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https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10364360-new-constraints-protoplanetary-disk-gas-masses-lupus | New Constraints on Protoplanetary Disk Gas Masses in Lupus
Abstract
Gas mass is a fundamental quantity of protoplanetary disks that directly relates to their ability to form planets. Because we are unable to observe the bulk H2content of disks directly, we rely on indirect tracers to provide quantitative mass estimates. Current estimates for the gas masses of the observed disk population in the Lupus star-forming region are based on measurements of isotopologues of CO. However, without additional constraints, the degeneracy between H2mass and the elemental composition of the gas leads to large uncertainties in such estimates. Here, we explore the gas compositions of seven disks from the Lupus sample representing a range of CO-to-dust ratios. With Band 6 and 7 ALMA observations, we measure line emission for HCO+, HCN, and N2H+. We find a tentative correlation among the line fluxes for these three molecular species across the sample, but no correlation with13CO or submillimeter continuum fluxes. For the three disks where N2H+is detected, we find that a combination of high disk gas masses and subinterstellar C/H and O/H are needed to reproduce the observed values. We find increases of ∼10–100× previous mass estimates are required to match the observed line fluxes. This work highlights how multimolecular studies are essential more »
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ;
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10364360
Journal Name:
The Astrophysical Journal
Volume:
927
Issue:
2
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
Article No. 229
ISSN:
0004-637X
Publisher:
DOI PREFIX: 10.3847
We use ALMA observations of CO(2–1) in 13 massive (M*≳ 1011M) poststarburst galaxies atz∼ 0.6 to constrain the molecular gas content in galaxies shortly after they quench their major star-forming episode. The poststarburst galaxies in this study are selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey spectroscopic samples (Data Release 14) based on their spectral shapes, as part of the Studying QUenching at Intermediate-z Galaxies: Gas, angu$L→ar$momentum, and Evolution ($SQuIGGL⃗E$) program. Early results showed that two poststarburst galaxies host large H2reservoirs despite their low inferred star formation rates (SFRs). Here we expand this analysis to a larger statistical sample of 13 galaxies. Six of the primary targets (45%) are detected, with$MH2≳109$M. Given their high stellar masses, this mass limit corresponds to an average gas fraction of$〈fH2≡MH2/M*〉∼7%$or ∼14% using lower stellar masses estimates derived from analytic, exponentially declining star formation histories. The gas fraction correlates with theDn4000 spectral index, suggesting that the cold gas reservoirs decrease with time since burst, as found in local K+A galaxies. Star formation histories derived from flexible stellar population synthesis modeling support thismore » | 2023-02-03T12:42:51 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 5, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7121116518974304, "perplexity": 5251.059648092798}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500056.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203122526-20230203152526-00274.warc.gz"} |
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10369704-polyimide-aerogels-ballistic-impact-protection | Polyimide aerogels for ballistic impact protection
Abstract
The ballistic performance of edge-clamped monolithic polyimide aerogel blocks (12 mm thickness) has been studied through a series of impact tests using a helium-filled gas gun connected to a vacuum chamber and a spherical steel projectile (approximately 3 mm diameter) with an impact velocity range of 150–1300 m s−1. The aerogels had an average bulk density of 0.17 g cm−3with high porosity of approximately 88%. The ballistic limit velocity of the aerogels was estimated to be in the range of 175–179 m s−1. Moreover, the aerogels showed a robust ballistic energy absorption performance (e.g., at the impact velocity of 1283 m s−1at least 18% of the impact energy was absorbed). At low impact velocities, the aerogels failed by ductile hole enlargement followed by a tensile failure. By contrast, at high impact velocities, the aerogels failed through an adiabatic shearing process. Given the substantially robust ballistic performance, the polyimide aerogels have a potential to combat multiple constraints such as cost, weight, and volume restrictions in aeronautical and aerospace applications with high blast resistance and ballistic performance requirements such as in stuffed Whipple shields for orbital debris containment application.
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10369704
Journal Name:
Scientific Reports
Volume:
12
Issue:
1
ISSN:
2045-2322
Publisher:
Nature Publishing Group
National Science Foundation
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1. Abstract
We use medium-resolution Keck/Echellette Spectrograph and Imager spectroscopy of bright quasars to study cool gas traced by Caiiλλ3934, 3969 and Naiλλ5891, 5897 absorption in the interstellar/circumgalactic media of 21 foreground star-forming galaxies at redshifts 0.03 <z< 0.20 with stellar masses 7.4 ≤ logM*/M≤ 10.6. The quasar–galaxy pairs were drawn from a unique sample of Sloan Digital Sky Survey quasar spectra with intervening nebular emission, and thus have exceptionally close impact parameters (R< 13 kpc). The strength of this line emission implies that the galaxies’ star formation rates (SFRs) span a broad range, with several lying well above the star-forming sequence. We use Voigt profile modeling to derive column densities and component velocities for each absorber, finding that column densitiesN(Caii) > 1012.5cm−2(N(Nai) > 1012.0cm−2) occur with an incidencefC(Caii) = 0.63+0.10−0.11(fC(Nai) = 0.57+0.10−0.11). We find no evidence for a dependence offCor the rest-frame equivalent widthsWr(CaiiK) orWr(Nai5891) onRorM*. Instead,Wr(CaiiK) is correlated with local SFR at >3σsignificance, suggesting that Caiitraces star formation-driven outflows. While most of the absorbers have velocities within ±50 km s−1of the host redshift, their velocity widths (characterized by Δv90) are universally 30–177 km s−1larger than that implied by tilted-ring modeling of the velocities of interstellar material. These kinematics mustmore »
2. Metal oxide (MO) semiconductor thin films prepared from solution typically require multiple hours of thermal annealing to achieve optimal lattice densification, efficient charge transport, and stable device operation, presenting a major barrier to roll-to-roll manufacturing. Here, we report a highly efficient, cofuel-assisted scalable combustion blade-coating (CBC) process for MO film growth, which involves introducing both a fluorinated fuel and a preannealing step to remove deleterious organic contaminants and promote complete combustion. Ultrafast reaction and metal–oxygen–metal (M-O-M) lattice condensation then occur within 10–60 s at 200–350 °C for representative MO semiconductor [indium oxide (In2O3), indium-zinc oxide (IZO), indium-gallium-zinc oxide (IGZO)] and dielectric [aluminum oxide (Al2O3)] films. Thus, wafer-scale CBC fabrication of IGZO-Al2O3thin-film transistors (TFTs) (60-s annealing) with field-effect mobilities as high as ∼25 cm2V−1s−1and negligible threshold voltage deterioration in a demanding 4,000-s bias stress test are realized. Combined with polymer dielectrics, the CBC-derived IGZO TFTs on polyimide substrates exhibit high flexibility when bent to a 3-mm radius, with performance bending stability over 1,000 cycles.
3. Abstract
Solar filaments exist as stable structures for extended periods of time before many of them form the core of a coronal mass ejection (CME). We examine the properties of an erupting filament on 2017 May 29–30 with high-resolution Hei10830 Å and Hαspectra from the Dunn Solar Telescope, full-disk Dopplergrams of Hei10830 Å from the Chromospheric Telescope, and EUV and coronograph data from SDO and STEREO. Pre-eruption line-of-sight velocities from an inversion of Heiwith the HAZEL code exhibit coherent patches of 5 Mm extent that indicate counter-streaming and/or buoyant behavior. During the eruption, individual, aligned threads appear in the Heivelocity maps. The distribution of velocities evolves from Gaussian to strongly asymmetric. The maximal optical depth of Hei10830 Å decreased fromτ= 1.75 to 0.25, the temperature increased by 13 kK, and the average speed and width of the filament increased from 0 to 25 km s−1and 10 to 20 Mm, respectively. All data sources agree that the filament rose with an exponential acceleration reaching 7.4 m s−2that increased to a final velocity of 430 km s−1at 22:24 UT; a CME was associated with this filament eruption. The properties during the eruption favor a kink/torus instability, which requires the existence of amore »
4. ABSTRACT
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5. Abstract
Few published ultraviolet (UV) spectra exist for stripped-envelope supernovae and none to date for broad-lined Type Ic supernovae (SNe Ic-bl). These objects have extremely high ejecta velocities and are the only supernova type directly linked to gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). Here we present two epochs of HST/STIS spectra of the SN Ic-bl 2014ad, the first UV spectra for this class. We supplement this with 26 new epochs of ground-based optical spectra, augmenting a rich spectral time series. The UV spectra do not show strong features and are consistent with broadened versions of other SN Ic spectra observed in the UV. We measure Feii5169 Å velocities and show that SN 2014ad has even higher ejecta velocities than most SNe Ic both with and without observed GRBs. We construct models of the SN 2014ad UV+optical spectra usingtardis, a 1D Monte Carlo radiative-transfer spectral synthesis code. The models fit the data well at multiple epochs in the optical but underestimate the flux in the UV, likely due to simplifying assumptions. We find that high densities at high velocities are needed to reproduce the spectra, with ∼3Mof material atv> 22,000 km s−1, assuming spherical symmetry. Our nebular line fits suggest a steep density profilemore » | 2023-02-07T14:46:33 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5547448992729187, "perplexity": 6987.4435670354405}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500619.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207134453-20230207164453-00624.warc.gz"} |
https://control.com/textbook/continuous-analytical-measurement/introduction-to-optical-analysis/ | # Introduction to Optical Analysis
## Chapter 23 - Introduction to Continuous Analytical Measurement
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring chemical composition. Either a sample of the substance to be analyzed is stimulated into emitting light (optical emission), or made to absorb light from an external source (optical absorption). The specific frequencies (colors) of light obtained from these analyses serve to identify the chemical elements and/or compounds present in the sample, and the relative intensities of each spectral pattern indicate the concentrations of those elements and/or compounds.
The theoretical basis for optical analysis is the interaction between charged particles of matter and light, which may be modeled both as a particle (called a photon) and as an electromagnetic wave possessing a frequency ($$f$$) and a wavelength ($$\lambda$$). Thanks to the work of the physicists Max Planck and Albert Einstein at the beginning of the 20th century, we know there is a definite proportionality between the frequency of a light wave and the amount of energy carried by each photon ($$E$$). This proportionality is Planck’s constant, or $$h$$:
$E = hf$
Where,
$$E$$ = Energy carried by a single “photon” of light (joules)
$$h$$ = Planck’s constant (6.626 $$\times$$ $$10^{-34}$$ joule-seconds)
$$f$$ = Frequency of lightwave (Hz, or 1/seconds)
If the amount of energy carried by a photon happens to match the energy required to make an atomic electron “jump” from one energy level to another, the photon will be consumed in the work of that task when it strikes the atom. Conversely, when that same electron returns to its original (lower) energy level in the atom, it releases a photon of the same frequency as the original photon that dislodged the electron. Thus, energy is conserved (as always!): the energy received by the atom from the incident photon is later released in the form of another photon carrying the same amount of energy.
Since each element’s electron configuration is unique, each element’s electrons respond differently to light. Both the colors (frequencies) of light required to boost electron energy levels and the colors (frequencies) of light emitted by those atoms as their electrons fall back to their original energy levels constitute a unique “optical fingerprint” for identifying elements.
Molecular motion (i.e. temperature) is also a source of photon emission. Warm objects radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation, which is why we are able to remotely measure the temperature of an object by the optical radiation it emits.
If we examine the visible light spectrum (a range of wavelengths spanning 700 nm to 400 nm, corresponding to a range of frequencies spanning $$4.29 \times 10^{14}$$ Hz to $$7.5 \times 10^{14}$$ Hz) emitted by a blackbody heated to a temperature of 5700 Kelvin, we see a continuous spectrum of color from violet on the left (short wavelength, high frequency, high energy) to red on the right (long wavelength, low frequency, low energy). Here, I am using a computer program called Spectrum Explorer (SPEX) to map both the color spectrum and the intensity of radiation across a range of wavelengths:
Unless the light from a heated blackbody passes through some device to separate it into its constituent colors, the human eye blends all the colors together and only sees white. Thus, we use the term “white light” to refer to an equal mixture of light frequencies covering the visible spectrum. The grey areas to the far left and far right of the spectrum represent the ultraviolet and infrared regions, respectively, that lie outside of the human vision range. A blackbody heated to 5700 K emits substantial quantities of both ultraviolet and infrared radiation, but this radiation is invisible to the human eye.
If we take a sample of pure hydrogen gas and heat it using an electric arc (inside a glass tube), the hydrogen atoms’ electrons will be forced into higher energy states by the passage of electric current through the gas. As those electrons fall back to lower original energy levels, they emit photons of characteristic wavelengths (color). These wavelengths do not cover the visible spectrum as they do for blackbody objects, but rather reveal themselves as thin “lines” on the visible spectrum range, and as “peaks” on the intensity plot:
Viewed with the unaided human eye, the light emitted from a hydrogen gas discharge tube looks bright red, because that is the predominant wavelength emitted. The other colors tend to be overshadowed by the red, but we can still view them if we pass the light through a prism or through a diffraction grating to split it up into its constituent colors.
This particular set of “lines” is unique for the element hydrogen, and may serve as an identifying “fingerprint” for hydrogen if found in the emission spectrum for any chemical sample generated by the same method.
An alternative to electrically stimulating a quantity of hydrogen gas and thereby forcing an emission of specific wavelengths is to pass white light through a sample of hydrogen gas and then look for which colors are absorbed by the gas. As mentioned previously, photons having the necessary energies (frequencies) will become consumed in the work of elevating the hydrogen atoms’ electrons to higher energy levels, leaving dark lines in an otherwise unbroken spectrum of colors from violet to red. This is called the absorption spectrum for an element, in contrast to the emission spectrum obtained by electrically energizing atoms of that element to emit light.
The following illustration shows three different spectra: the full-color (white light) spectrum of white light (top), the emission spectrum of hydrogen gas (middle), and the absorption spectrum of hydrogen gas (bottom). Note how the dark gaps in the absorption spectrum precisely match the positions and colors of the bright lines in the emission spectrum, because the wavelengths of light absorbed from white light as it passes through hydrogen gas are the exact same wavelengths emitted by hydrogen gas when stimulated by an electric spark in a glass tube:
The dark lines found in the absorption spectrum constitute a distinctive “fingerprint” for the element hydrogen aligned with the colored lines in hydrogen’s emission spectrum, and likewise may be used to detect the presence of hydrogen in gas samples through which white light is passed. These dark spots in the spectrum are akin to “shadows” cast by molecules of hydrogen distributed throughout the sample gas. A solid object casts a shadow whose outline represents the object’s shape. Chemical compounds thoroughly dissolved in a solution, whether liquid or gas, casts a shadow whose attenuated wavelengths represent the compound’s identity.
Usually, in the industrial analysis, we are more concerned with the quantifiable presence of certain compounds in a process sample than we are in the presence of certain elements. Fortunately, molecules also have their own distinctive interactions with light. Sometimes, these interactions take the form of molecular electrons being boosted into higher energy levels, much the same as with individual atoms. Other molecular-optical interactions take the form of vibrations and rotations set up between the atoms of a molecule, usually with photons in the infrared range. As an infrared photon of the correct wavelength (energy value) strikes an appropriate molecule, its frequency resonates with the bonded atoms, almost as if they acted as miniscule masses connected together by coil springs. This causes a transfer of energy from the photon to the molecule, where the vibration eventually dissipates that energy in the form of heat.
Thus, shining light through a sample of process gas, and analyzing the wavelengths absorbed by that gas sample, can provide quantitative measurements of the concentrations of certain gases types in that sample.
A few different infrared absorption spectra for common industrial compounds are shown here, with the frequency shown in units of wavenumber (the number of wavelengths per centimeter). It should be noted that these absorption spectra are not drawn in scale to each other; rather, they are each drawn to their own scale to better show the relative sizes of the different absorption “dips” across the spectrum for each substance:
Note that the pattern of each absorption spectrum is unique. Each compound tends to absorb infrared light in its own way, and these “signature” absorption patterns provide us with a means to selectively identify the presence of various compounds in a process fluid sample.
Molecule types most effective at absorbing infrared light are those comprised of different atom types, such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO$$_{2}$$), sulfur dioxide (SO$$_{2}$$), water vapor (H$$_{2}$$O), and oxides of nitrogen (NO$$_{x}$$). Molecules formed of two identical atoms such as molecular oxygen (O$$_{2}$$), nitrogen (N$$_{2}$$), and hydrogen (H$$_{2}$$) exhibit negligible interaction with infrared light. This is a fortuitous quality of infrared analysis because many process monitoring applications focus specifically on the former compounds to the exclusion of the latter. Monitoring the exhaust emissions of a large combustion system, for example, is an application where the concentration(s) of CO, CO$$_{2}$$, SO$$_{2}$$, and/or NO$$_{x}$$ are relevant but the concentration of nitrogen (N$$_{2}$$) is not. As with all chemical analyses, the key to selectivity is to find some property of measurement applicable only to the substance you are interested in measuring and not to any others. This how analytical instruments discriminate between the substance of interest and the other “background” substances.
Between optical emission and optical absorption, absorption analysis seems to be more popular in modern industrial use, with optical emission analysis limited mostly to laboratory applications. One reason for this is the necessity of heating a sample to a high enough temperature for it to emit light: an energy-intensive and potentially hazardous endeavor. Absorption analyzers need only shine a beam of light through an unheated sample chamber, then measure how much of specific wavelengths were absorbed by the sample. Another important reason for the prevalence of absorption analyzers in the industry is the necessity of a sophisticated computer and algorithm to sort the line spectra of substances generated in emission-type analyzers. Inventors have devised clever ways to quantify the absorption spectra of different process substances without resorting to automated pattern-matching of spectra.
In every absorption-type optical analyzer, the fundamental equation relating photon absorption to substance concentration is the Beer-Lambert Law (sometimes called the Lambert-Beer Law):
$A = abc = \log \left({I_0 \over I}\right)$
Where,
$$A$$ = Absorbance
$$a$$ = Extinction coefficient for photon-absorbing substance(s)
$$b$$ = Path length of light traveling through the sample
$$c$$ = Concentration of photon-absorbing substance in the sample
$$I_0$$ = Intensity of source (incident) light
$$I$$ = Intensity of received light after passing through the sample
A typical arrangement for exposing a fluid sample (liquid or air) to light is shown in this diagram:
As indicated by the Beer-Lambert equation, greater sensitivity will be achieved with a longer path length. In some applications where the substance of interest is an atmospheric pollutant, the light beam is simply shot through open-air (usually reflecting on a mirror) before returning to the instrument for analysis. If the light source happens to be a laser, the distance may be quite large.
Once the light has been passed through (or reflected off of) the process sample, it must be analyzed for attenuated wavelengths. Two major types of wavelength analysis exist: dispersive (where the light is split up into its constituent wavelengths) and nondispersive (where the spectral distribution of the wavelengths is detected without separating colors). These two optical analysis methods form the subject of the next two sections.
Published under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License | 2022-01-24T06:57:09 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.537131667137146, "perplexity": 761.302498019249}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304515.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220124054039-20220124084039-00171.warc.gz"} |
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book%3A_University_Physics_(OpenStax)/Map%3A_University_Physics_II_-_Thermodynamics%2C_Electricity%2C_and_Magnetism_(OpenStax)/12%3A_Sources_of_Magnetic_Fields/12.S%3A_Sources_of_Magnetic_Fields_(Summary) | $$\require{cancel}$$
# 12.S: Sources of Magnetic Fields (Summary)
## Key Terms
Ampère’s law physical law that states that the line integral of the magnetic field around an electric current is proportional to the current Biot-Savart law an equation giving the magnetic field at a point produced by a current-carrying wire diamagnetic materials their magnetic dipoles align oppositely to an applied magnetic field; when the field is removed, the material is unmagnetized ferromagnetic materials contain groups of dipoles, called domains, that align with the applied magnetic field; when this field is removed, the material is still magnetized hysteresis property of ferromagnets that is seen when a material’s magnetic field is examined versus the applied magnetic field; a loop is created resulting from sweeping the applied field forward and reverse magnetic domains groups of magnetic dipoles that are all aligned in the same direction and are coupled together quantum mechanically magnetic susceptibility ratio of the magnetic field in the material over the applied field at that time; positive susceptibilities are either paramagnetic or ferromagnetic (aligned with the field) and negative susceptibilities are diamagnetic (aligned oppositely with the field) paramagnetic materials their magnetic dipoles align partially in the same direction as the applied magnetic field; when this field is removed, the material is unmagnetized permeability of free space $$\displaystyle μ_0$$, measure of the ability of a material, in this case free space, to support a magnetic field solenoid thin wire wound into a coil that produces a magnetic field when an electric current is passed through it toroid donut-shaped coil closely wound around that is one continuous wire
## Key Equations
Permeability of free space $$\displaystyle μ_0=4π×10^{−7}T⋅m/A$$ Contribution to magnetic field from a current element $$\displaystyle dB=\frac{μ_0}{4π}\frac{Idlsinθ}{r^2}$$ Biot–Savart law $$\displaystyle \vec{B}=\frac{μ_0}{4π}∫_{wire}\frac{Id\vec{l}×\hat{r}}{r^2}$$ Magnetic field due to a long straight wire $$\displaystyle B=\frac{μ_0I}{2πR}$$ Force between two parallel currents $$\displaystyle \frac{F}{l}=\frac{μ_0I_1I_2}{2πr}$$ Magnetic field of a current loop $$\displaystyle B=\frac{μ_0I}{2R}$$ (at center of loop) Ampère’s law $$\displaystyle ∮\vec{B}⋅d\vec{l}=μ_0I$$ Magnetic field strength inside a solenoid $$\displaystyle B=μ_0nI$$ Magnetic field strength inside a toroid $$\displaystyle B=\frac{μ_oNI}{2πr}$$ Magnetic permeability $$\displaystyle μ=(1+χ)μ_0$$ Magnetic field of a solenoid filled with paramagnetic material $$\displaystyle B=μnI$$
## Summary
#### 12.1 The Biot-Savart Law
• The magnetic field created by a current-carrying wire is found by the Biot-Savart law.
• The current element $$\displaystyle Id\vec{l}$$ produces a magnetic field a distance r away.
#### 12.2 Magnetic Field Due to a Thin Straight Wire
• The strength of the magnetic field created by current in a long straight wire is given by $$\displaystyle B=\frac{μ_0I}{2πR}$$ (long straight wire) where is the current, R is the shortest distance to the wire, and the constant $$\displaystyle μ_0=4π×10^{−7}T⋅m/s$$ is the permeability of free space.
• The direction of the magnetic field created by a long straight wire is given by right-hand rule 2 (RHR-2): Point the thumb of the right hand in the direction of current, and the fingers curl in the direction of the magnetic field loops created by it.
#### 12.3 Magnetic Force between Two Parallel Currents
• The force between two parallel currents $$\displaystyle I_1$$ and $$\displaystyle I_2$$, separated by a distance r, has a magnitude per unit length given by $$\displaystyle \frac{F}{l}=\frac{μ_0I_1I_2}{2πr}$$.
• The force is attractive if the currents are in the same direction, repulsive if they are in opposite directions.
#### 12.4 Magnetic Field of a Current Loop
• The magnetic field strength at the center of a circular loop is given by $$\displaystyle B=\frac{μ_0I}{2R}$$ (at center of loop),, where R is the radius of the loop. RHR-2 gives the direction of the field about the loop.
#### 12.5 Ampère’s Law
• The magnetic field created by current following any path is the sum (or integral) of the fields due to segments along the path (magnitude and direction as for a straight wire), resulting in a general relationship between current and field known as Ampère’s law.
• Ampère’s law can be used to determine the magnetic field from a thin wire or thick wire by a geometrically convenient path of integration. The results are consistent with the Biot-Savart law.
#### 12.6 Solenoids and Toroids
• The magnetic field strength inside a solenoid is
$$\displaystyle B=μ_0nI$$ (inside a solenoid)
where n is the number of loops per unit length of the solenoid. The field inside is very uniform in magnitude and direction.
• The magnetic field strength inside a toroid is
$$\displaystyle B=\frac{μ_oNI}{2πr}$$ (within the toroid)
where N is the number of windings. The field inside a toroid is not uniform and varies with the distance as 1/r.
#### 12.7 Magnetism in Matter
• Materials are classified as paramagnetic, diamagnetic, or ferromagnetic, depending on how they behave in an applied magnetic field.
• Paramagnetic materials have partial alignment of their magnetic dipoles with an applied magnetic field. This is a positive magnetic susceptibility. Only a surface current remains, creating a solenoid-like magnetic field.
• Diamagnetic materials exhibit induced dipoles opposite to an applied magnetic field. This is a negative magnetic susceptibility.
• Ferromagnetic materials have groups of dipoles, called domains, which align with the applied magnetic field. However, when the field is removed, the ferromagnetic material remains magnetized, unlike paramagnetic materials. This magnetization of the material versus the applied field effect is called hysteresis.
## Contributors
Paul Peter Urone (Professor Emeritus at California State University, Sacramento) and Roger Hinrichs (State University of New York, College at Oswego) with Contributing Authors: Kim Dirks (University of Auckland) and Manjula Sharma (University of Sydney). This work is licensed by OpenStax University Physics under a Creative Commons Attribution License (by 4.0). | 2019-05-23T03:31:36 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6817521452903748, "perplexity": 502.9177079570633}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257002.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20190523023545-20190523045545-00078.warc.gz"} |
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# Atomic Spectroscopy - Spectral Continuum Radiation
## Share
### Hydrogenic Species
Precise quantum-mechanical calculations exist only for hydrogenic species. The total power εcont radiated (per unit source volume and per unit solid angle, and expressed in SI units) in the wavelength interval Δλ is the sum of radiation due to the recombination of a free electron with a bare ion (free-bound transitions) and bremsstrahlung (free-free transitions):
$$\begin{eqnarray*} \epsilon_{\rm cont}&=& \frac{\epsilon^6}{2\pi\, \epsilon_0^3 (6\pi\, m_{\rm e})^{3/2}}~ N_{\rm e}\, N_Z\, Z^2 \times \frac{1}{(kT)^{1/2}} ~ \exp \left(- \frac{hc}{\lambda kT}\right)~ \frac{\Delta\lambda}{\lambda^2}\\ &~&\times \left\{\frac{2Z^2\, I_{\rm H}}{kT} ~ \sum_{n\geq(Z^2 \,I_{\rm H}\, \lambda/hc)^{1/2}}^{n^\prime}~ \frac{\gamma_{\rm fb}}{n^3}~ \exp\left(\frac{Z^2 \, I_{\rm H}}{n^2kT}\right) + \bar\gamma_{\rm fb} \left[\exp\left(\frac{Z^2 \,I_{\rm H}}{(n^\prime+1)^2\, kt}\right) -1\right] + \gamma_{\rm ff} \right\} \quad, \end{eqnarray*}$$
(44)
where Ne is the electron density, NZ the number density of hydrogenic (bare) ions of nuclear charge Z, IH the ionization energy of hydrogen, n′ the principal quantum number of the lowest level for which adjacent levels are so close that they approach a continuum and summation over n may be replaced by an integral. (The choice of n′ is rather arbitrary; n′ as low as 6 is found in the literature.) γf b and γf f are the Gaunt factors, which are generally close to unity. (For the higher free-bound continua, starting with n′ + 1, an average Gaunt factor $$\overline{\gamma}_{f b}$$ is used.) For neutral hydrogen, the recombination continuum forming H - becomes important, too [35].
In the equation above, the value of the constant factor is 6.065 × 10-55 W m4 J1/2 sr-1. [Numerical example: For atomic hydrogen (Z = 1), the quantity εcont has the value 2.9 W m-3 sr-1 under the following conditions: λ = 3 × 10-7 m; Δλ = 1 × 10-10 m; Ne (= NZ=1) = 1 × 1021 m-3; T = 12 000 K. The lower limit of the summation index n is 2; the upper limit n′ has been taken to be 10. All Gaunt factors
$$\gamma_{fb},~ \overline{\gamma}_{f b}~, \gamma_{ff}$$
have been assumed to be unity.]
### Many-Electron Systems
For many-electron systems, only approximate theoretical treatments exist, based on the quantum-defect method (for results of calculations for noble gases, see, e.g., Ref. [36]). Experimental work is centered on the noble gases [37]. Modifications of the continuum by autoionization processes must also be considered.
Near the ionization limit, the f values for bound-bound transitions of a spectral series (n′ → ∞) make a smooth connection to the differential oscillator strength distribution df/ in the continuum [38].
## Contacts
Created October 3, 2016, Updated June 2, 2021 | 2022-06-28T12:19:19 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7384920120239258, "perplexity": 1991.653215536557}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103516990.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628111602-20220628141602-00397.warc.gz"} |
https://pvpmc.sandia.gov/modeling-steps/1-weather-design-inputs/plane-of-array-poa-irradiance/calculating-poa-irradiance/poa-ground-reflected/albedo/ | Albedo is the fraction of the Global Horizontal Irradiance that is reflected.
$albedo\approx&space;0$ when the surface is very dark and $albedo&space;\approx&space;1$ when the surface is bright white or metallic.
The PVsyst modeling software provides the following guidance for estimating an appropriate value for albedo:
• Urban environment 0.14 – 0.22
• Grass 0.15 – 0.25 / Fresh grass 0.26
• Fresh snow 0.82
• Wet snow 0.55-0.75
• Dry asphalt 0.09-0.15
• Wet Asphalt 0.18
• Concrete 0.25-0.35
• Red tiles 0.33
• Aluminum 0.85
• Copper 0.74
• New galvanized steel 0.35
• Very dirty galvanized steel 0.08
Below is a plot comparing the effect of different albedo values in calculating the ground reflected irradiance on a latitude-tilt PV array in Albuquerque, NM in August. It is clear from this plot that the effect of albedo can be significant especially when snow is present. The difference from dry concrete or asphalt (~0.2) to fresh snow on the ground (~0.8) can boost PV output by 5-10%, assuming the array remains snow free. Accounting for changing albedo may thus be important in climates where snow is present on the ground for a significant portion of the year. | 2019-04-19T15:17:15 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 2, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.17408746480941772, "perplexity": 5030.774668450276}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527839.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419141228-20190419163228-00116.warc.gz"} |
https://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=B043D-%2B&home=BXXX025 | # ${\boldsymbol m}_{{{\boldsymbol \Sigma}{(1385)}^{-}}}–{\boldsymbol m}_{{{\boldsymbol \Sigma}{(1385)}^{+}}}$ INSPIRE search
VALUE (MeV) CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •
$-2\text{ to }+6$ 95 1
1974
HBC ${{\mathit K}^{-}}{{\mathit p}}$ 2.18 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$
$7.2$ $\pm1.4$ 1
1973
HBC ${{\mathit K}^{-}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \Lambda}}{{\mathit \pi}}{{\mathit \pi}}$
$6.3$ $\pm2.0$ 1
1967
HBC ${{\mathit K}^{-}}{{\mathit p}}$ 2.1 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$
$11$ $\pm9$ 1
1966
HBC ${{\mathit K}^{-}}{{\mathit p}}$ 2.24 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$
$9$ $\pm6$
1966
HBC ${{\mathit \Lambda}}$3 ${{\mathit \pi}}$ events
$2.0$ $\pm1.5$ 1
1965 B
HBC ${{\mathit K}^{-}}{{\mathit p}}$ 0.9$-$1.2 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$
$7.2$ $\pm2.1$ 1
1965
HBC ${{\mathit K}^{-}}{{\mathit p}}$ 1.8 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$
$17.2$ $\pm2.0$ 1
1965
HBC ${{\mathit K}^{-}}{{\mathit p}}$ 1.95 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$
$17$ $\pm7$ 1
1964
HBC ${{\mathit K}^{-}}{{\mathit p}}$ 1.45 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$
$4.3$ $\pm2.2$ 1
1964
HBC ${{\mathit K}^{-}}{{\mathit p}}$ 1.22 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$
$0.0$ $\pm4.2$ 1
1961
HLBC ${{\mathit K}^{-}}{{\mathit p}}$ 1.11 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$
1 Redundant with data in the mass Listings.
References:
BORENSTEIN 1974
PR D9 3006 A Determination of the Mass, Width and the (${{\mathit \Sigma}}{{\mathit \pi}}/{{\mathit \Lambda}}{{\mathit \pi}}$) Branching Ratio of the ${{\mathit \Sigma}{(1381)}}$ Baryon
HABIBI 1973
Thesis Nevis 199 Measurement of the Masses and Widths for the ${{\mathit \Xi}^{*}{(1530)}^{0}}$ and ${{\mathit Y}^{*}{(1385)}^{\pm}}$ States and the ${{\mathit \Xi}^{*}}$ and ${{\mathit Y}^{*}}$ Mass Differences
SIEGEL 1967
Thesis UCRL 18041 Resonance Production, Particularly ${{\mathit Y}_{{1}}^{*}{(1385)}}$ and ${{\mathit \rho}}$, in ${{\mathit K}^{-}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \Lambda}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{0}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ and ${{\mathit K}^{-}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \Lambda}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit p}}$ $_{{{\mathit K}^{-}}}$ = 2.1 to 2.7 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$
LONDON 1966
PR 143 1034 ${{\mathit K}^{-}}{{\mathit p}}$ Interaction at 2.24 BeV
ARMENTEROS 1965B
PL 19 75 Mass, Width, and Branching Fraction of ${{\mathit Y}^{*}{(1385)}}$
SMITH 1965
Thesis UCLA Resonance Production in ${{\mathit K}^{-}}{{\mathit p}}$ Interactions at 1.80 to 1.95 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$
COOPER 1964
PL 8 365 Difference in Mass Between the ${{\mathit Y}_{{1}}^{*-}}$ and ${{\mathit Y}_{{1}}^{*+}}$ Isobars
HUWE 1964
Thesis UCRL 11291 Study of the Reaction ${{\mathit K}^{-}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \Lambda}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ from 1.2 to 1.7 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$
ELY 1961
PRL 7 461 Spin of ${{\mathit Y}_{{1}}^{*}}$ | 2021-07-24T20:29:28 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6230857968330383, "perplexity": 4420.691326442499}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150308.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724191957-20210724221957-00651.warc.gz"} |
https://publications.drdo.gov.in/ojs/index.php/dsj/article/download/6366/4556 | Risk Quantification and Evaluation Modelling
In this paper authors have discussed risk quantification methods and evaluation of risks and decision parameter to be used for deciding on ranking of the critical items, for prioritization of condition monitoring based risk and reliability centered maintenance (CBRRCM). As time passes any equipment or any product degrades into lower effectiveness and the rate of failure or malfunctioning increases, thereby lowering the reliability. Thus with the passage of time or a number of active tests or periods of work, the reliability of the product or the system, may fall down to a low value known as a threshold value, below which the reliability should not be allowed to dip. Hence, it is necessary to fix up the normal basis for determining the appropriate points in the product life cycle where predictive preventive maintenance may be applied in the programme so that the reliability (the probability of successful functioning) can be enhanced, preferably to its original value, by reducing the failure rate and increasing the mean time between failure. It is very important for defence application where reliability is a prime work. An attempt is made to develop mathematical model for risk assessment and ranking them. Based on likeliness coefficient ${\beta }_{1}$ and risk coefficient ${\beta }_{2}$ ranking of the sub-systems can be modelled and used for CBRRCM.
${\beta }_{1}$ Likelihood coefficient
${\beta }_{2}$ Risk coefficient
Nd Number for decision making
f(x)i Fuzzy number between 0 and 1
G.M. Geometric Mean
n No. of Maintenance Significant Precipitating Factor (i)
λOv Overall failure rate
Si Risk scenario
Pi Probability of occurring of risk element (i)
N Total number of critical units above the Threshold unit
Xi(u) Consequences of risk elements (u) which is a function depending on uncertainty (U)
It is essential to have product specific data (PSD), based on which the product could be maintained so as to have a substantive residual life during the residual product life cycle. Every system has a number of subsystems and each subsystem may have a number of maintenance significant precipitating factors (MSPF), whose in-depth analysis into risk and potentiality of failure may give necessary feedback to the reliability centered maintenance (RCM) logic to determine appropriate preventive maintenance (either periodic or predictive) tasks. There are considerable numbers of systems, where the failures may involve risk or hazard. This is more seen in the case of defence products. In such cases, it is necessary to follow a systematic methodology to identify and prioritize the risks. In the literature, there is no such research paper giving research work in this area of risk quantification. In this paper, a new quantitative method has been suggested to estimate the characteristic criteria of risk.
Fonseca and Knapp1 in their work and as reported by Basu2, related to expert system for reliability centered maintenance (RCM), advocated the uses of model, likelihood index (LI) for the equipment or product, being considered , for prioritization of critical failure modes. Criticality Analysis of various units or subsystems, comprising the entire system, as stated earlier is done through failure mode effects and criticality analysis (FMECA) using risk priority number (RPN).
The case study is carried out for road mobile launcher (RML) vehicle3 and the methodology of risk assessment is adopted. Using the RPN values of various units or sub-systems of the total system as shown in Table 1, it is possible to get a guide into the systematic method of analysis of the algorithm.
The authors, in servicing the present system under consideration have tried to know the preference amongst the critical items, for product specific servicing based on the RCM logic. This needs identifying and analyzing, for each Hyper Critical unit or subsystem, the possible maintenance significant precipitating factors (MSPF) and subjects them to a quantitative analysis to obtain likelihood coefficient (LC). Each MSPF may have upper and lower level for malfunctioning, known as Upper bound and Lower bound for specific attributes of failure.
Table 1. Name of units of system with their RPN values3.
While, appropriating the critical units, involved in a system, to the RCM logic, it is necessary to decide if the system needs
(i) Predictive preventive based reliability centered maintenance or
(ii) Periodic preventive based reliability centered maintenance and for this purpose, it is essential to evaluate the specific cases through a quantitative decision making equation as given in Eqn. (1)
(1)
For the system considering all critical items the equation is written as Eqn. (2)
(2)
where Nd is the number for decision making considering all hyper critical units or subsystems A, B, C and D.
j - Number of critical items above the thresholding item, in the FMECA study.
f(x)i - Being quantified by the fuzzy number between 0 and 1
n - Number of maintenance significant precipitating factor (i)
N - Total number of critical units above the threshold unit obtained through statistical analysis of all RPN values in system.
The number evaluated [Nd]j from the Eqn. (1) is the outcome of approximate reasoning algorithm consisting of fuzzy mathematical formulation, relating to one or more factors, justifiably called maintenance significant precipitating factors (MSPF). With the relative weights as given by RPN values, it may be found out for specific values appearing in the jth failure mode. Let us assume that the precipitating factors denoted by f(x) (i.e. a,b,…etc.) are quantified by the fuzzy number between 0 and 1. Each f(x) mode may have several factors to estimate its failure. Failure of each one of the above items, classified, may depend on some precipitating factors. All identified precipitating factors involved in any failure mode, say ith mode, and are expressed as trapezoidal or triangular fuzzy numbers so that their contribution to the specific failure mode could be quantified as fuzzy numbers between 0 and 1. Based on the 75 percentile into the range of RPN values, we find the critical units as classified in Table 2. Normalized relative worth of the subsystems A, B, C, D and E have been shown in the last column of the Table 2. Table 3 shows the maintenance significant precipitating factors (MSPF). For DCV1, the cost of re-engineering done for bringing the contamination level and proper operation of spool functioning within permissible limit is shown in term of Loss (in rupees) in terms of expenditure. Similarly loss for other critical units in terms of expenditure in rupees is obtained and shown in Table 3. The cost is estimated on the basis of materials involved and the cost of the time taken in investigation measured by man hour spent expressed in rupees.
Table 2. Name of units of system with their criticality category.
Table 3.Maintenance significant precipitating factors (MSPF) of the system.
Both periodic and predictive preventive maintenance (PPPM) may be followed depending upon the feasibility to reduce the failure rates of the few identified critical elements or subsystems and thereby increase the mean time between failure (MTBF). This consequently helps us in determining the residual life of the system as a whole. For each of the critical unit or subsystems, there are again various Maintenance significant precipitating factors (MSPF), which are having upper and lower bounds.
Systematic flow diagram shows the specific detailed procedure involved in determining the typical PPPM to be involved at the appropriate level of RCM. Depending upon the ratio of Nd (obtained from Eqns. (1) and (2) and the threshold RPN, we can perfectly rank each of the critical sub-systems.
$\left[\frac{\sum _{j=1}^{n}|Nd{|}_{j}}{{\left(RPN\right)}_{Threshold}}\right]=\left[\frac{\sum _{j=1}^{n}|Nd{|}_{System}}{{\left(RPN\right)}_{Threshold}}\right]=\lambda$ (3)
It may be stated that if λ> 1, it would be judicious enough to have the total system on a condition monitoring based predictive preventive maintenance in the reliability centered maintenance (RCM) Logic.
Figure 1 shows flow chart for reliability analysis on the basis of MTBF and CBMTBF. λOv is the overall failure rate of the system and as such λOv is the reciprocal of (MTBF)Overall. By CBFTA is meant the fault tree analysis of the system using condition based monitoring.
Now it is also possible to designate the ratio of
$\left[\frac{|Nd{|}_{j}}{|Nd{|}_{Threshold}}\right]={\beta }_{1}$ (4)
Figure 2 shows the information flow diagram for using the effect of maintenance significant precipitating factors of a unit in the system, in the RCM logic for determining the type of maintenance.
Using fuzzy method for evaluating the precipitating factors in each mode and using the RPN value as weightage for each mode of failure, a quantified decision making equation for likelihood coefficient could be developed to find out if any failure mode, out of the critical modes should be put on condition based continuous monitoring. The author has been trying this as a new methodology while considering the evaluation of the residual life of the equipment.
Risk to be denoted by (R) can be described as a set of (i) risk elements. According to Kaplan and Garrich4 the risk is given by Eqn. (5) .
$\left[R\right]=\left\{Si,Pi,Xi\left(u\right)\right\}$ (5)
where Si is risk scenario, which is multidimensional; Pi is probability of occurring of risk element (i); and Xi(u) – Consequences of risk elements (u) which is typically a function depending on uncertainty U.
This has also been advocated by Bindel5, et al. According to Shelab6, et al. uncertainty generates risk and is founded on poor or missing information or lack of appropriate database.
Functioning of every critical item in a system depends on some degree of uncertainties and every uncertainty generates risk. Each risk faces a challenge or threat, normally indicated quantitatively by losses. These losses may be classified into main four categories as shown in Fig. 3. These four losses are the prime threats involved, whenever a failure or malfunctioning of any critical system or subsystem occurs.
Selvik and Avent7 have advocated in their paper the usefulness of using risk and reliability centered maintenance. Risk, as it is seen, is dependent on both (i) event and consequences of the events and (ii) uncertainties involved. Uncertainties involved may result in a drastic change of time schedule and the target objectives, as well as loss of reputation. Such uncertainties, though can’t be assessed quantitatively, researchers try to evaluate qualitatively, by giving the scale of high, low, and medium (H, L, and M), respectively, to ascertain (i) The degree of uncertainties (ii) degree of sensitivity (iii) degree of importance and (iv) overall impact.
Usual method for assessing the risk is through potential losses (financial) in terms of expenditure for servicing, repair, maintenance including cost of materials, spare parts, etc for each maintenance significant precipitating factor (i) of a hyper critical item or sub-system J. Total risk involved may be expressed by the relationship:
(6)
where i, is the attribute of the risk. Here it is the characteristic probability of MSPF, as shown in Table 3. ${\pi }_{1J},{\pi }_{2J},...{\pi }_{iJ}$ are the total monitory losses, while W1j, W2j .. are the precipitating factors i of jth critical subsystem. Since, in most of the cases MSPF of each subsystem vary with upper and lower bound, it may be worthwhile to use the probability based on fuzzification of variation of each parameter between upper and lower bound as between 1 and 0. The Eqn. (6) gives the risk of jth subsystems, but since it may be worthwhile to find out the risk involved in total failure of system considering all the J subsystems, the author prefers to access the same from the overall equation involving risk; by using quantified decision making equation given by Eqn. (7).
(7)
where N is the total critical subsystems, principally responsible for the failure of the system.
For each precipitating factor MSPF, the relative worth rij is dependent on (a) degree of uncertainty (b) degree of sensitivity (c) degree of importance and (d) Overall impact to be assessed by using analytic hierarchy process as shown below.
Table 4. Matrix I Matrix II
$G.M.={\left(\prod _{i=1}^{n}{a}_{i}\right)}^{\frac{1}{n}}=\sqrt[n]{{a}_{1}.{a}_{2}.{a}_{3}...{a}_{n}}$
where G.M. is Geometric Mean Multiplying Matrix I by Matrix II , we obtain Matrix No. III as shown hereunder.
[Matrix III] =$\left(\begin{array}{c}1.999\\ 0.449\\ 0.269\\ 1.355\end{array}\right)$
Dividing Matrix III by Matrix II, we get Matrix IV, the values being known as λ.
[Matrix IV] = $\stackrel{\lambda }{\left(\begin{array}{c}4.071\\ 4.045\\ 4.015\\ 4.093\end{array}\right)}$
From Matrix IV, λavg. = 4.056, N - Number of criteria used, Viz. 4
Consistency index $\left(C.I.\right)=\frac{{\lambda }_{avg.}-N}{N-1}=\frac{4.056-4}{4-1}=0.019$
Now the consistency ratio C.R. is given as (C.I.)/(R.I.), where the values of R.I. are to be obtained from the following Table given by Saaty8, based on N.
CR = 0.0019/0.90 = 0.021 which is much less than 0.1, hence the assumptions, based on test and practices, reflected in Matrix I, which evaluates the relative worth of each of the significant criteria for risk are justified.
Quantitative equation for risk evaluation, may be modified as
$\text{|}Risk{|}_{J}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\pi }_{ij}{\left({W}_{i}\right)}_{j}={\pi }_{aj}.{r}_{aj}+{\pi }_{bj}.{r}_{bj}+{\pi }_{cj}.{r}_{cj}+{\pi }_{dj}.{r}_{dj}$ (8)
Now the Eqn. (7) is modified by substituting in it the Eqn. (8), derived above to obtain the new Eqn. (9) including both attributes of risks (a,b,c,d) and the relative worth of every subsystem A,B,C,D as per Table 2.
Total risk of the system is :
(9)
The Eqn.(9) gives the value of risk in terms of monetary loss. In the event of failure, in terms of expenditures involved in repair, maintenance, administrative logistics, etc. It is seen that pump (having serial no. 8) in Table 1 is the thresholding subsystem. In the event of failure of this thresholding unit, the financial expenditure (or monetary loss) for the same may be found out from equation of cost based risk in the form shown below
$\text{|}Risk{|}_{Threshold}={\pi }_{Th}×{W}_{Th}$ (10)
where ${\pi }_{Th}$ is the expenditure in the event of failure or manufacturing of the thresholding unit
${W}_{Th}$ -the relative worth
Risk number for the system $\text{|}RN{|}_{System}$ based on the failure of the critical units above threshold value is given by Eqn. (11)
$\text{|}RN{|}_{System}=\frac{|Risk{|}_{System}}{|Risk{|}_{Thewshold}}$ (11)
$\text{|}RN{|}_{System}=\frac{\sum _{i=1}^{n}{W}_{i}\left[{\pi }_{aj}.{r}_{aj}+{\pi }_{bj}.{r}_{bj}+{\pi }_{cj}.{r}_{cj}+{\pi }_{dj}.{r}_{dj}\right]}{{\pi }_{Th}×{W}_{Th}}$
where i stands for units A, B, C, D, respectively.
The value of unit A can be obtained as given in Eqn. (12)
$\text{|}RN{|}_{A}=\frac{{W}_{A}\left[{\pi }_{ajA}.{r}_{ajA}+{\pi }_{bjA}.{r}_{bjA}+{\pi }_{cjA}.{r}_{cjA}+{\pi }_{djA}.{r}_{djA}\right]}{{\pi }_{Th}×{W}_{Th}}$ (12)
Similarly, for units B, C, D the Risk number can be obtained. This gives an importance Index based on the risk attributes of each sub-unit (A or B or C or D) as given in Eqn. (13).
$\frac{|Risk{|}_{j}}{|Risk{|}_{Thewshold}}={\beta }_{2}$ (13)
Using Eqn. (4) and Eqn. (13) we get $\left({\beta }_{1}+{\beta }_{2}\right)$ as the decision parameter to be used for deciding on ranking of the critical items, for prioritization of CBRRCM as suggested by Singh9.
Based on the data obtained from the history of costs involved in repairing the units A, B, C, D failing, and costs involved in the various types of attributes of risk for each one of the units, Viz. a, b, c, and d as shown, while analyzing through AHP (See matrix I), the detailed data are presented in Table 4.
Table 4.Relative Worth's and cost data-based on risk criteria.
Sample calculations based on data in Table 4 and Table 2 are given as:
Using Eqn. (9), we can obtain $|Risk{|}_{System}$ as
Using Table 3, the functions are plotted for DCV-1, tilt cylinder, DCV-2 and pressure line filter as shown in Figs 4,5,6,7, respectively. The maintenance significant precipitating factors (MSPF) are considered and specified limiting range is used to represent X-axis. The function line graph is drawn as straight line with minimum to maximum values of control parameters with function value 0 to 1. The observed value during tests is represented with marking which represents functional value as in Fig. 4 which is ƒ(xA1) = 0.33. This value is obtained by formulation as:
This value is to be controlled for the MSPF hence it should be less than observed test function value. On similar basis all other function values are obtained and are represented in Figs 4,5,6,7.
The j values of $|N{d}_{j}|$are obtained using Eqn. (1)
$|Nd{|}_{A}={\left(RPN\right)}_{A}\left[{\left({f}_{xA}\right)}_{1}+{\left({f}_{xA}\right)}_{2}=168\left(0.33+0.33\right)=110.88$
$|Nd{|}_{B}={\left(RPN\right)}_{B}\left[{\left({f}_{xB}\right)}_{1}+{\left({f}_{xB}\right)}_{2}=144\left(0.33+0.5\right)=118.58$
$|Nd{|}_{C}={\left(RPN\right)}_{C}\left[{\left({f}_{xC}\right)}_{1}\right]=144\left(0.33\right)=47.52$
$|Nd{|}_{D}={\left(RPN\right)}_{D}\left[{\left({f}_{xD}\right)}_{1}\right]=120\left(0.5\right)=60$
$|Nd{|}_{Threshold}={\left(RPN\right)}_{Threshold}\left[{\left({f}_{xThreshold}\right)}_{1}\right]=96\left(1\right)=96$
Using Eqn. (2) $|Nd{|}_{System}$ is obtained as
$|Nd{|}_{System}=110.88+118.58+47.52+60=336.98$
The value of ratio $\lambda =\left[\frac{{|Nd|}_{System}}{{\left(RPN\right)}_{Threshold}}\right]=\frac{336.98}{96}=3.510$
The values of ${\beta }_{1}$ for factors A, B, C, and D are obtained using Eqn. (4) as follows:
${\beta }_{A1}=\left[\frac{{|Nd|}_{A1}}{{|Nd|}_{Threshold}}\right]=\frac{110.88}{96}=1.155$
${\beta }_{B1}=\left[\frac{{|Nd|}_{B1}}{{|Nd|}_{Threshold}}\right]=\frac{118.58}{96}=1.234$
${\beta }_{C1}=\left[\frac{{|Nd|}_{C1}}{{|Nd|}_{Threshold}}\right]=\frac{47.52}{96}=0.495$
${\beta }_{D1}=\left[\frac{{|Nd|}_{D1}}{{|Nd|}_{Threshold}}\right]=\frac{60}{96}=0.625$
By using the Eqn. (11) risk numbers (RN) can be obtained as
$|RN{|}_{System}=\frac{|Risk{|}_{System}}{|Risk{|}_{Thewshold}}=\frac{25891.86}{10302}=2.513$
Similarly we can find out the | RN | number for each of the critical units by using the following equation
$|RN{|}_{A}=\frac{|Risk{|}_{A}}{|Risk{|}_{Thewshold}}=\frac{18555}{10302}=1.801$
$|RN{|}_{B}=\frac{|Risk{|}_{B}}{|Risk{|}_{Thewshold}}=\frac{78650}{10302}=7.634$
$|RN{|}_{C}=\frac{|Risk{|}_{C}}{|Risk{|}_{Thewshold}}=\frac{18555}{10302}=1.801$
$|RN{|}_{D}=\frac{|Risk{|}_{D}}{|Risk{|}_{Thewshold}}=\frac{4667}{10302}=0.4530$
Table 5 gives the Relative Worth’s of the factors on the basis of combined effect of ${\beta }_{1}$ and ${\beta }_{2}$ .
Table 5. Relative Worth's of the factors on the basis of combined effect of ${\beta }_{1}$ and ${\beta }_{2}$
Reliability and risk centered analysis is done giving the details of quantitative equation developed for risk assessment. Steps are discussed to systematically evaluate the extent of risk involved by using a quantitative decision making equation.
By using the quantitative decision making equation developed, it is possible to prioritize the risk-based components in the system and rank them accordingly. Such a system of CMRRCM gives a glimpse into newer horizons of maintenance activity, hitherto far from practices in Indian Industries. But such a method, if used, will lead to improved reliability based design of the system with reduced failure rate and hence increased MTBF and hence residual life of the design.
Based on factors ${\beta }_{1}$ and ${\beta }_{2}$ , suggested by the author, ranking of the sub-systems can be modeled and used for CMRRCM. Based on this, it may be possible for obtaining a quantifiable justification to consider the system (or some of the critical units of the system) on the basis of CMRRCM.
The authors acknowledge the help and cooperation received from Dr B.B. Ahuja, Deputy Director and other staff members of the Production Engineering Department of College of Engineering Pune. They also sincerely thank the staff of VRDE for timely cooperation. Authors are also acknowledging the reviewers for their valuable suggestions.
1. Fonseca, D.J. & Knapp. G.M. An expert system for reliability centered maintenance in the chemical industry. J. Expert Sys. Appli., 2000, 19, 45-57.
2. Basu, S.K. The challenges of condition based risk and reliability centered maintenance. In the 4th International and 25th AIMTDR Conference Proceedings, Keynote speech, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 2012, pp.3-7.
3. Consultancy report of RML vehicle. VRDE, Ahmednagar, Year – 2003.
4. Kaplan & Garrich, J. On the quantitative definition of risk. Risk Analysis, 1981, 1(1), 11-27.
5. Bindel, A.; Emma, R.; Paul, C. & West, A. Product life cycle information management in the electronics supply chain. J. I. Mech. E. Pt. B, Engineering Manufacture, 2012, 226(8), 1388-1400.
6. Erkoyuncu J.A.; Roy, R. & Shelab, E. Understanding service uncertainties in industrial production service system. Int. J. Adv. Mfg. Technol., 2010, 52(9-12), 1223-38.
7. Selvik, J.T & Aven, T. A framework of reliability and risk centered maintenance. J. Reliability Eng. Sys. Safety, 2011, 96, 324-331
8. Saaty, T.L. How to make a decision: The analytic hierarchy process. Interfaces, 1994, 24(6), 19-34.
9. Singh, M. Binary decision diagram, ternary decision diagram, based algorithms for safety and criticality analysis of the components and their contribution to system failure in any phased mission. SRTMU Nanded (M.S.), 2013, PhD Thesis.
Dr Manmohan Singh Dr Manmohan SinghPhD Mech. Reliability Engg., MMS (Distn.), working as a Director, Vehicles Research & Development Establishment, Ahmednagar. He has 15 publications in National/International Conferences and Journals. He is a Fellow of Institution of Engineers (India), Life member of SAQR, Hyderabad, Member SAE (India) and Fluid Power Society of India. Dr Maheshwar D. Jaybhaye Dr Maheshwar D. Jaybhaye PhD (Mech.Prod. Engg.) working as Associate Professor, Production Engineering Department at College of Engineering, Pune. He has 18 publications in National/International conferences and Journals. He is life member of ISTE, life Member Tribology Society India, life Member Operation Research Society of India & Associate Member of Institution of Engineers (India). He is recipient of K.F. Antia memorial Award (Gold Medal) from Institution of Engineers (India). Dr Sushil Kumar Basu Dr Sushil Kumar BasuPhD; DSc (Engg.), F.I.Mech.E.(Lond), F.I.E.(India), FNAE, working as Professor Emeritus, College of Engineering, Pune. He has more than 150 publications in his credit in National/International conferences and Journals. He was former Director of Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur (1976-86). He has authored 7 books and recipient of four awards from Institution of Engineers and four Invention Promotion Board Award by National Research Development Corporation of India. | 2019-10-17T08:04:25 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 48, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5710778832435608, "perplexity": 2238.07666085981}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986673250.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20191017073050-20191017100550-00080.warc.gz"} |
https://exoplanetary.jpl.nasa.gov/science | # Scientific Publications
As part of our engagement and scientific efforts, we're presenting some of the key results from the Exoplanet Science Initiative below.
• ##### 2017 - "Noise-weighted angular differential imaging"
Bottom, Michael; Ruane, Garreth; Mawet, Dimitri;
Angular differential imaging (ADI) (Marois et al. 2006) is an observational technique in high contrast imaging where the telescope is used in pupil tracking mode so that the image of the sky rotates with respect to the optical surfaces. Bright "speckle" light caused by optical errors remains fixed in the image, while planets and disks rotate with the sky. The resulting dataset is then post-processed to remove the speckles, de-rotated to undo the sky motion, and median-collapsed to create a final data product. The postprocessing algorithms to remove the speckles are an active area of research and beyond the scope of this note. We consider the derotation and median-combination, where we show gains in signal-to-noise ratio are possible with a small change to the algorithm.
• ##### 2017 - "Quantifying the Impact of Spectral Coverage on the Retrieval of Molecular Abundances from Exoplanet Transmission Spectra"
Chapman, John W.; Zellem, Robert T.; Line, Michael R.; Vasisht, Gautam; Bryden, Geoff; Willacy, Karen; Iyer, Aishwarya R.; Bean, Jacob; Cowan, Nicolas B.; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Griffith, Caitlin A.; Kataria, Tiffany; Kempton, Eliza M.-R.; Kreidberg, Laura; Moses, Julianne I.; Stevenson, Kevin B.; Swain, Mark R.
Using forward models for representative exoplanet atmospheres and a radiometric instrument model, we generated synthetic observational data to explore how well the major C- and O-bearing chemical species (CO, CO2, CH4, and H2O), important for determining atmospheric opacity and radiation balance, can be constrained by transit measurements as a function of spectral wavelength coverage. This work features simulations for a notional transit spectroscopy mission and compares two cases for instrument spectral coverage (wavelength coverage from 0.5-2.5 μm and 0.5-5 μm). The simulation is conducted on a grid with a range of stellar magnitudes and incorporates a full retrieval of atmospheric model parameters. We consider a range of planets from sub-Neptunes to hot Jupiters and include both low and high mean molecular weight atmospheres. We find that including the 2.5-5 μm wavelength range provides a significant improvement in the degree of constraint on the retrieved molecular abundances: up to ˜3 orders of magnitude for a low mean molecular weight atmosphere (μ = 2.3) and up to a factor of ˜6 for a high mean molecular weight atmosphere (μ = 28). These decreased uncertainties imply that broad spectral coverage between the visible and the mid-infrared is an important tool for understanding the chemistry and composition of exoplanet atmospheres. This analysis suggests that the James Webb Space Telescope's (JWST) Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) 0.6-5 μm prism spectroscopy mode, or similar wavelength coverage with possible future missions, will be an important resource for exoplanet atmospheric characterization.
• ##### 2017 - "Magnetically Induced Disk Winds and Transport in the HL Tau Disk"
Hasegawa, Yasuhiro; Okuzumi, Satoshi; Flock, Mario; Turner, Neal J.
The mechanism of angular momentum transport in protoplanetary disks is fundamental to understanding the distributions of gas and dust in the disks. The unprecedented ALMA observations taken toward HL Tau at high spatial resolution and subsequent radiative transfer modeling reveal that a high degree of dust settling is currently achieved in the outer part of the HL Tau disk. Previous observations, however, suggest a high disk accretion rate onto the central star. This configuration is not necessarily intuitive in the framework of the conventional viscous disk model, since efficient accretion generally requires a high level of turbulence, which can suppress dust settling considerably. We develop a simplified, semi-analytical disk model to examine under what condition these two properties can be realized in a single model. Recent, non-ideal MHD simulations are utilized to realistically model the angular momentum transport both radially via MHD turbulence and vertically via magnetically induced disk winds. We find that the HL Tau disk configuration can be reproduced well when disk winds are properly taken into account. While the resulting disk properties are likely consistent with other observational results, such an ideal situation can be established only if the plasma β at the disk midplane is β 0 ≃ 2 × 104 under the assumption of steady accretion. Equivalently, the vertical magnetic flux at 100 au is about 0.2 mG. More detailed modeling is needed to fully identify the origin of the disk accretion and quantitatively examine plausible mechanisms behind the observed gap structures in the HL Tau disk.
• ##### 2017 - "A concordant scenario to explain FU Orionis from deep centimeter and millimeter interferometric observations"
Liu, Hauyu Baobab; Vorobyov, Eduard I.; Dong, Ruobing; Dunham, Michael M.; Takami, Michihiro; Galván-Madrid, Roberto; Hashimoto, Jun; Kóspál, Ágnes; Henning, Thomas; Tamura, Motohide; Rodríguez, Luis F.; Hirano, Naomi; Hasegawa, Yasuhiro; Fukagawa, Misato; Carrasco-Gonzalez, Carlos; Tazzari, Marco
Aims: The aim of this work is to constrain properties of the disk around the archetype FU Orionis object, FU Ori, with as good as 25 au resolution.
Methods: We resolved FU Ori at 29-37 GHz using the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (JVLA) in the A-array configuration, which provided the highest possible angular resolution to date at this frequency band ( 0.07 arcsec). We also performed complementary JVLA 8-10 GHz observations, Submillimeter Array (SMA) 224 GHz and 272 GHz observations, and compared these with archival Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) 346 GHz observations to obtain the spectral energy distributions (SEDs).
Results: Our 8-10 GHz observations do not find evidence for the presence of thermal radio jets, and constrain the radio jet/wind flux to at least 90 times lower than the expected value from the previously reported bolometric luminosity-radio luminosity correlation. The emission at frequencies higher than 29 GHz may be dominated by the two spatially unresolved sources, which are located immediately around FU Ori and its companion FU Ori S, respectively. Their deconvolved radii at 33 GHz are only a few au, which is two orders of magnitude smaller in linear scale than the gaseous disk revealed by the previous Subaru-HiCIAO 1.6 μm coronagraphic polarization imaging observations. We are struck by the fact that these two spatially compact sources contribute to over 50% of the observed fluxes at 224 GHz, 272 GHz, and 346 GHz. The 8-346 GHz SEDs of FU Ori and FU Ori S cannot be fit by constant spectral indices (over frequency), although we cannot rule out that it is due to the time variability of their (sub)millimeter fluxes. Conclusions: The more sophisticated models for SEDs considering the details of the observed spectral indices in the millimeter bands suggest that the >29 GHz emission is contributed by a combination of free-free emission from ionized gas and thermal emission from optically thick and optically thin dust components. We hypothesize that dust in the innermost parts of the disks (≲0.1 au) has been sublimated, and thus the disks are no longer well shielded against the ionizing photons. The estimated overall gas and dust mass based on SED modeling, can be as high as a fraction of a solar mass, which is adequate for developing disk gravitational instability. Our present explanation for the observational data is that the massive inflow of gas and dust due to disk gravitational instability or interaction with a companion/intruder, was piled up at the few-au scale due to the development of a deadzone with negligible ionization. The piled up material subsequently triggered the thermal instability and the magnetorotational instability when the ionization fraction in the inner sub-au scale region exceeded a threshold value, leading to the high protostellar accretion rate.
• ##### 2017 - "Systematic Analysis of Spectral Energy Distributions and the Dust Opacity Indices for Class 0 Young Stellar Objects"
Li, Jennifer I-Hsiu; Liu, Hauyu Baobab; Hasegawa, Yasuhiro; Hirano, Naomi
We are motivated by the recent measurements of dust opacity indices (β) around young stellar objects (YSOs), which suggest that efficient grain growth may have occurred earlier than the Class I stage. The present work makes use of abundant archival interferometric observations at submillimeter, millimeter, and centimeter wavelength bands to examine grain growth signatures in the dense inner regions (<1000 au) of nine Class 0 YSOs. A systematic data analysis is performed to derive dust temperatures, optical depths, and dust opacity indices based on single-component modified blackbody fittings to the spectral energy distributions (SEDs). The fitted dust opacity indices (β) are in a wide range of 0.3-2.0 when single-component SED fitting is adopted. Four out of the nine observed sources show β lower than 1.7, the typical value of the interstellar dust. Low dust opacity index (or spectral index) values may be explained by the effect of dust grain growth, which makes β < 1.7. Alternatively, the very small observed values of β may be interpreted by the presence of deeply embedded and hot inner disks, which only significantly contribute to the observed fluxes at long wavelength bands. This possibility can be tested by the higher angular resolution imaging observations of ALMA or more detailed sampling of SEDs in the millimeter and centimeter bands. The β values of the remaining five sources are close to or consistent with 1.7, indicating that grain growth would start to significantly reduce the values of β no earlier than the late Class 0 stage for these YSOs.
• ##### 2017 - "The Shadow Knows: Using Shadows to Investigate the Structure of the Pretransitional Disk of HD 100453"
Long, Zachary C.; Fernandes, Rachel B.; Sitko, Michael; Wagner, Kevin; Muto, Takayuki; Hashimoto, Jun; Follette, Katherine; Grady, Carol A.; Fukagawa, Misato; Hasegawa, Yasuhiro; Kluska, Jacques; Kraus, Stefan; Mayama, Satoshi; McElwain, Michael W.; Oh, Daehyon; Tamura, Motohide; Uyama, Taichi; Wisniewski, John P.; Yang, Yi
We present Gemini Planet Imager polarized intensity imagery of HD 100453 in Y, J, and K1 bands that reveals an inner gap (9-18 au), an outer disk (18-39 au) with two prominent spiral arms, and two azimuthally localized dark features that are also present in Spectro-Polarimetric High-contrast Exoplanet REsearch (SPHERE) total intensity images. Spectral energy distribution fitting further suggests that the radial gap extends to 1 au. The narrow, wedge-like shape of the dark features appears similar to predictions of shadows cast by an inner disk that is misaligned with respect to the outer disk. Using the Monte Carlo radiative transfer code HOCHUNCK3D, we construct a model of the disk that allows us to determine its physical properties in more detail. From the angular separation of the features, we measure the difference in inclination between the disks (45°) and their major axes, PA = 140° east of north for the outer disk, and 100° for the inner disk. We find an outer-disk inclination of 25° ± 10° from face-on, in broad agreement with the Wagner et al. measurement of 34°. SPHERE data in J and H bands indicate a reddish disk, which indicates that HD 100453 is evolving into a young debris disk.
• ##### 2017 - "Chondrule Accretion with a Growing Protoplanet"
Matsumoto, Yuji; Oshino, Shoichi; Hasegawa, Yasuhiro; Wakita, Shigeru
Chondrules are primitive materials in the solar system. They were formed in about the first 3 Myr of the solar system's history. This timescale is longer than that of Mars formation, and it is conceivable that protoplanets, planetesimals, and chondrules might have existed simultaneously in the solar nebula. Due to protoplanets' perturbation on the planetesimal dynamics and chondrule accretion on them, all the formed chondrules are unlikely to be accreted by the planetesimals. We investigate the amount of chondrules accreted by planetesimals in such a condition. We assume that a protoplanet is in oligarchic growth, and we perform analytical calculations of chondrule accretion by both a protoplanet and planetesimals. Through the oligarchic growth stage, planetesimals accrete about half of the formed chondrules. The smallest planetesimals get the largest amount of chondrules, compared with the amount accreted by more massive planetesimals. We perform a parameter study and find that this fraction is not greatly changed for a wide range of parameter sets.
• ##### 2017 - "Effects of Grain Growth on Molecular Abundances in Young Stellar Objects"
Harada, Nanase; Hasegawa, Yasuhiro; Aikawa, Yuri; Hirashita, Hiroyuki; Liu, Haoyu Baobab; Hirano, Naomi
Recent observations suggested that the growth of dust grains may have already occurred in class 0/I young stellar objects (YSOs). Since chemical reactions on dust grain surfaces are important in determining molecular abundances, the dust size growth may affect chemical compositions in YSOs significantly. In this work, we aim to determine how grain growth affects chemical abundances. We use a time-dependent gas-grain chemical model for a star-forming core to calculate the gas-phase and grain-surface chemical abundances with variation of surface areas of grains to imitate grain growth. We also perform parameter studies in which the initial molecular abundances vary. Our results show that a smaller extent of the surface areas caused by grain growth changes the dominant form of sulfur-bearing molecules by decreasing H2S abundances and increasing SO and/or SO2 abundances. We also find that complex organic molecules such as CH3CN decrease in abundances with larger grain sizes, while the abundance of other species such as CH3OCH3 is dependent on other parameters such as the initial conditions. Comparisons with observations of a class 0 protostar, IRAS 16293-2422, indicate that the observed abundance ratios between sulfur-bearing molecules H2S, SO, and SO2 can be reproduced very well when dust grains grow to a maximum grain size of a max = 10-100 μm.
• ##### 2017 - "Diffusion of Oxygen Isotopes in Thermally Evolving Planetesimals and Size Ranges of Presolar Silicate Grains"
Wakita, Shigeru; Nozawa, Takaya; Hasegawa, Yasuhiro
Presolar grains are small particles found in meteorites through their isotopic compositions, which are considerably different from those of materials in the solar system. If some isotopes in presolar grains diffused out beyond their grain sizes when they were embedded in parent bodies of meteorites, their isotopic compositions could be washed out, and hence the grains could no longer be identified as presolar grains. We explore this possibility for the first time by self-consistently simulating the thermal evolution of planetesimals and the diffusion length of 18O in presolar silicate grains. Our results show that presolar silicate grains smaller than ˜0.03 μm cannot keep their original isotopic compositions even if the host planetesimals experienced a maximum temperature as low as 600 °C. Since this temperature corresponds to that experienced by petrologic type 3 chondrites, isotopic diffusion can constrain the size of presolar silicate grains discovered in such chondrites to be larger than ˜0.03 μm. We also find that the diffusion length of 18O reaches ˜0.3-2 μm in planetesimals that were heated up to 700-800°C. This indicates that, if the original size of presolar grains spans a range from ˜0.001 μm to ˜0.3 μm like that in the interstellar medium, then the isotopic records of the presolar grains may be almost completely lost in such highly thermalized parent bodies. We propose that isotopic diffusion could be a key process to control the size distribution and abundance of presolar grains in some types of chondrites.
• ##### 2017 - "Planetesimal Collisions as a Chondrule Forming Event"
Wakita, Shigeru; Matsumoto, Yuji; Oshino, Shoichi; Hasegawa, Yasuhiro
Chondritic meteorites contain unique spherical materials named chondrules: sub-mm sized silicate grains once melted in a high temperature condition in the solar nebula. We numerically explore one of the chondrule forming processes-planetesimal collisions. Previous studies have found that impact jetting via protoplanet-planetesimal collisions can make chondrules with 1% of the impactors' mass, when the impact velocity exceeds 2.5 km s-1. Based on the mineralogical data of chondrules, undifferentiated planetesimals would be more suitable for chondrule-forming collisions than potentially differentiated protoplanets. We examine planetesimal-planetesimal collisions using a shock physics code and find two things: one is that planetesimal-planetesimal collisions produce nearly the same amount of chondrules as protoplanet-planetesimal collisions (˜1%). The other is that the amount of produced chondrules becomes larger as the impact velocity increases when two planetesimals collide with each other. We also find that progenitors of chondrules can originate from deeper regions of large targets (planetesimals or protoplanets) than small impactors (planetesimals). The composition of targets is therefore important, to fully account for the mineralogical data of currently sampled chondrules.
• ##### 2017 - "The Complete transmission spectrum of WASP-39b with a precise water constraint"
Wakeford, Hannah R.; Sing, David K.; Deming, Drake; Lewis, Nikole K.; Goyal, Jayesh; Wilson, Tom J.; Barstow, Joanna; Kataria, Tiffany; Drummond, Benjamin; Evans, Thomas M.; Carter, Aarynn L.; Nikolov, Nikolay; Knutson, Heather A.; Ballester, Gilda E.; Mandell, Avi M.
WASP-39b is a hot Saturn-mass exoplanet with a predicted clear atmosphere based on observations in the optical and infrared. Here we complete the transmission spectrum of the atmosphere with observations in the near-infrared (NIR) over three water absorption features with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) G102 (0.8-1.1 microns) and G141 (1.1-1.7 microns) spectroscopic grisms. We measure the predicted high amplitude H2O feature centered at 1.4 microns, and the smaller amplitude features at 0.95 and 1.2 microns, with a maximum water absorption amplitude of 2.4 planetary scale heights. We incorporate these new NIR measurements into previously published observational measurements to complete the transmission spectrum from 0.3-5 microns. From these observed water features, combined with features in the optical and IR, we retrieve a well constrained temperature Teq = 1030(+30,-20) K, and atmospheric metallicity 151 (+48,-46)x solar which is relatively high with respect to the currently established mass-metallicity trends. This new measurement in the Saturn-mass range hints at further diversity in the planet formation process relative to our solar system giants.
• ##### 2017 - "Hubble PanCET: An isothermal day-side atmosphere for the bloated gas-giant HAT-P-32Ab"
Nikolov, N.; Sing, D. K.; Goyal, J.; Henry, G. W.; Wakeford, H. R.; Evans, T. M.; Lopez-Morales, M.; Garcia Munoz, A.; Ben-Jaffel, L.; Sanz-Forcada, J.; Ballester, G. E.; Kataria, T.; Barstow, J. K.; Bourrier, V.; Buchhave, L. A.; Cohen, O.; Deming, D.; Ehrenreich, D.; Knutson, H.; Lavvas, P; Lecavelier des Etangs, A.; Lewis, N. K.; Williamson, A. M. Mandell M. H.
We present a thermal emission spectrum of the bloated hot Jupiter HAT-P-32Ab from a single eclipse observation made in spatial scan mode with the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) aboard the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). The spectrum covers the wavelength regime from 1.123 to 1.644 microns which is binned into 14 eclipse depths measured to an averaged precision of 104 parts-per million. The spectrum is unaffected by a dilution from the close M-dwarf companion HAT-P-32B, which was fully resolved. We complemented our spectrum with literature results and performed a comparative forward and retrieval analysis with the 1D radiative-convective ATMO model. Assuming solar abundance of the planet atmosphere, we find that the measured spectrum can best be explained by the spectrum of a blackbody isothermal atmosphere with Tp = 1995 +/- 17K, but can equally-well be described by a spectrum with modest thermal inversion. The retrieved spectrum suggests emission from VO at the WFC3 wavelengths and no evidence of the 1.4 micron water feature. The emission models with temperature profiles decreasing with height are rejected at a high confidence. An isothermal or inverted spectrum can imply a clear atmosphere with an absorber, a dusty cloud deck or a combination of both. We find that the planet can have continuum of values for the albedo and recirculation, ranging from high albedo and poor recirculation to low albedo and efficient recirculation. Optical spectroscopy of the planet's day-side or thermal emission phase curves can potentially resolve the current albedo with recirculation degeneracy.
• ##### 2017 - "Phase curves of WASP-33b and HD 149026b and a New Correlation Between Phase Curve Offset and Irradiation Temperature"
Zhang, Michael; Knutson, Heather A.; Kataria, Tiffany; Schwartz, Joel C.; Cowan, Nicolas B.; Showman, Adam P.; Burrows, Adam; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Todorov, Kamen; Desert, Jean-Michel; Agol, Eric; Deming, Drake
We present new 3.6 and 4.5 $\mu m$ Spitzer phase curves for the highly irradiated hot Jupiter WASP-33b and the unusually dense Saturn-mass planet HD 149026b. As part of this analysis, we develop a new variant of pixel level decorrelation that is effective at removing intrapixel sensitivity variations for long observations (>10 hours) where the position of the star can vary by a significant fraction of a pixel. Using this algorithm, we measure eclipse depths, phase amplitudes, and phase offsets for both planets at 3.6 $\mu m$ and 4.5 $\mu m$. We use a simple toy model to show that WASP-33b's phase offset, albedo, and heat recirculation efficiency are largely similar to those of other hot Jupiters despite its very high irradiation. On the other hand, our fits for HD 149026b prefer a very high albedo and an unusually high recirculation efficiency. We also compare our results to predictions from general circulation models, and find that while neither are a good match to the data, the discrepancies for HD 149026b are especially large. We speculate that this may be related to its high bulk metallicity, which could lead to enhanced atmospheric opacities and the formation of reflective cloud layers in localized regions of the atmosphere. We then place these two planets in a broader context by exploring relationships between the temperatures, albedos, heat transport efficiencies, and phase offsets of all planets with published thermal phase curves. We find a striking relationship between phase offset and irradiation temperature--the former drops with increasing temperature until around 3400 K, and rises thereafter. Although some aspects of this trend are mirrored in the circulation models, there are notable differences that provide important clues for future modeling efforts.
• ##### 2017 - "The Science Case for an Extended Spitzer Mission"
Yee, Jennifer C.; Fazio, Giovanni G.; Benjamin, Robert; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Malkan, Matt A.; Trilling, David; Carey, Sean; Ciardi, David R.; Apai, Daniel; Ashby, M. L. N.; Ballard, Sarah; Bean, Jacob L.; Beatty, Thomas; Berta-Thompson, Zach; Capak, P.; Charbonneau, David; Chesley, Steven; Cowan, Nicolas B.; Crossfield, Ian; Cushing, Michael C.; de Wit, Julien; Deming, Drake; Dickinson, M.; Dittmann, Jason; Dragomir, Diana; Dressing, Courtney; Emery, Joshua; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Gagne, Jonathan; Gaudi, B. Scott; Gillon, Michael; Grillmair, Carl J.; Harris, Alan; Hora, Joseph; Ingalls, James G.; Kataria, Tiffany; Kreidberg, Laura; Krick, Jessica E.; Lowrance, Patrick J.; Mahoney, William A.; Metchev, Stanimir A.; Mommert, Michael; Migo Mueller, Michael; Shvartzvald, Yossi; Smith, Howard; Stevenson, Kevin B.; Teplitz, H. I.; Willner, S. P.
Although the final observations of the Spitzer Warm Mission are currently scheduled for March 2019, it can continue operations through the end of the decade with no loss of photometric precision. As we will show, there is a strong science case for extending the current Warm Mission to December 2020. Spitzer has already made major impacts in the fields of exoplanets (including microlensing events), characterizing near Earth objects, enhancing our knowledge of nearby stars and brown dwarfs, understanding the properties and structure of our Milky Way galaxy, and deep wide-field extragalactic surveys to study galaxy birth and evolution. By extending Spitzer through 2020, it can continue to make ground-breaking discoveries in those fields, and provide crucial support to the NASA flagship missions JWST and WFIRST, as well as the upcoming TESS mission, and it will complement ground-based observations by LSST and the new large telescopes of the next decade. This scientific program addresses NASA's Science Mission Directive's objectives in astrophysics, which include discovering how the universe works, exploring how it began and evolved, and searching for life on planets around other stars.
• ##### 2017 - "The Very Low Albedo of WASP-12b from Spectral Eclipse Observations with Hubble"
Bell, Taylor J.; Nikolov, Nikolay; Cowan, Nicolas B.; Barstow, Joanna K.; Barman, Travis S.; Crossfield, Ian J. M.; Gibson, Neale P.; Evans, Thomas M.; Sing, David K.; Knutson, Heather A.; Kataria, Tiffany; Lothringer, Joshua D.; Benneke, Björn; Schwartz, Joel C.
We present an optical eclipse observation of the hot Jupiter WASP-12b using the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph on board the Hubble Space Telescope. These spectra allow us to place an upper limit of {A}g< 0.064 (97.5% confidence level) on the planet's white light geometric albedo across 290-570 nm. Using six wavelength bins across the same wavelength range also produces stringent limits on the geometric albedo for all bins. However, our uncertainties in eclipse depth are ˜40% greater than the Poisson limit and may be limited by the intrinsic variability of the Sun-like host star-the solar luminosity is known to vary at the 10-4 level on a timescale of minutes. We use our eclipse depth limits to test two previously suggested atmospheric models for this planet: Mie scattering from an aluminum-oxide haze or cloud-free Rayleigh scattering. Our stringent nondetection rules out both models and is consistent with thermal emission plus weak Rayleigh scattering from atomic hydrogen and helium. Our results are in stark contrast with those for the much cooler HD 189733b, the only other hot Jupiter with spectrally resolved reflected light observations; those data showed an increase in albedo with decreasing wavelength. The fact that the first two exoplanets with optical albedo spectra exhibit significant differences demonstrates the importance of spectrally resolved reflected light observations and highlights the great diversity among hot Jupiters.
• ##### 2017 - "An ultrahot gas-giant exoplanet with a stratosphere"
Evans, Thomas M.; Sing, David K.; Kataria, Tiffany; Goyal, Jayesh; Nikolov, Nikolay; Wakeford, Hannah R.; Deming, Drake; Marley, Mark S.; Amundsen, David S.; Ballester, Gilda E.; Barstow, Joanna K.; Ben-Jaffel, Lotfi; Bourrier, Vincent; Buchhave, Lars A.; Cohen, Ofer; Ehrenreich, David; García Muñoz, Antonio; Henry, Gregory W.; Knutson, Heather; Lavvas, Panayotis; Lecavelier Des Etangs, Alain; Lewis, Nikole K.; López-Morales, Mercedes; Mandell, Avi M.; Sanz-Forcada, Jorge; Tremblin, Pascal; Lupu, Roxana
Infrared radiation emitted from a planet contains information about the chemical composition and vertical temperature profile of its atmosphere. If upper layers are cooler than lower layers, molecular gases will produce absorption features in the planetary thermal spectrum. Conversely, if there is a stratosphere-where temperature increases with altitude-these molecular features will be observed in emission. It has been suggested that stratospheres could form in highly irradiated exoplanets, but the extent to which this occurs is unresolved both theoretically and observationally. A previous claim for the presence of a stratosphere remains open to question, owing to the challenges posed by the highly variable host star and the low spectral resolution of the measurements. Here we report a near-infrared thermal spectrum for the ultrahot gas giant WASP-121b, which has an equilibrium temperature of approximately 2,500 kelvin. Water is resolved in emission, providing a detection of an exoplanet stratosphere at 5σ confidence. These observations imply that a substantial fraction of incident stellar radiation is retained at high altitudes in the atmosphere, possibly by absorbing chemical species such as gaseous vanadium oxide and titanium oxide.
• ##### 2017 - "VLT/FORS2 comparative transmission spectroscopy II: Confirmation of a cloud deck and Rayleigh scattering in WASP-31b, but no potassium"
Gibson, Neale P.; Nikolov, Nikolay; Sing, David K.; Barstow, Joanna K.; Evans, Thomas M.; Kataria, Tiffany; Wilson, Paul A.
We present transmission spectroscopy of the hot-Jupiter WASP-31b using the FOcal Reducer and low dispersion Spectrograph 2 (FORS2) on the Very Large Telescope during two primary transits. The observations cover a wavelength range of ≈400-840 nm. The light curves are corrupted by significant systematics, but these were to first-order invariant with wavelength and could be removed using a common-mode correction derived from the white light curves. We reach a precision in the transit depth of ≈140 ppm in 15 nm bins, although the precision varies significantly over the wavelength range. Our FORS2 observations confirm the cloud deck previously inferred using Hubble Space Telescope (HST)/Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS). We also re-analyse the HST/STIS data using a Gaussian process model, finding excellent agreement with earlier measurements. We reproduce the Rayleigh scattering signature at short wavelengths (≲5300 Å) and the cloud deck at longer wavelengths. However, our FORS2 observations appear to rule out the large potassium feature previously detected using STIS, yet it is recovered from the HST/STIS data, although with reduced amplitude and significance (≈2.5σ). The discrepancy between our results and the earlier STIS detection of potassium (≈4.3σ) is either a result of telluric contamination of the ground-based observations, or an underestimate of the uncertainties for narrow-band features in HST/STIS when using linear basis models to account for the systematics. Our results further demonstrate the use of ground-based multi-object spectrographs for the study of exoplanet atmospheres, and highlight the need for caution in our interpretation of narrow-band features in low-resolution spectra of hot Jupiters.
• ##### 2017 - "Atmospheric Circulation and Cloud Evolution on the Highly Eccentric Extrasolar Planet HD 80606b"
Lewis, N. K.; Parmentier, V.; Kataria, T.; de Wit, J.; Showman, A. P.; Fortney, J. J.; Marley, M. S.
Observations of the highly-eccentric (e~0.9) hot-Jupiter HD 80606b with Spitzer have provided some of best probes of the physics at work in exoplanet atmospheres. By observing HD 80606b during its periapse passage, atmospheric radiative, advective, and chemical timescales can be directly measured and used to constrain fundamental planetary properties such as rotation period, tidal dissipation rate, and atmospheric composition (including aerosols). Here we present three-dimensional general circulation models for HD 80606b that aim to further explore the atmospheric physics shaping HD 80606b's observed Spitzer phase curves. We find that our models that assume a planetary rotation period twice that of the pseudo-synchronous rotation period best reproduce the phase variations observed for HD~80606b near periapse passage with Spitzer. Additionally, we find that the rapid formation/dissipation and vertical transport of clouds in HD 80606b's atmosphere near periapse passage likely shapes its observed phase variations. We predict that observations near periapse passage at visible wavelengths could constrain the composition and formation/advection timescales of the dominant cloud species in HD 80606b's atmosphere. The time-variable forcing experienced by exoplanets on eccentric orbits provides a unique and important window on radiative, dynamical, and chemical processes in planetary atmospheres and an important link between exoplanet observations and theory.
• ##### 2017 - "HAT-P-26b: A Neptune-mass exoplanet with a well-constrained heavy element abundance"
Wakeford, Hannah R.; Sing, David K.; Kataria, Tiffany; Deming, Drake; Nikolov, Nikolay; Lopez, Eric D.; Tremblin, Pascal; Amundsen, David S.; Lewis, Nikole K.; Mandell, Avi M.; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Knutson, Heather; Benneke, Björn; Evans, Thomas M.
A correlation between giant-planet mass and atmospheric heavy elemental abundance was first noted in the past century from observations of planets in our own Solar System and has served as a cornerstone of planet-formation theory. Using data from the Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes from 0.5 to 5 micrometers, we conducted a detailed atmospheric study of the transiting Neptune-mass exoplanet HAT-P-26b. We detected prominent H2O absorption bands with a maximum base-to-peak amplitude of 525 parts per million in the transmission spectrum. Using the water abundance as a proxy for metallicity, we measured HAT-P-26b's atmospheric heavy element content (4.8-4.0+21.5 times solar). This likely indicates that HAT-P-26b's atmosphere is primordial and obtained its gaseous envelope late in its disk lifetime, with little contamination from metal-rich planetesimals.
• ##### 2017 - "High-temperature condensate clouds in super-hot Jupiter atmospheres"
Wakeford, H. R.; Visscher, C.; Lewis, N. K.; Kataria, T.; Marley, M. S.; Fortney, J. J.; Mandell, A. M.
Deciphering the role of clouds is central to our understanding of exoplanet atmospheres, as they have a direct impact on the temperature and pressure structure, and observational properties of the planet. Super-hot Jupiters occupy a temperature regime similar to low-mass M-dwarfs, where minimal cloud condensation is expected. However, observations of exoplanets such as WASP-12b (Teq ˜ 2500 K) result in a transmission spectrum indicative of a cloudy atmosphere. We re-examine the temperature and pressure space occupied by these super-hot Jupiter atmospheres, to explore the role of the initial Al- and Ti-bearing condensates as the main source of cloud material. Due to the high temperatures, a majority of the more common refractory material is not depleted into deeper layers and would remain in the vapour phase. The lack of depletion into deeper layers means that these materials with relatively low cloud masses can become significant absorbers in the upper atmosphere. We provide condensation curves for the initial Al- and Ti-bearing condensates which may be used to provide quantitative estimates of the effect of metallicity on cloud masses, as planets with metal-rich hosts potentially form more opaque clouds because more mass is available for condensation. Increased metallicity also pushes the point of condensation to hotter, deeper layers in the planetary atmosphere further increasing the density of the cloud. We suggest that planets around metal-rich hosts are more likely to have thick refractory clouds, and discuss the implication on the observed spectra of WASP-12b.
• ##### 2017 - "Spitzer Phase Curve Constraints for WASP-43b at 3.6 and 4.5 μm"
Stevenson, Kevin B.; Line, Michael R.; Bean, Jacob L.; Désert, Jean-Michel; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Showman, Adam P.; Kataria, Tiffany; Kreidberg, Laura; Feng, Y. Katherina
Previous measurements of heat redistribution efficiency (the ability to transport energy from a planet's highly irradiated dayside to its eternally dark nightside) show considerable variation between exoplanets. Theoretical models predict a positive correlation between heat redistribution efficiency and temperature for tidally locked planets; however, recent Hubble Space Telescope (HST) WASP-43b spectroscopic phase curve results are inconsistent with current predictions. Using the Spitzer Space Telescope, we obtained a total of three phase curve observations of WASP-43b (P = 0.813 days) at 3.6 and 4.5 μm. The first 3.6 μm visit exhibits spurious nightside emission that requires invoking unphysical conditions in our cloud-free atmospheric retrievals. The two other visits exhibit strong day-night contrasts that are consistent with the HST data. To reconcile the departure from theoretical predictions, WASP-43b would need to have a high-altitude, nightside cloud/haze layer blocking its thermal emission. Clouds/hazes could be produced within the planet's cool, nearly retrograde mid-latitude flows before dispersing across its nightside at high altitudes. Since mid-latitude flows only materialize in fast-rotating (≲ 1 day) planets, this may explain an observed trend connecting measured day-night contrast with planet rotation rate that matches all current Spitzer phase curve results. Combining independent planetary emission measurements from multiple phases, we obtain a precise dayside hemisphere H2O abundance (2.5× {10}-5{--}1.1× {10}-4 at 1σ confidence) and, assuming chemical equilibrium and a scaled solar abundance pattern, we derive a corresponding metallicity estimate that is consistent with being solar (0.4-1.7). Using the retrieved global CO+CO2 abundance under the same assumptions, we estimate a comparable metallicity of 0.3-1.7× solar. This is the first time that precise abundance and metallicity constraints have been determined from multiple molecular tracers for a transiting exoplanet.
