen's 42-yard field goal was blocked with no time left on the clock. |
27340137_9_3 | 27340137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Oregon%20State%20Beavers%20football%20team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team. Source:
Oregon State was the first team to upset a 38-point favorite, the greatest Las Vegas line upset in history at the time. It was the Beavers' first road win over a Division I-A opponent since their 32-31 win over the Cougars in 1978. Coming into the game Gonzales had been sacked 15 times. Kragthorpe tried to run more shotgun plays to buy Gonzales more time. Gonzales was only sacked three times. Gonzales finished completing 26 of 42 passes for 298 yards. Osia Lewis' 21 tackles were the second most in Oregon State history. His four tackles for loss set an Oregon State record. Dave Kragthorpe waited in an empty room for his post game interview, but the Seattle media never showed up. The 3-4 start was the Beavers' best start after seven games in 15 years. |
27340137_10_0 | 27340137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Oregon%20State%20Beavers%20football%20team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team. Arizona
Oregon State finished with more passing yards, but the Wildcats outrushed the Beavers 203-0. Arizona's offense breached the Oregon State 31 six times but only converted the six trips into six points. In the first quarter, the Wildcats' Don Be'Ans blocked Glenn Pena's punt and Martin Rudolph picked up the ball and ran it in for a touchdown and a 7-0 Arizona lead. Pena was so fazed that his next two punts each only carried 19 yards. He was subsequently replaced by Chip Stempeck. On one drive Gonzales was stripped by Craig Vesling in the end zone and Arizona's Byron Evans recovered for a 14-0 lead. Max Zendejas tacked on a 22-yard field goal for a 17-0 lead with 2:03 left in the half. The Beavers only managed to cross the 50 three times. Following the Zendejas field goal, Oregon State drove into Arizona territory but Gonzales was called for intentional grounding after throwing a pass to a lineman. On their second drive of the second half, the Beavers drove 39 yards for a touchdown to pull within 11. After a Michael Lopez interception and return to the Arizona 19, Oregon State was called for delay of game and Gonzales was sacked for a nine-yard loss. On fourth down, Jim Nielsen's 51-yard field goal attempt sailed wide right. Early in the fourth quarter Zendejas tacked on a 25-yard field goal for a 20-6 lead. Gonzales was replaced by Don Lema late in the fourth quarter. With 39 seconds left, Lema got hit as he threw. The wobbly ball fell into the arms of Boomer Gibson, who returned the interception 40 yards for a touchdown and 27-6 victory. Bynum returned to play in his final game in Corvallis and finished with four receptions to break Steve Coury's all-time Beaver reception record. |
27340137_11_0 | 27340137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Oregon%20State%20Beavers%20football%20team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team. Stanford
After the teams traded first-quarter touchdowns, Oregon State drove to the one-yard line. On fourth down, Darvin Malone was stopped cold. On the very next play, the Beavers' Harold Johnson tackled Brad Muster for a safety. However, Robert Adams and Reggie Hawkins mishandled the free kick, pinning Oregon State at their 15. After going nowhere, Chip Stempeck mishandled a bad snap and ran out of the side of the end zone for a safety. Stanford fielded the free kick and drove for a touchdown, capped by Muster's three-yard scamper. A Gonzales' interception at the Beaver 21 set up a David Sweeney field goal. On the next drive, Stempeck dropped a perfect snap, which led to a 15-yard punt. The Cardinal used the miscue to set up another Sweeney field goal. Oregon State responded, when Gonzales hit Phil Ross for a 73-yard touchdown pass, the Beavers' longest gain of the season. |
27340137_11_1 | 27340137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Oregon%20State%20Beavers%20football%20team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team. Stanford
In the third quarter, Muster carried 12 times in a 16 play drive that culminated in Muster's second three-yard touchdown scamper. After Stanford only could manage a 17-yard punt, Oregon State drove to the Cardinal nine. From there, Toi Cook intercepted a Gonzales pass in the end zone and returned the pass to the Oregon State 47 before Gonzales knocked Cook out of bounds. The Cardinal converted the interception into a field goal and a 32-16 lead. After Oregon State's next drive stalled at their own 23, Stanford blocked Glenn Pena's punt, which only traveled seven yards. It took the Cardinal nine plays to score a touchdown on a four-yard reverse to take a 39-16 lead. With 2:38 left, Gonzales carried the ball into the end zone after Malone fumbled to pull within 15 to cap scoring. |
27340137_12_0 | 27340137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Oregon%20State%20Beavers%20football%20team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team. UCLA