• ##### 2017 - "HST PanCET program: A Cloudy Atmosphere for the Promising JWST Target WASP-101b"
Wakeford, H. R.; Stevenson, K. B.; Lewis, N. K.; Sing, D. K.; López-Morales, M.; Marley, M.; Kataria, T.; Mandell, A.; Ballester, G. E.; Barstow, J.; Ben-Jaffel, L.; Bourrier, V.; Buchhave, L. A.; Ehrenreich, D.; Evans, T.; García Muñoz, A.; Henry, G.; Knutson, H.; Lavvas, P.; Lecavelier des Etangs, A.; Nikolov, N.; Sanz-Forcada, J.
We present results from the first observations of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Panchromatic Comparative Exoplanet Treasury program for WASP-101b, a highly inflated hot Jupiter and one of the community targets proposed for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Early Release Science (ERS) program. From a single HST Wide Field Camera 3 observation, we find that the near-infrared transmission spectrum of WASP-101b contains no significant H2O absorption features and we rule out a clear atmosphere at 13σ. Therefore, WASP-101b is not an optimum target for a JWST ERS program aimed at observing strong molecular transmission features. We compare WASP-101b to the well-studied and nearly identical hot Jupiter WASP-31b. These twin planets show similar temperature-pressure profiles and atmospheric features in the near-infrared. We suggest exoplanets in the same parameter space as WASP-101b and WASP-31b will also exhibit cloudy transmission spectral features. For future HST exoplanet studies, our analysis also suggests that a lower count limit needs to be exceeded per pixel on the detector in order to avoid unwanted instrumental systematics.
• ##### 2017 - "Spitzer Secondary Eclipse Depths with Multiple Intrapixel Sensitivity Correction Methods Observations of WASP-13b, WASP-15b, WASP-16b, WASP-62b, and HAT-P-22b"
Kilpatrick, Brian M.; Lewis, Nikole K.; Kataria, Tiffany; Deming, Drake; Ingalls, James G.; Krick, Jessica E.; Tucker, Gregory S.
We measure the 4.5 μm thermal emission of five transiting hot Jupiters, WASP-13b, WASP-15b, WASP-16b, WASP-62b, and HAT-P-22b using channel 2 of the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) on the Spitzer Space Telescope. Significant intrapixel sensitivity variations in Spitzer IRAC data require careful correction in order to achieve precision on the order of several hundred parts per million (ppm) for the measurement of exoplanet secondary eclipses. We determine eclipse depths by first correcting the raw data using three independent data reduction methods. The Pixel Gain Map (PMAP), Nearest Neighbors (NNBR), and Pixel Level Decorrelation (PLD) each correct for the intrapixel sensitivity effect in Spitzer photometric time-series observations. The results from each methodology are compared against each other to establish if they reach a statistically equivalent result in every case and to evaluate their ability to minimize uncertainty in the measurement. We find that all three methods produce reliable results. For every planet examined here NNBR and PLD produce results that are in statistical agreement. However, the PMAP method appears to produce results in slight disagreement in cases where the stellar centroid is not kept consistently on the most well characterized area of the detector. We evaluate the ability of each method to reduce the scatter in the residuals as well as in the correlated noise in the corrected data. The NNBR and PLD methods consistently minimize both white and red noise levels and should be considered reliable and consistent. The planets in this study span equilibrium temperatures from 1100 to 2000 K and have brightness temperatures that require either high albedo or efficient recirculation. However, it is possible that other processes such as clouds or disequilibrium chemistry may also be responsible for producing these brightness temperatures.
• ##### 2017 - "A Direct Imaging Survey of Spitzer-detected Debris Disks: Occurrence of Giant Planets in Dusty Systems"
Meshkat, Tiffany; Mawet, Dimitri; Bryan, Marta L.; Hinkley, Sasha; Bowler, Brendan P.; Stapelfeldt, Karl R.; Batygin, Konstantin; Padgett, Deborah; Morales, Farisa Y.; Serabyn, Eugene; Christiaens, Valentin; Brandt, Timothy D.; Wahhaj, Zahed
We describe a joint high-contrast imaging survey for planets at the Keck and Very Large Telescope of the last large sample of debris disks identified by the Spitzer Space Telescope. No new substellar companions were discovered in our survey of 30 Spitzer-selected targets. We combine our observations with data from four published surveys to place constraints on the frequency of planets around 130 debris disk single stars, the largest sample to date. For a control sample, we assembled contrast curves from several published surveys targeting 277 stars that do not show infrared excesses. We assumed a double power-law distribution in mass and semimajor axis (SMA) of the form f(m,a)={{Cm}}α {a}β , where we adopted power-law values and logarithmically flat values for the mass and SMA of planets. We find that the frequency of giant planets with masses 5-20 M Jup and separations 10-1000 au around stars with debris disks is 6.27% (68% confidence interval 3.68%-9.76%), compared to 0.73% (68% confidence interval 0.20%-1.80%) for the control sample of stars without disks. These distributions differ at the 88% confidence level, tentatively suggesting distinctness of these samples. Some of the data presented herein were obtained at the W.M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W.M. Keck Foundation.
• ##### 2017 - "Photopolarimetric characteristics of brown dwarfs bearing uniform cloud decks"
Sanghavi, Suniti; Millar-Blanchaer, Maxwell; Shporer, Avi; Riedel, Adric; Tinyatont, Samaporn; Nilsson, Ricky; Kataria, Tiffany; Mawet, Dimitri
It has long been known that an envelope of scattering particles like free electrons, atoms and molecules, or particulate aggregates like haze or cloud grains affect the intensity and polarization of radiation emitted by a rotating body (Chandrasekhar 1946; Harrington and Collins 1968, Sengupta and Marley 2010, Marley and Sengupta 2011, de Kok et al. 2011). Due to their high rotation rates, brown dwarfs (BDs) are expected to be considerably oblate. We present a conics-based radiative transfer scheme for computing the disc-resolved and disc-integrated polarized emission of an oblate body. Using this capability, we examine the photopolarimetric signal of BDs as a function of the scattering properties of its atmosphere like cloud optical thickness and cloud grain size as well as properties specific to the BD such as its oblateness and the orientation of its rotation axis relative to the observer. The polarizing effect of temperature inhomogeneity caused by gravity-darkening is considered distinctly from the effect of oblateness, revealing that resulting temperature gradients cause intensity differences that can amplify the disc-integrated polarization by a factor of 2. Our examination of the properties of scatterers suggests that the contested relative brightening in the J-band for cooler BDs in the L/T-transition can partly be explained by thick clouds bearing larger-sized grains. Grain-size affects both the intensity and polarization of emitted radiation - as grain-size increases relative to wavelength, the polarization caused by scattering decreases sharply, especially at infrared wavelengths where Rayleigh scattering due to atoms and molecules becomes negligible. We thus claim that the presence of scattering particles is a necessary but not sufficient condition for observing polarization of emitted light.
• ##### 2017 - "Signatures of lithospheric flexure and elevated heat flow in stereo topography at coronae on Venus"
O'rourke, J.G.; S.E. Smrekar
• ##### 2017 - "The Habitability of Icy Worlds in the Solar System"
Steven D. Vance
Multiple icy oceanic worlds exist in the solar system, with global inventories of liquid water often exceeding those on Earth. They may create conditions amenable to life, despite an absence of continents and the possibility for high pressure ices covering their rocky seafloors. Exploration of ocean worlds in the solar system offers the chance to anticipate what features of habitability to look for on watery exoworlds.
• ##### 2017 - "Forecasting the Impact of Stellar Activity on Transiting Exoplanet Spectra"
Zellem, Robert T.; Swain, Mark R.; Roudier, Gael; Shkolnik, Evgenya L.; Creech-Eakman, Michelle J.; Ciardi, David R.; Line, Michael R.; Iyer, Aishwarya R.; Bryden, Geoffrey; Llama, Joe; Fahy, Kristen A.
We predict the impact of stellar variability on transit observations. Supplementing these forecasts with Kepler-measured stellar variabilities for F-, G-, K-, and M-dwarfs, and predicted transit precisions by the James Webb Space Telescope's (JWST) NIRISS, NIRCam, and MIRI, we conclude that stellar activity does not impact infrared transiting exoplanet observations of most presently known or predicted TESS targets by current or near-future platforms, such as JWST, as activity-induced spectral changes are below the measurement precision.
• ##### 2016 - "Transiting Exoplanet Studies and Community Targets for JWST's Early Release Science Program"
Stevenson, Kevin B.; Lewis, Nikole K.; Bean, Jacob L.; Beichman, Charles; Fraine, Jonathan; Kilpatrick, Brian M.; Krick, J. E.; Lothringer, Joshua D.; Mandell, Avi M.; Valenti, Jeff A.; Agol, Eric; Angerhausen, Daniel; Barstow, Joanna K.; Birkmann, Stephan M.; Burrows, Adam; Charbonneau, David; Cowan, Nicolas B.; Crouzet, Nicolas; Cubillos, Patricio E.; Curry, S. M.; Dalba, Paul A.; de Wit, Julien; Deming, Drake; Désert, Jean-Michel; Doyon, René; Dragomir, Diana; Ehrenreich, David; Fortney, Jonathan J.; García Muñoz, Antonio; Gibson, Neale P.; Gizis, John E.; Greene, Thomas P.; Harrington, Joseph; Heng, Kevin; Kataria, Tiffany; Kempton, Eliza M.-R.; Knutson, Heather; Kreidberg, Laura; Lafrenière, David; Lagage, Pierre-Olivier; Line, Michael R.; Lopez-Morales, Mercedes; Madhusudhan, Nikku; Morley, Caroline V.; Rocchetto, Marco; Schlawin, Everett; Shkolnik, Evgenya L.; Shporer, Avi; Sing, David K.; Todorov, Kamen O.; Tucker, Gregory S.; Wakeford, Hannah R.
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will likely revolutionize transiting exoplanet atmospheric science, due to a combination of its capability for continuous, long duration observations and its larger collecting area, spectral coverage, and spectral resolution compared to existing space-based facilities. However, it is unclear precisely how well JWST will perform and which of its myriad instruments and observing modes will be best suited for transiting exoplanet studies. In this article, we describe a prefatory JWST Early Release Science (ERS) Cycle 1 program that focuses on testing specific observing modes to quickly give the community the data and experience it needs to plan more efficient and successful transiting exoplanet characterization programs in later cycles. We propose a multi-pronged approach wherein one aspect of the program focuses on observing transits of a single target with all of the recommended observing modes to identify and understand potential systematics, compare transmission spectra at overlapping and neighboring wavelength regions, confirm throughputs, and determine overall performances. In our search for transiting exoplanets that are well suited to achieving these goals, we identify 12 objects (dubbed "community targets") that meet our defined criteria. Currently, the most favorable target is WASP-62b because of its large predicted signal size, relatively bright host star, and location in JWST's continuous viewing zone. Since most of the community targets do not have well-characterized atmospheres, we recommend initiating preparatory observing programs to determine the presence of obscuring clouds/hazes within their atmospheres. Measurable spectroscopic features are needed to establish the optimal resolution and wavelength regions for exoplanet characterization. Other initiatives from our proposed ERS program include testing the instrument brightness limits and performing phase-curve observations. The latter are a unique challenge compared to transit observations because of their significantly longer durations. Using only a single mode, we propose to observe a full-orbit phase curve of one of the previously characterized, short-orbital-period planets to evaluate the facility-level aspects of long, uninterrupted time-series observations.
• ##### 2016 - "Spiral Structure and Differential Dust Size Distribution in the LKHα 330 Disk"
Akiyama, Eiji; Hashimoto, Jun; Liu, Hauyu Baobab; Li, Jennifer I-Hsiu; Bonnefoy, Michael; Dong, Ruobing; Hasegawa, Yasuhiro; Henning, Thomas; Sitko, Michael L.; Janson, Markus; Feldt, Markus; Wisniewski, John; Kudo, Tomoyuki; Kusakabe, Nobuhiko; Tsukagoshi, Takashi; Momose, Munetake; Muto, Takayuki; Taki, Tetsuo; Kuzuhara, Masayuki; Satoshi, Mayama; Takami, Michihiro; Ohashi, Nagayoshi; Grady, Carol A.; Kwon, Jungmi; Thalmann, Christian; Abe, Lyu; Brandner, Wolfgang; Brandt, Timothy D.; Carson, Joseph C.; Egner, Sebastian; Goto, Miwa; Guyon, Olivier; Hayano, Yutaka; Hayashi, Masahiko; Hayashi, Saeko S.; Hodapp, Klaus W.; Ishii, Miki; Iye, Masanori; Knapp, Gillian R.; Kandori, Ryo; Matsuo, Taro; Mcelwain, Michael W.; Miyama, Shoken; Morino, Jun-Ichi; Moro-Martin, Amaya; Nishimura, Tetsuo; Pyo, Tae-Soo; Serabyn, Eugene; Suenaga, Takuya; Suto, Hiroshi; Suzuki, Ryuji; Takahashi, Yasuhiro H.; Takato, Naruhisa; Terada, Hiroshi; Tomono, Daigo; Turner, Edwin L.; Watanabe, Makoto; Yamada, Toru; Takami, Hideki; Usuda, Tomonori; Tamura, Motohide
Dust trapping accelerates the coagulation of dust particles, and, thus, it represents an initial step toward the formation of planetesimals. We report H-band (1.6 μm) linear polarimetric observations and 0.87 mm interferometric continuum observations toward a transitional disk around LkHα 330. As a result, a pair of spiral arms were detected in the H-band emission, and an asymmetric (potentially arm-like) structure was detected in the 0.87 mm continuum emission. We discuss the origin of the spiral arm and the asymmetric structure and suggest that a massive unseen planet is the most plausible explanation. The possibility of dust trapping and grain growth causing the asymmetric structure was also investigated through the opacity index (β) by plotting the observed spectral energy distribution slope between 0.87 mm from our Submillimeter Array observation and 1.3 mm from literature. The results imply that grains are indistinguishable from interstellar medium-like dust in the east side (β =2.0+/- 0.5) but are much smaller in the west side β ={0.7}-0.4+0.5, indicating differential dust size distribution between the two sides of the disk. Combining the results of near-infrared and submillimeter observations, we conjecture that the spiral arms exist at the upper surface and an asymmetric structure resides in the disk interior. Future observations at centimeter wavelengths and differential polarization imaging in other bands (Y-K) with extreme AO imagers are required to understand how large dust grains form and to further explore the dust distribution in the disk.
• ##### 2016 - "Super-Earths as Failed Cores in Orbital Migration Traps"
Hasegawa, Yasuhiro
I explore whether close-in super-Earths were formed as rocky bodies that failed to grow fast enough to become the cores of gas giants before the natal protostellar disk dispersed. I model the failed cores' inward orbital migration in the low-mass or type I regime to stopping points at distances where the tidal interaction with the protostellar disk applies zero net torque. The three kinds of migration traps considered are those due to the dead zone's outer edge, the ice line, and the transition from accretion to starlight as the disk's main heat source. As the disk disperses, the traps move toward final positions near or just outside 1 au. Planets at this location exceeding about 3 M ⊕ open a gap, decouple from their host traps, and migrate inward in the high-mass or type II regime to reach the vicinity of the star. I synthesize the population of planets that formed in this scenario, finding that a fraction of the observed super-Earths could have been failed cores. Most super-Earths that formed this way have more than 4 M ⊕, so their orbits when the disks dispersed were governed by type II migration. These planets have solid cores surrounded by gaseous envelopes. Their subsequent photoevaporative mass loss is most effective for masses originally below about 6 M ⊕. The failed core scenario suggests a division of the observed super-Earth mass-radius diagram into five zones according to the inferred formation history.
• ##### 2016 - "Detection of Linearly Polarized 6.9 mm Continuum Emission from the Class 0 Young Stellar Object NGC 1333 IRAS4A"
Liu, Hauyu Baobab; Lai, Shih-Ping; Hasegawa, Yasuhiro; Hirano, Naomi; Rao, Ramprasad; Li, I.-Hsiu; Fukagawa, Misato; Girart, Josep M.; Carrasco-González, Carlos; Rodríguez, Luis F.
Dust growth, a first step of planet formation, can change the mass and the shape of dust grains. The detection of linearly polarized dust continuum emission at 6.9 mm can serve as a probe of how dust shape evolves, following dust growth. We demonstrate this possibility by reporting new JVLA, high angular resolution observations toward a Class 0 YSO.
• ##### 2016 - "Forming Chondrites in a Solar Nebula with Magnetically Induced Turbulence"
Hasegawa, Yasuhiro; Turner, Neal J.; Masiero, Joseph; Wakita, Shigeru; Matsumoto, Yuji; Oshino, Shoichi
Chondritic meteorites provide valuable opportunities to investigate the origins of the solar system. We identify under what conditions chondrule formation and accretion can be realized in the solar nebula, making use of the currently available meteoritic date. The data include the present asteroid belt mass, the formation timescale of chondrules, the magnetic field strength of the nebula derived from chondrules in Semarkona.
• ##### 2016 - "Planetary System Formation in the Protoplanetary Disk around HL Tauri"
Akiyama, Eiji; Hasegawa, Yasuhiro; Hayashi, Masahiko; Iguchi, Satoru
ALMA long-baseline science verification campaign reveals the astonishing multiple gap structure in the circumstellar disk around HL Tau. We reanalyze the data and discuss how such a gap structure is generated. Assuming that the gaps are opened up by unseen massive bodies, gravitational instabilities may be a mechanism to form the bodies in the outer region of the disk. ALMA's unprecedented high spatial resolution observations will revolutionize our picture of planet formation.
• ##### 2016 - "Absence of Significant Cool Disks in Young Stellar Objects Exhibiting Repetitive Optical Outbursts"
Liu, Hauyu Baobab; Galván-Madrid, Roberto; Vorobyov, Eduard I.; Kóspál, Ágnes; Rodríguez, Luis F.; Dunham, Michael M.; Hirano, Naomi; Henning, Thomas; Takami, Michihiro; Dong, Ruobing; Hashimoto, Jun; Hasegawa, Yasuhiro; Carrasco-González, Carlos
Many low-mass YSOs may have experienced repetitive outburst events until they finally arrive at the main-sequence stage. We report SMA 1.3 mm high angular resolution observations toward the so- called EXors. We find that most of them have low dust masses while the previous IR observations suggest that they should have enough gas masses. Our observations therefore infer that most of EXors may not have cold dust, which would be valuable information to understand how repetitive outbursts occur around YSOs.
• ##### 2016 - "Chondrule Formation via Impact Jetting Triggered by Planetary Accretion"
Hasegawa, Yasuhiro; Wakita, Shigeru; Matsumoto, Yuji; Oshino, Shoichi
Chondrules are the primitive materials in the solar system, which enables one to explore the origins of the solar system. We investigate how and what amount of chondrules can be formed via impact jetting that can occur at planetesimal collisions. We find that formation of protoplanets leads to a large number of chondrule-forming impacts with a certain timescale, both of which are consistent with the chondritic data.
• ##### 2016 - "A map of the large day-night temperature gradient of a super-Earth exoplanet"
Demory, Brice-Olivier; Gillon, Michael; de Wit, Julien; Madhusudhan, Nikku; Bolmont, Emeline; Heng, Kevin; Kataria, Tiffany; Lewis, Nikole; Hu, Renyu; Krick, Jessica; Stamenković, Vlada; Benneke, Björn; Kane, Stephen; Queloz, Didier
55 Cancri e, approximately 40 light-years away in the constellation Cancer, has a radius twice Earth's, and a mass 8 times greater. The paper reports a longitudinal thermal brightness map of 55 Cancri e obtained by the Spitzer Space Telescope, the first such map observed for any super-Earth class of exoplanets. The map tells us that the temperature contrast between the planet's dayside and the nightside is greater than 1000 K, and efficient energy transport occurs in the planet's dayside.
• ##### 2016 - "The MUSCLES Treasury Survey. III. X-Ray to Infrared Spectra of 11 M and K Stars Hosting Planets"
Loyd, R. O. P.; France, Kevin; Youngblood, Allison; Schneider, Christian; Brown, Alexander; Hu, Renyu; Linsky, Jeffrey; Froning, Cynthia S.; Redfield, Seth; Rugheimer, Sarah; Tian, Feng
The shape and the absolute flux of a star's emission control the atmospheric chemistry of exoplanets around it. Using new Hubble Space Telescope observations, panchromatic (X-ray to mid-IR) spectra of 11 nearby planet-hosting low-mass (M to K) stars are derived. This database of stellar spectra is the foundation of modeling atmospheric photochemistry and assessing potential biosignature gases for rocky exoplanets.
• ##### 2016 - "VLT FORS2 Comparative Transmission Spectroscopy: Detection of Na in the Atmosphere of WASP-39b from the Ground"
Nikolov, Nikolay; Sing, David K.; Gibson, Neale P.; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Evans, Thomas M.; Barstow, Joanna K.; Kataria, Tiffany; Wilson, Paul A.
We present transmission spectroscopy of the warm Saturn-mass exoplanet WASP-39b made with the Very Large Telescope FOcal Reducer and Spectrograph (FORS2) across the wavelength range 411-810 nm. The transit depth is measured with a typical precision of 240 parts per million (ppm) in wavelength bins of 10 nm on a V = 12.1 mag star. We detect the sodium absorption feature (3.2σ) and find evidence of potassium. The ground-based transmission spectrum is consistent with Hubble Space Telescope (HST) optical spectroscopy, supporting the interpretation that WASP-39b has a largely clear atmosphere. Our results demonstrate the great potential of the recently upgraded FORS2 spectrograph for optical transmission spectroscopy, with which we obtained HST-quality light curves from the ground.
• ##### 2016 - "HST Hot-Jupiter Transmission Spectral Survey: Clear Skies for Cool Saturn WASP-39b"
Fischer, Patrick D.; Knutson, Heather A.; Sing, David K.; Henry, Gregory W.; Williamson, Michael W.; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Burrows, Adam S.; Kataria, Tiffany; Nikolov, Nikolay; Showman, Adam P.; Ballester, Gilda E.; Désert, Jean-Michel; Aigrain, Suzanne; Deming, Drake; Lecavelier des Etangs, Alain; Vidal-Madjar, Alfred
We present the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) optical transmission spectroscopy of the cool Saturn-mass exoplanet WASP-39b from 0.29-1.025 μm, along with complementary transit observations from Spitzer IRAC at 3.6 and 4.5 μm. The low density and large atmospheric pressure scale height of WASP-39b make it particularly amenable to atmospheric characterization using this technique. We detect a Rayleigh scattering slope as well as sodium and potassium absorption features; this is the first exoplanet in which both alkali features are clearly detected with the extended wings predicted by cloud-free atmosphere models. The full transmission spectrum is well matched by a clear H2-dominated atmosphere, or one containing a weak contribution from haze, in good agreement with the preliminary reduction of these data presented in Sing et al. WASP-39b is predicted to have a pressure-temperature profile comparable to that of HD 189733b and WASP-6b, making it one of the coolest transiting gas giants observed in our HST STIS survey. Despite this similarity, WASP-39b appears to be largely cloud-free, while the transmission spectra of HD 189733b and WASP-6b both indicate the presence of high altitude clouds or hazes. These observations further emphasize the surprising diversity of cloudy and cloud-free gas giant planets in short-period orbits and the corresponding challenges associated with developing predictive cloud models for these atmospheres.
• ##### 2016 - "Detection of H2O and Evidence for TiO/VO in an Ultra-hot Exoplanet Atmosphere"
Evans, Thomas M.; Sing, David K.; Wakeford, Hannah R.; Nikolov, Nikolay; Ballester, Gilda E.; Drummond, Benjamin; Kataria, Tiffany; Gibson, Neale P.; Amundsen, David S.; Spake, Jessica
We present a primary transit observation for the ultra-hot (T eq ˜ 2400 K) gas giant expolanet WASP-121b, made using the Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 in spectroscopic mode across the 1.12-1.64 μm wavelength range. The 1.4 μm water absorption band is detected at high confidence (5.4σ) in the planetary atmosphere. We also reanalyze ground-based photometric light curves taken in the B, r‧, and z‧ filters. Significantly deeper transits are measured in these optical bandpasses relative to the near-infrared wavelengths. We conclude that scattering by high-altitude haze alone is unlikely to account for this difference and instead interpret it as evidence for titanium oxide and vanadium oxide absorption. Enhanced opacity is also inferred across the 1.12-1.3 μm wavelength range, possibly due to iron hydride absorption. If confirmed, WASP-121b will be the first exoplanet with titanium oxide, vanadium oxide, and iron hydride detected in transmission. The latter are important species in M/L dwarfs and their presence is likely to have a significant effect on the overall physics and chemistry of the atmosphere, including the production of a strong thermal inversion.
• ##### 2016 - "The Atmospheric Circulation of a Nine-hot-Jupiter Sample: Probing Circulation and Chemistry over a Wide Phase Space"
Kataria, Tiffany; Sing, David K.; Lewis, Nikole K.; Visscher, Channon; Showman, Adam P.; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Marley, Mark S.
We present results from an atmospheric circulation study of nine hot Jupiters that compose a large transmission spectral survey using the Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. These observations exhibit a range of spectral behavior over optical and infrared wavelengths, suggesting diverse cloud and haze properties in their atmospheres. By utilizing the specific system parameters for each planet, we naturally probe a wide phase space in planet radius, gravity, orbital period, and equilibrium temperature. First, we show that our model "grid" recovers trends shown in traditional parametric studies of hot Jupiters, particularly equatorial superrotation and increased day-night temperature contrast with increasing equilibrium temperature. We show how spatial temperature variations, particularly between the dayside and nightside and west and east terminators, can vary by hundreds of kelvin, which could imply large variations in Na, K, CO and {{{CH}}}4 abundances in those regions. These chemical variations can be large enough to be observed in transmission with high-resolution spectrographs, such as ESPRESSO on VLT, METIS on the E-ELT, or MIRI and NIRSpec aboard JWST. We also compare theoretical emission spectra generated from our models to available Spitzer eclipse depths for each planet and find that the outputs from our solar-metallicity, cloud-free models generally provide a good match to many of the data sets, even without additional model tuning. Although these models are cloud-free, we can use their results to understand the chemistry and dynamics that drive cloud formation in their atmospheres.
• ##### 2016 - "A continuum from clear to cloudy hot-Jupiter exoplanets without primordial water depletion"
Sing, David K.; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Nikolov, Nikolay; Wakeford, Hannah R.; Kataria, Tiffany; Evans, Thomas M.; Aigrain, Suzanne; Ballester, Gilda E.; Burrows, Adam S.; Deming, Drake; Désert, Jean-Michel; Gibson, Neale P.; Henry, Gregory W.; Huitson, Catherine M.; Knutson, Heather A.; Lecavelier Des Etangs, Alain; Pont, Frederic; Showman, Adam P.; Vidal-Madjar, Alfred; Williamson, Michael H.; Wilson, Paul A.
Thousands of transiting exoplanets have been discovered, but spectral analysis of their atmospheres has so far been dominated by a small number of exoplanets and data spanning relatively narrow wavelength ranges (such as 1.1-1.7 micrometres). Recent studies show that some hot-Jupiter exoplanets have much weaker water absorption features in their near-infrared spectra than predicted. The low amplitude of water signatures could be explained by very low water abundances, which may be a sign that water was depleted in the protoplanetary disk at the planet's formation location, but it is unclear whether this level of depletion can actually occur. Alternatively, these weak signals could be the result of obscuration by clouds or hazes, as found in some optical spectra. Here we report results from a comparative study of ten hot Jupiters covering the wavelength range 0.3-5 micrometres, which allows us to resolve both the optical scattering and infrared molecular absorption spectroscopically. Our results reveal a diverse group of hot Jupiters that exhibit a continuum from clear to cloudy atmospheres. We find that the difference between the planetary radius measured at optical and infrared wavelengths is an effective metric for distinguishing different atmosphere types. The difference correlates with the spectral strength of water, so that strong water absorption lines are seen in clear-atmosphere planets and the weakest features are associated with clouds and hazes. This result strongly suggests that primordial water depletion during formation is unlikely and that clouds and hazes are the cause of weaker spectral signatures.
• ##### 2016 - "A Characteristic Transmission Spectrum Dominated by H2O Applies to the Majority of HST/WFC3 Exoplanet Observations"
Iyer, Aishwarya R.; Swain, Mark R.; Zellem, Robert T.; Line, Michael R.; Roudier, Gael; Rocha, Graça; Livingston, John H.
Water is ubiquitous among hot Jupiter exoplanets and about half of their atmospheres are covered by opacity sources such as clouds, haze/aerosols. 10 out of 19 hot Jupiters observed using HST/WFC3 within the last decade have shown a significant water detection in their atmospheres. Our method allows for coherent averaging of the individual transmission spectra of these planets to produce a Representative Spectrum that is characteristic of hot Jupiter atmospheres. Additionally, we are also able to quantify that about half of these atmospheres are being blocked by cloud, haze or aerosols that affect our estimate for the true water content in hot Jupiters.
• ##### 2016 - "Ringed Structures of the HD 163296 Protoplanetary Disk Revealed by ALMA"
Isella, Andrea; Guidi, Greta; Testi, Leonardo; Liu, Shangfei; Li, Hui; Li, Shengtai; Weaver, Erik; Boehler, Yann; Carperter, John M.; De Gregorio-Monsalvo, Itziar; Manara, Carlo F.; Natta, Antonella; Pérez, Laura M.; Ricci, Luca; Sargent, Anneila; Tazzari, Marco; Turner, Neal
We present Atacama Large Millimeter and Submillimeter Array observations of the protoplanetary disk around the Herbig Ae star HD 163296 that trace the spatial distribution of millimeter-sized particles and cold molecular gas on spatial scales as small as 25 astronomical units (A.U.). The image of the disk recorded in the 1.3 mm continuum emission reveals three dark concentric rings that indicate the presence of dust depleted gaps at about 60, 100, and 160 A.U. from the central star. The maps of the 12CO, 13CO, and C 18O J =2 -1 emission do not show such structures but reveal a change in the slope of the radial intensity profile across the positions of the dark rings in the continuum image. By comparing the observations with theoretical models for the disk emission, we find that the density of CO molecules is reduced inside the middle and outer dust gaps. However, in the inner ring there is no evidence of CO depletion. From the measurements of the dust and gas densities, we deduce that the gas-to-dust ratio varies across the disk and, in particular, it increases by at least a factor 5 within the inner dust gap compared to adjacent regions of the disk. The depletion of both dust and gas suggests that the middle and outer rings could be due to the gravitational torque exerted by two Saturn-mass planets orbiting at 100 and 160 A.U. from the star. On the other hand, the inner dust gap could result from dust accumulation at the edge of a magnetorotational instability dead zone, or from dust opacity variations at the edge of the CO frost line. Observations of the dust emission at higher angular resolution and of molecules that probe dense gas are required to establish more precisely the origins of the dark rings observed in the HD 163296 disk.
• ##### 2016 - "Signatures of Young Planets in the Continuum Emission From Protostellar Disks"
Isella, Andrea; Turner, Neal
Many protostellar disks show central cavities, rings, or spiral arms that could be caused by low-mass stellar or planetary companions. Few of these features are yet conclusively tied to objects embedded in the disks, perhaps because of shortcomings in our understanding of what a disk interacting with a planet looks like at the wavelengths we observe. We approach these issues noting that even small features on the disk's surface cast shadows, because the starlight grazes the surface at low angles. We therefore focus on accurately computing the disk's thickness, and thus its temperature. The embedded planet has 20, 100, or 1000~M$_\oplus$, ranging from barely enough to perturb the disk gas surface density significantly, to able to clear a deep tidal gap. We compare models that are in hydrostatic equilibrium in the vertical direction to models where the disk pressure scale height varies as a power of the orbital radius. The hydrostatic balance makes a large difference to the disk's temperature and appearance. The planet-carved gap's outer wall puffs up, throwing a shadow across the disk beyond. The shadow appears in scattered light as an additional dark ring, which could be mistaken for a gap opened by another more distant planet. The shadow is so deep it largely hides the outer arm of the spiral wave launched by the planet. The massive planets yield temperature gradients such that additional more distant low-mass planets undergoing orbital migration will converge on a location within the shadow. Furthermore the temperature perturbations affect the shape, size and contrast of the features predicted at millimeter and centimeter wavelengths. We conclude that radiative heating and cooling are important ingredients for reliably predicting the appearance of protostellar disks with embedded planets.
• ##### 2016 - "Viscous Instability Triggered by Layered Accretion in Protoplanetary Disks"
Hasegawa, Yasuhiro; Takeuchi, Taku
The properties of protoplanetary disks, the birthplace of planets, are determined by magnetically induced turbulence. The previous theoretical studies suggest that the degree of disk turbulence varies as a function of the distance from the central star. We find that a viscous instability can take place at the boundary between high- and low-turbulent regions, which can considerably affect disk evolution and planet formation.
• ##### 2016 - "Studying Atmosphere-dominated Hot Jupiter Kepler Phase Curves: Evidence that Inhomogeneous Atmospheric Reflection Is Common"
Shporer, Avi; Hu, Renyu
In this paper we have shown that gas giant exoplanets on short orbital periods have non- uniform cloud coverage. We concluded this from the detection of non-uniform reflected star light, in visible light, across different planet longitudes. This has several implications regarding the structure and chemical composition of planetary atmospheres of such exoplanets.
• ##### 2016 - "XO-2b: A Hot Jupiter with a Variable Host Star That Potentially Affects Its Measured Transit Depth"
Zellem, Robert T.; Griffith, Caitlin A.; Pearson, Kyle A.; Turner, Jake D.; Henry, Gregory W.; Williamson, Michael H.; Ryleigh Fitzpatrick, M.; Teske, Johanna K.; Biddle, Lauren I.
We conduct a multi-year study of the transiting exoplanet XO-2b to measure its Rayleigh scattering slope to place upper limits on its optically-thick radius and better constrain its molecular abundances. We also find that with mulity-year ground-based monitoring that its host star is active, potentially at the level that could affect future high- precision measurements of the signal of the exoplanet and alter the interpretations about its atmospheric properties.
• ##### 2016 - "A Characteristic Transmission Spectrum dominated by H2O applies to the majority of HST/WFC3 exoplanet observations"
Iyer, Aishwarya R.; Swain, Mark R.; Zellem, Robert T.; Line, Michael R.; Roudier, Gael; Rocha, Graça; Livingston, John H.
Water is ubiquitous among hot Jupiter exoplanets and about half of their atmospheres are covered by opacity sources such as clouds, haze/aerosols. 10 out of 19 hot Jupiters observed using HST/WFC3 within the last decade have shown a significant water detection in their atmospheres. Our method allows for coherent averaging of the individual transmission spectra of these planets to produce a Representative Spectrum that is characteristic of hot Jupiter atmospheres. Additionally, we are also able to quantify that about half of these atmospheres are being blocked by cloud, haze or aerosols that affect our estimate for the true water content in hot Jupiters.
• ##### 2016 - “A map of the large day-night temperature gradient of a super-Earth exoplanet”
Demory, Brice-Olivier; Gillon, Michael; de Wit, Julien; Madhusudhan, Nikku; Bolmont, Emeline; Heng, Kevin; Kataria, Tiffany; Lewis, Nikole; Hu, Renyu; Krick, Jessica; Stamenković, Vlada; Benneke, Björn; Kane, Stephen; Queloz, Didier
55 Cancri e, approximately 40 light-years away in the constellation Cancer, has a radius twice Earth’s, and a mass 8 times greater. The paper reports a longitudinal thermal brightness map of 55 Cancri e obtained by the Spitzer Space Telescope, the first such map observed for any super-Earth class of exoplanets. The map tells us that the temperature contrast between the planet's dayside and the nightside is greater than 1000 K, and efficient energy transport occurs in the planet's dayside.
• ##### 2016 - “The MUSCLES Treasury Survey III: X-ray to Infrared Spectra of 11 M and K Stars”
Loyd, R. O. P.; France, Kevin; Youngblood, Allison; Schneider, Christian; Brown, Alexander; Hu, Renyu; Linsky, Jeffrey; Froning, Cynthia S.; Redfield, Seth; Rugheimer, Sarah; Tian, Feng
The shape and the absolute flux of a star's emission control the atmospheric chemistry of exoplanets around it. Using new Hubble Space Telescope observations, panchromatic (X-ray to mid-IR) spectra of 11 nearby planet-hosting low-mass (M to K) stars are derived. This database of stellar spectra is the foundation of modeling atmospheric photochemistry and assessing potential biosignature gases for rocky exoplanets.
• ##### 2016 - “Detection of Linearly Polarized 6.9 mm Continuum Emission from the Class 0 Young Stellar Object NGC1333 IRAS4A”
Liu, Hauyu Baobab; Lai, Shih-Ping; Hasegawa, Yasuhiro; Hirano, Naomi; Rao, Ramprasad; Li, I.-Hsiu; Fukagawa, Misato; Girart, Josep M.; Carrasco-González, Carlos; Rodríguez, Luis F.
Dust growth, a first step of planet formation, can change the mass and the shape of dust grains. The detection of linearly polarized dust continuum emission at 6.9 mm can serve as a probe of how dust shape evolves, following dust growth. We demonstrate this possibility by reporting new JVLA, high angular resolution observations toward a Class 0 YSO.
• ##### 2016 - “Forming Chondrites in a Solar Nebula with Magnetically induced Turbulence”
Hasegawa, Yasuhiro; Turner, Neal J.; Masiero, Joseph; Wakita, Shigeru; Matsumoto, Yuji; Oshino, Shoichi
Chondritic meteorites provide valuable opportunities to investigate the origins of the solar system. We identify under what conditions chondrule formation and accretion can be realized in the solar nebula, making use of the currently available meteoritic date. The data include the present asteroid belt mass, the formation timescale of chondrules, the magnetic field strength of the nebula derived from chondrules in Semarkona.
• ##### 2016 - “Planetary System Formation in the Protoplanetary Disk around HL Tauri”
Akiyama, Eiji; Hasegawa, Yasuhiro; Hayashi, Masahiko; Iguchi, Satoru
ALMA long-baseline science verification campaign reveals the astonishing multiple gap structure in the circumstellar disk around HL Tau. We reanalyze the data and discuss how such a gap structure is generated. Assuming that the gaps are opened up by unseen massive bodies, gravitational instabilities may be a mechanism to form the bodies in the outer region of the disk. ALMA’s unprecedented high spatial resolution observations will revolutionize our picture of planet formation.
• ##### 2016 - “Absence of Significant Cold Disks in Young Stellar Objects Exhibiting Repetitive Optical Outbursts”
Liu, Hauyu Baobab; Galván-Madrid, Roberto; Vorobyov, Eduard I.; Kóspál, Ágnes; Rodríguez, Luis F.; Dunham, Michael M.; Hirano, Naomi; Henning, Thomas; Takami, Michihiro; Dong, Ruobing; Hashimoto, Jun; Hasegawa, Yasuhiro; Carrasco-González, Carlos
Many low-mass YSOs may have experienced repetitive outburst events until they finally arrive at the main-sequence stage. We report SMA 1.3 mm high angular resolution observations toward the so-called EXors. We find that most of them have low dust masses while the previous IR observations suggest that they should have enough gas masses. Our observations therefore infer that most of EXors may not have cold dust, which would be valuable information to understand how repetitive outbursts occur around YSOs.
• ##### 2016 - “Chondrule Formation via Impact Jetting Triggered by Planetary Accretion”
Hasegawa, Yasuhiro; Wakita, Shigeru; Matsumoto, Yuji; Oshino, Shoichi
Chondrules are the primitive materials in the solar system, which enables one to explore the origins of the solar system. We investigate how and what amount of chondrules can be formed via impact jetting that can occur at planetesimal collisions. We find that formation of protoplanets leads to a large number of chondrule-forming impacts with a certain timescale, both of which are consistent with the chondritic data.
• ### Published Papers in 2015
• ##### 2015 - “Viscous Instability Triggered by Layered Accretion in Protoplanetary Disks”
Hasegawa, Yasuhiro; Wakita, Shigeru; Matsumoto, Yuji; Oshino, Shoichi
The properties of protoplanetary disks, the birthplace of planets, are determined by magnetically induced turbulence. The previous theoretical studies suggest that the degree of disk turbulence varies as a function of the distance from the central star. We find that a viscous instability can take place at the boundary between high- and low-turbulent regions, which can considerably affect disk evolution and planet formation.
• ##### 2015 - “XO-2b: A Hot Jupiter with a Variable Host Star That Potentially Affects Its Measured Transit Depth”
Zellem, Robert T.; Griffith, Caitlin A.; Pearson, Kyle A.; Turner, Jake D.; Henry, Gregory W.; Williamson, Michael H.; Ryleigh Fitzpatrick, M.; Teske, Johanna K.; Biddle, Lauren I.
We conduct a multi-year study of the transiting exoplanet XO-2b to measure its Rayleigh scattering slope to place upper limits on its optically-thick radius and better constrain its molecular abundances. We also find that with mulity-year ground-based monitoring that its host star is active, potentially at the level that could affect future high-precision measurements of the signal of the exoplanet and alter the interpretations about its atmospheric properties.
• ##### 2015 - “Studying Atmosphere-Dominated Kepler Phase Curves”
Shporer, Avi; Hu, Renyu
In this paper we have shown that gas giant exoplanets on short orbital periods have non-uniform cloud coverage. We concluded this from the detection of non-uniform reflected star light, in visible light, across different planet longitudes. This has several implications regarding the structure and chemical composition of planetary atmospheres of such exoplanets.
• ##### 2015 - “A Characteristic Transmission Spectrum dominated by H2O applies to the majority of HST/WFC3 exoplanet observations”
Iyer, Swain, Zellem, Line, Roudier, Rocha, Livingston
JPL intern Aishwarya Iyer and colleagues averaged the spectra from 19 transiting exoplanets taken with the Hubble Space Telescope and found a characteristic spectrum for those planets which had a reported water detection.
Water is ubiquitous among hot Jupiter exoplanets and about half of their atmospheres are covered by opacity sources such as clouds, haze/aerosols. 10 out of 19 hot Jupiters observed using HST/WFC3 within the last decade have shown a significant water detection in their atmospheres. Our method allows for coherent averaging of the individual transmission spectra of these planets to produce a Representative Spectrum that is characteristic of hot Jupiter atmospheres. Additionally, we are also able to quantify that about half of these atmospheres are being blocked by cloud, haze or aerosols that affect our estimate for the true water content in hot Jupiters. | 2018-05-23T04:45:55 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7076957821846008, "perplexity": 7770.8336522615}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865450.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523043959-20180523063959-00232.warc.gz"} |
https://www.bnl.gov/event.php?q=6227 | # Nuclear Physics & RIKEN Theory Seminar
## "Insights on the q_hat problem"
#### Presented by Simon Caron-Huot, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton
Friday, March 5, 2010, 2:00 pm — Small Seminar Room, Bldg. 510
We study the energy loss by bremsstrahlung for a high-energy jet moving in the quark-gluon plasma. We describe the jet perturbatively but we make no assumption about the interaction strengths in the plasma.
We propose an equation giving the radiation rate which generalizes and unify the existing treatments by Baier-Dokshitzer-Mueller-Peigne-Schiff and Zarkarov (BDMPS-Z) and by Arnold-Moore-Yaffe (AMY). Solving it numerically we can determine approximations which are valid (or not!) under RHIC conditions.
This sheds light on the discrepancy regarding the extraction of the $\hat{q}$'' parameter by different groups.
Hosted by: Kevin Dusling
6227 | INT/EXT | Events Calendar | 2021-12-03T20:16:43 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.653571605682373, "perplexity": 3338.281450233489}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362918.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203182358-20211203212358-00382.warc.gz"} |
http://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=B023M&home=BXXX025 | # ${{\boldsymbol \Sigma}{(1480)}}$ MASS (PRODUCTION EXPERIMENTS) INSPIRE search
VALUE (MeV) EVTS DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
$\bf{ \approx1480}$ OUR ESTIMATE
$1480$ $\pm15$ $365$ $\pm60$
2006
SPEC ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit K}^{+}}$ ( ${{\mathit \pi}^{\pm}}{{\mathit X}^{\mp}}$ )
$1480$ 120
1980
HBC ${{\mathit K}^{-}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ( ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit K}}^{0}}$) ${{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$
$1485$ $\pm10$
1973
MPWA ${{\mathit K}^{-}}$ ${{\mathit d}}$ $\rightarrow$ ( ${{\mathit \Lambda}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$) ${{\mathit p}}$
$1479$ $\pm10$
1970
HBC ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ( ${{\mathit \Lambda}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}$) ${{\mathit K}^{+}}$
$1465$ $\pm15$
1970
HBC ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ( ${{\mathit \Sigma}}{{\mathit \pi}}$) ${{\mathit K}^{+}}$
References:
ZYCHOR 2006
PRL 96 012002 Evidence for an Excited Hyperon State in ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit K}^{+}}{{\mathit \Upsilon}^{*0}}$
ENGELEN 1980
NP B167 61 Multichannel Analysis of the Reaction ${{\mathit K}^{-}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\overline{\mathit K}}^{0}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit p}}$ at 4.2 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$
CLINE 1973
LNC 6 205 Possible New Resonant State below the ${{\mathit \Lambda}{(1405)}}$ State
PAN 1970
PR D2 449 Strange Particle Production by 1.7 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}$ on Protons | 2020-07-13T11:53:34 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6004780530929565, "perplexity": 6447.788219886022}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657143365.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200713100145-20200713130145-00325.warc.gz"} |
http://www.lanl.gov/projects/t2nuclear/newpage.php?section=abstract&number=-17&year=2008 | Nuclear and Particle Physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology, T-2
Charmonium production in heavy-ion collisions
Xingbo Zhao
Texas AM
We investigate charmonium production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions via a rate equation which comprehensively describes dissociation and regeneration (via $c$ and $\bar c$ quarks) through QGP anined from primordial production including pre-equinsport equation (for primordial production) and a blast-wave approach (for regeneration) are employed to study the transverse momentum distribution of charmonia. The influence of various mechanisms on spectra and rapidity distribution at different collision energies are investigated, and tested with applications to experimental data. | 2016-02-07T09:05:25 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7528916001319885, "perplexity": 6893.769824477846}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701148758.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193908-00157-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://tjyj.stats.gov.cn/CN/10.19343/j.cnki.11-1302/c.2020.07.010 | • •
### 稳健高维协方差矩阵估计及其投资组合应用——基于中心正则化算法
• 出版日期:2020-07-25 发布日期:2020-07-15
### Robust High-dimensional Covariance Matrix Estimation and the Application in Portfolio Selection—Based on the Central-Regularized Algorithm
Song Peng Liu Chengcheng Hu Yonghong
• Online:2020-07-25 Published:2020-07-15
Abstract: High-dimensional covariance matrix estimation has become a fundamental problem in big-data statistical analysis.Traditional methods require data to be normally distributed without considering the influence of outliers.At present,they cannot meet the needs of application.More robust methods need to be proposed.For high-dimensional covariance matrices,a robust mean-median estimation method based on sub-sample grouping is proposed and easy to use.However, the matrix estimated by this method is not positive-definite and sparse.Motivated by this problem, this paper introduces a central-regularized algorithm to avoid the shortcomings of the original method.By imposing L1 norm penalty on the off-diagonal elements of the estimated matrix,the estimated matrix could be positive-definite and sparse,thus greatly improving its application value.In the numerical simulation,the central-regularized estimation proposed in this paper has higher estimation accuracy,and is closer to the sparse structure of the real set matrix.In the subsequent empirical analysis of portfolios,the minimum variance portfolio based on central-regularized estimator has the lowest volatility,which outperforms traditional sample covariance matrix estimation method,mean-median estimation method and RALASSO method. | 2022-08-17T08:06:32 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.18846409022808075, "perplexity": 3372.7990716672616}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00030.warc.gz"} |
https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Ahrushovski.ehud | ## Hrushovski, Ehud
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: hrushovski.ehud Published as: Hrushovski, Ehud; Hrushovski, E. Further Spellings: Хрушовски Э Homepage: http://www.ma.huji.ac.il/~ehud/ External Links: MGP · ORCID · Wikidata · Math-Net.Ru · dblp · GND · IdRef · theses.fr Awards: Shaw Prize (2022)
Documents Indexed: 93 Publications since 1985, including 4 Books 1 Contribution as Editor Co-Authors: 44 Co-Authors with 65 Joint Publications 1,247 Co-Co-Authors
all top 5
### Co-Authors
29 single-authored 13 Pillay, Anand 9 Chatzidakis, Zoé Maria 4 Haskell, Deirdre 4 Peterzil, Ya’acov 3 Bouscaren, Elisabeth 3 Evans, David M. 3 Kazhdan, David A. 3 Loeser, François 3 Macpherson, Dugald 2 Bergman, George M. 2 Cherlin, Gregory L. 2 Hart, Bradd T. 2 Laskowski, Michael Chris 2 Macpherson, Hugh Dugald 2 Shelah, Saharon 2 Simon, Pierre 2 Wagner, Frank Olaf 2 Zilber, Boris I. 1 Avni, Nir 1 Beyarslan, Özlem 1 Chapuis, Olivier 1 Cluckers, Raf 1 Djordjević, Marko 1 Grabarnik, Genady Ya. 1 Hasson, Assaf 1 Herwig, Bernhard 1 Itai, Masanori 1 Koiran, Pascal 1 Kropholler, Peter H. 1 Krupiński, Krzysztof 1 Loveys, James G. 1 Lubotzky, Alexander 1 Ouaknine, Joel O. 1 Palacín, Daniel 1 Pitowsky, Itamar 1 Point, Françoise 1 Poizat, Bruno Petrovich 1 Poonen, Bjorn 1 Pouly, Amaury 1 Rideau-Kikuchi, Silvain 1 Rideau, Silvain 1 Scanlon, Thomas J. 1 Shalev, Aner 1 Tatarsky, A. 1 Tent, Katrin 1 Worrell, James B.
all top 5
### Serials
14 The Journal of Symbolic Logic 7 Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 6 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 5 Israel Journal of Mathematics 4 Journal of Algebra 4 Journal of the American Mathematical Society 3 Journal of the London Mathematical Society. Second Series 3 Selecta Mathematica. New Series 2 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 2 Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 2 Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Third Series 2 Journal of the European Mathematical Society (JEMS) 2 Journal of the Institute of Mathematics of Jussieu 2 Annals of Mathematics Studies 2 Lecture Notes in Logic 1 Communications in Algebra 1 American Journal of Mathematics 1 Annales Scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure. Quatrième Série 1 Illinois Journal of Mathematics 1 Combinatorica 1 Order 1 Geometric and Functional Analysis. GAFA 1 L’Enseignement Mathématique. 2e Série 1 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 1 Annales de la Faculté des Sciences de Toulouse. Mathématiques. Série VI 1 Turkish Journal of Mathematics 1 Documenta Mathematica 1 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 1 Moscow Mathematical Journal 1 Oberwolfach Reports 1 Seminarbericht, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Sektion Mathematik 1 Confluentes Mathematici 1 Studies in History and Philosophy of Science. Part B. Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 1 EMS Surveys in Mathematical Sciences
all top 5
### Fields
85 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 35 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 15 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 13 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 12 Number theory (11-XX) 4 Combinatorics (05-XX) 4 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 3 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 3 General topology (54-XX) 2 General algebraic systems (08-XX) 2 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 2 Category theory; homological algebra (18-XX) 2 Measure and integration (28-XX) 2 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 2 Quantum theory (81-XX) 1 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 1 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 1 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 1 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 1 Operator theory (47-XX) 1 Geometry (51-XX) 1 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 1 Computer science (68-XX)
### Citations contained in zbMATH Open
84 Publications have been cited 1,501 times in 904 Documents Cited by Year
A new strongly minimal set. Zbl 0804.03020
Hrushovski, Ehud
1993
Model theory of difference fields. Zbl 0922.03054
Chatzidakis, Zoé; Hrushovski, Ehud
1999
Groups, measures, and the NIP. Zbl 1134.03024
Hrushovski, Ehud; Peterzil, Ya’acov; Pillay, Anand
2008
The Mordell-Lang conjecture for function fields. Zbl 0864.03026
Hrushovski, Ehud
1996
On NIP and invariant measures. Zbl 1220.03016
Hrushovski, Ehud; Pillay, Anand
2011
Stable group theory and approximate subgroups. Zbl 1259.03049
Hrushovski, Ehud
2012
Groups definable in local fields and pseudo-finite fields. Zbl 0804.03024
Hrushovski, Ehud; Pillay, Anand
1994
Extending partial isomorphisms of graphs. Zbl 0767.05053
Hrushovski, Ehud
1992
Strongly minimal expansions of algebraically closed fields. Zbl 0773.12005
Hrushovski, Ehud
1992
Integration in valued fields. Zbl 1136.03025
Hrushovski, Ehud; Kazhdan, David
2006
Unidimensional theories are superstable. Zbl 0713.03015
Hrushovski, Ehud
1990
The Manin-Mumford conjecture and the model theory of difference fields. Zbl 0987.03036
Hrushovski, Ehud
2001
Zariski geometries. Zbl 0843.03020
Hrushovski, Ehud; Zilber, Boris
1996
Pseudo-finite fields and related structures. Zbl 1082.03035
Hrushovski, Ehud
2002
Finite structures with few types. Zbl 1024.03001
Cherlin, Gregory; Hrushovski, Ehud
2003
Computing the Galois group of a linear differential equation. Zbl 1099.12003
Hrushovski, Ehud
2002
Non-Archimedean tame topology and stably dominated types. Zbl 1365.14033
Hrushovski, Ehud; Loeser, François
2016
Stable domination and independence in algebraically closed valued fields. Zbl 1149.03027
Haskell, Deirdre; Hrushovski, Ehud; Macpherson, Hugh Dugald
2008
Definable sets in algebraically closed valued fields: elimination of imaginaries. Zbl 1127.12006
Haskell, Deirdre; Hrushovski, Ehud; Macpherson, Dugald
2006
Definable subgroups of algebraic groups over finite fields. Zbl 0823.12005
Hrushovski, E.; Pillay, A.
1995
Almost orthogonal regular types. Zbl 0697.03023
Hrushovski, Ehud
1989
Model theory of difference fields. II: Periodic ideals and the trichotomy in all characteristics. Zbl 1025.03026
Chatzidakis, Zoé; Hrushovski, Ehud; Peterzil, Ya’acov
2002
On central extensions and definably compact groups in o-minimal structures. Zbl 1220.03033
Hrushovski, Ehud; Peterzil, Ya’acov; Pillay, Anand
2011
Monodromy and the Lefschetz fixed point formula. (Monodromie et formule des points fixes de Lefschetz.) Zbl 1400.14015
Hrushovski, Ehud; Loeser, François
2015
Kueker’s conjecture for stable theories. Zbl 0675.03018
Hrushovski, Ehud
1989
Locally modular regular types. Zbl 0643.03024
Hrushovski, Ehud
1987
Generically stable and smooth measures in NIP theories. Zbl 1294.03023
Hrushovski, Ehud; Pillay, Anand; Simon, Pierre
2013
Weakly normal groups. Zbl 0636.03028
Hrushovski, Ehud; Pillay, Anand
1987
Definable equivalence relations and zeta functions of groups. With an appendix by Raf Cluckers. Zbl 1469.03105
Hrushovski, Ehud; Martin, Ben; Rideau, Silvain
2018
Groupoids, imaginaries and internal covers. Zbl 1260.03065
Hrushovski, Ehud
2012
On the automorphism groups of finite covers. Zbl 0788.03043
Evans, David M.; Hrushovski, Ehud
1993
Zariski geometries. Zbl 0781.03023
Hrushovski, Ehud; Zilber, Boris
1993
Berkovich spaces embed in Euclidean spaces. Zbl 1325.14040
Hrushovski, Ehud; Loeser, François; Poonen, Bjorn
2014
A dichotomy theorem for regular types. Zbl 0697.03024
Hrushovski, Ehud; Shelah, Saharon
1989
Effective bounds for the number of transcendental points on subvarieties of semi-abelian varieties. Zbl 0971.14024
Hrushovski, Ehud; Pillay, Anand
2000
Projective planes in algebraically closed fields. Zbl 0752.51002
Evans, David M.; Hrushovski, Ehud
1991
On pseudo-finite dimensions. Zbl 1345.03059
Hrushovski, Ehud
2013
Totally categorical structures. Zbl 0674.03009
Hrushovski, Ehud
1989
Unimodular minimal structures. Zbl 0804.03023
Hrushovski, Ehud
1992
Difference fields and descent in algebraic dynamics. I. Zbl 1165.03014
Chatzidakis, Zoé; Hrushovski, Ehud
2008
On one-based theories. Zbl 0832.03017
Bouscaren, E.; Hrushovski, E.
1994
Powers in finitely generated groups. Zbl 0871.20038
Hrushovski, E.; Kropholler, P. H.; Lubotzky, A.; Shalev, A.
1996
Counting and dimensions. Zbl 1166.03013
Hrushovski, Ehud; Wagner, Frank
2008
The value ring of geometric motivic integration, and the Iwahori Hecke algebra of $$\text{SL}_2$$. With an appendix by Nir Avni. Zbl 1213.03046
Hrushovski, Ehud; Kazhdan, David
2008
Perfect pseudo-algebraically closed fields are algebraically bounded. Zbl 1046.12002
Chatzidakis, Zoé; Hrushovski, Ehud
2004
The uncountable spectra of countable theories. Zbl 0963.03056
2000
On model complete differential fields. Zbl 1021.03024
Hrushovski, E.; Itai, M.
2003
On von Neumann regular rings with an automorphism. Zbl 1127.03033
Hrushovski, Ehud; Point, Françoise
2007
Finitely based theories. Zbl 0682.03017
Hrushovski, Ehud
1989
Finitely axiomatizable $$\aleph_ 1$$ categorical theories. Zbl 0808.03015
Hrushovski, Ehud
1994
Motivic Poisson summation. Zbl 1184.03027
Hrushovski, Ehud; Kazhdan, David
2009
Model theory of endomorphisms of separably closed fields. Zbl 1163.12303
Chatzidakis, Zoé; Hrushovski, Ehud
2004
Geometrical model theory. Zbl 0906.03035
Hrushovski, Ehud
1998
Strongly and co-strongly minimal abelian structures. Zbl 1197.03040
Hrushovski, Ehud; Loveys, James
2010
Affine Nash groups over real closed fields. Zbl 1267.14073
Hrushovski, Ehud; Pillay, Anand
2011
Difference fields and descent in algebraic dynamics. II. Zbl 1165.03015
Chatzidakis, Zoé; Hrushovski, Ehud
2008
Lascar and Morley ranks differ in differentially closed fields. Zbl 0960.03030
Hrushovski, Ehud; Scanlon, Thomas
1999
Stability and its uses. Zbl 0922.03047
Hrushovski, Ehud
1997
Imaginaries and definable types in algebraically closed valued fields. Zbl 1401.03062
Hrushovski, Ehud
2014
On superstable fields with automorphisms. Zbl 0792.03021
Hrushovski, Ehud
1989
The automorphism group of the combinatorial geometry of an algebraically closed field. Zbl 0854.03039
Evans, David M.; Hrushovski, Ehud
1995
Stability and omitting types. Zbl 0747.03013
Hrushovski, Ehud; Shelah, Saharon
1991
Unexpected imaginaries in valued fields with analytic structure. Zbl 1317.03029
Haskell, Deirdre; Hrushovski, Ehud; Macpherson, Dugald
2013
A question of van den Dries and a theorem of Lipshitz and Robinson: not everything is standard. Zbl 1118.03027
Hrushovski, Ehud; Peterzil, Ya’acov
2007
Generalizations of Kochen and Specker’s theorem and the effectiveness of Gleason’s theorem. Zbl 1222.81068
Hrushovski, Ehud; Pitowsky, Itamar
2004
Valued fields, metastable groups. Zbl 1485.03123
Hrushovski, Ehud; Rideau-Kikuchi, Silvain
2019
Polynomial invariants for affine programs. Zbl 07298778
Hrushovski, Ehud; Ouaknine, Joël; Pouly, Amaury; Worrell, James
2018
A note on generically stable measures and fsg groups. Zbl 1318.03046
Hrushovski, Ehud; Pillay, Anand; Simon, Pierre
2012
Proof of Manin’s theorem by reduction to positive characteristic. Zbl 0925.03167
Hrushovski, Ehud
1998
Limitation of theories of generic curves. (La limite des théories de courbes generiques.) Zbl 1023.03029
Chapuis, Olivier; Hrushovski, Ehud; Koiran, Pascal; Poizat, Bruno
2002
On finite imaginaries. Zbl 1191.03025
Hrushovski, Ehud
2009
Finite structures with few types. Zbl 0845.03013
Hrushovski, Ehud
1993
Asymptotic theories of differential fields. Zbl 1025.03025
Chatzidakis, Zoé; Hrushovski, Ehud
2003
Interpretable groups, stably embedded sets, and Vaughtian pairs. Zbl 1041.03029
Herwig, Bernhard; Hrushovski, Ehud; Macpherson, Dugald
2003
On algebraic closure in pseudofinite fields. Zbl 1273.03126
Beyarslan, Özlem; Hrushovski, Ehud
2012
On subgroups of semi-abelian varieties defined by difference equations. Zbl 1414.03007
Chatzidakis, Zoé; Hrushovski, Ehud
2017
Stable embeddedness in algebraically closed valued fields. Zbl 1109.03027
Hrushovski, E.; Tatarsky, A.
2006
Unidimensional theories. An introduction to geometric stability theory. Zbl 0685.03025
Hrushovski, Ehud
1989
On the canonical base property. Zbl 1408.03024
Hrushovski, Ehud; Palacín, Daniel; Pillay, Anand
2013
An invariant for difference field extensions. Zbl 1250.12005
Chatzidakis, Zoé; Hrushovski, Ehud
2012
Linear ultrafilters. Zbl 0942.16023
Bergman, George M.; Hrushovski, Ehud
1998
Classification theory, n-tuples of models and finite determinacy. Zbl 0683.03016
Bouscaren, Elisabeth; Hrushovski, Ehud
1989
A note on orthogonality and stable embeddedness. Zbl 1100.03022
Cherlin, Gregory; Djordjevic, Marko; Hrushovski, Ehud
2005
Amenability, connected components, and definable actions. Zbl 07451868
Hrushovski, Ehud; Krupiński, Krzysztof; Pillay, Anand
2022
Amenability, connected components, and definable actions. Zbl 07451868
Hrushovski, Ehud; Krupiński, Krzysztof; Pillay, Anand
2022
Valued fields, metastable groups. Zbl 1485.03123
Hrushovski, Ehud; Rideau-Kikuchi, Silvain
2019
Definable equivalence relations and zeta functions of groups. With an appendix by Raf Cluckers. Zbl 1469.03105
Hrushovski, Ehud; Martin, Ben; Rideau, Silvain
2018
Polynomial invariants for affine programs. Zbl 07298778
Hrushovski, Ehud; Ouaknine, Joël; Pouly, Amaury; Worrell, James
2018
On subgroups of semi-abelian varieties defined by difference equations. Zbl 1414.03007
Chatzidakis, Zoé; Hrushovski, Ehud
2017
Non-Archimedean tame topology and stably dominated types. Zbl 1365.14033
Hrushovski, Ehud; Loeser, François
2016
Monodromy and the Lefschetz fixed point formula. (Monodromie et formule des points fixes de Lefschetz.) Zbl 1400.14015
Hrushovski, Ehud; Loeser, François
2015
Berkovich spaces embed in Euclidean spaces. Zbl 1325.14040
Hrushovski, Ehud; Loeser, François; Poonen, Bjorn
2014
Imaginaries and definable types in algebraically closed valued fields. Zbl 1401.03062
Hrushovski, Ehud
2014
Generically stable and smooth measures in NIP theories. Zbl 1294.03023
Hrushovski, Ehud; Pillay, Anand; Simon, Pierre
2013
On pseudo-finite dimensions. Zbl 1345.03059
Hrushovski, Ehud
2013
Unexpected imaginaries in valued fields with analytic structure. Zbl 1317.03029
Haskell, Deirdre; Hrushovski, Ehud; Macpherson, Dugald
2013
On the canonical base property. Zbl 1408.03024
Hrushovski, Ehud; Palacín, Daniel; Pillay, Anand
2013
Stable group theory and approximate subgroups. Zbl 1259.03049
Hrushovski, Ehud
2012
Groupoids, imaginaries and internal covers. Zbl 1260.03065
Hrushovski, Ehud
2012
A note on generically stable measures and fsg groups. Zbl 1318.03046
Hrushovski, Ehud; Pillay, Anand; Simon, Pierre
2012
On algebraic closure in pseudofinite fields. Zbl 1273.03126
Beyarslan, Özlem; Hrushovski, Ehud
2012
An invariant for difference field extensions. Zbl 1250.12005
Chatzidakis, Zoé; Hrushovski, Ehud
2012
On NIP and invariant measures. Zbl 1220.03016
Hrushovski, Ehud; Pillay, Anand
2011
On central extensions and definably compact groups in o-minimal structures. Zbl 1220.03033
Hrushovski, Ehud; Peterzil, Ya’acov; Pillay, Anand
2011
Affine Nash groups over real closed fields. Zbl 1267.14073
Hrushovski, Ehud; Pillay, Anand
2011
Strongly and co-strongly minimal abelian structures. Zbl 1197.03040
Hrushovski, Ehud; Loveys, James
2010
Motivic Poisson summation. Zbl 1184.03027
Hrushovski, Ehud; Kazhdan, David
2009
On finite imaginaries. Zbl 1191.03025
Hrushovski, Ehud
2009
Groups, measures, and the NIP. Zbl 1134.03024
Hrushovski, Ehud; Peterzil, Ya’acov; Pillay, Anand
2008
Stable domination and independence in algebraically closed valued fields. Zbl 1149.03027
Haskell, Deirdre; Hrushovski, Ehud; Macpherson, Hugh Dugald
2008
Difference fields and descent in algebraic dynamics. I. Zbl 1165.03014
Chatzidakis, Zoé; Hrushovski, Ehud
2008
Counting and dimensions. Zbl 1166.03013
Hrushovski, Ehud; Wagner, Frank
2008
The value ring of geometric motivic integration, and the Iwahori Hecke algebra of $$\text{SL}_2$$. With an appendix by Nir Avni. Zbl 1213.03046
Hrushovski, Ehud; Kazhdan, David
2008
Difference fields and descent in algebraic dynamics. II. Zbl 1165.03015
Chatzidakis, Zoé; Hrushovski, Ehud
2008
On von Neumann regular rings with an automorphism. Zbl 1127.03033
Hrushovski, Ehud; Point, Françoise
2007
A question of van den Dries and a theorem of Lipshitz and Robinson: not everything is standard. Zbl 1118.03027
Hrushovski, Ehud; Peterzil, Ya’acov
2007
Integration in valued fields. Zbl 1136.03025
Hrushovski, Ehud; Kazhdan, David
2006
Definable sets in algebraically closed valued fields: elimination of imaginaries. Zbl 1127.12006
Haskell, Deirdre; Hrushovski, Ehud; Macpherson, Dugald
2006
Stable embeddedness in algebraically closed valued fields. Zbl 1109.03027
Hrushovski, E.; Tatarsky, A.
2006
A note on orthogonality and stable embeddedness. Zbl 1100.03022
Cherlin, Gregory; Djordjevic, Marko; Hrushovski, Ehud
2005
Perfect pseudo-algebraically closed fields are algebraically bounded. Zbl 1046.12002
Chatzidakis, Zoé; Hrushovski, Ehud
2004
Model theory of endomorphisms of separably closed fields. Zbl 1163.12303
Chatzidakis, Zoé; Hrushovski, Ehud
2004
Generalizations of Kochen and Specker’s theorem and the effectiveness of Gleason’s theorem. Zbl 1222.81068
Hrushovski, Ehud; Pitowsky, Itamar
2004
Finite structures with few types. Zbl 1024.03001
Cherlin, Gregory; Hrushovski, Ehud
2003
On model complete differential fields. Zbl 1021.03024
Hrushovski, E.; Itai, M.
2003
Asymptotic theories of differential fields. Zbl 1025.03025
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2003
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2003
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2002
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2002
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2002
Limitation of theories of generic curves. (La limite des théories de courbes generiques.) Zbl 1023.03029
Chapuis, Olivier; Hrushovski, Ehud; Koiran, Pascal; Poizat, Bruno
2002
The Manin-Mumford conjecture and the model theory of difference fields. Zbl 0987.03036
Hrushovski, Ehud
2001
Effective bounds for the number of transcendental points on subvarieties of semi-abelian varieties. Zbl 0971.14024
Hrushovski, Ehud; Pillay, Anand
2000
The uncountable spectra of countable theories. Zbl 0963.03056
2000
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Chatzidakis, Zoé; Hrushovski, Ehud
1999
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Hrushovski, Ehud; Scanlon, Thomas
1999
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Hrushovski, Ehud
1998
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Hrushovski, Ehud
1998
Linear ultrafilters. Zbl 0942.16023
Bergman, George M.; Hrushovski, Ehud
1998
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Hrushovski, Ehud
1997
The Mordell-Lang conjecture for function fields. Zbl 0864.03026
Hrushovski, Ehud
1996
Zariski geometries. Zbl 0843.03020
Hrushovski, Ehud; Zilber, Boris
1996
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Hrushovski, E.; Kropholler, P. H.; Lubotzky, A.; Shalev, A.
1996
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Hrushovski, E.; Pillay, A.
1995
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Evans, David M.; Hrushovski, Ehud
1995
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Hrushovski, Ehud; Pillay, Anand
1994
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Bouscaren, E.; Hrushovski, E.
1994
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Hrushovski, Ehud
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Hrushovski, Ehud
1993
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Evans, David M.; Hrushovski, Ehud
1993
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Hrushovski, Ehud; Zilber, Boris
1993
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Hrushovski, Ehud
1993
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Hrushovski, Ehud
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Hrushovski, Ehud
1992
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Hrushovski, Ehud
1992
Projective planes in algebraically closed fields. Zbl 0752.51002
Evans, David M.; Hrushovski, Ehud
1991
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Hrushovski, Ehud; Shelah, Saharon
1991
Unidimensional theories are superstable. Zbl 0713.03015
Hrushovski, Ehud
1990
Almost orthogonal regular types. Zbl 0697.03023
Hrushovski, Ehud
1989
Kueker’s conjecture for stable theories. Zbl 0675.03018
Hrushovski, Ehud
1989
A dichotomy theorem for regular types. Zbl 0697.03024
Hrushovski, Ehud; Shelah, Saharon
1989
Totally categorical structures. Zbl 0674.03009
Hrushovski, Ehud
1989
Finitely based theories. Zbl 0682.03017
Hrushovski, Ehud
1989
On superstable fields with automorphisms. Zbl 0792.03021
Hrushovski, Ehud
1989
Unidimensional theories. An introduction to geometric stability theory. Zbl 0685.03025
Hrushovski, Ehud
1989
Classification theory, n-tuples of models and finite determinacy. Zbl 0683.03016
Bouscaren, Elisabeth; Hrushovski, Ehud
1989
Locally modular regular types. Zbl 0643.03024
Hrushovski, Ehud
1987
Weakly normal groups. Zbl 0636.03028
Hrushovski, Ehud; Pillay, Anand
1987
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66 Pillay, Anand 35 Hrushovski, Ehud 23 Shelah, Saharon 18 Wagner, Frank Olaf 17 Scanlon, Thomas J. 16 Peterzil, Ya’acov 16 Simon, Pierre 14 Baldwin, John T. 14 Chernikov, Artem 13 Evans, David M. 13 León Sánchez, Omar 13 Moosa, Rahim N. 13 Onshuus, Alf Angel 11 Conant, Gabriel 11 Eleftheriou, Pantelis E. 11 Hasson, Assaf 11 Macpherson, Dugald 11 Palacín, Daniel 10 Krupiński, Krzysztof 10 Martin-Pizarro, Amador 9 Chatzidakis, Zoé Maria 9 Cluckers, Raf 9 Ghioca, Dragos 9 Kim, Byunghan 9 Kowalski, Piotr 9 Starchenko, Sergei 8 Andrews, Uri 8 Baro, Elías 8 Hyttinen, Tapani 8 Ivanov, Aleksander A. 8 Kaplan, Itay 8 Malliaris, Maryanthe Elizabeth 8 Newelski, Ludomir 8 Tanović, Predrag 7 Baudisch, Andreas 7 Blossier, Thomas 7 Conversano, Annalisa 7 Edmundo, Mário J. 7 Halupczok, Immanuel 7 Hoffmann, Daniel Max 7 Holland, Kitty L. 7 Laskowski, Michael Chris 7 Shami, Ziv 7 Tent, Katrin 7 Wibmer, Michael 7 Zilber, Boris I. 6 Johnson, Will 6 Loveys, James G. 6 Mamino, Marcello 6 Otero, Margarita 6 Point, Françoise 6 Poizat, Bruno Petrovich 6 Towsner, Henry 6 Yao, Ningyuan 5 Ben-Yaacov, Itaï 5 Berenstein, Alexander 5 Bouscaren, Elisabeth 5 Buechler, Steven 5 Cubides Kovacsics, Pablo 5 Freitag, James 5 Gismatullin, Jakub 5 Goldbring, Isaac 5 Hardouin, Charlotte 5 Haskell, Deirdre 5 Herwig, Bernhard 5 Kolesnikov, Alexei S. 5 Penazzi, Davide 5 Pogudin, Gleb A. 5 Shalev, Aner 5 Tomašić, Ivan 5 van den Dries, Lou 5 Weil, Jacques-Arthur 5 Yin, Yimu 4 Aschenbrenner, Matthias 4 Aslanyan, Vahagn A. 4 Bell, Jason P. 4 Berarducci, Alessandro 4 Beyarslan, Özlem 4 Delon, Françoise 4 Fornasiero, Antongiulio 4 Gannon, Kyle 4 Goodrick, John 4 Halevi, Yatir 4 Helfgott, Harald Andrés 4 Hils, Martin 4 Junker, Markus 4 Kikyo, Hirotaka 4 Kirby, Jonathan 4 Koponen, Vera 4 Liebeck, Martin Walter 4 Maříková, Jana 4 Mermelstein, Omer 4 Montenegro, Samaria 4 Myasnikov, Alexei G. 4 Ovchinnikov, Alexey Igorevich 4 Payne, Sam 4 Poineau, Jérôme 4 Pourmahdian, Massoud 4 Ramakrishnan, Janak D. 4 Rideau-Kikuchi, Silvain ...and 542 more Authors
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128 The Journal of Symbolic Logic 112 Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 51 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 45 Israel Journal of Mathematics 35 Archive for Mathematical Logic 33 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 32 Journal of Mathematical Logic 29 Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 23 Journal of Algebra 20 Selecta Mathematica. New Series 19 The Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 18 Advances in Mathematics 17 Journal of the European Mathematical Society (JEMS) 16 Fundamenta Mathematicae 15 Journal of the Institute of Mathematics of Jussieu 11 Inventiones Mathematicae 11 Mathematische Annalen 11 Journal of the American Mathematical Society 11 Mathematical Logic Quarterly (MLQ) 9 Communications in Algebra 9 Mathematische Zeitschrift 9 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 8 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 7 Discrete Mathematics 7 Duke Mathematical Journal 7 Journal of Number Theory 7 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 7 International Journal of Algebra and Computation 5 Compositio Mathematica 5 Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 5 Journal of Symbolic Computation 5 Geometric and Functional Analysis. GAFA 5 Algebra & Number Theory 4 Manuscripta Mathematica 4 Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 4 Theoretical Computer Science 4 Advances in Applied Mathematics 4 Journal of Algebraic Geometry 4 Sibirskie Èlektronnye Matematicheskie Izvestiya 4 Forum of Mathematics, Sigma 4 Journal de l’École Polytechnique – Mathématiques 3 Monatshefte für Mathematik 3 SIGMA. Symmetry, Integrability and Geometry: Methods and Applications 3 Discrete Analysis 2 Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 2 Mathematics of Computation 2 Acta Mathematica Vietnamica 2 Algebra and Logic 2 Annales Scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure. Quatrième Série 2 Geometriae Dedicata 2 Journal of the Mathematical Society of Japan 2 Pacific Journal of Mathematics 2 Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Third Series 2 Programming and Computer Software 2 Rendiconti del Seminario Matematico della Università di Padova 2 Topology and its Applications 2 Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 2 Combinatorica 2 Siberian Advances in Mathematics 2 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 2 Finite Fields and their Applications 2 Geometry & Topology 2 Journal of Group Theory 2 Communications in Contemporary Mathematics 2 Comptes Rendus. Mathématique. Académie des Sciences, Paris 2 Confluentes Mathematici 2 Philosophical Transactions A. Royal Society of London 1 International Journal of Theoretical Physics 1 Beiträge zur Algebra und Geometrie 1 Acta Mathematica 1 Algebra i Logika 1 Algebra Universalis 1 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 1 Canadian Mathematical Bulletin 1 Colloquium Mathematicum 1 Publications Mathématiques 1 Integral Equations and Operator Theory 1 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series A 1 Journal of the London Mathematical Society. Second Series 1 Kybernetika 1 Nagoya Mathematical Journal 1 Rendiconti dell’Istituto di Matematica dell’Università di Trieste 1 Semigroup Forum 1 Siberian Mathematical Journal 1 Studia Logica 1 Tokyo Journal of Mathematics 1 European Journal of Combinatorics 1 Acta Mathematica Hungarica 1 Bulletin of the Iranian Mathematical Society 1 Order 1 Graphs and Combinatorics 1 Information and Computation 1 Forum Mathematicum 1 Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali. Serie IX. Rendiconti Lincei. Matematica e Applicazioni 1 Random Structures & Algorithms 1 IMRN. International Mathematics Research Notices 1 L’Enseignement Mathématique. 2e Série 1 Linear Algebra and its Applications 1 Annales de la Faculté des Sciences de Toulouse. Mathématiques. Série VI 1 Journal de Théorie des Nombres de Bordeaux ...and 30 more Serials
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659 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 198 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 175 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 162 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 114 Number theory (11-XX) 67 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 66 Combinatorics (05-XX) 37 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 28 General topology (54-XX) 25 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 23 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 22 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 20 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 19 General algebraic systems (08-XX) 18 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 16 Computer science (68-XX) 13 Geometry (51-XX) 11 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 11 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 10 Quantum theory (81-XX) 9 Category theory; homological algebra (18-XX) 9 Measure and integration (28-XX) 9 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 8 Nonassociative rings and algebras (17-XX) 8 Real functions (26-XX) 7 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 6 History and biography (01-XX) 5 $$K$$-theory (19-XX) 5 Functional analysis (46-XX) 4 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 4 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 4 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 3 Special functions (33-XX) 3 Differential geometry (53-XX) 3 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 3 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 3 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 2 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 2 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 2 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 1 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 1 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 1 Operator theory (47-XX) 1 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX)
### Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata. | 2022-09-30T13:27:16 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5080631375312805, "perplexity": 8612.523907069715}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335469.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930113830-20220930143830-00246.warc.gz"} |
http://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=S067HPT | # Total Flux of Active hep Solar Neutrinos INSPIRE search
Total flux of active neutrinos (${{\mathit \nu}_{{e}}},{{\mathit \nu}_{{\mu}}},{{\mathit \nu}_{{\tau}}}$).
VALUE ($10^{5}$ cm${}^{-2}$s${}^{-1}$) CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •
$<2.2$ 90 1
2018 B
BORX Use ${{\mathit \nu}_{{e}}}{{\mathit e}}$ scattering rate
1 AGOSTINI 2018B obtained this result from an upper limit of the ${{\mathit \nu}_{{e}}}{{\mathit e}}$ elastic scattering rate for the hep neutrino using the dataset corresponding to an exposure of 0.8 kt$\cdot{}$yr and assuming the MSW-LMA oscillation parameters derived by ESTEBAN 2017 .
References:
AGOSTINI 2018B
NAT 562 505 Comprehensive measurement of $pp$-chain solar neutrinos | 2019-08-24T15:41:00 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9354262351989746, "perplexity": 9664.004665009252}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027321160.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824152236-20190824174236-00056.warc.gz"} |
http://obc.lbl.gov/specification/verification.html | # 11. Verification¶
## 11.1. Introduction¶
This section describes how to formally verify whether the control sequence is implemented according to specification. This process would be done as part of the commissioning, as indicated in step 9 in the process diagram Fig. 3.1. For the requirements, see Section 5.3.
For clarity, we note that verification tests whether the implementation of the control sequence conforms with its specification. In contrast, validation would test whether the control sequence, together with the building system, is such that it meets the building owner’s need. Hence, validation would be done in step 2 in Fig. 3.1.
As this step only verifies that the control logic is implemented correctly, it should be conducted in addition to other functional tests, such as tests that verify that sensor and actuators are connected to the correct inputs and outputs, that sensors are installed properly and that the installed mechanical system meets the specification.
## 11.2. Terminology¶
We will use the following terminology, see also Section 7 for more details.
By a real controller, we mean a control device implemented in a building automation system.
By a controller, we mean a Modelica block that conforms to the CDL specification and that contains a control sequence.
By input and output, we mean the input connectors (or ports) and output connector (or ports) of a (real) controller.
By input value or output value, we mean the value that is present at an input or output connector at a given time instant.
By time series, we mean a series of values at successive times. The time stamps of the series need not be equidistant, but they need to be non-decreasing, e.g., we allow for time series with two equal time stamps to indicate when a values switches.
By signal, we mean a function that maps time to a value.
By parameter, we mean a configuration value of a controller that is constant, unless it is changed by an operator or by the user who runs the simulation. Typical parameters are sample times, dead bands or proportional gains.
## 11.3. Scope of the Verification¶
For OpenBuildingControl, we currently only verify the implementation of the control sequence. The verification is done by comparing output time series between a real controller and a simulated controller for the same input time series and the same control parameters. The comparison checks whether the difference between these time series are within a user-specified tolerance. Therefore, with our tests, we aim to verify that the control provider implemented the sequence as specified, and that it executes correctly.
Outside the scope of our verification are tests that verify whether the I/O points are connected properly, whether the mechanical equipment is installed and functions correctly, and whether the building envelope is meeting its specification.
## 11.4. Methodology¶
A typical usage would be as follows: A commissioning agent exports trended control input and output time series and stores them in a CSV file. The commissioning agent then executes the CDL specification for the trended input time series, and compares the following:
1. Whether the trended output time series and the output time series computed by the CDL specification are close to each other.
2. Whether the trended input and output time series lead to the right sequence diagrams, for example, whether an airhandler’s economizer outdoor air damper is fully open when the system is in free cooling mode.
Technically, step 2 is not needed if step 1 succeeds. However, feedback from mechanical designers indicate the desire to confirm during commissioning that the sequence diagrams are indeed correct (and hence the original control specification is correct for the given system).
Fig. 11.1 shows the flow diagram for the verification. Rather than using real-time data through BACnet or other protocols, set points, input time series and output time series of the actual controller are stored in an archive, here a CSV file. This allows to reproduce the verification tests, and it does not require the verification tool to have access to the actual building control system. During the verification, the archived time series are read into a Modelica model that conducts the verification. The verification will use three blocks. The block labeled input file reader reads the archived time series, which may typically be in CSV format. As this data may be directly written by a building automation system, its units will differ from the units used in CDL. Therefore, the block called unit conversion converts the data to the units used in the CDL control specification. Next, the block labeled control specification is the control sequence specification in CDL format. This is the specification that was exported during design and sent to the control provider. Given the set points and measurement time series, it outputs the control time series according to the specification. The block labeled time series verification compares these time series with trended control time series, and indicates where the time series differ by more than a prescribed tolerance in time and in control variable value. The block labeled sequence chart creates x-y or scatter plots. These can be used to verify for example that an economizer outdoor air damper has the expected position as a function of the outside air temperature.
Below, we will further describe the blocks in the box labeled verification.
Note
We also considered testing criteria such as “whether room temperatures are satisfactory” or “a damper control signal is not oscillating”. However, discussions with design engineers and commissioning providers showed that there is currently no accepted method for turning such questions into hard requirements. We implemented software that tests criteria such as “Room air temperature shall be within the setpoint $$\pm 0.5$$ Kelvin for at least 45 min within each $$60$$ minute window.” and “Damper signal shall not oscillate more than $$4$$ times per hour between a change of $$\pm 0.025$$ (for a $$2$$ minute sample period)”. Software implementations of such tests are available on the Modelica Buildings Library github repository, commit 454cc75.
Besides these tests, we also considered automatic fault detection and diagnostics methods that were proposed for inclusion in ASHRAE RP-1455 and Guideline 36, and we considered using methods such as in [Ver13] that automatically detect faulty regulation, including excessively oscillatory behavior. However, as it is not yet clear how sensitive these methods are to site-specific tuning, and because field tests are ongoing in a NIST project, we did not implement them.
## 11.5. Modules of the Verification Test¶
To conduct the verification, the following models and tools are used.
To read CSV files, the data reader Modelica.Blocks.Sources.CombiTimeTable from the Modelica Standard Library can be used. It requires the CSV file to have the following structure:
#1
# comment line
double tab1(6,2)
# time in seconds, column 1
0 0
1 0
1 1
2 4
3 9
4 16
Note, that the first two characters in the file need to be #1 (a line comment defining the version number of the file format). Afterwards, the corresponding matrix has to be declared with type double, name and dimensions. Finally, in successive rows of the file, the elements of the matrix have to be given. The elements have to be provided as a sequence of numbers in row-wise order (therefore a matrix row can span several lines in the file and need not start at the beginning of a line). Numbers have to be given according to C syntax (such as 2.3, -2, +2.e4). Number separators are spaces, tab, comma, or semicolon. Line comments start with the hash symbol (#) and can appear everywhere.
### 11.5.2. Unit Conversion¶
Building automation systems store physical quantities in various units. To convert them to the units used by Modelica and hence also by CDL, we developed the package Buildings.Controls.OBC.UnitConversions. This package provides blocks that convert between SI units and units that are commonly used in the HVAC industry.
### 11.5.3. Comparison of Time Series Data¶
We have been developing a tool called funnel to conduct time series comparison. The tool imports two CSV files, one containing the reference data set and the other the test data set. Both CSV files contain time series that need to be compared against each other. The comparison is conducted by computing a funnel around the reference curve. For this funnel, users can specify the tolerances with respect to time and with respect to the trended quantity. The tool then checks whether the time series of the test data set is within the funnel and computes the corresponding exceeding error curve.
The tool is available from https://github.com/lbl-srg/funnel.
It is primarily intended to be used by means of a Python binding. This can be done in two ways:
• Import the module pyfunnel and use the compareAndReport and plot_funnel functions. Fig. 11.2 shows a typical plot generated by use of these functions.
• Run directly the Python script from terminal. For usage information, run python pyfunnel.py --help.
For the full documentation of the funnel software, visit https://github.com/lbl-srg/funnel
### 11.5.4. Verification of Sequence Diagrams¶
To verify sequence diagrams we developed the Modelica package Buildings.Utilities.IO.Plotters. Fig. 11.3 shows an example in which this block is used to produce the sequence diagram shown in Fig. 11.4. While in this example, we used the control output time series of the CDL implementation, during commissioning, one would use the controller output time series from the building automation system. The model is available from the Modelica Buildings Library, see the model Buildings.Utilities.Plotters.Examples.SingleZoneVAVSupply_u.
Simulating the model shown in Fig. 11.3 generates an html file that contains the scatter plots shown in Fig. 11.5.
## 11.6. Example¶
In this example we validated a trended output time series of a control sequence that defines the cooling coil valve position. The cooling coil valve sequence is a part of the ALC EIKON control logic implemented in building 33 on the main LBNL campus in Berkeley, CA. The subsequence is shown in Fig. 11.6. It comprises a PI controller that tracks the supply air temperature, an upstream subsequence that enables the controller and a downstream output limiter that is active in case of low supply air temperatures.
We created a CDL specification of the same cooling coil valve position control sequence, see Fig. 11.7, to validate the trended output time series. We trended controller inputs and outputs in 5 second intervals for
• Supply air temperature in [F]
• Supply air temperature setpoint in [F]
• Outdoor air temperature in [F]
• VFD fan enable status in [0/1]
• VFD fan feedback in [%]
• Cooling coil valve position, which is the output of the controller, in [%].
The trended input and output time series were processed with a script that converts them to the format required by the data readers. The data used in the example begins at midnight on June 7 2018. In addition to the trended input and output time series, we recorded all parameters, such as the hysteresis offset (see Fig. 11.8) and the controller gains (see Fig. 11.9), to use them in the CDL controller.
We configured the CDL PID controller parameters such that they correspond to the parameters of the ALC PI controller. The ALC PID controller implementation is described in the ALC EIKON software help section, while the CDL PID controller is described in the info section of the model Buildings.Controls.OBC.CDL.Continuous.LimPID. The ALC controller tracks the temperature in degree Fahrenheit, while CDL uses SI units. An additional implementation difference is that for cooling applications, the ALC controller uses direct control action, whereas the CDL controller needs to be configured to use reverse control action, which can be done by setting its parameter reverseAction=true. Furthermore, the ALC controller outputs the control action in percentages, while the CDL controller outputs a signal between $$0$$ and $$1$$. To reconcile the differences, the ALC controller gains were converted for CDL as follows: The proportional gain $$k_{p,cdl}$$ was set to $$k_{p,cdl} = u \, k_{p,alc}$$, where $$u=9/5$$ is a ratio of one degree Celsius (or Kelvin) to one degree Fahrenheit of temperature difference. The integrator time constant was converted as $$T_{i,cdl} = k_{p,cdl} \, I_{alc}/(u \, k_{i,alc})$$. Both controllers were enabled throughout the whole validation time.
Fig. 11.10 shows the Modelica model that was used to conduct the verification. On the left hand side are the data readers that read the trended input and output time series from files. Next are unit converters, and a conversion for the fan status between a real value and a boolean value. These data are fed into the instance labeled cooValSta, which contains the control sequence as shown in Fig. 11.7. The plotters on the right hand side then compare the simulated cooling coil valve position with the trended time series.
Fig. 11.11, which was produced by the Modelica model using blocks from the Buildings.Utilities.Plotters package, shows the trended input temperatures for the control sequence, the trended and simulated cooling valve control signal for the same time period, which are practically on top of each other, and a correlation error between the trended and simulated cooling valve control signal.
The difference in modeled vs. trended results is due to the following factors:
• ALC EIKON uses a discrete time step for the time integration with a user-defined time step length, whereas CDL uses a continuous time integrator that adjusts the time step based on the integration error.
• ALC EIKON uses a proprietary algorithm for the anti-windup, which differs from the one used in the CDL implementation.
Despite these differences, the computed and the simulated control signals show good agreement, which is also demonstrated by verifying the time series with the funnel software, whose output is shown in Fig. 11.12.
## 11.7. Specification for Automating the Verification¶
The example Section 11.6 describes a manual process of composing the verification model and executing the verification process. In this section, we provide specifications for how this process can be automated. The automated workflow uses the same modules as in Section 11.6, except that the unit conversion will need to be done by the tool that reads the CSV files and sends data to the Building Automation System, and that reads data from the Building Automation System and writes them to the CSV files. This design decision has been done because CDL provides all required unit information, but this is not the case in general for a building automation system. Moreover, in the process described in this section, the CSV files will be read directly by the Modelica simulation environment rather than using the CSV file reader described in Section 11.5.1.
### 11.7.1. Use Cases¶
We address two use cases. Both uses cases verify conformance of the time series generated by a control control sequence specified in CDL against the time series of an implementation of a real controller. For both use cases, the precondition is that one control sequence, or several control sequences, are available in CDL. The output will be a report that describes whether the real implementation conforms to the CDL implementation within a user-specified error tolerance. The difference between the two uses cases is as follows: In scenario 1, the CDL model contains the controller that is connected to upstream blocks that generate the control input time series. The time series from this CDL model will be used to test the real controller. In scenario 2, data trended from a real controller will be used to verify the controller against the output time series of its CDL specification, using as inputs and parameters of the CDL specification the trended time series and parameters of the real controller.
To conduct the verification, the following three steps will be conducted:
1. Specify the test setup,
2. generate data from the real controller, and
3. produce the test results.
Next, we will describe the specifications for the two scenarios. The specifications focus on the CDL side. In addition, for Scenario 1, steps 5 & 6, and for Scenario 2, steps 3 & 4, a data collection tool need to be developed that utilizes the JSON and CSV files described below and does the following to generate the data from the real controller:
1. Identifies which objects in the building automation system match with the desired collection.
2. Shows the user a list of all objects that don’t match and a list of objects from the building automation system and allows for the user to manually match them.
3. Sets up the data collection.
4. Starts collecting data at the desired intervals.
5. Store the data.
6. Export the desired data in the format specified below.
Note
In support of this step, work is ongoing in exporting semantic information from the CDL implementation.
### 11.7.2. Scenario 1: Control Input Obtained by Simulating a CDL Model¶
For this scenario, we verify whether a real controller outputs time series that are similar to the time series of a controller that is implemented in a CDL model. The inputs of the real controller will be connected to the time series that were exported when simulating a controller that is connected to upstream blocks that generate the control input time series.
An application of this use case is to test whether a controller complies with the sequences specified in CDL for a given input time series and control parameters, either as part of verifying correct implementation during control development, or verifying correct implementation in a Building Automation System that allows overwriting control input time series.
We have also developed a verification tool for verifying the control sequences implemented in a controller using CDL.
For this scenario, we are given the following data:
1. A list of CDL models to be tested.
2. Relative and absolute tolerances, either for all output variables, or optionally for individual output variables of the sequence.
3. Optionally, a boolean variable in the model that we call an indicator variable. An indicator variable allows to indicate when to pause a test, such as during a fast transient, and when to resume the test, for example when the controls is expected to have reached steady-state. If its value is true, then the output should be tested at that time instant, and if it is false, the output must not be tested at that time instant.
For example, consider the validation test OBC.ASHRAE.G36_PR1.AHUs.SingleZone.VAV.SetPoints.Validation.Supply_u. and suppose we want to verify the sequences of its instances setPoiVAV and setPoiVAV1. To do so, we first write a specification as shown in Listing 11.1.
Listing 11.1 Configuration of test setup.
{
"references": [
{
"model": "Buildings.Controls.OBC.ASHRAE.G36_PR1.AHUs.SingleZone.VAV.SetPoints.Validation.Supply_u",
"generateJson": false,
"sequence": "setPoiVAV",
"pointNameMapping": "realControllerPointMapping.json",
"runController": false,
"controllerOutput": "test/real_outputs.csv"
},
{
"model": "Buildings.Controls.OBC.ASHRAE.G36_PR1.AHUs.SingleZone.VAV.SetPoints.Validation.Supply_u",
"generateJson": true,
"sequence": "setPoiVAV1",
"pointNameMapping": "realControllerPointMapping.json",
"runController": true,
"controllerOutput": "test/real_outputs.csv",
"outputs": {
"setPoiVAV1.TSup*": { "atoly": 0.5 }
},
"indicators": {
"setPoiVAV1.TSup*": [ "fanSta.y" ]
},
"sampling": 60
}
],
"modelJsonDirectory": "test",
"tolerances": { "rtolx": 0.002, "rtoly": 0.002, "atolx": 10, "atoly": 0 },
"sampling": 120,
"controller": {
"deviceId": 240001
}
}
This specifies two tests, one for the controller setPoiVAV and one for setPoiVAV1. In this example, setPoiVAV and setPoiVAV1 happen to be the same sequence, but their input time series and/or parameters are different, and therefore their output time series will be different. The generateJson flag will determine if the json translation for the specified model under test must be generated during the test using the modelica-json tool. If it is set to false, the software assumes that the json translation is already present in modelJsonDirectory. The test for setPoiVAV will use the globally specified tolerances, and use a sampling rate of $$120$$ seconds. The mapping of the variables to the I/O points of the real controller is provided in the file realControllerPointMapping.json, shown in Listing 11.2. The test setPoiVAV will not run the controller during the test because of the specification runController = false. Rather, it will use the saved results test/real_outputs.csv from a previous run. The test for setPoiVAV1 will use different tolerances on each output variable that matches the regular expression setPoiVAV1.TSup*. Moreover, for each variable that matches the regular expression setPoiVAV1.TSup*, the verification will be suspended whenever fanSta.y = false. The sampling rate is $$60$$ seconds. This test will also use realControllerPointMapping.json to map the variables to points of the real controller. Because runController = true, this test will run the controller in real-time and save the time-series of the output variables in the file specified by controllerOutput. The real controller’s network configuration can be found under the controller section of the configuration. The networkAddress is the controller’s BACnet subnet, the deviceAddress is the controller’s IP address and the deviceId is the controller’s BACnet device identifier. The tolerances rtolx and atolx are relative and absolute tolerances in the independent variable, e.g., in time, and rtoly and atoly are relative and absolute tolerances in the control output variable.
Listing 11.2 Example pointNameMapping file.
[
{
"cdl": { "name": "TZonCooSetOcc", "unit": "K", "type": "float"},
"device": {"name": "Occupied Cooling Setpoint_1", "unit": "degF", "type": "float"}
},
{
"cdl": { "name": "TZonHeaSetOcc", "unit": "K", "type": "float"},
"device": {"name": "Occupied Heating Setpoint_1", "unit": "degF", "type": "float"}
},
{
"cdl": { "name": "TZonCooSetUno", "unit": "K", "type": "float"},
"device": {"name": "Unoccupied Cooling Setpoint_1", "unit": "degF", "type": "float"}
},
{
"cdl": { "name": "TZonHeaSetUno", "unit": "K", "type": "float"},
"device": {"name": "Unoccupied Heating Setpoint_1", "unit": "degF", "type": "float"}
},
{
"cdl": { "name": "setAdj", "unit": "K", "type": "float"},
"device": {"name": "setpt_adj_1", "unit": "degF", "type": "float"}
},
{
"cdl": { "name": "heaSetAdj", "unit": "K", "type": "float"},
"device": {"name": "Heating Adjustment_1", "unit": "degF", "type": "float"}
},
{
"cdl": { "name": "uOccSen", "type": "int"},
"device": {"name": "occ_sensor_bni_1", "type": "bool"}
},
{
"cdl": { "name": "uWinSta", "type": "int"},
"device": {"name": "window_sw_1", "type": "bool"}
},
{
"cdl": { "name": "TZonCooSet", "unit": "K", "type": "float"},
"device": {"name": "Effective Cooling Setpoint_1", "unit": "degF", "type": "float"}
},
{
"cdl": { "name": "TZonHeaSet", "unit": "K", "type": "float"},
"device": {"name": "Effective Heating Setpoint_1", "unit": "degF", "type": "float"}
}
]
Listing 11.2 is an example of the pointNameMapping file. It is a list of dictionaries, with each dictionaries having two parts: The cdl part specifies the name, the unit and the type of the point in the CDL sequence. Similarly, the device part specifies this information for the corresponding point in the real controller. The type refers to the data type of the variable in the specific context, i.e., in CDL or in the actual controller. It should also be noted that some points may not have a unit, but only have a type. For example, the input uOccSen is a CDL point that is 1 if there is occupancy and 0 otherwise.
To create test input and output time series, we generate CSV files. This needs to be done for each controller (or control sequence) under test, and we will explain it only for the controller setPoiVAV. For brevity, we call OBC.ASHRAE.G36_PR1.AHUs.SingleZone.VAV.SetPoints.Validation.Supply_u simply Supply_u.
Once we have the configuration and the pointNameMapping file set up, the sequence verification (handled by the verification tool) goes through the following steps:
1. Generate a json translation of the modelica code. Currently the verification tool does invoke the modelica-json tool from within itself, depending on the generateJson flag in the configuration (and stores the output in the directory mentioned under modelJsonDirectory). The user can themselves invoke the modelica-json tool using:
node app.js -f Buildings/Controls/OBC/ASHRAE/G36_PR1/AHUs/SingleZone/VAV/SetPoints/Validation/Supply_u.mo -o json -d test
This will produce Supply_u.json (file name is abbreviated) in the output directory test. See https://github.com/lbl-srg/modelica-json for the json schema.
2. From Supply_u.json, extract all input and output variable declarations of the instance setPoiVAV and generate an I/O list . The tool also extracts public parameters of the instance setPoiVAV and stores them. For this sequence, the public parameters are TSupSetMax, TSupSetMin, yHeaMax, yMin and yCooMax.
3. Obtain reference time series by simulating Supply_u.mo with time series of all input, output and indicator time series. The verification tool accomplishes this by using the free open-source tool OpenModelica. The verification tool will create Modelica scripts to translate the model, followed by one to simulate the model. This will produce a Supply_u_res.mat file, from which the tool will extract the timeseries of the inputs and the outputs and store it as Supply_u_res.csv.
More information about the python script used to run the OpenModelica simulation can be found at software/verification/openmodelica_sim.py.
4. Using the input and output variables extracted for the sequence setPoiVAV, the verification tool then separates the input and the output timeseries (reference outputs).
5. Steps 6 and 7 are applied only if runController flag in the test configuration file is set to True. Else, the tool will use the real outputs previously generated by the controller and saved in the file mentioned under controllerOutput. Proceed to step 8.
6. If the runController flag is True, the verification applies the parameters that have been extracted to the real controller, and runs the real controller for the input time series extracted in the step above. Using the pointNameMapping file, the tool will also handle the unit conversions and the type conversions on the time series as needed for the controller under test.
7. As the controller is being set different input values, the output variables are trended and saved to setPoiVAV_real_outputs.csv. The point names, units and the types of the output time series will also be converted to match the CDL input timeseries as specified in the pointNameMapping file.
8. Produce the test results by running the funnel software (https://github.com/lbl-srg/funnel) for each time series of the output variables generated by the controller (setPoiVAV_output.csv or file in controllerOutput) against the corresponding output variables generated by the CDL simulation. Before sending the time series to the funnel software, set the value of the reference and the controller output to zero whenever the indicator function is zero for that time stamp. This will exclude the value from the verification. This will give, for each time series, output files that show where the error exceeds the specified tolerance.
The sequence above can be run for each test case, and the results from step 8 are to be used to generate a test report for all tested sequences.
An example of a sequence under test, along with real inputs from a controller have been included in the verification tool software. Please see software/verification for how to automate this process. | 2023-02-07T17:32:22 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4171925187110901, "perplexity": 1764.9491212345729}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500628.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207170138-20230207200138-00266.warc.gz"} |
https://www.zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Amahdavi-amiri.nezam | # zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
## Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam
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Author ID: mahdavi-amiri.nezam Published as: Mahdavi Amiri, N.; Mahdavi Amiri, Nezam; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam External Links: MGP · Wikidata · ORCID
Documents Indexed: 89 Publications since 1986
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#### Serials
10 Bulletin of the Iranian Mathematical Society 6 Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 6 Numerical Algorithms 5 Applied Mathematics and Computation 5 4OR 4 Optimization 4 Applied Mathematical Modelling 4 Optimization Methods & Software 4 Iranian Journal of Fuzzy Systems 2 Journal of Sciences. Islamic Republic of Iran 2 Soft Computing 2 International Journal of Mathematics in Operational Research 1 Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 1 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 1 Journal of the Franklin Institute 1 Linear and Multilinear Algebra 1 ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software 1 Fuzzy Sets and Systems 1 Information Sciences 1 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 1 Kybernetika 1 Numerische Mathematik 1 SIAM Journal on Scientific and Statistical Computing 1 Computer Aided Geometric Design 1 Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 1 Mathematical and Computer Modelling 1 International Journal of Computer Mathematics 1 Linear Algebra and its Applications 1 Mathematical Programming. Series A. Series B 1 Computational Optimization and Applications 1 Publications of the University of Miskolc. Series D. Natural Sciences. Mathematics 1 Mathematical Methods of Operations Research 1 Scientia Iranica 1 Mathematical Modelling and Analysis 1 Pacific Journal of Optimization 1 International Journal of Operational Research 1 Optimization Letters 1 Applied and Computational Mathematics 1 Advances in Fuzzy Systems 1 Fuzzy Information and Engineering 1 Mathematics 1 Journal of Mathematical Modelling and Algorithms in Operations Research
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#### Fields
63 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 39 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 15 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 9 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 7 Number theory (11-XX) 2 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 2 Combinatorics (05-XX) 2 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 1 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 1 General algebraic systems (08-XX) 1 Real functions (26-XX) 1 Operator theory (47-XX) 1 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 1 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 1 Statistics (62-XX) 1 Computer science (68-XX) 1 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) 1 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 1 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 1 Systems theory; control (93-XX)
#### Citations contained in zbMATH
57 Publications have been cited 361 times in 237 Documents Cited by Year
Duality results and a dual simplex method for linear programming problems with trapezoidal fuzzy variables. Zbl 1135.90446
Mahdavi-Amiri, N.; Nasseri, S. H.
2007
Two new conjugate gradient methods based on modified secant equations. Zbl 1202.65071
Babaie-Kafaki, Saman; Ghanbari, Reza; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam
2010
Duality in fuzzy number linear programming by use of a certain linear ranking function. Zbl 1102.90080
Mahdavi-Amiri, N.; Nasseri, S. H.
2006
Designing a model of fuzzy TOPSIS in multiple criteria decision making. Zbl 1177.90240
Mahdavi, Iraj; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam; Heidarzade, Armaghan; Nourifar, Rahele
2008
Polynomial time second order mehrotra-type predictor–corrector algorithms. Zbl 1112.65057
Salahi, Maziar; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam
2006
A class of ABS algorithms for Diophantine linear systems. Zbl 1025.15003
Esmaeili, Hamid; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam; Spedicato, Emilio
2001
New solutions of LR fuzzy linear systems using ranking functions and ABS algorithms. Zbl 1201.15013
Ghanbari, Reza; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam
2010
Some duality results on linear programming problems with symmetric fuzzy numbers. Zbl 1275.90132
Nasseri, S. H.; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.
2009
Two effective hybrid conjugate gradient algorithms based on modified BFGS updates. Zbl 1277.90149
Babaie-Kafaki, Saman; Fatemi, Masoud; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam
2011
An effective nonsmooth optimization algorithm for locally Lipschitz functions. Zbl 1255.90113
Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam; Yousefpour, Rohollah
2012
ABS methods and ABSPACK for linear systems and optimization: A review. Zbl 1044.65021
Spedicato, Emilio; Bodon, Elena; Del Popolo, Antonino; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam
2003
Constrained nonlinear least squares: An exact penalty approach with projected structured quasi-Newton updates. Zbl 0900.65181
Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam; Bartels, Richard H.
1989
Two modified hybrid conjugate gradient methods based on a hybrid secant equation. Zbl 1264.49034
Babaie-Kafaki, Saman; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam
2013
A fuzzy programming approach for dynamic virtual hub location problem. Zbl 1252.90042
Taghipourian, Farzin; Mahdavi, Iraj; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam; Makui, Ahmad
2012
A new interior-point algorithm based on modified Nesterov-Todd direction for symmetric cone linear complementarity problem. Zbl 1320.90092
Kheirfam, B.; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.
2014
A full Nesterov-Todd step infeasible interior-point algorithm for symmetric cone linear complementarity problem. Zbl 1305.90394
Kheirfam, Behrouz; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.
2014
Integer extended ABS algorithms and possible control of intermediate results for linear Diophantine systems. Zbl 1207.11125
2009
On solving linear Diophantine systems using generalized Rosser’s algorithm. Zbl 1221.11071
2008
An efficient simplified neural network for solving linear and quadratic programming problems. Zbl 1093.65061
Ghasabi-Oskoei, Hasan; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam
2006
On generating test problems for nonlinear programming algorithms. Zbl 0609.65044
Bartels, Richard H.; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam
1986
A genetic algorithm for solving fuzzy shortest path problems with mixed fuzzy arc lengths. Zbl 1305.90429
Hassanzadeh, Reza; Mahdavi, Iraj; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam; Tajdin, Ali
2013
Extended rank reduction formulas containing Wedderburn and Abaffy-Broyden-Spedicato rank reducing processes. Zbl 1305.15007
Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam; Golpar-Raboky, Effat
2013
A superlinearly convergent exact penalty method for constrained nonlinear least squares: global analysis. Zbl 1279.65077
2013
A filter trust-region algorithm for unconstrained optimization with strong global convergence properties. Zbl 1259.90131
Fatemi, M.; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.
2012
Diophantine quadratic equation and Smith normal form using scaled extended integer Abaffy-Broyden-Spedicato algorithms. Zbl 1342.90106
Golpar-Raboky, E.; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.
2012
Generating the integer null space and conditions for determination of an integer basis using the ABS algorithms. Zbl 1006.15005
Esmaeili, H.; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.; Spedicato, E.
2001
Superlinearly convergent exact penalty methods with projected structured secant updates for constrained nonlinear least squares. Zbl 1321.90126
2014
New complexity analysis of a full Nesterov-Todd step infeasible interior-point algorithm for symmetric optimization. Zbl 1320.90105
Kheirfam, Behrouz; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam
2013
Superlinearly convergent exact penalty projected structured hessian updating schemes for constrained nonlinear least squares: asymptotic analysis. Zbl 1292.49038
Mahdavi-Amiri, N.; Ansari, M. R.
2012
A new linear programming approach and genetic algorithm for solving airline boarding problem. Zbl 1252.90101
Soolaki, Majid; Mahdavi, Iraj; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam; Hassanzadeh, Reza; Aghajani, Aydin
2012
No-wait flow shop scheduling using fuzzy multi-objective linear programming. Zbl 1172.90401
Javadi, Babak; Saidi-Mehrabad, M.; Haji, Alireza; Mahdavi, Iraj; Jolai, F.; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.
2008
Extended reduced rank two Abaffian update schemes in the ABS-type methods. Zbl 1113.65027
Amini, K.; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.; Peyghami, M. R.
2007
Extended integer rank reduction formulas and Smith normal form. Zbl 1285.15007
Golpar-Raboky, Effat; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam
2013
A two-step superlinearly convergent projected structured BFGS method for constrained nonlinear least squares. Zbl 1273.90240
2013
ABS-type methods for solving full row rank linear systems using a new rank two update. Zbl 1074.65029
Amini, K.; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.; Peyghami, M. R.
2004
Broyden’s method as an ABS algorithm. Zbl 0991.65038
Adib, M.; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.; Spedicato, E.
1999
A wide neighborhood primal-dual predictor-corrector interior-point method for symmetric cone optimization. Zbl 1395.90240
2018
A triangular type-2 multi-objective linear programming model and a solution strategy. Zbl 1354.90180
Maali, Yashar; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam
2014
An efficient algorithm for sparse null space basis problem using ABS methods. Zbl 1262.65055
2013
A non-monotone trust region algorithm for unconstrained optimization with dynamic reference iteration updates using filter. Zbl 1246.90141
Fatemi, Masoud; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam
2012
Exact and approximate solutions of fuzzy LR linear systems: new algorithms using a least squares model and the ABS approach. Zbl 1208.65050
Ghanbari, R.; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.; Yousefpour, R.
2010
Computing a fuzzy shortest path in a network with mixed fuzzy arc lengths using $$\alpha$$-cuts. Zbl 1201.90196
Tajdin, Ali; Mahdavi, Iraj; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam; Sadeghpour-Gildeh, Bahram
2010
Fuzzy linear programming with grades of satisfaction in constraints. Zbl 1228.90163
Javadian, N.; Maali, Y.; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.
2009
Solving rank one perturbed linear Diophantine systems by the ABS method. Zbl 1115.65031
Amini, Keyvan; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam
2006
ABS solution of a class of linear integer inequalities and integer LP problems. Zbl 1039.90042
Esmaeili, Hamid; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam; Spedicato, Emilio
2001
Periodic solutions of certain three-dimensional autonomous systems. Zbl 1061.34507
Mehri, B.; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.
1999
A direct method to compare bipolar LR fuzzy numbers. Zbl 1397.03073
Ghanbari, Reza; Ghorbani-Moghadam, Khatere; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam
2018
An adaptive competitive penalty method for nonsmooth constrained optimization. Zbl 1372.65180
Mahdavi-Amiri, N.; Shaeiri, M.
2017
An infeasible interior-point algorithm based on modified Nesterov and Todd directions for symmetric linear complementarity problem. Zbl 1337.90083
Kheirfam, B.; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.
2015
Real and integer Wedderburn rank reduction formulas for matrix decompositions. Zbl 1330.15016
Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam; Golpar-Raboky, Effat
2015
A robust combined trust region-line search exact penalty projected structured scheme for constrained nonlinear least squares. Zbl 1326.49048
2015
WZ factorization via Abaffy-Broyden-Spedicato algorithms. Zbl 1301.65019
Golpar-Raboky, Effat; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.
2014
New models and algorithms for solutions of single-signed fully fuzzy LR linear systems. Zbl 1260.65044
Ezzati, R.; Khezerloo, S.; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.; Valizadeh, Z.
2012
An efficient and practically robust hybrid metaheuristic algorithm for solving fuzzy bus terminal location problems. Zbl 1246.90163
Babaie-Kafaki, Saman; Ghanbari, Reza; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam
2012
Two effective hybrid metaheuristic algorithms for minimization of multimodal functions. Zbl 1229.90273
Babaie-Kafaki, Saman; Ghanbari, Reza; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam
2011
An efficient algorithm for solving rank one perturbed linear Diophantine systems using Rosser’s approach. Zbl 1215.11127
2011
Explicit ABS solution of a class of linear inequality systems and LP problems. Zbl 1087.65060
Esmaeili, H.; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.; Spedicato, E.
2004
A wide neighborhood primal-dual predictor-corrector interior-point method for symmetric cone optimization. Zbl 1395.90240
2018
A direct method to compare bipolar LR fuzzy numbers. Zbl 1397.03073
Ghanbari, Reza; Ghorbani-Moghadam, Khatere; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam
2018
An adaptive competitive penalty method for nonsmooth constrained optimization. Zbl 1372.65180
Mahdavi-Amiri, N.; Shaeiri, M.
2017
An infeasible interior-point algorithm based on modified Nesterov and Todd directions for symmetric linear complementarity problem. Zbl 1337.90083
Kheirfam, B.; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.
2015
Real and integer Wedderburn rank reduction formulas for matrix decompositions. Zbl 1330.15016
Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam; Golpar-Raboky, Effat
2015
A robust combined trust region-line search exact penalty projected structured scheme for constrained nonlinear least squares. Zbl 1326.49048
2015
A new interior-point algorithm based on modified Nesterov-Todd direction for symmetric cone linear complementarity problem. Zbl 1320.90092
Kheirfam, B.; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.
2014
A full Nesterov-Todd step infeasible interior-point algorithm for symmetric cone linear complementarity problem. Zbl 1305.90394
Kheirfam, Behrouz; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.
2014
Superlinearly convergent exact penalty methods with projected structured secant updates for constrained nonlinear least squares. Zbl 1321.90126
2014
A triangular type-2 multi-objective linear programming model and a solution strategy. Zbl 1354.90180
Maali, Yashar; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam
2014
WZ factorization via Abaffy-Broyden-Spedicato algorithms. Zbl 1301.65019
Golpar-Raboky, Effat; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.
2014
Two modified hybrid conjugate gradient methods based on a hybrid secant equation. Zbl 1264.49034
Babaie-Kafaki, Saman; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam
2013
A genetic algorithm for solving fuzzy shortest path problems with mixed fuzzy arc lengths. Zbl 1305.90429
Hassanzadeh, Reza; Mahdavi, Iraj; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam; Tajdin, Ali
2013
Extended rank reduction formulas containing Wedderburn and Abaffy-Broyden-Spedicato rank reducing processes. Zbl 1305.15007
Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam; Golpar-Raboky, Effat
2013
A superlinearly convergent exact penalty method for constrained nonlinear least squares: global analysis. Zbl 1279.65077
2013
New complexity analysis of a full Nesterov-Todd step infeasible interior-point algorithm for symmetric optimization. Zbl 1320.90105
Kheirfam, Behrouz; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam
2013
Extended integer rank reduction formulas and Smith normal form. Zbl 1285.15007
Golpar-Raboky, Effat; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam
2013
A two-step superlinearly convergent projected structured BFGS method for constrained nonlinear least squares. Zbl 1273.90240
2013
An efficient algorithm for sparse null space basis problem using ABS methods. Zbl 1262.65055
2013
An effective nonsmooth optimization algorithm for locally Lipschitz functions. Zbl 1255.90113
Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam; Yousefpour, Rohollah
2012
A fuzzy programming approach for dynamic virtual hub location problem. Zbl 1252.90042
Taghipourian, Farzin; Mahdavi, Iraj; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam; Makui, Ahmad
2012
A filter trust-region algorithm for unconstrained optimization with strong global convergence properties. Zbl 1259.90131
Fatemi, M.; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.
2012
Diophantine quadratic equation and Smith normal form using scaled extended integer Abaffy-Broyden-Spedicato algorithms. Zbl 1342.90106
Golpar-Raboky, E.; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.
2012
Superlinearly convergent exact penalty projected structured hessian updating schemes for constrained nonlinear least squares: asymptotic analysis. Zbl 1292.49038
Mahdavi-Amiri, N.; Ansari, M. R.
2012
A new linear programming approach and genetic algorithm for solving airline boarding problem. Zbl 1252.90101
Soolaki, Majid; Mahdavi, Iraj; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam; Hassanzadeh, Reza; Aghajani, Aydin
2012
A non-monotone trust region algorithm for unconstrained optimization with dynamic reference iteration updates using filter. Zbl 1246.90141
Fatemi, Masoud; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam
2012
New models and algorithms for solutions of single-signed fully fuzzy LR linear systems. Zbl 1260.65044
Ezzati, R.; Khezerloo, S.; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.; Valizadeh, Z.
2012
An efficient and practically robust hybrid metaheuristic algorithm for solving fuzzy bus terminal location problems. Zbl 1246.90163
Babaie-Kafaki, Saman; Ghanbari, Reza; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam
2012
Two effective hybrid conjugate gradient algorithms based on modified BFGS updates. Zbl 1277.90149
Babaie-Kafaki, Saman; Fatemi, Masoud; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam
2011
Two effective hybrid metaheuristic algorithms for minimization of multimodal functions. Zbl 1229.90273
Babaie-Kafaki, Saman; Ghanbari, Reza; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam
2011
An efficient algorithm for solving rank one perturbed linear Diophantine systems using Rosser’s approach. Zbl 1215.11127
2011
Two new conjugate gradient methods based on modified secant equations. Zbl 1202.65071
Babaie-Kafaki, Saman; Ghanbari, Reza; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam
2010
New solutions of LR fuzzy linear systems using ranking functions and ABS algorithms. Zbl 1201.15013
Ghanbari, Reza; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam
2010
Exact and approximate solutions of fuzzy LR linear systems: new algorithms using a least squares model and the ABS approach. Zbl 1208.65050
Ghanbari, R.; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.; Yousefpour, R.
2010
Computing a fuzzy shortest path in a network with mixed fuzzy arc lengths using $$\alpha$$-cuts. Zbl 1201.90196
Tajdin, Ali; Mahdavi, Iraj; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam; Sadeghpour-Gildeh, Bahram
2010
Some duality results on linear programming problems with symmetric fuzzy numbers. Zbl 1275.90132
Nasseri, S. H.; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.
2009
Integer extended ABS algorithms and possible control of intermediate results for linear Diophantine systems. Zbl 1207.11125
2009
Fuzzy linear programming with grades of satisfaction in constraints. Zbl 1228.90163
Javadian, N.; Maali, Y.; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.
2009
Designing a model of fuzzy TOPSIS in multiple criteria decision making. Zbl 1177.90240
Mahdavi, Iraj; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam; Heidarzade, Armaghan; Nourifar, Rahele
2008
On solving linear Diophantine systems using generalized Rosser’s algorithm. Zbl 1221.11071
2008
No-wait flow shop scheduling using fuzzy multi-objective linear programming. Zbl 1172.90401
Javadi, Babak; Saidi-Mehrabad, M.; Haji, Alireza; Mahdavi, Iraj; Jolai, F.; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.
2008
Duality results and a dual simplex method for linear programming problems with trapezoidal fuzzy variables. Zbl 1135.90446
Mahdavi-Amiri, N.; Nasseri, S. H.
2007
Extended reduced rank two Abaffian update schemes in the ABS-type methods. Zbl 1113.65027
Amini, K.; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.; Peyghami, M. R.
2007
Duality in fuzzy number linear programming by use of a certain linear ranking function. Zbl 1102.90080
Mahdavi-Amiri, N.; Nasseri, S. H.
2006
Polynomial time second order mehrotra-type predictor–corrector algorithms. Zbl 1112.65057
Salahi, Maziar; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam
2006
An efficient simplified neural network for solving linear and quadratic programming problems. Zbl 1093.65061
Ghasabi-Oskoei, Hasan; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam
2006
Solving rank one perturbed linear Diophantine systems by the ABS method. Zbl 1115.65031
Amini, Keyvan; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam
2006
ABS-type methods for solving full row rank linear systems using a new rank two update. Zbl 1074.65029
Amini, K.; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.; Peyghami, M. R.
2004
Explicit ABS solution of a class of linear inequality systems and LP problems. Zbl 1087.65060
Esmaeili, H.; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.; Spedicato, E.
2004
ABS methods and ABSPACK for linear systems and optimization: A review. Zbl 1044.65021
Spedicato, Emilio; Bodon, Elena; Del Popolo, Antonino; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam
2003
A class of ABS algorithms for Diophantine linear systems. Zbl 1025.15003
Esmaeili, Hamid; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam; Spedicato, Emilio
2001
Generating the integer null space and conditions for determination of an integer basis using the ABS algorithms. Zbl 1006.15005
Esmaeili, H.; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.; Spedicato, E.
2001
ABS solution of a class of linear integer inequalities and integer LP problems. Zbl 1039.90042
Esmaeili, Hamid; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam; Spedicato, Emilio
2001
Broyden’s method as an ABS algorithm. Zbl 0991.65038
Adib, M.; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.; Spedicato, E.
1999
Periodic solutions of certain three-dimensional autonomous systems. Zbl 1061.34507
Mehri, B.; Mahdavi-Amiri, N.
1999
Constrained nonlinear least squares: An exact penalty approach with projected structured quasi-Newton updates. Zbl 0900.65181
Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam; Bartels, Richard H.
1989
On generating test problems for nonlinear programming algorithms. Zbl 0609.65044
Bartels, Richard H.; Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam
1986
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#### Cited in 80 Serials
18 Applied Mathematical Modelling 16 Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 15 Numerical Algorithms 9 Applied Mathematics and Computation 9 Fuzzy Information and Engineering 8 Optimization 8 Optimization Methods & Software 8 Optimization Letters 7 European Journal of Operational Research 7 Soft Computing 7 Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems 6 Fuzzy Optimization and Decision Making 5 Information Sciences 5 Mathematical Problems in Engineering 5 4OR 4 Fuzzy Sets and Systems 4 Computational and Applied Mathematics 4 Journal of Applied Mathematics 3 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 3 Numerical Functional Analysis and Optimization 3 Mathematical and Computer Modelling 3 International Journal of Computer Mathematics 3 RAIRO. Operations Research 3 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computing 3 Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization 3 Asian-European Journal of Mathematics 2 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 2 Opsearch 2 Applied Numerical Mathematics 2 Computational Mathematics and Modeling 2 SIAM Journal on Optimization 2 Computational Optimization and Applications 2 Mathematical Methods of Operations Research 2 Science China. Mathematics 2 Symmetry 2 Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 2 Croatian Operational Research Review (CRORR) 2 Journal of the Operations Research Society of China 1 Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 1 Journal of the Franklin Institute 1 Linear and Multilinear Algebra 1 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 1 Operations Research Letters 1 Bulletin of the Iranian Mathematical Society 1 Journal of Complexity 1 Computers & Operations Research 1 International Journal of Approximate Reasoning 1 Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 1 Applied Mathematics Letters 1 Journal of Scientific Computing 1 Annals of Operations Research 1 Journal of Global Optimization 1 Linear Algebra and its Applications 1 Mathematical Programming. Series A. Series B 1 Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 1 Turkish Journal of Mathematics 1 Advances in Computational Mathematics 1 Journal of Difference Equations and Applications 1 Abstract and Applied Analysis 1 Journal of Inequalities and Applications 1 Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences (WUJNS) 1 CEJOR. Central European Journal of Operations Research 1 International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 1 Journal of Systems Science and Complexity 1 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India. Section A. Physical Sciences 1 Acta Mathematica Scientia. Series B. (English Edition) 1 OR Spectrum 1 JMMA. Journal of Mathematical Modelling and Algorithms 1 Mediterranean Journal of Mathematics 1 Iranian Journal of Fuzzy Systems 1 Advances in Numerical Analysis 1 Afrika Matematika 1 Numerical Algebra, Control and Optimization 1 ISRN Computational Mathematics 1 Mathematical Sciences 1 Mathematics 1 Journal of Mathematical Modelling and Algorithms in Operations Research 1 Journal of Linear and Topological Algebra 1 International Journal of Systems Science. Principles and Applications of Systems and Integration 1 Bollettino dell’Unione Matematica Italiana
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#### Cited in 20 Fields
196 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 79 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 25 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 24 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 16 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 5 Number theory (11-XX) 5 Computer science (68-XX) 4 Combinatorics (05-XX) 4 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 4 Statistics (62-XX) 3 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 3 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 3 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 2 Real functions (26-XX) 2 Measure and integration (28-XX) 2 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 1 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 1 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 1 Relativity and gravitational theory (83-XX) 1 Astronomy and astrophysics (85-XX)
#### Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata. | 2021-01-27T11:07:46 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.41060566902160645, "perplexity": 6422.392425242453}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704821381.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20210127090152-20210127120152-00771.warc.gz"} |
https://mooseframework.inl.gov/docs/doxygen/modules/classFXIntegralBaseUserObjectParameters.html | FXIntegralBaseUserObjectParameters Class Reference
Class declaration for parameters - we cannot use templated types in validParams<>() More...
#include <FXIntegralBaseUserObject.h>
## Detailed Description
Class declaration for parameters - we cannot use templated types in validParams<>()
Definition at line 27 of file FXIntegralBaseUserObject.h.
The documentation for this class was generated from the following file: | 2019-02-19T13:56:19 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4282720685005188, "perplexity": 10364.977721040628}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247490107.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219122312-20190219144312-00254.warc.gz"} |
https://www.usgs.gov/centers/pa-water/science/hydrologic-effects-pymatuning-earthquake | Hydrologic Effects of Pymatuning Earthquake
Science Center Objects
Within hours after the Pymatuning earthquake of September 25, 1998, in northwestern Pennsylvania, local residents reported wells becoming dry, wells beginning to flow, and the formation of new springs. About 120 household-supply wells reportedly went dry within 3 months after the earthquake. About 80 of these wells were on a ridge between Jamestown and Greenville, where water-level declines of as much as 100 feet were documented. Accompanying the decline in water levels beneath the ridge was an increase in water levels in valley wells of as much as 62 feet. One possible explanation of the observed hydrologic effects is that the earthquake increased the vertical hydraulic conductivity of shales beneath the ridge, which allowed ground water to drain from the hilltops. Computer simulations of ground-water flow beneath the ridge between Jamestown and Greenville indicate that increasing the vertical hydraulic conductivity of shale confining beds about 10 to 60 times from their pre-quake values could cause the general pattern of decreased water levels on hilltops and increased levels in valleys.
Well Hydrograph (click Multimedia tab)
A 3-foot rise in the ground-water level was recorded in USGS observation well MR-1364 in Greenville on September 25. A graph showing the water-level rise in this valley well is available on the 'Multimedia' tab. Information about this well is given below. (Water levels generally decreased in ridge-top wells.)
Details on the Greenville, Mercer County observation well
SITE IDENTIFIER 412350080223701
LOCAL NUMBER MR-1364
LOCATION Latitude 4123'50", Longitude 8022'37", Hydrologic Unit 05030102, at Greenville, Pa.
OWNER Borough of Greenville
AQUIFER Sandstone of Cussewago Formation of Early Mississippian age
WELL CHARACTERISTICS Drilled artesian well, diameter 6 in, depth 235 ft, cased to 41 ft, open hole
INSTRUMENTATION Continuous strip-chart recorder
DATUM Elevation of land-surface datum is 965 ft above sea level, from topographic map. Measuring point: Top of plywood cover, 2.26 ft above land-surface datum
REMARKS Water levels affected by intermittent pumping
PERIOD OF RECORD March 1964 to September 2005
EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD (through September, 1997) Highest water level, 1.43 ft below land-surface datum, Dec. 25, 1968; lowest, 8.31 ft below land-surface datum, Feb. 12, 1967
FUNDING FOR WELL The observation well was operated by USGS in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection
Twenty-Year Update
Lead author of the project report Gary Fleeger (PaGS ret.) updated the status of water levels in affected groundwater wells in a 2018 article in Pennsylvania Geology. | 2020-01-26T13:58:59 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.28787922859191895, "perplexity": 12502.88553428959}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251689924.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126135207-20200126165207-00094.warc.gz"} |
http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.10 | §3.10(i) Introduction
See §1.12 for relevant properties of continued fractions, including the following definitions:
3.10.1 $C=b_{0}+\cfrac{a_{1}}{b_{1}+\cfrac{a_{2}}{b_{2}+\cdots}},$ $a_{n}\neq 0$, Symbols: $C$: continued fraction Referenced by: §3.10(ii) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.10.E1 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
3.10.2 $C_{n}=b_{0}+\cfrac{a_{1}}{b_{1}+\cfrac{a_{2}}{b_{2}+\cdots}}\frac{a_{n}}{b_{n}% }=\frac{A_{n}}{B_{n}}.$ Symbols: $A_{n}$: continued fraction numerator, $B_{n}$: continued fraction denominator and $C_{n}$: continued fraction approximant Referenced by: §3.10(iii), §3.10(iii) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.10.E2 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
$C_{n}$ is the $n$th approximant or convergent to $C$.
§3.10(ii) Relations to Power Series
Every convergent, asymptotic, or formal series
3.10.3 $u_{0}+u_{1}+u_{2}+\cdots$ Symbols: $u_{n}$: series Referenced by: §3.10(ii) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.10.E3 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
can be converted into a continued fraction $C$ of type (3.10.1), and with the property that the $n$th convergent $C_{n}=A_{n}/B_{n}$ to $C$ is equal to the $n$th partial sum of the series in (3.10.3), that is,
3.10.4 $\frac{A_{n}}{B_{n}}=u_{0}+u_{1}+\dots+u_{n},$ $n=0,1,\dots$. Symbols: $A_{n}$: continued fraction numerator, $B_{n}$: continued fraction denominator and $u_{n}$: series Referenced by: §3.10(ii) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.10.E4 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
For instance, if none of the $u_{n}$ vanish, then we can define
3.10.5 $\displaystyle b_{0}$ $\displaystyle=u_{0},$ $\displaystyle b_{1}$ $\displaystyle=1,$ $\displaystyle a_{1}$ $\displaystyle=u_{1},$ $\displaystyle b_{n}$ $\displaystyle=1+\frac{u_{n}}{u_{n-1}},$ $\displaystyle a_{n}$ $\displaystyle=-\frac{u_{n}}{u_{n-1}}$, $n\geq 2$. Symbols: $u_{n}$: series Referenced by: §3.10(ii) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.10.E5 Encodings: TeX, TeX, TeX, TeX, TeX, pMML, pMML, pMML, pMML, pMML, png, png, png, png, png
However, other continued fractions with the same limit may converge in a much larger domain of the complex plane than the fraction given by (3.10.4) and (3.10.5). For example, by converting the Maclaurin expansion of $\mathop{\mathrm{arctan}\/}\nolimits z$ (4.24.3), we obtain a continued fraction with the same region of convergence ($\left|z\right|\leq 1$, $z\neq\pm i$), whereas the continued fraction (4.25.4) converges for all $z\in\Complex$ except on the branch cuts from $i$ to $i\infty$ and $-i$ to $-i\infty$.
Stieltjes Fractions
A continued fraction of the form
3.10.6 $C=\cfrac{a_{0}}{1-\cfrac{a_{1}z}{1-\cfrac{a_{2}z}{1-\cdots}}}$ Symbols: $C$: continued fraction Referenced by: §3.10(ii), §3.10(ii) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.10.E6 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
is called a Stieltjes fraction ($S$-fraction). We say that it corresponds to the formal power series
3.10.7 $f(z)=c_{0}+c_{1}z+c_{2}z^{2}+\cdots$ Symbols: $c_{n}$: coefficients Referenced by: §3.10(ii), §3.10(ii), §3.10(ii) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.10.E7 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
if the expansion of its $n$th convergent $C_{n}$ in ascending powers of $z$ agrees with (3.10.7) up to and including the term in $z^{n-1}$, $n=1,2,3,\dots$.
Quotient-Difference Algorithm
For several special functions the $S$-fractions are known explicitly, but in any case the coefficients $a_{n}$ can always be calculated from the power-series coefficients by means of the quotient-difference algorithm; see Table 3.10.1.
The first two columns in this table are defined by
3.10.8 $\displaystyle e_{0}^{n}$ $\displaystyle=0,$ $n=1,2,\dots$, $\displaystyle q_{1}^{n}$ $\displaystyle=c_{n+1}/c_{n},$ $n=0,1,\dots$,
where the $c_{n}$ ($\neq 0$) appear in (3.10.7). We continue by means of the rhombus rule
3.10.9 $\displaystyle e_{j}^{k}$ $\displaystyle=e_{j-1}^{k+1}+q_{j}^{k+1}-q_{j}^{k},$ $j\geq 1$, $k\geq 0$, $\displaystyle q_{j+1}^{k}$ $\displaystyle=q_{j}^{k+1}e_{j}^{k+1}/e_{j}^{k},$ $j\geq 1$, $k\geq 0$. Symbols: $e_{j}^{k}$: element and $q_{j}^{k}$: element Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.10.E9 Encodings: TeX, TeX, pMML, pMML, png, png
Then the coefficients $a_{n}$ of the $S$-fraction (3.10.6) are given by
3.10.10 $\displaystyle a_{0}$ $\displaystyle=c_{0},$ $\displaystyle a_{1}$ $\displaystyle=q_{1}^{0},$ $\displaystyle a_{2}$ $\displaystyle=e_{1}^{0},$ $\displaystyle a_{3}$ $\displaystyle=q_{2}^{0},$ $\displaystyle a_{4}$ $\displaystyle=e_{2}^{0},$ $\ldots.$ Symbols: $c_{n}$: coefficients, $e_{j}^{k}$: element and $q_{j}^{k}$: element Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.10.E10 Encodings: TeX, TeX, TeX, TeX, TeX, TeX, pMML, pMML, pMML, pMML, pMML, pMML, png, png, png, png, png, png
The quotient-difference algorithm is frequently unstable and may require high-precision arithmetic or exact arithmetic. A more stable version of the algorithm is discussed in Stokes (1980). For applications to Bessel functions and Whittaker functions (Chapters 10 and 13), see Gargantini and Henrici (1967).
Jacobi Fractions
A continued fraction of the form
3.10.11 $C=\cfrac{\beta_{0}}{1-\alpha_{0}z-\cfrac{\beta_{1}z^{2}}{1-\alpha_{1}z-\cfrac{% \beta_{2}z^{2}}{1-\alpha_{2}z-\cdots}}}$ Symbols: $C$: continued fraction Referenced by: §3.10(ii) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.10.E11 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
is called a Jacobi fraction ($J$-fraction). We say that it is associated with the formal power series $f(z)$ in (3.10.7) if the expansion of its $n$th convergent $C_{n}$ in ascending powers of $z$, agrees with (3.10.7) up to and including the term in $z^{2n-1}$, $n=1,2,3,\dots$. For the same function $f(z)$, the convergent $C_{n}$ of the Jacobi fraction (3.10.11) equals the convergent $C_{2n}$ of the Stieltjes fraction (3.10.6).
Examples of $S$- and $J$-Fractions
For elementary functions, see §§ 4.9 and 4.35.
For special functions see §5.10 (gamma function), §7.9 (error function), §8.9 (incomplete gamma functions), §8.17(v) (incomplete beta function), §8.19(vii) (generalized exponential integral), §§10.10 and 10.33 (quotients of Bessel functions), §13.6 (quotients of confluent hypergeometric functions), §13.19 (quotients of Whittaker functions), and §15.7 (quotients of hypergeometric functions).
For further information and examples see Lorentzen and Waadeland (1992, pp. 292–330, 560–599) and Cuyt et al. (2008).
Forward Recurrence Algorithm
The $A_{n}$ and $B_{n}$ of (3.10.2) can be computed by means of three-term recurrence relations (1.12.5). However, this may be unstable; also overflow and underflow may occur when evaluating $A_{n}$ and $B_{n}$ (making it necessary to re-scale from time to time).
Backward Recurrence Algorithm
To compute the $C_{n}$ of (3.10.2) we perform the iterated divisions
3.10.12 $\displaystyle u_{n}$ $\displaystyle=b_{n},$ $\displaystyle u_{k}$ $\displaystyle=b_{k}+\frac{a_{k+1}}{u_{k+1}}$, $k=n-1,n-2,\dots,0$. Symbols: $u_{n}$: series Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.10.E12 Encodings: TeX, TeX, pMML, pMML, png, png
Then $u_{0}=C_{n}$. To achieve a prescribed accuracy, either a priori knowledge is needed of the value of $n$, or $n$ is determined by trial and error. In general this algorithm is more stable than the forward algorithm; see Jones and Thron (1974).
Forward Series Recurrence Algorithm
The continued fraction
3.10.13 $C=\cfrac{a_{0}}{1-\cfrac{a_{1}}{1-\cfrac{a_{2}}{1-\cdots}}}$ Symbols: $C$: continued fraction Referenced by: §3.10(iii) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.10.E13 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
can be written in the form
3.10.14 $C=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}t_{k},$ Symbols: $C$: continued fraction Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.10.E14 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
where
3.10.15 $\displaystyle t_{0}$ $\displaystyle=a_{0},$ $\displaystyle t_{k}$ $\displaystyle=\rho_{k}t_{k-1},$ $\displaystyle\rho_{0}$ $\displaystyle=0,$ $\displaystyle\rho_{k}$ $\displaystyle=\frac{a_{k}(1+\rho_{k-1})}{1-a_{k}(1+\rho_{k-1})}$, $k=1,2,3,\dots$. Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.10.E15 Encodings: TeX, TeX, TeX, TeX, pMML, pMML, pMML, pMML, png, png, png, png
The $n$th partial sum $t_{0}+t_{1}+\dots+t_{n-1}$ equals the $n$th convergent of (3.10.13), $n=1,2,3,\dots$. In contrast to the preceding algorithms in this subsection no scaling problems arise and no a priori information is needed.
In Gautschi (1979c) the forward series algorithm is used for the evaluation of a continued fraction of an incomplete gamma function (see §8.9).
Steed’s Algorithm
This forward algorithm achieves efficiency and stability in the computation of the convergents $C_{n}=A_{n}/B_{n}$, and is related to the forward series recurrence algorithm. Again, no scaling problems arise and no a priori information is needed.
Let
3.10.16 $\displaystyle C_{0}$ $\displaystyle=b_{0},$ $\displaystyle D_{1}$ $\displaystyle=1/b_{1},$ $\displaystyle\nabla C_{1}$ $\displaystyle=a_{1}D_{1},$ $\displaystyle C_{1}$ $\displaystyle=C_{0}+\nabla C_{1}.$ Symbols: $C_{n}$: continued fraction approximant Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.10.E16 Encodings: TeX, TeX, TeX, TeX, pMML, pMML, pMML, pMML, png, png, png, png
($\nabla$ is the backward difference operator.) Then for $n\geq 2$,
3.10.17 $\displaystyle D_{n}$ $\displaystyle=\frac{1}{D_{n-1}a_{n}+b_{n}},$ $\displaystyle\nabla C_{n}$ $\displaystyle=(b_{n}D_{n}-1)\nabla C_{n-1},$ $\displaystyle C_{n}$ $\displaystyle=C_{n-1}+\nabla C_{n}.$ Symbols: $C_{n}$: continued fraction approximant Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.10.E17 Encodings: TeX, TeX, TeX, pMML, pMML, pMML, png, png, png
The recurrences are continued until $(\nabla C_{n})/C_{n}$ is within a prescribed relative precision.
For further information on the preceding algorithms, including convergence in the complex plane and methods for accelerating convergence, see Blanch (1964) and Lorentzen and Waadeland (1992, Chapter 3). For the evaluation of special functions by using continued fractions see Cuyt et al. (2008), Gautschi (1967, §1), Gil et al. (2007a, Chapter 6), and Wimp (1984, Chapter 4, §5). See also §§6.18(i), 7.22(i), 8.25(iv), 10.74(v), 14.32, 28.34(ii), 29.20(i), 30.16(i), 33.23(v). | 2015-05-28T10:09:00 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 161, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9894177913665771, "perplexity": 4961.883773173411}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929272.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00141-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/ppc/section4/ppc431.htm | 3. Production Process Characterization
3.4. Data Analysis for PPC
3.4.3. Building Models
## Fitting Polynomial Models
Polynomial models are a great tool for determining which input factors drive responses and in what direction We use polynomial models to estimate and predict the shape of response values over a range of input parameter values. Polynomial models are a great tool for determining which input factors drive responses and in what direction. These are also the most common models used for analysis of designed experiments. A quadratic (second-order) polynomial model for two explanatory variables has the form of the equation below. The single x-terms are called the main effects. The squared terms are called the quadratic effects and are used to model curvature in the response surface. The cross-product terms are used to model interactions between the explanatory variables.
$$Y = \alpha_0 + \alpha_1 x_1 + \alpha_2 x_2 + \alpha_{11} x_{1}^{2} + \alpha_{22} x_{2}^{2} + \alpha_{12} x_{1}x_{2} + \epsilon$$
We generally don't need more than second-order equations In most engineering and manufacturing applications we are concerned with at most second-order polynomial models. Polynomial equations obviously could become much more complicated as we increase the number of explanatory variables and hence the number of cross-product terms. Fortunately, we rarely see significant interaction terms above the two-factor level. This helps to keep the equations at a manageable level.
Use multiple regression to fit polynomial models When the number of factors is small (less than 5), the complete polynomial equation can be fitted using the technique known as multiple regression. When the number of factors is large, we should use a technique known as stepwise regression. Most statistical analysis programs have a stepwise regression capability. We just enter all of the terms of the polynomial models and let the software choose which terms best describe the data. For a more thorough discussion of this topic and some examples, refer to the process improvement chapter. | 2017-10-17T05:54:19 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4617884159088135, "perplexity": 453.69642973593636}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187820927.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017052945-20171017072945-00154.warc.gz"} |
https://lammps.sandia.gov/doc/angle_fourier_simple.html | # angle_style fourier/simple/omp command
## Syntax
angle_style fourier/simple
## Examples
angle_style fourier/simple angle_coeff 100.0 -1.0 1.0
## Description
The fourier/simple angle style uses the potential
The following coefficients must be defined for each angle type via the angle_coeff command as in the example above, or in the data file or restart files read by the read_data or read_restart commands:
• K (energy)
• c (real)
• n (real)
Styles with a gpu, intel, kk, omp, or opt suffix are functionally the same as the corresponding style without the suffix. They have been optimized to run faster, depending on your available hardware, as discussed in Section 5 of the manual. The accelerated styles take the same arguments and should produce the same results, except for round-off and precision issues.
These accelerated styles are part of the GPU, USER-INTEL, KOKKOS, USER-OMP and OPT packages, respectively. They are only enabled if LAMMPS was built with those packages. See the Making LAMMPS section for more info.
You can specify the accelerated styles explicitly in your input script by including their suffix, or you can use the -suffix command-line switch when you invoke LAMMPS, or you can use the suffix command in your input script.
See Section 5 of the manual for more instructions on how to use the accelerated styles effectively.
## Restrictions
This angle style can only be used if LAMMPS was built with the USER_MISC package. See the Making LAMMPS section for more info on packages. | 2018-07-19T15:23:30 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4756007194519043, "perplexity": 4841.81882029588}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591140.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20180719144851-20180719164851-00456.warc.gz"} |
https://www.linea.gov.br/seminarios/ | # Webinars 309
Since 2011 we promote webinars which are an important aspect of our personnel development. This allows collaborators anywhere in the world to join seminars about the latest developments in several astronomical and technical fields. Webinars are presented in english and announced to a mailing list. Click here if you want to subscribe.
### Speakers 281
2020201920182017201620152014201320122011
### Scheduled webinars 02
10/12 - 02:00 pm BRT
Peter Nugent ( University of California Berkeley )
The La Silla Schmidt Southern Survey
We are proposing a 5-year public, wide-field, optical survey using an upgraded 20 square degree QUEST Camera on the ESO Schmidt Telescope at the La Silla Observatory in Chile - The La Silla Schmidt Southern Survey (LS4). We will use LBNL fully-depleted CCDs to maximize the sensitivity in the optical up to 1 micron. This survey will complement the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) being conducted at the Vera C. Rubin Observatory in two ways. First, it will provide a higher cadence than the LSST over several thousand square degrees of sky each night, allowing a more accurate characterization of brighter and faster evolving transients to 21st magnitude. Second, it will open up a new phase-space for discovery when coupled with the LSST by probing the sky between 12-16th magnitude - a region where the Rubin Observatory saturates. In addition, a Target of Opportunity (ToO) program will be able to trigger on Multi-Messenger Astronomy (MMA) events with localization uncertainties up to several hundred sq. deg. in multiple colors very quickly. This project has direct relevance to several cosmology and fundamental physics efforts including: peculiar velocity measurements, and hence fundamental constraints on general relativity, with supernova as standardized candles; gravitational wave standard sirens as probes of the expansion of the Universe and gravity; measurements of the Hubble constant through Type Ia and II-P supernovae; and probes of dark matter through low surface brightness galaxies and intra-cluster light.
17/12 - 02:00 pm BRT
Željko Ivezić ( University of Washington )
LSST: the greatest movie of all time!
The Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST), the first project to be undertaken at the new Vera C. Rubin Observatory, will be the most comprehensive optical astronomical survey ever undertaken. Starting in 2023, Rubin Observatory will obtain panoramic images covering the sky visible from its location in Chile every clear night for ten years. The resulting 60 petabytes of raw image data, essentially a digital color movie of the night sky, will include about 40 billion stars and galaxies, and will be used for investigations ranging from cataloging dangerous near-Earth asteroids to fundamental physics such as characterization of dark matter and dark energy. I will start the presentation with an overview of LSST science drivers and system design, and continue with a construction status report for Rubin Observatory. I will conclude with a brief discussion of a few Big Data challenges posed by LSST dataset.
## Past webinars 307
### 2020
39
03/12 - 02:00 pm BRT
Alex Kim ( Berkeley Lab )
Peculiar Velocity Surveys Using Supernovae Discoveries from ZTF-II and the Vera C. Rubin Observatory
The motions of galaxies on top of the Hubble expansion, peculiar velocities, are a probe of clustering and the growth of structure in the Universe. For distance indicators, peculiar velocities manifest themselves as residuals on the Hubble diagram. Ongoing and upcoming wide-field surveys measuring unprecedented numbers of distance indicators, together with improvements in the calibration of Type Ia supernova brightnesses, will provide exquisite precision in the mapping of the peculiar velocity field or more precisely the peculiar distance field. There is an international effort to organize follow-up resources to obtain redshifts, classifications, and distance measurements of transients from DESI, the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF), ZTF-II, and the Rubin Observatory in order to produce compelling constraints on the laws of gravity responsible for the growth of structure.
26/11 - 11:00 am BRT
Peter Hatfield ( University of Oxford )
Probing the Relationship Between Galaxies and their Dark Matter Haloes Over Cosmic Time
Deep wide-field surveys are important data sets for studying galaxy evolution over cosmic time, as both depth and width are needed for probing both sides of the knee of the stellar mass over a range of environments and redshifts. In this talk I will highlight work measuring galaxy environment via non-linear clustering in VISTA surveys as a function of stellar mass over 0.5 < z < 1.7 and modelling these measurements within the HOD phenomenology, in particular finding that environmental dependence of quenching only emerges at z ~1.5. We also measure the clustering of a sample of the most luminous LBGs at z ~6, finding that they are in the densest parts of the early Universe, supporting the claims in Bowler (2014, 2015) that this redshift is the onset of quenching. Collectively these results begin to put time constraints on when the main two pathways for quenching start operating. We validate our results Horizon-AGN, a hydrodynamical cosmological simulation with the volume and resolution necessary to compare with VIDEO and UltraVISTA. We find using mock catalogues that the known physics differences between Horizon-AGN and the real Universe are reflected in clustering measurements, and also study the impact of using photometric redshifts and stellar masses on conclusions. Finally I also highlight new developments in the use of machine learning for calculating photometric redshifts, using the ML code GPz code combined with template based methods.
19/11 - 11:00 am BRT
Santiago Ismael Ferrero ( University of Oslo )
A Unified Scenario for the Origin of Spiral and Elliptic Galaxy Structural Scaling Laws
Elliptical (E) and spiral (S) galaxies follow tight, but different, scaling laws linking their stellar masses, radii, and characteristic velocities. Mass and velocity, for example, scale tightly in spirals with little dependence on galaxy radius (the “Tully-Fisher relation”; TFR). On the other hand, ellipticals appear to trace a 2D surface in size-mass velocity space (the “Fundamental Plane”; FP). Over the years, a number of studies have attempted to understand these empirical relations, usually in terms of variations of the virial theorem for E galaxies and in terms of the scaling relations of dark matter halos for spirals. We use Lambda Cold Dark Matter (LCDM) cosmological hydrodynamical simulations to show that the observed relations of both ellipticals and spirals arise as the result of (i) a tight galaxy mass-dark halo mass relation, and (ii) the selfsimilar mass profile of CDM halos. In this interpretation, E and S galaxies of given stellar mass inhabit halos of similar mass, and their different scaling laws result from the varying amounts of dark matter enclosed within their luminous radii. This scenario suggests a new galaxy distance indicator applicable to galaxies of all morphologies, and provides simple and intuitive explanations for long-standing puzzles, such as why the TFR is independent of surface brightness, or what causes the “tilt” in the FP. Our results provide strong support for the predictions of LCDM in the strongly non-linear regime, as well as guidance for further improvements to cosmological simulations of galaxy formation.
12/11 - 11:00 am BRT
Carolina Ödman-Govender ( University of Western Cape )
Socio-economic benefits from astronomy
In this talk, I will explore how scientific excellence can be a tool for development. Using the example of astronomy in South Africa, I will illustrate what major shifts have happened to stimulate science and technology, among others through the development and of a skilled workforce. I will draw examples from the Square Kilometre array project as well as other initiatives and I will describe how we plan socio-economic benefits in future projects.
29/10 - 02:00 pm BRT
Vivian Miranda ( University of Arizona )
The Connected Universe: Relating Early, Intermediate and Late Universe with cosmological data
22/10 - 11:00 am BRT
Emir Uzeirbegovic ( University of Hertfordshire )
Eigengalaxies: describing galaxy morphology using principal components in image space
We demonstrate how galaxy morphologies can be represented by weighted sums of \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"eigengalaxies\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\" and how eigengalaxies can be used in a probabilistic framework to enable principled and simplified approaches in a variety of applications. Eigengalaxies can be derived from a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of sets of single- or multi-band images. They encode the image space equivalent of basis vectors that can be combined to describe the structural properties of large samples of galaxies in a massively reduced manner. As an illustration, we show how a sample of 10,243 galaxies in the Hubble Space Telescope CANDELS survey can be represented by just 12 eigengalaxies. We show in some detail how this image space may be derived and tested. We also describe a probabilistic extension to PCA (PPCA) which enables the eigengalaxy framework to assign probabilities to galaxies. We present four practical applications of the probabilistic eigengalaxy framework that are particularly relevant for the next generation of large imaging surveys: we (i) show how low likelihood galaxies make for natural candidates for outlier detection (ii) demonstrate how missing data can be predicted (iii) show how a similarity search can be performed on exemplars (iv) demonstrate how unsupervised clustering of objects can be implemented.
15/10 - 10:00 am BRT
Cyrille Doux ( University of Pennsylvania )
Deblending galaxies with Variational Autoencoders: a joint multi-band, multi-instrument approach
Blending of galaxies has a major contribution in the systematic error budget of weak lensing studies, affecting photometric and shape measurements, particularly for ground-based, deep, photometric galaxy surveys, such as the Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST). Existing deblenders mostly rely on analytic modelling of galaxy profiles and suffer from the lack of flexible yet accurate models. We propose to use generative models based on deep neural networks, namely variational autoencoders (VAE), to learn probabilistic models directly from data. We train a VAE on images of centred, isolated galaxies, which we reuse, as a prior, in a second VAE-like neural network in charge of deblending galaxies. We train our networks on simulated images including six LSST bandpass filters and the visible and near-infrared bands of the Euclid satellite, as our method naturally generalises to multiple bands and can incorporate data from multiple instruments. We obtain median reconstruction errors on ellipticities and $r$-band magnitude between $\\\\\\\\pm\\\\\\\\num{0.01}$ and $\\\\\\\\pm\\\\\\\\num{0.05}$ respectively in most cases, and ellipticity multiplicative bias of 1.6\\\\\\\\% for blended objects in the optimal configuration. We also study the impact of decentring and prove the method to be robust. This method only requires the approximate centre of each target galaxy, but no assumptions about the number of surrounding objects, pointing to an iterative detection/deblending procedure we leave for future work. Finally, we discuss future challenges about training on real data and obtain encouraging results when applying \\\\\\\\textit{transfer learning}. Our code is publicly available on GitHub.
08/10 - 02:00 pm BRT
Peregrine McGehee ( College of the Canyons )
Mapping the Milky Way and Beyond
The Legacy Survey of Space and Time [LSST] is an ambitious program undertaken at the Vera C. Rubin Observatory, which is presently under construction on the summit of Cerro Pachon in Chile. Within the LSST there are four main science themes: Understanding Dark Matter and Dark Energy Hazardous Asteroids and the Remote Solar System The Transient Optical Sky The Formation and Structure of the Milky Way The LSST Stars, Milky Way, and Local Volume [SMWLV] science collaboration is focused on that fourth theme concerning the past and present state of the Milky Way Galaxy and its neighbors. During this webinar we will explore the diverse working groups within SWMLV including their science goals and relationships across the broader community.
01/10 - 09:00 am BRT
Mireia Montes ( The University of New South Wales Sydney )
The Intracluster Light: the missing piece in the galaxy cluster evolution puzzle
There is a huge amount of astrophysical events that remain barely studied due to the lack of large, multiwavelength and deep surveys. These events are those which are very faint and extend over large areas of the sky. For instance, only a handful of galaxy clusters have been observed with enough depth to witness the intracluster light (ICL), a byproduct of interactions between galaxies in clusters. In the course of these interactions, individual stars are stripped from their galaxies and float freely, following the potential of the cluster and forming this diffuse light. Therefore, characterising the ICL is key to understanding the assembly mechanisms occurring inside galaxy clusters. Despite its importance, little is known about this light as it is very difficult to observe due to its low surface brightness. The availability of deep surveys, such as the Hubble Frontier Fields, have expanded our knowledge of the properties, and therefore the origin, of the ICL. In this talk, I will present the latest advances in our understanding of the ICL. I will also talk about the technical challenges of low surface brightness imaging and the possibility to explore the dark matter distribution in galaxy clusters by using this diffuse light.
24/09 - 12:00 pm BRT
Allison Noble ( Arizona State University )
Dissecting Galaxies in the Heart of Galaxy Clusters over Cosmic Time
A comprehensive understanding of galaxy evolution requires a holistic view into the anatomy of galaxies and the baryonic processes that shape their growth. Using a triad of properties—environment, mass, and time—I will present multi-wavelength studies of the extreme end of these parameters: the rare, dense regions of galaxy clusters; the most massive galaxies in the Universe; and the peak epoch of star formation. I will focus on the first spatially-resolved images and kinematics of molecular gas and star formation within high-redshift clusters, from infalling galaxies to the massive Brightest Cluster Galaxy (BCG) at the heart. Enabled by interferometric observations on the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA), I will highlight potential evidence for gas stripping and an unexpected channel for stellar mass growth in the centers of galaxy clusters at high redshift. With ALMA, this regime is burgeoning from case studies to a rich field of data science, allowing us to push further back in cosmic time and opening up the potential for many new discoveries.
17/09 - 11:00 am BRT
Keith Bechtol ( University of Wisconsin-Madison )
View of the Milky Way Stellar Halo from the Dark Energy Survey
The stellar halo of the Milky Way represents only ~1% of the total stellar mass of our Galaxy, but is rich with clues regarding the formation history of the Milky Way, the properties of the first stars and galaxies, and the local distribution of dark matter. The current generation of wide-field optical/NIR imaging surveys including SDSS, DES, Pan-STARRS, Gaia, and HSC-SSP has allowed us to catalog more than a billion individually resolved stars out to the Milky Way viral radius and beyond with precise multiband photometry, proper motions, and light curves for variable stars. These datasets, in combination with follow-up spectroscopy, provide new perspectives on the dynamical and chemical history of the Milky Way and its satellites, and ever more stringent constraints on the fundamental nature of dark matter. I will discuss these topics, with a focus on recent results from the Dark Energy Survey (DES), a 5000 square degree imaging survey of the south Galactic cap to ~24th magnitude in the grizY bands.
10/09 - 11:00 am BRT
Petar Zecevic ( University of Zagreb )
Using AXS for large-scale astronomical analyses
AXS is a distributed system based on Apache Spark used for fast cross-matching of astronomical catalogs and for doing general analyses of astronomical data. In this talk, Petar will give a short introduction to Apache Spark and AXS and delve into inner workings of AXS and explain what makes it so fast. He will also show a live demo with several examples.
03/09 - 11:00 am BRT
Kartheik Iyer ( University of Toronto )
Probing the timescales of galaxy evolution with simulations and observations
A diverse range of physical processes are responsible for regulating star formation across galaxies. Understanding their relative contributions to galaxy growth and quenching at different epochs is one of the key questions in galaxy evolution today. Since processes like mergers, winds, and feedback from supernovae and active galactic nuclei (AGN) are thought to have characteristic time-scales, identifying them and studying the strength of SFR fluctuations on these time-scales allows us to disentangle their relative contributions for a population of galaxies. In this talk, I will give a brief summary of current work focusing on (i) establishing a formalism to study the stochasticity of star formation at a given time-scale, (ii) analyzing a variety of cosmological galaxy evolution simulations using this formalism, and (iii) observational methods of reconstructing star formation histories, which yield constraints on the time-scales of galaxy growth, morphological transformations, and quenching. Taken together, simulations and observations leverage the predictive power against observational constraints to obtain a fuller picture of how galaxies evolve over time.
01/09 - 01:30 pm BRT
Luis F. R. Macedo ( VMware Tanzu )
Bancos de dados para grandes volumes
Análise de dados com grandes volumes de informação sempre foi um desafio computacional. Quando temos um volume de dados acima do que um computador consegue trabalhar de forma razoável temos que partir para soluções de computação distribuída que muitas vezes são complexas e pouco eficientes. O Greenplum Database é um banco de dados paralelo baseado em PostgreSQL que pode administrar petabytes de dados sem a necessidade de hardwares proprietários e com uma familiar interface SQL.
27/08 - 11:00 am BRT
Matt Hilton ( University of KwaZulu-Natal )
Searching one third of the sky for galaxy clusters using the Atacama Cosmology Telescope
The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) is a 6m telescope located high in the Chilean Andes that first began observations of the sky at millimetre wavelengths in 2007. Since 2016, ACT has been conducting a high-resolution cosmic microwave background survey over most of the southern sky, using its new receiver: Advanced ACTPol. In this talk, I will present the results of a search for galaxy clusters in all ACT data obtained up to 2018, using the redshift independent Sunyaev-Zel\\\\\\\'dovich (SZ) effect. This allows us to construct an effectively mass-limited cluster sample, and chart the growth of massive structures over the past 10 billion years, regardless of how distant the clusters are. We have assembled a sample of more than 4000 SZ-selected, optically-confirmed clusters with redshift measurements, reaching to redshift 2 - making this larger than all previous SZ-selected cluster samples to date. This was possible thanks to the overlap with new deep, wide area optical surveys such as the Dark Energy Survey, the Hyper Suprime-Cam Strategic Program, and the Kilo Degree Survey. I will give an update on our efforts to improve our knowledge of cluster mass calibration - which is needed to unlock the full statistical power of this cluster sample to constrain cosmological parameters - and briefly describe our follow-up with SALT and MeerKAT, aimed at topics related to galaxy evolution and extended non-thermal emission.
25/08 - 01:00 pm BRT
Fabio Porto ( Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica )
Introdução ao Ecosistema e Modelo de Programação no Apache Spark
O processamento de grandes volumes de dados passou a ser a norma no suporte a pesquisas in-silico, como acontece com a eAstronomia. Neste webminar, discutiremos o framework Apache Spark que já vem se tornando uma referência de processamento Big Data. Apache Spark é integrado ao sistema de arquivos distribuídos HDFS para oferecer um ambiente de execução baseada em localidade de dados, com escalabilidade para grande número de nós de computação, e mecanismos de tolerância à falhas. O framework adota o modelo de processamento em memória reduzindo significativamente o custo evolvido em tarefas envolvendo iterações, muito utilizadas em processos baseados em aprendizagem.
20/08 - 11:00 am BRT
August (Gus) Evrard ( University of Michigan )
Holistic Population Models for Massive Halos and Galaxy Clusters
Advances in cosmological hydrodynamics methods over the past three decades have ridden Moore’s law to establish rich predictive models for population statistics of the dark matter halos that host galaxies, groups, and clusters of galaxies. In this talk, I will first review evidence from multiple simulations teams, each incorporating custom recipes for AGN feedback, for common forms of galaxy occupation statistics — specifically the triad of total stellar mass, central stellar mass, and satellite galaxy count — conditioned on halo mass and redshift. The simulations generally support a multivariate Gaussian form for such features, and the anti-correlation of hot gas and stellar mass fractions seen in such models has recently been confirmed in lensing-mass conditioned statistics of the nearby LoCuSS cluster sample. I’ll close with efficient analytic forms to express multivariate cluster population statistics as halo mixtures to help motivate the coming future of multi-survey, multi-simulation analysis.
13/08 - 11:00 am BRT
Dimitrios Tanoglidis ( University of Chicago )
Searching for shadows in the dark: Discovering Low Surface Brightness Galaxies in DES
Low-surface-brightness galaxies (LSBGs) are expected to dominate the galaxy population by number and may account for a significant fraction of the dynamical mass budget in the present-day Universe. They are observationally defined as galaxies with central surface brightness fainter than the night sky – thus, by definition, they are objects difficult to detect and study, especially across a wide sky area and different environments. In this talk, I will present the search for LSBGs in the Dark Energy Survey (DES), its challenges, and the resulting galaxy catalog - the largest such catalog so far. I will also touch upon the future directions in the LSBG searches, with a strong emphasis on the development of automated, deep learning-based, pipelines that will be extremely valuable in the advent of future surveys like the planned Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) on the Vera C. Rubin Observatory
11/08 - 11:00 am BRT
Kyle Chard ( University of Chicago )
funcX: a federated function serving fabric for science
Exploding data volumes and velocities, new computational methods and platforms, and ubiquitous connectivity demand new approaches to computation in the sciences. These new approaches must enable computation to be mobile, so that, for example, it can occur near data, be triggered by events (e.g., arrival of new data), be offloaded to specialized accelerators, or run remotely where resources are available. They also require new design approaches in which monolithic applications can be decomposed into smaller components, that may in turn be executed separately and on the most suitable resources. To address these needs we present funcX—a distributed function as a service (FaaS) platform that enables flexible, scalable, and high performance remote function execution. funcX’s endpoint software can transform existing clouds, clusters, and supercomputers into function serving systems, while funcX’s cloud-hosted service provides transparent, secure, and reliable function execution across a federated ecosystem of endpoints. We motivate the need for funcX with several scientific case studies, present our prototype design and implementation, show optimizations that deliver throughput in excess of 1 million functions per second, and demonstrate, via experiments on two supercomputers, that funcX can scale to more than more than 130,000 concurrent workers.
06/08 - 11:00 am BRT
Ethan Nadler ( Stanford University )
Constraints on Dark Matter Microphysics from Dwarf Galaxies
As luminous tracers of the smallest halos, dwarf galaxies offer a unique window into the physics of dark matter (DM). The (lack of) a cutoff in the abundance of low-mass halos informs a variety of DM properties, which is crucial given the breadth of theoretical models that have gained popularity following the search for canonical WIMPs. In this talk, we describe recent advances in measuring and modeling small-scale structure tracers, focusing on the population of Milky Way (MW) satellite galaxies. In particular, we combine a state-of-the-art census of the MW satellite population with a rigorous model of the galaxy--halo connection in order to place the strongest astrophysical constraints to date on warm, interacting, and fuzzy DM. We discuss the implications of these constraints for specific DM candidates, including sterile neutrinos and ultra-light axions.
30/07 - 11:00 am BRT
Camille Avestruz ( University of Michigan )
Simulations for Cluster-Based Cosmology
Observations of galaxy clusters have thus far supported the standard model of cosmology and provided constraints on non-standard models including evolving models of dark energy and modifications of gravity. The statistical power of galaxy clusters is at a golden age, where forthcoming observations will provide data for tens of thousands of galaxy clusters. However, our ability to further use clusters as probes is now limited by how well we measure cluster masses and quantify systematic effects in how we detect and measure galaxy clusters. To calibrate observations and understand underlying astrophysical processes, we need simulations that capture both those relevant astrophysical processes and the diversity within a large sample of galaxy clusters. I will discuss ongoing modeling efforts and software infrastructure development that allows us to best leverage the data in upcoming surveys.
23/07 - 11:00 am BRT
Michelle Wangham ( Universidade do Vale do Itajaí )
Diretrizes e Boas Práticas para Adequação à LGPD (Guidelines and Best Practices for LGPD compliance)
16/07 - 11:00 am BRT
Justin Myles ( Stanford University )
Measuring Lensing Survey Redshift Distributions with Self-Organizing Maps
Measuring the distribution of redshifts of galaxies observed by wide-field cosmology surveys like the Dark Energy Survey is an essential component to mapping the matter density field in three dimensions and thus understanding large-scale structure. This problem remains one of the key challenges to achieving state-of-the-art cosmology constraints from lensing surveys. In this talk I will describe sompz , a method for determining redshift distributions and show preliminary results from the application of this method to DES Year 3 data. I will discuss the importance of using deep, many-band photometric information to properly reweight the probability distribution of a set of known, reliable redshifts according to their prevalence in the wide-field survey samples from DES. I will present how Self-Organizing Maps are a flexible tool that facilitate this reweighting procedure by constructing photometric phenotypes that categorize each galaxy sample.
09/07 - 11:00 am BRT
François Lanusse ( CEA Paris-Saclay )
Merging deep learning with physical models for the analysis of modern cosmological surveys
The upcoming generation of cosmological surveys such as LSST will aim to map the Universe in great detail and on an unprecedented scale. This of course implies new and outstanding challenges at all levels of the scientific analysis. In this talk, I will illustrate how recent advances in Deep Learning, and associated automatic differentiation tools (i.e. TensorFlow), can help us tackle these challenges and rethink our approach to data analysis for cosmological surveys. At the image level, combining physical models of the instrument (which account for noise/PSF) with deep generative models (which account for complex galaxy morphologies) can allow us to solve a range of astronomical inverse problems ranging from deconvolution to deblending galaxy images. At the cosmological analysis level, I will present our efforts to implement N-body simulations directly in TensorFlow, opening the door to a range of novel and efficient inference techniques.
02/07 - 11:00 am BRT
Pedro Bernardinelli ( University of Pennsylvania )
Characterizing the outer solar system with the Dark Energy Survey
Trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) are remnants of the formation of the solar system, with their orbits, sizes and colors telling us their dynamical history. I will present an ongoing search for these objects using the Dark Energy Survey (DES), which covered 5000 sq. deg. of the sky between 2012 and 2018 in the grizY bands. Being a cosmology survey, the DES typically images each spot on the sky twice per filter per season, which makes the identification of moving objects challenging. The search, however, is feasible with the use of dedicated algorithms, and has yielded the detection of 316 objects in the first four years of data, with over one hundred newly discovered objects (Bernardinelli et al 2020a, ApJS, 247, 32). I will highlight some of the dynamical properties of these objects, including the sample of extreme TNOs in relation to the Planet 9 hypothesis, which predicts that such objects will be clustered in orbital space, an effect not seen in the DES data when observational biases are considered (Bernardinelli et al 2020b, arXiv:2003.08901). I will conclude by describing the status of the search in the full 6 years of data, where the catalogs are 0.4 mag deeper in completeness, at the expense of ~5x increase in source density.
25/06 - 12:00 pm BRT
Eve Kovacs ( Argonne National Laboratory )
CosmoDC2: A Synthetic Sky Catalog for LSST
CosmoDC2 is a large synthetic galaxy catalog designed to support precision dark energy science with the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST). The catalog is based on a trillion-particle, ($4.225$~Gpc)$^3$ box cosmological N-body simulation, the `Outer Rim\\\' run. It covers $440$~deg$^2$ of sky area to a redshift of $z=3$ and matches expected number densities from contemporary surveys to a magnitude depth of 28 in the $r$-band. Each galaxy is characterized by a multitude of galaxy properties including stellar mass, spectral energy distributions, broadband filter magnitudes, host halo information and weak lensing shear. We populate dark-matter halos with galaxies using a new hybrid technique that combines data-based empirical approaches with semi-analytic galaxy modeling. A wide range of observation-based validation tests has been implemented to ensure that cosmoDC2 has sufficient realism to enable the science goals of the analyses planned for the catalog.
18/06 - 11:00 am BRT
Paul Giles ( University of Sussex )
Galaxy cluster science with XCS and DES
The XMM Cluster Survey (XCS) has analysed the entire XMM public archive with the primary aim of producing a large catalogue of X-ray selected clusters. To date, over 5,000 extended sources have been identified as clusters of galaxies. Most of those have associated redshift and X-ray temperature information. In this talk I will preview the second XCS data release and utilise recent DES data to describe a series of recent science results that include: the evolution and interpretation of various scaling relations (optical richness to T_x; L_x - T_x; M_x - T_x; velocity dispersion - T_x; M_lens - T_x; Y_sz - T_x); the evolution of the red sequence; constraints on modified gravity models. The talk will feature several joint XCS-DES (Dark Energy Survey) results, and outlooks for the future of cluster studies.
11/06 - 11:00 am BRT
Rachel Amey ( University of Delaware )
Looking Under the Hood of Identity Threat
Increasing national interest in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) domains has led to the largest STEM workforce of men and women in the U.S. However, despite current interest, women remain underrepresented. Studies examining the gender gap typically rely on behavioral measures, indexing the thoughts, feelings, and performance of stigmatized individuals in identity threatening STEM contexts. The present work highlights how looking beyond behavioral measures by indexing physiological, cognitive, and environmental factors provides essential insight into why the STEM gender gap remains and how individuals can increase diversity in STEM.
04/06 - 11:00 am BRT
Carlos Alexandre Wuensche ( INPE )
21 cm cosmology and the BINGO radio telescope
Cosmology in the XXI century is experiencing a \\\\\\\"Golden Age\\\\\\\", with observations and theoretical models contributing to a large-scale description of the Universe. The current view is that it can be well described by the so-called Lambda-CDM model, but some open problems challenge physics and cosmology, including the origin and properties of so-called dark energy. The so-called baryonic acoustic oscillations (BAO), detected for the first time in 2005, are considered one of the most effective probes to understand the properties of dark energy. However, given the implications of these measurements, it is important that they are confirmed at other wavelengths and measured over a wide range of redshifts. The radio band provides a unique and complementary observation window, by emitting 21 cm of neutral hydrogen. The redshifted 21 cm (1420 MHz) emission of the hyperfine transition of neutral hydrogen is measured at lower frequencies, so that the observation frequency is converted directly into information about the source\\\\\\\'s redshift. The BINGO radio telescope (BAO from Integrated Neutral Gas Observations) is a new instrument, designed specifically to observe BAO, mapping a redshift band between 0.13 and 0.45. This seminar will present the basics of 21 cm BAO cosmology, the intensity mapping technique used and describe the current development status of the BINGO radio telescope.
28/05 - 04:00 pm BRT
Mario Juric ( University of Washington/LSST )
Minimoons to Planet X: Mapping Solar System Populations with ZTF and LSST
The small bodies of the Solar System are a valuable tracer of its present-day structure, its evolution, and ultimately provide clues into the early times of its formation. In the next 5 years, the known sample of all small body populations will grow 10-50x, driven largely by large survey programs. For example, the LSST alone will generate a billion measurements of millions of Solar System objects, with simulations predicting ~100,000 new discoveries of nearby NEOs (Jones et al. 2017), 5.5 million for the main belt, and ~40,000-200,000 for the trans-Neptunian populations (Ivezic et al 2008; Juric et al. 2018). In this talk I will discuss what to expect from this sample, especially in the early years. I\\\'ll briefly overview the LSST and ZTF surveys, and what they are expected to discover (and -- in the case of ZTF -- already have discovered). The talk will discuss the techniques to find small bodies in survey datasets, and places where improved algorithms could significantly increase the yields. I will conclude with an overview the science opportunities this new sample is bringing.
21/05 - 11:00 am BRT
Rodrigo Boufleur ( ON/LIneA )
ROSA – Rede de Ocultações Sul-Americana
O projeto ROSA tem como objetivo instalar e operar uma rede de telescópios robóticos de 40 cm de abertura, separados por distâncias de aproximadamente 100 km no sentido norte-sul. Inicialmente a rede está projetada para ter 50 telescópios e deverá ser instalada no território brasileiro. Um dos principais objetivos desta rede é a observação de ocultações de estelares por objetos do Sistema Solar com ênfase na região transnetuniana. Estas ocultações deverão ser previstas a partir do refinamento de órbitas obtidas pelas sucessivas observações do telescópio de 8.4 metros de abertura do LSST (Legacy Survey of Space and Time). As ocultações permitem a reconstrução da geometria dos corpos ocultadores e a detecção de possíveis atmosferas, satélites e anéis, informações estas que podem contribuir para o conhecimento da evolução do nosso Sistema Solar. Outro objetivo central da rede é funcionar como suporte para alguns dos 10 milhões de alertas que serão gerados pelo LSST em cada noite de observação. Finalmente, é importante destacar que ela terá um papel ativo no treinamento de estudantes e de futuros professores nas áreas de ciências. Os recursos para o projeto estão sendo solicitados junto a organizações privadas e públicas no exterior e no Brasil.
14/05 - 11:00 am BRT
Emille Ishida ( Université Clermont Auvergne )
Machine Learning in Astronomy
The availability of large data sets revolutionized many areas of scientific research, astronomy included. The current -- and in many ways already overwhelming -- data paradigm will suffer still another revolution with the advent of the new generation of large astronomical surveys. In this new scenario, the use of automated methods of analysis will be unavoidable. In this talk, I will give a short introduction to the basic principles of machine learning and describe situations where they are traditionally used in astronomical research. I will also present how domain knowledge can be used to optimize results from traditional algorithms by incorporating expert feedback in the learning process.
07/05 - 11:00 am BRT
Emmanuel Lellouch ( Observatoire de Paris )
The Solar System in the ALMA era
Spectroscopy and radiometry at mm/submm wavelengths has for a long time proven to be a powerful means to study the diversity of Solar System objects (planetary and satellite atmospheres, comets, airless bodies). The operation of ALMA as well as the upgrade of other facilities have provided many new observational results in recent years, addressing a wide range of topics related to either the origin/evolution of these bodies or to the physics of their environments. Submm spectroscopy of comets is a very poweful tool to study the molecular inventory and diversity of comets, their isotopic composition, the nature of cometary activity, the coma physics, and the asteroid/comet relationships. Spectroscopy of planetary atmospheres aims at determining the coupled fields of composition, thermal structure and dynamics, with implication on their energy budgets, and to characterize exogenous input to these atmospheres. Radiometry of satellites and airless small bodies (asteroids and trans-neptunian objects) constrains their surface thermal and emissivity properties, albedo, size, density, with implications for formation mechanisms (e.g. for binary systems). I will review some recent results from ALMA and other mm/submm facilities.
30/04 - 04:00 pm BRT
J D Prasanna Deshapriya ( Observatoire de Paris )
First results from the OSIRIS-REx’s mission at the asteroid (101955) Bennu
The Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification and Security-Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) spacecraft of the NASA, arrived at the near-Earth asteroid (101955) Bennu in December 2018. Bennu is a primitive asteroid with a low albedo and is spectrally classed under the B-type asteroids, associated to organic-rich hydrated carbonaceous chondrites, that might harbour the pre-biotic chemical constituents, that were fundamental to the origin of life on Earth. The main objective of this space mission is to investigate Bennu using the suite of instrument aboard OSIRIS-REx, in order to select the most safely sampleable and scientifically appealing sample site, acquire loose regolith material from this site and deliver the sample safely to Earth in 2023, for more sophisticated analyses in the terrestrial laboratories. As of now, thorough analyses have led to identifying a primary sampling site as well as a backup site for sampling that is scheduled to take place in this summer. As such, the first results of the mission and a comparison with the knowledge we had about Bennu, prior to the arrival at the asteroid will be presented.
09/04 - 11:00 am BRT
Marcelo Emilio ( UEPG )
Telescópio PLANETS
Usualmente, obstruções em frente aos espelhos de telescópios limitam a difração e dispersam a luz. Objetos de grande interesse científico como planetas e matéria circunstelar estão próximos a estrelas e frequentemente tem sua observação comprometida ou mesmo impedida pelo espalhamento de luz. É possível, no entanto construir um telescópio sem o suporte secundário e maximizar a faixa dinâmica.Tais telescópios são chamados fora-do-eixo. Eles podem ter contraste muito superior, porque não há obstruções no feixe, como suportes do espelho secundário. Sem obstruções eles permitem observar objetos próximos a estrela.Nessa palestra falaremos sobre o telescópio PLANETS (acronismo em inglês para Luz Polarizada de Atmosferas de Sistemas Extra-Terrestres Próximos), será um telescópio fora-de-eixo de 1,85m de diâmetro que combina várias novas tecnologias e técnicas de instrumentação. Ele será construído em Haleakala, um vulcão de 3.048 metros, na ilha de Maui, Havaí, com “seeing” e clima excelentes.Este telescópio será ideal para coronografia e outras técnicas que requerem um caminho óptico estável. A capacidade única deste telescópio permitirá avanços no estudo de ambientes circunstelares, objetos do sistema solar, atmosferas planetárias, atmosferas de exoplanetas e para o desenvolvimento da instrumentação inovadora. As instituições parceiras são a Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa(Brasil), Universidade Tohoku (Japão) e o Instituto Kiepenheuer para Física Solar (KIS, Alemanha).
02/04 - 11:00 am BRT
Ariel Sanchez ( Max Planck Institute )
Let us bury the prehistoric arguments against using Mpc/h units in cosmology
Thanks to the combined information of baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) and redshift-space distortions (RSD), anisotropic clustering measurements can probe simultaneously the expansion history of the Universe and the growth of density fluctuations, offering in this way one of the most promising routes to understand the origin of cosmic acceleration. In this talk, I review the standard methodology to obtain these measurements and their information content, using the final results from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) as an example. I also discus the problems and misconceptions caused by the common practice of expressing cosmological measurements in units of Mpc/h.I will discuss how these units has caused critical misconceptions for both the so-called sigma_8tension regarding the consistency between low-redshiftprobes and cosmic microwavebackground data, and the way in which growth-rate estimates inferred from RSD analysesare commonly expressed.
19/03 - 04:00 pm BRT
Tamara Davis ( University of Queensland )
Chasing Dark Energy
This talk will review the current state of dark energy research and in particular The Australian Dark Energy Survey’s program to measure spectra of tens of thousands of galaxies, thousands of supernovae, and time-lapse spectroscopy of almost 800 AGN. We’ll discuss what we need to do to distinguish between different models of dark energy and prospects of doing that in the next generation of surveys.
12/03 - 11:00 am BRT
Jo Bovy ( University of Toronto )
The Milky Way in the era of large surveys
For over a hundred years, the Milky Way has been the nexus between many fields of astrophysics, linking together investigations into the formation of planetary systems and stars to studies of galactic evolution, cosmology, and astroparticle physics. Obtaining a detailed understanding of our Galaxy’s structure, formation, and evolution is therefore crucial to the advancement of the whole of astrophysical knowledge. Long thought to be a simple spiral galaxy with a simple disk-plus-bulge structure leading a relatively unperturbed life, the advent of large surveys such as SDSS, Gaia, and soon LSST has breathed new life into the field of galactic structure. I will discuss the new view of the Milky Way—complex, dynamic, and very much in the process of evolving—and what it implies about galaxy formation, galaxy evolution, and the nature of dark matter.