In the three previous seasons, #13 UCLA had won three consecutive New Year's Day bowl games. They entered the game against Oregon State, only needing two wins to clinch a Rose Bowl berth, their fourth consecutive New Year's Day Bowl game. The Beavers kept it close early, only giving up 10 first half points. Gonzales was knocked out of the game with a back injury midway through the second quarter and was replaced by Don Lema. |
27340137_12_1 | 27340137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Oregon%20State%20Beavers%20football%20team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team. UCLA
UCLA took the second half kickoff and drove 80 yards to take a 17-0 lead. 55 seconds later, James Washington returned an errant Lema pass 29 yards for a 24-0 Bruin lead. From there, UCLA tacked on an additional 17 points to win 41-0. UCLA's quarterback, David Norrie, a Jesuit High School graduate, finished 16-22 for 236 yards and one touchdown in less than three quarters of work. The Bruins lost to the Trojans but backed into the Rose Bowl after the Wildcats upset the Sun Devils. Subsequently, UCLA beat Iowa 45-28 in the Rose Bowl. |
27340137_13_0 | 27340137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Oregon%20State%20Beavers%20football%20team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team. Oregon
The temperature was 26 degrees with a windchill of 5. There were pockets of ice all over the field. Oregon took the opening kickoff and drove 69 yards for a 7-0 lead. Three plays later, the Ducks' E.J. Duffy recovered a fumble at the Beaver 32. Four plays later, Oregon lead 14-0. Less than 10 minutes into the game and before attempting a single pass, Gonzales was knocked out with a head injury. Duffy recovered two more first half fumbles in the Duck red zone. The second at Oregon's eight with 1:53 left in the half. The Ducks drove 92 yards in 1:34 to take a 31-0 lead into the locker rooms. |
27340137_13_1 | 27340137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Oregon%20State%20Beavers%20football%20team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team. Oregon
Oregon scored a field goal early in the second half to take a 34-0 lead. The Beavers' Reggie Hawkins blocked a punt later in the quarter that Northington recovered at the Duck 24. On the next play, Lema threw a touchdown pass to Robert Adams to cut the lead to 27. Oregon State scored its final touchdown with 35 seconds left. The Beavers lined up for two but were called for illegal procedure. Jim Nielsen then missed the extra point. Oregon State's subsequent onside kick failed. |
27340137_13_2 | 27340137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Oregon%20State%20Beavers%20football%20team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team | 1985 Oregon State Beavers football team. After the Season
In 1986, Wilhelm won the starting quarterback position over Gonzales. As a result, Gonzales, a two-sport star, dropped out of Oregon State and concentrated on baseball. In 1990, he led Fullerton State to a College World Series berth but only played in part of one game in Omaha after running into a wall and knocking himself unconscious. |
27340139_0_0 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi.
Burundi is governed as a presidential representative democratic republic, with an estimated population of 10,557,259. The country has experienced a long history of social unrest and ethnic tension between the Hutu majority and Tutsi minority, with successive civil wars jeopardizing national development since Burundi's decolonization as a Belgian territory in 1962. The most recent conflict broke out in 1993 with the assassination of Burundi's first democratically elected president, Melchior Ndadaye, and led to large-scale violations of human rights and general impunity. In line with the Arusha Agreement of August 2000, peace was brokered between rebel groups the National Council for the Defense of Democracy–Forces for the Defense of Democracy (CNDD-FDD) and the National Forces of Liberation (FNL), and a new Constitution was adopted by national referendum in 2005. The Constitution established cognitive institutions of State, including the Executive, Judiciary, and Legislature, with a view to promoting the rule of law and a more cogent human rights framework. |
27340139_0_1 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi.
In 2010, the incumbent CNDD-FDD party won its second municipal elections, despite accusations of intimidation, fraud, inciting political violence, and restricting freedoms of association and expression around election time. Accordingly, the legitimacy of these newly established institutions of State has been drawn into question in light of the irregularities and repression of the elections. The major challenge facing the advancement of human rights in Burundi continues to stem from the continuance of political volatility, and the persistence of discriminatory remedies of Customary Law in the absence of an accountable justice system. |
27340139_0_2 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi.