05/03 - 03:00 pm BRT
Joseph Masiero ( JPL NASA )
NEOWISE tools and techniques
The NEOWISE infrared space telescope has provided an unprecedented set of infrared photometry and astrometry of the entire sky. This includes stars and galaxies, as well as over 150,000 asteroids and comets in our Solar system. I will provide an overview of the data that are publicly available, the tools and techniques that are included to access this data, and some of the results that have been derived from these measurements.
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16 | 2020-12-04T01:24:59 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3148128092288971, "perplexity": 3988.6155000325707}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141733120.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20201204010410-20201204040410-00364.warc.gz"} |
https://oldschoolrunescape.fandom.com/wiki/Raw_karambwanji | ## FANDOM
19,860 Pages
Raw karambwanji are used as bait to catch raw karambwan. Players must load a raw karambwanji into a karambwan vessel and then use the vessel with one of the karambwan fishing locations in the north-east of Karamja.
They require a Fishing level of 5 to be caught. They are caught using a small fishing net, in the lake south of Tai Bwo Wannai Village and north-west of Shilo Village, granting 5 Fishing experience per catch. The amount of karambwanji caught depends on the player's Fishing level, increasing every five levels. The exact formula is $1 + floor(level/5)$, meaning players with a Fishing level of 95 or above will catch 20 karambwanji at a time, and boosting beyond 99 will result in 21 karambwanji caught per catch.
Raw karambwanji can be ground into raw karambwanji paste, which is used in the Tai Bwo Wannai Trio quest.
Raw karambwanji may be bought from Tiadeche for 10gp each after completing Tai Bwo Wannai Trio. He stocks 50 per world.
Due to being one of the only stackable fish (The other being minnow) and relatively cheap to obtain, raw karambwanji are very ideal for feeding pet cats.
## Trivia
• Upon release, raw karambwanji were not stackable. This made fishing raw karambwan tedious, as it was required to be used as bait. This was changed in an update on 10 August 2017. The same update also removed its cooked variant, to prevent creating a stackable food source.
• A further update made it so the player would catch multiple karambwanji at once.
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https://www.anl.gov/article/exascale-computing-project-announces-48-million-to-establish-four-exascale-codesign-centers | # Argonne National Laboratory .st0{fill:none;} .st1{fill:#007934;} .st2{fill:#0082CA;} .st3{fill:#101E8E;} .st4{fill:#FFFFFF;} .st5{fill:#A22A2E;} .st6{fill:#D9272E;} .st7{fill:#82BC00;} Argonne National Laboratory
Article | Argonne National Laboratory
# Exascale Computing Project announces $48 million to establish four exascale co-design centers The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Exascale Computing Project (ECP) today announced that it has selected four co-design centers as part of a 4-year$48 million funding award.
The first year is funded at \$12 million, and is to be allocated evenly among the four award recipients.
The ECP is responsible for the planning, execution and delivery of technologies necessary for a capable exascale ecosystem to support the nation’s exascale imperative, including software, applications, hardware and early testbed platforms.
Exascale refers to computing systems at least 50 times faster than the nation’s most powerful supercomputers in use today.
According to Doug Kothe, ECP Director of Application Development: Co-design lies at the heart of the Exascale Computing Project. ECP co-design, an intimate interchange of the best that hardware technologies, software technologies and applications have to offer each other, will be a catalyst for delivery of exascale-enabling science and engineering solutions for the U.S.”
By targeting common patterns of computation and communication, known as application motifs,” we are confident that these ECP co-design centers will knock down key performance barriers and pave the way for applications to exploit all that capable exascale has to offer,” he said.
The development of capable exascale systems requires an interdisciplinary engineering approach in which the developers of the software ecosystem, the hardware technology and a new generation of computational science applications are collaboratively involved in a participatory design process referred to as co-design.
The co-design process is paramount to ensuring that future exascale applications adequately reflect the complex interactions and trade-offs associated with the many new—and sometimes conflicting—design options, enabling these applications to tackle problems they currently can’t address.
According to ECP Director Paul Messina, The establishment of these and future co design centers is foundational to the creation of an integrated, usable and useful exascale ecosystem. After a lengthy review, we are pleased to announce that we have initially selected four proposals for funding. The establishment of these co-design centers, following on the heels of our recent application development awards, signals the momentum and direction of ECP as we bring together the necessary ecosystem and infrastructure to drive the nation’s exascale imperative.”
The four selected co-design proposals and their principal investigators are as follows:
#### CODAR: Co-Design Center for Online Data Analysis and Reduction at the Exascale
Principal Investigator: Ian Foster, Argonne National Laboratory Distinguished Fellow
This co-design center will focus on overcoming the rapidly growing gap between compute speed and storage input/output rates by evaluating, deploying and integrating novel online data analysis and reduction methods for the exascale. Working closely with Exascale Computing Project applications, CODAR will undertake a focused co-design process that targets both common and domain-specific data analysis and reduction methods, with the goal of allowing application developers to choose and configure methods to output just the data needed by the application. CODAR will engage directly with providers of ECP hardware, system software, programming models, data analysis and reduction algorithms and applications in order to better understand and guide tradeoffs in the development of exascale systems, applications and software frameworks, given constraints relating to application development costs, application fidelity, performance portability, scalability and power efficiency.
Argonne is pleased to be leading CODAR efforts in support of the Exascale Computing Project,” said Argonne Distinguished Fellow Ian Foster. We aim in CODAR to co-optimize applications, data services and exascale platforms to deliver the right bits in the right place at the right time.”
#### Block-Structured AMR Co-Design Center
Principal Investigator: John Bell, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
The Block-Structured Adaptive Mesh Refinement Co-Design Center will be led by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory with support from Argonne National Laboratory and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The goal is to develop a new framework, AMReX, to support the development of block-structured adaptive mesh refinement algorithms for solving systems of partial differential equations with complex boundary conditions on exascale architectures. Block-structured adaptive mesh refinement provides a natural framework in which to focus computing power on the most critical parts of the problem in the most computationally efficient way possible. Block-structured AMR is already widely used to solve many problems relevant to DOE. Specifically, at least six of the 22 exascale application projects announced last month—in the areas of accelerators, astrophysics, combustion, cosmology, multiphase flow and subsurface flow—will rely on block-structured AMR as part of the ECP.
This co-design center reflects the important role of adaptive mesh refinement in accurately simulating problems at scales ranging from the edges of flames to global climate to the makeup of the universe, and how AMR will be critical to tackling problems at the exascale,” said David Brown, director of Berkeley Lab’s Computational Research Division. It’s also important to note that AMR will be a critical component in a third of the 22 exascale application projects announced in September, which will help ensure that researchers can make productive use of exascale systems when they are deployed.”
#### Center for Efficient Exascale Discretizations (CEED)
Principal Investigator: Tzanio Kolev, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Fully exploiting future exascale architectures will require a rethinking of the algorithms used in the large-scale applications that advance many science areas vital to DOE and the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), such as global climate modeling, turbulent combustion in internal combustion engines, nuclear reactor modeling, additive manufacturing, subsurface flow and national security applications. The newly established Center for Efficient Exascale Discretizations aims to help these DOE and NNSA applications to take full advantage of exascale hardware by using state-of-the-art high-order discretizations’ that provide an order of magnitude performance improvement over traditional methods.
In simple mathematical terms, discretization denotes the process of dividing a geometry into finite elements, or building blocks, in preparation for analysis. This process, which can dramatically improve application performance, involves making simplifying assumptions to reduce demands on the computer, but with minimal loss of accuracy. Recent developments in supercomputing make it increasingly clear that the high-order discretizations, which CEED is focused on, have the potential to achieve optimal performance and deliver fast, efficient and accurate simulations on exascale systems.
The CEED Co-Design Center is a research partnership of two DOE labs and five universities. Partners include Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Argonne National Laboratory; the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Virginia Tech; University of Tennessee, Knoxville; Colorado University, Boulder; and the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
The CEED team I have the privilege to lead is dedicated to the development of next-generation discretization software and algorithms that will enable a wide range of applications to run efficiently on future hardware,” said CEED director Tzanio Kolev of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Our co-design center is focused first and foremost on applications. We bring to this enterprise a collaborative team of application scientists, computational mathematicians and computer scientists with a strong track record of delivering performant software on leading-edge platforms. Collectively, we support hundreds of users in national labs, industry and academia, and we are committed to pushing simulation capabilities to new levels across an ever-widening range of applications.”
#### Co-design center for Particle Applications (CoPA)
Principal Investigator: Tim Germann, Los Alamos National Laboratory
This co-design center will serve as a centralized clearinghouse for particle-based ECP applications, communicating their requirements and evaluating potential uses and benefits of ECP hardware and software technologies using proxy applications. Particle-based simulation approaches are ubiquitous in computational science and engineering, and they involve the interaction of each particle with its environment by direct particle-particle interactions at shorter ranges and/or by particle-mesh interactions with a local field that is set up by longer-range effects. Best practices in code portability, data layout and movement, and performance optimization will be developed and disseminated via sustainable, productive and interoperable co-designed numerical recipes for particle-based methods that meet the application requirements within the design space of software technologies and subject to exascale hardware constraints. The ultimate goal is the creation of scalable open exascale software platforms suitable for use by a variety of particle-based simulations.
Los Alamos is delighted to be leading the Co-Design Center for Particle-Based Methods: From Quantum to Classical, Molecular to Cosmological, which builds on the success of ExMatEx, the Exascale CoDesign Center for Materials in Extreme Environments,” said John Sarrao, Associate Director for Theory, Simulation, and Computation at Los Alamos. Advancing deterministic particle-based methods is essential for simulations at the exascale, and Los Alamos has long believed that co-design is the right approach for advancing these frontiers. We look forward to partnering with our colleague laboratories in successfully executing this important element of the Exascale Computing Project.”
The ECP is a collaborative effort of two DOE organizations — the Office of Science and the National Nuclear Security Administration. As part of President Obama’s National Strategic Computing initiative, ECP was established to develop a capable exascale ecosystem, encompassing applications, system software, hardware technologies and architectures and workforce development to meet the scientific and national security mission needs of DOE in the mid-2020s timeframe.
#### About the Office of Science
DOE’s Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States, and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information, please visit http://science.energy.gov/. | 2019-08-21T10:31:42 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.38845789432525635, "perplexity": 2725.572323545685}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315865.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821085942-20190821111942-00434.warc.gz"} |
https://nroer.gov.in/55ab34ff81fccb4f1d806025/file/581b350a16b51c2e7fb0f63a | ### Definite Integrals:
Episode 04 of the video lectures on chapter 07 of the Mathematics textbook for class 12; covers definite integrals, definite integral as a limit of a sum | 2020-04-05T13:03:45 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8723630905151367, "perplexity": 478.0616147807565}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371604800.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200405115129-20200405145629-00552.warc.gz"} |
https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/volcano-watch-long-valley-another-hotspot | # Volcano Watch — Long Valley: Another hotspot
Release Date:
Last week at the annual fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union, a special informational session was held to discuss the recent increased earthquake and ground deformation activity in the Long Valley Calderaarea. Long Valley Caldera is part of a volcanic complex located in eastern California at the northern head of the Owens valley.
Last week at the annual fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union, a special informational session was held to discuss the recent increased earthquake and ground deformation activity in the Long Valley Calderaarea. Long Valley Caldera is part of a volcanic complex located in eastern California at the northern head of the Owens valley.
A large eruption 760,000 years ago created this 17-kilometer-wide, 34-kilometer-long caldera. The Mono-Inyo Craters chain is also part of the volcanic complex, and it extends from Mammoth Mountain on the southwest rim of the caldera to Mono Lake, 42 kilometers to the north. Eruptive activity along this chain started about 400,000 years ago with the latest eruption only 250 years ago.
Following a series of large earthquakes in May of 1980, the U.S. Geological Survey remeasured the volcanic complex and discovered that the caldera had uplifted nearly 0.3 m since 1979 after decades of no surface deformation. The USGS intensified its monitoring efforts by expanding the seismic network, by installing continuous ground deformation instruments, and by increasing the frequency of other field measurements.
The town of Mammoth Lakes is located within the caldera, and it is a favorite winter resort for southern Californians. To alert the public to a possible eruption, the USGS, in cooperation with the California Office of Emergency Services, formulated a color-coded scale to reflect the condition of geologic unrest within Long Valley and to establish response procedures for the various levels of activity.
For the past 17 years, geologic unrest in Long Valley caldera has waxed and waned. The most recent episode of unrest began on November 13 with a marked increase in the number and magnitude of earthquakes from the area. This was also accompanied by a rapid change in the rate of inflation. The two-color laser distance measurement network detected increased extension across the caldera, and a borehole dilatometer observed a rapid strain change.
Increasing activity continued to the end of November with earthquake counts at ten times above normal, also including a 4.9 magnitude earthquake. An earthquake with a magnitude of 5.0 and above is one of the criteria that changes the condition level from green to yellow. A yellow condition is similar to a ëwatchí in weather-related alerts, and the USGS response is to establish a local observatory which would be manned around the clock. Personnel from HVO gathered their winter clothes and were prepared to go.
Fortunately, the geologic unrest is slowly diminishing now, and the crisis is abating. Statistically, one in six of these magmatic events documented worldwide culminates in an eruption. Public officials, especially those in Mammoth Lakes and Los Angeles, can now breathe easier. Los Angeles officials were concerned because two-thirds of their water supply comes from the area. They can continue to water their lawns as long as there is no eruption.
### Volcano Activity Update
During the past week, there was constant effusion of lava from the vent within Puu Oo. Lava continued to flow through a network of tubes down to the seacoast where it entered the ocean at two locations - Wahaula and Kamokuna. The public is reminded that the ocean entry areas are extremely hazardous, with explosions accompanying frequent collapses of the lava delta. The steam cloud is highly acidic and laced with glass particles.
A magnitude 3.2 earthquake located 7 km southeast of the summit of Kīlauea was reported felt by residents of Glenwood and the Mauna Loa Estates subdivision. The deep (28 km) earthquake occurred at 2:41 a.m. on Thursday, December 18. | 2019-12-07T13:39:09 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2069920152425766, "perplexity": 3956.571111077178}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540499439.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20191207132817-20191207160817-00381.warc.gz"} |
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10319591-transients-from-cataclysmic-deaths-cataclysmic-variables | This content will become publicly available on December 1, 2022
Transients from the Cataclysmic Deaths of Cataclysmic Variables
Abstract We explore the observational appearance of the merger of a low-mass star with a white dwarf (WD) binary companion. We are motivated by recent work finding that multiple tensions between the observed properties of cataclysmic variables (CVs) and standard evolution models are resolved if a large fraction of CV binaries merge as a result of unstable mass transfer. Tidal disruption of the secondary forms a geometrically thick disk around the WD, which subsequently accretes at highly super-Eddington rates. Analytic estimates and numerical hydrodynamical simulations reveal that outflows from the accretion flow unbind a large fraction ≳90% of the secondary at velocities ∼500–1000 km s −1 within days of the merger. Hydrogen recombination in the expanding ejecta powers optical transient emission lasting about a month with a luminosity ≳10 38 erg s −1 , similar to slow classical novae and luminous red novae from ordinary stellar mergers. Over longer timescales the mass accreted by the WD undergoes hydrogen shell burning, inflating the remnant into a giant of luminosity ∼300–5000 L ⊙ , effective temperature T eff ≈ 3000 K, and lifetime ∼10 4 –10 5 yr. We predict that ∼10 3 –10 4 Milky Way giants are CV merger products, more »
Authors:
; ; ; ;
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Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10319591
Journal Name:
The Astrophysical Journal
Volume:
923
Issue:
1
ISSN:
0004-637X
2. ABSTRACT We explore implications of a range of black hole (BH) seeding prescriptions on the formation of the brightest $z$ ≳ 6 quasars in cosmological hydrodynamic simulations. The underlying galaxy formation model is the same as in the IllustrisTNG simulations. Using constrained initial conditions, we study the growth of BHs in rare overdense regions (forming $\gtrsim 10^{12}\, {\rm M}_{\odot }\,h^{-1}$ haloes by $z$ = 7) using a (9 Mpc h−1)3 simulated volume. BH growth is maximal within haloes that are compact and have a low tidal field. For these haloes, we consider an array of gas-based seeding prescriptions wherein $M_{\mathrm{seed}}=10^4\!-\!10^6\, {\rm M}_{\odot }\,h^{-1}$ seeds aremore » | 2022-09-25T23:42:48 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3552209734916687, "perplexity": 5241.164036558673}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334620.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925225000-20220926015000-00119.warc.gz"} |
https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Atuneski.nikola | # zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
## Tuneski, Nikola
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: tuneski.nikola Published as: Tuneski, N.; Tuneski, Nicola; Tuneski, Nikola External Links: MGP · Wikidata · ORCID
Documents Indexed: 62 Publications since 1996, including 1 Book Reviewing Activity: 84 Reviews
all top 5
#### Co-Authors
12 single-authored 9 Jolevska-Tuneska, Biljana 8 Darus, Maslina 8 Obradović, Milutin 6 Irmak, Huseyin 5 Bulboacă, Teodor 3 Aliaga, Edmond 3 Dimitrovski, Dragan S. 3 Nunokawa, Mamoru 2 Elin, Mark 2 Ibrahim, Rabha Waell 2 Karamazova, Elena 2 Shoikhet, David 2 Srivastava, Hari Mohan 2 Thomas, Derek Keith 1 Aceska, Roza 1 Acu, Mugur 1 Allu, Vasudevarao 1 Gelova, Elena 1 Georgieva-Celakoska, Emilija 1 Jolevska, Biljana 1 Kulkarni, Shripad Rajaram 1 Nunokawa, N. 1 Petruševski, Mirko 1 Ponnusamy, Saminathan 1 Prangoski, Bojan 1 Şan, Müfit 1 Singh, Vikramaditya 1 Siregar, Saibah 1 Sokół, Janusz 1 Tehranchi, Abdolreza 1 Tinaztepe, Gültekin 1 Vasudevarao, Allu 1 Zenku, Teuta
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#### Serials
3 Godishen Zbornik 3 Advances in Mathematics. Scientific Journal 2 Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio A. Mathematica 2 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 2 Applied Mathematics Letters 2 Matematichki Bilten 2 International Mathematical Journal 2 Bulletin of the Malaysian Mathematical Sciences Society. Second Series 2 Hacettepe Journal of Mathematics and Statistics 2 Sarajevo Journal of Mathematics 1 Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 1 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 1 Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 1 Ukrainian Mathematical Journal 1 Bulletin of the Calcutta Mathematical Society 1 Mathematische Nachrichten 1 Rendiconti del Seminario Matematico della Università di Padova 1 Southeast Asian Bulletin of Mathematics 1 Mathematica Balkanica. New Series 1 Mathematica Bohemica 1 Panamerican Mathematical Journal 1 Doklady Bolgarskoĭ Akademii Nauk 1 Glasnik Matematički. Serija III 1 Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai. Mathematica 1 Mathematica 1 Filomat 1 Integral Transforms and Special Functions 1 Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Rzeszowskiej. Matematyka 1 Abstract and Applied Analysis 1 Novi Sad Journal of Mathematics 1 Journal of Inequalities and Applications 1 Fractional Calculus & Applied Analysis 1 Tamsui Oxford Journal of Mathematical Sciences 1 International Journal of Applied Mathematics 1 Acta Mathematica Academiae Paedagogicae Nyíregyháziensis. New Series 1 Acta Mathematica Scientia. Series B. (English Edition) 1 Acta Universitatis Apulensis. Mathematics - Informatics 1 Computational Methods and Function Theory 1 Journal of Analysis and Applications 1 Thai Journal of Mathematics 1 Miskolc Mathematical Notes 1 The Australian Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 1 De Gruyter Studies in Mathematics 1 Complex Analysis and Operator Theory 1 International Journal of Mathematical Analysis (Ruse) 1 Applicable Analysis and Discrete Mathematics 1 Bulletin of Mathematical Analysis and Applications
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#### Fields
57 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 3 Functional analysis (46-XX) 2 Real functions (26-XX) 2 Special functions (33-XX) 2 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 1 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 1 Operator theory (47-XX) 1 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX)
#### Citations contained in zbMATH
29 Publications have been cited 127 times in 91 Documents Cited by Year
On the quotient of the representations of convexity and starlikeness. Zbl 1017.30009
Tuneski, Nikola
2003
On certain sufficient conditions for starlikeness. Zbl 0954.30003
Tuneski, Nikola
2000
On the starlike criteria defined by Silverman. Zbl 0999.30016
2000
Univalent functions. A primer. Zbl 1397.30002
Thomas, Derek K.; Tuneski, Nikola; Vasudevarao, Allu
2018
Fekete-Szegő functional for non-Bazilevič functions. Zbl 1017.30012
Tuneski, Nikola; Darus, Maslina
2002
Some simple sufficient conditions for starlikeness and convexity. Zbl 1163.30016
Tuneski, Nikola
2009
Some Marx-Strohhäcker type results for a class of multivalent functions. Zbl 1399.30059
Nunokawa, N.; Srivastava, H. M.; Tuneski, N.; Jolevska-Tuneska, B.
2017
Some relations between certain classes consisting of $$\alpha$$-convex type and Bazilević type functions. Zbl 1238.30012
Irmak, H.; Bulboacă, T.; Tuneski, N.
2011
On some simple sufficient conditions for univalence. Zbl 0986.30012
Tuneski, Nikola
2001
Sharp results on linear combination of simple expressions of analytic functions. Zbl 1350.30032
Tuneski, Nikola; Bulboacă, Teodor; Jolevska-Tuneska, Biljana
2016
Radius of univalence of certain combination of univalent and analytic functions. Zbl 1246.30028
Obradović, M.; Ponnusamy, S.; Tuneski, N.
2012
On criteria for starlikeness and convexity of analytic functions. Zbl 1087.30016
2004
On the Fekete-Szegő problem for generalized close-to-convex functions. Zbl 1232.30011
Darus, Maslina; Tuneski, Nikola
2003
Fractional calculus operator and certain applications in geometric function theory. Zbl 1200.30014
Irmak, Hüseyin; Tuneski, Nikola
2010
Starlikeness and convexity of a class of analytic functions. Zbl 1120.30018
Tuneski, Nikola; Irmak, Hüseyin
2006
On a criteria for starlikeness of analytic functions. Zbl 1052.30019
Tuneski, Nikola
2003
On Ozaki close-to-convex functions. Zbl 1406.30004
Allu, Vasudevarao; Thomas, Derek K.; Tuneski, Nikola
2019
Some properties of certain expressions of analytic functions. Zbl 1236.30017
2011
An ordinary differential operator and its applications to certain classes of multivalently meromorphic functions. Zbl 1177.30010
Irmak, H.; Tinaztepe, G.; Tuneski, N.; Şan, M.
2009
Some results for univalent functions defined with respect to $$N$$-symmetric points. Zbl 1224.30088
Tuneski, Nikola
2008
New criteria for starlikeness and strongly starlikeness. Zbl 1097.30503
Bulboacă, Teodor; Tuneski, Nicola
2001
Some properties of the class $$\mathcal{U}$$. Zbl 1433.30042
2019
Parametric embedding of starlike functions. Zbl 1378.30002
Elin, Mark; Shoikhet, David; Tuneski, Nikola
2017
Simple sufficient conditions for bounded turning. Zbl 1303.30017
Tuneski, Nikola; Darus, Maslina; Gelova, Elena
2014
Some distortion and other properties associated with a family of the $$n$$-fold symmetric Koebe type functions. Zbl 1259.30022
Srivastava, H. M.; Tuneski, Nikola; Georgieva-Celakoska, Emilija
2012
On subordination for classes of non-Bazilevič type. Zbl 1213.30028
Ibrahim, Rabha W.; Darus, Maslina; Tuneski, Nikola
2010
Convex functions and functions with bounded turning. Zbl 1211.30032
Tuneski, Nikola
2010
Some results on starlike and convex functions. Zbl 1224.30087
Tuneski, Nikola
2007
On the linear combination of the representations of starlikeness and convexity. Zbl 1066.30017
Tuneski, Nikola; Aceska, Roza
2004
On Ozaki close-to-convex functions. Zbl 1406.30004
Allu, Vasudevarao; Thomas, Derek K.; Tuneski, Nikola
2019
Some properties of the class $$\mathcal{U}$$. Zbl 1433.30042
2019
Univalent functions. A primer. Zbl 1397.30002
Thomas, Derek K.; Tuneski, Nikola; Vasudevarao, Allu
2018
Some Marx-Strohhäcker type results for a class of multivalent functions. Zbl 1399.30059
Nunokawa, N.; Srivastava, H. M.; Tuneski, N.; Jolevska-Tuneska, B.
2017
Parametric embedding of starlike functions. Zbl 1378.30002
Elin, Mark; Shoikhet, David; Tuneski, Nikola
2017
Sharp results on linear combination of simple expressions of analytic functions. Zbl 1350.30032
Tuneski, Nikola; Bulboacă, Teodor; Jolevska-Tuneska, Biljana
2016
Simple sufficient conditions for bounded turning. Zbl 1303.30017
Tuneski, Nikola; Darus, Maslina; Gelova, Elena
2014
Radius of univalence of certain combination of univalent and analytic functions. Zbl 1246.30028
Obradović, M.; Ponnusamy, S.; Tuneski, N.
2012
Some distortion and other properties associated with a family of the $$n$$-fold symmetric Koebe type functions. Zbl 1259.30022
Srivastava, H. M.; Tuneski, Nikola; Georgieva-Celakoska, Emilija
2012
Some relations between certain classes consisting of $$\alpha$$-convex type and Bazilević type functions. Zbl 1238.30012
Irmak, H.; Bulboacă, T.; Tuneski, N.
2011
Some properties of certain expressions of analytic functions. Zbl 1236.30017
2011
Fractional calculus operator and certain applications in geometric function theory. Zbl 1200.30014
Irmak, Hüseyin; Tuneski, Nikola
2010
On subordination for classes of non-Bazilevič type. Zbl 1213.30028
Ibrahim, Rabha W.; Darus, Maslina; Tuneski, Nikola
2010
Convex functions and functions with bounded turning. Zbl 1211.30032
Tuneski, Nikola
2010
Some simple sufficient conditions for starlikeness and convexity. Zbl 1163.30016
Tuneski, Nikola
2009
An ordinary differential operator and its applications to certain classes of multivalently meromorphic functions. Zbl 1177.30010
Irmak, H.; Tinaztepe, G.; Tuneski, N.; Şan, M.
2009
Some results for univalent functions defined with respect to $$N$$-symmetric points. Zbl 1224.30088
Tuneski, Nikola
2008
Some results on starlike and convex functions. Zbl 1224.30087
Tuneski, Nikola
2007
Starlikeness and convexity of a class of analytic functions. Zbl 1120.30018
Tuneski, Nikola; Irmak, Hüseyin
2006
On criteria for starlikeness and convexity of analytic functions. Zbl 1087.30016
2004
On the linear combination of the representations of starlikeness and convexity. Zbl 1066.30017
Tuneski, Nikola; Aceska, Roza
2004
On the quotient of the representations of convexity and starlikeness. Zbl 1017.30009
Tuneski, Nikola
2003
On the Fekete-Szegő problem for generalized close-to-convex functions. Zbl 1232.30011
Darus, Maslina; Tuneski, Nikola
2003
On a criteria for starlikeness of analytic functions. Zbl 1052.30019
Tuneski, Nikola
2003
Fekete-Szegő functional for non-Bazilevič functions. Zbl 1017.30012
Tuneski, Nikola; Darus, Maslina
2002
On some simple sufficient conditions for univalence. Zbl 0986.30012
Tuneski, Nikola
2001
New criteria for starlikeness and strongly starlikeness. Zbl 1097.30503
Bulboacă, Teodor; Tuneski, Nicola
2001
On certain sufficient conditions for starlikeness. Zbl 0954.30003
Tuneski, Nikola
2000
On the starlike criteria defined by Silverman. Zbl 0999.30016
2000
all top 5
all top 5
#### Cited in 52 Serials
6 Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Serie A: Matemáticas. RACSAM 5 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 5 Bulletin of the Malaysian Mathematical Sciences Society. Second Series 4 Applied Mathematics and Computation 4 Journal of Inequalities and Applications 3 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 3 Applied Mathematics Letters 3 Turkish Journal of Mathematics 3 Integral Transforms and Special Functions 3 Abstract and Applied Analysis 2 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 2 Demonstratio Mathematica 2 Complex Analysis and Operator Theory 2 Journal of Mathematical Inequalities 2 International Journal of Differential Equations 2 Afrika Matematika 2 Fractional Differential Calculus 2 Journal of Complex Analysis 2 Chinese Journal of Mathematics 1 Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 1 Journal of the Franklin Institute 1 Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 1 Ukrainian Mathematical Journal 1 Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society 1 Kyungpook Mathematical Journal 1 Rendiconti del Circolo Matemàtico di Palermo. Serie II 1 Rendiconti del Seminario Matematico della Università di Padova 1 Results in Mathematics 1 Acta Mathematica Hungarica 1 International Journal of Mathematics 1 Journal of Contemporary Mathematical Analysis. Armenian Academy of Sciences 1 The Journal of Analysis 1 Journal of the Egyptian Mathematical Society 1 Journal of Applied Analysis 1 Acta et Commentationes Universitatis Tartuensis de Mathematica 1 Applied Mathematics E-Notes 1 Comptes Rendus. Mathématique. Académie des Sciences, Paris 1 Computational Methods and Function Theory 1 Journal of Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories 1 Milan Journal of Mathematics 1 Tbilisi Mathematical Journal 1 Acta Universitatis Sapientiae. Mathematica 1 Journal of Pseudo-Differential Operators and Applications 1 Symmetry 1 Iranian Journal of Mathematical Sciences and Informatics 1 Journal of Applied Analysis and Computation 1 Palestine Journal of Mathematics 1 Journal of Classical Analysis 1 Journal of Mathematics 1 Journal of Applied Mathematics, Statistics and Informatics 1 Journal of Function Spaces 1 Asia Pacific Journal of Mathematics
all top 5
#### Cited in 8 Fields
90 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 4 Real functions (26-XX) 3 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 2 Special functions (33-XX) 1 Potential theory (31-XX) 1 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 1 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 1 Operator theory (47-XX)
#### Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata. | 2021-01-21T15:52:30 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2758224308490753, "perplexity": 6460.16257401457}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703524858.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20210121132407-20210121162407-00265.warc.gz"} |
http://smai-jcm.cedram.org/smai-jcm-bin/fitem?id=SMAI-JCM_2017__3__139_0 | Avec cedram.org english version Accueil Présentation Recherche avancée Tous les articles en ligne Derniers articles Rechercher un article Table des matières de ce volume | Article précédent | Article suivant Alina Chertock; Shumo Cui; Alexander KurganovHybrid Finite-Volume-Particle Method for Dusty Gas FlowsSMAI-Journal of computational mathematics, 3 (2017), p. 139-180, doi: 10.5802/smai-jcm.23 Article PDF Class. Math.: 65M08, 76M12, 76M28, 86-08, 76M25, 35L65Mots clés: Two-phase dusty gas flow model, three-dimensional axial symmetry, compressible Euler equations, pressureless gas dynamics, finite-volume-particle methods, central-upwind schemes, sticky particle methods, operator splitting methods AbstractWe first study the one-dimensional dusty gas flow modeled by the two-phase system composed of a gaseous carrier (gas phase) and a particulate suspended phase (dust phase). The gas phase is modeled by the compressible Euler equations of gas dynamics and the dust phase is modeled by the pressureless gas dynamics equations. These two sets of conservation laws are coupled through source terms that model momentum and heat transfers between the phases. When an Eulerian method is adopted for this model, one can notice the obtained numerical results are typically significantly affected by numerical diffusion. This phenomenon occurs since the pressureless gas equations are nonstrictly hyperbolic and have degenerate structure in which singular delta shocks are formed, and these strong singularities are vulnerable to the numerical diffusion. We introduce a low dissipative hybrid finite-volume-particle method in which the compressible Euler equations for the gas phase are solved by a central-upwind scheme, while the pressureless gas dynamics equations for the dust phase are solved by a sticky particle method. The obtained numerical results demonstrate that our hybrid method provides a sharp resolution even when a relatively small number of particle is used. We then extend the hybrid finite-volume-particle method to the three-dimensional dusty gas flows with axial symmetry. In the studied model, gravitational effects are taken into account. This brings an additional level of complexity to the development of the finite-volume-particle method since a delicate balance between the flux and gravitational source terms should be respected at the discrete level. We test the proposed method on a number of numerical examples including the one that models volcanic eruptions. Bibliographie[1] N. Botta, R. Klein, S. Langenberg & S. Lützenkirchen, “Well balanced finite volume methods for nearly hydrostatic flows”, J. Comput. Phys. 196 (2004) no. 2, p. 539-565 Article | MR 2054350[2] F. Bouchut, On zero pressure gas dynamics, Advances in kinetic theory and computing, Ser. Adv. Math. Appl. Sci. 22, World Sci. Publ., River Edge, NJ, 1994, p. 171–190 [3] F. Bouchut & F. James, “Duality solutions for pressureless gases, monotone scalar conservation laws, and uniqueness”, Comm. Partial Differential Equations 24 (1999) no. 11-12, p. 2173-2189 Article[4] F. Bouchut, S. Jin & X. Li, “Numerical approximations of pressureless and isothermal gas dynamics”, SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 41 (2003), p. 135-158 Article[5] Y. Brenier & E. Grenier, “Sticky particles and scalar conservation laws”, SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 35 (1998), p. 2317-2328 Article[6] S. Carcano, L. Bonaventura, T. Esposti Ongaro & A. Neri, “A semi-implicit, second order accurate numerical model for multiphase underexpanded volcanic jets”, Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss. 6 (2013) no. 1, p. 399-452 Article[7] P. Chandrashekar & C. Klingenberg, “A second order well-balanced finite volume scheme for Euler equations with gravity”, SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 37 (2015) no. 3, p. B382-B402 Article[8] G.-Q. Chen & H. Liu, “Formation of $\delta$-shocks and vacuum states in the vanishing pressure limit of solutions to the Euler equations for isentropic fluids”, SIAM J. Math. Anal. 34 (2003), p. 925-938 Article[9] A. Chertock, S. Cui, A. Kurganov, Ş. N. Özcan & E. Tadmor, “Well-balanced central-upwind schemes for the Euler equations with gravitation”, Submitted [10] A. Chertock, S. Cui, A. Kurganov & T. Wu, “Well-balanced positivity preserving central-upwind scheme for the shallow water system with friction terms”, Internat. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids 78 (2015), p. 355-383 Article[11] A. Chertock & A. Kurganov, “On a hybrid finite-volume particle method”, M2AN Math. Model. Numer. Anal 38 (2004), p. 1071-1091 Article[12] A. Chertock & A. Kurganov, “On a practical implementation of particle methods”, Appl. Numer. Math. 56 (2006), p. 1418-1431 Article[13] A. Chertock, A. Kurganov & G. Petrova, “Finite-volume-particle methods for models of transport of pollutant in shallow water”, J. Sci. 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Bergantz, “Dynamics and deposits generated by the Kos Plateau Tuff eruption: Controls of basal particle loss on pyroclastic flow transport”, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 8 (2007) no. 12 Article[20] W. E, Yu. G. Rykov & Ya. G. Sinai, “Generalized variational principles, global weak solutions and behavior with random initial data for systems of conservation laws arising in adhesion particle dynamics”, Comm. Math. Phys. 177 (1996), p. 349-380 Article[21] B. Einfeld, “On Godunov-type methods for gas dynamics”, SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 25 (1988), p. 294-318 Article[22] P. Glaister, “Flux difference splitting for the Euler equations with axial symmetry”, J. Engrg. Math. 22 (1988) no. 2, p. 107-121 Article[23] S. Gottlieb, D. Ketcheson & C.-W. Shu, Strong stability preserving Runge-Kutta and multistep time discretizations, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., Hackensack, NJ, 2011 [24] S. Gottlieb, C.-W. Shu & E. Tadmor, “Strong stability-preserving high-order time discretization methods”, SIAM Rev. 43 (2001), p. 89-112 Article[25] M. Gurris, D. Kuzmin & S. Turek, “Finite element simulation of compressible particle-laden gas flows”, J. Comput. Appl. Math. 233 (2010) no. 12, p. 3121-3129 Article[26] S. Hank, R. Saurel & O. Le Metayer, “A hyperbolic Eulerian model for dilute two-phase suspensions”, Journal of Modern Physics 2 (2011), p. 997-1011 Article[27] A. Harlow & A. A. Amsden, “Numerical calculation of multiphase fluid flow”, J. Comput. Phys. 17 (1975), p. 19-52 Article[28] A. Harten, P. Lax & B. van Leer, “On upstream differencing and Godunov-type schemes for hyperbolic conservation laws”, SIAM Rev. 25 (1983), p. 35-61 Article[29] A. Kurganov & C.-T. Lin, “On the reduction of numerical dissipation in central-upwind schemes”, Commun. Comput. Phys. 2 (2007), p. 141-163 [30] A. Kurganov, S. Noelle & G. Petrova, “Semi-discrete central-upwind scheme for hyperbolic conservation laws and Hamilton-Jacobi equations”, SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 23 (2001), p. 707-740 Article[31] A. Kurganov & G. Petrova, “A second-order well-balanced positivity preserving central-upwind scheme for the Saint-Venant system”, Commun. Math. Sci. 5 (2007), p. 133-160 Article[32] A. Kurganov & E. Tadmor, “New high resolution central schemes for nonlinear conservation laws and convection-diffusion equations”, J. Comput. Phys. 160 (2000), p. 241-282 Article[33] A. Kurganov & E. Tadmor, “Solution of two-dimensional Riemann problems for gas dynamics without Riemann problem solvers”, Numer. Methods Partial Differential Equations 18 (2002), p. 584-608 Article[34] M.-C. Lai & C. S. Peskin, “An immersed boundary method with formal second-order accuracy and reduced numerical viscosity”, J. Comput. Phys. 160 (2000), p. 705-719 Article[35] R. J. LeVeque, “The dynamics of pressureless dust clouds and delta waves”, J. Hyperbolic Differ. Equ. 1 (2004), p. 315-327 Article[36] R. J. LeVeque & D. S. Bale, Wave propagation methods for conservation laws with source terms, Hyperbolic problems: theory, numerics, applications, Vol. II (Zürich, 1998), Internat. Ser. Numer. Math. 130, Birkhäuser, 1999, p. 609–618 [37] G. Li & Y. Xing, “High order finite volume WENO schemes for the Euler equations under gravitational fields”, J. Comput. Phys. 316 (2016), p. 145-163 Article[38] K.-A. Lie & S. Noelle, “On the artificial compression method for second-order nonoscillatory central difference schemes for systems of conservation laws”, SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 24 (2003) no. 4, p. 1157-1174 Article[39] J. Luo, K. Xu & N. Liu, “A well-balanced symplecticity-preserving gas-kinetic scheme for hydrodynamic equations under gravitational field”, SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 33 (2011) no. 5, p. 2356-2381 Article[40] H. Miura & I. I. Glass, “On a dusty-gas shock tube”, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 382 (1982) no. 1783, p. 373-388 Article[41] A. Neri, T. E. Ongaro, G. Macedonio & D Gidaspow, “Multiparticle simulation of collapsing volcanic columns and pyroclastic flow”, J. Geophys. Res 108 (2003), p. 1-22 Article[42] H. Nessyahu & E. Tadmor, “Nonoscillatory central differencing for hyperbolic conservation laws”, J. Comput. Phys. 87 (1990) no. 2, p. 408-463 Article[43] B. Nilsson, O. S. Rozanova & V. M. Shelkovich, “Mass, momentum and energy conservation laws in zero-pressure gas dynamics and $\delta$-shocks: II”, Appl. Anal. 90 (2011) no. 5, p. 831-842 Article[44] B. Nilsson & V. M. Shelkovich, “Mass, momentum and energy conservation laws in zero-pressure gas dynamics and delta-shocks”, Appl. Anal. 90 (2011) no. 11, p. 1677-1689 Article[45] M. Pelanti & R. J. Leveque, “High-resolution finite volume methods for dusty gas jets and plumes”, SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 28 (2006), p. 1335-1360 Article[46] C. S. Peskin, “The immersed boundary method”, Acta Numer. 11 (2002), p. 479-517 Article[47] P.-A. Raviart, An analysis of particle methods, Numerical methods in fluid dynamics (Como, 1983), Lecture Notes in Math. 1127, Springer, Berlin, 1985, p. 243–324 [48] Yu. G. Rykov, “Propagation of singularities of shock wave type in a system of equations of two-dimensional pressureless gas dynamics”, Mat. Zametki 66 (1999), p. 760-769 (Russian); translation in Math. Notes 66 (1999), pp. 628–635 (2000) [49] Yu. G. Rykov, “On the nonhamiltonian character of shocks in 2-D pressureless gas”, Boll. Unione Mat. Ital. Sez. B Artic. Ric. Mat. (8) 5 (2002), p. 55-78 MR 1881444[50] T. Saito, “Numerical analysis of dusty-gas flows”, J. Comput. Phys. 176 (2002), p. 129-144 Article[51] B. Shotorban, G. B. Jacobs, O. Ortiz & Q. Truong, “An Eulerian model for particles nonisothermally carried by a compressible fluid”, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 65 (2013), p. 845-854 Article[52] C.-W. Shu & S. Osher, “Efficient implementation of essentially non-oscillatory shock-capturing schemes”, J. Comput. Phys. 77 (1988), p. 439-471 Article[53] G. Strang, “On the construction and comparison of difference schemes”, SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 5 (1968), p. 506-517 Article[54] P. K. Sweby, “High resolution schemes using flux limiters for hyperbolic conservation laws”, SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 21 (1984) no. 5, p. 995-1011 Article[55] C. T. Tian, K. Xu, K. L. Chan & L. C. Deng, “A three-dimensional multidimensional gas-kinetic scheme for the Navier-Stokes equations under gravitational fields”, J. Comput. Phys. 226 (2007) no. 2, p. 2003-2027 Article[56] R. Touma, U. Koley & C. Klingenberg, “Well-balanced unstaggered central schemes for the Euler equations with gravitation”, SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 38 (2016) no. 5, p. B773-B807 Article[57] G. Valentine & K. Wohletz, “Numerical models of Plinian eruption columns and pyroclastic”, J. Geophys. 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Simul. 16 (2011) no. 8, p. 2993-2998 Article © 2015SMAI Journal of Computational Mathematics ISSN 2426-8399 Les articles sont publiés sous licence Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 | 2018-04-25T08:28:56 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4592200517654419, "perplexity": 5744.4857339198215}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947759.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425080837-20180425100837-00214.warc.gz"} |
https://pos.sissa.it/317/076/ | Volume 317 - The 9th International workshop on Chiral Dynamics (CD2018) - Session: Goldstone-Boson Dynamics
Quark mass dependence of $\gamma^{*}\pi\to\pi\pi$
M. Niehus*, M. Hoferichter and B. Kubis
Full text: pdf
Published on: February 28, 2020
Abstract
Usually the simulation of scattering processes in lattice QCD is carried out at unphysically high values of the quark masses. Hence, a method to extrapolate data obtained in lattice calculations to physical masses is needed to allow for comparison between theory and experiment. To obtain a sound extrapolation, dispersion relations and chiral perturbation theory can be invoked. While a simple combined approach known as the inverse amplitude method allows for a successful extrapolation of $\pi\pi\to\pi\pi$ data, a more complicated framework is needed for inelastic processes such as $\gamma^{*}\pi\to\pi\pi$. By employing a well-established dispersive description, the extrapolation can be performed for $\gamma^{*}\pi\to\pi\pi$ both for on-shell as well as virtual photons, the decay $\gamma^*\rightarrow\pi\pi\pi$ is also within the range of applicability. This particular process is interesting due to both its contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon and its connection to the axial anomaly.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22323/1.317.0076
How to cite
Metadata are provided both in "article" format (very similar to INSPIRE) as this helps creating very compact bibliographies which can be beneficial to authors and readers, and in "proceeding" format which is more detailed and complete.
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https://gea.esac.esa.int/archive/documentation/GDR1/Catalogue_consolidation/sec_cu1cva/sec_cu1cva_procsteps.html | # 7.3 Processing steps
## 7.3.1 MDB Integrator
Author(s): Alex Hutton
The operation of the MDB Integrator is relatively simple for data reduction cycle 01 and its main task is to combine the data listed in table 7.1.
The steps in the MDB Integrator can be summarised as follows:
1. 1.
The MDB Integrator begins by taking the CompleteSource table produced from the IGSL catalogue.
2. 2.
The source list provided by IDU, represented by the unique list of source ids in the IDU Match table, is read, and a new CompleteSource record is created for all source ids not already present in the CompleteSource table.
3. 3.
The IDU New Source records are read, and any available astrometric and photometric information is attached to the newly added CompleteSource records for these sources.
4. 4.
The information supplied by AGIS is used to update the astrometric information in the CompleteSource table for all sources for which AGIS provides an update. If AGIS provides a 2-parameter solution for a source, then the position of the source is updated in the CompleteSource table. If AGIS provides a 5-parameter solution then the position, parallax and proper motion values are updated. When an update is provided by AGIS, this replaces the existing information (from the IGSL or the IDU NewSource record).
5. 5.
The information supplied by PhotPipe is used to update the photometric information in the CompleteSource table for all sources for which PhotPipe provides an update. When an update is provided by PhotPipe, this replaces the existing information (from the IGSL or the IDU NewSource record).
6. 6.
The information supplied by CU7 variability processing is attached to the sources in the CompleteSource for which data is supplied.
7. 7.
The Integrator writes out the updated CompleteSource table, together with the Track records supplied by IDU.
The operation of the MDB Integrator is expected to become more complicated in future processing cycles when different cyclic processes evaluate different values for the properties of a same source.
## 7.3.2 Ingestion in GACS
Author(s): Enrique Utrilla
CompleteSource is a convenient format for the automated processing of information received from several different DPCs, but also a complex data structure. For this reason, the first step of the ingestion into the Gaia Archive database is to convert the CompleteSources consolidated by MDB Integrator into a simpler and flatter data structure, gaia_source, which is more suitable for publication in a table format.
The conversion of CompleteSource into gaia_source performs the following operations:
• Mapping of names in internal DPAC conventions to easier to understand names.
• Conversion of units, e.g. from radians to milliarcseconds when appropriate
• Generation of a random index that can be used to generate randomly distributed, repeatable subsets of the catalogue.
• Conversion of right ascension and declination from ICRS to ecliptic and galactic coordinates.
• Calculation of covariances between astrometric variables from the coefficients of the normal matrix.
• Calculation of the magnitude from the value of the flux.
In a similar fashion other data items, such as CU7 variability data, are converted to a format suitable for publication.
The converted data is ingested into the GACS database, including fields that are only used during the validation process. When this validation is concluded, those fields are removed to publish only data items with the expected level of quality.
## 7.3.3 Crossmatch with external catalogues
Author(s): Paola M. Marrese and Silvia Marinoni
### Introduction
The Gaia DR1 includes a precomputed crossmatch with large optical/near infrared photometric surveys. The external catalogues are here shortly described, with a particular attention on the characteristics which are important for the crossmatch. A subset of the matched external catalogues were also used by Gaia CU9 Validation and were of help in validating Gaia results.
The version of the external catalogues included in the Gaia DR1 are the ones which were used during crossmatch and validation activities: they reflect the objective they were created for, which implies that they are different from the original external catalogues in several ways. First of all they are not complete versions of the corresponding original catalogues, on the contrary they include only a subset of the available fields. In addition, we often modified original fields names, null values treatment and units. We sometimes added new fields needed by crossmatch and finally we tried to homogenize the catalogues as far as possible. Modifications were in general applied to simplify and facilitate the use of the catalogue for crossmatch purposes. In some cases the external catalogues described here were obtained from a larger set of data (SDSS dr9 was obtained from photoObj FITS data).
### The external catalogues matched with Gaia
The following is the list of External Catalogues crossmatched with Gaia DR1 catalogue:
• 2MASS PSC
• UCAC4
• GSC2.3
• SDSS DR9
• AllWISE
• PPMXL
• URAT-1
2MASS PSC
Reference paper: Skrutskie et al. (2006)
The 2MASS All-Sky Data Release contains Image and Catalog data covering 99.998% of the sky, derived from all northern and southern survey observations. The all-sky release products include a Point Source Catalog (PSC), containing positions and photometry for 470 992 970 objects, an Extended Source Catalog (XSC), containing positions, photometry and basic shape information for 1 647 599 resolved sources, most of which are galaxies, and the Image Atlas, containing over 4 121 439 J, H, and K${}_{s}$ FITS images covering the sky.
Total objects: 470 992 970 point sources (+ 1 647 599 extended)
Magnitude limit: J=16
Epoch of positions: 1997-2001
Average coordinates absolute error (stars): 70-80 mas (9 $<$ K${}_{s}<$ 14) and 120 mas (K${}_{s}<$9)
Average photometric accuracy: 5%
Completeness: $\sim$99% ( J=16.1, H=15.5, K${}_{s}$=15.1, b$>$30 deg)
Bands: J, H, K${}_{s}$
Saturation limit: J=4.5, H=4, K${}_{s}$=3.5.
Source positions are reconstructed in ICRS using Tycho-2 reference catalogue. Comparison of 2MASS with Tycho-2 and UCAC demonstrate that 2MASS positions are consistent with the ICRS with a net offset no larger that 15 mas. Position residuals of individual sources validate a typical position uncertainty for K${}_{s}<$14 sources of less than 100 mas (rms).
The accuracy of position reconstruction will be slightly poorer near the declination ends of Survey Tiles, in regions with a low density of astrometric reference stars, and near the celestial poles where the telescope tracking was least stable. The degraded accuracy is reflected in the position uncertainties quoted in the PSC.
The position errors are at $1\sigma$ level.
The effective resolution is 5 arcsec.
The Julian Date has an accuracy of $\pm 30$ sec.
Covariances (correlation coefficients) are not available.
The primary areas of confusion are:
1) longitudes $\pm 75$ degrees from the Galactic centre and latitudes $\pm 1$ degree from the Galactic plane;
2) within an approximately $5$ degrees radius of the Galactic centre.
UCAC4
Reference paper: Zacharias et al. (2013)
Original catalogue: DVD sent by author.
UCAC4 is a compiled, all-sky star catalogue covering mainly the 8 to 16 magnitude range in a single bandpass between $V$ and $R$. Positional errors are about 15 to 20 mas for stars in the 10 to 14 mag range. Proper motions have been derived for most of the about 113 million stars utilizing about 140 other star catalogues with significant epoch difference to the UCAC CCD observations. These data are supplemented by:
- 2MASS photometric data for about 110 million stars, and
- 5-band ($B$,$V$,$g$,$r$,$i$) photometry from the APASS survey (AAVSO Photometric All-Sky Survey) for over 50 million stars.
All bright stars not observed with the astrograph have been added to UCAC4 from a set of Hipparcos and Tycho-2 stars. Thus UCAC4 should be complete from the brightest stars to about R=16.
The proper motions of bright stars are based on about 140 catalogues, including Hipparcos and Tycho, as well as all catalogues used for the Tycho-2 proper motion construction. Proper motions of faint stars are based on re-reductions of early epoch SPM data ($-$90 to about $-$20 deg Dec) and NPM (PMM scans of early epoch blue plates) for the remainder of the sky.
Observations were made in a single bandpass (579-642 nm), thus the UCAC magnitudes are between Johnson $V$ and $R$.
While calculating proper motions, no attempt was made to correct data for parallaxes. This will lead to slightly inferior results for few stars with high parallax if it involves observations from largely different parallax factors. Errors in proper motions of the bright stars (to $R$$\sim$12) run from about 1 to 3 mas yr${}^{-1}$ benefited by the large epoch spans involved. For the fainter stars using SPM and NPM data, typical errors are 2 to 6 mas yr${}^{-1}$. Not all stars in UCAC4 have proper motions.
Pixel Scale: 0.9 arcsec/pixel.
Effective resolution: 2.0 arcsec.
The astrometry provided in UCAC4 is on the Hipparcos system, i.e., the International Celestial Reference System (ICRS), as represented by the Tycho-2catalogue. Positions in UCAC4 are given at the standard epoch of Julian date 2000.0, thus the UCAC4 is a compiled catalogue. In order to be able to calculate positional errors at any epoch, the central epoch, i.e., the weighted mean epoch of the data (UCAC + early epoch other catalogues) is given. At the central epoch (which varies from star to star and is also different for RA and Dec) the positional error has its smallest value: the one given in the catalogue for ”sigma position”. In most cases this central epoch will be close to the UCAC observational epoch due to the relatively large weight given to the UCAC observations. However, a fair number of stars have a vastly different mean epoch, ranging back to about 1947. The proper motions are given at the central epoch. Positional errors of stars increase according to the errors in the proper motions when going forward or backward in time from the central epoch. For objects without proper motions, the positions are at the central epoch (which actually is UCAC4 observation epoch). There are 4 982 212 stars without proper motions.
Since the publication of UCAC4 in august 2012, the authors advised to apply the following corrections:
- 2013 Mar 10, UCAC4 streak objects: Some objects in the UCAC4 catalogue are already classified as ”streak objects”. In an effort to identify artifacts in the catalogue this issue has been further investigated by others; see for example (http://www.ap-i.net/skychart/en/news/ucac4_streak)
- 2013 Feb: Data for a small number of high proper motion stars have been corrected.
(http://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO/astrometry/optical-IR-prod/ucac)
We applied both suggested corrections to the original files. The resulting UCAC4 version has $113\,728\,883$ objects.
GSC 2.3
Reference paper: Lasker et al. (2008)
Original catalogue: R. Smart, private communication
The Guide Star Catalog II (GSC-II) is an all-sky database of objects derived from the uncompressed Digitized Sky Surveys that the Space Telescope Science Institute has created from the Palomar and UK Schmidt survey plates and made available to the community. Like its predecessor (GSC-I), the GSC-II was primarily created to provide guide star information and observation planning support for Hubble Space Telescope. Two catalogues have already been extracted from the GSC-II database and released to the astronomical community. A magnitude-limited (Rf = 18.0) version, GSC2.2, was distributed soon after its production in 2001, while the GSC2.3 release has been available for general access since 2007. The GSC2.3 catalogue contains astrometry, photometry, and classification for 945 592 683 objects down to the magnitude limit of the plates. Positions are tied to the International Celestial Reference System; for stellar sources, the all-sky average absolute error per coordinate ranges from 0.2 to 0.28 arcsec depending on magnitude. When dealing with extended objects, astrometric errors are 20% worse in the case of galaxies and approximately a factor of 2 worse for blended images. Stellar photometry is determined to a 0.13-0.22 mag accuracy as a function of magnitude and photographic pass bands (Rf, Bj, In). Outside of the galactic plane, stellar classification is reliable to at least 90% confidence for magnitudes brighter than Rf = 19.5, and the catalogue is complete to Rf = 20.
SDSS DR9
Reference paper: Ahn et al. (2012)
The SDSS imaging camera took its first science quality data the night of September 19, 1998, and was the world’s most productive wide-field imaging facility until its last night of science quality data on November 18, 2009. In between it took a total of around 35 000 square degrees of images, covering a unique footprint of 14 055 square degrees of sky. Through the BOSS & SEGUE Surveys, Data Release 10 does not include any new or updated imaging data, but includes all prior imaging SDSS imaging data.
SDSS DR9 Catalogue, primary object only, extracted from photoObj FITS files. There are no changes in the photometric reduction since DR9 (i.e., DR10, DR11, and DR12 photoObj). The calibrated object lists reports positions, fluxes, and shapes of all objects detected at $>$5 sigma on the survey images.
The photoObj data has photometric and astrometric calibrations applied, and contains enough information to select unique objects and to perform quality cuts.
The $r$ photometric CCDs serve as the astrometric reference CCDs for the SDSS. That is, the positions for SDSS objects are based on the $r$ centroids and calibrations. The $r$ CCDs are calibrated by matching up bright stars detected by SDSS with the UCAC astrometric reference catalogues. Stars detected on the $r$ CCDs are matched directly with stars in the United States Naval Observatory CCD Astrograph Catalog (UCAC2; Zacharias et al. 2004), which has a precision of 70 mas at its catalogue limit of $r=16$, and systematic errors of less than 30 mas. UCAC2 extends up to around a declination of 41 degrees north. Outside the UCAC2 area we use an ”internal” UCAC data release known as ”r14”. Together UCAC2 and r14 cover the whole sky. There are approximately 2-3 magnitudes of overlap between UCAC and unsaturated stars on the $r$ CCDs. The astrometric CCDs are not used. The $r$ CCDs are calibrated directly against the primary astrometric reference catalogue.
SDSS should be complete to magnitude $r=22$.
There are 23945 objects with position errors in either RA or DEC larger than 10 arcsec (with max values around 14 degrees). For those stars a reliable match is very difficult as there would be a huge amount of neighbours. We thus decided to delete those objects. The number of objects in the SDSS DR9 version used for XM activities is thus 469 029 929.
AllWISE
Reference papers: Wright et al. (2010), Mainzer et al. (2011), Cutri and et al. (2013)
The AllWISE program extends the work of the successful Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer mission by combining data from the cryogenic and post-cryogenic survey phases to form the most comprehensive view of the mid-infrared sky currently available. AllWISE has produced a new Source Catalog and Image Atlas with enhanced sensitivity and accuracy compared with earlier WISE data releases. Advanced data processing for AllWISE exploits the two complete sky coverages to measure source motions for each Catalog source, and to compile a massive database of light curves for those objects.
The AllWISE Source Catalog contains accurate positions, motion measurements, photometry and ancillary information for 747 634 026 objects that were detected on the deep, coadded AllWISE Atlas Images. Once detected, sources positions and fluxes were measured by fitting PSF templates simultaneously to the ”stack” of all Single-exposure images in all WISE bands that cover their locations. The W1 and W2 depth-of-coverage is generally a factor of two greater than that for W3 and W4 in the AllWISE Source Catalog. AllWISE combined W1 and W2 Single-exposure images from the WISE 4-Band Cryo, 3-Band Cryo and NEOWISE Post-Cryo survey phases, and W3 and W4 images from the 4-Band Cryo phase only. The additional epoch of W1 and W2 coverage accentuates the weight of those two bands in determining source properties such as position and motion. The additional epoch of W1 and W2 Single-exposure observations fill in most low-coverage areas for the AllWISE Catalog, but there are still small gaps in the effective W3 and W4 coverage.
The AllWISE Source Catalog contains both point-like and resolved sources. The AllWISE Source Catalog is not a ”Point Source” catalogue. It contains detections of point-like objects, such as stars and unresolved galaxies, as well as resolved sources such as close multiple stars, galaxies, and detections of sections of large nearby galaxies and clumps or filaments in Galactic nebulosity, as long as they meet the catalogue selection criteria.
Very bright stars suppress the detection of fainter sources in their vicinity. The AllWISE Source Catalog contains unreliable entries.The reliability of AllWISE Source Catalog is estimated to be $>$99.9% for sources brighter than SNR=20 in unconfused regions of the sky. The fractional reliability decreases for fainter objects and in regions where there is less coverage. The original WISE astrometric requirements were with respect to the 2MASS catalogue and that catalogue includes no proper motions to account for the decade between the 2MASS and WISE epochs. Tying the WISE solution directly to 2MASS meant that the effects of systematic proper motion shifts between the two catalogue epochs, which approached 200 mas in some sky positions, was imprinted on the All-Sky positions. AllWISE addresses this issue by making use of proper motion data from the UCAC4 catalogue to adjust 2MASS positions before they are used as reference stars. Limiting the reference stars used to those which have good quality UCAC4 proper motions reduced the number of reference stars available.
Most source positions are dominated by W1. Extremely red objects with the highest SNR flux measurements in the W3 and/or W4 bands may have a small astrometric bias with respect to bluer objects. Because of a small residual band-to-band offset that was not removed by the Multiframe Position Reconstruction improvements for AllWISE, the reconstructed position of rare, very red sources that are detected primarily in W3 and/or W4 may be offset from bluer sources by up to $\sim$70 mas in the in-scan (ecliptic longitude) direction. The sign of the offset is in the sense that the ecliptic longitude positions of very red sources will be slightly larger than bluer sources.
The sky coverage depth for sources in the AllWISE catalogue is approximately twice as large in W1 and W2 as it is in W3 and W4. AllWISE combined W1 and W2 Single-exposure images from the WISE 4-Band Cryo, 3-Band Cryo and NEOWISE Post-Cryo survey phases, and W3 and W4 images from the 4-Band Cryo phase only. The additional epoch of W1 and W2 coverage accentuates the weight of those two bands in determining source properties such as position and motion. It was thus decided to use the average mJD of W1 observation as the refEpoch for crossmatch purposes. When W1 epoch is not available ($\sim$10 000 sources), then the average mJD of W2, W3 or W4 observation (in this order) was used as refEpoch.
PPMXL
Reference papers: PPMXL: Roeser et al. (2010); PPMX: Röser et al. (2008)
Original Catalogue: VO access: http://vo.uni-hd.de/ppmxl
PPMXL is a new determination of mean positions and proper motions on the ICRS system obtained by combining USNO-B1.0 and 2MASS astrometry. PPMXL aims to be completed from the brightest stars down to about $V$ $\sim$ 20 all sky. The resulting typical individual mean errors of the proper motions range from 4 mas yr${}^{-1}$ to more than 10 mas yr${}^{-1}$ depending on observational history. The mean errors of positions at epoch 2000.0 are 80-120 mas, if 2MASS astrometry could be used, 150-300 mas else. We also give correction tables to convert USNO-B1.0 observations of, e.g., minor planets to the ICRS system.
USNO-B1.0 contains more than a billion entries: stars and galaxies, and a number of artifacts. Spurious entries in USNO-B1.0 (that are caused by diffraction spikes and circular reflection halos around bright stars in the original imaging data) have been detected. These defects, numbering some 24 million or 2.3% of the catalogue objects, were removed. The final version of PPMXL contains some 900 million stars. An entry from USNO-B1.0 was kept whenever the maximum epoch difference between the observations was larger than 10 years. This somewhat arbitrary choice was guided by the idea to formally derive proper motions even if a star has only observations from 2MASS and the second epoch POSS, whereas no observations from the first epoch POSS are available. Because of this short epoch difference, these stars have large mean errors of proper motions, and they have to be used with care.
At its bright end, PPMXL is merged with PPMX. The stars of PPMX were searched in PPMXL using a cone with 1.5 arcsec radius. When no match was found, the respective PPMX star was added to the catalogue. This mainly happened in the case of bright stars. When a match has been found, the PPMX star is selected if the mean error of its proper motion is smaller than that of the PPMXL star, and vice versa. If a PPMX star is added to the catalogue, all PPMXL matches within 1.5 arcsec are deleted.
PPMXL contains $910\,468\,710$ entries, including stars, galaxies, and bogus entries. Of these, 412 410 368 are in 2MASS, i.e., 2MASS is used to determine proper motions and the J, H, Ks magnitudes are given in the catalogue. In total, 6 268 118 stars are taken from PPMX, so PPMXL aims to be complete from the brightest stars down to about 20th magnitude in $V$.
The covariance matrix obtained with a least-squares adjustment gives (per coordinate and per star) the mean epoch, the mean error of position at mean epoch, and the mean error of proper motions. All these quantities are published in the catalogue. Mean errors of the positions at the reference epoch 2000.0 can be computed star by star. On average, the mean errors of position 2000.0 are between 80 and 120 mas if 2MASS astrometry is available, and range from 150 mas to 300 mas else.
PPMXL is a catalogue that is nominally on the ICRS system. It is linked to the Hipparcos catalogue, the optical representation of the ICRS, via Tycho-2and PPMX.
According to the reference paper (Roeser et al. 2010), the PPMXL catalogue contains $910\,468\,710$ entries. The original catalogue available at the the following link http://vo.uni-hd.de/ppmxl contains $910\,468\,688$ entries. The CDS version contains $910\,469\,430$ entries. The version used for the crossmatch is consistent with the original catalogue downloaded from http://vo.uni-hd.de/ppmxl (i.e., $910\,468\,688$ entries).
There seems to be a small fraction of stars with extremely large magnitudes (up to $\sim$65.5).
URAT1
Reference paper: Zacharias et al. (2015)
Original catalogue: CDS (ftp://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/pub/cats/I/329/)
URAT (USNO Robotic Astrometric Telescope) is a follow-up project to the successful UCAC project using the same astrograph but with a much larger focal plane array and a bandpass shifted further to the red. Longer integration times and more sensitive, backside CCDs allowed for a substantial increase in limiting magnitude, resulting in about 4-fold increase in the average number of stars per square degree as compared to UCAC. Additional observations with an objective grating largely extend the dynamic range to include observations of stars as bright as about 3rd magnitude. Multiple sky overlaps per year result in a significant improvement in positional precision as compared to UCAC.
URAT-1 is an observational catalogue at a mean epoch between 2012.3 and 2014.6; it covers the magnitude range 3 to 18.5 in $R$-band, with a positional precision of 5 to 40 mas. It covers most of the northern hemisphere and some areas down to $-$24.8 degrees in declination.
### Crossmatch results
The crossmatch results for a given external catalogue are presented in two different tables: the BestNeighbour and the Neighbourhood.
While for each matched Gaia object, the BestNeighbour table contains a single entry, i.e., the neighbour with the highest value of the figure of merit (obtained with a likelihood ratio implementation), the Neighbourhood contains all good neighbours, i.e., objects whose position error ellipses overlap within a 5$\sigma$ confidence level with the given Gaia object. For the TGAS sub-sample the proper motions were used in the crossmatch computations. The BestNeighbour table includes the angular distance, the number of mates and the number of neighbours (listed in the Neighbourhood). The mates of a given Gaia object are defined as other Gaia objects with the same bestNeighbour in the external catalogue. The presence of mates is allowed by the crossmatch algorithm we used which is of the many-to-one kind. True mates should be objects resolved by Gaia which were unresolved in the external catalogue, which in general has a much lower angular resolution compared to Gaia. The Neighbourhood table contains the angular distance and the figure of merit (named score) for each good neighbour. The figure of merit strongly depends on the angular distance, but it depends also on positional errors of both Gaia and the external catalogue and on the local density of the external catalogue.
Details on the crossmatch algorithm are given in Marrese et al. (2017). | 2020-09-21T06:33:05 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 57, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.41737133264541626, "perplexity": 3853.9454438217076}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400198942.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200921050331-20200921080331-00420.warc.gz"} |
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10338715-experimental-testing-numerical-modeling-small-scale-boat-drag-reducing-air-cavity-system | Experimental Testing and Numerical Modeling of Small-Scale Boat With Drag-Reducing Air-Cavity System
Hydrodynamic performance of ships can be greatly improved by the formation of air cavities under ship bottom with the purpose to decrease water friction on the hull surface. The air-cavity ships using this type of drag reduction are usually designed for and typically effective only in a relatively narrow range of speeds and hull attitudes and sufficient rates of air supply to the cavity. To investigate the behavior of a small-scale air-cavity boat operating under both favorable and detrimental loading and speed conditions, a remotely controlled model hull was equipped with a data acquisition system, video camera and onboard sensors to measure air-cavity characteristics, air supply rate and the boat speed, thrust and trim in operations on open-water reservoirs. These measurements were captured by a data logger and also wirelessly transmitted to a ground station and video monitor. The experimental air-cavity boat was tested in a range of speeds corresponding to length Froude numbers between 0.17 and 0.5 under three loading conditions, resulting in near zero trim and significant bow-up and bow-down trim angles at rest. Reduced cavity size and significantly increased drag occurred when operating at higher speeds, especially in the bow-up trim condition. The other objective of this more »
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ASME Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting FEDSM2021
5. As far as plastron is sustained, superhydrophobic (SHPo) surfaces are expected to reduce skin-friction drag in any flow conditions including large-scale turbulent boundary-layer flows of marine vessels. However, despite many successful drag reductions reported using laboratory facilities, the plastron on SHPo surfaces was persistently lost in high-Reynolds-number flows on open water, and no reduction has been reported until a recent study using certain microtrench SHPo surfaces underneath a boat (Xu et al., Phys. Rev. Appl. , vol. 13, no. 3, 2020, 034056). Since scientific studies with controlled flows are difficult with a boat on ocean water, in this paper we test similar SHPo surfaces in a high-speed towing tank, which provides well-controlled open-water flows, by developing a novel $0.7\ \textrm {m} \times 1.4\ \textrm {m}$ towing plate, which subjects a $4\ \textrm {cm} \times 7\ \textrm {cm}$ sample to the high-Reynolds-number flows of the plate. In addition to the 7 cm long microtrenches, trenches divided into two in length are also tested and reveal an improvement. The skin-friction drag ratio relative to a smooth surface is found to be decreasing with increasing Reynolds number, down to 73 % (i.e. 27 % drag reduction) at $Re_x\sim 8\times 10^6$ , before starting to increasemore » | 2023-03-20T18:28:03 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.49127137660980225, "perplexity": 3340.2061187424165}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943555.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20230320175948-20230320205948-00777.warc.gz"} |
https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=J%2A+P%2A+R%2A+Christensen | ## Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
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Author ID: christensen.jens-peter-reus Published as: Christensen, Jens Peter Reus; Christensen, J. P. R.; Christensen, J. P. Reus External Links: MGP · Wikidata · dblp
Documents Indexed: 59 Publications since 1969, including 4 Books 1 Further Contribution Reviewing Activity: 3 Reviews Co-Authors: 15 Co-Authors with 31 Joint Publications 212 Co-Co-Authors
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### Co-Authors
28 single-authored 9 Berg, Christian 7 Fischer, Pal 6 Ressel, Paul 2 Kenderov, Petar Stojanov 2 Vesterstrøm, Jørgen 1 Andersen, Niels Johan Morch 1 Erdős, Pál 1 Graf, Siegfried 1 Herer, Wojciech 1 Jensen, Christian Ulrik 1 Kanovei, Vladimir G. 1 Maharam Stone, Dorothy 1 Maserick, Peter Harrington 1 Oommen, B. John 1 Pachl, Jan K. 1 Rasmussen, Carsten 1 Reeken, Michael 1 Sasvári, Zoltán 1 Shortt, Rae Michael
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### Serials
8 Mathematische Annalen 6 Mathematica Scandinavica 6 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 3 Israel Journal of Mathematics 2 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 2 Inventiones Mathematicae 2 Linear Algebra and its Applications 2 Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences. Série I 1 Colloquium Mathematicum 1 Journal of Functional Analysis 1 Mathematische Nachrichten 1 Mathematische Zeitschrift 1 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 1 Zeitschrift für Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und Verwandte Gebiete 1 Topology and its Applications 1 Acta Mathematica Hungarica 1 Aequationes Mathematicae 1 Atti del Seminario Matematico e Fisico dell’Università di Modena 1 Doklady Bolgarskoĭ Akademii Nauk 1 IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics 1 Publications du Département de Mathématiques 1 Graduate Texts in Mathematics 1 North-Holland Mathematics Studies
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### Fields
24 Measure and integration (28-XX) 18 Functional analysis (46-XX) 13 General topology (54-XX) 11 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 6 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 6 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 5 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 4 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 4 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 3 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 3 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 3 Operator theory (47-XX) 2 Real functions (26-XX) 1 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 1 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 1 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 1 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 1 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 1 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 1 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 1 Computer science (68-XX) 1 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX)
### Citations contained in zbMATH Open
48 Publications have been cited 885 times in 802 Documents Cited by Year
Harmonic analysis on semigroups. Theory of positive definite and related functions. Zbl 0619.43001
Berg, Christian; Christensen, Jens Peter Reus; Ressel, Paul
1984
Topology and Borel structure. Descriptive topology and set theory with applications to functional analysis and measure theory. Zbl 0273.28001
Christensen, J. P. R.
1974
Density questions in the classical theory of moments. Zbl 0437.42007
Berg, Christian; Christensen, J. P. Reus
1981
On sets of Haar measure zero in abelian Polish groups. Proc. internat. Sympos. partial diff. Equ. Geometry normed lin. Spaces II. Zbl 0249.43002
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1973
On some properties of Effros Borel structure on spaces of closed subsets. Zbl 0215.48303
Christensen, J. P. R.
1971
Theorems of Namioka and B. E. Johnson type for upper semicontinuous and compact valued set-valued mappings. Zbl 0506.54016
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1982
A remark on the multidimensional moment problem. Zbl 0416.46003
Berg, C.; Christensen, J. P. R.; Jensen, C. U.
1979
On the existence of pathological submeasures and the construction of exotic topological groups. Zbl 0311.28002
Herer, Wojchiech; Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1975
Joint continuity of separately continuous functions. Zbl 0472.54007
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1981
Positive definite functions on Abelian semigroups. Zbl 0331.43010
Berg, Christian; Christensen, Jens Peter Reus; Ressel, Paul
1976
Measure theoretic zero sets in infinite dimensional spaces and applications to differentiability of Lipschitz mappings. Zbl 0302.43001
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1973
Borel structures in groups and semigroups. Zbl 0217.08502
Christensen, J. P. R.
1971
Dense strong continuity of mappings and the Radon-Nikodym property. Zbl 0557.46016
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus; Kenderov, Petar Stojanov
1984
On some measures analogous to Haar measure. Zbl 0191.43103
Christensen, J. P. R.
1970
Necessary and sufficient conditions for the measurability of certain sets of closed subsets. Zbl 0233.28002
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1973
Functions operating on positive definite matrices and a theorem of Schoenberg. Zbl 0394.15011
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus; Ressel, Paul
1978
Sur la norme des opérateurs de convolution. Zbl 0261.22009
Berg, Christian; Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1974
A note on extreme positive definite matrices. Zbl 0396.15011
Christensen, J. P. R.; Vesterstrøm, Jørgen
1979
Borel structures and a topological zero-one law. Zbl 0234.54024
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1972
Sequences with finitely many negative squares. Zbl 0656.47021
Berg, C.; Christensen, J. P. R.; Maserick, P. H.
1988
On the relation between amenability of locally compact groups and the norms of convolution operators. Zbl 0264.43003
Berg, Christian; Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1974
Positive definite doubly stochastic matrices and extreme points. Zbl 0599.15011
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus; Fischer, Pal
1986
Exposants critiques dans le problème des moments. Zbl 0531.28008
Berg, Christian; Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1983
Ergodic invariant probability measures and entire functions. Zbl 0928.28005
Christensen, J. P. R.; Fischer, P.
1996
Codimension of some subspaces in a Frechet algebra. Zbl 0329.46052
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1976
Positive definite kernels on the complex Hilbert sphere. Zbl 0572.43004
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus; Ressel, Paul
1982
Linear independence of iterates and entire solutions of functional equations. Zbl 0654.30018
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus; Fischer, Pal
1988
A finitely additive measure defined on a sigma-field is automatically countably additive. Zbl 1221.28006
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
2001
Remarks on Namioka spaces and B. E. Johnson’s theorem on the norm separability of the range of certain mappings. Zbl 0519.54008
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1983
Small sets and a class of general functional equations. Zbl 0628.28011
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus; Fischer, Pal
1987
Some results on Borel structures with applications to subseries convergence in Abelian topological groups. Zbl 0291.22005
Andersen, Niels Johan Morch; Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1973
Measurable functionals on function spaces. Zbl 0437.46022
Christensen, J. P. R.; Pachl, J. K.
1981
A probabilistic characterisation of negative definite and completely alternating functions. Zbl 0474.60016
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus; Ressel, Paul
1981
Multidimensional stochastic matrices and error-correcting codes. Zbl 0776.94006
Christensen, J. P. R.; Fischer, P.
1993
Some results with relation to the control measure problem. Zbl 0371.28011
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1978
Joint continuity of measurable biadditive mappings. Zbl 0664.28004
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus; Fischer, Pal
1988
Uniform measures and spherical harmonics. Zbl 0203.44204
Christensen, J. P. R.
1970
Measurability problems in a metrizable convex compact set. Zbl 0239.28001
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1972
$$\epsilon$$-optimal discretized linear reward-penalty learning automata. Zbl 0657.68062
Oommen, B. J.; Christensen, J. P. R.
1988
A note on extreme positive definite matrices. Zbl 0408.47033
Christensen, J. P. R.; Vesterstrøm, Jørgen
1978
The small ball theorem for Hilbert spaces. Zbl 0368.28009
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1978
Compact convex sets and compact Choquet simplexes. Zbl 0247.46009
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1973
Uniform measures. Zbl 0238.28004
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1969
The dimension of the linear space spanned by all partial derivatives of a symmetric polynomial. Zbl 1006.15003
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus; Sasvári, Zoltán
2002
On Borel orderable groups. Zbl 0968.03054
Christensen, J. P. R.; Kanovei, Vladimir; Reeken, Michael
2001
Linear independence of iterates and meromorphic solutions of functional equations. Zbl 0797.30029
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus; Fischer, Pal
1994
Suites complètement définies positives, majoration de Schur et le problème des moments de Stieltjes en dimension k. Zbl 0532.44005
Berg, Christian; Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1983
Nonlinear automatic continuity. Zbl 0547.54010
Christensen, J. P. R.
1983
The dimension of the linear space spanned by all partial derivatives of a symmetric polynomial. Zbl 1006.15003
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus; Sasvári, Zoltán
2002
A finitely additive measure defined on a sigma-field is automatically countably additive. Zbl 1221.28006
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
2001
On Borel orderable groups. Zbl 0968.03054
Christensen, J. P. R.; Kanovei, Vladimir; Reeken, Michael
2001
Ergodic invariant probability measures and entire functions. Zbl 0928.28005
Christensen, J. P. R.; Fischer, P.
1996
Linear independence of iterates and meromorphic solutions of functional equations. Zbl 0797.30029
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus; Fischer, Pal
1994
Multidimensional stochastic matrices and error-correcting codes. Zbl 0776.94006
Christensen, J. P. R.; Fischer, P.
1993
Sequences with finitely many negative squares. Zbl 0656.47021
Berg, C.; Christensen, J. P. R.; Maserick, P. H.
1988
Linear independence of iterates and entire solutions of functional equations. Zbl 0654.30018
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus; Fischer, Pal
1988
Joint continuity of measurable biadditive mappings. Zbl 0664.28004
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus; Fischer, Pal
1988
$$\epsilon$$-optimal discretized linear reward-penalty learning automata. Zbl 0657.68062
Oommen, B. J.; Christensen, J. P. R.
1988
Small sets and a class of general functional equations. Zbl 0628.28011
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus; Fischer, Pal
1987
Positive definite doubly stochastic matrices and extreme points. Zbl 0599.15011
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus; Fischer, Pal
1986
Harmonic analysis on semigroups. Theory of positive definite and related functions. Zbl 0619.43001
Berg, Christian; Christensen, Jens Peter Reus; Ressel, Paul
1984
Dense strong continuity of mappings and the Radon-Nikodym property. Zbl 0557.46016
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus; Kenderov, Petar Stojanov
1984
Exposants critiques dans le problème des moments. Zbl 0531.28008
Berg, Christian; Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1983
Remarks on Namioka spaces and B. E. Johnson’s theorem on the norm separability of the range of certain mappings. Zbl 0519.54008
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1983
Suites complètement définies positives, majoration de Schur et le problème des moments de Stieltjes en dimension k. Zbl 0532.44005
Berg, Christian; Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1983
Nonlinear automatic continuity. Zbl 0547.54010
Christensen, J. P. R.
1983
Theorems of Namioka and B. E. Johnson type for upper semicontinuous and compact valued set-valued mappings. Zbl 0506.54016
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1982
Positive definite kernels on the complex Hilbert sphere. Zbl 0572.43004
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus; Ressel, Paul
1982
Density questions in the classical theory of moments. Zbl 0437.42007
Berg, Christian; Christensen, J. P. Reus
1981
Joint continuity of separately continuous functions. Zbl 0472.54007
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1981
Measurable functionals on function spaces. Zbl 0437.46022
Christensen, J. P. R.; Pachl, J. K.
1981
A probabilistic characterisation of negative definite and completely alternating functions. Zbl 0474.60016
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus; Ressel, Paul
1981
A remark on the multidimensional moment problem. Zbl 0416.46003
Berg, C.; Christensen, J. P. R.; Jensen, C. U.
1979
A note on extreme positive definite matrices. Zbl 0396.15011
Christensen, J. P. R.; Vesterstrøm, Jørgen
1979
Functions operating on positive definite matrices and a theorem of Schoenberg. Zbl 0394.15011
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus; Ressel, Paul
1978
Some results with relation to the control measure problem. Zbl 0371.28011
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1978
A note on extreme positive definite matrices. Zbl 0408.47033
Christensen, J. P. R.; Vesterstrøm, Jørgen
1978
The small ball theorem for Hilbert spaces. Zbl 0368.28009
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1978
Positive definite functions on Abelian semigroups. Zbl 0331.43010
Berg, Christian; Christensen, Jens Peter Reus; Ressel, Paul
1976
Codimension of some subspaces in a Frechet algebra. Zbl 0329.46052
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1976
On the existence of pathological submeasures and the construction of exotic topological groups. Zbl 0311.28002
Herer, Wojchiech; Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1975
Topology and Borel structure. Descriptive topology and set theory with applications to functional analysis and measure theory. Zbl 0273.28001
Christensen, J. P. R.
1974
Sur la norme des opérateurs de convolution. Zbl 0261.22009
Berg, Christian; Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1974
On the relation between amenability of locally compact groups and the norms of convolution operators. Zbl 0264.43003
Berg, Christian; Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1974
On sets of Haar measure zero in abelian Polish groups. Proc. internat. Sympos. partial diff. Equ. Geometry normed lin. Spaces II. Zbl 0249.43002
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1973
Measure theoretic zero sets in infinite dimensional spaces and applications to differentiability of Lipschitz mappings. Zbl 0302.43001
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1973
Necessary and sufficient conditions for the measurability of certain sets of closed subsets. Zbl 0233.28002
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1973
Some results on Borel structures with applications to subseries convergence in Abelian topological groups. Zbl 0291.22005
Andersen, Niels Johan Morch; Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1973
Compact convex sets and compact Choquet simplexes. Zbl 0247.46009
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1973
Borel structures and a topological zero-one law. Zbl 0234.54024
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1972
Measurability problems in a metrizable convex compact set. Zbl 0239.28001
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1972
On some properties of Effros Borel structure on spaces of closed subsets. Zbl 0215.48303
Christensen, J. P. R.
1971
Borel structures in groups and semigroups. Zbl 0217.08502
Christensen, J. P. R.
1971
On some measures analogous to Haar measure. Zbl 0191.43103
Christensen, J. P. R.
1970
Uniform measures and spherical harmonics. Zbl 0203.44204
Christensen, J. P. R.
1970
Uniform measures. Zbl 0238.28004
Christensen, Jens Peter Reus
1969
all top 5
all top 5
### Cited in 225 Serials
55 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 48 Topology and its Applications 39 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 32 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 25 Mathematische Annalen 23 Israel Journal of Mathematics 22 Journal of Functional Analysis 14 Acta Mechanica 14 Aequationes Mathematicae 11 Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 11 Linear Algebra and its Applications 11 Positivity 10 Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 10 Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal 10 Journal of Approximation Theory 9 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 9 Archiv der Mathematik 9 Integral Equations and Operator Theory 9 Mathematische Zeitschrift 9 Semigroup Forum 8 Monatshefte für Mathematik 8 Journal of Theoretical Probability 8 Bernoulli 7 Probability Theory and Related Fields 7 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 6 Journal d’Analyse Mathématique 6 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 6 Zeitschrift für Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und Verwandte Gebiete 6 Acta Mathematica Hungarica 5 Arkiv för Matematik 5 The Annals of Probability 5 Journal of Soviet Mathematics 5 Mathematica Slovaca 5 Mathematika 5 The Journal of Fourier Analysis and Applications 5 Extremes 4 Linear and Multilinear Algebra 4 Studia Mathematica 4 Ukrainian Mathematical Journal 4 The Annals of Statistics 4 Journal of Economic Theory 4 Manuscripta Mathematica 4 Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics 4 Comptes Rendus. Mathématique. Académie des Sciences, Paris 4 Complex Analysis and Operator Theory 3 Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 3 General Relativity and Gravitation 3 International Journal of Solids and Structures 3 Journal of Statistical Physics 3 Acta Mathematica 3 Advances in Mathematics 3 Applied Mathematics and Computation 3 Journal of Applied Probability 3 Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 3 Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 3 Results in Mathematics 3 Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 3 Statistics & Probability Letters 3 Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 3 Constructive Approximation 3 Expositiones Mathematicae 3 Potential Analysis 3 Set-Valued Analysis 3 International Applied Mechanics 3 Acta Mathematica Sinica. English Series 3 Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society 3 Analysis and Applications (Singapore) 3 Electronic Journal of Statistics 3 Set-Valued and Variational Analysis 3 Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Serie A: Matemáticas. RACSAM 3 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications 2 Advances in Applied Probability 2 Communications in Mathematical Physics 2 Ingenieur-Archiv 2 Mathematical Notes 2 Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 2 Rheologica Acta 2 Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics 2 Compositio Mathematica 2 Dissertationes Mathematicae 2 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series A 2 Journal of Mathematical Economics 2 Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 2 Mathematische Nachrichten 2 Meccanica 2 Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society. Series II 2 Rendiconti del Circolo Matemàtico di Palermo. Serie II 2 Order 2 Revista Matemática Iberoamericana 2 Machine Learning 2 Communications in Statistics. Theory and Methods 2 Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. Neuvième Série 2 Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section A. Mathematics 2 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 2 Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré. Probabilités et Statistiques 2 Mathematical Programming. Series A. Series B 2 Journal of Dynamics and Differential Equations 2 Archive of Applied Mechanics 2 Annales de la Faculté des Sciences de Toulouse. Mathématiques. Série VI 2 Russian Mathematics ...and 125 more Serials
all top 5
### Cited in 59 Fields
199 Functional analysis (46-XX) 162 General topology (54-XX) 120 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 111 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 109 Measure and integration (28-XX) 90 Operator theory (47-XX) 75 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 68 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 57 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 48 Real functions (26-XX) 43 Statistics (62-XX) 41 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 38 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 37 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 37 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 33 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 29 Special functions (33-XX) 27 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 25 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 22 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 22 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 21 Combinatorics (05-XX) 20 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 18 Computer science (68-XX) 13 Number theory (11-XX) 13 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 13 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 13 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 12 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 12 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 11 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 11 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 10 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 10 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 9 Quantum theory (81-XX) 7 Potential theory (31-XX) 7 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 6 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 6 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 5 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 5 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 5 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 5 Differential geometry (53-XX) 5 Geophysics (86-XX) 4 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 4 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 3 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 3 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 2 Nonassociative rings and algebras (17-XX) 2 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 2 Integral equations (45-XX) 2 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 1 History and biography (01-XX) 1 Category theory; homological algebra (18-XX) 1 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 1 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) 1 Classical thermodynamics, heat transfer (80-XX) 1 Relativity and gravitational theory (83-XX) 1 Mathematics education (97-XX)
### Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata. | 2022-05-18T15:49:54 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4654323160648346, "perplexity": 3914.994440344854}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662522284.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518151003-20220518181003-00510.warc.gz"} |
http://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/showversion/cs/A-13.2.1?code=se:171&pointInTime=20201022 | ### A-13.2.1 - Act respecting assistance and compensation for victims of crime
Not in force
171. The following amounts are credited to the Fund, exclusive of the interest earned:
(1) the victim fine surcharges collected under the Criminal Code (R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46);
(2) the sums recovered by the Minister in exercising his recourse as subrogee;
(3) the sums received for goods and services financed by the amounts;
(4) the sums credited to the Fund pursuant to an agreement referred to in section 164;
(5) the gifts, legacies and other contributions paid into the Fund to further the achievement of its objects;
(6) the sums transferred to the Fund by the Minister of Finance under sections 53 and 54 of the Financial Administration Act (chapter A-6.001);
(7) the sums the Minister of Finance is authorized to transfer to the Fund under section 173.
1993, c. 54, s. 171; 1999, c. 77, s. 54; 2011, c. 18, s. 294.
171. The Fonds is made up of the following amounts, except interest:
(1) the victim fine surcharges collected under the Criminal Code (Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, chapter C-46);
(2) the sums recovered by the Minister in exercising his recourse as subrogee;
(3) the sums received for goods and services financed by the amounts;
(4) the sums paid into it pursuant to an agreement referred to in section 164;
(5) the gifts, legacies and other contributions paid into it;
(6) the sums paid by the Minister of Finance under section 175 of this Act and section 69.6 of the Financial Administration Act (chapter A-6),
(7) the sums the Minister of Finance is authorized to pay into it under section 173.
1993, c. 54, s. 171. | 2020-11-28T15:38:40 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8139970898628235, "perplexity": 12522.763444440492}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195656.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128125557-20201128155557-00179.warc.gz"} |
https://pos.sissa.it/364/652/ | Volume 364 - European Physical Society Conference on High Energy Physics (EPS-HEP2019) - Top and Electroweak Physics
Modified interactions in the top-quark electroweak sector: exploiting unitarity violating effects at the amplitude level to probe New Physics
L. Mantani,* K. Mimasu, F. Maltoni
*corresponding author
Full text: pdf
Pre-published on: June 17, 2020
Published on:
Abstract
We present a broad study of collider processes that embed $2 \to 2$ scattering amplitudes involving top quarks in the
Electroweak sector. We parametrise the modified interactions using the Standard Model Effective Field Theory framework and discuss
how the New Physics effects lead to unitarity violating behaviour at the amplitude level. For each scattering amplitude we compute
the helicity amplitudes in the high energy limit paying special attention to the effects of the higher dimensional operators.
We also discuss whether and to what extent the unitarity violating effects are retained in physical processes at colliders.
How to cite
Metadata are provided both in "article" format (very similar to INSPIRE) as this helps creating very compact bibliographies which can be beneficial to authors and readers, and in "proceeding" format which is more detailed and complete.
Open Access
Copyright owned by the author(s) under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. | 2020-09-23T00:42:09 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4020064175128937, "perplexity": 2854.5458228710236}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400208095.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922224013-20200923014013-00081.warc.gz"} |
https://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=S085DM&home=sumtabM | # ${\boldsymbol m}_{{{\boldsymbol B}^{*}}}–{\boldsymbol m}_{{{\boldsymbol B}^{}}}$ INSPIRE search
VALUE (MeV) EVTS DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
$\bf{ 45.21 \pm0.21}$ OUR FIT
$\bf{ 45.42 \pm0.26}$ OUR AVERAGE
$46.2$ $\pm0.3$ $\pm0.8$ 1
1997 M
OPAL ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit Z}}$
$45.3$ $\pm0.35$ $\pm0.87$ 4227 1
1996 D
ALEP ${\it{}E}^{\it{}ee}_{\rm{}cm}$= $88 - 94$ GeV
$45.5$ $\pm0.3$ $\pm0.8$ 1
1995 R
DLPH ${\it{}E}^{\it{}ee}_{\rm{}cm}$= $88 - 94$ GeV
$46.3$ $\pm1.9$ 1378 1
1995 B
L3 ${\it{}E}^{\it{}ee}_{\rm{}cm}$= $88 - 94$ GeV
$46.4$ $\pm0.3$ $\pm0.8$ 2
1991
CLE2 ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ X
$45.6$ $\pm0.8$ 2
1991
CSB2 ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ X, ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \ell}}$ X
$45.4$ $\pm1.0$ 3
1990
CSB2 ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \Upsilon}{(5S)}}$
• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •
$52$ $\pm2$ $\pm4$ 1400 4
1985
CUSB ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit e}}$ X
1 ${{\mathit u}}$, ${{\mathit d}}$, ${{\mathit s}}$ flavor averaged.
2 These papers report $\mathit E_{{{\mathit \gamma}}}$ in the ${{\mathit B}^{*}}$ center of mass. The ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit B}^{*}}}–{\mathit m}_{{{\mathit B}}}$ is $0.2$ MeV higher. $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$ = $10.61 - 10.7$ GeV. Admixture of ${{\mathit B}^{0}}$ and ${{\mathit B}^{+}}$ mesons, but not ${{\mathit B}_{{s}}}$.
3 LEE-FRANZINI 1990 value is for an admixture of ${{\mathit B}^{0}}$ and ${{\mathit B}^{+}}$. They measure $46.7$ $\pm0.4$ $\pm0.2$ MeV for an admixture of ${{\mathit B}^{0}}$, ${{\mathit B}^{+}}$, and ${{\mathit B}_{{s}}}$, and use the shape of the photon line to separate the above value.
4 HAN 1985 is for $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$ = $10.6 - 11.2$ GeV, giving an admixture of ${{\mathit B}^{0}}$, ${{\mathit B}^{+}}$, and ${{\mathit B}_{{s}}}$.
References:
ACKERSTAFF 1997M
ZPHY C74 413 ${{\mathit B}^{*}}$ Production in ${{\mathit Z}^{0}}$ Decays
BUSKULIC 1996D
ZPHY C69 393 Production of Excited Beauty States in ${{\mathit Z}}$ Decays
ABREU 1995R
ZPHY C68 353 ${{\mathit B}^{*}}$ Production in ${{\mathit Z}}$ Decays
ACCIARRI 1995B
PL B345 589 ${{\mathit B}^{*}}$ Production in ${{\mathit Z}}$ Decays at LEP
AKERIB 1991
PRL 67 1692 Measurement of the Inclusive ${{\mathit B}^{*}}$ Cross Section above the ${{\mathit \Upsilon}{(4S)}}$
WU 1991
PL B273 177 Measurement of the ${{\mathit B}^{*}}$ Cross Section at $\sqrt {s }$ = 10.61 to 10.70 GeV
LEE-FRANZINI 1990
PRL 65 2947 Hyperfine Splitting of ${{\mathit B}}$ Mesons and ${{\mathit B}_{{s}}}$ Production at the ${{\mathit \Upsilon}{(5S)}}$
HAN 1985
PRL 55 36 Observation of ${{\mathit B}^{*}}$ Production in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Interactions above the ${{\mathit b}}$-Flavor Threshold | 2021-03-02T19:36:04 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8915907144546509, "perplexity": 3414.603623018673}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178364764.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20210302190916-20210302220916-00627.warc.gz"} |
https://www.nist.gov/property-fieldsection/enabling-nanotechnology-discovery-manufacture-20-million | ### Proposed NIST Program
NIST has been selected as the lead agency for nanotech instrumentation, metrology, and standards research by the President's National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI).
This initiative will fund a national research facility for developing and disseminating nanoscale technologies, and an R&D effort, utilizing the resources of both the facility and NIST's multidisciplinary labs to develop measurement science, standards, and technology for nanomanufacturing. The Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST) will exploit the world-class capabilities of NIST's Advanced Measurement Laboratory (AML) and its newly operational nanofabrication facility to provide opportunities for researchers from industry, academia, and other government agencies. The CNST will allow NIST and its partners to develop measurement and fabrication technologies to bridge the gap between nanoscience in the laboratory and nanotechnology in production.
The research initiative will expand NIST's research efforts to support industry and the CNST through nanoscale measurement science by:
• developing reliable methods to detect nanoscale material, mechanical or electrical properties, and fabrication procedures for nanoscale devices needed by industry in areas such as nanoelectronics and biotechnology
• calibrating those methods, changing "detection" into "measurement" by referencing chemical composition and electrical, magnetic, and optical properties to measurement standards, and
• disseminating those calibrations to the "factory floor" by developing a strong infrastructure of standards, coordinated with international efforts, through reference materials, data, and calibration services.
### Expected Impacts
NIST work in this area should help to:
• strengthen U.S. innovation and competitiveness through the timely development and application of standards vital for nanomanufacturing;
• speed private-sector commercialization of new products and innovations that integrate nanotechnology and nanomanufacturing;
• increase yield and productivity in the manufacturing of nanostructures and devices; and
• enable pace-setting new products through the use of nanotechnologies, such as more compact and powerful computers, magnetic storage systems, and communications devices.
Created August 24, 2009, Updated October 05, 2010 | 2016-10-01T15:30:44 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2810747027397156, "perplexity": 11245.030659426957}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738663010.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173743-00254-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://dlmf.nist.gov/about/bio/MEHIsmail | Books for which he has served as editor or coeditor include, Mathematical Analysis, Wavelets, and Signal Processing, Contemporary Mathematics, vol. 190, American Mathematical Society, 1995; Special Functions, $q$-Series and Related Topics, Fields Institute Communications, vol. 14, American Mathematical Society, 1997; $q$-Series from a Contemporary Perspective, Contemporary Mathematics, vol. 254, American Mathematical Society, 2000; Special Functions—Proceedings of the International Workshop, Hong Kong, June 21–25, 1999, World Scientific, 2000; Special Functions 2000, Current Perspectives and Future Directions, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001; Symbolic Computation, Number Theory, Special Functions, Physics and Combinatorics, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001; and Theory and Applications of Special Functions: A volume dedicated to Mizan Rahman, Developments in Mathematics, vol. 13, Springer, 2005. | 2017-03-27T22:27:36 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 2, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.22846192121505737, "perplexity": 1236.933805836372}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189534.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00234-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/mpc/section3/mpc3336.htm | 2. Measurement Process Characterization
2.3. Calibration
2.3.3. What are calibration designs?
2.3.3.3. Uncertainties of calibrated values
## Expanded uncertainties
Standard uncertainty The standard uncertainty for the test item is $$u = \sqrt{ {\large s}_{test}^2 + \left( \frac{Nominal \,\, Test}{Nominal \,\, Restraint} \right)^2 \left( {\large s}_{R^*} \right)^2 } \,\, .$$
Expanded uncertainty The expanded uncertainty is computed as $$U = k u$$ where k is either the critical value from the t table for degrees of freedom v or k is set equal to 2.
Problem of the degrees of freedom The calculation of degrees of freedom, v, can be a problem. Sometimes it can be computed using the Welch-Satterthwaite approximation and the structure of the uncertainty of the test item. Degrees of freedom for the standard deviation of the restraint is assumed to be infinite. The coefficients in the Welch-Satterthwaite formula must all be positive for the approximation to be reliable.
Standard deviation for test item from the 1,1,1,1 design For the 1,1,1,1 design, the standard deviation of the test items can be rewritten by substituting in the equation $${\large s}_{X_1} = {\large s}_{X_2} = \sqrt{\frac{3}{8}{\large s}_1^2 + \frac{3}{2} {\large s}_{days}^2 } = \sqrt{\frac{3}{8}{\large s}_1^2 + \frac{3}{2} \left\{ \frac{1}{2} {\large s}_2^2 - \frac{1}{4} {\large s}_1^2 \right\} } = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} {\large s}_2$$ so that the degrees of freedom depends only on the degrees of freedom in the standard deviation of the check standard. This device may not work satisfactorily for all designs.
Standard uncertainty from the 1,1,1,1 design To complete the calculation shown in the equation at the top of the page, the nominal value of the test item (which is equal to 1) is divided by the nominal value of the restraint (which is also equal to 1), and the result is squared. Thus, the standard uncertainty is $$u = \sqrt{\frac{3}{4} {\large s}_2^2 + {\large s}_{R^*}^2} \,\, .$$
Degrees of freedom using the Welch-Satterthwaite approximation Therefore, the degrees of freedom is approximated as $$\nu = \frac{u^4}{\frac{1}{n-1} \left( \frac{9}{16}{\large s}_2^4 \right)}$$ where n - 1 is the degrees of freedom associated with the check standard uncertainty. Notice that the standard deviation of the restraint drops out of the calculation because of an infinite degrees of freedom. | 2018-01-16T13:32:46 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8352242708206177, "perplexity": 294.89343346356634}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886436.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116125134-20180116145134-00016.warc.gz"} |
http://jde27.uk/blog/shm.html | # Pre-QFT 1: The quantum harmonic oscillator
[2017-09-24 Sun]
This is a standard piece of theory in quantum mechanics, and it is crucial for understanding QFT. I am including it here so I can look it up whenever I need it.
The classical system called the simple harmonic oscillator involves a particle in a 1-dimensional space (coordinate $$q$$) moving under the influence of a potential which is quadratic in $$q$$. We'll write $$p$$ for the momentum of the particle along the $$q$$-axis. In suitable units (to make the constants as simple as possible) the Hamiltonian for the system is $H=\frac{1}{2}p^2+\omega^2q^2,$ where $$\omega$$ is a constant. When we quantise this system, it makes life slightly easier if we rewrite this Hamiltonian as $H=\omega\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\omega}}\left(\omega q-ip\right) \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\omega}}\left(\omega q+ip\right).$ We apply canonical quantisation to this system:
• taking as our Hilbert space of states the space of square-integrable functions in $$q$$;
• replacing $$q$$ with the operator $$\hat{q}$$: $\hat{q}(\psi(q))=q\psi(q);$
• replacing $$p$$ with the operator $$\hat{p}$$: $\hat{p}(\psi)=-i\partial_q\psi.$
Note that these operators satisfy \begin{align*} [\hat{q},\hat{p}]\psi&=-iq\partial_q\psi+i\partial_q(q\psi)\\ &=-iq\partial_q\psi+iq\partial_q\psi+i\psi, \end{align*} that is, $$[\hat{q},\hat{p}]=i$$. This is called the canonical commutation relation.
The Hamiltonian becomes $\hat{H}=\omega a^\dagger a,$ where \begin{align*} a&=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\omega}}(\omega\hat{q}+i\hat{p})\\ a^\dagger&=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\omega}}(\omega\hat{q}-i\hat{p})\\ \end{align*} (here the dagger denotes Hermitian conjugation). Equivalently, \begin{align*} \hat{q}&=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\omega}}\left(a+a^\dagger\right)\\ \hat{p}&=-i\sqrt{\frac{\omega}{2}}\left(a-a^\dagger\right). \end{align*}
Note that before we quantise, the ordering of $$q$$ and $$p$$ is not important, so we have to make choice about how we order them when we quantise. Different choices will give different Hamiltonians (differing by a constant, which emerges from the canonical commutation relation as the qs and ps move past one another). The choice we made here is called normal ordering, where we have written the Hamiltonian as an expression in $$a$$ and $$a^\dagger$$, and taken all the $$a^\dagger$$ terms to the left. Later, in QFT, we will have an infinite number of simple harmonic oscillators to handle at the same time, and the extra constants that would appear from a different choice of ordering would give rise to an annoying infinite quantity.
The operators $$a$$ and $$a^\dagger$$ satisfy the following commutation relations: \begin{align*} \left[a,a^\dagger\right] &=\frac{1}{2\omega}[\omega\hat{q}+i\hat{p},\omega\hat{q}-i\hat{p}]\\ &=-i[\hat{q},\hat{p}]\\ &=1. \end{align*} Moreover, they satisfy the following commutation relations with the Hamiltonian $$\hat{H}$$: \begin{align*} [\hat{H},a] &=\omega a^\dagger a^2-\omega aa^\dagger a\\ &=\omega[a^\dagger,a]a\\ &=-\omega a, \end{align*} \begin{align*} [\hat{H},a^\dagger] &=\omega a^\dagger aa^\dagger-\omega \left(a^\dagger\right)^2a\\ &=\omega a^\dagger[a,a^\dagger]\\ &=\omega a^\dagger. \end{align*} There is a state $$|0\rangle$$ called the vacuum state which satisfies $a|0\rangle=0,\quad\langle 0|0\rangle=1.$ This is an eigenstate of the quantised Hamiltonian with eigenvalue zero: $\hat{H}|0\rangle=\omega a^\dagger a|0\rangle=0.$
Explicitly, in our chosen Hilbert space $$L^2(\mathbf{R})$$, this is the unique (normalised) solution to the differential equation $$a\psi=0$$, that is $\partial_q\psi=-\omega q\psi.$ This solution is $$\psi=Ce^{-\omega q^2/2}$$, where $$C$$ is a suitably chosen normalisation factor.
We can act on this state using $$\left(a^\dagger\right)^n$$ to generate further states $|n\rangle=\left(a^\dagger\right)^n|0\rangle,$ These are also eigenstates of $$\hat{H}$$; using the commutation relation $$[a,a^\dagger]=1$$ and the fact that $$a|0\rangle=0$$, we get \begin{align*} \hat{H}|n\rangle &=\omega a^\dagger a \left(a^\dagger\right)^n|0\rangle\\ &=\omega \left(a^\dagger\right)^n|0\rangle +\omega \left(a^\dagger\right)^2a\left(a^\dagger\right)^{n-1}|0\rangle\\ &=2\omega \left(a^\dagger\right)^n|0\rangle +\omega \left(a^\dagger\right)^3a\left(a^\dagger\right)^{n-2}|0\rangle\\ &=\cdots\\ &=n\omega|n\rangle. \end{align*} The norms of these states can be computed recursively as follows: \begin{align*} \langle n|n\rangle &=\langle 0|a^n\left(a^\dagger\right)^n|0\rangle\\ &=\langle n-1|n-1\rangle +\langle 0|a^{n-1}a^\dagger a\left(a^{\dagger}\right)^{n-1}|0\rangle\\ &=\cdots\\ &=n\langle n-1|n-1\rangle\\ &=n!. \end{align*} so normalised eigenstates are $$\frac{1}{\sqrt{n!}}\left(a^\dagger\right)^n|0\rangle$$.
We can find explicit wavefunctions in our Hilbert space which represent these eigenstates by applying $$\left(a^\dagger\right)^n$$ (considered as the differential operator $$\frac{1}{2\omega}\left(\omega\hat{q}-i\hat{p}\right)$$) to the Gaussian vacuum state $$\psi=Ce^{-\omega q^2/2}$$. For example: \begin{align*} |1\rangle &=a^\dagger|0\rangle\\ &=\frac{1}{2\omega}\left(\omega q+\partial_q\right)\psi\\ &=\frac{1}{2\omega}\left(\omega Cqe^{-\omega q^2/2}+C\omega q e^{-\omega q^2/2}\right)\\ &=Cqe^{-\omega q^2/2}. \end{align*} In general, these states are of the form $$P_n(q)e^{-\omega q^2/2}$$ where $$P_n(q)$$ is the Hermite polynomial of degree $$n$$. These functions form an orthonormal basis for $$L^2(\mathbf{R})$$, so we have completely solved the quantum mechanical problem of finding the spectrum of the quantum Hamiltonian.
Classically, this system arises from something like a ball on a spring obeying Hooke's law and ignoring friction: the ball, released, will oscillate along the $$q$$ axis with frequency $$\omega$$. There is a continuum of states depending on how much we stretch the spring before we release the ball (the more we stretch it, the larger the potential energy stored in the system, so the higher the energy of the state). Quantum mechanically, we see a discrete collection of states with energies being nonnegative integer multiples of $$\omega$$. In quantum field theory, the thing which is oscillating will be (roughly speaking) the value of the (Fourier transform of the) field at a point. See my introductory post on QFT for more about this.
Comments, corrections and contributions are very welcome; please drop me an email at j.d.evans at lancaster.ac.uk if you have something to share.
CC-BY-SA 4.0 Jonny Evans. | 2023-03-24T22:10:11 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9780098795890808, "perplexity": 507.8436236217316}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945289.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324211121-20230325001121-00516.warc.gz"} |
https://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=M228M&home=MXXX035 | #### ${{\mathit D}_{{2}}{(2740)}^{0}}$ MASS
VALUE (MeV) EVTS DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
$\bf{ 2747 \pm6}$ OUR AVERAGE
$2751$ $\pm3$ $\pm7$ 79k 1
2020 D
LHCB ${{\mathit B}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit D}^{*+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$
$2737.0$ $\pm3.5$ $\pm11.2$ 7.7k
2013 CC
LHCB ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit D}^{*+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit X}}$
1 From a full four-body amplitude analysis of the ${{\mathit B}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit D}^{*+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ decay.
References:
AAIJ 2020D
PR D101 032005 Determination of quantum numbers for several excited charmed mesons observed in $B^- \to D^{*+} \pi^- \pi^-$ decays
AAIJ 2013CC
JHEP 1309 145 Study of ${{\mathit D}_{{J}}}$ Meson Decays to ${{\mathit D}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ , ${{\mathit D}^{0}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}$ and ${{\mathit D}^{*+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ Final States in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collisions | 2023-01-29T08:23:12 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9292730689048767, "perplexity": 5940.637934147492}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499710.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129080341-20230129110341-00674.warc.gz"} |
https://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=M156M&home=sumtabM | # ${{\boldsymbol f}_{{0}}{(2020)}}$ MASS INSPIRE search
VALUE (MeV) EVTS DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
$1992$ $\pm16$ 1, 2
2000 C
450 ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit p}_{{f}}}$4 ${{\mathit \pi}}{{\mathit p}_{{s}}}$
• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •
$1910$ $\pm50$ 3
2018
RVUE ${{\overline{\mathit B}}_{{s}}^{0}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$( ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ $/$ ${{\mathit K}^{+}}{{\mathit K}^{-}}$)
$2037$ $\pm8$ 80k 4
2006
E835 5.2 ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \eta}}{{\mathit \eta}}{{\mathit \pi}^{0}}$
$2040$ $\pm38$
2000 J
SPEC
$2010$ $\pm60$
1998
GAM4 100 ${{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{0}}{{\mathit \pi}^{0}}{{\mathit n}}$
$2020$ $\pm35$
1997 B
OMEG 450 ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$2( ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$)
1 Average between ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$2 ${{\mathit \pi}^{0}}$ and 2( ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ ).
2 T-matrix pole.
3 T-matrix pole of 3 channel unitary model fit to data from AAIJ 2014BR and AAIJ 2017V extracted using Pade approximants.
4 Statistical error only.
References:
ROPERTZ 2018
EPJ C78 1000 A new parametrization for the scalar pion form factors
UMAN 2006
PR D73 052009 Light Quark Resonances in ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}{{\mathit p}}$ Annihilations at 5.2 GeV/$\mathit c$
ANISOVICH 2000J
PL B491 47 I = 0 C = +1 Mesons from 1920 to 2410 MeV
BARBERIS 2000C
PL B471 440 A Spin Analysis of the 4${{\mathit \pi}}$ Channels Produced in Central ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ Interactions at 450 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$
ALDE 1998
EPJ A3 361 Study of the ${{\mathit \pi}^{0}}{{\mathit \pi}^{0}}$ System with the GAMS-4000 Spectrometer at 100 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$
BARBERIS 1997B
PL B413 217 A Study of the Centrally Produced ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ Channel in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ Interactions at 450 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$ | 2020-10-23T03:24:03 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8625653982162476, "perplexity": 10114.773800190193}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107880519.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20201023014545-20201023044545-00312.warc.gz"} |
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10218029-new-material-platform-superconducting-transmon-qubits-coherence-times-exceeding-milliseconds | New material platform for superconducting transmon qubits with coherence times exceeding 0.3 milliseconds
Abstract
The superconducting transmon qubit is a leading platform for quantum computing and quantum science. Building large, useful quantum systems based on transmon qubits will require significant improvements in qubit relaxation and coherence times, which are orders of magnitude shorter than limits imposed by bulk properties of the constituent materials. This indicates that relaxation likely originates from uncontrolled surfaces, interfaces, and contaminants. Previous efforts to improve qubit lifetimes have focused primarily on designs that minimize contributions from surfaces. However, significant improvements in the lifetime of two-dimensional transmon qubits have remained elusive for several years. Here, we fabricate two-dimensional transmon qubits that have both lifetimes and coherence times with dynamical decoupling exceeding 0.3 milliseconds by replacing niobium with tantalum in the device. We have observed increased lifetimes for seventeen devices, indicating that these material improvements are robust, paving the way for higher gate fidelities in multi-qubit processors.
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more »
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10218029
Journal Name:
Nature Communications
Volume:
12
Issue:
1
ISSN:
2041-1723
Publisher:
Nature Publishing Group
National Science Foundation
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5. Quantum technology has been rapidly growing; in particular, the experiments that have been performed with superconducting qubits and circuit QED have allowed us to explore the light-matter interaction at its most fundamental level. The study of coherent dynamics between two-level systems and resonator modes can provide insight into fundamental aspects of quantum physics, such as how the state of a system evolves while being continuously observed. To study such an evolving quantum system, experimenters need to verify the accuracy of state preparation and control since quantum systems are very fragile and sensitive to environmental disturbance. In this thesis, I lookmore » | 2022-09-27T20:39:15 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 3, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5337000489234924, "perplexity": 1904.4749446192077}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335058.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927194248-20220927224248-00515.warc.gz"} |
https://pure.royalholloway.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/agent-interaction-and-state-determination-in-scada-systems(669d16f9-6415-4d83-9cf3-63c5b0e32df3).html | Agent Interaction and State Determination in SCADA Systems. / Mcevoy, Richard; Wolthusen, Stephen D.
Proceedings of the Sixth Annual IFIP WG 11.10 International Conference on Critical Infrastructure Protection. Springer-Verlag, 2012.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceedingConference contribution
Forthcoming
### Documents
• AgentsPaper
Rights statement: Copyright assigned to Springer.
Submitted manuscript, 262 KB, PDF document
### Abstract
In critical infrastructure environments, we argue that both adversaries and operators will utilize agents to manage dynamic attack/defence interactions in future. Agent behavior and, in particular, agent interaction require adequate modelling tools to reason over such situations in distributed environments where the state (malicious or non-malicious) of a channel or process can vary dynamically depending on the actions of opposing sides in attack and defence. For this purpose, we propose an extension to applied $\pi$-calculus to model agent behavior. We apply this extended calculus to the formal analysis of a class of agent-based attacks and its detection to demonstrate its utility..
Original language English Proceedings of the Sixth Annual IFIP WG 11.10 International Conference on Critical Infrastructure Protection Springer-Verlag Accepted/In press - 2012
This open access research output is licenced under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
ID: 5086925 | 2019-12-11T17:57:45 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2265259176492691, "perplexity": 9536.179768618858}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540531974.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20191211160056-20191211184056-00409.warc.gz"} |
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10004500-search-down-type-fourth-generation-quarks-atlas-detector-events-one-lepton-hadronically-decaying-bosons | Search for Down-Type Fourth Generation Quarks with the ATLAS Detector in Events with One Lepton and Hadronically Decaying $W$ Bosons | 2022-12-03T02:02:36 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 2, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4935597777366638, "perplexity": 3991.2535144906346}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710918.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20221203011523-20221203041523-00072.warc.gz"} |
http://mathonline.wikidot.com/the-squeeze-theorem-for-convergent-sequences | The Squeeze Theorem for Convergent Sequences
Table of Contents
# The Squeeze Theorem for Convergent Sequences
We will now proceed to specifically look at the limit squeeze theorem (law 7 from the Limit of a Sequence page) and prove it's validity.
Law 7 (Squeeze Theorem for Convergent Sequences): If the limits of the sequences $\{ a_n \}$, $\{ b_n \}$, and $\{ c_n \}$ are convergent and $a_n ≤ b_n ≤ c_n$ is true always after some $n^{\mathrm{th}}$ term, if $\lim_{n \to \infty} a_n = \lim_{n \to \infty} c_n = L$, then $\lim_{n \to \infty} b_n = L$.
• Proof of Law 7: Let $\{ a_n \}$, $\{ b_n \}$ and $\{ c_n \}$ be convergent sequences such that $a_n ≤ b_n ≤ c_n$, and let $\lim_{n \to \infty} a_n = \lim_{n \to \infty} c_n = L$. We want to show that $\forall \epsilon > 0 \: \exists N \in \mathbb{N}$ such that if $n ≥ N$ then $\mid b_n - L \mid < \epsilon$.
• We note that $\lim_{n \to \infty} a_n = L$ implies that $\forall \epsilon > 0 \: \exists N_1$ such that if $n ≥ N_1$ then $\mid a_n - L \mid < \epsilon$ or rather, $-epsilon < a_n - L < \epsilon$.
• Similarly we note that $\lim_{n \to \infty} c_n = L$ implies that $\forall \epsilon > 0 \: \exists N_2$ such that if $n ≥ N_2$ then $\mid c_n - L \mid < \epsilon$ or rather $-\epsilon < c_n - L \epsilon$.
• Now let $N = \mathrm{max} \{ N_1, N_2 \}$ to ensure that $-\epsilon < a_n - L < \epsilon$ and $-epsilon < c_n - L \epsilon$. We know that $a_n ≤ b_n ≤ c_n$. Subtracting $L$ from all parts of this inequality we get that $a_n - L ≤ b_n - L ≤ c_n - L$ or rather $-\epsilon < b_n - L < \epsilon$ so then $\mid b_n - L \mid < \epsilon$ and thus $\lim_{n \to \infty} b_n = L$. $\blacksquare$
The Squeeze Theorem is an important result because we can determine a sequence's limit if we know it is "squeezed" between two other sequences whose limit is the same. We will now look at another important theorem proven from the Squeeze Theorem.
Theorem 1: If $\lim_{n \to \infty} \mid a_n \mid = 0$ then $\lim_{n \to \infty} a_n = 0$.
• Proof of Theorem 1: We first note that $-\mid a_n \mid ≤ a_n ≤ \mid a_n \mid$. We are given that $\lim_{n \to \infty} \mid a_n \mid = 0$ and similarly $\lim_{n \to \infty} -\mid a_n \mid = 0$. By the squeeze theorem, it follows that $\lim_{n \to \infty} a_n = 0$.
Unless otherwise stated, the content of this page is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License | 2016-12-08T06:00:52 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9942156672477722, "perplexity": 120.7290838212491}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542414.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00075-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/lava-flow-activity | # Lava Flow Activity
## Detailed Description
Activity on the active flow field has been dominated by rootless lava shield construction for the past several weeks (Puu Ō `ō). The main shield, seen here, is topped by a lava pond that feeds overflows down the sides of the shield. Successive overflows slowly build up the height of the shields. At the time of this photo, a second shield was also active out of sight to the right.
## Details
Image Dimensions: 1200 x 800
Date Taken:
Location Taken: Kilauea, HI, US | 2020-04-09T14:56:55 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.42081931233406067, "perplexity": 9903.578869149607}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371858664.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409122719-20200409153219-00399.warc.gz"} |
http://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=S067SES | # $\phi _{\boldsymbol ES}$ (${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$) INSPIRE search
${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ solar-neutrino flux measured via ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit e}}$ elastic scattering. This process is sensitive to all active neutrino flavors, but with reduced sensitivity to ${{\mathit \nu}_{{\mu}}}$, ${{\mathit \nu}_{{\tau}}}$ due to the cross-section difference, $\sigma\mathrm {( {{\mathit \nu}} _{{{\mathit \mu}}, {{\mathit \tau}}} {{\mathit e}} )}$ $\sim{}0.16\sigma\mathrm {( {{\mathit \nu}_{{e}}} {{\mathit e}} )}$. If the ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ solar-neutrino flux involves nonelectron flavor active neutrinos, their contribution to the flux is $\sim{}0.16$ times of ${{\mathit \nu}_{{e}}}$.
VALUE ($10^{6}$ cm${}^{-2}$s${}^{-1}$) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •
$2.345$ $\pm0.014$ $\pm0.036$ 1
2016 C
SKAM SK-I+II+III+IV average flux
$2.308$ $\pm0.020$ ${}^{+0.039}_{-0.040}$ 2
2016 C
SKAM SK-IV average flux
$2.250$ ${}^{+0.030}_{-0.029}$ $\pm0.038$ 2
2016 C
SKAM SK-IV day flux
$2.364$ $\pm0.029$ $\pm0.040$ 2
2016 C
SKAM SK-IV night flux
$2.404$ $\pm0.039$ $\pm0.053$ 3
2016 C
SKAM SK-III average flux
$2.41$ $\pm0.05$ ${}^{+0.16}_{-0.15}$ 4
2011
SKAM SK-II average flux
$2.38$ $\pm0.02$ $\pm0.08$ 5
2011
SKAM SK-I average flux
$2.77$ $\pm0.26$ $\pm0.32$ 6
2011 B
KLND average flux
$2.4$ $\pm0.4$ $\pm0.1$ 7
2010 A
BORX average flux
$1.77$ ${}^{+0.24}_{-0.21}$ ${}^{+0.09}_{-0.10}$ 8
2008
SNO Phase III
$2.38$ $\pm0.05$ ${}^{+0.16}_{-0.15}$ 9
2008
SKAM average flux
$2.35$ $\pm0.02$ $\pm0.08$ 10
2006
SKAM average flux
$2.35$ $\pm0.22$ $\pm0.15$ 11
2005 A
SNO Salty D$_{2}$O; ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ shape not constrained
$2.34$ $\pm0.23$ ${}^{+0.15}_{-0.14}$ 11
2005 A
SNO Salty D$_{2}$O; ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ shape constrained
$2.39$ ${}^{+0.24}_{-0.23}$ $\pm0.12$ 12
2002
SNO average flux
$2.39$ $\pm0.34$ ${}^{+0.16}_{-0.14}$ 13
2001
SNO average flux
$2.80$ $\pm0.19$ $\pm0.33$ 14
1996
KAMI average flux
$2.70$ $\pm0.27$ 14
1996
KAMI day flux
$2.87$ ${}^{+0.27}_{-0.26}$ 14
1996
KAMI night flux
1 ABE 2016C reports the combined results of the four phases of the Super-Kamiokande average flux measurements. Here the revised Super-Kamiokande-III result is used.
2 ABE 2016C reports the Super-Kamiokande-IV results for 1664 live days from September 2008 to February 2014. The analysis threshold is total electron energy of 4.0 MeV.
3 ABE 2016C revised the Super-Kamiokande-III average flux value reported in ABE 2011 . Super-Kamiokande-III results are for 548 live days from August 4, 2006 to August 18, 2008. The analysis threshold is 5.0 MeV, but the event sample in the $5.0 - 6.5$ MeV total electron energy range has a total live time of 298 days.
4 ABE 2011 recalculated the Super-Kamiokande-II results using ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ spectrum of WINTER 2006A.
5 ABE 2011 recalculated the Super-Kamiokande-I results using ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ spectrum of WINTER 2006A.
6 ABE 2011B use a 123 kton$\cdot{}$day exposure of the KamLAND liquid scintillation detector to measure the ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ solar neutrino flux. They utilize ${{\mathit \nu}}−{{\mathit e}}$ elastic scattering above a reconstructed-energy threshold of 5.5 MeV, corresponding to 5 MeV electron recoil energy. 299 electron recoil candidate events are reported, of which $157$ $\pm23.6$ are assigned to background.
7 BELLINI 2010A reports the Borexino result with 3 MeV energy threshold for scattered electrons. The data correspond to 345.3 live days with a target mass of 100 t, between July 15, 2007 and August 23, 2009.
8 AHARMIM 2008 reports the results from SNO Phase III measurement using an array of ${}^{3}\mathrm {He}$ proportional counters to measure the rate of NC interactions in heavy water, over the period between November 27, 2004 and November 28, 2006, corresponding to 385.17 live days. A simultaneous fit was made for the number of NC events detected by the proportional counters and the numbers of NC, CC, and ES events detected by the PMTs, where the spectral distributions of the ES and CC events were not constrained to the ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ shape.
9 CRAVENS 2008 reports the Super-Kamiokande-II results for 791 live days from December 2002 to October 2005. The photocathode coverage of the detector is 19$\%$ (reduced from 40$\%$ of that of Super-Kamiokande-I due to an accident in 2001). The analysis threshold for the average flux is 7 MeV.
10 HOSAKA 2006 reports the final results for 1496 live days with Super-Kamiokande-I between May 31, 1996 and July 15, 2001, and replace FUKUDA 2002 results. The analysis threshold is 5 MeV except for the first 280 live days (6.5 MeV).
11 AHARMIM 2005A measurements were made with dissolved NaCl (0.195$\%$ by weight) in heavy water over the period between July 26, 2001 and August 28, 2003, corresponding to 391.4 live days, and update AHMED 2004A. The $\mathit CC$, $\mathit ES$, and $\mathit NC$ events were statistically separated. In one method, the ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ energy spectrum was not constrained. In the other method, the constraint of an undistorted ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ energy spectrum was added for comparison with AHMAD 2002 results.
12 AHMAD 2002 reports the ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ solar-neutrino flux measured via ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit e}}$ elastic scattering above the kinetic energy threshold of 5$~$MeV. The data correspond to 306.4 live days with SNO between November 2, 1999 and May 28, 2001, and updates AHMAD 2001 results.
13 AHMAD 2001 reports the ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ solar-neutrino flux measured via ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit e}}$ elastic scattering above the kinetic energy threshold of $6.75$ MeV. The data correspond to 241 live days with SNO between November 2, 1999 and January 15, 2001.
14 FUKUDA 1996 results are for a total of 2079 live days with Kamiokande$~$II and III from January 1987 through February 1995, covering the entire solar cycle$~$22, with threshold E$_{{{\mathit e}}}>9.3~$MeV (first 449 days), $>7.5~$MeV (middle 794 days), and $>7.0~$MeV (last 836 days). These results update the HIRATA 1990 result for the average ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ solar-neutrino flux and HIRATA 1991 result for the day-night variation in the ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ solar-neutrino flux. The total data sample was also analyzed for short-term variations: within experimental errors, no strong correlation of the solar-neutrino flux with the sunspot numbers was found.
References:
ABE 2016C
PR D94 052010 Solar Neutrino Measurements in Super-Kamiokande-IV
ABE 2011B
PR C84 035804 Measurement of the ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ Solar Neutrino Flux with the KamLAND Liquid Scintillator Detector
ABE 2011
BELLINI 2010A
PR D82 033006 Measurement of the Solar ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ Neutrino Rate with a Liquid Scintillator Target and 3 MeV Energy Threshold in the Borexino Detector
AHARMIM 2008
PRL 101 111301 Independent Measurement of the Total Active ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ Solar Neutrino Flux Using an Array of ${}^{3}\mathrm {He}$ Proportional Counters at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
CRAVENS 2008
PR D78 032002 Solar Neutrino Measurements in Super-Kamiokande-II
HOSAKA 2006
PR D73 112001 Solar Neutrino Measurements in Super-Kamiokande-I
AHARMIM 2005A
PR C72 055502 Search for Periodicities in the ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ Solar Neutrino Flux Measured by the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
PRL 89 011301 Direct Evidence for Neutrino Flavor Transformation from Neutral Current Interactions in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
PRL 87 071301 Measurement of Charged Current Interactions Produced by ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ Solar Neutrinos at the SUDBURY Neutrino Observatory
FUKUDA 1996
PRL 77 1683 Solar Neutrino Data Covering Solar Cycle 22
ABE 2011C
PRL 107 241801 Search for Differences in Oscillation Parameters for Atmospheric Neutrinos and Antineutrinos at Super-Kamiokande
HIRATA 1990
PRL 65 1297 Results from One Thousand Days of Real Time Directional Solar Neutrino Data
FUKUDA 2002
PL B539 179 Determination of Solar Neutrino Oscillation Parameters using 1496 Days of Super-Kamiokande I Data
WINTER 2006A
PR C73 025503 The ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ Neutrino Spectrum
AHMED 2004A
PRL 92 181301 Measurement of the Total Active ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ Solar Neutrino Flux at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory with Enhanced Neutral Current Sensitivity | 2019-03-20T05:08:45 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5505504012107849, "perplexity": 5549.2644235883}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202299.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320044358-20190320070358-00205.warc.gz"} |
http://gams.cam.nist.gov/27.11 | # §27.11 Asymptotic Formulas: Partial Sums
The behavior of a number-theoretic function for large is often difficult to determine because the function values can fluctuate considerably as increases. It is more fruitful to study partial sums and seek asymptotic formulas of the form
where is a known function of , and represents the error, a function of smaller order than for all in some prescribed range. For example, Dirichlet (1849) proves that for all ,
27.11.2
where is Euler’s constant (§5.2(ii)). Dirichlet’s divisor problem (unsolved in 2009) is to determine the least number such that the error term in (27.11.2) is for all . Kolesnik (1969) proves that .
Equations (27.11.3)–(27.11.11) list further asymptotic formulas related to some of the functions listed in §27.2. They are valid for all . The error terms given here are not necessarily the best known.
where again is Euler’s constant.
where is a constant.
where , , and is a constant depending on and .
where , .
Letting in (27.11.9) or in (27.11.11) we see that there are infinitely many primes if are coprime; this is Dirichlet’s theorem on primes in arithmetic progressions.
for some positive constant ,
27.11.13
27.11.14
27.11.15
Each of (27.11.13)–(27.11.15) is equivalent to the prime number theorem (27.2.3). The prime number theorem for arithmetic progressions—an extension of (27.2.3) and first proved in de la Vallée Poussin (1896a, b)—states that if , then the number of primes with is asymptotic to as . | 2013-05-23T13:57:01 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9271450042724609, "perplexity": 619.0240640088055}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703326861/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112206-00062-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/math-2018-0131/html | Skip to content
Open Access Published by De Gruyter Open Access December 31, 2018
# An integral that counts the zeros of a function
Norbert Hungerbühler and Micha Wasem
From the journal Open Mathematics
# Abstract
Given a real function f on an interval [a, b] satisfying mild regularity conditions, we determine the number of zeros of f by evaluating a certain integral. The integrand depends on f, f′ and f″. In particular, by approximating the integral with the trapezoidal rule on a fine enough grid, we can compute the number of zeros of f by evaluating finitely many values of f, f′ and f″. A variant of the integral even allows to determine the number of the zeros broken down by their multiplicity.
MSC 2010: 30C15
## 1 Introduction
Counting the zeros of a given function f in a certain region belongs to the basic tasks in analysis. Iff: ℂ → ℂ is holomorphic, the Argument Principle and Rouché’s Theorem are tools which allow to find the number of zeros of f, counted with multiplicity, in a bounded domain of ℂ with sufficiently regular boundary (see, e.g. [4] for an overview of methods used for analytic functions). Descartes’ Sign Rule is a method of determining the maximum number of positive and negative real roots (counted with multiplicity) of a polynomial. The Fourier-Budan Theorem yields the maximum number of roots (counted with multiplicity) of a polynomial in an interval. Sturm’s Theorem, a refinement of Descartes’ Sign Rule and the Fourier-Budan Theorem, allows to count the exact number of distinct roots of a polynomial on a real interval (see, e.g., [5], [2], [8]). The mentioned methods are restricted to holomorphic functions and polynomials, respectively. On the other end of the regularity spectrum, for a merely continuous function f, the Theorem of Bolzano yields the information that at least one zero exists on an interval [a, b] if f has opposite signs at its endpoints, though, it does not count the zeros. Here, we want to construct a method which gives the number of zeros of a real function under only mild regularity assumptions. More precisely, we want to express the number of zeros of a function f by a certain integral (and boundary terms). The integrand depends on f, f′ and f″. If f is sufficiently regular, the integral (and hence the number of zeros of f) can be expressed by evaluating the integrand on a sufficiently fine partition of [a, b]. Modifications of the integral even allow to determine the number of the zeros broken down by their multiplicity.
To explain the basic idea, we consider the following elementary connection between the number of zeros of a periodic function and the winding number of the related kinematic curve in the state space with respect to the origin:
## Lemma 1.1
Let f : ℝ → ℝ be a 2π-periodic C2function with only simple zeros, i.e. points x withf(x) = 0 ≠ f′(x). Then, the number n of zeros of f in [0,2π)equals twice the winding number of the curve γ: [0, 2π) → ℝ2, x ↦ (f′(x), f(x)) with respect to the origin. Hence
n=1π02πf(x)2f(x)f(x)f(x)2+f(x)2dx.
Figure 1 illustrates a heuristic proof without words: Each colored arc between two zeros of 12 to the winding number of γ. In the sequel, we will rigorously prove much more general versions and variants of this result. We will develop integrals that count the number of zeros with and without multiplicity, and we will even be able to determine the number of zeros of a given multiplicity. As a byproduct, a coherent definition of a fractional multiplicity of zeros will be possible. To start with, it is necessary to analyze the nature of zeros of afunction.
### Figure 1
Number of zeros of f vs. winding number of (f′,f).
## 2 Zeros of Functions
A function f:(a, b) → ℝ may, in general, show a quite pathological behavior in the neighborhood of one of its zeros (see, e.g., Examples 2.2.3 and 2.9 below). To exclude such exotic cases but still be sufficiently general to cover most of the relevant cases, we use the following definition.
## Definition 2.1
A zero x0 ∈ (a, b) of a function fC0(a, b) ∩ C1((a, b)∖{x0}) will be called admissible provided
limxx0f(x)f(x)= and limxx0f(x)f(x)=.(2.1)
If f extends continuously to a (or b) and f(a) = 0 (or f(b) = 0), we will say that f has an admissible zero in a (or b) if
limxaf(x)f(x)=or limxbf(x)f(x)=.
## Remarks
1. An admissible zero is necessarily an isolated zero. In fact, if the zero x0 is an accumulation point of zeros of f then, by Rolle’s Theorem, it is also an accumulation point of zeros of f′ and the limits in Definition 2.1 cannot be plus or minus infinity.
2. The condition on the limits given in (2.1) is in fact equivalent to
limxx0ddxln|f(x)|=.(2.2)
Indeed, if 2.2) holds true, it follows that x0 is an isolated zero of f, hence f does not change its sign on (x0,x0+ε) and on (x0-ε,x0) for ε > 0 small enough. Moreover 0 < |f(x)| < |f′(x)| on a punctured neighborhood of x0. Hence, f′ cannot change sign and the claim follows by distinction of cases. The condition (2.2) is slightly more compact than (2.1), however, (2.1) is easier to handle in the calculations below.
3. A simple zero x0 ∈ (a, b) of fC1(a, b), i.e.f(x0) = 0 and f′(x0) ≠ 0 is admissible. It suffices to consider x0 = 0:
limx0f(x)f(x)=limx0f(0)+o(1)f(0)+xf(0)+o(x)=limx01xf(0)+o(1)f(0)+o(1)=.
The limit x ↗ 0 is analogous.
4. If f(x0) = f′(x0) = 0 and f′ is monotone on (x0,x0+ϵ) and on (x0−ϵ,x0) for some ϵ > 0, then x0 is an admissible zero: Indeed, for x0 < x < x0+ϵ and f′ non-decreasing (if f′ is non-increasing consider -f) on (x0, x0+ϵ), we have f(x) = x0xf′(t) dt ≤ (xx0)f′(x) and thus f(x)f(x)1xx0 for xx0. The argument for the limit xx0 is analogous.
5. If fCk(a, b) and x0 ∈ (a, b) is a zero of multiplicity k > 1, i.e.f()(x0) = 0 for all = 0,…, k−1 and f(k)(x0) ≠ 0, then x0 is admissible. This follows easily by an iterated application of L–Hôpital’s rule. Hence the zeros of real-analytic functions and a fortiori zeros of polynomials are admissible.
6. If f(x) = |xx0|αg(x) for a C1-function g with g(x0) ≠ 0 and 0 < α ∈ ℝ, then x0 is an admissible zero of f.
7. Every fC1([a, b]) can be extended to C1(I), where I ⊃ [a, b] is an open interval and the limits
limxaf(x)f(x) and limxbf(x)f(x)(2.3)
can be defined via , provided f(a),f(b) ≠ 0. If f has an admissible zero in a (or b), f can be extended antisymmetrically with respect to a (or b) to an extension for which a (or b) is an admissible zero. We will henceforth use this particular extension when computing limits like in (2.3).
## Example 2.2
1. The function f1C0(ℝ) ∩ C(ℝ∖{0}), x|x| has an admissible zero in x = 0 (see Remark 6 above).
2. The C-function
f2(x):=exp1x2,x00,x=0,
has an admissible zero of infinite multiplicity at x = 0 (see Remark 4 above).
3. An example of an isolated zero which is not admissible is given by the C-function
f3(x):=f2(x)(sin(1x3)+2),
which vanishes (together with all derivatives) in 0 but the corresponding limits (2.1) do not exist.
## Definition 2.3
A function f : [a, b] → ℝ belongs to 𝓐k([a, b]), k ∈ ℕ, if the following holds:
1. fC0([a, b]).
2. f has only admissible (and therefore finitely many) zeros x1 < … < xn and f|(xi,xi+1) (i = 1,…,n−1), f|(a,x1) and f|(xn,b) are of class Ck+1.
3. There exists a partition a = y1 < y2 < … < ym = b such that f|(yi,yi+1) is of class Ck+2 for all i = 1,…,m−1.
If f ∈ 𝓐0([a, b]), f will be called admissible.
## Remarks
1. Observe that 𝓐k+1([a, b]) ⊂ 𝓐k([a, b]) for all k ∈ ℕ by construction.
2. Every analytic function is in 𝓐([a, b]).
3. f:[−1,1] → ℝ, x|x| is in 𝓐([a, b]).
4. If f is admissible, then x ↦ (f′(x),f(x)) is not necessarily a continuous curve.
As a building block of the intended results we need the following: For σ ∈ [−∞,∞], let
H(x)=σxh(t)dt,(2.4)
where h:ℝ → ℝ is any piecewise continuous function such that the improper integral h(x)dx=1. Then we have the following theorem (recall (2.3) in order to make sense of the limits that appear).
## Theorem 2.4
Let f ∈ 𝓐0([a, b]). The number of zeros n(f) of f in [a, b] is given by
n(f)=abhf(x)f(x)f(x)2f(x)f(x)f(x)2dx+limxbHf(x)f(x)limxaHf(x)f(x)
and the number of zeros n̊(f) of f in (a, b) by
n˚(f)=abhf(x)f(x)f(x)2f(x)f(x)f(x)2dx+limxbHf(x)f(x)limxaHf(x)f(x).
## Proof
Consider first the case, where f(a),f(b) ≠ 0. Then the zeros of f are given by a < x1 < x2 < … < xn(f) < b. The integrand of
abhf(x)f(x)f(x)2f(x)f(x)f(x)2dx=:abI(x)dx
is a priori undefined whenever f vanishes or whenever f″ is undefined. We decompose the integral and compute the resulting improper integrals using unilateral limits. Since f is admissible, we have
xjxj+1I(x)dx=limxxjHxlimxxj+1Hx=1
for all j = 1,…, n(f)−1, where Hx: = H(f′(x)/f(x)). Integrating over a neighborhood of a point y where f″ is undefined does not introduce further boundary terms since limxy Hx − limxyHx = 0. Hence
abI(x)dx=ax1I(x)dx+j=1n(f)1xjxj+1I(x)dx+xn(f)bI(x)dx==Halimxx1Hx+(n(f)1)+limxxn(f)HxHb(2.5)
and therefore
n(f)=abI(x)dx+HbHa.(2.6)
The computation above suggests that n(f) > 1 but one can check that formula (2.6) holds true for n(f) = 1 and n(f) = 0 as well.
If f has zeros in a and b and therefore x1 = a, xn(f) = b, computation (2.5) gives
n(f)=abI(x)dx+1.(2.7)
According to (2.3), limxbHxlimxaHx=1 Hx = 1 and (2.7) becomes
n(f)=abI(x)dx+limxbHxlimxaHx
and hence (2.8) counts the zeros of f in [a, b] since it reduces to (2.6) if f(a),f(b) ≠ 0 and one can check that the remaining cases f(a) = 0≠ f(b) and f(a) ≠ 0 = f(b) are also covered. Let now
n˚(f)=abI(x)dx+limxbHxlimxaHx.(2.8)
Since
n!(f)n˚(f)=limxbHxlimxaHxlimxbHxlimxaHx==0,if f(a),f(b)01,if either f(a)=0 or f(b)=02,if f(a)=f(b)=0
we conclude that (f) counts the zeros of f in (a, b).□
## Remarks
1. Putting g(x) : = f′(x)/f(x), the integrand in Theorem 2.4 reads −(hg)(x) g′(x).With respect to the signed Borel-Lebesgue-Stieltjes-Measure dg(x): = g′(x) dx (see [9]), the integral can be written more compactly as
abh(g)dg.
2. If h(x): = 1/(π(1+x2)), i.e. h equals the Cauchy Density and f is an admissible 2π-periodic function, then the number n of zeros of f in [0,2π) equals
n=1π[02πf(x)2f(x)f(x)f(x)2+f(x)2dx+limx2πarctanf(x)f(x)limx0arctanf(x)f(x)]==1π02πf(x)2f(x)f(x)f(x)2+f(x)2dx,(2.9)
since the integral-free terms cancel out in this case. In this way we obtain Lemma 1.1 as a corollary of Theorem 2.4. Observe that a 2π-periodic C2 function with an odd number of zeros on [0,2π) gives rise to a curve x ↦ (f′(x),f(x)) having a half-integer valued winding number. This idea, further developed, leads to a generalized version of the Residue Theorem (see [3]).
Observe, that for a C2 function f with only zeros of multiplicity one, the integrand in (2.9) is continuous provided h is continuous. This remains true for zeros of higher multiplicity in the following way:
## Proposition 2.5
Let h:ℝ → ℝ be continuous and h(x) Cx2for|x|.Then, the integrand in Theorem 2.4
I:=hfff2fff2
is continuous if fCn([a, b]), n ≥ 2, has only zeros of multiplicityn.
## Proof
It suffices to show that I is continuous in 0 if x = 0 is a zero of f of multiplicity n. Then, by Taylor expansion, we have
f(x)=f(n)(0)n!+r0(x)xnf(x)=f(n)(0)(n1)!+r1(x)xn1f(x)=f(n)(0)(n2)!+r2(x)xn2
where ri are continuous functions with limx → 0ri(x) = 0. Using these expressions in I, we get
I(x)=hs1(x)xs2(x)x2
for continuous functions si with limx → 0si(x) = n. Thus
I(x)Cx2s12(x)s2(x)x2Cn
for x → 0.
If we only assume that h(x) = O(1/x2) for |x| → ∞ in the previous proposition, the proof shows that then I is at least bounded.□
As a corollary of Proposition 2.5 we obtain that if h is continuous and h(x) h(x)Cx2, then I is in C0 provided f is analytic. Nontheless, the function f may behave in the neighborhood of a zero in such a pathological way, that I becomes unbounded (see Example 2.7.3). This is why, in general, the integrals in Theorem 2.4 have to be interpreted as improper integrals. This means that the concrete computation requires the zeros of f to be known a priori in order to evaluate the improper integrals. It is therefore of practical importance to formulate conditions (see Propositions 2.8 and 2.10) with additional assumptions which guarantee that I is in L1: To this end we will slightly sharpen the admissibility condition for a function and impose some conditions on the behaviour of the zeros of f″ in neighborhoods of the zeros of f. Furthermore we will require h to have at least quadratic decay at infinity.
The proof of Proposition 2.5 for the case C = 1 indicates, how we can generalize the notion of multiplicity of zeros in a natural manner:
## Definition 2.6
The multiplicity μf(x0) of a zero x0 of f ∈ 𝓐0 is defined to be
μf(x0)=limxx0f(x)2f(x)2f(x)f(x).
Since the zeros of functions in 𝓐0 are admissible, it follows that μf(x0) ≥ qslant 0 whenever it exists, however, it can take values in [0,∞] (see Example 2.7.3 and 2.7.4 below). This definition of the multiplicity of a zero will be useful for a variant of Theorem 2.4 that takes the multiplicities of the zeros into account.
## Example 2.7
1. A function fCn, n ≥ 2 with 0 = f(x0) = f′(x0) = … = f(n−1)(x0) ≠ f(n)(x0) has a zero of multiplicity n in x0: the Definition 2.6 is compatible with the usual notion of multiplicity.
2. The function f(x) = |x|r, r > 0 has a zero of multiplicity r in x = 0.
3. The function
f(x)=1ln|x|,x00,x=0
has a zero of multiplicity 0 in x = 0.
4. The function f2 in Example 2.2.2 has a zero in x = 0 with μf2(0) = ∞.
## Proposition 2.8
Let h:ℝ → ℝ be a piecewise continuous function such that h(x) = O(1/x2) for |x| → ∞ and let f ∈ 𝓐0([a, b]) ∩ W2,1(a, b) have only zeros of positive multiplicity in the sense of Definition 2.6. Furthermore we assume that for each zero x0we have a neighborhood U such that either f″(x)≡ 0 on U∖{x0} or
k=1|zkx0|<,
where z1,z2,… denote the countably many zeros of f″ in U. Then
I:=hfff2fff2L1(a,b).
## Proof
Choose neighborhoods U1,…, Un of the n zeros of f, which do not (with the possible exception of the respective zero itself) contain singular points of f″ or zeros of f′ and let
U=i=1nUi.
Since |f| ≥ η for some η > 0 on the complement Uc and W2,1(a, b)↪ C1([a, b]) we can estimate
Uc|I(x)|dx=η2hL(R)(f2C0([a,b])|ba|+fC0([a,b])fL1(a,b))<.
Consider now wlog the neighborhood Ui of the zero xi = 0 and assume Ui = (−ε,ε) for some ε > 0. We need to show that I|(−ε,ε)L1. Since h(x) = O(1/x2) for |x| → ∞, there exists a constant C > 0 such that
|I(x)|C1+f(x)f(x)f(x)2.(2.10)
Note that ff″/f2L1(−ε,ε) if and only if N ∈ BV(−ε,ε), where N(x) = xf(x)/f′(x) denotes the Newton-Operator of f and BV(−ε,ε) denotes the space of functions g:(−ε,ε) → ℝ of bounded variation. It follows from the admissibility of the zero that N:(−ε,ε)∖{0} → ℝ can be continuously extended to N(0) = 0 and it holds that
N(x)=f(x)f(x)f(x)2,
for x ≠ 0. Let μ > 0 denote the multiplicity of the zero according to Definition 2.6. It holds that
limx0N(x)=μ1μ,μ<1,μ=.
According to the mean value theorem we have N(x)/x = N′(ξ) for some ξ between 0 and x and deduce that N ∈ C1(−ε,ε). The Taylor expansion of N around x = 0 is given by
N(x)=μ1μx+o(x),μ<x+o(x),μ=.
In any case there exists a constant K > 0 such that
|N(x)|K|x|,|x|<ε.(2.11)
We will now show that N ∈ BV([0,ε)), the argument on (−ε,0] being similar. We start by noticing that N is absolutely continuous on [δ,ε) for every 0 < δ < ε since x, f(x) and f′(x) are absolutely continuous and f′(x) ≠ 0 on [δ,ε). In particular, N ∈ BV([δ,ε)) for every 0 < δ < ε.
We will now distinguish two cases: If f″≡ 0 on (0,ε), then N ≡ 0 and we are done. In the remaining case we first consider the case when the set of zeros of f″ in (0,ε) is empty: Then N is monotone on [0,ε) and hence N ∈ BV([0,ε)). Otherwise the zeros of f″ in [0,ε) are given by z1 > z2 > … and we may set δ: = z1. According to (2.11) and since the zeros of f″ are precisely the zeros of N′ we can estimate the total variation of N on (zk+1,zk) by
zk+1zk|N(x)|dx2Kzk.
The total variation of N on [0,ε) is bounded by
k=1zk+1zk|N(x)|dx+δε|N(x)|dx2Kk=1zk+δε|N(x)|dx,
where the series converges by assumption and the integral is finite since N ∈ BV([δ,ε)). We conclude that N ∈ BV([0,ε)), which finishes the proof.□
## Remark
The key estimate (2.11) in the proof above follows from the admissibility and the positive multiplicity of the zeros. We will however formulate a variant of Proposition 2.8 below (Proposition 2.10), which covers admissible functions that have zeros of ill-defined multiplicity for which (2.11) still holds true: Take e.g. the C1 function f:xx3 ≤ ft(sin(1/x) + 2) + x which has an admissible zero in x = 0, but for which μf(0) does not exist, however, (2.11) holds true since f(x)/(xf′(x)) is bounded near 0 – in fact
limx0f(x)xf(x)=1.
Example 2.7.3. shows an admissible function for which (2.11) does not hold true. In the mentioned example, the first derivative is unbounded. But even functions with higher regularity may behave in such a pathological way near an admissible zero, that (2.11) does not hold true, as the following example shows:
## Example 2.9
Let
k(x)=x3+|x|7x3cosπlog2|x|,ifx00,ifx0.
Then f(x) = 0xk(t) dt is of class C3 and has an admissible zero in x = 0 but f(x)/(xf′(x)) is unbounded near 0.
## Proposition 2.10
Let h:ℝ → ℝ be a piecewise continuous function such that h(x) = O(1/x2) for |x| → ∞ and let f ∈ 𝓐0([a, b])∩ W2,1(a, b) be such that that for every zero x0of f there exists a relatively open neighborhood U ⊂ [a, b] such that
0<f(x)(xx0)f(x)<K~(2.12)
on U ∖{x0} and such that either f″≡ 0 on U∖{x0}, or
k=1|zkx0|<,
where z1,z2,… denote the countably many zeros of fin U∖{x0}. Then
I:=hfff2fff2L1(a,b).
## Proof
Choose neighborhoods U1,…, Un of the n zeros of f, which do not (with the possible exception of the respective zero itself) contain singular points of f″ or zeros of f′ such that (2.12) holds on each punctured neighborhood. As in the proof of Proposition 2.8 we obtain ∥I∥L1(Uc) < ∞, where U = U1∪ … ∪ Un and the estimate (2.10). Let wlog 0 be a zero of f and let (−ε,ε) be its respective neighborhood for some ε > 0. As in the proof of Proposition 2.8, we are done if we show that N ∈ BV([0,ε)). The condition 0 < |f(x)/(xf′(x))| < on (−ε,ε)∖{0} implies that
0<f(x)f(x)<K~|x|,(2.13)
from which we conclude that N extends continuously to [0,ε) (where N(0) = 0) and
|N(x)|(K~+1)x,x[0,ε).(2.14)
This is just estimate (2.11) with K = + 1. The rest of the proof is exactly the same as the one of Proposition 2.8.□
## 3 Counting Zeros with Multiplicities
Let again h:ℝ → ℝ be a piecewise continuous function such that h(x), dx = 1 and define H as before in (2.4). Moreover, let
Ig(x)=hf(x)f(x)g(x)f(x)2f(x)f(x)f(x)2Hf(x)f(x)g(x),g1(x)=f(x)2f(x)2f(x)f(x)+cf(x)2,g2(x)=expf(x)2f(x)f(x)f(x)2+f(x)2,
where c ∈ ℝ. Note that if x0 is a zero of multiplicity μf(x0), then g1(x) → μf(x0) as xx0 for every value c in the definition of g1 and if μf(x0) > 0, then g2(x) → exp (1μf(x0)) as xx0.
## Lemma 3.1
Let all the zeros of f ∈ 𝓐0([a, b])∩ C2([a, b]) have well-defined multiplicities. Then there exists c ∈ ℝ such that g1has no poles.
## Proof
If x0 is a zero of f, we have that g1(x) → μf(x0) as xx0. In other words g1 extends continuously to the zeros of f. Hence there are open neighborhoods of the zeros of f, where g1 has no poles. On the complement of these neighborhoods, there exists a number δ > 0 such that |f(x)| ≥ δ. Hence f′(x)2+cf(x)2f′(x)2+2. If we choose c > δ−2ff″∥C0([a, b]), then g1 has no poles. In particular, if f is analytic, this choice of c ensures that g1 is analytic as well.□
We have the following theorem for analytic functions f:[a, b] → ℝ:
## Theorem 3.2
Let f:[a, b] → ℝ be an analytic function and choose c in the definition of g1such that g1is analytic. If h(x) = O(1/x2) for |x| → ∞, then Ig1, Ig2L(a, b) and if f has n zeros of multiplicity ℓ in [a, b] and n̊ zeros of mutliplicity ℓ in (a, b), then
abIg1(x)dx+limxbHf(x)f(x)g1(x)limxaHf(x)f(x)g1(x)==1n,abIg1(x)dx+limxbHf(x)f(x)g1(x)limxaHf(x)f(x)g1(x)==1n˚,abIg2(x)dx+limxbHf(x)f(x)g2(x)limxaHf(x)f(x)g2(x)==1nexp1,abIg2(x)dx+limxbHf(x)f(x)g2(x)limxaHf(x)f(x)g2(x)==1n˚exp1.
## Proof
We first prove the L-bounds: It suffices to show that Ig1 and Ig2 are bounded near the zeros of f. Let x0 be a zero of multiplicity k and write (locally) f(x) = (xx0)kj(x), where j is analytic and j(x0)≠0. Since
limxx0g1(x)=2j(x0)j(x0)
we find the limits
limxx0Hf(x)f(x)g1(x)=2j(x0)j(x0)limxx0Hf(x)f(x)g1(x)=0.
If
hf(x)f(x)g(x)f(x)2f(x)f(x)f(x)2
is bounded near x0, the claim follows. Since ≤ |h≤ (f′(x)}/{f(x))|≤ Cf(x)2}/{f′(x)2 and
limxx0C|g1(x)|f(x)2+|f(x)f(x)|f(x)2=C(2k1),
we obtain Ig1L(a, b). For Ig2, observe that
limxx0g2(x)=2exp1kj(x0)k2j(x0)
and therefore
limxx0Hf(x)f(x)g2(x)=2exp1kj(x0)k2j(x0)limxx0Hf(x)f(x)g2(x)=0.
Proceeding as for g1 we find
limxx0C|g2(x)|f(x)2+|f(x)f(x)|f(x)2=Cexp1k2k1k
and hence Ig2L(a, b). The computation of the integrals is done as in the proof of Theorem 2.4.□
## Remark
If f ∈ 𝓐1([a, b])∩ C2([a, b]) only has zeros of well-defined multiplicities and if the set of zeros of f in (a, b) is given by and the set of zeros of f in [a, b] by N, then
abIg1(x)dx+limxbHf(x)f(x)g1(x)limxaHf(x)f(x)g1(x)=xNμf(x),abIg1(x)dx+limxbHf(x)f(x)g1(x)limxaHf(x)f(x)g1(x)=xN˚μf(x).
## Lemma 3.3
Let 𝓝 be the set of sequences with natural entries of which only finitely many are non-zero. Then the map 𝓕:𝓝 → ℝ defined by 𝓕(k1,…) = =1kexp1is injective.
## Proof
The difference 𝓕(k1,… )−𝓕( k1,… ) is equal to the finite sum
=1(kk)exp1.
If this sum vanishes, k = k for all by the von Lindemann-Weierstrass theorem (see [7, §3]).□
## Corollary 3.4
Let f:[a, b] → ℝ be analytic. If f has nℓ zeros of multiplicity ℓ in [a, b] and n̊ zeros of mutliplicity ℓ in (a, b), then
(n1,)=F1abIg2(x)dx+limxbHf(x)f(x)g2(x)limxaHf(x)f(x)g2(x)(n˚1,)=F1abIg2(x)dx+limxbHf(x)f(x)g2(x)limxaHf(x)f(x)g2(x).
## Example 3.5
Let f(x) = cos(2 x) + x2 Sin (2x) 12ex+x24. Using Theorem 2.4 and 3.2 on [0,2π] we obtain
=1n=3,=1n˚=2,=1n=4,=1n˚=2.
and we conclude that f has two zeros in (0,2π) and a double zero on the boundary of [0,2π].
## Example 3.6
Let f(x) = x7−2x6+x5x3+2x2x have n zeros of multiplicity on ℝ. By Theorem 2.4 and 3.2 on ℝ (observe that the boundary terms of the integrals cancel out in this case) we find that
=1n=3 and =1n=5.
Hence (n1,…) either equals (1,2,0,…) or (2,0,1,…). In particular n = 0, for ≥ 4. Using again Theorem 3.2 we get
i=13niexp1i6.8322.
Since 1⋅ e + 2 ⋅ e ≈ 6.0157 and 2⋅ e + 1⋅ e3 ≈ 6.8322 we conclude that f has two simple zeros and one of multiplicity 3.
## 4 Numerical Aspects
The number of zeros of a function f in a given interval [a, b] is of course an integer. Therefore is suffices to compute the integral in Theorem 2.4 with an error ε < 12. In particular, for the trapezoidal rule
TN(I):=baN(I(a)+I(b)2+k=1N1I(a+kbaN))
with N + 1 equidistant grid points, the error ε(N) is estimated by
ε(N)=|abI(x)dxTN(I)|(ba)312N2IL
(see, e.g., [6] or [1]). Thus we have
## Theorem 4.1
Let f satisfy the assumptions in Theorem 2.4. If
N>(ba)36IL,
then one can replace the integral in Theorem 2.4 by the finite sum TN(I) and round the result to the closest integer to get the values n(f) and n̊(f),respectively.
This theorem is quite remarkable: It allows to compute the number of zeros of a function f on [a, b] by evaluating finitely many values of f, f′ and f″.
## Example 4.2
Let f:ℝ → ℝ, xJ0(x), be the zeroth Bessel function of the first kind. If h is the Cauchy density, one can verify that IL<1π. We want to compute the number of zeros of J0 on [0,2π] by Theorem 4.1. It suffices to employ the trapezoidal rule with only
N=2π3=4
equidistant intervals. We find
T4(I)=π2I(0)+I(2π)2+k=13I(kπ2)1.76479
and thus
T4(I)1πarctanJ1(2π)J0(2π)1.76479+0.24419=2.00898
and hence, J0 has two zeros on [0,2π].
If we compute the number of zeros of J0 on [0,100π], we have to choose
N=50063π=1283.
(Actually, a finer analysis shows that a much smaller N suffices). In this case, we get
T1283(I)=100π1283I(0)+I(100π)2+k=11282I(k100π1283)99.75013
and
T1283(I)1πarctanJ1(100π)J0(100π)99.75013+0.24987=100,
hence we conclude that J0 has n = 100 zeros on [0,100π], in accordance with the well known distribution of zeros of J0. Surprisingly, the routine CountRoots of Mathematica is giving up on this simple problem after giving it some thought.
From a practical point of view, it is desirable to keep ∥I″∥L (and hence N) as small as possible. This can be achieved in several ways: First of all, we have the freedom to choose the function h. Below there is a small table of possible choices of h and the resulting function H in Theorem 2.4 (in each case, the integrand I turns out rather nicely).
Moreover, with smooth functions γ and κ that satisfy signγ(x) = signκ(x) = sign x for all x ≠ 0 and γ(x)∼ C1 |x|αsgn x and κ(x)∼ C2 |x|β sgn x as x → 0, where 0 < αβ, one can modify the integrand I as follows and the proof of Theorem 2.4 still goes through:
I(x)=hγ(f(x))κ(f(x))γ(f(x))f(x)κ(f(x))γ(f(x))f(x)κ(f(x))κ(f(x))2.
In this case the boundary terms in a and b have to be taken with the function
Hγ(f(x))κ(f(x)).
h(x)H(x)
1π(1+x2)arctanxπ
12x2+13/2x2x2+1
expx2π12erf(x)
14x214x24x2+14x2+114x
sech(2x)212tanh(2x)
ex(1+ex)211+ex
UnitBox(x)0if2x<1x+12if12<x121if2x>1
UnitTriangle(x)0ifx112(1+x)2if1<x012(1x)2+1if0<x11if1<x
# Acknowledgement
We would like to thank the referees for their valuable remarks which greatly helped to improve this article.
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Received: 2018-09-19
Accepted: 2018-11-29
Published Online: 2018-12-31
© 2018 Hungerbühler and Wasem, published by De Gruyter
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. | 2022-01-24T06:58:54 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8579984903335571, "perplexity": 1008.2302601182357}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304515.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220124054039-20220124084039-00397.warc.gz"} |
https://www.anl.gov/aai/areas-of-focus | # Argonne National Laboratory
Argonne Accelerator Institute
# Areas of Focus
In 2006, Argonne laboratory director Robert Rosner formed the AAI as a focal point for accelerator initiatives. The institute works to utilize Argonne’s extensive accelerator resources, to enhance existing facilities, to determine the future of accelerator development and construction, and to oversee a dynamic and acclaimed accelerator physics portfolio.
##### Fundamental Acclerator Physics: Theory
Importance
Accelerator physics research is normally associated with specific accelerator projects. As a scientific discipline, however, it is useful to study fundamental accelerator phenomena decoupled, as much as possible, from specific project aspects. Pursuit of fundamental accelerator physics in this sense has contributed significantly to the advance of the accelerator physics knowledgebase during the last several decades, clarifying the limitations and suggesting ways to overcome those limitations. Such basic research tends to be discouraged in a project-driven environment. For sustained and significant progress in accelerator science, however, fundamental research should be encouraged, and a proper balance between project-oriented and fundamental research should be maintained.
Opportunities at Argonne
Partly due to the fact that the accelerator research at Argonne in the past has been carried out by small independent groups scattered over different divisions, research in fundamental accelerator physics has not been strongly encouraged at Argonne. The situation is improving with the coordination of accelerator research—the enhanced productivity will allow room for basic research in accelerator physics. The topics of fundamental accelerator research pursued and coordinated by the AAI include Hamiltonian mechanics, phase-space manipulation, EM-mediated collective instabilities, and quantum effects in free-electron lasers. However, Argonne productivity in fundamental accelerator research needs to be further strengthened by the addition of new staff and students.
##### High-Brightness Electron Gun and Related Techniques
Importance
High-brightness electron beam generation based on a laser-driven photocathode gun (either DC or RF) is an essential element of linac-based future light sources, whether they are energy recovery linac (ERL) sources or high-gain x-ray free-electron lasers (FELs). The gun specifications for these applications are at a level believed to be achievable but not yet convincingly demonstrated. Thus advances in the photocathode gun are of basic importance, requiring fundamental theoretical insights, detailed simulations, and rigorous experimentation. There is also a proposal to combine the high-brightness gun with a novel emittance manipulation technique to produce electron beams suitable for the electron arm of the ILC, thus obviating the electron (but not the positron) damping ring.
Opportunities at Argonne
The APS Accelerator Physics Group has extensive experience operating RF photocathode guns during the pioneering high-gain FEL experiment at UV wavelengths in 2000. Since then, research to explore novel gun configurations has been pursued in the Injector Test Stand (ITS). The Advanced Accelerator Group (AAG) in the High Energy Physics (HEP) division also has extensive experience in RF photocathode gun operation and design, having constructed a very high-charge (100 nC) gun for producing the drive beams for the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA). Plans are underway to perform a demonstration experiment of the emittance manipulation technique in collaboration with the Beam Physics and Astrophysics Group at NIU and the Fermilab A0 Group.
There is an opportunity to install a superconducting linac at Argonne, capable of producing up to 50-MeV electron beams, by inheriting a Tesla-type superconducting accelerating structure from Stanford University due to the termination/decommissioning of the Stanford Free Electron Laser Laboratory in the Hansen Physics Laboratory (HEPL). Although the transfer is estimated to require substantial funding, it may be feasible by establishing a multi-institutional consortium including Argonne, ONR, NIU, and possibly Fermilab.
##### Modeling and Simulation
Importance
The study and design of higher-performance accelerators require correspondingly higher-performance computational power due to the needs for higher-precision calculations and the higher complexity of the accelerator systems. Expertise in efficient, large-scale accelerator modeling is one of the critical requirements in research for study and design of future high-performance accelerators.
Opportunities at Argonne
Argonne has the opportunity to significantly impact the progress of large-scale accelerator modeling by taking advantage of the computing resources at Argonne’s Mathematics & Computer Science (MCS) division, one of the nation’s emminant power house in advanced computing. One of the principal codes used at the APS is elegant, a flexible optimization and simulation code that has been applied to design of linacs, storage rings, and transport lines around the world. The Physics division at ANL has developed the beam dynamics code TRACK over the last few years as a starting point for an end-to-end simulation tool that will address design of advanced hadron accelerators such RIA. An effort to make these codes much more efficient and versatile by parallelization began last year as a collaboration between the Accelerator and Petascale-Computing initiatives. There are also excellent opportunities to greatly enhancing the power of accelerator modeling by incorporating more advanced computing techniques such as the Spectral Element Method. With the enhanced visibility of Argonne’s accelerator modeling capabilities, we are aiming to participate in the second phase of the SciDAC program, the major funding source for large-scale scientific computing in the U.S.
##### International Linear Collider
Importance
If the world community approves construction of the International Linear Collider, it will be the largest accelerator project to date. In the U.S., and possibly the world, the most probable site of the ILC is Fermilab. The project requires extensive R&D in many areas of accelerator physics and technology. Argonne should work towards securing a fare share of that funding, positioning ourselves to be one of the leading partner laboratories, and assisting Fermilab in its bid to host the project.
Opportunities at Argonne
ILC research is an excellent opportunity for Argonne to strengthen its accelerator expertise and leadership. Argonne can contribute significantly to the R&D of the ILC in several areas based on existing expertise in the APS, the AWA, and ATLAS/RIA groups: Damping ring Beam dynamics, diagnostic, alignment, gamma ray undulator; Positron source beam dynamics with the modeling expertise by the AWA group; Surface processing of SCRF cavities (more on this in section 4.5). Since its inception in 2002, CARA has supported ILC-related research topics with a view to becoming a partner if the ILC becomes a funded project. CARA also played a role in the 2005 ITRP selection of superconducting rf (SCRF) technology for the ILC over warm copper cavities, and it participated in discussions at Snowmass 2005 and other meetings regarding the formation of the ILC Global Design Effort (GDE). In FY2006 Argonne received a small amount of GDE-recommended DOE support for ILC-related activities. We expect this support to increase significantly in FY2007.
##### Exotic Beams and High-Power Hadron Linacs
Importance
There are at least two possible accelerator projects that could have construction initiated in the next five years. One of these is an advanced exotic beam facility based on a high-power superconducting heavy ion linac, and the other is a proton driver linac for a high-intensity neutrino source. The concept of an advanced exotic beam facility evolved from the Rare Isotope Accelerator (RIA) concept. The OMB and the DOE Office of Science are encouraging the development of concepts for a facility that would cost ~$600M rather than the ~$1.1B dollar estimated for the full RIA concept. They are tentatively planning for the Project Engineering and Design part of the construction to begin in 2011. This means that site selection and a CDR must be completed before that, beginning some time in 2008. The priority given to this project is based on several studies, carried out in the U.S. and around the world, emphasizing the opportunities for discoveries in nuclear science that are enabled by such facilities.
Opportunities at Argonne
The team that developed the concepts that became the underpinnings of the original RIA proposal is now at Argonne, ready to develop the modified proposal for an advanced exotic beam facility as currently envisioned by the DOE. There are several aspects to be developed for the modified design such that the full 400-kW beam power proposed for RIA would still be provided by the half-scale facility. The initiative is also broadened to include basic R&D that is potentially useful in the advancement of exotic beam capabilities worldwide. These efforts are being addressed via an exotic beam” subinitiative of the Broadly Baed Accelerator R&D Strategic Initiatve. An overview of the exotic beam subinitiative is presented in an appendix to this report.
##### Surface Processing of SCRF Structures
Importance
The development of superconducting RF structures during the last two decades, for both the velocity-of-light structures for electron accelerators as well as the low-velocity structures for hadron accelerators, provided a convincing case for the use of SCRF technology in the next-generation accelerators that will require high accelerating gradients and/or high average power. Nearly all major accelerators in the future will employ SCRF cavities: the ILC, fourth-generation x-ray facilities (either x-ray lasers or energy recovery linacs), and advanced exotic beam facilities. A critical element for high-performance SCRF cavities is the processing of the niobium surfaces by a combination of chemical processing and electropolishing (EP). The current design of the proposed ILC linac with CM energy of 500 GeV requires about 17,000 Tesla-type 9-cell SCRF cavities. To limit the length of the accelerator and the power consumption, the accelerating gradient and the quality factor (Q0) are specified at 35 MV/m and 1010, respectively. Cavities with the specified performance have been produced by electropolishing (EP), which is currently the baseline approach for ILC cavity production. However, the performance of each individual cavity is sensitive to the details of the EP parameters. It is critically important to find the optimal EP parameters that can reliably produce the specified ILC performance.
Opportunities at Argonne
The pioneering development of low-velocity SCRF structures for acceleration of heavy ions by the ATLAS group in the ANL Physics division during the 1970s led to the world’s first superconducting linac for hadrons. This group has continued to evolve and is currently a leader in the development of surface processing for high-performance SCRF cavities. A new processing facility, called the Joint Argonne-Fermilab Superconducting Cavity Surface Processing Facility (AFSCSPF), located at Argonne, was constructed as an Argonne-Fermilab joint project beginning in 2002 (before the SCRF-based ILC project was formulated). The original intent of the facility was for processing of low-velocity structures for Argonne and buffered chemical processing of the velocity of the light structures for Fermilab. With this upgrade of Argonne’s cavity processing capability, an opportunity has been created for Argonne to contribute to the development of high-gradient SC cavities for ILC by electropolishing 9-cell elliptical cavities. Argonne’s effort will be a very significant contribution towards demonstrating the U.S.’s capability to build, process, and operate state-of-the-art 9-cell elliptical cavities for the ILC.
The technology for high performance velocity of light structures will be important also for other possible future accelerator projects at Argonne, such as developing continuous wave (CW) deflecting cavities for x-ray pulse compression at the APS, or a future light source that makes use of x-ray free-electron lasers. | 2023-01-31T16:45:21 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6068528294563293, "perplexity": 3278.598490733868}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499888.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20230131154832-20230131184832-00646.warc.gz"} |
https://indico.fnal.gov/event/8903/contributions/110581/ | Indico search will be reestablished in the next version upgrade of the software: https://getindico.io/roadmap/
# NuFact15 : XVII International Workshop on Neutrino Factories and Future Neutrino Facilities
10-15 August 2015
Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas
Brazil/East timezone
## Cosmological bounds of sterile neutrinos in a $SU(3)_C\otimes SU(3)_L\otimes SU(3)_R\otimes U(1)_N$ model as dark matter candidates
Not scheduled
20m
Ministro João Alberto Lins de Barros auditorium (Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas)
### Ministro João Alberto Lins de Barros auditorium
#### Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas
Rua Dr. Xavier Sigaud 150 Urca - Rio de Janeiro - RJ BRAZIL
Poster Working group 3: Accelerator Physics
### Speaker
Mr Cesar Peixoto Ferreira (Unicamp)
### Description
We study sterile neutrinos in an extension of the standard model, based on the gauge group $SU(3)_C\otimes SU(3)_L\otimes SU(3)_R\otimes U(1)_N$, and use this model to illustrate how to apply cosmological limits to thermalized particles that decouple while relativistic. These neutrinos, $N_{aL}$, can be dark matter candidates, with a keV mass range arising rather naturally in this model. We analyse the cosmological limits imposed by $N_{eff}$ and dark matter abundance on these neutrinos. Assuming that these neutrinos have roughly equal masses and are not CDM, we conclude that the $N_{eff}$ experimental value can be satisfied in some cases and the abundance constraint implies that these neutrinos are hot dark matter. With this information, we give upper bounds on the Yukawa coupling between the sterile neutrinos and a scalar field, the possible values of the VEV of this scalar field and lower bounds to the mass of one gauge boson of the model, $U_L$. Also, these Hot Dark Matter sterile neutrinos should have an impact on the neutrino mass sum measured in cosmology, $\sum m_\nu <0.23$ eV, and we verify that this bound is satisfied in the model.
### Co-authors
Prof. Marcelo Moraes Guzzo (UNICAMP) Prof. Pedro Cunha de Holanda (UNICAMP)
### Presentation Materials
There are no materials yet. | 2021-11-27T06:14:53 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6742708086967468, "perplexity": 2889.229001591396}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358118.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20211127043716-20211127073716-00547.warc.gz"} |
http://dlmf.nist.gov/36.9 | # §36.9 Integral Identities
36.9.1 $\displaystyle|\mathop{\Psi_{1}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)|^{2}$ $\displaystyle=2^{5/3}\int_{0}^{\infty}\mathop{\Psi_{1}\/}\nolimits\!\left(2^{2% /3}(3u^{2}+x)\right)du;$ equivalently, 36.9.2 $\displaystyle(\mathop{\mathrm{Ai}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right))^{2}$ $\displaystyle=\frac{2^{2/3}}{\pi}\int_{0}^{\infty}\mathop{\mathrm{Ai}\/}% \nolimits\!\left(2^{2/3}(u^{2}+x)\right)du.$
36.9.3 $\displaystyle|\mathop{\Psi_{1}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)|^{2}$ $\displaystyle=\sqrt{\frac{8\pi}{3}}\int_{0}^{\infty}u^{-1/2}\mathop{\cos\/}% \nolimits\!\left(2u(x+u^{2})+\tfrac{1}{4}\pi\right)du.$ 36.9.4 $\displaystyle|\mathop{\Psi_{2}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x,y\right)|^{2}$ $\displaystyle=\int_{0}^{\infty}\left(\mathop{\Psi_{1}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\frac% {4u^{3}+2uy+x}{u^{1/3}}\right)+\mathop{\Psi_{1}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\frac{4u^{3% }+2uy-x}{u^{1/3}}\right)\right)\frac{du}{u^{1/3}}.$ 36.9.5 $\displaystyle|\mathop{\Psi_{2}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x,y\right)|^{2}$ $\displaystyle=2\int_{0}^{\infty}\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\!\left(2xu\right)% \mathop{\Psi_{1}\/}\nolimits\!\left(2u^{2/3}(y+2u^{2})\right)\frac{du}{u^{1/3}}.$
36.9.6 $\displaystyle|\mathop{\Psi_{3}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x,y,z\right)|^{2}$ $\displaystyle=2^{4/5}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\mathop{\Psi_{3}\/}\nolimits\!% \left(2^{4/5}(x+2uy+3u^{2}z+5u^{4}),0,2^{2/5}(z+10u^{2})\right)du.$ 36.9.7 $\displaystyle|\mathop{\Psi_{3}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x,y,z\right)|^{2}$ $\displaystyle=\frac{2^{7/4}}{5^{1/4}}\int_{0}^{\infty}\realpart{\left(e^{2iu(u% ^{4}+zu^{2}+x)}\mathop{\Psi_{2}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\frac{2^{7/4}}{5^{1/4}}yu^{% 3/4},\sqrt{\frac{2u}{5}}(3z+10u^{2})\right)\right)}\frac{du}{u^{1/4}}.$
36.9.8 $\left|\mathop{\Psi^{(\mathrm{H})}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x,y,z\right)\right|^{2}=8% \pi^{2}\left(\frac{2}{9}\right)^{1/3}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\int_{-\infty}^{% \infty}\mathop{\mathrm{Ai}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\left(\frac{4}{3}\right)^{1/3}(x% +zv+3u^{2})\right)\mathop{\mathrm{Ai}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\left(\frac{4}{3}% \right)^{1/3}(y+zu+3v^{2})\right)dudv.$
36.9.9 $\left|\mathop{\Psi^{(\mathrm{E})}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x,y,z\right)\right|^{2}=% \frac{8\pi^{2}}{3^{2/3}}\int_{0}^{\infty}\int_{0}^{2\pi}\realpart{}\left(% \mathop{\mathrm{Ai}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\frac{1}{3^{1/3}}\left(x+iy+2zu\mathop{% \exp\/}\nolimits\!\left(i\theta\right)+3u^{2}\mathop{\exp\/}\nolimits\!\left(-% 2i\theta\right)\right)\right)\*\mathop{\mathrm{Bi}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\frac{1}% {3^{1/3}}\left(x-iy+2zu\mathop{\exp\/}\nolimits\!\left(-i\theta\right)+3u^{2}% \mathop{\exp\/}\nolimits\!\left(2i\theta\right)\right)\right)\right)udud\theta.$
For these results and also integrals over doubly-infinite intervals see Berry and Wright (1980). This reference also provides a physical interpretation in terms of Lagrangian manifolds and Wigner functions in phase space. | 2014-11-01T09:48:04 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 80, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9779090881347656, "perplexity": 2234.6288032539683}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637905189.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025825-00119-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://algebra2014.wikidot.com/inverse-of-a-function | Inverse Of A Function
Return to Glossary.
Formal Definition
Let $\phi : A \rightarrow B$ be a function mapping $A$ into $B$. A map $\phi^{-1} : B\rightarrow A$ is called an inverse of $\phi$ if $\phi^{-1} (\phi (x)) = x$ for all $x \in A$ and $\phi (\phi^{-1} (y)) = y$ for all $y \in B$.
Informal Definition
It is switching the ordered pair of $\phi$, $(x,y)$, to give a one-to-one function mapping $A$ onto $B$, $(y,x)$.
Example(s)
$A=\{1,2,3\}$ and $B=\{a,b\}$\Let the relation $\phi : A \rightarrow B$ be given by the ordered pairs $\{\{1,a\},\{1,b\},\{2,a\},\{2,b\},\{3,a\},\{3,b\}\}$\Then $\phi^{-1} : B \rightarrow A$ is given by the ordered pairs $\{\{a,1\},\{b,1\},\{a,2\},\{b,2\},\{a,3\},\{b,3\}\}$\
Non-example(s)
$A=\{1,2,3\}$ and $B=\{a,b\}$\Let $\phi : A \rightarrow B$ be $\{\{1,a\},\{1,b\},\{2,a\},\{2,b\},\{3,a\},\{3,b\}\}$\Then $\phi^{-1} : A \rightarrow B]] is not [[$\{\{1,a\},\{1,b\},\{2,a\},\{2,b\},\{3,a\},\{3,b\}\}\$
Additional Comments
Note that the inverse of a function, although a mapping, is not necessarily a function. For example, the inverses of functions that are not one-to-one will not be functions.
Unless otherwise stated, the content of this page is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License | 2020-09-24T18:57:27 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5332677364349365, "perplexity": 306.34060521412357}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400219691.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200924163714-20200924193714-00612.warc.gz"} |
http://hq2008.bnl.gov/abstracts/wysocki.matthew.html | ## Abstract: $J/\\psi$ Measurements in A+A Collisions at PHENIX
$J/\\psi$ production in A+A collisions is expected to be an important probe of the produced medium. Suppression due to color-charge screening was long expected to be a smoking gun for the quark-gluon plasma. However, in recent years a more complex picture of in-medium charmonium production and evolution has emerged, including cold nuclear matter (CNM) effects and enhancement from recombination of c-cbar pairs. At the same time, new experimental results that extend our reach in $p_T$ and new observables such as $v_2$ will allow us to better constrain theoretical models. The most recent $J/\\psi$ results in GeV A+A collisions from the PHENIX experiment will be presented, including and $v_2$. By measuring these observables as functions of transverse momentum and rapidity PHENIX hopes to put quantitative constraints on the various effects that contribute to charmonium suppression in hot and dense QCD matter. | 2018-07-21T11:25:05 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8883127570152283, "perplexity": 2002.4558687697}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592523.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721110117-20180721130117-00313.warc.gz"} |
http://dlmf.nist.gov/23.11 | # §23.11 Integral Representations
Let $\tau=\ifrac{\omega_{3}}{\omega_{1}}$ and
23.11.1 $\displaystyle f_{1}(s,\tau)$ $\displaystyle=\frac{{\mathop{\cosh\/}\nolimits^{2}}\!\left(\tfrac{1}{2}\tau s% \right)}{1-2e^{-s}\mathop{\cosh\/}\nolimits\!\left(\tau s\right)+e^{-2s}},$ $\displaystyle f_{2}(s,\tau)$ $\displaystyle=\frac{{\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits^{2}}\!\left(\tfrac{1}{2}s\right)% }{1-2e^{i\tau s}\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits s+e^{2i\tau s}}.$
Then
23.11.2 $\mathop{\wp\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)=\frac{1}{z^{2}}+8\int_{0}^{\infty}s% \left(e^{-s}{\mathop{\sinh\/}\nolimits^{2}}\!\left(\tfrac{1}{2}zs\right)f_{1}(% s,\tau)+e^{i\tau s}{\mathop{\sin\/}\nolimits^{2}}\!\left(\tfrac{1}{2}zs\right)% f_{2}(s,\tau)\right)ds,$
and
23.11.3 $\mathop{\zeta\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)=\frac{1}{z}+\int_{0}^{\infty}\left(e% ^{-s}\left(zs-\mathop{\sinh\/}\nolimits\!\left(zs\right)\right)f_{1}(s,\tau)-e% ^{i\tau s}\left(zs-\mathop{\sin\/}\nolimits\!\left(zs\right)\right)f_{2}(s,% \tau)\right)ds,$
provided that $-1<\realpart{(z+\tau)}<1$ and $\left|\imagpart{z}\right|<\imagpart{\tau}$. | 2016-06-24T20:19:56 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 41, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9218690991401672, "perplexity": 5042.080963395476}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00014-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.anl.gov/partnerships/fast-sensitive-and-reliable-hydrogen-sensor-anlin04077b | # .argonne-logo-style0{fill:#231F20;} .argonne-logo-style1{fill:#FFFFFF;} .argonne-logo-style2{fill:#007836;} .argonne-logo-style3{fill:#0082CA;} .argonne-logo-style4{fill:#0B1F8F;} .argonne-logo-style5{fill:none;} .argonne-logo-style6{fill:#A12B2F;} .argonne-logo-style7{fill:#CD202C;} .argonne-logo-style8{fill:#77B300;} Argonne National Laboratory
Science and Technology Partnerships and Outreach
# Fast, Sensitive and Reliable Hydrogen Sensor (ANL-IN-04-077B)
Fast, sensitive, reliable, and inexpensive to produce
US Patent 7,389,671 B1
• Fast, Sensitive and Reliable Hydrogen Sensor (ANL-IN-04-077B)
## 2006 R&D 100 Award Winner
#### Background
Hydrogen is a promising potential fuel for cars, buses, and other vehicles and can be converted into electricity in fuel cells. It also is already used in medicine and space exploration as well as in the production of industrial chemicals and food products.