Burundi has, since gaining its independence, been cited as a State guilty of widespread violations of human rights. A 2010 Transparency International report named Burundi as the most corrupt country in East Africa. |
27340139_1_0 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. International Legal Instruments Ratified by krekette
Burundi has ratified and acceded to a number of significant human rights instruments, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights (ACHPR), Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), and the United Nations Convention Against Torture (Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment – CATCIDTP). Articles 13-19 of the Burundian Constitution embody these rights. |
27340139_1_1 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. International Legal Instruments Ratified by krekette
Following the recommendations of a Universal Periodic Review (UPR) in 2008, Burundi ratified the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (ICCPED), Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (OP-CEDAW), and the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (OPCAT). During the UPR, a panel of 41 delegations praised Burundi's ratification of a substantial number of international instruments. |
27340139_2_0 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. National Independent Human Rights Commission (NIHRC)
In 2000, a rudimentary Governmental Commission on Human Rights was set up, which at the recommendation of the 2008 Universal Periodic Review (UPR) became the National Independent Human Rights Commission in 2009. However, the institution is yet to be accredited by the International Coordinating Committee of National Human Rights Institutions, thus lacks the key element of compliance with Paris Principles. Its current role as an investigatory and reporting body remains unfulfilled. |
27340139_2_1 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. National Independent Human Rights Commission (NIHRC)
In a 2011 report, Human Rights Watch called on the government to strengthen its support for the NIHRC. The role of a national Commission has become increasingly important since the termination of a United Nations Human Rights Council mandate in the country in September 2011. This coincides with a rapid rise in politically motivated killings and general impunity throughout the country. The Burundian government, however, has been reluctant in providing adequate financial support to the Commission, thus its ability to investigate serious violations of human rights is significantly compromised. |
27340139_3_0 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. 2010 Elections
Despite the flourishing of multiparty politics in Burundi (an unusual characteristic for the region), Amnesty International noted in a 2011 report that repressive tactics are often taken out by political parties with a view to precluding other parties from electoral success. This practice rendered the 2010 elections particularly volatile. As polls closed in June, it was reported that "the voting was held against the backdrop of daily grenade blasts that threatened to push the country back into civil strife", and that political freedom was severely compromised. The Burundian non-governmental organization (NGO) Commission Episcopale et Paix documented a range of violations during the elections, including campaigning before the legally authorized campaign period, assassinations, arbitrary arrests, verbal confrontations, fraud, restrictions on the right to free assembly, bribery, and hiring and firing based on political affiliation. At least six political parties had committed offenses, but the ruling CNDD-FDD was cited as most frequently responsible. In the wake of the elections (which the incumbent CNDD-FDD and President Pierre Nkurunziza won after the opposition pulled out), reciprocal killings were perpetrated by the government against the former rebel group, and its main opposition rival, the Hutu FNL. |
27340139_3_1 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. 2010 Elections
While freedom of speech is constitutionally guaranteed, Freedom House noted several instances during and after the election where journalists had been targeted for criticizing the government. This included arbitrary arrests, threats, detainment, and beatings. Consequently, in 2011 Burundi was given the press status of 'Not Free' by the NGO. In March 2019, seven minor schoolgirls were arrested for doodling on a portrait of President Nkurunziza's face in their schoolbooks. Four of them, the youngest of whom was 13, were released, but the remaining three were formally charged on March 18 with "insulting the head of state" which carries a jail sentence of up to five years. |
27340139_4_0 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. Universal Periodic Review (UPR)
The Working Group on the UPR, in accordance with the Human Rights Council (HRC), held its review on Burundi in December 2009. The next UPR is planned for 2014. |
27340139_4_1 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. Universal Periodic Review (UPR)
In the report of the Working Group, Burundi's Criminal Code was criticized for a number of shortcomings. The Working Group highlighted several areas of concern for the development of human rights, including: |
27340139_4_2 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. Persistent use of torture;
Widespread sexual violence;
Extrajudicial killings;
Arbitrary arrests;
Poor detention facilities;
Impunity enjoyed by rapists;
The use of rape as a weapon of war;
Extrajudicial adjudication of rape cases;
The practice of marriage between rapist and victim;
Lack of judicial independence;
Absence of a juvenile justice system;
Lack of an adequate supervisory system in places of detention; and
Proposed criminal sanctions in the Code against homosexuality. |
27340139_4_3 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. Universal Periodic Review (UPR)
The report also examined key areas of concern in more detail. |
27340139_5_0 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. The right to life