Safety is an important issue when using hydrogen. An explosive mixture can form if hydrogen leaks into the air from a tank or valve, posing a hazard to drivers, equipment operators, or others nearby.
Commercially available sensors can detect the presence of hydrogen and then close valves, shut down equipment, or trigger alarms. However, current technologies typically have limitations related to cost, speed of operation, susceptibility to interference from other gases, and temperature range.
#### Building a Better Sensor
Researchers at Argonne National Laboratory have created a tiny sensor – the world’s fastest – that reliably overcomes the limitations associated with current hydrogen sensor designs.
The key to its unique performance is what Argonne researchers call its nanostructured, self-assembled thin-film construction. First, a one-moleculethick layer of siloxane is applied to a glass substrate. The sticky foot” of the siloxane molecule binds it strongly to the glass while the rest of the long-chain molecule remains slippery. Onto this slippery layer researchers evaporate an extremely thin blanket of tiny (2 to 10 nanometer) palladium beads.
Palladium particles are chosen because, when exposed to hydrogen, they adsorb the gas and swell slightly to form palladium hydride. In fact, some available thick film” sensors rely on the different conductivity of palladium and palladium hydride to indicate hydrogen concentration.
In contrast, the Argonne design employs an ultra-thin layer of palladium beads that allows both faster hydrogen adsorption and greater sensitivity due to the mobility of the palladium hydride beads. As the enlarged beads move into contact with each other, they create pathways for electrical current. When hydrogen concentration drops, the particles shrink quickly and revert to palladium. Electrical conductivity also drops.
#### Features and Benefits
Argonne’s hydrogen sensor outperforms competing technologies.
##### Speed
• Requires no warm-up and responds in less than 75 milliseconds in a 2% hydrogen atmosphere. Competing sensors typically take one second to tens of seconds.
##### Sensitivity
• Detects hydrogen concentrations as low as 0.0025% (25 parts per million) without elaborate signal amplification.
• Minor leaks can be found before concentration levels require full system shutdown.
##### Selectivity
• Detects H2 reproducibly, even in the presence of oxygen, water vapor, and other gases.
##### Low Power Use
• Unlike other sensors, requires no heaters or other supplementary power as some existing sensors do.
• Construction is based on scalable processes routinely used to make electronic components, resulting in minimizing the ultimate cost. Only $50 worth of palladium is needed for approximately 16,000 sensors. ##### Satisfies stringent DOE requirements • Meets or beats all six response time and concentration criteria set by the U.S. Dept. of Energy (DOE) for hydrogen sensors to be used in vehicle, process plant, or pipeline applications or as personnel monitors. • No other existing sensor meets all of these criteria. #### First Application: Transportation Argonne has exclusive licensing agreements for all applications of the new sensor with Makel Engineering, Inc. (Chico, CA). Argonne and Makel expect that the innovative hydrogen sensor will first find application in the transportation sector. Hydrogen can be burned directly in an engine or electrochemically combined with oxygen in an onboard fuel cell with electric output powering the wheels and other vehicle systems. The sensor helps to ensure the safe and proper operation of subsystems aboard a vehicle, in component fabrication areas, and in facilities for vehicle repair or fueling. Several major automakers are conducting research on hydrogen-powered and fuel cell vehicles, including BMW, Ford Motor Co., DaimlerChrysler, General Motors, Honda, Toyota, and Volkswagen. Others are also funding fuel cell vehicle research. The U.S. DOE launched the Freedom CAR Initiative in 2002 and the Hydrogen Fuel Initiative in 2003, proposing$1.7 billion to support development of fuel cell technology (mobile and stationary) in partnership with the private sector.
Fifteen other nations, along with the U.S. and the European Union, also are members of the International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy (www.iphe.net), established in 2003 to accelerate the development of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies.
DOE’s Office of Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and Infrastructure Technologies has evaluated possible government support options to aid market development. Depending on the year of commercial introduction (2012 or 2015) and the level of support provided, the number of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in use in the United States could range from 1.8 million to 10 million vehicles by 2025.
#### Potential Applications
• Auto safety installation.
• Stationary fuel cell installations
• Nuclear reactors
• Ammonia and methanol production
• Petroleum refining
• Hydrogenation of edible oils
• Battery charging
• Medical diagnostics
• Space shuttle and space station systems
• Mine safety and ore reduction operations | 2021-09-24T21:39:08 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.24796918034553528, "perplexity": 6939.495344341867}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057580.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20210924201616-20210924231616-00294.warc.gz"} |
https://borderlands.fandom.com/wiki/One_Last_Thing | ## FANDOM
7,312 Pages
One Last Thing is a tier 5 skill in Claptrap's Boomtrap skill tree.
It allows Claptrap's last bullet in the clip/magazine to deal bonus damage.
## Effects
• Bonus damage of last round: up to +80% per level skill
• depending on magazine size
• Clip Size for Full Bonus: 8
Level 1 2 3 4 5
Last Shot Bonus +80% +160% +240% +320%+400%
• Additional levels may be acquired by using Sapper class mod.
Level 6 7 8 9 10 11
Last Shot Bonus +480% +560% +640% +720% +800%+880%
## Notes
• One Last Thing applies to splash damage as well as bullet damage. On weapons that deal both splash and bullet damage, however, the splash damage bonus is applied on the second to last shot while the bullet damage bonus is applied on the left. This synergizes well with Torgue Ravager shotguns with a magazine size of 8, as the increased ammo consumption allows for every shot to gain a damage bonus.
• The bonus damage is equal to ${(.8 - .08 \cdot (8 - \text{magazine size})) \cdot \text{rank}}$
## Trivia
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted. | 2020-07-09T19:10:29 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4372425079345703, "perplexity": 14191.964742286977}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655900614.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709162634-20200709192634-00386.warc.gz"} |
http://lammps.sandia.gov/threads/msg70418.html | LAMMPS WWW Site - LAMMPS Documentation - LAMMPS Mailing List Archives
[lammps-users] Errors in lubricate/poly ?
# [lammps-users] Errors in lubricate/poly ?
From: Ranga Radhakrishnan Date: Wed, 21 Jun 2017 11:54:02 +0100
Hi,
I think that I have a few issues with the lubricate/poly implementation in LAMMPS based on my reading of Microhydrodynamics book by Kim and Karilla [1].
2) The first term in the squeeze force seems to be missing a prefactor of 2.
3) \omega^\infty seems to have the wrong units. It is because "h_rate" has the units of length.
4) The pump term is also incorrect for particles of different sizes. Briefly, specific cases of calculation of torques in Ref. [1] cannot be used to write down a generalized version.
Please look at the attached pdf for a more detailed explanation on why I raised these concerns, and how to implement a "corrected" lubrication force if you agree with my concerns. Just to be clear, I have looked at previous messages in the mailing list before I send this message, and I don't think any of the previous messages have answered my concerns.
Regards,
Ranga
Attachment: Forces_Torques.pdf | 2018-03-20T00:15:15 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.31492167711257935, "perplexity": 1582.137860782269}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647244.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319234034-20180320014034-00260.warc.gz"} |
https://math.wikia.org/wiki/Algebra_of_limits | 1,196 Pages
The algebra of limits is a set of rules for how limits may be manipulated with other operators.
## For real sequences
For real convergent sequences and where and , and for a real number :
If also and
### Proof
1. Fix
Because for and
because for
Set
By the triangle inequality,
and
So ie
1. If , then , so it converges to 0. If , fix
Because for
So ie
1. Fix As is convergent, it is bounded by some ie
Because for and
because for
Set
By the triangle inequality, and boundedness of , And
So ie
1. By part 3,
Fix
Because for
Also, for
By the triangle inequality,
And for so
Now
And now
Setting we have
or in other words
Therefore,
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted. | 2021-07-27T03:01:03 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9378196597099304, "perplexity": 6037.354115477494}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152168.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727010203-20210727040203-00040.warc.gz"} |
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10342942-chasing-tail-cosmic-reionization-dark-gap-statistics-ly-forest-over | This content will become publicly available on December 1, 2022
Chasing the Tail of Cosmic Reionization with Dark Gap Statistics in the Lyα Forest over 5 < z < 6
Abstract We present a new investigation of the intergalactic medium (IGM) near the end of reionization using “dark gaps” in the Ly α forest. Using spectra of 55 QSOs at z em > 5.5, including new data from the XQR-30 VLT Large Programme, we identify gaps in the Ly α forest where the transmission averaged over 1 comoving h −1 Mpc bins falls below 5%. Nine ultralong ( L > 80 h −1 Mpc) dark gaps are identified at z < 6. In addition, we quantify the fraction of QSO spectra exhibiting gaps longer than 30 h −1 Mpc, F 30 , as a function of redshift. We measure F 30 ≃ 0.9, 0.6, and 0.15 at z = 6.0, 5.8, and 5.6, respectively, with the last of these long dark gaps persisting down to z ≃5.3. Comparing our results with predictions from hydrodynamical simulations, we find that the data are consistent with models wherein reionization extends significantly below redshift six. Models wherein the IGM is essentially fully reionized that retain large-scale fluctuations in the ionizing UV background at z ≲6 are also potentially consistent with the data. Overall, our results suggest that signatures of reionization in the form of more »
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10342942
Journal Name:
The Astrophysical Journal
Volume:
923
Issue:
2
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
223
ISSN:
0004-637X
2. ABSTRACT Reionization-era galaxies tend to exhibit weak Ly α emission, likely reflecting attenuation from an increasingly neutral IGM. Recent observations have begun to reveal exceptions to this picture, with strong Ly α emission now known in four of the most massive z = 7–9 galaxies in the CANDELS fields, all of which also exhibit intense [O iii]+H β emission (EW > 800 Å). To better understand why Ly α is anomalously strong in a subset of massive z ≃ 7–9 galaxies, we have initiated an MMT/Binospec survey targeting a larger sample (N = 22) of similarly luminous (≃1–6 L$^{\ast }_{\mathrm{UV}}$) z ≃ 7 galaxies selected over verymore » | 2022-09-28T13:23:28 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.526321530342102, "perplexity": 4100.641531747925}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335254.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928113848-20220928143848-00721.warc.gz"} |
http://dlmf.nist.gov/23.23 | # §23.23 Tables
Table 18.2 in Abramowitz and Stegun (1964) gives values of , , and to 7 or 8D in the rectangular and rhombic cases, normalized so that and (rectangular case), or and (rhombic case), for = 1.00, 1.05, 1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 2, 4. The values are tabulated on the real and imaginary -axes, mostly ranging from 0 to 1 or in steps of length 0.05, and in the case of the user may deduce values for complex by application of the addition theorem (23.10.1).
Abramowitz and Stegun (1964) also includes other tables to assist the computation of the Weierstrass functions, for example, the generators as functions of the lattice invariants and .
For earlier tables related to Weierstrass functions see Fletcher et al. (1962, pp. 503–505) and Lebedev and Fedorova (1960, pp. 223–226). | 2014-03-08T07:28:20 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8191149830818176, "perplexity": 901.8423091272876}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999653836/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060733-00083-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://bison.inl.gov/Documentation/source/actions/DynamicTensorMechanicsAction.aspx | # DynamicTensorMechanicsAction
under construction:Undocumented Class
The DynamicTensorMechanicsAction has not been documented, if you would like to contribute to MOOSE by writing documentation, please see Documenting MOOSE. The content contained on this page explains the typical documentation associated with an action; however, what is contained is ultimately determined by what is necessary to make the documentation clear for users.
Set up dynamic stress divergence kernels
## Input Parameters
• displacementsThe nonlinear displacement variables for the problem
C++ Type:std::vector
Description:The nonlinear displacement variables for the problem
### Required Parameters
• static_initializationFalseSet to true get the system to equillibrium under gravity by running a quasi-static analysis (by solving Ku = F) in the first time step.
Default:False
C++ Type:bool
Description:Set to true get the system to equillibrium under gravity by running a quasi-static analysis (by solving Ku = F) in the first time step.
• decomposition_methodTaylorExpansionMethods to calculate the finite strain and rotation increments
Default:TaylorExpansion
C++ Type:MooseEnum
Description:Methods to calculate the finite strain and rotation increments
• strain_base_nameThe base name used for the strain. If not provided, it will be set equal to base_name
C++ Type:std::string
Description:The base name used for the strain. If not provided, it will be set equal to base_name
• base_nameMaterial property base name
C++ Type:std::string
Description:Material property base name
• use_displaced_meshFalseWhether to use displaced mesh in the kernels
Default:False
C++ Type:bool
Description:Whether to use displaced mesh in the kernels
• incrementalFalseUse incremental or total strain
Default:False
C++ Type:bool
Description:Use incremental or total strain
• eigenstrain_namesList of eigenstrains to be applied in this strain calculation
C++ Type:std::vector
Description:List of eigenstrains to be applied in this strain calculation
• strainSMALLStrain formulation
Default:SMALL
C++ Type:MooseEnum
Description:Strain formulation
Default:False
C++ Type:bool
• inactiveIf specified blocks matching these identifiers will be skipped.
C++ Type:std::vector
Description:If specified blocks matching these identifiers will be skipped.
• volumetric_locking_correctionFalseFlag to correct volumetric locking
Default:False
C++ Type:bool
Description:Flag to correct volumetric locking
• use_finite_deform_jacobianFalseJacobian for corrotational finite strain
Default:False
C++ Type:bool
Description:Jacobian for corrotational finite strain
• active__all__ If specified only the blocks named will be visited and made active
Default:__all__
C++ Type:std::vector
Description:If specified only the blocks named will be visited and made active
• alpha0alpha parameter for HHT time integration
Default:0
C++ Type:double
Description:alpha parameter for HHT time integration
• zeta0Name of material property or a constant real number defining the zeta parameter for the Rayleigh damping.
Default:0
C++ Type:MaterialPropertyName
Description:Name of material property or a constant real number defining the zeta parameter for the Rayleigh damping.
• temperatureThe temperature
C++ Type:NonlinearVariableName
Description:The temperature
### Optional Parameters
• generate_outputAdd scalar quantity output for stress and/or strain
C++ Type:MultiMooseEnum
Description:Add scalar quantity output for stress and/or strain
• additional_generate_outputAdd scalar quantity output for stress and/or strain (will be appended to the list in generate_output)
C++ Type:MultiMooseEnum
Description:Add scalar quantity output for stress and/or strain (will be appended to the list in generate_output)
### Output Parameters
• save_inThe displacement residuals
C++ Type:std::vector
Description:The displacement residuals
• blockThe list of ids of the blocks (subdomain) that the stress divergence kernels will be applied to
C++ Type:std::vector
Description:The list of ids of the blocks (subdomain) that the stress divergence kernels will be applied to
• diag_save_inThe displacement diagonal preconditioner terms
C++ Type:std::vector
Description:The displacement diagonal preconditioner terms
• scalar_out_of_plane_strainScalar variable for the out-of-plane strain (in y direction for 1D Axisymmetric or in z direction for 2D Cartesian problems)
C++ Type:NonlinearVariableName
Description:Scalar variable for the out-of-plane strain (in y direction for 1D Axisymmetric or in z direction for 2D Cartesian problems)
• out_of_plane_pressure0Function used to prescribe pressure in the out-of-plane direction (y for 1D Axisymmetric or z for 2D Cartesian problems)
Default:0
C++ Type:FunctionName
Description:Function used to prescribe pressure in the out-of-plane direction (y for 1D Axisymmetric or z for 2D Cartesian problems)
• out_of_plane_directionzThe direction of the out-of-plane strain.
Default:z
C++ Type:MooseEnum
Description:The direction of the out-of-plane strain.
• planar_formulationNONEOut-of-plane stress/strain formulation
Default:NONE
C++ Type:MooseEnum
Description:Out-of-plane stress/strain formulation
• pressure_factor1Scale factor applied to prescribed pressure
Default:1
C++ Type:double
Description:Scale factor applied to prescribed pressure | 2020-11-28T16:33:28 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3133805990219116, "perplexity": 13102.089921726401}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195687.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128155305-20201128185305-00037.warc.gz"} |
https://tjyj.stats.gov.cn/CN/10.19343/j.cnki.11-1302/c.2018.02.010 | • •
### 我国非正规经济投入产出表编制与应用分析
• 出版日期:2018-02-15 发布日期:2018-02-25
### Input-Output Table of Informal Economy and Its Application in China
Liu Bo&Xu Aiting
• Online:2018-02-15 Published:2018-02-25
Abstract: As the size of the informal economy is expanding, the linkage between the informal and formal economy is increasingly strengthen. Combining with features of informal economy, this paper exploits the national input-output tables to establish five years’ informal economy input-output tables in 1992,1997,2002,2007 and 2012 respectively. It uses the Leontief inverse matrices and structural decomposition techniques to investigate the multiplier effects and linkage effects of informal economy. The results show that: (1) there are close linkages between the informal and formal economy, and the informal economy becomes an important basis to support the development of formal economy and a great potential for stimulating growth. (2) The informal economy’s endogenous development capacity, feedback mechanisms and correlation mechanism with other economic sectors have improved, and the channels that informal economy promotes economic growth becomes smoother.(3) The dynamic multiplier effects, dynamic feedback effects and dynamic spillover effects on the growth rate of informal economy differ in each period. Corresponding policies should be taken by the government. | 2022-08-17T08:14:10 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.29683971405029297, "perplexity": 4318.714687297979}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00784.warc.gz"} |
https://www.usgs.gov/news/featured-story/update-magnitude-71-earthquake-southern-california | July 5, 2019
Updated on July 19. Visit the USGS earthquake event page for more information.
Aftershock Forecast
The odds of a subsequent large earthquake continue to drop with time since the mainshock. As of July 18, there is a 1 in 300 chance of a magnitude 7 or greater aftershock, a 3% chance of a magnitude 6 or greater aftershock and a 29% chance of a magnitude 5 aftershock in the next week. The chance of a magnitude 3 or higher earthquake is 99% during the next week. This forecast takes into account the behavior of past sequences in similar tectonic environments and the aftershock sequence observed for this event so far. See detailed forecast here.
### Updated on July 12. Visit the USGS earthquake event page for more information.
Scientists from the USGS and other organizations continue field work and analyses to learn more about the series of earthquakes and aftershocks centered in the Southern California desert near Ridgecrest.
This includes conducting aerial and ground reconnaissance of the extensive surface rupture, deploying temporary seismic and geodetic stations to record aftershocks, and coordinating efforts with military, state, local and academic partners.
The data collected and knowledge gained will help scientists identify which faults broke during the earthquake, determine the extent of faulting and surface displacement, and locate areas of ground failure to better understand the earthquake and its aftershocks. Some of this information helps us refine the USGS National Seismic Hazards Model, a series of maps that reflect what we know about where shaking is likely to occur over decades — information that is used to develop building codes and design structures to withstand the expected shaking.
Instrument Deployments
As of July 11, scientists from USGS, UC Riverside, and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography have deployed temporary equipment including at least 14 seismic and 13 GPS stations as well as five USGS nodal arrays. Additional monitoring equipment will continue to be deployed to learn about this large earthquake.
These locally installed instruments provide more precise measurements of small aftershocks, ground shaking, and ground deformation than more remote regional instruments can.
Measuring Surface Ruptures and Fault Offsets
The earthquakes were large enough that the fault rupture reached the earth’s surface. Field teams in the Ridgecrest area and on the Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake are documenting fault offsets through direct measurements using tools ranging from tape measures to mobile laser scanning. Their observations show that the magnitude 7.1 event caused a maximum of 6 to10 feet of right-lateral offset along about 30 miles of rupture. Rarely is the surface rupture for large earthquakes expressed as a single, clear break, and in this case the rupture along part of its length is unusually broadly distributed.
Aftershocks and Foreshocks What Has Happened
The aftershock sequence remains very active since the magnitude 7.1 mainshock occurred on July 5. As of July 12, more than 8,900 aftershocks have been recorded including:
• more than 540 magnitude 3 or larger events,
• 51 magnitude 4 or larger, and
• 5 magnitude 5.
On July 12 at 6:11 a.m. Pacific Time a moderate magnitude 4.9 aftershock occurred near Ridgecrest. Aftershocks like this are normal, and in the coming days, seismologists expect additional magnitude 4 or larger aftershocks. So far, all of the magnitude 4 and above aftershocks are occurring within the original aftershock zone.
Aftershock Forecast
The odds of a subsequent large earthquake continue to drop. During the week starting July 11, the USGS forecasts a 1 in 200 chance of a magnitude 7 or larger aftershock and a 43% chance of a potentially damaging magnitude 5 or larger aftershock. The chance of aftershocks strong enough to feel near the epicenter — magnitude 3 or greater — is virtually certain at more than 99%. Between 39 to 73 such events are expected in the next week.
See the aftershock forecast for details. This forecast will be updated as conditions change.
Relation to Coso Geothermal Field and Other Major Faults
Aftershocks are occurring over about a 37-mile length, with a cluster of activity about 15 miles northwest of the mainshock – with five aftershocks greater than magnitude 4 on July 9 and 10. Interestingly, stopping southeast of the Coso geothermal field. The Coso field itself is having very little aftershock activity. The scientific field teams are closely monitoring the Coso field and have found no evidence of magmatic activity and no changes in steam production.
Aftershocks at the southern end of the rupture extend to the Garlock fault. Some small earthquakes are occurring on or very close to the Garlock fault. The fault zones that caused the recent earthquakes are complex, and whether they might affect the Garlock, San Andreas, or other regional fault systems is uncertain. The USGS is closely monitoring this situation using instruments installed where these fault systems meet.
ShakeMap -- Measuring Earthquake Effects
The California Integrated Seismic Network, a network of about 400 high-quality ground motion sensors, enabled the USGS to produce a map of regional ground shaking shortly after the magnitude 7.1 event. Maximum shaking was estimated at MMI IX (violent) near the epicenter and shaking was very strong (MMI VII) over a broader, approximately 25-mile wide region, including the city of Ridgecrest (see map below).
A newer version called the Global ShakeMap also incorporates public observations reported into Did You Feel It? to produce a regional map in a little more than 3 hours after the origin time.
### Updated on July 9, 2019
Aftershock Forecast
According to the current forecast, during the week beginning on July 8, 2019, there is less than a 1 % chance of one or more aftershocks that are larger than magnitude 7.1, and an 8 % chance of a magnitude 6 or larger aftershock. Smaller earthquakes are likely during the next week, with 55 to 120 magnitude 3 or greater aftershocks. Magnitude 3 and above earthquakes are large enough to feel near the epicenter.
### Updated on July 8, 2019
The July 5, 2019 magnitude 7.1 earthquake near eastern California’s Searles Valley resulted from shallow strike-slip faulting in the North America plate crust. The magnitude 7.1 event occurred about 34 hours after and about 7 miles northwest of a magnitude 6.4 foreshock on July 4, 2019 at 10:34 a.m. Pacific Time.
The USGS has received more than 40,000 “Did You Feel It?” reports.
During the last three days, scientists with the USGS and California Geological Survey -- with help from the U.S. Navy -- began to survey and map the surface ruptures and offset features that resulted from the earthquake. Results from these investigations will be made public in the coming weeks.
### Updated on July 6, 2019
USGS scientists and crews continue to work around the clock on field work, mapping impacted areas and monitoring additional aftershocks to keep the public informed.
The USGS has a revised the alert for economic losses to yellow, meaning that damage is possible, and the impact should be relatively localized. USGS estimates that economic losses will exceed $10 million dollars, with a 30 % chance that losses exceed$100 million dollars. Past events with this alert level have required a local or regional level response.
The alert remains at green for shaking-related fatalities.
Aftershock Forecast
According to the current forecast, during the week beginning on July 6, 2019, there is a 2 % chance of one or more aftershocks that are larger than magnitude 7.1. Smaller earthquakes are likely during the next week, with 220 to 330 magnitude 3 or larger aftershocks. Magnitude 3 and above earthquakes are large enough to feel near the epicenter. The number of aftershocks will drop off over time, but a large aftershock can increase the numbers again, temporarily.
No one can predict the exact time or place of any earthquake, including aftershocks. The USGS earthquake forecasts help to understand the chances of having more earthquakes within a given time period in the affected area. The USGS calculates this earthquake forecast using a statistical analysis based on past earthquakes.
The forecast changes as time passes due to decline in the frequency of aftershocks, larger aftershocks that may trigger further earthquakes, and changes in forecast modeling based on the data collected for this earthquake sequence.
For the magnitude 7.1 earthquake, the ShakeAlert system issued an alert 8.00 seconds after the origin time. The first alert issued estimated the magnitude at 5.5. Within 14 seconds, the system increased its estimated magnitude to 6.3. The USGS is investigating why ShakeAlert underestimated the final magnitude by 0.8 units.
The ShakeAlert system initially estimated the location at 1.6 miles from the ANSS final location, and this measurement did not change significantly. Four stations initially detected the earthquake, with 226 stations contributing to the final alert 40 seconds after detection.
The ShakeAlertLA app was not activated because, as with the earlier magnitude 6.4 earthquake, ShakeAlert estimated no damage in Los Angeles County, the area covered by the app. ShakeAlertLA is currently configured to send alerts for earthquakes of magnitude 5.0 or greater if potential damage from shaking is expected (MMI IV+) in Los Angeles County.
ShakeAlertLA is the nation’s first test of delivering USGS-generated ShakeAlerts to a large population using a city-developed cell phone app. The USGS generates the alerts, but delivery will come by other public and private means -- such as the internet, radio, television, and cellular service -- including the City of Los Angeles ShakeAlertLA app. The City of Los Angeles has been a significant USGS partner in developing the ShakeAlert System in southern California.
Field Work
Scientists from the USGS and other organizations are on the ground and working to learn more about surface ruptures. The assessment includes canvassing the impacted area for fault displacements, including offsets in roads or curbs, distortion of pipelines, and damage to structures.
This research will help scientists understand the earthquakes, which faults broke during the earthquake, and the extent of faulting and surface displacement.
“We have few big earthquakes and we learn something from each one,” said Keith Knudsen, USGS Earthquake Science Center deputy director. “Events like these are an important opportunity to document what happens and could potentially happen in the future.”
The field mapping and seismological work will continue from weeks to months as scientists analyze the collected data.
### Posted July 6, 2019
A magnitude 7.1 earthquake struck southern California on July 5, 2019 at 8:20 p.m. local time (July 6 at 03:20 UTC). This event was centered near the July 4, 2019 magnitude 6.4 earthquake.
The USGS has issued a red alert for economic losses meaning that extensive damage is probable, and the disaster is likely widespread. Estimated economic losses are at least \$1 billion dollars, less than 1 % of GDP of the United States. Past events with this alert level have required a national or international level response.
There is a green alert for shaking-related fatalities with a low likelihood of casualties. The closest large population center is Ridgecrest, population 28,000. Strong to very strong shaking and damage has been reported there.
Shaking from the earthquake was felt by millions of people across the region, including the greater Los Angeles and Las Vegas areas. Visit the USGS event page for more information.
If you felt this earthquake, report your experience on the “USGS Did You Feel It?” website for this event. | 2023-04-01T12:14:01 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.21763306856155396, "perplexity": 3712.44576380657}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949958.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401094611-20230401124611-00030.warc.gz"} |
https://tjyj.stats.gov.cn/CN/10.19343/j.cnki.11-1302/c.2019.01.010 | • •
### 经济政策不确定性的溢出效应及形成机理研究
• 出版日期:2019-01-25 发布日期:2019-01-16
### A Study on the Spillover Effect and Its Formation Mechanism of Economic Policy Uncertainty
Zhang Xiyan & Chen Leyi
• Online:2019-01-25 Published:2019-01-16
Abstract: In view of the generalized forecast error variance decomposition (Diebold & Yilmaz, 2012), this paper measures the spillover effect of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and explores its formation mechanism based on EPU index over the period from January 2003 to May 2017. It is found that i) the spillover effect in the developed countries is stronger than that in the developing countries in general; ii) it is more sensitive to the emergencies than to the expected events. Applied with the individual and time effect controlled and the feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) estimation on panel fixed effect, the empirical results show that the effect of EPU and its partial effect of its volatility on the spillover is positive, and the estimated coefficient of the volatile value is higher than the mean value, so the EPU is mainly objectified as a volatile spillover effect. According to the quantile regression estimation, the mean and volatile values of foreign trade and economic policy uncertainty, as well as the absolute value of the cross item estimated coefficient turns large gradually, and the factors that play a major role in the spillover effect change. Therefore, each of the countries need to seek the endogenous driving force for its economic growth and to reduce its international dependence, in order to fend off the spillover of the economic policy uncertainty from other countries. | 2022-08-18T04:21:51 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.1946014165878296, "perplexity": 1602.4998425414904}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573163.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818033705-20220818063705-00398.warc.gz"} |
https://docs.dea.ga.gov.au/notebooks/Frequently_used_code/Detecting_seasonality.html | # Detecting seasonality ¶
• **Sign up to the DEA Sandbox** to run this notebook interactively from a browser
• Compatibility: Notebook currently compatible with both the NCI and DEA Sandbox environments
• Products used: DEA Waterbodies
## Description¶
We often want to analyse a time series to detect long-term trends or events. Time series that span multiple months will have seasonal effects: for example, northern Australia is much wetter in summer due to monsoons. This seasonality may impact our ability to detect the trends or events we are interested in. This notebook provides a few different ways to detect seasonality and check whether deseasonalised data have been correctly deseasonalised. We will look at a seasonal waterbody time series as an example.
## Getting started¶
To run this analysis, run all the cells in the notebook, starting with the “Load packages” cell.
### Load packages¶
Load key Python packages and supporting functions for the analysis.
[1]:
%matplotlib inline
import calendar
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.cm
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import scipy.stats
import statsmodels.tsa.seasonal as sm_seasonal
import statsmodels.tsa.stattools as tsa_stats
import sys
import shapely
sys.path.append("../Scripts")
from dea_waterbodies import get_waterbody, get_time_series
import dea_temporal
### Analysis parameters¶
Choose a waterbody to analyse:
[2]:
geohash = "r1tw92u7y" # Lake Tyrrell
## Load the waterbody time series¶
[3]:
ts = get_time_series(geohash)
[4]:
ts.pc_wet.plot()
[4]:
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7fce5aa6e7b8>
Then resample the time series to weekly and interpolate. Having a consistent gap between observations makes analysis of time series much easier. In particular, this notebook won’t work without an evenly spaced time series.
Here, we interpolate with pandas since our time series is in a pandas.DataFrame; xarray has a similar interpolate method that can interpolate over xarray.DataArray.
[5]:
ts = ts.resample("1W").mean().interpolate(method="time").pc_wet
[6]:
assert not ts.isnull().any()
Deseasonalise it for comparison.
[7]:
decomposition = sm_seasonal.seasonal_decompose(ts + 1, model="multiplicative")
[8]:
ts_deseasonal = decomposition.trend + decomposition.resid - 1
[9]:
ts_deseasonal = ts_deseasonal[pd.notnull(ts_deseasonal)]
## Autocorrelation¶
The autocorrelation function (ACF) shows how correlated lagged data are. Seasonal data are highly correlated with a lag of one year. Let’s compute the ACF for both our waterbody time series and the deseasonalised waterbody time series.
[10]:
acf = tsa_stats.acf(ts, nlags=52 * 3, fft=True)
acf_deseasonal = tsa_stats.acf(ts_deseasonal, nlags=52 * 3, fft=True)
[11]:
plt.plot(acf, label="seasonal")
plt.plot(acf_deseasonal, label="deseasonalised")
plt.xlabel("Lag (weeks)")
plt.ylabel("ACF")
for i in range(1, 3):
plt.axvline(52 * i, c="grey", linestyle="--")
plt.legend();
The seasonal peaks are clearly visible at the 52 and 104 week marks for the seasonal data, while no such peaks can be seen for the deseasonalised data.
## Angular visualisation¶
A date can be thought of as an angle (the angle of the Earth’s position around the sun). In this way we can project the time series into polar coordinates. Non-seasonal data will circle around the origin and be a perfect circle on average; seasonal data will be offset from the origin. Long-term trends may show as spirals.
[12]:
time_angle = 2 * np.pi * ts.index.dayofyear / 365.25
[13]:
ax = plt.subplot(projection="polar")
ax.plot(time_angle, ts)
ax.set_xticks(np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, 12, endpoint=False))
ax.set_xticklabels(list(calendar.month_abbr)[1:]);
We can also bin the data by angle to make the circle easier to see.
[14]:
n_bins = 52
binned_mean = scipy.stats.binned_statistic(time_angle, ts, bins=n_bins)
binned_stdev = scipy.stats.binned_statistic(
time_angle, ts, bins=n_bins, statistic="std"
)
[15]:
ax = plt.subplot(projection="polar")
mean = np.resize(binned_mean.statistic, n_bins + 1)
stdev = np.resize(binned_stdev.statistic, n_bins + 1)
# np.resize is different to ndarray.resize!
ax.plot(binned_mean.bin_edges, mean)
ax.fill_between(
binned_mean.bin_edges, np.clip(mean - stdev, 0, None), mean + stdev, alpha=0.2
)
# Get the centre of the circle so we can plot that too:
proj = ax.transData.transform(np.stack([binned_mean.bin_edges, mean]).T)
polygon = shapely.geometry.Polygon(proj)
reproj = ax.transData.inverted().transform((polygon.centroid.x, polygon.centroid.y))
plt.scatter(*reproj, c="C0")
ax.set_xticks(np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, 12, endpoint=False))
ax.set_xticklabels(list(calendar.month_abbr)[1:]);
This waterbody is wetter from May to September and drier from November to April. The centre of the circle is clearly offset. Let’s compare to the deseasonalised:
[16]:
time_angle_deseasonal = 2 * np.pi * ts_deseasonal.index.dayofyear / 365.25
[17]:
binned_mean_deseasonal = scipy.stats.binned_statistic(
time_angle_deseasonal, ts_deseasonal, bins=n_bins
)
binned_stdev_deseasonal = scipy.stats.binned_statistic(
time_angle_deseasonal, ts_deseasonal, bins=n_bins, statistic="std"
)
ax = plt.subplot(projection="polar")
ax.plot(binned_mean.bin_edges, mean, label="seasonal")
ax.fill_between(
binned_mean.bin_edges, np.clip(mean - stdev, 0, None), mean + stdev, alpha=0.2
)
plt.scatter(*reproj, c="C0")
mean_deseasonal = np.resize(binned_mean_deseasonal.statistic, n_bins + 1)
stdev_deseasonal = np.resize(binned_stdev_deseasonal.statistic, n_bins + 1)
# np.resize is different to ndarray.resize!
ax.plot(binned_mean_deseasonal.bin_edges, mean_deseasonal, label="deseasonalised")
ax.fill_between(
binned_mean_deseasonal.bin_edges,
np.clip(mean_deseasonal - stdev_deseasonal, 0, None),
mean_deseasonal + stdev_deseasonal,
alpha=0.2,
)
proj_deseasonal = ax.transData.transform(
np.stack([binned_mean_deseasonal.bin_edges, mean_deseasonal]).T
)
polygon_deseasonal = shapely.geometry.Polygon(proj_deseasonal)
reproj_deseasonal = ax.transData.inverted().transform(
(polygon_deseasonal.centroid.x, polygon_deseasonal.centroid.y)
)
plt.scatter(*reproj_deseasonal, c="C1")
ax.set_xticks(np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, 12, endpoint=False))
ax.set_xticklabels(list(calendar.month_abbr)[1:])
ax.legend(bbox_to_anchor=(0, 1));
The deaseasonalised data are much more circular and the centre is very close to the origin.
We can convert this into a numerical measure to help determine how seasonal the data are (which would be useful for analysis en masse). One way to do this is to compute the Polsby-Popper score, which is the ratio of the area to the squared perimeter, multiplied by $$4\pi$$. This is a measure of compactness and a circle is a maximally compact shape.
[18]:
pp = 4 * np.pi * polygon.area / polygon.exterior.length ** 2
pp_deseasonal = (
4 * np.pi * polygon_deseasonal.area / polygon_deseasonal.exterior.length ** 2
)
[19]:
print("Seasonal Polsby-Popper:", round(pp, 2))
print("Deseasonalised Polsby-Popper:", round(pp_deseasonal, 2))
Seasonal Polsby-Popper: 0.89
Deseasonalised Polsby-Popper: 0.93
The closer we are to 1, the more circular the data.
Circularity alone doesn’t tell us that we have non-seasonal data. The circle also needs to be centred. We can measure the distance from the origin:
[20]:
print("Seasonal offset:", reproj[1])
print("Deseasonalised offset:", reproj_deseasonal[1])
Seasonal offset: 20.07517544654884
Deseasonalised offset: 0.44395687922367066
The closer we are to zero, the less offset from the origin our data are.
## Seasonal subseries plot¶
A seasonal subseries plot groups data by period (in this case there are 12 months in the year, so the period is 12), and then plots each group. This can help detect both seasonality and change in seasonality over time.
[21]:
plt.figure(figsize=(2 * 6.4, 4.8))
titles = ["seasonal", "deseasonalised"]
monthly_means = [[], []]
for i, ts_ in enumerate([ts, ts_deseasonal]):
plt.subplot(1, 2, i + 1)
colours = matplotlib.cm.rainbow(np.linspace(0, 1, 12))
for month, t in ts_.groupby(ts_.index.month):
plt.plot(
month + np.linspace(0, 1, len(t)),
t.rolling(10).mean(),
c=colours[month - 1],
)
plt.plot([month, month + 1], [t.mean()] * 2, c="k")
plt.plot(
[month + 0.5] * 2,
[t.mean() - t.std(), t.mean() + t.std()],
c="k",
alpha=0.5,
)
monthly_means[i].append(t.mean())
plt.xlabel("Month")
plt.xticks(np.arange(1.5, 13.5), calendar.month_abbr[1:])
plt.ylabel("Percentage wet")
plt.title(titles[i])
The seasonal plot again shows very clear maxima during winter and minima during summer. The deseasonalised plot has no such pattern, and the differences between monthly means are within standard error.
We can also aggregate this plot into a single number representing seasonality. There are many ways to do this — any measure of how deviant the means are from a horizontal line would work, for example. One such measure would be the average deviation from the mean:
[22]:
monthly_means = np.array(monthly_means)
[23]:
mad = abs(monthly_means - monthly_means.mean(axis=1, keepdims=True)).mean(axis=1)
[24]:
print("Seasonal mean average deviation:", mad[0].round(2))
print("Deseasonalised mean average deviation:", mad[1].round(2))
Seasonal mean average deviation: 13.66
Deseasonalised mean average deviation: 0.39
The closer to zero, the less seasonal the data are.
## Additional information¶
License: The code in this notebook is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. Digital Earth Australia data is licensed under the Creative Commons by Attribution 4.0 license.
Contact: If you need assistance, please post a question on the Open Data Cube Slack channel or on the GIS Stack Exchange using the open-data-cube tag (you can view previously asked questions here). If you would like to report an issue with this notebook, you can file one on Github.
Last modified: November 2020
## Tags¶
Browse all available tags on the DEA User Guide’s Tags Index
Tags: time series | 2021-01-27T19:36:35 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.36944717168807983, "perplexity": 7536.375340859621}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704832583.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20210127183317-20210127213317-00398.warc.gz"} |
http://dlmf.nist.gov/22.9 | # §22.9(i) Notation
The following notation is a generalization of that of Khare and Sukhatme (2002).
Throughout this subsection $m$ and $p$ are positive integers with $1\leq m\leq p$.
22.9.1 $s_{m,p}^{(2)}=\mathop{\mathrm{sn}\/}\nolimits\left(z+2p^{-1}(m-1)\mathop{K\/}% \nolimits\!\left(k\right),k\right),$
22.9.2 $c_{m,p}^{(2)}=\mathop{\mathrm{cn}\/}\nolimits\left(z+2p^{-1}(m-1)\mathop{K\/}% \nolimits\!\left(k\right),k\right),$
22.9.3 $d_{m,p}^{(2)}=\mathop{\mathrm{dn}\/}\nolimits\left(z+2p^{-1}(m-1)\mathop{K\/}% \nolimits\!\left(k\right),k\right),$
22.9.4 $s_{m,p}^{(4)}=\mathop{\mathrm{sn}\/}\nolimits\left(z+4p^{-1}(m-1)\mathop{K\/}% \nolimits\!\left(k\right),k\right),$
22.9.5 $c_{m,p}^{(4)}=\mathop{\mathrm{cn}\/}\nolimits\left(z+4p^{-1}(m-1)\mathop{K\/}% \nolimits\!\left(k\right),k\right),$
22.9.6 $d_{m,p}^{(4)}=\mathop{\mathrm{dn}\/}\nolimits\left(z+4p^{-1}(m-1)\mathop{K\/}% \nolimits\!\left(k\right),k\right).$
In the remainder of this section the rank of an identity is the largest number of elliptic function factors in any term of the identity. The value of $p$ determines the number of points in the identity. The argument $z$ is suppressed in the above notation, as all cyclic identities are independent of $z$.
# §22.9(ii) Typical Identities of Rank 2
In this subsection $1\leq m\leq p$ and $1\leq n\leq p$.
# ¶ Three Points
With
22.9.7 $\kappa=\mathop{\mathrm{dn}\/}\nolimits\left(2\!\mathop{K\/}\nolimits\!\left(k% \right)/3,k\right),$
22.9.8 $s_{1,2}^{(4)}s_{2,2}^{(4)}+s_{2,2}^{(4)}s_{3,2}^{(4)}+s_{3,2}^{(4)}s_{1,2}^{(4% )}=\frac{\kappa^{2}-1}{k^{2}},$
22.9.9 $c_{1,2}^{(4)}c_{2,2}^{(4)}+c_{2,2}^{(4)}c_{3,2}^{(4)}+c_{3,2}^{(4)}c_{1,2}^{(4% )}=-\frac{\kappa(\kappa+2)}{(1+\kappa)^{2}},$ Symbols: $c_{m,p}^{(r)}$: cyclic quantity and $\kappa$ Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/22.9.E9 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
22.9.10 $d_{1,2}^{(2)}d_{2,2}^{(2)}+d_{2,2}^{(2)}d_{3,2}^{(2)}+d_{3,2}^{(2)}d_{1,2}^{(2% )}=d_{1,2}^{(4)}d_{2,2}^{(4)}+d_{2,2}^{(4)}d_{3,2}^{(4)}+d_{3,2}^{(4)}d_{1,2}^% {(4)}=\kappa(\kappa+2).$ Symbols: $d_{m,p}^{(r)}$: cyclic quantity and $\kappa$ Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/22.9.E10 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
These identities are cyclic in the sense that each of the indices $m,n$ in the first product of, for example, the form $s_{m,2}^{(4)}s_{n,2}^{(4)}$ are simultaneously permuted in the cyclic order: $m\to m+1\to m+2\to\cdots p\to 1\to 2\to\cdots m-1$; $n\to n+1\to n+2\to\cdots p\to 1\to 2\to\cdots n-1$. Many of the identities that follow also have this property.
# ¶ Two Points
22.9.11 $\left(d_{1,2}^{(2)}\right)^{2}d_{2,2}^{(2)}\pm\left(d_{2,2}^{(2)}\right)^{2}d_% {1,2}^{(2)}=k^{\prime}\left(d_{1,2}^{(2)}\pm d_{2,2}^{(2)}\right),$ Symbols: $k^{\prime}$: complementary modulus and $d_{m,p}^{(r)}$: cyclic quantity Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/22.9.E11 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
22.9.12 $c_{1,2}^{(2)}s_{1,2}^{(2)}d_{2,2}^{(2)}+c_{2,2}^{(2)}s_{2,2}^{(2)}d_{1,2}^{(2)% }=0.$
# ¶ Three Points
With $\kappa$ defined as in (22.9.7),
22.9.13 $s_{1,3}^{(4)}s_{2,3}^{(4)}s_{3,3}^{(4)}=-\frac{1}{1-\kappa^{2}}\left(s_{1,3}^{% (4)}+s_{2,3}^{(4)}+s_{3,3}^{(4)}\right),$ Symbols: $s_{m,p}^{(r)}$: cyclic quantity and $\kappa$ Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/22.9.E13 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
22.9.14 $c_{1,3}^{(4)}c_{2,3}^{(4)}c_{3,3}^{(4)}=\frac{\kappa^{2}}{1-\kappa^{2}}\left(c% _{1,3}^{(4)}+c_{2,3}^{(4)}+c_{3,3}^{(4)}\right),$ Symbols: $c_{m,p}^{(r)}$: cyclic quantity and $\kappa$ Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/22.9.E14 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
22.9.15 $d_{1,3}^{(2)}d_{2,3}^{(2)}d_{3,3}^{(2)}=\frac{\kappa^{2}+k^{2}-1}{1-\kappa^{2}% }\left(d_{1,3}^{(2)}+d_{2,3}^{(2)}+d_{3,3}^{(2)}\right),$
22.9.16 $s_{1,3}^{(4)}c_{2,3}^{(4)}c_{3,3}^{(4)}+s_{2,3}^{(4)}c_{3,3}^{(4)}c_{1,3}^{(4)% }+s_{3,3}^{(4)}c_{1,3}^{(4)}c_{2,3}^{(4)}=\frac{\kappa(\kappa+2)}{1-\kappa^{2}% }\left(s_{1,3}^{(4)}+s_{2,3}^{(4)}+s_{3,3}^{(4)}\right).$
# ¶ Four Points
22.9.17 $d_{1,4}^{(2)}d_{2,4}^{(2)}d_{3,4}^{(2)}\pm d_{2,4}^{(2)}d_{3,4}^{(2)}d_{4,4}^{% (2)}+d_{3,4}^{(2)}d_{4,4}^{(2)}d_{1,4}^{(2)}\pm d_{4,4}^{(2)}d_{1,4}^{(2)}d_{2% ,4}^{(2)}=k^{\prime}{\left(\pm d_{1,4}^{(2)}+d_{2,4}^{(2)}\pm d_{3,4}^{(2)}+d_% {4,4}^{(2)}\right)},$ Symbols: $k^{\prime}$: complementary modulus and $d_{m,p}^{(r)}$: cyclic quantity Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/22.9.E17 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
22.9.18 $\left(d_{1,4}^{(2)}\right)^{2}d_{3,4}^{(2)}\pm\left(d_{2,4}^{(2)}\right)^{2}d_% {4,4}^{(2)}+\left(d_{3,4}^{(2)}\right)^{2}d_{1,4}^{(2)}\pm\left(d_{4,4}^{(2)}% \right)^{2}d_{2,4}^{(2)}=k^{\prime}{\left(d_{1,4}^{(2)}\pm d_{2,4}^{(2)}+d_{3,% 4}^{(2)}\pm d_{4,4}^{(2)}\right)},$ Symbols: $k^{\prime}$: complementary modulus and $d_{m,p}^{(r)}$: cyclic quantity Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/22.9.E18 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
22.9.19 $c_{1,4}^{(2)}s_{1,4}^{(2)}d_{3,4}^{(2)}+c_{3,4}^{(2)}s_{3,4}^{(2)}d_{1,4}^{(2)% }=c_{2,4}^{(2)}s_{2,4}^{(2)}d_{4,4}^{(2)}+c_{4,4}^{(2)}s_{4,4}^{(2)}d_{2,4}^{(% 2)}=0.$
# ¶ Two Points
22.9.20 $\left(d_{1,2}^{(2)}\right)^{3}d_{2,2}^{(2)}\pm\left(d_{2,2}^{(2)}\right)^{3}d_% {1,2}^{(2)}=k^{\prime}\left(\left(d_{1,2}^{(2)}\right)^{2}\pm\left(d_{2,2}^{(2% )}\right)^{2}\right),$ Symbols: $k^{\prime}$: complementary modulus and $d_{m,p}^{(r)}$: cyclic quantity Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/22.9.E20 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
22.9.21 $k^{2}c_{1,2}^{(2)}s_{1,2}^{(2)}c_{2,2}^{(2)}s_{2,2}^{(2)}=k^{\prime}\left(1-% \left(s_{1,2}^{(2)}\right)^{2}-\left(s_{2,2}^{(2)}\right)^{2}\right).$
# ¶ Three Points
Again with $\kappa$ defined as in (22.9.7),
22.9.22 $s_{1,3}^{(2)}c_{1,3}^{(2)}d_{2,3}^{(2)}d_{3,3}^{(2)}+s_{2,3}^{(2)}c_{2,3}^{(2)% }d_{3,3}^{(2)}d_{1,3}^{(2)}+s_{3,3}^{(2)}c_{3,3}^{(2)}d_{1,3}^{(2)}d_{2,3}^{(2% )}=\frac{\kappa^{2}+k^{2}-1}{1-\kappa^{2}}\left(s_{1,3}^{(2)}c_{1,3}^{(2)}+s_{% 2,3}^{(2)}c_{2,3}^{(2)}+s_{3,3}^{(2)}c_{3,3}^{(2)}\right),$
22.9.23 $s_{1,3}^{(4)}d_{1,3}^{(4)}c_{2,3}^{(4)}c_{3,3}^{(4)}+s_{2,3}^{(4)}d_{2,3}^{(4)% }c_{3,3}^{(4)}c_{1,3}^{(4)}+s_{3,3}^{(4)}d_{3,3}^{(4)}c_{1,3}^{(4)}c_{2,3}^{(4% )}=\frac{\kappa^{2}}{1-\kappa^{2}}\left(s_{1,3}^{(4)}d_{1,3}^{(4)}+s_{2,3}^{(4% )}d_{2,3}^{(4)}+s_{2,3}^{(4)}d_{2,3}^{(4)}\right).$
# §22.9(v) Identities of Higher Rank
For extensions of the identities given in §§22.9(ii)22.9(iv), and also to related elliptic functions, see Khare and Sukhatme (2002), Khare et al. (2003). | 2014-08-20T10:43:06 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 127, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9871325492858887, "perplexity": 8711.040161946785}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500804220.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021324-00066-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://pvpmc.sandia.gov/modeling-steps/1-weather-design-inputs/shading-soiling-and-reflection-losses/incident-angle-reflection-losses/sandia-model/ | Sandia has suggested using a 5th order polynomial function to represent angular optical losses on short circuit current (Isc) [1].
$f2\left&space;(&space;\theta_{AOI}&space;\right&space;)=b_0+b_1\theta_{AOI}&space;+b_2\theta_{AOI}^2+b_3\theta_{AOI}^3+b_4\theta_{AOI}^4+b_5\theta_{AOI}^5$
where the coefficient vector, $b$, is determined from fitting experimental data measured outdoors.
An example result of this model is shown in Figure 1. Note that the use of a 5th order polynomial causes a slight concave-up shape at low angles of incidence. This functional form actually results in $f_{2}$ values slightly greater than one for a portion of this range (10-45 degrees), and values greater than zero for 90 degrees. These non-physical features are downsides of this model.
Figure 1. Sandia model for incident angle modifier (on Isc)
### References:
[1]. King, D. L., E. E. Boyson and J. A. Kratochvil (2004). Photovoltaic Array Performance Model. Albuquerque, NM, Sandia National Laboratories, SAND2004-3535. | 2023-01-29T18:13:32 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 3, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5404767394065857, "perplexity": 3164.312935255137}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499758.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129180008-20230129210008-00696.warc.gz"} |
https://dakota.sandia.gov/sites/default/files/docs/6.17.0-release/user-html/usingdakota/studytypes/designofexperiments.html | # Design of Experiments
## Overview
Classical design of experiments (DoE) methods and the more modern design and analysis of computer experiments (DACE) methods are both techniques which seek to extract as much trend data from a parameter space as possible using a limited number of sample points. Classical DoE techniques arose from technical disciplines that assumed some randomness and nonrepeatability in field experiments (e.g., agricultural yield, experimental chemistry). DoE approaches such as central composite design, Box-Behnken design, and full and fractional factorial design generally put sample points at the extremes of the parameter space, since these designs offer more reliable trend extraction in the presence of nonrepeatability. DACE methods are distinguished from DoE methods in that the nonrepeatability component can be omitted since computer simulations are involved. In these cases, space filling designs such as orthogonal array sampling and Latin hypercube sampling are more commonly employed in order to accurately extract trend information. Quasi-Monte Carlo sampling techniques which are constructed to fill the unit hypercube with good uniformity of coverage can also be used for DACE.
Dakota supports both DoE and DACE techniques. In common usage, only parameter bounds are used in selecting the samples within the parameter space. Thus, DoE and DACE can be viewed as special cases of the more general probabilistic sampling for uncertainty quantification (see following section), in which the DoE/DACE parameters are treated as having uniform probability distributions. The DoE/DACE techniques are commonly used for investigation of global response trends, identification of significant parameters (e.g., main effects), and as data generation methods for building response surface approximations.
Dakota includes several approaches sampling and design of experiments, all implemented in included third-party software libraries. LHS (Latin hypercube sampling) [SW04] is a general-purpose sampling package developed at Sandia that has been used by the DOE national labs for several decades. DDACE (distributed design and analysis for computer experiments) is a more recent package for computer experiments developed at Sandia Labs [TM]. DDACE provides the capability for generating orthogonal arrays, Box-Behnken designs, Central Composite designs, and random designs. The FSUDace (Florida State University’s Design and Analysis of Computer Experiments) package provides the following sampling techniques: quasi-Monte Carlo sampling based on Halton or Hammersley sequences, and Centroidal Voronoi Tessellation. Lawrence Livermore National Lab’s PSUADE (Problem Solving Environment for Uncertainty Analysis and Design Exploration) [Ton05] includes several methods for model exploration, but only the Morris screening method is exposed in Dakota.
This chapter describes DDACE, FSUDace, and PSUADE, with a focus on designing computer experiments. Latin Hypercube Sampling, also used in uncertainty quantification, is discussed in the section on sampling methods.
## Design of Computer Experiments
What distinguishes design of computer experiments? Computer experiments are often different from physical experiments, such as those performed in agriculture, manufacturing, or biology. In physical experiments, one often applies the same treatment or factor level in an experiment several times to get an understanding of the variability of the output when that treatment is applied. For example, in an agricultural experiment, several fields (e.g., 8) may be subject to a low level of fertilizer and the same number of fields may be subject to a high level of fertilizer to see if the amount of fertilizer has a significant effect on crop output. In addition, one is often interested in the variability of the output within a treatment group: is the variability of the crop yields in the low fertilizer group much higher than that in the high fertilizer group, or not?
In physical experiments, the process we are trying to examine is stochastic: that is, the same treatment may result in different outcomes. By contrast, in computer experiments, often we have a deterministic code. If we run the code with a particular set of input parameters, the code will always produce the same output. There certainly are stochastic codes, but the main focus of computer experimentation has been on deterministic codes. Thus, in computer experiments we often do not have the need to do replicates (running the code with the exact same input parameters several times to see differences in outputs). Instead, a major concern in computer experiments is to create an experimental design which can sample a high-dimensional space in a representative way with a minimum number of samples. The number of factors or parameters that we wish to explore in computer experiments is usually much higher than physical experiments. In physical experiments, one may be interested in varying a few parameters, usually five or less, while in computer experiments we often have dozens of parameters of interest. Choosing the levels of these parameters so that the samples adequately explore the input space is a challenging problem. There are many experimental designs and sampling methods which address the issue of adequate and representative sample selection.
There are many goals of running a computer experiment: one may want to explore the input domain or the design space and get a better understanding of the range in the outputs for a particular domain. Another objective is to determine which inputs have the most influence on the output, or how changes in the inputs change the output. This is usually called sensitivity analysis.
Another goal is to use the sampled input points and their corresponding output to create a response surface approximation for the computer code. The response surface approximation (e.g., a polynomial regression model, a Gaussian-process/Kriging model, a neural net) can then be used to emulate the computer code. Constructing a response surface approximation is particularly important for applications where running a computational model is extremely expensive: the computer model may take 10 or 20 hours to run on a high performance machine, whereas the response surface model may only take a few seconds. Thus, one often optimizes the response surface model or uses it within a framework such as surrogate-based optimization. Response surface models are also valuable in cases where the gradient (first derivative) and/or Hessian (second derivative) information required by optimization techniques are either not available, expensive to compute, or inaccurate because the derivatives are poorly approximated or the function evaluation is itself noisy due to roundoff errors. Furthermore, many optimization methods require a good initial point to ensure fast convergence or to converge to good solutions (e.g. for problems with multiple local minima). Under these circumstances, a good design of computer experiment framework coupled with response surface approximations can offer great advantages.
In addition to the sensitivity analysis and response surface modeling mentioned above, we also may want to do uncertainty quantification on a computer model. Uncertainty quantification (UQ) refers to taking a particular set of distributions on the inputs, and propagating them through the model to obtain a distribution on the outputs. For example, if input parameter A follows a normal with mean 5 and variance 1, the computer produces a random draw from that distribution. If input parameter B follows a weibull distribution with alpha = 0.5 and beta = 1, the computer produces a random draw from that distribution. When all of the uncertain variables have samples drawn from their input distributions, we run the model with the sampled values as inputs. We do this repeatedly to build up a distribution of outputs. We can then use the cumulative distribution function of the output to ask questions such as: what is the probability that the output is greater than 10? What is the 99th percentile of the output?
Note that sampling-based uncertainty quantification and design of computer experiments are very similar. There is significant overlap in the purpose and methods used for UQ and for DACE. We have attempted to delineate the differences within Dakota as follows: we use the methods DDACE, FSUDACE, and PSUADE primarily for design of experiments, where we are interested in understanding the main effects of parameters and where we want to sample over an input domain to obtain values for constructing a response surface. We use the nondeterministic sampling methods (sampling) for uncertainty quantification, where we are propagating specific input distributions and interested in obtaining (for example) a cumulative distribution function on the output. If one has a problem with no distributional information, we recommend starting with a design of experiments approach. Note that DDACE, FSUDACE, and PSUADE currently do not support distributional information: they take an upper and lower bound for each uncertain input variable and sample within that. The uncertainty quantification methods in sampling (primarily Latin Hypercube sampling) offer the capability to sample from many distributional types. The distinction between UQ and DACE is somewhat arbitrary: both approaches often can yield insight about important parameters and both can determine sample points for response surface approximations.
Three software packages are available in Dakota for design of computer experiments, DDACE (developed at Sandia Labs), FSUDACE (developed at Florida State University), and PSUADE (LLNL).
## DDACE
The Distributed Design and Analysis of Computer Experiments (DDACE) package includes both classical design of experiments methods [TM] and stochastic sampling methods. The classical design of experiments methods in DDACE are central composite design (CCD) and Box-Behnken (BB) sampling. A grid-based sampling (full-factorial) method is also available. The stochastic methods are orthogonal array sampling [KO96] (which permits main effects calculations), Monte Carlo (random) sampling, Latin hypercube sampling, and orthogonal array-Latin hypercube sampling. While DDACE LHS supports variables with normal or uniform distributions, only uniform are supported through Dakota. Also DDACE does not allow enforcement of user-specified correlation structure among the variables.
The sampling methods in DDACE can be used alone or in conjunction with other methods. For example, DDACE sampling can be used with both surrogate-based optimization and optimization under uncertainty advanced methods. See Listing 64 for an example of how the DDACE settings are used in Dakota.
The following sections provide more detail about the sampling methods available for design of experiments in DDACE.
### Central Composite Design
A Box-Wilson Central Composite Design, commonly called a central composite design (CCD), contains an embedded factorial or fractional factorial design with center points that is augmented with a group of ’star points’ that allow estimation of curvature. If the distance from the center of the design space to a factorial point is $$\pm$$1 unit for each factor, the distance from the center of the design space to a star point is $$\pm\alpha$$ with $$\mid\alpha\mid > 1$$. The precise value of $$\alpha$$ depends on certain properties desired for the design and on the number of factors involved. The CCD design is specified in Dakota with the method command dace central_composite.
As an example, with two input variables or factors, each having two levels, the factorial design is shown in Table 3:
Table 3 Simple Factorial Design
Input 1
Input 2
-1
-1
-1
+1
+1
-1
+1
+1
With a CCD, the design in Table 3 would be augmented with the points shown in Table 4, if $$\alpha$$ = 1.3.
Table 4 Additional Points to make the factorial design a CCD
Input 1
Input 2
0
+1.3
0
-1.3
1.3
0
-1.3
0
0
0
These points define a circle around the original factorial design. Note that the number of sample points specified in a CCD, samples, is a function of the number of variables in the problem:
$samples = 1 + 2*NumVar + 2^{NumVar}$
### Box-Behnken Design
The Box-Behnken design is similar to a Central Composite design, with some differences. The Box-Behnken design is a quadratic design in that it does not contain an embedded factorial or fractional factorial design. In this design the treatment combinations are at the midpoints of edges of the process space and at the center, as compared with CCD designs where the extra points are placed at ’star points’ on a circle outside of the process space. Box-Behken designs are rotatable (or near rotatable) and require 3 levels of each factor. The designs have limited capability for orthogonal blocking compared to the central composite designs. Box-Behnken requires fewer runs than CCD for 3 factors, but this advantage goes away as the number of factors increases. The Box-Behnken design is specified in Dakota with the method command dace box_behnken.
Note that the number of sample points specified in a Box-Behnken design, samples, is a function of the number of variables in the problem:
$samples = 1 + 4*NumVar + (NumVar-1)/2$
### Orthogonal Array Designs
Orthogonal array (OA) sampling is a widely used technique for running experiments and systematically testing factor effects [HSS99]. An orthogonal array sample can be described as a 4-tuple $$(m,n,s,r)$$, where $$m$$ is the number of sample points, $$n$$ is the number of input variables, $$s$$ is the number of symbols, and $$r$$ is the strength of the orthogonal array. The number of sample points, $$m$$, must be a multiple of the number of symbols, $$s$$. The number of symbols refers to the number of levels per input variable. The strength refers to the number of columns where we are guaranteed to see all the possibilities an equal number of times.
For example, Table 5 shows an orthogonal array of strength 2 for $$m$$ = 8, with 7 variables:
Table 5 Orthogonal Array for Seven Variables
Input 1
Input 2
Input 3
Input 4
Input 5
Input 6
Input 7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
If one picks any two columns, say the first and the third, note that each of the four possible rows we might see there, 0 0, 0 1, 1 0, 1 1, appears exactly the same number of times, twice in this case.
DDACE creates orthogonal arrays of strength 2. Further, the OAs generated by DDACE do not treat the factor levels as one fixed value (0 or 1 in the above example). Instead, once a level for a variable is determined in the array, DDACE samples a random variable from within that level. The orthogonal array design is specified in Dakota with the method command dace oas.
The orthogonal array method in DDACE is the only method that allows for the calculation of main effects, specified with the command main_effects. Main effects is a sensitivity analysis method which identifies the input variables that have the most influence on the output. In main effects, the idea is to look at the mean of the response function when variable A (for example) is at level 1 vs. when variable A is at level 2 or level 3. If these mean responses of the output are statistically significantly different at different levels of variable A, this is an indication that variable A has a significant effect on the response. The orthogonality of the columns is critical in performing main effects analysis, since the column orthogonality means that the effects of the other variables ’cancel out’ when looking at the overall effect from one variable at its different levels. There are ways of developing orthogonal arrays to calculate higher order interactions, such as two-way interactions (what is the influence of Variable A * Variable B on the output?), but this is not available in DDACE currently. At present, one way interactions are supported in the calculation of orthogonal array main effects within DDACE. The main effects are presented as a series of ANOVA tables. For each objective function and constraint, the decomposition of variance of that objective or constraint is presented as a function of the input variables. The p-value in the ANOVA table is used to indicate if the input factor is significant. The p-value is the probability that you would have obtained samples more extreme than you did if the input factor has no effect on the response. For example, if you set a level of significance at 0.05 for your p-value, and the actual p-value is 0.03, then the input factor has a significant effect on the response.
### Grid Design
In a grid design, a grid is placed over the input variable space. This is very similar to a multi-dimensional parameter study where the samples are taken over a set of partitions on each variable. The main difference is that in grid sampling, a small random perturbation is added to each sample value so that the grid points are not on a perfect grid. This is done to help capture certain features in the output such as periodic functions. A purely structured grid, with the samples exactly on the grid points, has the disadvantage of not being able to capture important features such as periodic functions with relatively high frequency (due to aliasing). Adding a random perturbation to the grid samples helps remedy this problem.
Another disadvantage with grid sampling is that the number of sample points required depends exponentially on the input dimensions. In grid sampling, the number of samples is the number of symbols (grid partitions) raised to the number of variables. For example, if there are 2 variables, each with 5 partitions, the number of samples would be $$5^2$$. In this case, doubling the number of variables squares the sample size. The grid design is specified in Dakota with the method command dace grid.
Note
### Monte Carlo Design
Monte Carlo designs simply involve pure Monte-Carlo random sampling from uniform distributions between the lower and upper bounds on each of the input variables. Monte Carlo designs, specified by dace random, are a way to generate a set of random samples over an input domain.
### LHS Design
DDACE offers the capability to generate Latin Hypercube designs. Note that the version of LHS in DDACE generates uniform samples (uniform between the variable bounds). The version of LHS offered with nondeterministic sampling can generate LHS samples according to a number of distribution types, including normal, lognormal, weibull, beta, etc. To specify the DDACE version of LHS, use the method command dace lhs.
Note
### OA-LHS Design
DDACE offers a hybrid design which is combination of an orthogonal array and a Latin Hypercube sample. This design is specified with the method command dace oa_lhs. This design has the advantages of both orthogonality of the inputs as well as stratification of the samples (see [Owe92]).
## FSUDace
The Florida State University Design and Analysis of Computer Experiments (FSUDace) package provides quasi-Monte Carlo sampling (Halton and Hammersley) and Centroidal Voronoi Tessellation (CVT) methods. All three methods natively generate sets of uniform random variables on the interval $$[0,1]$$ (or in Dakota, on user-specified uniform intervals).
The quasi-Monte Carlo and CVT methods are designed with the goal of low discrepancy. Discrepancy refers to the nonuniformity of the sample points within the unit hypercube. Low discrepancy sequences tend to cover the unit hypercube reasonably uniformly. Quasi-Monte Carlo methods produce low discrepancy sequences, especially if one is interested in the uniformity of projections of the point sets onto lower dimensional faces of the hypercube (usually 1-D: how well do the marginal distributions approximate a uniform?) CVT does very well volumetrically: it spaces the points fairly equally throughout the space, so that the points cover the region and are isotropically distributed with no directional bias in the point placement. There are various measures of volumetric uniformity which take into account the distances between pairs of points, regularity measures, etc. Note that CVT does not produce low-discrepancy sequences in lower dimensions, however: the lower-dimension (such as 1-D) projections of CVT can have high discrepancy.
The quasi-Monte Carlo sequences of Halton and Hammersley are deterministic sequences determined by a set of prime bases. A Halton design is specified in Dakota with the method command fsu_quasi_mc halton, and the Hammersley design is specified with the command fsu_quasi_mc hammersley. For more details about the input specification, see the Reference Manual. CVT points tend to arrange themselves in a pattern of cells that are roughly the same shape. To produce CVT points, an almost arbitrary set of initial points is chosen, and then an internal set of iterations is carried out. These iterations repeatedly replace the current set of sample points by an estimate of the centroids of the corresponding Voronoi subregions [DFG99]. A CVT design is specified in Dakota with the method command fsu_cvt.
The methods in FSUDace are useful for design of experiments because they provide good coverage of the input space, thus allowing global sensitivity analysis.
PSUADE (Problem Solving Environment for Uncertainty Analysis and Design Exploration) is a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory tool for metamodeling, sensitivity analysis, uncertainty quantification, and optimization. Its features include non-intrusive and parallel function evaluations, sampling and analysis methods, an integrated design and analysis framework, global optimization, numerical integration, response surfaces (MARS and higher order regressions), graphical output with Pgplot or Matlab, and fault tolerance [Ton05]. Dakota includes a prototype interface to its Morris One-At-A-Time (MOAT) screening method, a valuable tool for global sensitivity (including interaction) analysis.
The Morris One-At-A-Time method, originally proposed by M. D. Morris [Mor91], is a screening method, designed to explore a computational model to distinguish between input variables that have negligible, linear and additive, or nonlinear or interaction effects on the output. The computer experiments performed consist of individually randomized designs which vary one input factor at a time to create a sample of its elementary effects.
With MOAT, each dimension of a $$k-$$dimensional input space is uniformly partitioned into $$p$$ levels, creating a grid of $$p^k$$ points $${\bf x} \in \mathbb{R}^k$$ at which evaluations of the model $$y({\bf x})$$ might take place. An elementary effect corresponding to input $$i$$ is computed by a forward difference
$d_i({\bf x}) = \frac{y({\bf x} + \Delta {\bf e}_i) - y({\bf x})}{\Delta},$
where $$e_i$$ is the $$i^{\mbox{th}}$$ coordinate vector, and the step $$\Delta$$ is typically taken to be large (this is not intended to be a local derivative approximation). In the present implementation of MOAT, for an input variable scaled to $$[0,1]$$, $$\Delta = \frac{p}{2(p-1)}$$, so the step used to find elementary effects is slightly larger than half the input range.
The distribution of elementary effects $$d_i$$ over the input space characterizes the effect of input $$i$$ on the output of interest. After generating $$r$$ samples from this distribution, their mean,
$\mu_i = \frac{1}{r}\sum_{j=1}^{r}{d_i^{(j)}},$
modified mean
$\mu_i^* = \frac{1}{r}\sum_{j=1}^{r}{|d_i^{(j)}|},$
(using absolute value) and standard deviation
$\sigma_i = \sqrt{ \frac{1}{r}\sum_{j=1}^{r}{ \left(d_i^{(j)} - \mu_i \right)^2} }$
are computed for each input $$i$$. The mean and modified mean give an indication of the overall effect of an input on the output. Standard deviation indicates nonlinear effects or interactions, since it is an indicator of elementary effects varying throughout the input space.
The MOAT method is selected with method keyword psuade_moat as shown in the sample Dakota input file Listing 28.
Listing 28 Dakota input file showing the Morris One-at-a-Time method – see dakota/share/dakota/examples/users/morris_ps_moat.in
# Dakota Input File: morris_ps_moat.in
environment
tabular_data
method
samples = 84
partitions = 3
seed = 500
variables
continuous_design = 20
lower_bounds = 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
upper_bounds = 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
interface
analysis_drivers = 'morris'
fork
asynchronous evaluation_concurrency = 5
responses
objective_functions = 1
no_hessians
The number of samples must be a positive integer multiple of (number of continuous design variables $$k$$ + 1) and will be automatically adjusted if misspecified. The number of partitions applies to each variable being studied and must be odd (the number of MOAT levels $$p$$ per variable is partitions + 1, similar to Dakota multidimensional parameter studies). This will also be adjusted at runtime as necessary. Finite user-specified lower and upper bounds are required and will be scaled as needed by the method.
Note
For more information on the use of MOAT sampling, see this Morris example, or Saltelli, et al. [STCR04].
## Sensitivity Analysis
### Sensitivity Analysis Overview
In many engineering design applications, sensitivity analysis techniques and parameter study methods are useful in identifying which of the design parameters have the most influence on the response quantities. This information is helpful prior to an optimization study as it can be used to remove design parameters that do not strongly influence the responses. In addition, these techniques can provide assessments as to the behavior of the response functions (smooth or nonsmooth, unimodal or multimodal) which can be invaluable in algorithm selection for optimization, uncertainty quantification, and related methods. In a post-optimization role, sensitivity information is useful is determining whether or not the response functions are robust with respect to small changes in the optimum design point.
In some instances, the term sensitivity analysis is used in a local sense to denote the computation of response derivatives at a point. These derivatives are then used in a simple analysis to make design decisions. Dakota supports this type of study through numerical finite-differencing or retrieval of analytic gradients computed within the analysis code. The desired gradient data is specified in the responses section of the Dakota input file and the collection of this data at a single point is accomplished through a parameter study method with no steps. This approach to sensitivity analysis should be distinguished from the activity of augmenting analysis codes to internally compute derivatives using techniques such as direct or adjoint differentiation, automatic differentiation (e.g., ADIFOR), or complex step modifications. These sensitivity augmentation activities are completely separate from Dakota and are outside the scope of this manual. However, once completed, Dakota can utilize these analytic gradients to perform optimization, uncertainty quantification, and related studies more reliably and efficiently.
In other instances, the term sensitivity analysis is used in a more global sense to denote the investigation of variability in the response functions. Dakota supports this type of study through computation of response data sets (typically function values only, but all data sets are supported) at a series of points in the parameter space. The series of points is defined using either a vector, list, centered, or multidimensional parameter study method. For example, a set of closely-spaced points in a vector parameter study could be used to assess the smoothness of the response functions in order to select a finite difference step size, and a set of more widely-spaced points in a centered or multidimensional parameter study could be used to determine whether the response function variation is likely to be unimodal or multimodal. See Parameter Studies Capabilities for additional information on these methods. These more global approaches to sensitivity analysis can be used to obtain trend data even in situations when gradients are unavailable or unreliable, and they are conceptually similar to the design of experiments methods and sampling approaches to uncertainty quantification described in the following sections.
### Assessing Sensitivity with DACE
Like parameter studies, the DACE techniques are useful for characterizing the behavior of the response functions of interest through the parameter ranges of interest. In addition to direct interrogation and visualization of the sampling results, a number of techniques have been developed for assessing the parameters which are most influential in the observed variability in the response functions. One example of this is the well-known technique of scatter plots, in which the set of samples is projected down and plotted against one parameter dimension, for each parameter in turn. Scatter plots with a uniformly distributed cloud of points indicate parameters with little influence on the results, whereas scatter plots with a defined shape to the cloud indicate parameters which are more significant. Related techniques include analysis of variance (ANOVA) [MM95] and main effects analysis, in which the parameters which have the greatest influence on the results are identified from sampling results. Scatter plots and ANOVA may be accessed through import of Dakota tabular results into external statistical analysis programs such as S-plus, Minitab, etc.
Running any of the design of experiments or sampling methods allows the user to save the results in a tabular data file, which then can be read into a spreadsheet or statistical package for further analysis. In addition, we have provided some functions to help determine the most important variables.
We take the definition of uncertainty analysis from [STCR04]: “The study of how uncertainty in the output of a model can be apportioned to different sources of uncertainty in the model input.”
As a default, Dakota provides correlation analyses when running LHS. Correlation tables are printed with the simple, partial, and rank correlations between inputs and outputs. These can be useful to get a quick sense of how correlated the inputs are to each other, and how correlated various outputs are to inputs. The correlation analyses are explained further in the sampling section.
We also have the capability to calculate sensitivity indices through Variance-based Decomposition (VBD). Variance-based decomposition is a global sensitivity method that summarizes how the uncertainty in model output can be apportioned to uncertainty in individual input variables. VBD uses two primary measures, the main effect sensitivity index $$S_{i}$$ and the total effect index $$T_{i}$$. The main effect sensitivity index corresponds to the fraction of the uncertainty in the output, $$Y$$, that can be attributed to input $$x_{i}$$ alone. The total effects index corresponds to the fraction of the uncertainty in the output, $$Y$$, that can be attributed to input $$x_{i}$$ and its interactions with other variables. The main effect sensitivity index compares the variance of the conditional expectation $$Var_{x_{i}}[E(Y|x_{i})]$$ against the total variance $$Var(Y)$$. Formulas for the indices are:
$S_{i}=\frac{Var_{x_{i}}[E(Y|x_{i})]}{Var(Y)} \label{eq:VBD_Si}$
and
$T_{i}=\frac{E(Var(Y|x_{-i}))}{Var(Y)}=\frac{Var(Y)-Var(E[Y|x_{-i}])}{Var(Y)} \label{eq:VBD_Ti}$
where $$Y=f({\bf x})$$ and $${x_{-i}=(x_{1},...,x_{i-1},x_{i+1},...,x_{m})}$$.
The calculation of $$S_{i}$$ and $$T_{i}$$ requires the evaluation of m-dimensional integrals which are typically approximated by Monte-Carlo sampling. More details on the calculations and interpretation of the sensitivity indices can be found in [STCR04]. In Dakota version 5.1, we have improved calculations for the calculation of the $$S_{i}$$ and $$T_{i}$$ indices when using sampling. The implementation details of these calculatiosn are provided in [WKS+12]. VBD can be specified for any of the sampling or DACE methods using the command variance_based_decomp. Note that VBD is extremely computationally intensive when using sampling since replicated sets of sample values are evaluated. If the user specified a number of samples, $$N$$, and a number of nondeterministic variables, $$M$$, variance-based decomposition requires the evaluation of $$N(M+2)$$ samples. To obtain sensitivity indices that are reasonably accurate, we recommend that $$N$$, the number of samples, be at least one hundred and preferably several hundred or thousands. Because of the computational cost, variance-based decomposition is turned off as a default for sampling or DACE. Another alternative, however, is to obtain these indices using one of the stochastic expansion methods. The calculation of the indices using expansion methods is much more efficient since the VBD indices are analytic functions of the coefficients in the stochastic expansion. The paper by Weirs et al. [WKS+12] compares different methods for calculating the sensitivity indices for nonlinear problems with significant interaction effects.
In terms of interpretation of the sensitivity indices, a larger value of the sensitivity index, $$S_{i}$$, means that the uncertainty in the input variable $$i$$ has a larger effect on the variance of the output. Note that the sum of the main effect indices will be less than or equal to one. If the sum of the main effect indices is much less than one, it indicates that there are significant two-way, three-way, or higher order interactions that contribute significantly to the variance. There is no requirement that the sum of the total effect indices is one: in most cases, the sum of the total effect indices will be greater than one. An example of the Main and Total effects indices as calculated by Dakota using sampling is shown in the following spinnet of Dakota output:
Global sensitivity indices for each response function:
response_fn_1 Sobol indices:
Main Total
4.7508913283e-01 5.3242162037e-01 uuv_1
3.8112392892e-01 4.9912486515e-01 uuv_2
Finally, we have the capability to calculate a set of quality metrics for a particular input sample. These quality metrics measure various aspects relating to the volumetric spacing of the samples: are the points equally spaced, do they cover the region, are they isotropically distributed, do they have directional bias, etc.? The quality metrics are explained in more detail in the Reference Manual.
## DOE Usage Guidelines
Parameter studies, classical design of experiments (DOE), design/analysis of computer experiments (DACE), and sampling methods share the purpose of exploring the parameter space. When a global space-filling set of samples is desired, then the DOE, DACE, and sampling methods are recommended. These techniques are useful for scatter plot and variance analysis as well as surrogate model construction.
The distinction between DOE and DACE methods is that the former are intended for physical experiments containing an element of nonrepeatability (and therefore tend to place samples at the extreme parameter vertices), whereas the latter are intended for repeatable computer experiments and are more space-filling in nature.
The distinction between DOE/DACE and sampling is drawn based on the distributions of the parameters. DOE/DACE methods typically assume uniform distributions, whereas the sampling approaches in Dakota support a broad range of probability distributions.
To use sampling in design of experiments mode (as opposed to uncertainty quantification mode), an active view override (e.g., active all) can be included in the variables specification (see “Management of Mixed Variables by Iterator”) of the Dakota input file.
Design of experiments method selection recommendations are summarized in Table 6:
Table 6 Guidelines for selection of parameter study, DOE, DACE, and sampling methods.
Method Classification
Applications
Applicable Methods
parameter study
sensitivity analysis, directed parameter space investigations
centered_parameter_study, list_parameter_study, multidim_parameter_study, vector_parameter_study
classical design of experiments
physical experiments (parameters are uniformly distributed)
dace (box_behnken, central_composite)
design of computer experiments
variance analysis, space filling design (parameters are uniformly distributed)
dace (grid, random, oas lhs, oa_lhs), fsu_quasi_mc (halton, hammersley), fsu_cvt, psuade_moat
sampling
space filling designs (parameters have general probability distributions)
sampling (random or lhs) with optional active view override
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https://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg03850.html | # Re: sources errors in advection/diffusion problems, and one solution
No worries -- I had to do it to figure out the problem in my more complex
domain and equation... The issue which surprised me was that the value the
variable was initialized to had an effect on the steady solution.
Jamie
On Fri, Sep 16, 2016 at 8:14 AM, Guyer, Jonathan E. Dr. (Fed) <
[email protected]> wrote:
> James -
>
> I think Daniel will have more insight into why this is happening and if
> there is anything to be done about it besides artificial relaxation, but I
> just want to say how much I appreciate your putting this together. This is
> a very lucid illustration.
>
> - Jon
>
> > On Sep 15, 2016, at 5:13 PM, James Pringle <[email protected]> wrote:
> >
> > Dear FiPy users --
> >
> > This is a simple example of how and why fipy may fail to solve a
> > problem can reduce the error. I also found something that was a
> > surprise -- the "initial" condition of a steady problem can affect
> > the solution for some solvers.
> >
> > At the end are two interesting questions for those who want to
> > understand what FiPy is actually doing.... I admit to being a bit
> > lost
> >
> > The equation I am solving is
> >
> > \Del\dot (D\del psi + u*psi) =0
> >
> > Where the diffusion D is 1, and u is a vector (1,0) -- so there is
> > only a flow of speed -1 in the x direction. I solve this equation
> > on a 10 by 10 grid. The boundary conditions are no normal gradient
> > on the y=0 and y=10 boundary:
> >
> > psi_y =0 at y=0 and y=10
> >
> > For the x boundary, I impose a value of x=1 on the inflow boundary at
> x=10
> > (this is a little tricky -- the way the equation is written, u is
> > the negative of velocity).
> >
> > psi=1 at x=10
> >
> > and a no-normal-gradient condition at x=0.
> >
> > psi_x=0 at x=0
> >
> > since all of the domain and boundary is symmetrical with respect to
> > y, we can assume psi_y=0 is zero everywhere. This reduces the
> equation to
> >
> > psi_xx + psi_x =0
> >
> > The general solution to this equation is
> >
> > psi=C1+C2*exp(-x)
> >
> > Where C1 and C2 are constants. For these boundary conditions, C1=1
> > and C2=0, so psi=1 everywhere.
> >
> > Now run the code SquareGrid_HomemadeDelaunay and look at figure(3)
> > -- this is the plot of psi versus x, and you can see that it does
> > not match the true solution of psi=1 everywhere! Instead, it
> > appears to be decaying exponential. The blue line is actually just
> > (1+exp(-x)). What is going on? It appears that small errors in the
> > boundary condition at x=0 are allowing C2 to not be exactly 0, and
> > this error is this exponential mode. The error is the artificial
> > exiting of a correct mode of the interior equation, albeit one that
> > should not be excited by these BC's.
> >
> > Interestingly, the size of this error depends on the value the psi
> > is initially set to. If the line
> >
> > psi=fipy.CellVariable(name='psi',mesh=mesh,value=0.0)
> >
> > is changed so psi is initially 1, the error goes away entirely; if
> > it is set to some other value, you get different errors. I do not
> > know if this is a bug, or just numerical error in a well programmed
> > solver.
> >
> > Now if you run SquareGrid_HomemadeDelaunay_transient which
> implements
> >
> > psi_t = \Del\dot (D\del psi + u*psi)
> >
> > you can see that the error in the numerical solution is advected
> > out of the x=0 boundary, and the solution approaches the true
> > solution of psi=1 rapidly.
> >
> > The interesting question is if the formulation of the boundary
> > condition at x=0 could be altered to less excite the spurious mode?
> >
> > Also, why does the "initial" condition have any effect on the
> >
> > Cheers,
> > Jamie
> >
> _____________________________________
> > fipy mailing list
> > [email protected]
> > https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.
> ctcms.nist.gov_fipy&d=DQICAg&c=c6MrceVCY5m5A_KAUkrdoA&r=
> 7HJI3EH6RqKWf16fbYIYKw&m=IaTL4nEetwjm4G4qfj8cwLzvztKzui
> Fsw_Nhksv_oWQ&s=vG-nxTf76KxE_CqEHTjt2jIkoy0l9M6X8bm01ypXaBQ&e=
> > [ NIST internal ONLY: https://urldefense.proofpoint.
> com/v2/url?u=https-3A__email.nist.gov_mailman_listinfo_
> fipy&d=DQICAg&c=c6MrceVCY5m5A_KAUkrdoA&r=7HJI3EH6RqKWf16fbYIYKw&m=
> IaTL4nEetwjm4G4qfj8cwLzvztKzuiFsw_Nhksv_oWQ&s=
> 7JGh0Zz82O69cJiLFKmkV3NfW2TLz6KB_ngkAGCrYGI&e= ]
>
>
> _______________________________________________
> fipy mailing list
> [email protected]
> https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.
> ctcms.nist.gov_fipy&d=DQICAg&c=c6MrceVCY5m5A_KAUkrdoA&r=
> 7HJI3EH6RqKWf16fbYIYKw&m=IaTL4nEetwjm4G4qfj8cwLzvztKzui
> Fsw_Nhksv_oWQ&s=vG-nxTf76KxE_CqEHTjt2jIkoy0l9M6X8bm01ypXaBQ&e=
> [ NIST internal ONLY: https://urldefense.proofpoint.
> com/v2/url?u=https-3A__email.nist.gov_mailman_listinfo_
> fipy&d=DQICAg&c=c6MrceVCY5m5A_KAUkrdoA&r=7HJI3EH6RqKWf16fbYIYKw&m=
> IaTL4nEetwjm4G4qfj8cwLzvztKzuiFsw_Nhksv_oWQ&s=
> 7JGh0Zz82O69cJiLFKmkV3NfW2TLz6KB_ngkAGCrYGI&e= ]
>
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[ NIST internal ONLY: https://email.nist.gov/mailman/listinfo/fipy ] | 2016-09-28T13:59:19 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.842219889163971, "perplexity": 4906.141244423708}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661449.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00158-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.aimsciences.org/article/doi/10.3934/proc.2013.2013.515 | Article Contents
Article Contents
# Intricate bifurcation diagrams for a class of one-dimensional superlinear indefinite problems of interest in population dynamics
• It has been recently shown in [10] that Problem (1), for the special choice (2), admits an arbitrarily large number of positive solutions, provided that $\lambda$ is sufficiently negative. Moreover, using $b$ as the main bifurcation parameter, some fundamental qualitative properties of the associated global bifurcation diagrams have been established. Based on them, the authors computed such bifurcation diagrams by coupling some adaptation of the classical path-following solvers with spectral methods and collocation (see [9]). In this paper, we complete our original program by computing the global bifurcation diagrams for a wider relevant class of weight functions $a(x)$'s. The numerics suggests that the analytical results of [10] should be true for general symmetric weight functions, whereas some of them can fail if $a(x)$ becomes asymmetric around $0.5$. In any of these circumstances, the more negative $\lambda$, the larger the number of positive solutions of Problem (1). As an astonishing ecological consequence, facilitation in competitive environments within polluted habitat patches causes complex dynamics.
Mathematics Subject Classification: 65N35, 65P30, 65N22.
Citation:
• [1] E. L. Allgower and K. Georg, Introduction to Numerical Continuation Methods, SIAM Classics in Applied Mathematics 45, SIAM, Philadelphia, 2003. [2] F. Brezzi, J. Rappaz, P. A. Raviart, Finite dimensional approximation of nonlinear problems, Part I: Branches of Nonsingular Solutions, Numer. Math., 36 (1980), 1-25. [3] F. Brezzi, J. Rappaz, P. A. Raviart, Finite dimensional approximation of nonlinear problems, Part II: Limit Points, Numer. Math., 37 (1981), 1-28. [4] F. Brezzi, J. Rappaz, P. A. Raviart, Finite dimensional approximation of nonlinear problems, Part III: Simple bifurcation points, Numer. Math., 38 (1981), 1-30. [5] J. C. Eilbeck, The pseudo-spectral method and path-following in Reaction- Diffusion bifurcation studies, SIAM J. of Sci. Stat. Comput., 7 (1986), 599-610. [6] H. B. Keller, Lectures on Numerical Methods in Bifurcation Problems, Tata Insitute of Fundamental Research, Springer, Berlin, 1986. [7] J. López-Gómez, Estabilidad y Bifurcación Estática. Aplicaciones y Métodos Numéricos, Cuadernos de Matemática y Mecánica, Serie Cursos y Seminarios No 4, Santa Fe, 1988. [8] J. López-Gómez, Metasolutions: Malthus versus Verhulst in population dynamics. A dream of Volterra. Stationary partial differential equations, in "Handbook of Differential Equations: Stationary partial differential equations. Vol. II'' (eds. M. Chipot and P. Quittner), Elsevier, (2005), 211-309. [9] J. López-Gómez, M. Molina-Meyer and A. Tellini, Spiraling bifurcation diagrams in superlinear indefinite problems, Submitted. [10] J. López-Gómez, A. Tellini and F. Zanolin, High multiplicity and complexity of the bifurcation diagrams of large solutions for a class of superlinear indefinite problems, Comm. Pure Appl. Anal., 13 (2014), 1-73.
Open Access Under a Creative Commons license | 2023-03-31T23:17:14 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 1, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7127252817153931, "perplexity": 2376.733275436425}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949689.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331210803-20230401000803-00400.warc.gz"} |
http://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess117_2007-2008/sj07/20070320.htm | South Carolina General Assembly
117th Session, 2007-2008
Journal of the Senate
Tuesday, March 20, 2007
(Statewide Session)
Indicates Matter Stricken
Indicates New Matter
The Senate assembled at 11:00 A.M., the hour to which it stood adjourned, and was called to order by the PRESIDENT.
A quorum being present, the proceedings were opened with a devotion by the Chaplain as follows:
In the book, Genesis, Chapter 11, we read:
"Then they said, 'Come, let us build ourselves a city, with a tower that reaches to the heavens, so that we may make a name for ourselves'..." (Genesis 11:4)
Let us pray:
Holy God, be with the leaders of this State as they strive to build a better South Carolina, doing so in ways that benefit the greatest number of citizens. And in every regard, here in this Senate let us together make certain that the things we do, the things we say, the accomplishments which are achieved are all brought about for the right reasons, and not just because we seek to create "towers" which might enhance our own name. After all, we are striving to honor You most of all, O Lord. May it ever be so. In Your holy name we pray.
Amen.
The PRESIDENT called for Petitions, Memorials, Presentments of Grand Juries and such like papers.
Leave of Absence
At 12:10 P.M., Senator MALLOY requested a leave of absence until 2:30 P.M. today.
Leave of Absence Rescinded
On motion of Senator MOORE, the leave of absence which was granted to him for today was rescinded.
INTRODUCTION OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS
The following were introduced:
S. 587 (Word version) -- Senators Knotts, Alexander, Grooms, Mescher, Ford, Bryant, Vaughn, Leatherman, Campsen, Thomas, Setzler, Land, Elliott, Gregory, Verdin, Ryberg, Lourie, Hutto, Martin, Anderson, Short and Rankin: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO HONOR THE ELEVEN MEN OF THE UNITED STATES ARMED SERVICES FROM SOUTH CAROLINA OR WITH SOUTH CAROLINA TIES WHO DIED IN THE WAR IN IRAQ IN 2006 AND TO THANK LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR ANDRÉ BAUER FOR HIS EFFORTS IN GIVING EACH THE PALMETTO PATRIOT AWARD.
l:\council\bills\bb\18054htc07.doc
The Senate Resolution was adopted.
S. 588 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell and Lourie: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTIONS 38-71-1345, 38-71-1355, 38-71-1365, AND 38-71-1445 SO AS TO PROVIDE REQUIREMENTS, POWERS, DUTIES, AND RESTRICTIONS OF A SMALL EMPLOYER HEALTH GROUP COOPERATIVE, AND PROVIDE THAT THE SOUTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF INSURANCE AND OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND STATISTICS OF THE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD SHALL SUBMIT A REPORT TO THE OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR AND THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY BY JANUARY 1, 2010, ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE HEALTH GROUP COOPERATIVE IN EXPANDING THE AVAILABILITY OF HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE FOR SMALL EMPLOYERS; AND BY AMENDING SECTIONS 38-71-1320, 38-71-1330, 38-71-1340, AND 38-71-1350, RELATING TO SMALL EMPLOYER HEALTH INSURANCE AVAILABILITY, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT SMALL EMPLOYERS MAY FORM A COOPERATIVE FOR THE PURPOSE OF PROVIDING HEALTH INSURANCE TO THEIR EMPLOYEES, PROVIDE FOR THE DEFINITION OF "HEALTH GROUP COOPERATIVE", AND PROVIDE FOR THE GROUP SIZE FOR A HEALTH GROUP COOPERATIVE.
l:\council\bills\dka\3244dw07.doc
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Banking and Insurance.
S. 589 (Word version) -- Senator Thomas: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 38-90-110, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO A CAPTIVE INSURANCE COMPANY TAKING CREDIT FOR RESERVES ON RISKS OR PORTIONS OF RISKS CEDED TO REINSURERS COMPLYING WITH THE PROVISIONS OF SECTIONS 38-9-200, 38-9-210, AND 38-9-220, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT AN INDUSTRIAL INSURED CAPTIVE INSURANCE COMPANY MAY NOT TAKE CREDIT IF NOT IN COMPLIANCE WITH THOSE PROVISIONS OF LAW, AND PROVIDE THAT ALL OTHER CAPTIVE INSURANCE COMPANIES MAY NOT TAKE CREDIT FOR RESERVES PURSUANT TO THOSE PROVISIONS UNLESS SPECIFIC APPROVAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY THE DIRECTOR OF INSURANCE.
l:\council\bills\dka\3233dw07.doc
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Banking and Insurance.
S. 590 (Word version) -- Senator Fair: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-20, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DESIGNATION OF PLACES OF CONFINEMENT FOR INMATES, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "REGIONAL COUNTY OR MUNICIPAL JAIL" FOR THE TERM "COUNTY JAIL", AND TO INCLUDE FACILITY MANAGERS OF THE COUNTY, MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATORS, OR THEIR EQUIVALENT AS PERSONS WHO THE STATE MUST CONSENT TO HOUSE AS AN INMATE IN A LOCAL GOVERNMENTAL FACILITY; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-27, RELATING TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF LOCAL REGIONAL CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DECISION TO ASSIGN WORK OR DISQUALIFY A PERSON FROM WORK IN A FACILITY IS IN THE SOLE DISCRETION OF THE OFFICIAL IN CHARGE OF THE FACILITY AND MAY NOT BE CHALLENGED; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-30, RELATING TO DESIGNATION OF PLACES OF CONFINEMENT, SO AS TO REVISE THE LIST OF PERSONS FROM WHICH THE STATE MUST OBTAIN CONSENT BEFORE AN INMATE MAY BE PLACED IN A FACILITY MAINTAINED BY A LOCAL GOVERNMENTAL ENTITY; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-40, RELATING TO THE DISPOSITION OF A PRISONER'S WAGES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE PROVISIONS THAT APPLY FOR THE DISPOSITION OF WAGES OF PRISONERS HOUSED IN STATE FACILITIES APPLY TO PRISONERS BASED IN LOCAL FACILITIES UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-50, RELATING TO THE PENALTY FOR A PRISONER WHO FAILS TO REMAIN WITHIN THE EXTENDED LIMITS OF HIS CONFINEMENT, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THIS PROVISION APPLIES TO A PRISONER CONFINED IN A LOCAL FACILITY, AND TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-60, RELATING TO THE CLERKS OF COURT PROVIDING NOTICE TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS OF THE NUMBER OF CONVICTS SENTENCED TO IMPRISONMENT IN THE PENITENTIARY, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-70, RELATING TO ALLOWABLE EXPENSES INCURRED FOR THE TRANSPORTATION OF CONVICTS TO THE PENITENTIARY, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-80, RELATING TO THE DETENTION OF A PRISONER BY COMMITMENT AUTHORIZED BY THE GOVERNOR, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "STATE PRISON SYSTEM" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-81, RELATING TO CONJUGAL VISITS WITHIN THE STATE PRISON SYSTEM, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT NO PRISONER IN THE STATE PRISON SYSTEM OR WHO IS BEING DETAINED IN A LOCAL GOVERNMENTAL FACILITY IS PERMITTED TO HAVE CONJUGAL VISITS; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-130, RELATING TO THE USE OF INMATE LABOR ON PUBLIC WORKS PROJECTS, SO AS TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-131, RELATING TO THE SUPERVISION OF INMATES USED ON PUBLIC PROJECTS, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "CONVICT"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-140, RELATING TO THE USE OF CONVICT LABOR AT THE STATE HOUSE, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "CONVICT"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-160, RELATING TO THE COST OF MAINTAINING CONVICTS BY STATE INSTITUTIONS, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATES" FOR THE TERM "CONVICTS", AND THE TERM "PRISON SYSTEM" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-170, RELATING TO THE USE OF CONVICTS BY CLEMSON UNIVERSITY, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERMS "FEE" FOR THE TERM "HIRE", "INMATES" FOR THE TERM "CONVICTS", "EMPLOYEES" FOR THE TERM "GUARDS", AND "PRISON" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-180, RELATING TO THE PROVISION OF TRANSPORTATION AND CLOTHING FOR CONVICTS WHO HAVE BEEN DISCHARGED, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERMS "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "CONVICT" AND THE TERM "STATE PRISON" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-190, RELATING TO APPROPRIATION OF CLOSE OF THE YEAR BALANCES FOR THE SUPPORT OF THE PENITENTIARY, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, AND TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "DEPARTMENT" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-310, RELATING TO THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY'S INTENT FOR ESTABLISHING A PRISON INDUSTRIES PROGRAM, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "PRISONERS" FOR THE TERM "CONVICT", AND TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATES" FOR THE TERM "CONVICTS"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-320, RELATING TO THE PURCHASE OF EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS AND EMPLOYMENT OF PERSONNEL FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF PRISON INDUSTRIES, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, AND TO DELETE THE TERM "PENITENTIARY"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-330, RELATING TO THE PURCHASE OF PRODUCTS PRODUCED BY CONVICT LABOR, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "CONVICT"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-340, RELATING TO THE STATE'S PURCHASE OF PRODUCTS THAT ARE NOT PRODUCED BY CONVICT LABOR, SO AS TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-37-370, RELATING TO THE PRIORITY OF DISTRIBUTION OF PRODUCTS PRODUCED BY CONVICT LABOR, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "CONVICT"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-400, RELATING TO THE PRISON INDUSTRIES ACCOUNT, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "CONVICT"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-420, RELATING TO PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS OF THE PROVISIONS RELATING TO THE PRISON INDUSTRIES PROGRAM, SO AS TO DELETE THE TERM "JAIL"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-520, RELATING TO THE TRANSPORTATION OF A PERSON SENTENCED TO DEATH, SO AS TO REVISE THIS PROVISION AND PROVIDE THAT THE FACILITY MANAGER WHO HAS CUSTODY OF THE INMATE HAS THE AUTHORITY TO TRANSFER HIM TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-540, RELATING TO THE DEATH CHAMBER AND THE TRANSPORTING OF A PERSON TO A PLACE TO BE ELECTROCUTED, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "PRISON SYSTEM" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY", AND TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-550, RELATING TO WITNESSES THAT MAY BE PRESENT DURING AN EXECUTION, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "CONVICT"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-560, RELATING TO THE CERTIFICATION OF THE EXECUTION OF A PERSON, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-570, RELATING TO THE DISPOSITION OF THE BODY OF A PERSON WHO HAS BEEN EXECUTED, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATES" FOR THE TERM "CONVICTS", AND THE TERM "PRISON SYSTEM" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-710, RELATING TO THE INVESTIGATION OF THE MISCONDUCT THAT OCCURS IN THE PENITENTIARY, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "PRISON SYSTEM" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY", AND PROVIDE THAT THE DIRECTOR OF THE STATE PRISON SYSTEM'S AUTHORITY TO INVESTIGATE MISCONDUCT IN THE STATE PRISON SYSTEM IS THE SAME AUTHORITY THAT AN OFFICIAL IN CHARGE OF A LOCAL FACILITY MAY EXERCISE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-720, RELATING TO ENLISTING THE AID OF CITIZENS TO SUPPRESS PRISON RIOTS AND DISORDERS, SO AS TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-740, RELATING TO THE COMPENSATION OF A PERSON WHO ASSISTS THE DIRECTOR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, SO AS TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-750, RELATING TO PROVIDING IMMUNITY TO A PERSON WHO ASSISTS THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS IN SUPPRESSING DISORDER, RIOT, OR INSURRECTION, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-760, RELATING TO THE POWERS OF THE KEEPER WHEN THE DIRECTOR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS IS ABSENT, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-920, RELATING TO REWARDS FOR THE CAPTURE OF AN ESCAPED CONVICT, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "CONVICTS"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-930, RELATING TO EXEMPTING CERTAIN PERSONS EMPLOYED BY THE PENITENTIARY FROM SERVING ON JURIES AND MILITARY OR STREET DUTY, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "STATE PRISON SYSTEM" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-940, RELATING TO PROHIBITING PRISONERS FROM GAMBLING, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-951, RELATING TO THE POSSESSION OR USE OF MONEY BY PRISONERS, SO AS TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-965, RELATING TO THE TRIAL OF CERTAIN OFFENSES RELATED TO CONTRABAND IN MAGISTRATES COURT, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "PRISONER", TO PROVIDE THAT THIS PROVISION APPLIES TO REGIONAL DETENTION FACILITIES AND PRISON CAMPS, AND TO DEFINE THE TERM CONTRABAND; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-10, RELATING TO A SHERIFF'S RESPONSIBILITIES AS THE CUSTODIAN OF A JAIL, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "FACILITY MANAGER" FOR THE TERM "JAILER"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-12, RELATING TO COUNTIES ASSUMING CERTAIN RESPONSIBILITIES WITH REGARD TO THE CUSTODY OF COUNTY JAILS, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "FACILITY MANAGER" FOR THE TERM "JAILER", AND TO PROVIDE THE CIRCUMSTANCES IN WHICH A COUNTY CAN DEVOLVE ITS POWER TO OPERATE A JAIL TO A SHERIFF; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-20, RELATING TO THE EMPLOYMENT OF A JAILER, SO AS TO DELETE THE PROVISION THAT ALLOWS A SHERIFF WHO DOES NOT LIVE IN A JAIL TO APPOINT A JAILER, TO PROVIDE THAT A SHERIFF WHO HAS CONTROL OF A JAIL SHALL APPOINT A FACILITY MANAGER WHO HAS CONTROL AND CUSTODY OF THE JAIL UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF THE SHERIFF, AND TO PROVIDE THAT IN CASES WHERE THE SHERIFF DOES NOT CONTROL THE JAIL, THE COUNTY'S GOVERNING BODY SHALL APPOINT THE FACILITY MANAGER; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-50, RELATING TO A SHERIFF'S KEEPING OF PRISONERS COMMITTED BY A CORONER, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "FACILITY MANAGERS" FOR THE TERM "JAILERS", AND TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-60, RELATING TO SHERIFFS AND JAILERS KEEPING PRISONERS COMMITTED BY THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "GOVERNING BODIES" FOR THE TERM "JAILERS", AND TO PROVIDE THAT A SHERIFF OR FACILITY MANAGER MAY CHARGE A FEE FOR KEEPING THESE PRISONERS; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-80, RELATING TO PROVIDING BLANKETS AND BEDDING TO PRISONERS, SO AS TO REVISE THE ITEMS THAT A PRISONER MUST BE FURNISHED TO INCLUDE SUFFICIENT FOOD, WATER, CLOTHING, HYGIENE PRODUCTS, BEDDING, AND SHELTER; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-90, RELATING TO THE UNLAWFUL DISCRIMINATION IN THE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "FACILITY MANAGER" FOR THE TERM "JAILER", AND TO REVISE THE PENALTY FOR A VIOLATION OF THIS PROVISION; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-110, RELATING TO THE RETURN TO COURT BY A SHERIFF OF THE NAMES OF PRISONERS WHO ARE CONFINED ON THE FIRST DAY OF THE TERM OF GENERAL SESSIONS COURT, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "FACILITY MANAGER" FOR THE TERM "SHERIFF", AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE USE OF ELECTRONIC RECORDS SATISFIES THIS REQUIREMENT; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-120, RELATING TO A SHERIFF'S ANNUAL REPORT ON THE CONDITION OF A JAIL, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "FACILITY MANAGER" FOR THE TERM "SHERIFF"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-170, RELATING TO THE REMOVAL OF PRISONERS FROM A JAIL THAT MAYBE DESTROYED, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THIS PROVISION ALSO APPLIES TO A JAIL THAT IS RENDERED UNINHABITABLE, AND TO REVISE THE PROCEDURES TO TRANSFER THESE PRISONERS TO ANOTHER FACILITY; TO AMEND SECTIONS 24-5-300, 24-5-310, 24-5-320, 24-5-330, 24-5-350, 24-5-360, 24-5-370, 24-5-380, AND 24-5-390, ALL RELATING TO DEFINITIONS, THE APPOINTMENT, TRAINING, PHYSICAL COMPETENCE, DUTIES, IDENTIFICATION CARDS, UNIFORMS, AND WORKERS' COMPENSATION BENEFITS FOR RESERVE DETENTION OFFICERS, SO AS TO DELETE THE TERM "JAILER"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-7-60, RELATING TO THE CARE OF CONVICTS SENTENCED TO LABOR ON A COUNTY PUBLIC WORKS PROJECT, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, AND TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATES" FOR THE TERM "CONVICTS", AND THE TERM "GENERAL FUND" FOR THE TERM "ROAD FUND"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-7-110, RELATING TO THE HEALTH OF CONVICTS IN A COUNTY'S CUSTODY, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "MEDICAL PERSONNEL" FOR THE TERM "PHYSICIAN", "INMATES" FOR THE TERM "CONVICTS", "COUNTY JAIL, DETENTION FACILITY, PRISON CAMP, OR OTHER LOCAL FACILITIES" FOR THE TERM "CHAIN GANG", AND TO REVISE THE PROCEDURE TO PROVIDE AND PAY FOR HEALTH CARE SERVICES FOR INMATES IN A COUNTY'S CUSTODY; TO AMEND SECTION 24-7-120, RELATING TO THE INCARCERATION OF CONVICTS BY MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIES, SO AS TO REVISE THIS PROVISION TO ALLOW A MUNICIPALITY TO ENTER INTO AGREEMENTS TO HOUSE THEIR PRISONERS IN COUNTY FACILITIES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-7-155, RELATING TO THE PROHIBITION OF CONTRABAND IN A COUNTY OR MUNICIPAL PRISON, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THIS SECTION APPLIES TO MULTI-JURISDICTIONAL FACILITIES, TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "PRISONER", TO DELETE A REFERENCE TO THE TERM "SUPERINTENDENT OF THE FACILITY", AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE FACILITY MAY DESIGNATE ADDITIONAL ITEMS OF CONTRABAND THAT ARE PROHIBITED; TO AMEND SECTION 24-9-30, RELATING TO MINIMUM STANDARDS THAT MUST BE MET BY FACILITIES THAT HOUSE PRISONERS OR PRETRIAL DETAINEES, SO AS TO DELETE THE PROVISION THAT REQUIRES A COPY OF CERTAIN REPORTS BE SENT TO CERTAIN JUDGES OF THE JUDICIAL CIRCUIT IN WHICH THE FACILITY IS LOCATED, AND TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-9-35, RELATING TO REPORTS OF DEATHS OF INCARCERATED PERSONS, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, AND TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "FACILITY MANGER" FOR THE TERM "JAILER"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-9-40, RELATING TO THE CERTIFICATION OF ARCHITECTURAL PLANS BEFORE A CONFINEMENT FACILITY IS CONSTRUCTED, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THIS SECTION APPLIES TO THE RENOVATION OF CONFINEMENT FACILITIES; TO AMEND SECTIONS 24-13-10, 24-13-20, 24-13-30, 24-13-40, 24-13-50, 24-13-80, 24-13-125, 24-13-150, 24-13-210, 24-13-230, 24-13-235, 24-13-260, 24-13-410, 24-13-420, 24-13-430, 24-13-440, 24-13-450, 24-13-460, 24-13-470, 24-13-660, 24-13-910, 24-13-915, 24-13-940, AND 24-13-1540, ALL RELATING TO THE INCARCERATION OF PRISONERS, THE REDUCTION IN A PRISONER'S SENTENCE, PRISONER OFFENSES, THE PRISON WORK RELEASE PROGRAM, FURLOUGHS, THE SHOCK INCARCERATION PROGRAM, AND THE HOME DETENTION PROGRAM, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "LOCAL DETENTION PROGRAM" FOR THE TERM "CHAIN GANGS", SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATES" FOR THE TERM "PRISONERS", TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "FACILITY MANAGER" FOR THE TERM "OFFICIAL", TO REVISE THE DEFINITION OF THE TERM "DETENTION FACILITY", TO REVISE THE TYPE AND COST OF MEDICAL SERVICES THAT MAY BE PAID FROM AN INMATE'S ACCOUNT, TO PROVIDE THAT IT IS UNLAWFUL FOR A PRISONER TO ESCAPE FROM CUSTODY OR TO POSSESS ITEMS THAT MAY BE USED TO FACILITATE AN ESCAPE, AND TO DELETE A REFERENCE TO THE TERM "LOCAL CORRECTIONAL FACILITY"; TO AMEND SECTION 16-7-140, RELATING TO PENALTIES FOR VIOLATING PROVISIONS THAT PROHIBIT THE WEARING OF MASKS AND PLACING A BURNING CROSS ON A PROPERTY WITHOUT ITS OWNER'S PERMISSION, SO AS TO DELETE A REFERENCE TO THE TERM "COUNTY JAIL"; TO AMEND SECTION 20-7-1350, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO PENALTIES FOR A PERSON'S FAILURE TO OBEY CERTAIN ORDERS OF A COURT AND STATUTES RELATING TO THE CHILDREN'S CODE OF LAW, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "DETENTION FACILITY" FOR THE TERM "CORRECTIONAL FACILITY", AND TO DELETE A PROVISION THAT PLACES RESTRICTIONS ON WHO MAY PARTICIPATE IN A WORK/PUNISHMENT PROGRAM; AND TO REPEAL SECTIONS 24-3-150, 24-3-200, 24-5-30, 24-5-70, 24-5-100, 24-5-140, 24-5-150, 24-5-160, 24-7-70, 24-7-80, 24-7-120, 24-7-140, AND 24-7-150 RELATING TO THE TRANSFER OF CONVICTS TO A COUNTY CHAIN GANG, THE TRANSFER OF A PRISONER TO A COUNTY OTHER THAN THE COUNTY WHERE HE WAS SENTENCED, THE APPOINTMENT OF A JAILER BY A SHERIFF, THE USE OF FEDERAL PRISONERS BY A COUNTY, A SHERIFF'S IMPRESSING A SUFFICIENT NUMBER OF GUARDS TO SECURE A PRISONER WHO IS ACCUSED OF A CAPITAL OFFENSE, THE HOUSING OF FEMALE CONVICTS, THE CONFINEMENT OF PERSONS CHARGED WITH A CRIME IN A PRISON LOCATED IN AN INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITY, THE DIETING AND CLOTHING AND MAINTENANCE OF CERTAIN PRISONERS BY LOCAL GOVERNMENTAL AUTHORITIES, AND THE COLLECTION AND DISPOSITION OF MONEY BY A COUNTY FOR THE HIRING OF CONVICTS.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Corrections and Penology.
S. 591 (Word version) -- Senator Reese: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 12-6-1175 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT WITHDRAWAL OF FUNDS AT ANY AGE FROM AN INDIVIDUAL RETIREMENT ACCOUNT (IRA), A 401-K ACCOUNT, OR OTHER QUALIFIED TAX-DEFERRED PLAN BY A RESIDENT OF THIS STATE IS FREE OF ALL STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA INCOME TAX OR PENALTIES FOR EARLY WITHDRAWAL IF ALL OF THE FUNDS ARE CONTRIBUTED TO A CHARITABLE, EDUCATIONAL, RELIGIOUS, OR ELEEMOSYNARY ORGANIZATION WITHIN SIXTY DAYS OF WITHDRAWAL.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance.
S. 592 (Word version) -- Senators Setzler and Knotts: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE THE RAISING OF THE ELLISOR HILL MONUMENT COMMEMORATING THE FORMER ELLISOR HILL COMMUNITY OF CAYCE, AND TO EXPRESS THE GRATITUDE OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA GENERAL ASSEMBLY TO THE MEMBERS OF THE ELLISOR HILL REUNION FOR THUS ADDING TO THE BEAUTY OF THE AREA AND RECORDING AN IMPORTANT PART OF ITS HISTORY.
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The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House.
S. 593 (Word version) -- Senator Matthews: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO HONOR AND RECOGNIZE SALLIE GALLISHAW KENNEDY OF ORANGEBURG COUNTY FOR HER OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTIONS TO HER FAITH, FAMILY, AND COMMUNITY AND TO WISH HER ALL THE BEST IN THE COMING YEARS.
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The Senate Resolution was adopted.
S. 594 (Word version) -- Senators Ryberg and Moore: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION DESIGNATING THE THIRD WEEK IN APRIL 2007, AS "SHAKEN BABY SYNDROME AWARENESS WEEK", RAISING AWARENESS REGARDING SHAKEN BABY SYNDROME, AND COMMENDING THE HOSPITALS, CHILD CARE COUNCILS, SCHOOLS, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS THAT EDUCATE PARENTS AND CAREGIVERS ON HOW TO PROTECT CHILDREN FROM ABUSE.
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On motion of Senator RYBERG, with unanimous consent, the Concurrent Resolution was introduced and ordered placed on the Calendar without reference.
S. 595 (Word version) -- Senator Patterson: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR HARRY R. RILEY, NATIVE OF CALHOUN COUNTY, ON THE HAPPY OCCASION OF HIS ONE HUNDREDTH BIRTHDAY AND TO WISH HIM ALL THE BEST IN THE COMING YEARS.
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The Senate Resolution was adopted.
S. 596 (Word version) -- Senator Thomas: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 59-1-444 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT EACH SCHOOL SHALL PROVIDE FOR AT LEAST TWENTY MINUTES OF MANDATORY RECESS DURING THE SCHOOL DAY FOR STUDENTS IN KINDERGARTEN THROUGH FIFTH GRADE WITH THE CHILD CHOOSING THE ACTIVITY TO PARTICIPATE IN DURING THAT PERIOD.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Education.
S. 597 (Word version) -- Senators Campsen, Hutto, Bryant, Verdin and Grooms: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 50-9-740, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE REQUIREMENTS FOR YOUTH HUNTING DAYS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON WHO IS LESS THAN EIGHTEEN YEARS OF AGE MAY BE A YOUTH HUNTER.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Fish, Game and Forestry.
S. 598 (Word version) -- Senators Campsen, McConnell, Moore, Fair, Grooms, Ritchie, Verdin, Malloy and Bryant: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 12, TITLE 58, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO CABLE TELEVISION, BY ADDING ARTICLE 4 SO AS TO ENACT THE "TELEVISION PROGRAMMING PROTECTION ACT" TO REQUIRE A CABLE OR VIDEO SERVICE PROVIDER TO BLOCK ALL VIDEO AND AUDIO ON ANY CHANNEL THAT A SUBSCRIBER HAS NOT PURCHASED.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
S. 599 (Word version) -- Senator Malloy: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-20, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DEFINITION OF TERMS USED IN THE LICENSURE AND REGULATION OF PHYSICIANS, SO AS TO REVISE THE DEFINITION OF THE "PRACTICE OF MEDICINE", TO DELETE PROVISIONS RELATING TO AN OUT-OF-STATE PHYSICIAN RENDERING A MEDICAL OPINION CONCERNING THE DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF A PATIENT OR RENDERING ACTUAL TREATMENT OF A PATIENT IN THIS STATE BY TRANSMISSION OF PATIENT DATA TO THE OUT-OF-STATE PHYSICIAN AND TO DELETE PROVISIONS RELATING TO RENDERING A DETERMINATION OF MEDICAL NECESSITY OR A DECISION AFFECTING THE DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF A PATIENT AND TO CLARIFY CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH USING CERTAIN PROFESSIONAL TITLES IS ENGAGING IN THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Medical Affairs.
S. 600 (Word version) -- Senator Hutto: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 56-3-1960, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO FREE PARKING FOR HANDICAPPED PERSONS AND THE ISSUANCE AND DISPLAY OF HANDICAPPED PARKING PLACARDS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES SHALL ISSUE AN IDENTIFICATION CARD TO A PERSON WHO IS ISSUED A PLACARD PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Transportation.
H. 3285 (Word version) -- Reps. Scarborough, Limehouse, Harrell and Stavrinakis: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 59-40-190, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF A CHARTER SCHOOL, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A CHARTER SCHOOL CHARTERED BEFORE 2006 MAY HAVE A MEMBER OF THE SCHOOL GOVERNING BODY WHO ALSO RECEIVES PAY AS AN EMPLOYEE OF THE SAME SCHOOL.
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Education.
H. 3620 -- Ways and Means Committee: A BILL TO MAKE APPROPRIATIONS AND TO PROVIDE REVENUES TO MEET THE ORDINARY EXPENSES OF STATE GOVERNMENT FOR THE FISCAL YEAR BEGINNING JULY 1, 2007; TO REGULATE THE EXPENDITURE OF SUCH FUNDS; TO FURTHER PROVIDE FOR THE OPERATION OF STATE GOVERNMENT DURING THE FISCAL YEAR; TO AMEND SECTION 12-6-510, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE RATES AND INCOME BRACKETS APPLICABLE FOR INDIVIDUALS, ESTATES, AND TRUSTS FOR PURPOSES OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA INCOME TAX ACT, SO AS TO REDUCE THE TOP MARGINAL TAX RATE FROM SEVEN PERCENT TO 6.83 PERCENT AND TO UPDATE THE BRACKETS TO REFLECT PAST INFLATION ADJUSTMENTS; TO RETITLE ARTICLE 5, CHAPTER 11, TITLE 1, RELATING TO EMPLOYEES AND RETIREMENT INSURANCE AS "EMPLOYEES AND RETIREES INSURANCE-ACCOUNTING FOR POST-EMPLOYMENT BENEFITS", TO MAKE FINDINGS WITH RESPECT TO THE STATE'S COMPLIANCE WITH NEW REQUIREMENTS OF THE GOVERNMENTAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD FOR POST-EMPLOYMENT BENEFITS; BY ADDING SECTIONS 1-11-703, 1-11-705, AND 1-11-707 SO AS TO ESTABLISH THE SOUTH CAROLINA RETIREE HEALTH INSURANCE TRUST FUND (SCRHI TRUST FUND) AND THE SOUTH CAROLINA LONG TERM DISABILITY INSURANCE TRUST FUND AS THE METHOD OF PAYING AND ACCOUNTING FOR RETIREE HEALTH INSURANCE PREMIUMS AND BASIC LONG TERM DISABILITY INCOME BENEFIT PLAN PREMIUMS IN COMPLIANCE WITH NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS, TO PROVIDE FOR THE ACTUARIAL FUNDING AND INVESTMENT OF THE ASSETS OF THESE TRUST FUNDS, AND TO PROVIDE DEFINITIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 1-11-710, RELATING TO THE STATE HEALTH AND DENTAL PLANS, SO AS TO PROVIDE FUNDING FOR THE SCRHI TRUST FUND BY MEANS OF INCREASED EMPLOYER CONTRIBUTION RATES; AND TO AMEND SECTION 1-11-730, RELATING TO PERSONS ELIGIBLE FOR POST-EMPLOYMENT PARTICIPATION IN THE STATE HEALTH AND DENTAL PLANS AND ELIGIBILITY FOR EMPLOYER PAID PREMIUMS FOR RETIREES, SO AS TO CONFORM THE PAYMENT OF EMPLOYER PREMIUMS FOR RETIREES TO THE REVISED METHOD PROVIDED IN THIS ACT, PROSPECTIVELY TO REVISE THE ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS FOR EMPLOYER PAID PREMIUMS FOR RETIREES; AND TO DELETE AN OBSOLETE PROVISION; AND BY ADDING SECTION 11-43-165 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE SOUTH CAROLINA TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE BANK ANNUALLY SHALL SET ASIDE FIVE MILLION DOLLARS FOR THE USE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FOR THE INTERSTATE 73 AND INTERSTATE 74 PROJECTS.
Senator MARTIN spoke on the Bill.
Sense of the Senate Motion Adopted
Senator MARTIN moved that it be the Sense of the Senate that members of the Senate reaffirm their commitment to the consideration and adoption of a General Appropriation Bill that does not include Part II permanent law changes.
The motion was adopted.
Recorded Vote
Senator MOORE desired to be recorded as voting against the Sense of the Senate Motion.
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance.
H. 3621 (Word version) -- Ways and Means Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROPRIATE MONIES FROM THE CAPITAL RESERVE FUND FOR FISCAL YEAR 2006-2007.
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance.
H. 3696 (Word version) -- Reps. Barfield and Leach: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO MEMORIALIZE THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS TO AMEND THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, PURSUANT TO ARTICLE V OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, AND SUBMIT TO THE STATES FOR RATIFICATION AN AMENDMENT TO RECOGNIZE MARRIAGE AS THE UNION OF ONE MAN AND ONE WOMAN.
The Concurrent Resolution was introduced and referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
H. 3735 (Word version) -- Reps. Kirsh, Simrill, Gullick, Delleney, Moss, Mulvaney and Moody-Lawrence: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE YORK COUNTY AS A VITAL PART OF THE STATE, AND TO DECLARE MARCH 27, 2007, "YORK COUNTY DAY" IN SOUTH CAROLINA.
The Concurrent Resolution was introduced and referred to the Committee on Invitations.
REPORTS OF STANDING COMMITTEES
Senator COURSON from the Committee on Education submitted a majority favorable with amendment and Senator SHORT a minority unfavorable report on:
S. 323 (Word version) -- Senators Setzler and Sheheen: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 59-26-87 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT CERTAIN SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGISTS WHO HAVE RECEIVED NATIONAL CERTIFICATION FROM THE AMERICAN SPEECH-LANGUAGE-HEARING ASSOCIATION AND WHO ARE EMPLOYED IN A SOUTH CAROLINA PUBLIC SCHOOL DISTRICT SHALL RECEIVE A YEARLY INCENTIVE FOR THE LIFE OF THE CERTIFICATION, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THESE INCENTIVES MUST BE PAID FROM FUNDS APPROPRIATED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY FOR THIS PURPOSE.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator COURSON from the Committee on Education submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
S. 324 (Word version) -- Senator McGill: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 59-26-85, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO NATIONAL BOARD FOR PROFESSIONAL TEACHING STANDARDS CERTIFICATION, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT TEACHERS WHO ARE CERTIFIED BY THE NATIONAL BOARD FOR PROFESSIONAL TEACHING STANDARDS (NBPTS), BUT NOT YET CERTIFIED BY THE STATE, SHALL RECEIVE AN INCREASE IN PAY EQUAL TO TWO-THIRDS OF THE AMOUNT PROVIDED FOR STATE-CERTIFIED TEACHERS WHO ALSO ARE NBPTS CERTIFIED.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator ALEXANDER from the General Committee submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
S. 415 (Word version) -- Senators Cleary, Ryberg, Ritchie, Knotts, Leventis, O'Dell, Malloy, Mescher, Cromer, Lourie, Patterson, Matthews, Vaughn, Pinckney and Thomas: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO URGE THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS TO REQUIRE THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE TO REINSTATE THE TERMINOLOGY OF "PRISONER OF WAR" OR "POW" INTO THE CASUALTY STATUS AND CATEGORY CLASSIFICATION OF MILITARY PERSONNEL.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator KNOTTS from the Committee on Invitations polled out S. 532 favorable:
S. 532 (Word version) -- Senator Courson: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO AUTHORIZE PALMETTO GIRLS STATE TO USE THE CHAMBERS OF THE SENATE AND THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ON THURSDAY, JUNE 14, 2007, AND FRIDAY, JUNE 15, 2007.
Poll of the Invitations Committee
Polled 11; Ayes 11; Nays 0; Not Voting 0
AYES
Knotts Alexander Patterson
O'Dell McGill Reese
Elliott Ford Verdin
Campsen Cromer
Total--11
NAYS
Total--0
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED LOCAL AND STATEWIDE CALENDAR.
The following Bills and Joint Resolution were read the third time and ordered sent to the House of Representatives:
S. 91 (Word version) -- Senators Campsen, Ritchie and Knotts: A BILL TO ENACT THE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT TAX CREDIT REFORM ACT BY AMENDING SECTION 12-6-3415, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE CORPORATE INCOME TAX AND CORPORATE LICENSE TAX CREDIT ALLOWED TAXPAYERS CLAIMING A FEDERAL INCOME TAX CREDIT FOR RESEARCH ACTIVITY, SO AS TO ALLOW THE CREDIT AGAINST ANY INCOME TAX IMPOSED PURSUANT TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA INCOME TAX ACT.
S. 334 (Word version) -- Senators Leventis, Hayes, Knotts, Drummond, Anderson and Ford: A BILL TO ADD SECTION 41-35-126, AND TO AMEND SECTION 41-35-130, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE PAYMENT OF BENEFITS TO AN INSURED WORKER UNDER THE EMPLOYMENT SECURITY LAW, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT LEAVING AN EMPLOYER BECAUSE OF THE TRANSFER OF A SPOUSE FROM ONE MILITARY ASSIGNMENT TO ANOTHER DOES NOT DISQUALIFY A PERSON FROM THESE BENEFITS.
S. 578 (Word version) -- Judiciary Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE, RELATING TO REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTESTING BEER AND WINE PERMITS OR ALCOHOLIC LIQUOR LICENSES, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 3101, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE.
AMENDED, READ THE SECOND TIME
S. 518 (Word version) -- Medical Affairs Committee: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 44-37-50 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A HOSPITAL MUST MAKE AVAILABLE TO THE PARENTS OF A NEWBORN BABY A VIDEO PRESENTATION ON THE DANGERS OF SHAKING INFANTS AND MUST REQUEST THAT THE MATERNITY PATIENT, FATHER, OR PRIMARY CAREGIVER VIEW THE VIDEO, TO PROVIDE THAT THE DIRECTOR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SHALL REVIEW ALL SUBMITTED VIDEOS AND SHALL APPROVE ACCEPTABLE VIDEOS, TO PROVIDE THAT THE VIDEO PRESENTATION MUST BE MADE AVAILABLE TO CHILDCARE FACILITIES AND CHILDCARE PROVIDERS AND THAT CHILDCARE FACILITIES MUST INCLUDE THIS VIDEO PRESENTATION IN THE TRAINING OF THE FACILITY'S CAREGIVERS, TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT MUST MAKE THE VIDEO AVAILABLE TO ANY INTERESTED PERSON AT COST, TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT SHALL ESTABLISH A PROTOCOL FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS TO EDUCATE PARENTS OR PRIMARY CAREGIVERS ABOUT THE DANGERS OF SHAKING INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT SHALL REQUEST PEDIATRIC HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS TO REVIEW THESE DANGERS WITH PARENTS OR CAREGIVERS ASSOCIATED WITH SHAKING INFANTS AT WELL-BABY VISITS.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
Senator HUTTO proposed the following amendment (NBD\11413AC07), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by deleting Section 44-37-50(A) and inserting:
/(A) Every hospital in this State must make available to the parents of each newborn baby delivered in the hospital a video presentation on the dangers associated with shaking infants and young children and the importance of parents and caregivers learning infant CPR. The hospital must request that the maternity patient, the father, or the primary caregiver view the video. Those persons whom the hospital requested to view the video shall sign a document prescribed by the Department of Health and Environmental Control stating that they have been offered an opportunity to view the video./
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator HUTTO explained the amendment.
The amendment was adopted.
Senator RITCHIE proposed the following amendment (518R001.JHR), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 3, by striking lines 1 - 10 and inserting:
/ these dangers with the parent or primary caregiver, who are present, of infants and young children up to the age of one at each well-baby visit.
(E) The Department of Social Services must make available to all adopting parents a video presentation on the dangers associated with shaking infants and young children. The department must request that the adopting parents view the video. The adopting parents must sign a document prescribed by the department stating that they have been offered an opportunity to view the video.
(F) Nothing contained in this section may be construed to create any civil, criminal, or administrative cause of action or other liability against a heath care facility or health care provider for any good faith acts or omissions relating to compliance with this section."
SECTION 2. This act takes effect January 1, 2008. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator RITCHIE explained the amendment.
The amendment was adopted.
There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
HOUSE CONCURRENCE
S. 358 (Word version) -- Senator Knotts: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REAFFIRM THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY'S COMMITMENT TO OPEN GOVERNMENT IN SOUTH CAROLINA; TO RECOGNIZE THE ROLE PLAYED BY THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT IN OPEN GOVERNMENT AND TO EXPRESS APPRECIATION TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA PRESS ASSOCIATION FOR ITS ROLE IN PROMOTING OPEN GOVERNMENT; TO DECLARE MARCH 11, 2007, AS "SUNSHINE SUNDAY" AND MARCH 11-17, 2007, AS "OPEN GOVERNMENT WEEK IN SOUTH CAROLINA" AND TO ENCOURAGE PARTICIPATION IN THESE ACTIVITIES COMMEMORATING OUR OPEN, DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT.
Returned with concurrence.
THE CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED CALENDAR HAVING BEEN COMPLETED, THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE MOTION PERIOD.
On motion of Senator MARTIN, the Senate agreed to dispense with the Motion Period.
THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE INTERRUPTED DEBATE.
AMENDMENT PROPOSED, DEBATE INTERRUPTED
S. 355 (Word version) -- Senators Grooms, Richardson, Verdin, Campsen and Vaughn: A BILL TO PROVIDE FOR THE RESTRUCTURING OF THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION. (ABBREVIATED TITLE)
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Transportation.
Amendment No. P-6
Senator COURSON proposed the following Amendment No. P-6 (355R016.JEC):
Amend the committee amendment, as and if amended, page [355-3], line 34, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting:
/ SECTION 1. Section 1-30-10(B) of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"(B)(1) The governing authority of each department shall be either:
(i) a director, and in the case of the Department of Commerce and the Department of Transportation, the secretary, who must be appointed by the Governor with the advice and consent of the Senate, subject to removal from office by the Governor pursuant to provisions of Section 1-3-240; or,
(ii) a seven member board to be appointed and constituted in a manner provided for by law; or,
(iii) in the case of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Education, the State Commissioner of Agriculture and the State Superintendent of Education, respectively, elected to office under the Constitution of this State."
SECTION 2. Chapter 1, Title 57 of the 1976 Code is amended by striking Article 3 in its entirety:
"ARTICLE 3
COMMISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
Section 57-1-310. The congressional districts of this State are constituted and created Department of Transportation districts of the State, designated by numbers corresponding to the numbers of the respective congressional districts. The Commission of the Department of Transportation shall be composed of one member from each transportation district elected by the delegations of the congressional district and one member appointed by the Governor, upon the advice and consent of the Senate, from the State at large. Such elections or appointment, as the case may be, shall take into account race and gender so as to represent, to the greatest extent possible, all segments of the population of the State; however, consideration of these factors in making an appointment or in an election in no way creates a cause of action or basis for an employee grievance for a person appointed or elected or for a person who fails to be appointed or elected.
Section 57-1-320. (A) A county that is divided among two or more Department of Transportation districts, for purposes of electing a commission member, is deemed to be considered in the district which contains the largest number of residents from that county.
(B) No county within a Department of Transportation district shall have a resident commission member for more than one consecutive term and in no event shall any two persons from the same county serve as a commission member simultaneously except as provided hereinafter.
Section 57-1-325. Legislators residing in the congressional district shall meet upon written call of a majority of the members of the delegation of each district at a time and place to be designated in the call for the purpose of electing a commissioner to represent the district. A majority present, either in person or by written proxy, of the delegation from a given congressional district constitute a quorum for the purpose of electing a district commissioner. No person may be elected commissioner who fails to receive a majority vote of the members of the delegation.
The delegation must be organized by the election of a chairman and a secretary, and the delegations of each congressional district shall adopt such rules as they consider proper to govern the election. Any absentee may vote by written proxy. When the election is completed, the chairman and the secretary of the delegation shall immediately transmit the name of the person elected to the Secretary of State who shall issue to the person, after he has taken the usual oath of office, a certificate of election as commissioner. The Governor shall thereupon issue a commission to the person, and pending the issuance of the commission the certificate of election is sufficient warrant to the person to perform all of the duties and functions of his office as commissioner. Each commissioner shall serve until his successor is elected and qualified.
Section 57-1-330. (A) Beginning February 15, 1994, commissioners must be elected by the legislative delegation of each congressional district. For the purposes of electing a commission member, a legislator shall vote only in the congressional district in which he resides. All commission members must serve for a term of office of four years which expires on February fifteenth of the appropriate year. Commissioners shall continue to serve until their successors are elected and qualify, provided that a commissioner may only serve in a hold-over capacity for a period not to exceed six months. Any vacancy occurring in the office of commissioner shall be filled by election in the manner provided in this article for the unexpired term only. No person is eligible to serve as a commission member who is not a resident of that district at the time of his appointment, except that the at-large commission member may be appointed from any county in the State regardless of whether another commissioner is serving from that county. Failure by a commission member to maintain residency in the district for which he is elected shall result in the forfeiture of his office. The at-large commission member, upon confirmation, shall serve as chairman of the commission.
(B) The terms of the initial members of the commission appointed from congressional districts are as follows:
(1) commission members appointed to represent odd-numbered congressional districts--two years; and
(2) commission members appointed to represent even-numbered congressional districts--four years.
(C) The at-large commissioner shall serve at the pleasure of the Governor.
Section 57-1-340. Each commission member, within thirty days after his election or appointment, and before entering upon the discharge of the duties of his office, shall take, subscribe, and file with the Secretary of State the oath of office prescribed by the Constitution of the State.
Section 57-1-350. (A) The commission may adopt an official seal for use on official documents of the department.
(B) The commission shall adopt its own rules and procedures and may select such additional officers to serve such terms as the commission may designate.
(C) Commissioners must be reimbursed for official expenses as provided by law for members of state boards and commissions as established in the annual general appropriation act."
SECTION 3. Section 57-1-410 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 57-1-410. (A) The Department of Transportation shall be headed by a secretary, known as the Secretary of the Department of Transportation. The commission Governor shall employ appoint a director the secretary with the advice and consent of the Senate who shall serve at the pleasure of the commission Governor.
(B) A person appointed to this position serve as secretary shall be a citizen of practical and successful business and executive ability who has a knowledge in the field of transportation a proven, effective administrator who, by a combination of education and experience, clearly possesses a broad knowledge of the administrative, financial, and technical aspects of the development, operation, and regulation of transportation systems and facilities or comparable systems and facilities.
(C) The director secretary shall receive such compensation as may be established under the provisions of Section 8-11-160 and for which funds have been authorized in the general appropriation act."
SECTION 4. Section 57-1-10 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 57-1-10. For the purposes of this title, the following words, phrases, and terms are defined as follows:
(1) 'Commission' means the administrative and governing body of the Department of Transportation.
(2 1) 'Department' means the Department of Transportation (DOT).
(3 2) 'Director Secretary' means the chief administrative officer of the Department of Transportation."
SECTION 5. Immediately upon confirmation of the Secretary of Transportation by the Senate, the Commission of the Department of Transportation and the office of the Director of the Department of Transportation are abolished, and their powers, duties, and functions are devolved upon the Secretary of Transportation.
SECTION 6. References in the 1976 Code to the "Commission of the Department of Transportation" or references to "commission" that refer to the administrative and governing body of the Department of Transportation, mean "Secretary of the Department of Transportation" or "secretary", as appropriate; references to the "Director of the Department of Transportation" or references to "director" that refer to the chief administrative officer of the Department of Transportation, mean the "Secretary of the Department of Transportation" or "secretary". The Code Commissioner shall change references in the 1976 Code to conform with this act, and such changes must be included in the next printing of replacement volumes or cumulative supplements.
SECTION 7. The General Assembly finds that the sections presented in this act constitute one subject as required by Article III, Section 17 of the South Carolina constitution, in particular finding that each change and each topic relates directly to or in conjunction with other sections to the subject of Department of Transportation restructuring as clearly enumerated in the title.
SECTION 8. If any section, subsection, paragraph, subparagraph, sentence, clause, phrase, or word of this act is for any reason held to be unconstitutional or invalid, such holding shall not affect the constitutionality or validity of the remaining portions of this act, the General Assembly hereby declaring that it would have passed this act, and each and every section, subsection, paragraph, subparagraph, sentence, clause, phrase, and word thereof, irrespective of the fact that any one or more other sections, subsections, paragraphs, subparagraphs, sentences, clauses, phrases, or words hereof may be declared to be unconstitutional, invalid, or otherwise ineffective.
SECTION 9. (A) The repeal or amendment by this act of any law, whether temporary or permanent, does not affect pending actions, rights, duties, or liabilities founded on it, or alter, discharge, release, or extinguish any penalty, forfeiture, or liability incurred under the repealed or amended law, unless the repealed or amended provision expressly provides it. After the effective date of this act, all laws repealed or amended by this act must be taken and treated as remaining in full force and effect for the purpose of sustaining any pending or vested right, civil action, special proceeding, or appeal existing as of the effective date of this act, and for the enforcement of rights, duties, penalties, forfeitures, and liabilities as they stood under the repealed or amended laws. Any state agency, board, commission, or council to which are transferred the powers, duties, and functions of any state agency, board, commission, or council relating to the pending proceeding must be substituted as a party in interest.
(B) Any statute enacted and any rule or regulation made in respect to any state agency, board, commission, or council or function transferred to, or consolidated, coordinated, or combined with any other state agency, board, commission, or council or function under the provisions of this act before the effective date of the transfer, consolidation, coordination, or combination, except to the extent repealed, modified, superseded, or made inapplicable by or under the authority of law, shall have the same effect as if the transfer, consolidation, coordination, or combination had not been made. But when any such statute, rule, or regulation has vested functions in the state agency, board, commission, or council from which the transfer is made under the act, the functions, insofar as they are to be exercised after the transfer, must be considered as vested in the state agency, board, commission, or council to which the transfer is made under the act.
(C) No suit, action, or other proceeding lawfully commenced by or against any state agency, board, commission, or council or officer of the State in its or his official capacity or in relation to the discharge of its or his official duties shall abate by reason of the taking effect of this act but the court may allow, on motion or supplemental complaint filed at any time within twelve months after this act takes effect, showing a necessity for a survival of such suit, action, or other proceeding to obtain an adjudication of the questions involved, the same to be maintained by or against the successor of the state agency, board, commission, or council or officer under the act or, if there be no such successor, against such state agency, board, commission, or council or officer as the Governor shall designate.
SECTION 10. This act takes effect upon approval by the Governor. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator COURSON explained the amendment.
Senator HUTTO moved to carry over the amendment.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 7; Nays 32
AYES
Anderson Drummond Ford
Hawkins Hutto Matthews
Short
Total--7
NAYS
Alexander Bryant Campsen
Cleary Courson Cromer
Fair Grooms Hayes
Jackson Knotts Leatherman
Leventis Lourie Malloy
Martin McConnell McGill
Mescher Moore O'Dell
Patterson Peeler Ritchie
Ryberg Scott Setzler
Sheheen Thomas Vaughn
Verdin Williams
Total--32
The Senate refused to carry over the amendment. The question then was the adoption of the amendment.
Senator McCONNELL spoke on the amendment.
On motion of Senator MARTIN, debate was interrupted by adjournment.
Motion to Ratify Adopted
At 1:37 P.M., Senator McCONNELL asked unanimous consent to make a motion to invite the House of Representatives to attend the Senate Chamber for the purpose of ratifying Acts at 11:30 A.M. on Thursday, March 22, 2007.
There was no objection and a message was sent to the House accordingly. | 2015-05-22T23:40:34 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.40306276082992554, "perplexity": 5932.128152127079}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207926924.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113206-00165-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.usgs.gov/centers/fort/science/forestry-landsat-imagery-a-unique-resource | # Forestry from 'Landsat Imagery: A Unique Resource'
## Science Center Objects
Landsat satellites provide high-quality, multi-spectral imagery of the surface of the Earth. These moderate-resolution, remotely sensed images are not just pictures, but contain many layers of data collected at different points along the visible and invisible light spectrum.
A dense forest. USFWS photo.
SilviaTerra: Landsat Use by a Forestry Start-up
SilviaTerra is a four-year-old start-up company with five full-time employees that is contributing to the change in the way forests are managed in the United States. The company provides next-generation, highly accurate forest inventory data to fifteen users of various sizes. The customer base includes national and international timber companies. SilviaTerra is profitable and continues to grow.
The launch and success of this company are in no small part due to the free availability of Landsat imagery. Other technologies are utilized in the development of the final product, although this work could not be accomplished without Landsat’s free availability of red, green, blue and infrared bands. Potentially, SPOT imagery could be used as an alternative. However, the cost of using SPOT for a nation-wide inventory would be prohibitively high for the company. “With a full-retail price of $3,666 per scene and the need for an estimated 6,000 scenes to cover the U.S., the total cost without annual updates could amount to$22 million,” says Max Nova, founder and Lead Engineer at SilviaTerra. Even with potential bulk discounts, the cost of alternative imagery would create roadblocks for this start-up. Additionally, SPOT has higher spectral resolution, which Nova notes would impose more processing and analysis time. Thus, Landsat imagery, due to its spectral resolution and free and open data policy, remains the most preferred option for this start-up.
Flood mapping in 2002 in the Barmah-Millewa forests, north-central Victoria and south-central New South Wales, Australia. Courtesy of the Victoria Department of Environment and Primary Industries.
Flood Extent Monitoring in Riparian Forests, Australia
Landsat imagery is also used by the Department of Environment and Primary Industries in Victoria, Australia, to map flood extent in some of the major riparian forests along the Murray River (New South Wales and Victorian border). The results of flood mapping are used as an input to hydrological models in some instances, and in other cases as an independent source used for the calibration of model outcomes. Hydrological models are actively used as management tools. The cost of satellite images has a direct bearing on how often flood mapping is carried out to support forest management. In the absence of Landsat data, alternative sources (for example, SPOT-5) cost about $3,853 ($4,000 in Australian dollars) for the Barmah-Millewa forests (fig. 1), and the same amount for the Gunbower and Koondrook-Perricoota forests within the Murray Valley riparian systems. The current frequency of monitoring and flood mapping would not be possible without Landsat imagery availability (Kathryn Sheffield and Mohammad Abuzar, Department of Environment and Primary Industries , written commun., 2013). | 2021-07-29T22:00:08 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.29754915833473206, "perplexity": 4610.09317861024}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153897.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729203133-20210729233133-00072.warc.gz"} |
http://legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/showversion/cs/S-31.1?code=se:277&pointInTime=20201022 | ### S-31.1 - Business Corporations Act
277. Each corporation proposing to amalgamate must enter into an amalgamation agreement containing
(1) in respect of the amalgamated corporation, the provisions that are required to be included in the corporation’s articles of constitution, except the particulars concerning the founders;
(2) the name and domicile of each director of the amalgamated corporation;
(3) the manner in which the shares of each amalgamating corporation are to be converted into shares of the amalgamated corporation;
(4) if the shares of one of the amalgamating corporations are not to be wholly converted into shares of the amalgamated corporation, the amount of money or other form of payment the shareholders holding those shares are to receive in addition to or instead of shares of the amalgamated corporation;
(5) if applicable, the amount of money or other form of payment that is to be received instead of fractional shares of the amalgamated corporation;
(6) if applicable, a provision stating that any shares of an amalgamating corporation that are held by another amalgamating corporation are to be cancelled when the amalgamation becomes effective without any repayment of capital in respect of the shares, and that such shares are not to be converted into shares of the amalgamated corporation;
(7) the by-laws proposed for the amalgamated corporation, or a statement that the by-laws of the amalgamated corporation are to be those of one of the amalgamating corporations; and
(8) details of any arrangements necessary to complete the amalgamation and to provide for the subsequent management and operation of the amalgamated corporation.
2009, c. 52, s. 277. | 2020-11-24T01:16:03 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8484612703323364, "perplexity": 3027.3179672087085}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141169606.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124000351-20201124030351-00207.warc.gz"} |
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10098347-valence-transition-model-pseudogap-charge-order-superconductivity-electron-doped-hole-doped-copper-oxides | Valence transition model of the pseudogap, charge order, and superconductivity in electron-doped and hole-doped copper oxides
We present a valence transition model for electron- and hole-doped cuprates, within which there occurs a discrete jump in ionicity Cu2+ -> Cu1+ in both families upon doping, at or near optimal doping in the conventionally prepared electron-doped compounds and at the pseudogap phase transition in the hole-doped materials. In thin films of the T' compounds, the valence transition has occurred already in the undoped state. The phenomenology of the valence transition is closely related to that of the neutral-to-ionic transition in mixed-stack organic charge-transfer solids. Doped cuprates have negative charge-transfer gaps, just as rare-earth nickelates and BaBiO3. The unusually high ionization energy of the closed shell Cu1+ ion, taken together with the dopingdriven reduction in three-dimensional Madelung energy and gain in two-dimensional delocalization energy in the negative charge transfer gap state drives the transition in the cuprates. The combined effects of strong correlations and small d-p electron hoppings ensure that the systems behave as effective 1/2-filled Cu band with the closed shell electronically inactive O2- ions in the undoped state, and as correlated two-dimensional geometrically frustrated 1/4-filled oxygen hole band, now with electronically inactive closed-shell Cu1+ ions, in the doped state. The model thus gives microscopic justification for the more »
Authors:
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10098347
Journal Name:
Physical review. B, Condensed matter
Volume:
98
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
205153
ISSN:
1095-3795
2. We report results of large-scale ground-state density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) calculations on t-$t′$-J cylinders with circumferences 6 and 8. We determine a rough phase diagram that appears to approximate the two-dimensional (2D) system. While for many properties, positive and negative$t′$values ($t′/t=±0.2$) appear to correspond to electron- and hole-doped cuprate systems, respectively, the behavior of superconductivity itself shows an inconsistency between the model and the materials. The$t′<0$(hole-doped) region shows antiferromagnetism limited to very low doping, stripes more generally, and the familiar Fermi surface of the hole-doped cuprates. However, we find$t′<0$strongly suppresses superconductivity. The$t′>0$(electron-doped) regionmore »
3. In the physics of condensed matter, quantum critical phenomena and unconventional superconductivity are two major themes. In electron-doped cuprates, the low critical field (HC2) allows one to study the putative quantum critical point (QCP) at low temperature and to understand its connection to the long-standing problem of the origin of the high-TCsuperconductivity. Here we present measurements of the low-temperature normal-state thermopower (S) of the electron-doped cuprate superconductor La2−xCexCuO4(LCCO) fromx= 0.11–0.19. We observe quantum critical$S/T$versus$ln(1/T)$behavior over an unexpectedly wide doping rangex= 0.15–0.17 above the QCP (x= 0.14), with a slope that scales monotonicallymore » | 2022-08-17T12:55:12 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 15, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6170899271965027, "perplexity": 6318.538428298434}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00749.warc.gz"} |
http://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess118_2009-2010/sj09/20090225.htm | South Carolina General Assembly
118th Session, 2009-2010
Journal of the Senate
Wednesday, February 25, 2009
(Statewide Session)
Indicates Matter Stricken
Indicates New Matter
The Senate assembled at 10:45 A.M., the hour to which it stood adjourned, and was called to order by the PRESIDENT.
A quorum being present, the proceedings were opened with a devotion by the Chaplain as follows:
Speaking in the Book of Proverbs, 'Wisdom' declares:
"Take my instruction instead of silver, and knowledge rather than choice gold ....." (Proverbs 8:10)
Join me as we pray, please:
In this State, dear Lord, we are richly blessed with so many fine institutions of higher learning, found from the Piedmont to the Midlands and to the Coast. We thank You for all who are involved with our colleges and universities, O God: trustees, administrators, faculty and staff, and, of course, the students. Such a treasure we have in each of these schools. Help the members of this Senate always to do what must be done to preserve the finest instructional environments possible, that knowledge will ever remain a preeminent priority in South Carolina. In Your blessed name we pray, O Lord.
Amen.
The PRESIDENT called for Petitions, Memorials, Presentments of Grand Juries and such like papers.
Doctor of the Day
Senators O'DELL and NICHOLSON introduced Dr. Stanley Baker of Greenwood, S.C., Doctor of the Day.
Leave of Absence
On motion of Senator CAMPBELL, at 10:57 A.M., Senator CAMPSEN was granted a leave of absence for today.
Leave of Absence
On motion of Senator SHOOPMAN, at 1:35 P.M., Senator MULVANEY was granted a leave of absence until 3:30 P.M. today.
Leave of Absence
On motion of Senator MALLOY, at 3:45 P.M., Senator PINCKNEY was granted a leave of absence for yesterday and today.
On motion of Senator L. MARTIN, with unanimous consent, the Senate agreed that, at the conclusion of the Joint Assembly, the Senate would stand in recess until 1:30 p.m.
Committee to Escort
The PRESIDENT appointed Senators ALEXANDER, REESE, KNOTTS, THOMAS and JACKSON to escort the Honorable Jean Hoefer Toal, Chief Justice of the South Carolina Supreme Court, and members of her party to the House of Representatives for the Joint Assembly.
RECESS
At 10:55 A.M., the Senate receded from business for the purpose of attending the Joint Assembly.
JOINT ASSEMBLY
Chief Justice of the South Carolina Supreme Court
At 11:00 A.M., the Senate appeared in the Hall of the House.
The PRESIDENT of the Senate called the Joint Assembly to order and announced that it had convened under the terms of H. 3474, a Concurrent Resolution adopted by both Houses:
S. 472 (Word version) -- Senator McConnell: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO INVITE THE CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA SUPREME COURT, THE HONORABLE JEAN HOEFER TOAL, TO ADDRESS THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY IN JOINT SESSION ON THE STATE OF THE JUDICIARY AT 11:00 A.M. ON WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2009.
The Honorable Jean Hoefer Toal, Chief Justice of the South Carolina Supreme Court, and members of her party, were escorted to the rostrum by Senators ALEXANDER, REESE, KNOTTS, THOMAS and JACKSON and Representatives Bannister, Sellers, T. Young, Jennings and Horne.
The PRESIDENT introduced the Honorable Jean Hoefer Toal, Chief Justice of the South Carolina Supreme Court.
Chief Justice Toal addressed the Joint Assembly as follows:
2009 State of the Judiciary
Mr. Speaker, Governor, Lieutenant Governor, President Pro Tempore, Speaker Pro Tempore, Members of the Joint Assembly.
I come with very mixed emotions this morning, as I know many of you do, and I will try to attenuate my remarks so that we all may join our beloved Herb Kirsh as we memorialize the wonderful life of Sue Kirsh. She was as dear a friend as I had when I served here. She loved two things more than life itself - one is her beloved Herb Kirsh and the other is the State of South Carolina. I know we will all want to be of comfort to Herb and the family today. So I will try to get right to it.
We have memorials of our own today. Frances Smith was an old-fashioned gal with very modern views about the court system. She was the first woman to serve as Clerk of the Supreme Court. We lost her this past week. Mrs. Smith was a proud graduate of the University of South Carolina. Unlike many very sedate members of her generation, when you called her telephone, way before answering machines and fancy devices would do this for you, she would scream into the phone a "cock-a -doodle-do" for her Gamecocks. She had a lot to do with the modernization that continues to this day of how we operate courts of South Carolina. When she was here, she was it - she was the administrator of everything. We also memorialize Jim Johnson, a life cut short, who was one of the finest trial judges that ever will serve in South Carolina. You are replacing him this year, but he will never be able to be replaced in our hearts. I also want to mention at this time, my own law clerk, Katie Bockman, daughter of the well-known professor at the University of South Carolina and practicing lawyer, Bob Bockman. Katie worked here in these Chambers as a law clerk before she came to me. In a terrible accident that was not her fault, she lost her life, right as she began her legal career.
We welcome new members of the Court of Appeals, John Geathers and James Lockemy, both already making a wonderful impact on the work of this very important court. We, with a lot of mixed feelings bid adieu to our wonderful senior member of our court, John H. Waller. Johnny Waller has done it all. He has been a practicing judge, a distinguished practicing attorney, a Member of this body, and a Member of the South Carolina Senate. He served in every level of government and brought much wisdom to us as we have been delighted to serve with him as our brother. I am hoping that after some respite and attention to the affairs of his children, whom he loves dearly, that he will come and return in his retirement to help us if he can and share his considerable wisdom with ensuing generations of South Carolina judges and lawyers. We also lost to retirement at the end of last year and you have replaced him this year - Appeals Court Judge Ralph King Anderson. What a dynamic tale of service to South Carolina Judge Anderson has brought. He and I served in this Chamber for many years together. He was also a very inventive and vigorous practicing attorney, but his real mark on the profession was as a trial court judge and then as a member of the Court of Appeals. He has still got a lot of work left in him and enthusiasm about the business of law. He has agreed to take over a specialized docket in Florence, which he is managing right now, helping to relieve the backlog on the criminal justice side of the equation in his circuit. He is a wonderful public servant and a guy who continues to give us a lot of help as an active judge in retirement. Other retirees who will be active in retirement include Jimmy Williams. He says "Jean, I didn't take a breath before you started to assign me all over the place." He is doing a great job with the criminal docket in Orangeburg. John Milling is in private practice, Buddy Nicholson will continue to serve, and we hope Choppy Patterson will as well. On the Family Bench, Barry Knobel, Tim Brown, and James Spruill are three very experienced judges. You all have done a beautiful job with their replacements who are Ed Dickson, Bubba Griffith, Bill Seals, Jeff Young, Alex Kinlaw, Edgar Long and Titia Verdin. They are all wonderful selections and if they aren't proof positive that our system works, I would invite the attention of anyone in this nation to meet these very first class judges, who you have selected.
Now, for a picture of where we stand in terms of how you fund your judicial system. These are hard times, but I don't bring you a message of complaint. I think there is a lot of hope in where we are now, but I want to be realistic with you and tell you where we are now. This slide will show you that when I came to be your Chief in the year 2000-2001, it cost about 46.5 million dollars to run the court system and almost all of it was provided by General Appropriations money. If you look down this chart to the fiscal year in which we are now operating, it costs 60 million dollars just about, to run the department. General appropriations money as I started the fiscal year only accounted for 38.7 million dollars of that fund. All of the rest of it is made up by fines and fees and this next chart shows you what that means in real terms. We started with 38 million dollars in General Appropriations money - the money you put in the General Appropriations Bill. We have received almost 9 million dollars in direct cuts plus the termination of our one-time money. So, we started the year with 29 million dollars in General Appropriations money. We get 15 million dollars from fines and fees that have been developed over the years. I don't like that way of funding the system and have talked to you about it before, but there just isn't anything else to do. Don't feel like you're doing something that is unusual. All across the country, state courts are increasingly depending on fines and fees as a significant part of their revenue because your resources are very strapped, in South Carolina, in particular. We continue to get every year 5.5 million dollars in federal funds and that is what I have used to deploy the State Case Management System. You can see the total funds I have available to operate the system - 50 million dollars and it costs 60 million dollars to run the system. That is a nine million dollar deficit, when you take the cuts and the supplemental one-time money and put them together.
What are we doing to address this crisis? We are reducing judges' travel, we are restricting travel for court reporters and law clerks, we are authorizing clerks of court to keep open court sometimes on a skeleton basis if they have local furlough days. Counties are now trying to cut money by having local furlough days. I told them you have got to keep the courts open to at least receive filings and have citizens be able to access records. I can cut court on some of these days. You can have a skeleton staff. You save money and I save money. We are trying that. We have a hiring freeze. I have cut in half the monthly reimbursements for office allowances for judges. Frankly, I did that in recognition of the fact that you are considering some reductions in your own reimbursements, so we have taken that step. At the end of this fiscal year, advance sheets will no longer be available in printing. I would have stopped it now because it is a significant amount of money, but State Printing does the work and their budget depends on receiving that, so it is not a net savings to you as you go into the budget. At the end of this fiscal year I am not asking for any further funds for printing. It will all be available online and that is where it will be accessed.
I understand that the things I have asked for, for years, additional circuit court judges and family court judges, judicial travel and even the money for court technology, is not money that can be brought to the system at this time, given the financial crisis. What other ways are we trying to revamp the way that we do business to try to solve this problem? Let me show you a slide that will show you what our circuit case load is like. We continue to be the highest in filings per judge of any state in the country. That is, we process more cases with less judges on the bench than any other state in the country. We also have a very tough record on domestic violence. Our child abuse and neglect filings are spiraling as are our pro se and self-representatives increase. It is a very difficult picture in which to have so few judges available. How are we disposing of cases? This caseload slide shows you that our criminal case load for the last 3 years continues to go upward, but our pending cases are also increasing. I will tell you in a minute what I have done with the solicitors to try to reengineer the way they call cases, because that is part of what it is going to take to reduce this backlog in General Sessions Court. In Common Pleas, that is your civil side of the docket, our filings are going way up and I can anticipate with foreclosures and everything, these are going to spiral up and our disposition rate is now falling behind. There is a benchmark for cases of 180 days. That is a national benchmark developed by decisions of the United States Supreme Court that says that your benchmark for disposition ought to be 180 days. Now realize that this is an average and in some cases it would take a lot longer and in other cases, a lot less. I have no circuits that are hitting that benchmark in General Sessions Criminal Court. I only have one circuit that is hitting that benchmark in Common Pleas and only 2 in Family Court, out of the 16 circuits we have in South Carolina. Something has got to give on that figure. I am not satisfied with that and I know you aren't either. So, here are some of the things that we doing to try to improve the efficiency with which we operate; specialized docket management is a part of it.
Business Courts is another device for taking sophisticated business disputes, those that are business to business. A lot of them involve intellectual property, ownership issues, and funding issues and need to be put in a special docket that is managed beginning to end. I am experimenting with that in Richland, Greenville, and Charleston. The business community is very encouraging about that. It sends a message to business that it is going to locate in South Carolina, that if you have that kind of dispute, it will be managed and not just linger on a trial docket and never be moved forward.
We are using a lot of alternate dispute resolutions. That is increasingly becoming the way to resolve a lot of cases and it is a good thing. Defense, as well as plaintiff, and civil cases like that way of resolving disputes and frankly, the bigger cases are now being resolved in that way rather than going to trial. That moves them out of the docket. We are strongly encouraging that and I am trying to use my case management system to develop data on how much that instrument is used so as to be able to tell you more realistically - do I need more judges or can I reengineer this system and use other kinds of processes to push our dockets along? We are going to find that answer out.
Alternate Dispute Resolution is one factor. We are going to get a lot more condemnation cases, if additional money comes to the State of South Carolina for bridge and highway construction. When those cases pend, as for example in Horry County when they built the new flyover to the beach, you can jam up a docket with 150 or 250 condemnation cases and nothing else moves. When that happened in Horry County, I got Ed Cottingham, a retired judge, who has got a lot of good mileage left in him and is very enthusiastic, to manage the whole condemnation docket in Horry County. We didn't end up trying but 5 of those cases and all 150 plus were resolved. Again, this is a creative use of ways of managing cases to move them through the docket.
Construction cases are another example. We are experimenting in Horry, Charleston, and Beaufort where they have got a lot of stucco cases and probably are going to get a lot more construction cases. Bad times give rise to more of those cases. Those cases end up settling on the courthouse steps a lot of times, but getting there is miserable. If you don't keep a judge behind the lawyers, sometimes these cases will involve multiple parties, sometimes 10 or 15 parties to an action, and multiple lawyers. If you don't keep that case managed, it just drags out forever. Cliff Newman has agreed for a year to manage the construction case dockets in those counties. That is going to be another way, if it works, that we will use to try to start pulling out cases that can be managed in a different way and moving them forward.
'Access to Justice' for the working poor is going to be a big issue in South Carolina. Pro se filings or self-represented filings are up considerably in South Carolina and many people who cannot qualify for legal aid, because they don't have that depressed income level, need a lawyer and can't afford one. How can we make it easier to access the court system? How can we develop forms, how can we develop policies, that don't put the clerks of court or the judges in the business of representing these litigants, but give the litigants a fair ability to take simple disputes and resolve them without the need for a lawyer? That is what the Access to Justice Commission is looking at strongly and I have got some great people from business, from the legal services community, from the private bar, and from public service, who are working on this issue.
Other new initiatives include new guidelines for real estate closings. The subprime market illustrates all the more in my view the wisdom in South Carolina of having lawyer directed closings, but there is a big issue now about unauthorized practice of law and what other para-professionals can do. I know that issue is before some of your committees at the present time. I ask for a task force to look at this issue and say what are the guidelines, what is the lawyer's role, what are other professionals' roles in the process and I hope that we will be able to bring forth some guidelines. They won't be set in stone, they won't be mandated, but they will be some help to those who engage in closings and what needs to be done to protect the consumer.
We also are looking at proposed amendments to court rules in the area of evidence, civil procedure, and criminal procedure. Particularly in the evidence area, there has been concern expressed in this body about scientific evidence and expert witnesses. We have held a hearing on this very issue and hope to be able to help your two Judiciary Committees navigate this difficult issue, particularly as it impacts product liability and medical malpractice cases. Stay tuned, we hope to be able to have something to you this year on that issue.
The Access to Justice Commission is hard at work. We had eight regional hearings to discuss with real live citizens what the barriers to being able to access the court system are and work groups have now been established on self-represented litigants that I explained to you as well as some other areas that impact how people can represent themselves in court. That also involves training the judges as to how to respect and facilitate the appearance in court of self-represented people, developing a civil divorce package so that if your divorce does not involve property or custody and involves simple no fault grounds, you have got a package you can use rather than having to engage counsel to get your divorce settled. That has been approved by the various levels of our system that have to look at that and will be on the web shortly.
We are reviewing the appointment of South Carolina lawyers to represent people on a mandatory basis without fee. I don't like having to do that, but the United States Supreme Court requires that not just in criminal matters that would involve incarceration, but also in child abuse and neglect, termination of parental rights, and other things, that defendants are entitled to a lawyer. If you can't afford one, the question is who bears that burden. Right now South Carolina lawyers, by order of the court, are bearing a lot of that burden. I want to see that picture change. I don't think it can change by simply fussing about it or even threatening as some have done. I think it has got to be a partnership between this body and the Bar and hopefully the court system as well. I have asked 'Access to Justice' to take a good hard look at what would be some suggestions in this area. We hope to be able to present those to you this year.
Thank you so much for at the end of the session approving the Sentencing Commission legislation. The Sentencing Commission has been set up. It is having another meeting tomorrow. We are hopeful of getting funding from the PEW Charitable Trust to underwrite this very important effort that addresses consistency in sentencing, lengthy sentencing for violent offenders, but alternatives to incarceration for non-violent standards for parole, bond standards for re-offenders, and the economic impact of our sentencing system. That and more are on the plate of this commission. I think it is very important work. It has a lot of financial implications for what you do with the corrections systems and it has a lot of financial implications for what our work force is about. We don't need to have a huge divide between an immense subclass of our population that is housed in penitentiaries for years and years at a time. We need to look at this situation and see what we really are doing societally to protect against the violent, but at the same time try to move our society along in such a way that those who can do something else with their lives, rather than sit in the penitentiary, can be productive citizens - can be helped to achieve those goals.
Technology update, as you know, has been a signature issue of my administration as your Chief and the biggest way I have tried to reengineer the system to be more effective. It is funded almost entirely with congressionally mandated award money, but unlike some earmarked programs that fund a couple of gas masks that end up on somebody's shelf forever, this system is a model for the nation. The Department of Justice came to audit us this December and wants to showcase our internet based system to show how a small rural state can use an internet based system that the state owns and runs and puts money back into, from fees that counties spend for the system and how that system can be replicated in other states. We probably receive eight calls a week from area states asking to come and look at this system. I will venture to say without a fair contradiction that there is no other deployment of any automated system in any place in state government that has proceeded as successfully as this one. I say that with all lack of modesty. It is the result of can-do people at the county level. We started from the grassroots in magistrate's offices and in clerks of courts offices and in the poorest counties in the State with the notion of what we can do to empower them with the little resources they have. We have wired poor counties, we supplied them with computers, we supplied them with the software system that we own and that the clerks of court and the judges and lawyers help us update. We provide 24-7 support for this system and it really is a wonderful success story for many counties that limped along on their own with a vendor driven system that they couldn't control and simply spent a lot of money on that they never saw the return for. That system is now 71 percent deployed in South Carolina. The gold counties are the deployed counties. The green are the ones we are in actively now and the next online are the blue. Last year, I reported to you that this system was 47 percent deployed. It is now 71 percent deployed. By the end of this year it will be 81 percent deployed. I hoped to have the system completely deployed by the year 2010. That is an immense success story for the people of South Carolina.
I told you about the solicitors and the need to have them manage their system. So here is the status of their system. They came to me when I wanted differentiated case management and said we don't have the software to manage this, we don't have the tools, and we are short of funds to be able to get a system that would run all of our offices. I said I would go get a federal grant for that. You develop a system, I'll get a grant, we'll put it out to get a vendor and move forward. We've done that. The gold counties are those in which that system is now deployed and the green are the ones who signed contracts and in which deployment is taking place now. By the end of 2010, and maybe a little earlier than that, every solicitor's office in the State will manage their General Sessions and Magistrates docket on this case management system, which integrates and interacts and interfaces with our system.
The big thing that I am adding to it that we just signed contracts for, is to develop an interface with SLED, so that judges, prosecutors, and anybody else who needs it will get up-to-date real-time information about rap sheets. When you have a defendant that is ready to be sentenced for a particular matter or when you have a juror you are trying to check out to see if they have got a conviction and ought not to allowed to serve, or you're trying to check out a witness to see what kind of background the witness may have, it is very onerous to try to access that database at SLED and NCIC - the way we do it now. We are in the modern computer age, why can't we have an interface with our court case management system and with our solicitor's system that does that live real-time that gives you exact up-to-date information.
That is what we are going to have by September. I venture to say this will give better access to not only prosecutors and law enforcement, but also to public defenders and everyone else, the ability to be able to truly manage with accuracy the multiple offenders who jump from county to county and fall through the cracks. You will have an accurate piece of information in front of you when you go to sentence these folks.
For the good of the order I've just got to take a minute to thank everyone on behalf of the court system in South Carolina, for the House Law Enforcement Criminal Justice subcommittee. Annette Young is the longtime Chair. Gary Simrill has been a member for many years and is joined this year by Representative Joe Neal. The Senate is now called the Senate Constitutional and Administrative subcommittee. Longtime Chair is DAVE THOMAS and JOHN LAND and GREG RYBERG have been members of this subcommittee for many years. I can't thank you enough for the understanding reception you have given us when we have explained where we are and what we are doing. We are trying to reengineer to cut the costs. We have saved a little money in carryovers every year. I have been cheap and we are using some of that, but not all of it. We try to make it through these tough times. But, when we present our technology systems to the State Bar Convention, Senator Graham was there and this is what he said: "The technology and reengineering efforts of South Carolina's Judicial Department are a model for other jurisdictions across the nation. They are innovative, yet practical. Improve operations today and establish a basis for the future." That is a pretty good endorsement of what we are doing.
I end with this. I always have a reminder of my grandson, Patrick, to close any speech I make. Most particularly when I come home to the place I started in state government - in this very Chamber. I am very optimistic about our court system and our state government. South Carolina has made it through a lot harder times than the times we are going through today. It is going to take decency and compassion and cooperation on the part of all of us to move forward and to be imaginative about what we do with the resources we have. I still say this Joint Assembly is an example to the nation of what it can be like to work in concert and what it can be like if concerns of ideology move aside for a moment and concerns for real people move to the fore. That is what I've heard in every committee I have been to when I talked about what we are trying to do as a court at this time. So, don't let anybody sell you on the idea that what we do as a General Assembly has to be driven by any other consideration than the progress we can make for the citizens of this State. I am confident because I know them well. The leadership of these two bodies and every member is devoted to that goal. On behalf of the many you don't hear, whose faces you never see, and on behalf of the very youngest, like my Patrick, continue the good work and the good effort for the progress of South Carolina. Godspeed.
The purposes of the Joint Assembly having been accomplished, the PRESIDENT declared it adjourned, whereupon the Senate returned to its Chamber and was called to order by the PRESIDENT.
At 11:40 A.M., the Senate resumed.
RECESS
At 11:42 A.M., by prior motion of Senator McCONNELL, the Senate receded until 1:30 P.M.
The following co-sponsors were added to the respective Bills:
S. 456 (Word version) Sen. Land
S. 319 (Word version) Sen. Davis
S. 12 (Word version) Sen. Ford, Sen. Rankin
AFTERNOON SESSION
The Senate reassembled at 1:40 P.M. and was called to order by the ACTING PRESIDENT, Senator L. MARTIN.
INTRODUCTION OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS
The following were introduced:
S. 474 (Word version) -- Senator L. Martin: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO CONGRATULATE LIBERTY HIGH SCHOOL'S COMPETITIVE CHEER TEAM FOR WINNING THEIR THIRD CONSECUTIVE CLASS AA TITLE, AND TO WISH THEM MUCH CONTINUED SUCCESS.
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The Senate Resolution was adopted.
S. 475 (Word version) -- Senator L. Martin: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO CONGRATULATE THE PICKENS HIGH SCHOOL LADY BLUE FLAME VARSITY VOLLEYBALL TEAM FOR WINNING THEIR THIRTEENTH STATE CHAMPIONSHIP AND CONTINUING TO DOMINATE SOUTH CAROLINA AAA VOLLEYBALL.
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The Senate Resolution was adopted.
S. 476 (Word version) -- Senator Cromer: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO HONOR LORETTA PRICE, OF LEXINGTON COUNTY, FOR HER OUTSTANDING COMMUNITY SERVICE, AND TO RECOGNIZE AND COMMEND HER AS AN ARTICULATE SPOKESPERSON FOR THE AFRICAN-AMERICAN COMMUNITY DURING THE CELEBRATION OF BLACK HISTORY MONTH.
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The Senate Resolution was adopted.
S. 477 (Word version) -- Senator Cromer: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO COMMEND ALL THE CITIZENS OF NEWBERRY COUNTY AND THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA WHO ARE PARTICIPATING IN THE "RELAY FOR LIFE FOR NEWBERRY COUNTY" TO BE HELD MAY 1-2, 2009, AND TO DECLARE MAY 1-2, 2009, AS NEWBERRY COUNTY RELAY FOR LIFE WEEKEND.
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The Senate Resolution was adopted.
S. 478 (Word version) -- Senator Reese: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING ARTICLE 9, CHAPTER 11, TITLE 1 SO AS TO ESTABLISH A STATE HEALTH INSURANCE PLAN FOR NONSTATE EMPLOYEE INDIVIDUALS AND TO PROVIDE THAT EVERY RESIDENT OF SOUTH CAROLINA WHO FILES A STATE TAX RETURN IS ELIGIBLE TO PARTICIPATE IN THE PLAN; TO REQUIRE THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD TO ADMINISTER THE PLAN AND TO ESTABLISH RATES FOR THE PREMIUMS; PREMIUMS PAID INTO THIS PLAN MUST NOT BE COMINGLED WITH STATE EMPLOYEES' HEALTH INSURANCE PREMIUMS, AND TO REQUIRE BOTH PLANS TO OPERATE INDEPENDENTLY OF EACH OTHER; TO AUTHORIZE PARTICIPANTS TO OPT OUT OR IN EACH CALENDAR YEAR; AND TO REQUIRE PARTICIPANTS TO PAY INTO THE SYSTEM THE FIRST YEAR BUT NOT RECEIVE INSURANCE BENEFITS IN ORDER TO COLLECT PREMIUMS AND CREATE AN ESCROW ACCOUNT FROM WHICH TO ADMINISTER THE PROGRAM.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance.
S. 479 (Word version) -- Senator Bryant: A BILL TO AMEND THE 1976 CODE BY ADDING SECTION 5-3-160 TO PROVIDE THAT A MUNICIPALITY MAY NOT REQUIRE ANNEXATION AS A CONDITION PRECEDENT TO PROVIDING UTILITY SERVICES.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
S. 480 (Word version) -- Senator Verdin: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO URGE CONGRESS TO OPPOSE FEDERAL LEGISLATION THAT INTERFERES WITH A STATE'S ABILITY TO DIRECT THE TRANSPORT OR PROCESSING OF HORSES.
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The Concurrent Resolution was introduced and referred to the Committee on Agriculture and Natural Resources.
S. 481 (Word version) -- Senators Lourie, Reese and Massey: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO CREATE THE SOUTH CAROLINA CERTIFIED ATHLETIC TRAINERS FOUNDATION TO ENCOURAGE AND ASSIST THE LOCAL SCHOOL DISTRICTS AND SCHOOLS IN ENSURING THAT A CERTIFIED ATHLETIC TRAINER IS ON STAFF AT EACH HIGH SCHOOL AND MIDDLE SCHOOL OF THIS STATE.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Education.
S. 482 (Word version) -- Senator Jackson: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR GLORY COMMUNICATIONS, INC. ON ITS FIFTEENTH YEAR OF PRESENTING THE GOSPEL MUSIC CELEBRATION "FAMILYFEST" AND FOR SPONSORING THE "FUTURE LEADER SCHOLARSHIP FUND" PRESENTATIONS HELD IN CONJUNCTION WITH "FAMILYFEST".
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The Senate Resolution was adopted.
S. 483 (Word version) -- Senators Rankin, Cleary and McGill: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING ARTICLE 9 TO CHAPTER 10, TITLE 4 ENACTING THE "LOCAL OPTION TOURISM DEVELOPMENT FEE ACT" SO AS TO ALLOW A COUNTY IN WHICH AT LEAST FOURTEEN MILLION DOLLARS OF STATE ACCOMMODATIONS TAX REVENUES HAVE BEEN COLLECTED IN A FISCAL YEAR AND A MUNICIPALITY LOCATED IN SUCH A COUNTY TO IMPOSE A FEE NOT TO EXCEED ONE PERCENT OF AMOUNTS SUBJECT TO TAX PURSUANT TO CHAPTER 36, TITLE 12, THE SOUTH CAROLINA SALES AND USE TAX ACT, FOR NOT MORE THAN TEN YEARS, TO PROVIDE THAT THE COUNTY MAY IMPOSE THE FEE BY ORDINANCE IN THE UNINCORPORATED AREAS OF THE COUNTY AND A MUNICIPALITY MAY IMPOSE THE FEE BY ORDINANCE IN THE MUNICIPALITY, TO PROVIDE FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE FEE, AND TO PROVIDE USES FOR WHICH THE FEE REVENUE MUST BE APPLIED, INCLUDING TOURISM PROMOTION, PROPERTY TAX ROLLBACK, AND CAPITAL PROJECTS PROMOTING TOURISM CAUSES.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Labor, Commerce and Industry.
S. 485 (Word version) -- Senator Lourie: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, SO AS TO ENACT THE "CHILDCARE SAFETY ENHANCEMENT ACT OF 2009" BY AMENDING SECTION 63-13-180, RELATING TO THE DEPARTMENT OBTAINING THE ADVICE AND CONSENT OF THE STATE ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON THE PROMULGATION OF REGULATIONS FOR CHILDCARE FACILITIES, TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT SHALL ONLY OBTAIN THE ADVICE OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE PROMULGATION OF REGULATIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 63-13-1210, RELATING TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STATE ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON THE REGULATION OF CHILDCARE FACILITIES AND THE MEMBERSHIP OF THE COMMITTEE, TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF PARENT MEMBERS ON THIS COMMITTEE BY ONE AND TO DECREASE THE NUMBER OF OWNERS AND OPERATORS OF CHILDCARE FACILITIES ON THIS COMMITTEE BY ONE; TO AMEND SECTION 63-13-1220, RELATING TO THE DUTIES OF THE STATE ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON THE REGULATION OF CHILDCARE FACILITIES, TO DELETE THE PROVISION THAT NO REGULATION MAY BE PROMULGATED IF DISAPPROVED BY THE COMMITTEE; AND TO ADD SECTION 63-13-220, TO SPECIFY THE TYPE OF VIOLATIONS SUBJECT TO FINES AND THE MAXIMUM FINE AMOUNT FOR EACH TYPE VIOLATION AND TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES FOR NOTIFICATION OF VIOLATIONS, FOR IMPOSITION OF FINES, FOR CORRECTION OF VIOLATIONS, FOR PAYMENT OF FINES, AND FOR APPEALING FINES.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
S. 486 (Word version) -- Senators Peeler and Alexander: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 44-20-210, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE CREATION OF THE COMMISSION ON DISABILITIES AND SPECIAL NEEDS, SO AS TO DELETE OBSOLETE LANGUAGE; TO AMEND SECTION 44-20-220, RELATING TO THE PROMULGATION OF REGULATIONS BY THE COMMISSION ON DISABILITIES AND SPECIAL NEEDS, SO AS TO DELETE THE PROVISION REQUIRING THE COMMISSION TO CONSULT WITH THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE OF THE DIVISION TO WHICH THE REGULATIONS APPLY; TO AMEND SECTION 44-20-230, RELATING TO THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DISABILITIES AND SPECIAL NEEDS, SO AS TO DELETE THE PROVISION AUTHORIZING THE DIRECTOR TO APPOINT AND REMOVE EMPLOYEES OF THE DEPARTMENT; TO AMEND SECTION 44-20-240, RELATING TO THE CREATION AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DISABILITIES AND SPECIAL NEEDS, SO AS TO DELETE THE PROVISION TRANSFERRING THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR AUTISTIC SERVICES FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF MENTAL HEALTH TO THE DEPARTMENT OF DISABILITIES AND SPECIAL NEEDS; TO AMEND SECTION 44-20-350, RELATING TO AUTHORIZING THE DEPARTMENT OF DISABILITIES AND SPECIAL NEEDS TO ESTABLISH CHARGES FOR SERVICES IN REGULATION, SO AS TO REQUIRE THESE CHARGES TO BE ESTABLISHED IN REGULATION; TO AMEND SECTION 44-20-430, RELATING TO THE DIRECTOR CARRYING OUT CERTAIN RESPONSIBILITIES SUBJECT TO POLICIES ADOPTED BY THE COMMISSION, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT CARRYING OUT THESE RESPONSIBILITIES IS SUBJECT TO REGULATIONS PROMULGATED BY THE DEPARTMENT; TO AMEND SECTION 44-7-260, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO FACILITIES REQUIRED TO BE LICENSED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND FACILITIES THAT ARE EXEMPT FROM SUCH LICENSURE, SO AS TO REQUIRE LICENSURE FOR COMMUNITY-BASED HOUSING AND DAY PROGRAMS OPERATED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF DISABILITIES AND SPECIAL NEEDS AND TO REMOVE COMMUNITY-BASED HOUSING SPONSORED, LICENSED, OR CERTIFIED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF DISABILITIES AND SPECIAL NEEDS FROM THOSE FACILITIES THAT ARE EXEMPT FROM LICENSURE; TO AMEND ARTICLE 23, CHAPTER 7, TITLE 44, RELATING TO CRIMINAL RECORDS CHECKS OF DIRECT CARE STAFF, SO AS TO FURTHER SPECIFY THE CRIMINAL RECORDS CHECKS THAT MUST BE CONDUCTED ON DIRECT CARE STAFF, TO PROVIDE THAT A DIRECT CARE ENTITY INCLUDES A DAY PROGRAM OPERATED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF MENTAL HEALTH OR THE DEPARTMENT OF DISABILITIES AND SPECIAL NEEDS, TO DELETE PROVISIONS REQUIRING DIRECT CAREGIVERS TO VERIFY RESIDENCY FOR THE TWELVE MONTHS PRECEDING APPLYING FOR EMPLOYMENT, TO DELETE PROVISIONS AUTHORIZING PRIVATE BUSINESSES, ORGANIZATIONS, OR ASSOCIATIONS TO CONDUCT CRIMINAL HISTORY BACKGROUND CHECKS REQUIRED BY THIS ARTICLE, AND TO DELETE PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN FINGERPRINT FORMS AND PROCEDURES; AND TO REPEAL SECTION 40-20-225 RELATING TO CONSUMER ADVISORY BOARDS FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF DISABILITIES AND SPECIAL NEEDS' MENTAL RETARDATION, AUTISM, AND HEAD AND SPINAL CORD INJURY DIVISIONS AND ARTICLE 5, CHAPTER 20, TITLE 44 RELATING TO THE LICENSURE AND REGULATION OF FACILITIES AND PROGRAMS BY THE DEPARTMENT OF DISABILITIES AND SPECIAL NEEDS.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Medical Affairs.