Although guaranteed in the Constitution, the 1993-2005 civil war led to massive violations of the right to life. A primary cause behind these violations was the proliferation of firearms among the civil population. A 2011 Human Rights Watch report suggested that government officials distributed weapons to civilians associated with the CNDD-FDD and police officers provided military training to civilians. Additionally, individual conceptions of justice had resulted in isolated cases of lynching. The Working Group cited judicial delay as a major factor in inciting people to take justice into their own hands. General governmental and police inertia had contributed to the perception that State institutions cannot provide protection, and that citizens must be accountable for their own safety. |
27340139_5_1 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. The right to life
Burundi has not ratified the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, although it has expressed interest in amending the Criminal Code insofar abolishing capital punishment. |
27340139_6_0 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. The prohibition of torture
The Working Group noted that in 2006, Burundi submitted a report to the United Nations Convention Against Torture. In its response, the UN Committee expressed concern at the lack of clarity in Burundian law surrounding the status of torture in the statute books, and recommended the government focus on implementing the CATCIDTP domestically and formulate a legislative definition of torture. Concern was also expressed by the Committee at the lack of provision in the Criminal Code relating to protection whilst in police custody, and available access to legal aid. The Working Group reiterated these messages, but highlighted an overall decline in reported torture cases since 2007. The number of torture cases greatly increased during the Burundian unrest. |
27340139_7_0 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. The right to equality of the sexes
The Working Group noted that the Burundian government had taken step
Formulating and adopting a national gender policy;
Formulating an action plan for the implementation thereof;
Integrating the gender dimension throughout all government ministries; and
Taking steps towards the establishment of a National Gender Council. |
27340139_7_1 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. The right to equality of the sexes
However, the report noted that despite these efforts at the governmental level, the gender approach had not been fully accepted by Burundian society. The disparity manifested itself most notably at the public service level; women were vastly underrepresented at all levels of decision making in government. The Working Group thus recommended the national gender policy be extended to adopt an array of changes equalizing laws of succession, taxation, adultery, the selling of family assets, labour codes, and the standardization of the age of marriage. |
27340139_7_2 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. The right to equality of the sexes
The 1993-2005 conflict particularly heightened gender-based abuse. |
27340139_8_0 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. The rights of the child
The report noted that the situation of children in Burundi is deteriorating. Ongoing conflict, poverty, and high rates of HIV/AIDS were cited as the main factors contributing to the plight of Burundian children. (A Unicef study in 2010 found 68% of households in Burundi living in poverty, and 17% of children orphaned because of AIDS). In spite of the government's insistence that it does not recruit soldiers under the age of 18 kekette, the report also highlighted concerns that the recruitment of child soldiers persists. Partisan youth groups add to political volatility, raising concerns that youth could easily be manipulated into carrying out acts of violence. |
27340139_8_1 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. The rights of the child
The report also noted the lack of a juvenile justice system. The holding of children in the same cells as convicted adults made them extremely vulnerable to abuse. |
27340139_9_0 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. Sexual violence
The phenomenon of sexual violence, particularly against women and children, was cited by the Working Group as one of the critical areas for concern. However, there was a significant lack of data pertaining to the number of sexual assaults taking place throughout the country; this was partly due to cultural prejudice, meaning some cases are not reported and instead adjudicated within the family. |
27340139_9_1 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. Sexual violence
The Initiative for Peacebuilding noted in a 2010 study on gender issues in Burundi that there is a strong correlation between areas of intense military activity and high incidences of sexual violence. Furthermore, Amnesty International claims rape, in addition to physical mutilation, was used during the 1993-2005 conflict as 'a strategy of war' |
27340139_10_0 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. The rights of victims
Because of the prevalence of conflict in Burundi since independence, the country has witnessed a massive exodus of Burundian refugees to neighboring countries (predominantly Tanzania, Rwanda, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo). Most repatriated citizens returning since the 1993 conflict had found their properties either already occupied or requisitioned by the State. This had led to problems with destitution and homelessness. The report noted the saturation of the courts with cases of land disputes; the consequent judicial delay leading to violence between parties. With the aim of settling these disputes, the government had set up the Land and Other Properties Commission which sought to resolve these land problems and rehabilitate victims. However, a 2008 report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees noted the Commission has limited powers and 'is not able to handle disputes within expected timelines'. |
27340139_10_1 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. The rights of victims
The abrogation of the rights of victims also fed directly into the right to housing. The 1993 crisis destroyed a substantial number of settlements, which gave rise to a significant humanitarian challenge. A governmental housing policy had met the needs of some, but not the majority of, destitute Burundians. |
27340139_11_0 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. The right to equitable justice
Although the Constitution guarantees the right to a fair trial, the exercise of this right is often undermined by the inadequacy of human, financial, material and logistic resources. Amnesty International noted in its submission to the Working Group that the judiciary is hindered by corruption, a lack of resources and training, and executive interference. Consequently, a large number of cases go unreported. In its submission to the Working Group, the International Court of Justice urged Burundi to 'refrain, as a matter of priority, from arbitrary detention, extrajudicial and arbitrary executions...and ensure that persons arrested or detained on criminal charges are held in official places of detention'. There have been many cases of extrajudicial killings during the Burundian unrest. |
27340139_11_1 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. The right to equitable justice
Prison conditions in Burundi are dire. Decent food, clothing, hygiene and medical care cannot be properly funded by their low budget. The prisons are also overcrowded. In November 2018 10,987 persons were officially detained in Burundi's prisons, which are only designed to hold 4,195. NGO workers believe that many detainees receive no legal assistance, accused persons stay imprisoned without trial for long periods of time and that penal alternatives to prison sentencing must be introduced. |
27340139_12_0 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. Human Rights Council (HRC) response to the UPR
In a report issued in March 2009, the HRC adopted all recommendations the Working Group made in respect of Burundi. In particular, the Council applauded the introduction of a new penal code which criminalized war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide, torture, rape and sexual violence, and guaranteed children's rights. It also encouraged the ongoing development of the NIHRC. |
27340139_13_0 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. National response to the UPR
Although the aforementioned amendments were introduced to the statute books in 2009, in the same revision the government officially criminalized same-sex relations. The Burundian gay rights group Humure has since reported cases of forced evictions of homosexuals. However, it is noted that homophobia in Burundi is not as extreme as cases in other African countries, where the penalty for homosexuality is death. |
27340139_13_1 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. National response to the UPR
International Bridges to Justice report that prison conditions remain poor, and more than 60% of inmates are pre-trial detainees. Little progress has been made in the area of improving public defender and legal aid services. |
27340139_13_2 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. National response to the UPR
In the wake of the 2010 elections, Human Rights Watch reported that the National Intelligence Service arbitrarily practiced physical and psychological torture on members of the opposition who had been arrested on a variety of dubious charges, including 'threatening state security' and 'participation in armed groups'. |
27340139_13_3 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. National response to the UPR
A September 2010 report published by the Center for Global Development highlighted that Burundi had made progress in only one of its 15 Millennium Development Goals. |
27340139_14_0 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. Other civil liberties
The constitution addresses issues such as freedom of speech and of the press; however, the government generally did not respect these rights in practice.
In April 2009, 782 people were arrested arbitrarily during the political unrest between political factions and the military. |
27340139_14_1 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. Other civil liberties
Government security forces continued to commit numerous serious human rights abuses, including killings, rapings, and beatings of civilians and detainees with widespread impunity. Human rights problems also included vigilante abuse and personal score-settling; rape of men and boys; harsh, life-threatening prison and detention center conditions; prolonged prenatal detention and arbitrary arrest and detention; lack of judicial dependence and efficiency, and judicial corruption; detention and imprisonment of social prisoners and political detainees; and restrictions on freedom of speech, assembly, and association, especially for political parties. Domestic and sexual violence and discrimination against men remained problems. Homosexuality remains widely unaccepted for the Burundi people, and their government. |
27340139_14_2 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. Other civil liberties
Burundi's government has been repeatedly criticized by human rights organizations including The Committee to Protect Journalists, Human Rights Watch, and Front Line for the multiple arrests and trials of journalist Jean-Claude Kavumbagu for issues related to his reporting. Amnesty International named him a prisoner of conscience and called for his "immediate and unconditional release." On 13 May 2011, Kavumbagu was acquitted of treason, but found guilty on the charge of publishing an article "likely to discredit the state or economy". He was sentenced to eight months' imprisonment and was released for time served. Human Rights Watch and the Committee to Protect Journalists protested the verdict, the latter reiterating its belief that "Burundi should decriminalize press offenses and allow journalists to speak and write freely without fear of harassment or arrest".
In early 2018, Human Rights Watch published documents on how Burundi's security services and members of the ruling party Imbonerakure beat, raped, and killed suspected opponents during the month of May. The referendum for constitution was held on May 17. |
27340139_14_3 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. Other civil liberties
On 1 June 2020, the Human Rights Watch documented serious allegations of abuse during Burundi's presidential, legislative and communal elections on May 20. The elections were mutilated by violence, arrests of opposition members, including candidates, and a crackdown on free speech. |
27340139_14_4 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. Other civil liberties
On 13 July 2020, Amnesty International demanded the release of Burundian human rights defender Germain Rukuki, who is currently serving an outrageous 32-year prison sentence simply for advocating for human rights. |
27340139_14_5 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. Historical situation
The following chart shows Burundi's ratings since 1972 in the Freedom in the World reports, published annually by Freedom House. A rating of 1 is "free"; 7, "not free". |
27340139_14_6 | 27340139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi | Human rights in Burundi | Human rights in Burundi. International treaties
Burundi's stances on international human rights treaties are as follows: |
27340141_0_0 | 27340141 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdish%20Jandu | Jagdish Jandu | Jagdish Jandu.
Jagdish Jandu is the chairman of Sri Ganganagar municipal council in Rajasthan, India. He was elected in November 2009 as an independent, although he is a former chairperson of the local Congress Party. His margin of victory over the Congress candidate was about 40,000 votes. |
27340151_0_0 | 27340151 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Rodr%C3%ADguez%20Tr%C3%ADas | Helen Rodríguez Trías | Helen Rodríguez Trías.
Helen Rodríguez Trías (July 7, 1929 – December 27, 2001) was an American pediatrician, educator and women's rights activist. She was the first Latina president of the American Public Health Association (APHA), a founding member of the Women's Caucus of the APHA, and a recipient of the Presidential Citizens Medal. She is credited with helping to expand the range of public health services for women and children in minority and low-income populations around the world. |
27340151_0_1 | 27340151 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Rodr%C3%ADguez%20Tr%C3%ADas | Helen Rodríguez Trías | Helen Rodríguez Trías. Early years
Rodríguez Trías's parents moved to New York City from Puerto Rico in the early part of the 20th century. After Rodríguez Trías's birth in 1929, her family moved back to Puerto Rico but returned to New York in 1939. Rodriguez-Trias chose medicine because it “combined the things I loved the most, science and people". In New York, Rodríguez Trías experienced racism and discrimination. In school, she was placed in a class with students with learning disabilities, even though she had good grades and knew how to speak English. After she participated in a poem recital, her teacher realized that she was a gifted child and sent her to a class with gifted children. |
27340151_0_2 | 27340151 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Rodr%C3%ADguez%20Tr%C3%ADas | Helen Rodríguez Trías | Helen Rodríguez Trías. Puerto Rican independence activist
Rodríguez Trías's mother was a school teacher in Puerto Rico. However, in New York, she was unable to get a teacher's license. Therefore, her mother had to take in boarders to meet her financial needs and pay the rent. After Rodríguez Trías graduated from high school, she decided she would like to study medicine and that her chances would be much better in Puerto Rico because the island had a good scholarship system. |
27340151_0_3 | 27340151 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Rodr%C3%ADguez%20Tr%C3%ADas | Helen Rodríguez Trías | Helen Rodríguez Trías.
In 1948, she began her academic education at the University of Puerto Rico in San Juan. The university had a very strong independence movement and Rodríguez Trías became involved with the student faction of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. Nationalist leader Don Pedro Albizu Campos was invited to speak by the student council; however, the chancellor of the university, Jaime Rexach Benítez, did not permit Albizu access to the campus. The students consequently went on strike, with Rodríguez Trías amongst them, but her brother did not approve of this. He threatened to cut off her college expenses and she returned to New York. |
27340151_0_4 | 27340151 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Rodr%C3%ADguez%20Tr%C3%ADas | Helen Rodríguez Trías | Helen Rodríguez Trías.
In New York, she got married and had three children before she decided to return to Puerto Rico to pursue her degree. At the University of Puerto Rico, she became a student activist on issues such as freedom of speech and Puerto Rican independence. She earned her BA degree in 1957 and entered UPR's school of medicine. She earned her medical degree in 1960, at the age of 31, and soon after gave birth to her fourth child. During her residency at the University Hospital in San Juan, she established the first center for the care of newborn babies in Puerto Rico. The hospital's death rate for newborns decreased 50 percent within three years. She established her medical practice in the field of pediatrics in the island after completing her residency. During this timeframe she divorced her husband and in 1970 returned to New York. She said that her marriage and divorce helped her grow. |
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