S. 487 (Word version) -- Senators Bright and Reese: A BILL TO AMEND ACT 612 OF 1984, RELATING TO THE METHOD OF CONDUCTING ELECTIONS FOR MEMBERS OF THE SCHOOL DISTRICT BOARDS OF TRUSTEES IN SPARTANBURG COUNTY, TO REDUCE THE NUMBER OF QUALIFIED ELECTORS THAT MUST SIGN A PETITION FOR A PERSON TO PLACE HIS NAME AS A CANDIDATE ON THE BALLOT.
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Read the first time and ordered placed on the Local and Uncontested Calendar.
H. 3575 (Word version) -- Reps. Hearn, Barfield, Hardwick, Clemmons, Edge and Viers: A BILL TO AMEND ACT 287 OF 1989, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE MEMBERSHIP OF THE HORRY COUNTY BOARD OF EDUCATION, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE TERM OF OFFICE OF A NEWLY ELECTED MEMBER OF THE HORRY COUNTY BOARD OF EDUCATION MUST COMMENCE UPON THE DATE OF THE FIRST MEETING OF THE BOARD IN JANUARY FOLLOWING THE NOVEMBER ELECTION.
Read the first time and ordered placed on the Local and Uncontested Calendar.
H. 3583 (Word version) -- Reps. Funderburk, Lucas and Gunn: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO PROVIDE THAT THE SCHOOL DAY MISSED ON FEBRUARY 4, 2009, BY THE STUDENTS OF MIDWAY ELEMENTARY, BETHUNE ELEMENTARY, MOUNT PISGAH ELEMENTARY, BARON DEKALB ELEMENTARY, NORTH CENTRAL MIDDLE, AND NORTH CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOLS WHEN THE SCHOOLS WERE CLOSED DUE TO SNOW ARE EXEMPT FROM THE MAKE-UP REQUIREMENT THAT FULL SCHOOL DAYS MISSED DUE TO SNOW, EXTREME WEATHER, OR OTHER DISRUPTIONS BE MADE UP.
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Education.
H. 3593 (Word version) -- Rep. G. A. Brown: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO EXPRESS THE PROFOUND SORROW OF THE MEMBERS OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA GENERAL ASSEMBLY UPON THE PASSING OF ISAAC JOE, JR., OF COLUMBIA, MARYLAND, AND TO EXTEND THE DEEPEST SYMPATHY TO HIS FAMILY AND MANY FRIENDS.
The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House.
H. 3597 (Word version) -- Reps. G. R. Smith, Bedingfield, Agnew, Alexander, Allen, Allison, Anderson, Anthony, Bales, Ballentine, Bannister, Barfield, Battle, Bingham, Bowen, Bowers, Brady, Branham, Brantley, G. A. Brown, H. B. Brown, R. L. Brown, Cato, Chalk, Clemmons, Clyburn, Cobb-Hunter, Cole, Cooper, Crawford, Daning, Delleney, Dillard, Duncan, Edge, Erickson, Forrester, Frye, Funderburk, Gambrell, Gilliard, Govan, Gullick, Gunn, Haley, Hamilton, Hardwick, Harrell, Harrison, Hart, Harvin, Hayes, Hearn, Herbkersman, Hiott, Hodges, Horne, Hosey, Howard, Huggins, Hutto, Jefferson, Jennings, Kelly, Kennedy, King, Kirsh, Knight, Limehouse, Littlejohn, Loftis, Long, Lowe, Lucas, Mack, McEachern, McLeod, Merrill, Miller, Millwood, Mitchell, Moss, Nanney, J. H. Neal, J. M. Neal, Neilson, Ott, Owens, Parker, Parks, Pinson, E. H. Pitts, M. A. Pitts, Rice, Rutherford, Sandifer, Scott, Sellers, Simrill, Skelton, D. C. Smith, G. M. Smith, J. E. Smith, J. R. Smith, Sottile, Spires, Stavrinakis, Stewart, Stringer, Thompson, Toole, Umphlett, Vick, Viers, Weeks, Whipper, White, Whitmire, Williams, Willis, Wylie, A. D. Young and T. R. Young: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE BOB SHUMAKER, OF GREENVILLE COUNTY, AUTHOR OF "THE SCHMOONEY TRILOGIES", A CHILDREN'S BOOK SERIES FEATURING A LOVEABLE MAIN CHARACTER KNOWN AS THE SCHMOONEY WHO LEADS CHILDREN ON REMARKABLE ADVENTURES, TO COMMEND HIM FOR HIS DEDICATION TO IMPROVING READING SKILLS AND LITERACY ACROSS THE PALMETTO STATE, AND TO DECLARE THE SCHMOONEY THE HONORARY MASCOT FOR LITERACY IN SOUTH CAROLINA FOR 2009-2010.
The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House.
H. 3598 (Word version) -- Reps. Funderburk, Lucas, Gunn, Agnew, Alexander, Allen, Allison, Anderson, Anthony, Bales, Ballentine, Bannister, Barfield, Battle, Bedingfield, Bingham, Bowen, Bowers, Brady, Branham, Brantley, G. A. Brown, H. B. Brown, R. L. Brown, Cato, Chalk, Clemmons, Clyburn, Cobb-Hunter, Cole, Cooper, Crawford, Daning, Delleney, Dillard, Duncan, Edge, Erickson, Forrester, Frye, Gambrell, Gilliard, Govan, Gullick, Haley, Hamilton, Hardwick, Harrell, Harrison, Hart, Harvin, Hayes, Hearn, Herbkersman, Hiott, Hodges, Horne, Hosey, Howard, Huggins, Hutto, Jefferson, Jennings, Kelly, Kennedy, King, Kirsh, Knight, Limehouse, Littlejohn, Loftis, Long, Lowe, Mack, McEachern, McLeod, Merrill, Miller, Millwood, Mitchell, Moss, Nanney, J. H. Neal, J. M. Neal, Neilson, Ott, Owens, Parker, Parks, Pinson, E. H. Pitts, M. A. Pitts, Rice, Rutherford, Sandifer, Scott, Sellers, Simrill, Skelton, D. C. Smith, G. M. Smith, G. R. Smith, J. E. Smith, J. R. Smith, Sottile, Spires, Stavrinakis, Stewart, Stringer, Thompson, Toole, Umphlett, Vick, Viers, Weeks, Whipper, White, Whitmire, Williams, Willis, Wylie, A. D. Young and T. R. Young: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND COMMEND MRS. FRANKYE C. HULL, GUARDIAN AD LITEM FOR KERSHAW COUNTY, FOR HER MANY YEARS OF OUTSTANDING COMMUNITY SERVICE, AND TO CONGRATULATE HER ON BEING NAMED G. F. BETTINESKI CHILD ADVOCATE OF THE YEAR, AN HONOR AWARDED ANNUALLY BY THE NATIONAL COURT APPOINTED SPECIAL ADVOCATE ASSOCIATION.
The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House.
H. 3613 (Word version) -- Rep. Bannister: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO URGE THE PROMOTION OF THE SPORT OF CURLING AS AN OFFICIAL WINTER OLYMPIC SPORT OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND TO APPOINT REPRESENTATIVES OF THE STATE TO INVESTIGATE THE DESIGNATION OF CURLING AS AN OFFICIAL WINTER OLYMPIC SPORT OF SOUTH CAROLINA.
The Concurrent Resolution was introduced and referred to the General Committee.
REPORTS OF STANDING COMMITTEE
Senator VERDIN from the Committee on Agriculture and Natural Resources submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
S. 9 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell, Leventis, Rose, Elliott, Massey, Peeler and Bright: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 52, TITLE 48, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO ENERGY EFFICIENCY, BY ADDING ARTICLE 12, SO AS TO ESTABLISH ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY GOALS FOR STATE GOVERNMENT, TO DIRECT STATE AGENCIES TO PROCURE ENERGY EFFICIENT PRODUCTS, AND TO DIRECT EVERY STATE AGENCY HEAD TO REQUIRE THE REPLACEMENT OF ALL INCANDESCENT LIGHT BULBS WITH COMPACT FLUORESCENT LIGHT BULBS IN EACH STATE AGENCY BY JULY 1, 2011.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
On motion of Senator SETZLER, with unanimous consent, the name of Senator SETZLER was added as a co-sponsor.
Senator VERDIN from the Committee on Agriculture and Natural Resources submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
S. 232 (Word version) -- Senators Ryberg, Hutto and Massey: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 48-52-210 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE PLAN FOR THE STATE ENERGY POLICY, TO ENCOURAGE THE USE OF CLEAN ENERGY SOURCES; AND TO AMEND ARTICLE 2, CHAPTER 52, TITLE 48, BY ADDING SECTION 48-52-220 TO PROVIDE A DEFINITION FOR "RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES".
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
PRESIDENT PRESIDES
At 1:46 P.M., the PRESIDENT assumed the Chair.
THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED LOCAL AND STATEWIDE CALENDAR.
The following Bill was read the third time and ordered sent to the House of Representatives:
S. 195 (Word version) -- Senator McConnell: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 50-21-870 OF THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE WEARING OF PERSONAL FLOTATION DEVICES ON PERSONAL WATERCRAFTS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON IS NOT REQUIRED TO WEAR A PERSONAL FLOTATION DEVICE IF THE PERSON IS IN POSSESSION OF A PERSONAL WATERCRAFT THAT IS LOCATED IN THREE FEET OF WATER OR LESS, AND IS ANCHORED, AND THE ENGINE IS NOT OPERATING.
The following Bills and Joint Resolution, having been read the second time, were ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar:
S. 442 (Word version) -- Senators Ryberg and Massey: A BILL TO AMEND ACT 503 OF 1982, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE AIKEN COUNTY SCHOOL DISTRICT AND THE AIKEN COUNTY BOARD OF EDUCATION, SO AS TO REVISE THE BOARD'S AUTHORITY WITH REGARD TO ADMINISTRATIVE AREA OFFICES AND AREA ADVISORY COUNCILS.
Senators RYBERG and SETZLER asked unanimous consent to make a motion to take up further amendments pursuant to the provisions of Rule 26B.
There was no objection and Rule 26B was waived.
Recorded Vote
Senators RYBERG and BRYANT desired to be recorded as voting in favor of the second reading of the Bill.
S. 473 (Word version) -- Senator Leventis: A BILL TO AMEND ACT 387 OF 2008, RELATING TO THE SUMTER COUNTY CONSOLIDATED SCHOOL DISTRICT, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A MEMBER OF THE SUMTER CONSOLIDATION TRANSITION COMMITTEE WHO HAS BEEN DISMISSED, SUSPENDED FROM HIS POSITION, OR DEMOTED, OR RECEIVES ANY DIRECT OR INDIRECT THREATS IN CONNECTION WITH HIS DECISIONS OR ACTIONS ON BEHALF OF THE COMMITTEE MAY INSTITUTE A NONJURY CIVIL ACTION AGAINST SUMTER SCHOOL DISTRICT 2 OR SUMTER SCHOOL DISTRICT 17 OR THEIR SUCCESSORS FOR CERTAIN DAMAGES.
Senator LEVENTIS asked unanimous consent to make a motion to take up further amendments pursuant to the provisions of Rule 26B.
There was no objection and Rule 26B was waived.
Recorded Vote
Senators RYBERG and BRYANT desired to be recorded as voting in favor of the second reading of the Bill.
H. 3556 (Word version) -- Reps. Loftis, Bedingfield, Nanney, Dillard, Cato, Allen, G.R. Smith, Hamilton, Rice, Stringer, Willis and Wylie: A BILL TO CHANGE THE NAME OF THE WESTERN CAROLINA REGIONAL SEWER AUTHORITY TO RENEWABLE WATER RESOURCES.
Recorded Vote
Senators RYBERG and BRYANT desired to be recorded as voting in favor of the second reading of the Bill.
S. 245 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 63-3-530 OF THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, AS ADDED BY ACT 361 OF 2008, RELATING TO CHILD SUPPORT PAYMENTS, TO PERMIT A FAMILY COURT JUDGE TO MAKE AN ORDER FOR CHILD SUPPORT RUN PAST THE AGE OF EIGHTEEN IF THE CHILD IS ENROLLED AND STILL ATTENDING HIGH SCHOOL, NOT TO EXCEED HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION OR THE END OF THE SCHOOL YEAR AFTER THE CHILD REACHES NINETEEN YEARS OF AGE, WHICHEVER OCCURS FIRST.
Recorded Vote
Senators RYBERG and BRYANT desired to be recorded as voting in favor of the second reading of the Bill.
S. 462 (Word version) -- Medical Affairs Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, LICENSING AND REGULATION - BOARD OF CHIROPRACTIC EXAMINERS, RELATING TO APPLICATION, RENEWAL, AND CONTINUING EDUCATION, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 3206, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE.
Recorded Vote
Senators RYBERG and BRYANT desired to be recorded as voting in favor of the second reading of the Resolution.
AMENDED, PREVIOUSLY PROPOSED AMENDMENT WITHDRAWN, READ THE SECOND TIME
S. 132 (Word version) -- Senators Sheheen and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 39-5-175 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A LENDER WHO DELIVERS AN UNSOLICITED CHECK TO A PERSON MUST DISCLOSE THAT THE CHECK SECURES A LOAN, THE TERMS OF THE LOAN, AND NOTICE THAT BY NEGOTIATING THE CHECK THE RECIPIENT HAS ENTERED INTO A LOAN AGREEMENT, TO PROVIDE PROTECTION AND RECOURSE FOR INTENDED PAYEES IF AN UNSOLICITED CHECK IS CASHED FRAUDULENTLY, AND TO PROVIDE THAT A VIOLATION OF THIS SECTION IS AN UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICE AND SUBJECT TO APPROPRIATE PENALTIES AND ENFORCEMENT.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of previously proposed amendment by Senators FORD and KNOTTS.
Senators L. MARTIN and HAYES proposed the following amendment (JUD0132.006), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting the following:
/ SECTION 1. Article 1, Chapter 5, Title 39 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 39-5-175. (A) For purposes of this section:
(1) 'Check' means a demand draft drawn on or payable through an office of a depository institution located in the United States, which has imprinted on it the account holder's name and the depository institution's name, location, and routing number.
(2) 'Unsolicited check' means a check mailed or otherwise delivered to a person from a person, firm, or corporation engaged in lending money, which is made payable to the recipient and which, upon negotiation, creates a loan and obligates the recipient to repay the amount of the check plus interest and fees.
(B) It is an unfair trade practice pursuant to Section 39-5-20 for a person, firm, or corporation engaged in lending money to deliver to a person an unsolicited check made payable to the recipient which, upon negotiation, obligates the recipient to repay the amount of the check plus interest and fees.
(C) The provisions of this section do not apply to a transaction in which a person has submitted an application or requested an extension of credit from the lender before receiving the check or instrument, or if the lender has an existing account relationship with the person.
(D) A violation of this section is an unfair trade practice pursuant to Chapter 5 of Title 39 and is subject to all of the enforcement and penalty provisions of an unfair trade practice pursuant to this chapter."
SECTION 2. The repeal or amendment by this act of any law, whether temporary or permanent or civil or criminal, does not affect pending actions, rights, duties, or liabilities founded thereon, or alter, discharge, release, or extinguish any penalty, forfeiture, or liability incurred under the repealed or amended law, unless the repealed or amended provision shall so expressly provide. After the effective date of this act, all laws repealed or amended by this act must be taken and treated as remaining in full force and effect for the purpose of sustaining any pending or vested right, civil action, special proceeding, criminal prosecution, or appeal existing as of the effective date of this act, and for the enforcement of rights, duties, penalties, forfeitures, and liabilities as they stood under the repealed or amended laws.
SECTION 3. This act takes effect one hundred eighty days after approval by the Governor. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator L. MARTIN explained the amendment.
The amendment was adopted.
Senators FORD and KNOTTS proposed the following amendment (JUD0132.004), which was withdrawn:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking the bill in its entirety and inserting the following:
/ A BILL
TO AMEND CHAPTER 13, TITLE 16, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 16-13-475 SO AS TO CREATE THE CRIME OF SENDING UNSOLICITED CHECKS FOR THE PURPOSE OF CREATING UNSOLICITED OR UNREQUESTED LOANS, TO PROVIDE THAT A VIOLATION IS A FELONY, AND TO PROVIDE FOR A MANDATORY MINIMUM PENALTY.
Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina:
SECTION 1. Article 1, Chapter 13, Title 16 is amended by adding:
"Section 16-13-475. (A) For purposes of this section:
(1) 'Check' means a demand draft drawn on or payable through an office of a depository institution located in the United States, which has imprinted on it the account holder's name and the depository institution's name, location, and routing number.
(2) 'Unsolicited check' means a check mailed or otherwise delivered to a person from a person, firm, or corporation engaged in lending money, which is made payable to the recipient and which, upon negotiation, creates a loan and obligates the recipient to repay the amount of the check plus interest and fees.
(B) It is unlawful for a person, firm, or corporation to engage in the business of sending unsolicited checks to persons for the purpose of making a loan.
(C) The provisions of this section do not apply to a transaction in which a person has submitted an application or requested an extension of credit from the lender before receiving the check or instrument, or if the lender has an existing account relationship with the person.
(D) A person, firm, or corporation that violates this section is guilty of:
(1) for a first offense, a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, must be fined not less than five hundred dollars but not more than one thousand dollars or imprisoned not less than thirty days, or both;
(2) for a second offense, a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, must be fined not less than one thousand dollars but not more than three thousand dollars or imprisoned not less than one year but not more than five years, or both;
(3) for a third or subsequent offense, a felony and, upon conviction, must be fined not less than one thousand five hundred dollars but not more than five thousand dollars or imprisoned not less than eighteen months but not more than five years, or both."
SECTION 2. The repeal or amendment by this act of any law, whether temporary or permanent or civil or criminal, does not affect pending actions, rights, duties, or liabilities founded thereon, or alter, discharge, release, or extinguish any penalty, forfeiture, or liability incurred under the repealed or amended law, unless the repealed or amended provision shall so expressly provide. After the effective date of this act, all laws repealed or amended by this act must be taken and treated as remaining in full force and effect for the purpose of sustaining any pending or vested right, civil action, special proceeding, criminal prosecution, or appeal existing as of the effective date of this act, and for the enforcement of rights, duties, penalties, forfeitures, and liabilities as they stood under the repealed or amended laws.
SECTION 3. This act takes effect one hundred-eighty days after approval by the Governor. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator KNOTTS asked unanimous consent to withdraw the previously proposed amendment.
There was no objection.
The amendment was withdrawn.
There being no further amendments, the question then was the second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 31; Nays 6
AYES
Alexander Anderson Bright
Campbell Cleary Coleman
Cromer Davis Elliott
Fair Grooms Jackson
Knotts Leatherman Leventis
Lourie Malloy Martin, L.
Martin, S. Massey McGill
Nicholson O'Dell Peeler
Rankin Reese Scott
Setzler Sheheen Shoopman
Williams
Total--31
NAYS
Bryant Courson Hutto
McConnell Ryberg Verdin
Total--6
The Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
AMENDED, READ THE SECOND TIME
S. 103 (Word version) -- Senators Grooms, Campsen and Campbell: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 57-5-10 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE GENERAL COMPOSITION OF THE STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM, TO PROVIDE THAT ALL HIGHWAYS IN THE STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM MUST BE BUILT ACCORDING TO STATE STANDARDS; TO AMEND SECTION 57-5-70, RELATING TO ADDITIONS TO THE STATE HIGHWAY SECONDARY SYSTEM, TO ALLOW THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION TO ADD COUNTY AND MUNICIPAL ROADS TO THE STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM WHEN NECESSARY FOR THE INTERCONNECTIVITY OF THE STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM; TO AMEND SECTION 57-5-80, RELATING TO THE DELETION AND REMOVAL OF ROADS FROM THE STATE HIGHWAY SECONDARY SYSTEM, TO PROVIDE FOR THE REMOVAL OF ROADS FROM THE STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM WHEN A COUNTY, MUNICIPALITY, SCHOOL, OR OTHER GOVERNMENTAL AGENCY AGREES TO ACCEPT THE ROAD INTO ITS OWN HIGHWAY SYSTEM; AND TO REPEAL SECTION 57-5-90, RELATING TO BELT LINES AND SPURS.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
Senator GROOMS proposed the following amendment (103R002.LKG), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 2, by striking SECTION 2 in its entirety and inserting:
/ SECTION 2. A. Section 57-5-70 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 57-5-70. The department shall may take over and accept as a part of the state highway secondary system the roads remaining in the various county or municipal road systems which have been maintained by the respective counties, or so much mileage thereof as the availability of funds for construction of secondary state highways in a county may justify; provided, that municipal streets which are extensions of state highways may be added to the state highway secondary system in lieu of an equal mileage of county roads. that the department determines are necessary for the interconnectivity of the state highway system. The roads to be placed in the state highway system hereunder pursuant to this section shall be selected by the department with the consent of the county or municipality and a majority of the county's legislative delegation. Maintenance jurisdiction by the department of roads added to the state highway secondary system pursuant to the provisions of this section shall not commence until construction to state highway standards shall have started has been completed."
B. If any part of Section 57-5-70 is held invalid, unenforceable, or unconstitutional, then the entire section will be invalid./
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator GROOMS explained the amendment.
The amendment was adopted.
There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
Recorded Vote
Senators RYBERG and BRYANT desired to be recorded as voting in favor of the second reading of the Bill.
READ THE SECOND TIME
S. 317 (Word version) -- Senator Fair: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO SUSPEND THE PROVISIONS CONTAINED IN ACT 295 OF 2008, RELATING TO DENTAL TECHNOLOGICAL WORK, UNTIL JANUARY 1, 2010.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Joint Resolution, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Medical Affairs.
The Committee on Medical Affairs proposed the following amendment (S-317 AMENDMENT1), which was adopted:
Amend the joint resolution, as and if amended, by striking SECTION 1 in its entirety and inserting:
/ SECTION 1. The provisions contained in Act 295 of 2008, relating to dental technological work, are suspended until July 1, 2010./
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator FAIR explained the committee amendment.
The committee amendment was adopted.
There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
Recorded Vote
Senators RYBERG and BRYANT desired to be recorded as voting in favor of the second reading of the Bill.
CARRIED OVER
S. 461 (Word version) -- Medical Affairs Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CONSUMER AFFAIRS, RELATING TO LICENSING STANDARDS FOR CONTINUING CARE RETIREMENT COMMUNITIES, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 3204, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE.
On motion of Senator MASSEY, the Joint Resolution was carried over.
AMENDED, CARRIED OVER
S. 191 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell, Malloy, Campsen, Sheheen, Ford, Rose, Campbell and Knotts: A BILL TO ENACT THE SOUTH CAROLINA REDUCTION OF RECIDIVISM ACT OF 2009, TO PROVIDE LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS WITH ADDITIONAL AUTHORITY REDUCE RECIDIVISM RATES, APPREHEND CRIMINAL AND PROTECT POTENTIAL VICTIMS FROM CRIMINAL ENTERPRISES; TO PROVIDE THAT YOUTHFUL OFFENDERS AND OTHER INMATES MUST AGREE TO BE SUBJECT TO SEARCH OR SEIZURE WITH OR WITHOUT A SEARCH WARRANT AND WITH OR WITHOUT CAUSE AS A CONDITION OF RELEASE, SUPERVISED FURLOUGH, OR PAROLE. (ABBREVIATED TITLE)
Senator McCONNELL asked unanimous consent to take the Bill up for immediate consideration.
There was no objection.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
Senator McCONNELL asked unanimous consent to make a motion to take up further amendments pursuant to the provisions of Rule 26B.
There was no objection and Rule 26B was waived.
Senators McCONNELL and SCOTT proposed the following amendment (JUD0191.005), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting the following:
/ SECTION 1. This act may be cited as the "South Carolina Reduction of Recidivism Act of 2009". It is the intent of the General Assembly of South Carolina to provide law enforcement officers with the statutory authority to reduce recidivism rates of probationers and parolees, apprehend criminals, and protect potential victims from criminal enterprises.
SECTION 2. Section 63-19-1820(A)(1) of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"(A)(1) The Board of Juvenile Parole shall meet monthly and at other times as may be necessary to review the records and progress of juveniles committed to the custody of the Department of Juvenile Justice for the purpose of deciding the release or revocation of release of these juveniles. The board shall make periodic inspections, at least quarterly, of the records of these juveniles and may issue temporary and final discharges or release these juveniles conditionally and prescribe conditions for release into aftercare. Before a juvenile is conditionally released, the juvenile must agree in writing to be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, with or without cause, of the juvenile's person, any vehicle the juvenile owns or drives, and any of the juvenile's possessions by: (1) the juvenile's aftercare counselor; (2) any probation agent employed by the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services accompanied by a law enforcement officer; or (3) any other law enforcement officer. The residence of the juvenile shall be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, based on reasonable suspicions, and the juvenile must agree in writing that he shall notify the owner of the dwelling where he resides that it shall be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, based on reasonable suspicions. A juvenile must not be conditionally released by the parole board if he fails to comply with this provision.
A law enforcement officer conducting a search or seizure without a warrant pursuant to this subitem shall report to the law enforcement agency that employs him all of these searches or seizures, which shall include the name, address, age, gender, and race or ethnicity of the person that is the subject of the search or seizure. The law enforcement agency shall submit this information at the end of each month to the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services for review of abuse. A finding of abuse of the use of searches or seizures without a search warrant shall be reported by the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services to the State Law Enforcement Division for investigation."
SECTION 3. Section 63-19-1850(A) of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"(A) A juvenile who shall have been conditionally released from a correctional facility shall remain under the authority of the releasing entity until the expiration of the specified term imposed in the juvenile's conditional aftercare release. The specified period of conditional release may expire before but not after the twenty-first birthday of the juvenile. Each juvenile conditionally released is subject to the conditions and restrictions of the release and may at any time on the order of the releasing entity be returned to the custody of a correctional institution for violation of aftercare rules or conditions of release. The conditions of release must include the requirement that the juvenile parolee must permit the search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, with or without cause, of the juvenile parolee's person, any vehicle the juvenile parolee owns or drives, and any of the juvenile parolee's possessions by: (1) his aftercare counselor; (2) any probation agent employed by the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services accompanied by a law enforcement officer; or (3) any other law enforcement officer. The residence of the juvenile parolee shall be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, based on reasonable suspicions. A juvenile parolee must agree in writing that he shall notify the owner of the dwelling where he resides that it shall be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, based on reasonable suspicions.
By enacting this provision, the General Assembly intends to provide law enforcement with a means of reducing recidivism and does not authorize law enforcement officers to conduct searches for the sole purpose of harassment. A law enforcement officer conducting a search or seizure without a warrant pursuant to this subsection shall report to the law enforcement agency that employs him all of these searches or seizures, which shall include the name, address, age, gender, and race or ethnicity of the person that is the subject of the search or seizure. The law enforcement agency shall submit this information at the end of each month to the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services for review of abuse. A finding of abuse of the use of searches or seizures without a search warrant shall be reported by the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services to the State Law Enforcement Division for investigation."
SECTION 4. Section 24-19-110 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 24-19-110. The division may at any time after reasonable notice to the director release conditionally under supervision a committed youthful offender. Before a youthful offender may be conditionally released, the youthful offender must agree in writing to be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, with or without cause, of the youthful offender's person, any vehicle the youthful offender owns or drives, and any of the youthful offender's possessions by: (1) his supervisory agent; (2) any probation agent employed by the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services accompanied by a law enforcement officer; or (3) any other law enforcement officer. The residence of the youthful offender shall be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, based on reasonable suspicions, and the youthful offender must agree in writing that he shall notify the owner of the dwelling where he resides that it shall be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, based on reasonable suspicions. A youthful offender must not be conditionally released by the division if he fails to comply with this provision. When, in the judgment of the director, a committed youthful offender should be released conditionally under supervision, he shall so report and recommend to the division. The conditions of release must include the requirement that the youthful offender must permit the search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, with or without cause, of the youthful offender's person, any vehicle the youthful offender owns or drives, and any of the youthful offender's possessions by: (1) his supervisory agent; (2) any probation agent employed by the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services accompanied by a law enforcement officer; or (3) any other law enforcement officer. The youthful offender must permit the search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, based on reasonable suspicions, of his residence, and the youthful offender must agree in writing that he shall notify the owner of the dwelling where he resides that it shall be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, based on reasonable suspicions.
By enacting this provision, the General Assembly intends to provide law enforcement with a means of reducing recidivism and does not authorize law enforcement officers to conduct searches for the sole purpose of harassment. A law enforcement officer conducting a search or seizure without a warrant pursuant to this section shall report to the law enforcement agency that employs him all of these searches or seizures, which shall include the name, address, age, gender, and race or ethnicity of the person that is the subject of the search or seizure. The law enforcement agency shall submit this information at the end of each month to the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services for review of abuse. A finding of abuse of the use of searches or seizures without a search warrant shall be reported by the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services to the State Law Enforcement Division for investigation.
The division may regularly assess a reasonable fee to be paid by the youthful offender who is on conditional release to offset the cost of his supervision.
The division may discharge a committed youthful offender unconditionally at the expiration of one year from the date of conditional release."
SECTION 5. Section 24-13-710 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 24-13-710. The Department of Corrections and the Department of Probation, Parole, and Pardon Services shall jointly develop the policies, procedures, guidelines, and cooperative agreement for the implementation of a supervised furlough program which permits carefully screened and selected inmates who have served the mandatory minimum sentence as required by law or have not committed a violent crime as defined in Section 16-1-60, a 'no parole offense' as defined in Section 24-13-100, the crime of criminal sexual conduct in the third degree as defined in Section 16-3-654, or the crime of committing or attempting a lewd act upon a child under the age of fourteen as defined in Section 16-15-140 to be released on furlough prior to parole eligibility and under the supervision of state probation and parole agents with the privilege of residing in an approved residence and continuing treatment, training, or employment in the community until parole eligibility or expiration of sentence, whichever is earlier.
Before an inmate may be released on supervised furlough, the inmate must agree in writing to be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, with or without cause, of the inmate's person, any vehicle the inmate owns or drives, and any of the inmate's possessions by: (1) any probation agent employed by the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services accompanied by a law enforcement officer; or (2) any other law enforcement officer. The residence of the inmate shall be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, based on reasonable suspicions, and the inmate must agree in writing that he shall notify the owner of the dwelling where he resides that it shall be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, based on reasonable suspicions. An inmate must not be granted supervised furlough if he fails to comply with this provision.
The department and the Department of Probation, Parole, and Pardon Services shall assess a fee sufficient to cover the cost of the participant's supervision and any other financial obligations incurred because of his participation in the supervised furlough program as provided by this article. The two departments shall jointly develop and approve written guidelines for the program to include, but not be limited to, the selection criteria and process, requirements for supervision, conditions for participation, and removal.
The conditions for participation must include the requirement that the offender must permit the search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, with or without cause, of the offender's person, any vehicle the offender owns or drives, and any of the offender's possessions by: (1) any probation agent employed by the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services accompanied by a law enforcement officer; or (2) any other law enforcement officer. The residence of the offender shall be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, based on reasonable suspicions, and the offender must agree in writing that he shall notify the owner of the dwelling where he resides that it shall be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, based on reasonable suspicions.
By enacting this provision, the General Assembly intends to provide law enforcement with a means of reducing recidivism and does not authorize law enforcement officers to conduct searches for the sole purpose of harassment. A law enforcement officer conducting a search or seizure without a warrant pursuant to this section shall report to the law enforcement agency that employs him all of these searches or seizures, which shall include the name, address, age, gender, and race or ethnicity of the person that is the subject of the search or seizure. The law enforcement agency shall submit this information at the end of each month to the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services for review of abuse. A finding of abuse of the use of searches or seizures without a search warrant shall be reported by the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services to the State Law Enforcement Division for investigation.
The cooperative agreement between the two departments shall specify the responsibilities and authority for implementing and operating the program. Inmates approved and placed on the program must be under the supervision of agents of the Department of Probation, Parole, and Pardon Services who are responsible for ensuring the inmate's compliance with the rules, regulations, and conditions of the program as well as monitoring the inmate's employment and participation in any of the prescribed and authorized community-based correctional programs such as vocational rehabilitation, technical education, and alcohol/drug treatment. Eligibility criteria for the program include, but are not limited to, all of the following requirements:
(1) maintain a clear disciplinary record for at least six months prior to consideration for placement on the program;
(2) demonstrate to Department of Corrections' officials a general desire to become a law-abiding member of society;
(3) satisfy any other reasonable requirements imposed upon him by the Department of Corrections;
(4) have an identifiable need for and willingness to participate in authorized community-based programs and rehabilitative services;
(5) have been committed to the State Department of Corrections with a total sentence of five years or less as the first or second adult commitment for a criminal offense for which the inmate received a sentence of one year or more. The Department of Corrections shall notify victims pursuant to Article 15, Chapter 3, Title 16 as well as the sheriff's office of the place to be released before releasing inmates through any supervised furlough program. These requirements do not apply to the crimes referred to in this section."
SECTION 6. Section 24-13-720 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 24-13-720. Unless sentenced to life imprisonment, an inmate under the jurisdiction or control of the Department of Corrections who has not been convicted of a violent crime under the provisions of Section 16-1-60 or a 'no parole offense' as defined in Section 24-13-100 may, within six months of the expiration of his sentence, be placed with the program provided for in Section 24-13-710 and is subject to every rule, regulation, and condition of the program. Before an inmate may be released on supervised furlough, the inmate must agree in writing to be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, with or without cause, of the inmate's person, any vehicle the inmate owns or drives, and any of the inmate's possessions by: (1) any probation agent employed by the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services accompanied by a law enforcement officer; or (2) any other law enforcement officer. The residence of the inmate shall be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, based on reasonable suspicions, and the inmate must agree in writing that he shall notify the owner of the dwelling where he resides that it shall be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, based on reasonable suspicions. An inmate must not be granted supervised furlough if he fails to comply with this provision.
The conditions for participation must include the requirement that the offender must permit the search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, with or without cause, of the inmate's person, any vehicle the inmate owns or drives, and any of the inmate's possessions by: (1) any probation agent employed by the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services accompanied by a law enforcement officer; or (2) any other law enforcement officer. An inmate must also agree that his residence shall be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, based on reasonable suspicions, and he must agree in writing that he shall notify the owner of the dwelling where he resides that it shall be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, based on reasonable suspicions.
By enacting this provision, the General Assembly intends to provide law enforcement with a means of reducing recidivism and does not authorize law enforcement officers to conduct searches for the sole purpose of harassment. A law enforcement officer conducting a search or seizure without a warrant pursuant to this section shall report to the law enforcement agency that employs him all of these searches or seizures, which shall include the name, address, age, gender, and race or ethnicity of the person that is the subject of the search or seizure. The law enforcement agency shall submit this information at the end of each month to the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services for review of abuse. A finding of abuse of the use of searches or seizures without a search warrant shall be reported by the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services to the State Law Enforcement Division for investigation.
No inmate otherwise eligible under the provisions of this section for placement with the program may be so placed unless he has qualified under the selection criteria and process authorized by the provisions of Section 24-13-710. He must also have maintained a clear disciplinary record for at least six months prior to eligibility for placement with the program."
SECTION 7. Subsections (D) and (E) of Section 24-13-1330 of the 1976 Code are amended to read:
"(D) An applicant may not participate in a program unless he agrees to be bound by all of its terms and conditions and indicates this agreement by signing the following:
'I accept the foregoing program and agree to be bound by its terms and conditions. I understand that my participation in the program is a privilege that may be revoked at the sole discretion of the director. I understand that I shall complete the entire program successfully to obtain a certificate of earned eligibility upon the completion of the program, and if I do not complete the program successfully, for any reason, I will be transferred to a nonshock incarceration correctional facility to continue service of my sentence.'
Before an inmate may be released on parole, the inmate must agree in writing to be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, with or without cause, of the inmate's person, any vehicle the inmate owns or drives, and any of the inmate's possessions by: (1) any probation agent employed by the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services accompanied by a law enforcement officer; or (2) any other law enforcement officer. The residence of a shock incarceration inmate shall be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, based on reasonable suspicions, and he must also agree in writing that he shall notify the owner of the dwelling where he resides that it shall be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, based on reasonable suspicions. A shock incarceration inmate must not be granted parole release by the department if he fails to comply with this provision.
A law enforcement officer conducting a search or seizure without a warrant pursuant to this section shall report to the law enforcement agency that employs him all of these searches or seizures, which shall include the name, address, age, gender, and race or ethnicity of the person that is the subject of the search or seizure. The law enforcement agency shall submit this information at the end of each month to the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services for review of abuse. A finding of abuse of the use of searches or seizures without a search warrant shall be reported by the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services to the State Law Enforcement Division for investigation.
(E) An inmate who has completed a shock incarceration program successfully is eligible to receive a certificate of earned eligibility and must be granted parole release if the inmate has executed the agreements described in subsection (D) of this section. The conditions of parole must include the requirement that the parolee must permit the search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, with or without cause, of the parolee's person, any vehicle the parolee owns or drives, and any of the parolee's possessions by: (1) any probation agent employed by the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services accompanied by a law enforcement officer; or (2) any other law enforcement officer. The residence of the parolee shall be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, based on reasonable suspicions, and he must also agree in writing that he shall notify the owner of the dwelling where he resides that it shall be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, based on reasonable suspicions.
By enacting this provision, the General Assembly intends to provide law enforcement with a means of reducing recidivism and does not authorize law enforcement officers to conduct searches for the sole purpose of harassment. A law enforcement officer conducting a search or seizure without a warrant pursuant to this section shall report to the law enforcement agency that employs him all of these searches or seizures, which shall include the name, address, age, gender, and race or ethnicity of the person that is the subject of the search or seizure. The law enforcement agency shall submit this information at the end of each month to the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services for review of abuse. A finding of abuse of the use of searches or seizures without a search warrant shall be reported by the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services to the State Law Enforcement Division for investigation."
SECTION 8. Section 24-21-410 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 24-21-410. After conviction or plea for any offense, except a crime punishable by death or life imprisonment, the judge of a court of record with criminal jurisdiction at the time of sentence may suspend the imposition or the execution of a sentence and place the defendant on probation or may impose a fine and also place the defendant on probation. Probation is a form of clemency. Before a defendant may be placed on probation, he must agree in writing to be subject to a search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, based on reasonable suspicions of the defendant's person, any vehicle the defendant owns or drives, and any of the defendant's possessions by: (1) any probation agent employed by the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services accompanied by a law enforcement officer; or (2) any other law enforcement officer. The residence of the defendant shall be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, based on reasonable suspicions, and he must also agree in writing that he shall notify the owner of the dwelling where he resides that it shall be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, based on reasonable suspicions. A defendant must not be placed on probation by the court if he fails to comply with this provision and instead shall be required to serve the suspended portion of the defendant's sentence.
A law enforcement officer conducting a search or seizure without a warrant pursuant to this section shall report to the law enforcement agency that employs him all of these searches or seizures, which shall include the name, address, age, gender, and race or ethnicity of the person that is the subject of the search or seizure. The law enforcement agency shall submit this information at the end of each month to the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services for review of abuse. A finding of abuse of the use of searches or seizures without a search warrant shall be reported by the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services to the State Law Enforcement Division for investigation."
SECTION 9. The first unnumbered paragraph of Section 24-21-430 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 24-21-430. The court may impose by order duly entered and may at any time modify the conditions of probation and may include among them any of the following or any other condition not prohibited in this section; however, the conditions imposed must include the requirement that the probationer must permit the search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, based on reasonable suspicions of the probationer's person, any vehicle the probationer owns or drives, and any of the probationer's possessions by: (1) any probation agent employed by the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services accompanied by a law enforcement officer; or (2) any other law enforcement officer. The residence of the probationer shall be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, based on reasonable suspicions, and the probationer must also agree in writing that he shall notify the owner of the dwelling where he resides that it shall be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, based on reasonable suspicions.
By enacting this provision, the General Assembly intends to provide law enforcement with a means of reducing recidivism and does not authorize law enforcement officers to conduct searches for the sole purpose of harassment. A law enforcement officer conducting a search or seizure without a warrant pursuant to this section shall report to the law enforcement agency that employs him all of these searches or seizures, which shall include the name, address, age, gender, and race or ethnicity of the person that is the subject of the search or seizure. The law enforcement agency shall submit this information at the end of each month to the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services for review of abuse. A finding of abuse of the use of searches or seizures without a search warrant shall be reported by the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services to the State Law Enforcement Division for investigation.
To effectively supervise probationers, the director shall develop policies and procedures for imposing conditions of supervision on probationers. These conditions may enhance but must not diminish court imposed conditions."
SECTION 10. Section 24-21-560(B) of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"(B) A community supervision program operated by the Department of Probation, Parole, and Pardon Services must last no more than two continuous years. The period of time a prisoner is required to participate in a community supervision program and the individual terms and conditions of a prisoner's participation shall be at the discretion of the department based upon guidelines developed by the director; however, the conditions of participation must include the requirement that the offender must permit the search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, with or without cause, of the offender's person, any vehicle the offender owns or drives, and any of the offender's possessions by: (1) any probation agent employed by the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services accompanied by a law enforcement officer; or (2) any other law enforcement officer. The residence of the offender shall be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, based on reasonable suspicions, and the offender must also agree in writing that he shall notify the owner of the dwelling where he resides that it shall be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, based on reasonable suspicions.
By enacting this provision, the General Assembly intends to provide law enforcement with a means of reducing recidivism and does not authorize law enforcement officers to conduct searches for the sole purpose of harassment. A law enforcement officer conducting a search or seizure without a warrant pursuant to this subsection shall report to the law enforcement agency that employs him all of these searches or seizures, which shall include the name, address, age, gender, and race or ethnicity of the person that is the subject of the search or seizure. The law enforcement agency shall submit this information at the end of each month to the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services for review of abuse. A finding of abuse of the use of searches or seizures without a search warrant shall be reported by the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services to the State Law Enforcement Division for investigation.
A prisoner participating in a community supervision program must be supervised by a probation agent of the department. The department must determine when a prisoner completes a community supervision program, violates a term of community supervision, fails to participate in a program satisfactorily, or whether a prisoner should appear before the court for revocation of the community supervision program."
SECTION 11. Section 24-21-640 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 24-21-640. The board must carefully consider the record of the prisoner before, during, and after imprisonment, and no such prisoner may be paroled until it appears to the satisfaction of the board: that the prisoner has shown a disposition to reform; that, in the future he will probably obey the law and lead a correct life; that by his conduct he has merited a lessening of the rigors of his imprisonment; that the interest of society will not be impaired thereby; and, that suitable employment has been secured for him.
Before an inmate may be released on parole, he must agree in writing to be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, with or without cause, of the inmate's person, any vehicle the inmate owns or drives, and any of the inmate's possessions by: (1) any probation agent employed by the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services accompanied by a law enforcement officer; or (2) any other law enforcement officer. The residence of the inmate shall be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, based on reasonable suspicions, and he must also agree in writing that he shall notify the owner of the dwelling where he resides that it shall be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, based on reasonable suspicions. An inmate must not be granted parole release by the board if he fails to comply with this provision.
A law enforcement officer conducting a search or seizure without a warrant pursuant to this section shall report to the law enforcement agency that employs him all of these searches or seizures, which shall include the name, address, age, gender, and race or ethnicity of the person that is the subject of the search or seizure. The law enforcement agency shall submit this information at the end of each month to the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services for review of abuse. A finding of abuse of the use of searches or seizures without a search warrant shall be reported by the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services to the State Law Enforcement Division for investigation.
The board must establish written, specific criteria for the granting of parole and provisional parole. This criteria must reflect all of the aspects of this section and include a review of a prisoner's disciplinary and other records. The criteria must be made available to all prisoners at the time of their incarceration and the general public. The paroled prisoner must, as often as may be required, render a written report to the board giving that information as may be required by the board which must be confirmed by the person in whose employment the prisoner may be at the time. The board must not grant parole nor is parole authorized to any prisoner serving a sentence for a second or subsequent conviction, following a separate sentencing for a prior conviction, for violent crimes as defined in Section 16-1-60. Provided that where more than one included offense shall be committed within a one-day period or pursuant to one continuous course of conduct, such multiple offenses must be treated for purposes of this section as one offense.
Any part or all of a prisoner's in-prison disciplinary records and, with the prisoner's consent, records involving all awards, honors, earned work credits and educational credits, are subject to the Freedom of Information Act as contained in Chapter 4 of Title 30."
SECTION 12. Section 24-21-645 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 24-21-645. The board may issue an order authorizing the parole which must be signed either by a majority of its members or by all three members meeting as a parole panel on the case ninety days prior to the effective date of the parole; however, at least two-thirds of the members of the board must authorize and sign orders authorizing parole for persons convicted of a violent crime as defined in Section 16-1-60. A provisional parole order shall include the terms and conditions, if any, to be met by the prisoner during the provisional period and terms and conditions, if any, to be met upon parole.
The conditions of parole must include the requirement that the parolee must permit the search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, with or without cause, of the parolee's person, any vehicle the parolee owns or drives, and any of the parolee's possessions by: (1) any probation agent employed by the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services accompanied by a law enforcement officer; or (2) any other law enforcement officer. The residence of the parolee shall be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, based on reasonable suspicions, and he must also agree in writing that he shall notify the owner of the dwelling where he resides that it shall be subject to search or seizure, with or without a search warrant, based on reasonable suspicions.
By enacting this provision, the General Assembly intends to provide law enforcement with a means of reducing recidivism and does not authorize law enforcement officers to conduct searches for the sole purpose of harassment. A law enforcement officer conducting a search or seizure without a warrant pursuant to this section shall report to the law enforcement agency that employs him all of these searches or seizures, which shall include the name, address, age, gender, and race or ethnicity of the person that is the subject of the search or seizure. The law enforcement agency shall submit this information at the end of each month to the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services for review of abuse. A finding of abuse of the use of searches or seizures without a search warrant shall be reported by the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services to the State Law Enforcement Division for investigation.
Upon satisfactory completion of the provisional period, the director or one lawfully acting for him must issue an order which, if accepted by the prisoner, shall provide for his release from custody. However, upon a negative determination of parole, prisoners in confinement for a violent crime as defined in Section 16-1-60 must have their cases reviewed every two years for the purpose of a determination of parole, except that prisoners who are eligible for parole pursuant to Section 16-25-90, and who are subsequently denied parole must have their cases reviewed every twelve months for the purpose of a determination of parole. This section applies retroactively to a prisoner who has had a parole hearing pursuant to Section 16-25-90 prior to the effective date of this act."
SECTION 13. The repeal or amendment by the provisions of any law, whether temporary or permanent or civil or criminal, does not affect pending actions, rights, duties, or liabilities founded thereon, or alter, discharge, release or extinguish any penalty, forfeiture, or liability incurred under the repealed or amended law, unless the repealed or amended provision shall so expressly provide. After the effective date of this act, all laws repealed or amended by this act must be taken and treated as remaining in full force and effect for the purpose of sustaining any pending or vested right, civil action, special proceeding, criminal prosecution, or appeal existing as of the effective date of this act, and for the enforcement of rights, duties, penalties, forfeitures, and liabilities as they stood under the repealed or amended laws.
SECTION 14. If any section, subsection, item, subitem, paragraph, subparagraph, sentence, clause, phrase, or word of this act is for any reason held to be unconstitutional or invalid, such holding shall not affect the constitutionality or validity of the remaining portions of this act, the General Assembly hereby declaring that it would have passed this act, and each and every section, subsection, item, subitem, paragraph, subparagraph, sentence, clause, phrase, and word thereof, irrespective of the fact that any one or more other sections, subsections, items, subitems, paragraphs, subparagraphs, sentences, clauses, phrases, or words hereof may be declared to be unconstitutional, invalid, or otherwise ineffective.
SECTION 15. This act takes effect upon approval by the Governor. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator McCONNELL explained the amendment.
The amendment was adopted.
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, the Bill was carried over, as amended.
THE CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED CALENDAR HAVING BEEN COMPLETED, THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE MOTION PERIOD.
On motion of Senator L. MARTIN, the Senate agreed to dispense with the Motion Period.
THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE INTERRUPTED DEBATE.
COMMITTEE AMENDMENT AMENDED AND ADOPTED
AMENDED, READ THE SECOND TIME
RETURNED TO THE SPECIAL ORDER CALENDAR
S. 12 (Word version) -- Senators Leatherman, Alexander, O'Dell, Cleary, Leventis, Elliott, Lourie, Malloy, Setzler, Ford and Rankin: A BILL TO ESTABLISH THE SOUTH CAROLINA TAXATION REALIGNMENT COMMISSION, TO PROVIDE FOR THE COMMISSION'S MEMBERSHIP, POWERS, DUTIES, AND RESPONSIBILITIES, TO PROVIDE THAT THE COMMISSION MUST CONDUCT A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF THE STATE'S TAX SYSTEM AND SUBMIT A REPORT OF ITS RECOMMENDED CHANGES TO FURTHER THE GOAL OF MAINTAINING AND ENHANCING THE STATE AS AN OPTIMUM COMPETITOR IN THE EFFORT TO ATTRACT BUSINESSES AND INDIVIDUALS TO LOCATE, LIVE, WORK, AND INVEST IN THE STATE, AND TO PROVIDE FOR PROCEDURES GOVERNING THE CONSIDERATION OF LEGISLATION RESULTING FROM THE COMMISSION'S RECOMMENDATIONS.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Finance.
Senator LEATHERMAN spoke on the Bill.
Senator LEATHERMAN asked unanimous consent to make a motion to take up for immediate consideration Amendment No. P-2A.
There was no objection.
Amendment No. P-2A
Senators LEATHERMAN, PEELER, and L. MARTIN proposed the following Amendment P-2A (12FIN010), which was adopted:
Amend the committee amendment, as and if amended, page [12-4], by striking line 7 and inserting:
/ After reviewing the adequacy, equity, and efficiency of the state's revenue structure, the commission's report may recommend that no changes are necessary if it determines that such findings are warranted. Following the report and recommendation required by /
Amend the committee amendment further, as and if amended, pages [12-4] and [12-5], by striking subsections (D) and (E) and inserting:
/ (D) The text of any amending language pursuant to subsection (C)(2) shall be delivered to the Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, the Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, and upon request, to any member of the General Assembly. Should the text of the amending language recommended by the commission be filed as a bill in its entirety, an amendment that seeks to add, delete, or substantively change the bill may only be adopted by a majority of the membership of the respective house of the General Assembly. Additionally, any dispositive action on the bill including, but not limited to, being given second and third reading, concurrence in an amendment, and adoption of a conference report, may only be taken by at least a majority vote of the membership of the respective house of the General Assembly.
(E) Further legislative recommendations made by the commission shall be delivered to the Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee and the Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, respectively. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator LEATHERMAN explained the amendment.
ACTING PRESIDENT PRESIDES
At 2:32 P.M., Senator L. MARTIN assumed the Chair.
The amendment was adopted.
Senator SETZLER asked unanimous consent to make a motion to take up Amendment No. P-9 for immediate consideration.
There was no objection.
Amendment No. P-9
Senators SETZLER, KNOTTS, and LEATHERMAN proposed the following Amendment No. P-9 (TAXREAL4), which was adopted:
Amend the Committee Report, as and if amended, in SECTION 1, on page [12-4], by striking line 19 and inserting:
/ limitation, local millages, and fee in lieu of taxes agreements; however, local taxes do not include the exemption of owner-occupied residential property as provided in Section 12-37-220(B)(47). /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator SETZLER explained the amendment.
The amendment was adopted.
Amendment No. P-1A
Senator BRYANT proposed the following Amendment No. P-1A (12R001.KLB), which was laid on the table:
Amend the Committee Report, as and if amended, page [12-4], by inserting after line 22:
/ Any recommendation of the commission must not result in a total net gain in either state or local tax revenue.
The commission must forward its recommendation to the Department of Revenue that must prepare a revenue impact detailing the sources of revenue at the state and local levels the commission recommends should be increased or decreased, the projected amount of increase or decrease to each source of revenue, and the net gain or loss of total revenue at both the state and local level that would result from the recommendation. The report must be attached to any legislative recommendation made by the commission prior to it being submitted to any member of the General Assembly. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator BRYANT explained the amendment.
Senator LEVENTIS spoke on the amendment.
Senator LEATHERMAN moved to lay the amendment on the table.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 20; Nays 19
AYES
Alexander Cleary Coleman
Cromer Ford Hutto
Jackson Land Leatherman
Leventis Lourie Malloy
McGill Nicholson O'Dell
Reese Scott Setzler
Sheheen Williams
Total--20
NAYS
Bright Bryant Campbell
Courson Davis Elliott
Fair Knotts Martin, L.
Martin, S. Massey McConnell
Mulvaney Peeler Rankin
Ryberg Shoopman Thomas
Verdin
Total--19
The amendment was laid on the table.
Amendment No. P-3
Senators SETZLER, LEATHERMAN, SHEHEEN and LOURIE proposed the following Amendment No. P-3 (TAXREAL3), which was adopted:
Amend the Committee Report, as and if amended, in SECTION 1, on page [12-3], by striking line 34 and inserting:
/ (2) no later than March 15, 2010, prepare and deliver a /
Amend the Committee Report further, as and if amended, in SECTION 1, on page [12-3], by striking line 27 and inserting:
/ criteria to the General Assembly within three months of the effective /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator SETZLER explained the amendment.
The amendment was adopted.
Amendment No. P-4
Senator LEATHERMAN proposed the following Amendment No. P-4 (12FIN008), which was adopted:
Amend the committee amendment, as and if amended, page [12-1], by striking line 41 and inserting:
/ or business. Members of the commission must have been a resident of South Carolina since January 1, 1997. /
Amend the committee amendment further, as and if amended, page [12-3], by striking line 9 and inserting:
/ 1997, nor anyone who has not been a resident of South Carolina since January 1, 1997, is eligible to be selected as director. The director shall act as /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
The amendment was adopted.
Amendment No. P-5
Senator RYBERG proposed the following Amendment No. P-5 (JUD0012.003), which was laid on the table:
Amend the Committee Report as and if amended, page 12-5, by adding the following after line 4:
/ (F) The members, director and staff of the South Carolina Tax Realignment Commission must maintain a written log of all verbal or written communication with the Governor or his staff about any potential action by the Tax Realignment Commission or one of its members, the director, or its staff related to the execution of its duties prior to or during the preparation and delivery of its report. The log will include the identity of the person or persons involved in the communication, the date and time of the communication, and the reason for the subject matter discussed during the communication. The written log required by this section is a public record for purposes of Section 30-1-10, et seq. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator RYBERG explained the amendment.
Senator LEATHERMAN moved to lay the amendment on the table.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 22; Nays 16
AYES
Alexander Anderson Cromer
Ford Hutto Jackson
Knotts Land Leatherman
Leventis Lourie Malloy
Martin, L. McConnell McGill
Nicholson O'Dell Peeler
Reese Scott Setzler
Williams
Total--22
NAYS
Bright Bryant Cleary
Courson Davis Elliott
Fair Martin, S. Massey
Mulvaney Rankin Ryberg
Sheheen Shoopman Thomas
Verdin
Total--16
The amendment was laid on the table.
Amendment No. P-6
Senator RYBERG proposed the following Amendment No. P-6 (JUD0012.004), which was laid on the table:
Amend the Committee Report as and if amended, page 12-5, by adding the following after line 4:
/ (F) The members, director and staff of the South Carolina Tax Realignment Commission must maintain a written log of all verbal or written communication with a member or staff of the General Assembly, a lobbyist or lobbyist principal, or any state or local public official or staff member about any potential action by the Tax Realignment Commission or one of its members, the director, or its staff related to the execution of its duties prior to or during the preparation and delivery of its report. The log will include the identity of the person making the contact, the date and time of the contact, and the reason for the subject matter discussed during the contact. The written log required by this section is a public record for purposes of Section 30-1-10, et seq. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator RYBERG explained the amendment.
Senator McCONNELL moved to lay the amendment on the table.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 24; Nays 16
AYES
Anderson Campbell Cromer
Ford Grooms Hutto
Jackson Knotts Land
Leatherman Leventis Lourie
Malloy Martin, L. McConnell
McGill Nicholson O'Dell
Peeler Rankin Reese
Scott Setzler Williams
Total--24
NAYS
Alexander Bright Bryant
Cleary Courson Davis
Elliott Fair Martin, S.
Massey Mulvaney Ryberg
Sheheen Shoopman Thomas
Verdin
Total--16
The amendment was laid on the table.
Amendment No. P-7A
Senator BRYANT proposed the following Amendment No. P-7A (12R008.KLB), which was adopted:
Amend the Committee Report, as and if amended, page [12-4], by inserting after line 22:
/ The commission must forward its recommendation to the Board of Economic Advisors that must prepare a revenue impact detailing the sources of revenue at the state and local level the commission recommends should be increased or decreased, the projected amount of increase or decrease to each source of revenue, and the net gain or loss of total revenue at both the state and local level that would result from the recommendation. The report must be attached to any legislative recommendation made by the commission prior to it being submitted to any member of the General Assembly. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator BRYANT explained the amendment.
Senator BRYANT moved that the amendment be adopted.
The amendment was adopted.
Amendment No. P-8
Senator SHOOPMAN proposed the following Amendment No. P-8 (MS\7221AHB09), which was adopted:
Amend the committee amendment, as and if amended, by deleting subsections (D) and (E), as contained in SECTION 1, pages 12-4 and 12-5, and inserting:
/ (D) The text of any amending language pursuant to subsection (C)(2) must be delivered to the Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, the Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, and upon request, to any member of the General Assembly.
(E) Further legislative recommendations made by the commission must be delivered to the Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, the Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, and upon request, to any member of the General Assembly. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator SHOOPMAN explained the amendment.
Senator VERDIN spoke on the amendment.
The amendment was adopted.
Amendment No. P-10
Senators DAVIS and SHEHEEN proposed the following Amendment No. P-10 (BBM\9195AHB09), which was adopted:
Amend the committee report, as and if amended, by deleting subsection (C)(2)(c), as contained in SECTION 1, page 12-4, lines 5 and 6, and inserting:
/ (c) any fee, fine, license, forfeiture, or Other Funds. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator DAVIS explained the amendment.
The amendment was adopted.
The question then was the adoption of the committee amendment, as perfected.
The Committee on Finance proposed the following amendment (12FIN007), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting:
/ SECTION 1. (A) There is created the South Carolina Taxation Realignment Commission to be comprised of eleven members appointed as follows:
(1) one member each appointed by the President Pro Tempore of the Senate, the Senate Finance Committee Chairman, the Senate Majority Leader, and the Senate Minority Leader;
(2) one member each appointed by the Speaker of the House, the House Ways and Means Committee Chairman, the House Majority Leader, and the House Minority Leader;
(3) two members appointed by the Governor; and
(4) the Director of the Department of Revenue, to serve ex officio.
Members of the General Assembly may not be appointed to the commission. Members of the commission must have substantial academic or professional experience or specialization in one or more areas of public finance, government budgeting and administration, tax administration, economics, accounting, tax law, or business.
No member of the commission may enter upon his official responsibilities with the commission unless he has filed a statement of economic interests in accordance with the provisions of Article 11, Chapter 13, Title 8, with the State Ethics Commission.
(B) The members of the commission:
(1) must meet as soon as practicable after appointment and organize itself by electing one of its members as chairman and such other officers as the commission may consider necessary. Thereafter, the commission must meet as necessary to fulfill the duties required by this joint resolution at the call of the chairman or by a majority of the members. A quorum consists of six members. The commission may engage or employ staff or consultants as may be necessary and prudent to assist the commission in the performance of its duties and responsibilities. Any staff or consultants must possess an academic background or substantial career experience in one or more fields including, but not limited to, economics, government budgeting and administration, urban and regional economic development, economic forecasting, state and local public finance, or business;
(2) shall serve without compensation, but are allowed the usual per diem and mileage as provided by law for members of boards, commissions, and committees while on official business to be paid by the member's appointing entity. Staffs of the Senate Finance Committee and the House Ways and Means Committee shall be available to assist the commission in its work. Any other expenses incurred by the commission shall be paid equally from each respective house's approved account subject to the approval of the respective Operations and Management Committees;
(3) select and employ a staff director and is authorized to select and employ such other staff as may be prudent to assist the commission in the performance of its duties and responsibilities. The staff director shall be chosen solely on the grounds of fitness to perform the duties of the position and must possess:
(a) a Masters Degree from an accredited college or university, or a Baccalaureate Degree from an accredited college or university and have obtained professional experience equivalent to a Masters Degree;
(b) at least five years of experience in a public, private, or governmental position at the managerial level; and
(c) an academic background or substantial career experience in one or more of the following fields:
(i) economics;
(ii) government budgeting and administration;
(iii) urban and regional economic development;
(iv) economic forecasting; or
(v) state and local public finance.
No member of the General Assembly, nor anyone who has been a member of the General Assembly, nor anyone employed by the General Assembly since January 1, 1997, nor anyone who has been a lobbyist, as defined in Section 2-17-10(13), since January 1, 1997, is eligible to be selected as director. The director shall act as secretary for the commission and shall, with the approval of the commission, have authority to contract for experts, consultants, and such other assistance as may be necessary to carry out the duties of the commission. Subject to funding by the General Assembly, the director shall be paid equally from the approved account of each house of the General Assembly, subject to the approval of the respective Operations and Management Committees; and
(4) unless authorized by a further or subsequent enactment, conclude the commission's business and dissolve the commission effective January 1, 2015. The General Assembly may extend the dates by which the commission must submit reports required by this joint resolution.
(C) The duties of the commission shall be to:
(1) develop criteria for assessing the effectiveness of the current tax system structure, as well as the likely systemic impact of any proposed changes affecting tax revenues and report the criteria to the General Assembly within six months of the effective date of this joint resolution, provided that all such criteria must be designed with an emphasis on the systemic balance of the state's revenue structure from the standpoint of adequacy, equity, and efficiency and with the goal of maintaining and enhancing the State as an optimum competitor in efforts to attract businesses and individuals to locate, live, work, and invest in the State; and
(2) no later than February 25, 2011, prepare and deliver a report and recommendation to the Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee and the Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, including the text of an amendment that effectuates the recommendations. The commission's report must be a detailed, comprehensive, and careful evaluation of the state's tax system structure. The commission's report shall consider:
(a) sales and use tax exemptions or limitations to be retained, modified, or repealed;
(b) the assessment of state and local taxes levied and other provisions affecting state and local revenue to fund the operation and responsibilities of state and local government, respectively; and
(c) at the discretion of the commission, any fee, fine, or forfeiture.
Following the report and recommendation required by subsection (C)(2), the commission shall continue studying the subjects identified in subsection (C)(2). The commission may make further legislative recommendations at any time. Also, the commission must submit a report to the Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee and the Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee on August first and February first of each year detailing the commission's progress and points of focus.
For purposes of the scope of the commission's study, local taxes are defined as local levies related to ad valorem taxation, including, but not limited to, assessment ratios, classification and valuation of property, assessable transfers of interest, valuation limitation, local millages, and fee in lieu of taxes agreements.
The commission's report may not recommend any action that would nullify any existing agreement entered into by a local government.
(D) The text of the amending language required in subsection (C)(2) must be delivered to the Code Commissioner who must take steps to prepare the substance of the amendment to be enrolled and engrossed in the Code of Laws with the provisions of the amendment to take effect January 1, 2012, if the report is approved by enactment of a joint resolution which deals exclusively with the single subject and question of approval of the report and the associated amendment, in its entirety. The legislation containing the amendment to enact the recommendations of the report made by the commission must be introduced in both houses by the Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee and the Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee. An amendment is germane to legislation recommended by the commission only if the amendment seeks to make a technical change necessary to effectuate the purpose of the particular provision to be amended. An amendment that seeks to add, delete, or substantively change a recommendation or other provision affecting state revenue included in any legislation recommended by the commission may only be adopted or concurred in by a three-fifths majority of those present and voting in each respective house.
(E) Further legislative recommendations made by the commission must be introduced in both houses by the Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee and the Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, respectively.
SECTION 2. Act 388 of 2006 is amended by repealing SECTION 1 of Part V, which reads:
"SECTION 1. (A) The sales tax exemptions in Section 12-36-2120 of the 1976 Code shall be reviewed by the General Assembly not later than its 2010 Session and thereafter as the General Assembly deems appropriate but not later than its session every ten years after the first review.
(B)(1) There is established the Joint Sales Tax Exemptions Review Committee composed of seven members; three of whom must be members of the Senate appointed by the Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, one of whom must be a member of the minority party; three of whom must be members of the House of Representatives appointed by the Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, one of whom must be a member of the minority party; and one of whom must be the Governor or the Governor's appointee who shall serve at the Governor's pleasure. The committee shall elect a chairman and vice chairman from among its members. All legislative members shall serve ex officio. The committee shall assist the General Assembly in performing its duties under the provisions of subsection (A) in addition to its duties required by this subsection.
(2) In carrying out its responsibilities under this act, the committee shall:
(a) make a detailed and careful study of the state's sales tax exemptions, comparing South Carolina laws to other states;
(b) publish a comparison of the state's sales tax exemptions to other states' laws;
(c) recommend changes, and recommend introduction of legislation when appropriate;
(d) submit reports and recommendations annually to the Governor and the General Assembly regarding sales tax exemptions.
(3) In carrying out its responsibilities under this act, the committee may:
(a) hold public hearings;
(b) receive testimony of any employee of the State or any other witness who may assist the committee in its duties;
(c) call for assistance in the performance of its duties from any employee or agency of the State.
(4) The committee may adopt by majority vote rules not inconsistent with this act that it considers proper with respect to matters relating to the discharge of its duties under this section. Professional and clerical services for the committee must be made available from the staffs of the General Assembly, the State Budget and Control Board, and the Department of Revenue. The members of the committee may not receive mileage, per diem, subsistence, or any form of compensation for their service on the committee."
SECTION 3. This act takes effect upon approval by the Governor./
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Amendment No. 5
Senator MULVANEY proposed the following Amendment No. 5 (12R009.VAS), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, SECTION 1, by adding an appropriately numbered paragraph to read:
/ ( ) Commission members shall not receive information regarding the business of the commission from a lobbyist except through formal presentation to the commission at a meeting called in compliance with Section 30-4-10, et seq. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator MULVANEY explained the amendment.
Senator HUTTO spoke on the amendment.
The amendment was adopted.
The question then was the second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 38; Nays 2
AYES
Alexander Anderson Bright
Bryant Campbell Cleary
Coleman Cromer Davis
Elliott Fair Ford
Grooms Hutto Jackson
Knotts Land Leatherman
Leventis Lourie Malloy
Martin, L. Martin, S. Massey
McConnell McGill Mulvaney
Nicholson Peeler Rankin
Reese Scott Setzler
Sheheen Shoopman Thomas
Verdin Williams
Total--38
NAYS
Courson Ryberg
Total--2
The Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
The Bill was returned to the Special Order Calendar.
Statement by Senator RYBERG
I voted against second reading of S. 12 because the Bill contains no prohibition against a recommendation by the proposed commission for a tax increase. I will not sanction a body that will contemplate a tax increase on South Carolinians. The problem with our tax code is not that it generates too little revenue, and I will not endorse any suggestion that our problem is a lack of money in Columbia.
On motion of Senators HAYES, ALEXANDER, ANDERSON, BRIGHT, BRYANT, CAMPBELL, CAMPSEN, CLEARY, COLEMAN, COURSON, CROMER, DAVIS, ELLIOTT, FAIR, FORD, GROOMS, HUTTO, JACKSON, KNOTTS, LAND, LEATHERMAN, LEVENTIS, LOURIE, MALLOY, L. MARTIN, S. MARTIN, MASSEY, MATTHEWS, McCONNELL, McGILL, MULVANEY, NICHOLSON, O'DELL, PEELER, PINCKNEY, RANKIN, REESE, ROSE, RYBERG, SCOTT, SETZLER, SHEHEEN, SHOOPMAN, THOMAS, VERDIN and WILLIAMS, with unanimous consent, the Senate stood adjourned out of respect to the memory of Mrs. Suzanne "Sue" Selikowitz Kirsh of Clover, S.C., beloved wife of our colleague and friend, Representative Herb Kirsh.
and | 2014-11-29T08:50:34 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3043980598449707, "perplexity": 4832.983458470397}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931014329.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155654-00157-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://gea.esac.esa.int/archive/documentation/GEDR3/Data_processing/chap_cu6spe/sec_cu6spe_procsteps/ssec_cu6spe_mta.html | # 6.4.8 Multi-transit analysis
Multi-transit analysis receives single-transit radial velocities and their uncertainties from STA (see Section 6.4.7). The STA Gaia-centric radial velocities are converted to barycentric by adding their barycentric radial velocity correction, which can range from $+30$ km s${}^{-1}$ to $-30$ km s${}^{-1}$ as a function of Gaia’s six hour revolution (Figure 6.6).
The radial velocities $V_{\rm rad}$ published in Gaia DR2 are obtained by taking the median of the STA barycentric single-transit radial velocities $(V_{\rm rad}^{\rm t})$ (Equation 6.1). $V_{\rm rad}$ is computed only if the number of transits $N$ for which a valid $V_{\rm rad}^{\rm t}$ has been obtained is $N\geq 2$ (when $N=2$ the mean value is computed). Not all the transits entering the pipeline result in a $V_{\rm rad}^{\rm t}$. Some transits have been removed from the pipeline upstream STA before calculating $V_{\rm rad}^{\rm t}$ (see Section 6.4.4). The transits flagged as double-lined spectra are also excluded.
The $V_{\rm rad}$ uncertainty provided in Gaia DR2, is given by Equation 6.2, where $N$ is the number of transits used to obtain $V_{\rm rad}$. $N$ is also provided in Gaia DR2. | 2021-02-28T09:59:55 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 17, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8442556858062744, "perplexity": 1568.0379193669403}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178360745.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20210228084740-20210228114740-00309.warc.gz"} |
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10338985-c+-production-baryon-meson-ratios-pp-pb-collisions-snn-lhc | This content will become publicly available on November 1, 2022
$Λc+$ Production and Baryon-to-Meson Ratios in $pp$ and $p$ -Pb Collisions at $sNN=5.02 TeV$ at the LHC
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more »
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10338985
Journal Name:
Physical Review Letters
Volume:
127
Issue:
20
ISSN:
0031-9007 | 2022-10-06T17:52:20 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 29, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.701322078704834, "perplexity": 14692.895047147602}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337853.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006155805-20221006185805-00651.warc.gz"} |
http://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess118_2009-2010/sj09/20090211.htm | South Carolina General Assembly
118th Session, 2009-2010
Journal of the Senate
Wednesday, February 11, 2009
(Statewide Session)
Indicates Matter Stricken
Indicates New Matter
The Senate assembled at 11:45 A.M., the hour to which it stood adjourned, and was called to order by the PRESIDENT Pro Tempore.
A quorum being present, the proceedings were opened with a devotion by the Chaplain as follows:
As the prophet, Micah, so wonderfully phrases it:
"He has told you, O mortal, what is good; and what does the Lord require of you but to do justice, and to love kindness, and to walk humbly with your God." (Micah 6:8)
Join your heart with mine as we pray:
Loving God, the poetry of Your holy texts speaks so powerfully even today. We indeed know intellectually what it is You require of us, O Lord. Yet living our lives in the ways You desire is not always as easily achieved as we ourselves might want. Forgive us for those occasions when we happen to disappoint You, and strengthen all of us to serve You wisely and well. Especially bless and guide these Senators as they strive to do what is right and to walk humbly with You. May they honor You, God, through their work for the good people of this State. In Your name we pray, dear Lord.
Amen.
RECESS
At 11:55 A.M., on motion of Senator L. MARTIN, the Senate receded from business for the purpose of attending the Joint Assembly.
JOINT ASSEMBLY
Judicial Elections
At Twelve O'clock Noon the Senate appeared in the Hall of the House.
The PRESIDENT of the Senate called the Joint Assembly to order and announced that it had convened under the terms of a Concurrent Resolution adopted by both Houses.
H. 3225 (Word version) -- Reps. Delleney, Clemmons and Mack: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO FIX NOON ON WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 11, 2009, AS THE TIME TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN CHIEF JUDGE OF THE COURT OF APPEALS, SEAT 5, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2009; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR THE FIRST JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 1, TO FILL THE UNEXPIRED TERM THAT EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2010, AND THE SUBSEQUENT FULL TERM THAT EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2016; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR THE FIFTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 3, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2009; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR THE EIGHTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 2, TO FILL THE UNEXPIRED TERM THAT EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2012; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR THE NINTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 3, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2009; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR THE FOURTEENTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 2, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2009; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR THE FIFTEENTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 2, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2009; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE CIRCUIT COURT, AT-LARGE, SEAT 1, TO FILL THE UNEXPIRED TERM THAT EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2009, AND THE SUBSEQUENT FULL TERM THAT EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2015; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE CIRCUIT COURT, AT-LARGE, SEAT 2, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2009; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE CIRCUIT COURT, AT-LARGE, SEAT 3, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2009; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE CIRCUIT COURT, AT-LARGE, SEAT 4, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2009; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE CIRCUIT COURT, AT-LARGE, SEAT 5, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2009; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE CIRCUIT COURT, AT-LARGE, SEAT 6, TO FILL THE UNEXPIRED TERM THAT EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2009, AND THE SUBSEQUENT FULL TERM THAT EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2015; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE CIRCUIT COURT, AT-LARGE, SEAT 7, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2009; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE CIRCUIT COURT, AT-LARGE, SEAT 8, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 20, 2009; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE CIRCUIT COURT, AT-LARGE, SEAT 9, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2009; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE CIRCUIT COURT, AT-LARGE, SEAT 10, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2009; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE FAMILY COURT FOR THE TENTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 1, TO FILL THE UNEXPIRED TERM THAT EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2013; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE FAMILY COURT FOR THE THIRTEENTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 6, TO FILL THE UNEXPIRED TERM THAT EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2010, AND THE SUBSEQUENT FULL TERM THAT EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2016; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE LAW COURT, SEAT 4, TO FILL THE UNEXPIRED TERM THAT EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2010, AND THE SUBSEQUENT FULL TERM THAT EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2015.
Election to the Position of Judge, Court of Appeals, Seat #5
The PRESIDENT announced that nominations were in order to elect a successor to the position of Judge, Court of Appeals, Seat #5.
Senator McCONNELL, Chairman of the Judicial Merit Selection Commission, indicated that the Honorable Kaye G. Hearn had been screened and found qualified to serve.
Senator McCONNELL placed the name of the Honorable Kaye G. Hearn in nomination, moved that the nominations be closed and, with unanimous consent, the vote was taken by acclamation, resulting in the election of the nominee.
Whereupon, the PRESIDENT announced that the Honorable Kaye G. Hearn had been elected to the position of Judge, Court of Appeals, Seat #5 for the term prescribed by law.
Election to the Position of Judge, Circuit Court
Fifth Judicial Circuit, Seat #3
The PRESIDENT announced that nominations were in order to elect a successor to the position of Judge, Circuit Court, Fifth Judicial Circuit, Seat #3.
Senator McCONNELL, Chairman of the Judicial Merit Selection Commission, indicated that the Honorable G. Thomas Cooper, Jr. had been screened and found qualified to serve.
Senator McCONNELL placed the name of the Honorable G. Thomas Cooper, Jr. in nomination, moved that the nominations be closed and, with unanimous consent, the vote was taken by acclamation, resulting in the election of the nominee.
Whereupon, the PRESIDENT announced that the Honorable G. Thomas Cooper, Jr. had been elected to the position of Judge, Circuit Court, Fifth Judicial Circuit, Seat #3 for the term prescribed by law.
Election to the Position of Judge, Circuit Court
Ninth Judicial Circuit, Seat #3
The PRESIDENT announced that nominations were in order to elect a successor to the position of Judge, Circuit Court, Ninth Judicial Circuit, Seat #3.
Senator McCONNELL, Chairman of the Judicial Merit Selection Commission, indicated that the Honorable Roger M. Young, Sr. had been screened and found qualified to serve.
Senator McCONNELL placed the name of the Honorable Roger M. Young, Sr. in nomination, moved that the nominations be closed and, with unanimous consent, the vote was taken by acclamation, resulting in the election of the nominee.
Whereupon, the PRESIDENT announced that the Honorable Roger M. Young, Sr. had been elected to the position of Judge, Circuit Court, Ninth Judicial Circuit, Seat #3 for the term prescribed by law.
Election to the Position of Judge, Circuit Court
Fourteenth Judicial Circuit, Seat #2
The PRESIDENT announced that nominations were in order to elect a successor to the position of Judge, Circuit Court, Fourteenth Judicial Circuit, Seat #2.
Senator McCONNELL, Chairman of the Judicial Merit Selection Commission, indicated that the Honorable Carmen Tevis Mullen had been screened and found qualified to serve.
Senator McCONNELL placed the name of the Honorable Carmen Tevis Mullen in nomination, moved that the nominations be closed and, with unanimous consent, the vote was taken by acclamation, resulting in the election of the nominee.
Whereupon, the PRESIDENT announced that the Honorable Carmen Tevis Mullen had been elected to the position of Judge, Circuit Court, Fourteenth Judicial Circuit, Seat #2 for the term prescribed by law.
Election to the Position of Judge, Circuit Court
Fifteenth Judicial Circuit, Seat #2
The PRESIDENT announced that nominations were in order to elect a successor to the position of Judge, Circuit Court, Fifteenth Judicial Circuit, Seat #2.
Senator McCONNELL, Chairman of the Judicial Merit Selection Commission, indicated that the Honorable Benjamin H. Culbertson had been screened and found qualified to serve.
Senator McCONNELL placed the name of the Honorable Benjamin H. Culbertson in nomination, moved that the nominations be closed and, with unanimous consent, the vote was taken by acclamation, resulting in the election of the nominee.
Whereupon, the PRESIDENT announced that the Honorable Benjamin H. Culbertson had been elected to the position of Judge, Circuit Court, Fifteenth Judicial Circuit, Seat #2 for the term prescribed by law.
Election to the Position of Judge, Circuit Court
At-Large, Seat #2
The PRESIDENT announced that nominations were in order to elect a successor to the position of Judge, Circuit Court, At-Large, Seat #2.
Senator McCONNELL, Chairman of the Judicial Merit Selection Commission, indicated that the Honorable Rupert Markley Dennis, Jr. had been screened and found qualified to serve.
Senator McCONNELL placed the name of the Honorable Rupert Markley Dennis, Jr. in nomination, moved that the nominations be closed and, with unanimous consent, the vote was taken by acclamation, resulting in the election of the nominee.
Whereupon, the PRESIDENT announced that the Honorable Rupert Markley Dennis, Jr. had been elected to the position of Judge, Circuit Court, At-Large, Seat #2 for the term prescribed by law.
Election to the Position of Judge, Circuit Court
At-Large, Seat #3
The PRESIDENT announced that nominations were in order to elect a successor to the position of Judge, Circuit Court, At-Large, Seat #3.
Senator McCONNELL, Chairman of the Judicial Merit Selection Commission, indicated that the Honorable Clifton Newman had been screened and found qualified to serve.
Senator McCONNELL placed the name of the Honorable Clifton Newman in nomination, moved that the nominations be closed and, with unanimous consent, the vote was taken by acclamation, resulting in the election of the nominee.
Whereupon, the PRESIDENT announced that the Honorable Clifton Newman had been elected to the position of Judge, Circuit Court, At-Large, Seat #3 for the term prescribed by law.
Election to the Position of Judge, Circuit Court
At-Large, Seat #4
The PRESIDENT announced that nominations were in order to elect a successor to the position of Judge, Circuit Court, At-Large, Seat #4.
Senator McCONNELL, Chairman of the Judicial Merit Selection Commission, indicated that the Honorable Edward Walter Miller had been screened and found qualified to serve.
Senator McCONNELL placed the name of the Honorable Edward Walter Miller in nomination, moved that the nominations be closed and, with unanimous consent, the vote was taken by acclamation, resulting in the election of the nominee.
Whereupon, the PRESIDENT announced that the Honorable Edward Walter Miller had been elected to the position of Judge, Circuit Court, At-Large, Seat #4 for the term prescribed by law.
Election to the Position of Judge, Circuit Court
At-Large, Seat #5
The PRESIDENT announced that nominations were in order to elect a successor to the position of Judge, Circuit Court, At-Large, Seat #5.
Senator McCONNELL, Chairman of the Judicial Merit Selection Commission, indicated that the Honorable J. Mark Hayes II had been screened and found qualified to serve.
Senator McCONNELL placed the name of the Honorable J. Mark Hayes II in nomination, moved that the nominations be closed and, with unanimous consent, the vote was taken by acclamation, resulting in the election of the nominee.
Whereupon, the PRESIDENT announced that the Honorable J. Mark Hayes II had been elected to the position of Judge, Circuit Court, At-Large, Seat #5 for the term prescribed by law.
Election to the Position of Judge, Circuit Court
At-Large, Seat #7
The PRESIDENT announced that nominations were in order to elect a successor to the position of Judge, Circuit Court, At-Large, Seat #7.
Senator McCONNELL, Chairman of the Judicial Merit Selection Commission, indicated that the Honorable Jesse Cordell Maddox, Jr. had been screened and found qualified to serve.
Senator McCONNELL placed the name of the Honorable Jesse Cordell Maddox, Jr. in nomination, moved that the nominations be closed and, with unanimous consent, the vote was taken by acclamation, resulting in the election of the nominee.
Whereupon, the PRESIDENT announced that the Honorable Jesse Cordell Maddox, Jr. had been elected to the position of Judge, Circuit Court, At-Large, Seat #7 for the term prescribed by law.
Election to the Position of Judge, Circuit Court
At-Large, Seat #8-Carried Over
The PRESIDENT announced that nominations were in order to elect a successor to the position of Judge, Circuit Court, At-Large, Seat #8.
Senator McCONNELL, Chairman of the Judicial Merit Selection Commission, indicated that the Honorable Kenneth G. Goode had been screened and found qualified to serve.
Senator McCONNELL placed the name of the Honorable Kenneth G. Goode in nomination.
Senator McCONNELL was recognized and addressed the members of the Joint Assembly.
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, the following letter from Judge Goode was published as follows:
State of South Carolina
The Circuit Court of the Sixth Judicial Circuit
Kenneth G. Goode, Judge
February 11, 2009
The Honorable Glenn McConnell
Chairman, Judicial Selection Committee
RE: Candidacy for Reelection to Judgeship
Dear Senator McConnell:
I have read with concern the article in today's State newspaper concerning my candidacy for reelection. I understand the nature of the allegations which have been made. I further understand the allegations against me have arisen since the time of my judicial screening.
While I believe my decisions have been sound and appropriate in the cases reported on by the newspaper, I am also convinced it is totally unfair to the Legislature for me to ask to be voted upon with the allegations pending and with the allegations not having been fully reviewed by the screening committee.
As you are aware, judicial ethics prevent me from publicly responding to the allegations reported in the newspaper. I find myself in a situation where I cannot do anything to refute the allegations and where the Legislature is being asked to vote upon my candidacy in the face of allegations which have not been considered by the screening panel.
It is important to me that all of the facts be known before I am voted upon. I am convinced when the facts are reviewed my conduct will be found to have been appropriate in all of the cases reported upon in the newspaper.
The integrity of the judicial system demands that I not be voted upon at this time. The issues raised in my opinion go to the integrity of the process and are much greater than the issue of my personal candidacy.
In order that this matter be resolved in fairness to all concerned and in fairness to the Legislature, I ask that my candidacy be carried over and be resubmitted to the Judicial Screening Committee for full review. I look forward to this process to prove to the citizens of this great State that my judicial qualifications are beyond reproach.
/s/ Kenneth G. Goode
Senator FAIR moved that the election to fill the position of Judge, Circuit Court, At-Large, Seat 8 be carried over and the candidacy of Judge Goode be referred to the Judicial Merit Selection Commission.
Election to the Position of Judge, Circuit Court
At-Large, Seat #9
The PRESIDENT announced that nominations were in order to elect a successor to the position of Judge, Circuit Court, At-Large, Seat #9.
Senator McCONNELL, Chairman of the Judicial Merit Selection Commission, indicated that the Honorable J. Michelle Childs had been screened and found qualified to serve.
Senator McCONNELL placed the name of the Honorable J. Michelle Childs in nomination, moved that the nominations be closed and, with unanimous consent, the vote was taken by acclamation, resulting in the election of the nominee.
Whereupon, the PRESIDENT announced that the Honorable J. Michelle Childs had been elected to the position of Judge, Circuit Court, At-Large, Seat #9 for the term prescribed by law.
Election to the Position of Judge, Circuit Court
At-Large, Seat #10
The PRESIDENT announced that nominations were in order to elect a successor to the position of Judge, Circuit Court, At-Large, Seat #10.
Senator McCONNELL, Chairman of the Judicial Merit Selection Commission, indicated that the Honorable James Rezner Barber III had been screened and found qualified to serve.
Senator McCONNELL placed the name of the Honorable James Rezner Barber III in nomination, moved that the nominations be closed and, with unanimous consent, the vote was taken by acclamation, resulting in the election of the nominee.
Whereupon, the PRESIDENT announced that the Honorable James Rezner Barber III had been elected to the position of Judge, Circuit Court, At-Large, Seat #10 for the term prescribed by law.
Election to the Position of Judge, Circuit Court
First Judicial Circuit, Seat #1
The PRESIDENT announced that nominations were in order to elect a successor to the position of Judge, First Judicial Circuit, Seat #1.
Senator McCONNELL, Chairman of the Judicial Merit Selection Commission, indicated that Jeffrey P. Bloom, Edgar Warren Dickson and James Benjamin Jackson had been screened and found qualified to serve.
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, the names of James Benjamin Jackson and Jeffrey P. Bloom were withdrawn from consideration.
Senator McCONNELL placed the name of the Honorable Edgar Warren Dickson in nomination, moved that the nominations be closed and, with unanimous consent, the vote was taken by acclamation, resulting in the election of the nominee.
Whereupon, the PRESIDENT announced that the Honorable Edgar Warren Dickson had been elected to the position of Judge, First Judicial Circuit, Seat #1 for the term prescribed by law.
Election to the Position of Judge, Circuit Court
Eighth Judicial Circuit, Seat #2
The PRESIDENT announced that nominations were in order to elect a successor to the position of Judge, Circuit Court, Eighth Judicial Circuit, Seat #2.
Senator McCONNELL, Chairman of the Judicial Merit Selection Commission, indicated that the Honorable Frank R. Addy, Jr., Eugene C. Griffith, Jr. and Joseph C. Smithdeal had been screened and found qualified to serve.
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, the names of Joseph C. Smithdeal and the Honorable Frank R. Addy, Jr. were withdrawn from consideration.
Senator McCONNELL placed the name of Eugene C. Griffith, Jr. in nomination, moved that the nominations be closed and, with unanimous consent, the vote was taken by acclamation, resulting in the election of the nominee.
Whereupon, the PRESIDENT announced that the Honorable Eugene C. Griffith, Jr. had been elected to the position of Judge, Circuit Court, Eighth Judicial Circuit, Seat #2 for the term prescribed by law.
Election to the Position of Judge, Circuit Court
At-Large, Seat #1
The PRESIDENT announced that nominations were in order to elect a successor to the position of Judge, Circuit Court, At-Large, Seat #1.
Senator McCONNELL, Chairman of the Judicial Merit Selection Commission, indicated that David Craig Brown, Andrew Michael Hodges and William Jeffrey Young had been screened and found qualified to serve.
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, the names of Andrew Michael Hodges and David Craig Brown were withdrawn from consideration.
Senator McCONNELL placed the name of William Jeffrey Young in nomination, moved that the nominations be closed and, with unanimous consent, the vote was taken by acclamation, resulting in the election of the nominee.
Whereupon, the PRESIDENT announced that the Honorable William Jeffrey Young had been elected to the position of Judge, Circuit Court, At-Large, Seat #1 for the term prescribed by law.
Election to the Position of Judge, Circuit Court
At-Large, Seat #6
The PRESIDENT announced that nominations were in order to elect a successor to the position of Judge, Circuit Court, At-Large, Seat #6.
Senator McCONNELL, Chairman of the Judicial Merit Selection Commission, indicated that Daniel Dewitt Hall, William Henry Seals, Jr. and Sarah Elizabeth Wetmore had been screened and found qualified to serve.
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, the name of Daniel Dewitt Hall was withdrawn from consideration.
Senator McCONNELL placed the names of William Henry Seals, Jr. and Sarah Elizabeth Wetmore in nomination and moved that the nominations be closed.
The Reading Clerk of the Senate called the roll of the Senate, and the Senators voted viva voce as their names were called.
The following named Senators voted for Mr. Seals:
Alexander Bright Bryant
Cleary Courson Cromer
Davis Elliott Fair
Jackson Land Leatherman
Lourie Malloy Martin, L.
Martin, S. McGill Mulvaney
Nicholson O'Dell Peeler
Pinckney Rankin Reese
Rose Scott Sheheen
Shoopman Thomas Verdin
Williams
Total--31
The following named Senators voted for Ms. Wetmore:
Anderson Campbell Campsen
Coleman Ford Grooms
Hayes Hutto Knotts
Leventis Massey McConnell
Ryberg Setzler
Total--14
On motion of Representative J. H. Neal, with unanimous consent, the members of the House voted by electronic roll call.
The following named Representatives voted for Mr. Seals:
Alexander Allen Anderson
Anthony Bales Barfield
Battle Bedingfield Bowers
Branham Brantley G. A. Brown
H. B. Brown Cato Clemmons
Clyburn Cobb-Hunter Cole
Crawford Delleney Dillard
Gambrell Govan Haley
Hardwick Harvin Hayes
Hearn Hiott Howard
Jefferson Jennings Kirsh
Littlejohn Lowe Lucas
McEachern McLeod Miller
Mitchell J. H. Neal J. M. Neal
Neilson Ott Owens
Pinson Sandifer G. R. Smith
J. R. Smith Vick White
Williams
Total--52
The following named Representatives voted for Ms. Wetmore:
Agnew Allison Ballentine
Bannister Bingham Bowen
Cooper Daning Duncan
Edge Erickson Forrester
Frye Funderburk Gilliard
Gullick Gunn Hamilton
Harrell Harrison Hart
Herbkersman Hodges Horne
Hosey Huggins Hutto
Kelly Kennedy King
Knight Limehouse Loftis
Long Mack Merrill
Millwood Moss Nanney
Parker E. H. Pitts M. A. Pitts
Rice Rutherford Scott
Sellers Simrill Skelton
D. C. Smith G. M. Smith Sottile
Spires Stavrinakis Stewart
Stringer Umphlett Viers
Weeks Whipper Whitmire
Willis Wylie A. D. Young
T. R. Young
Total--67
RECAPITULATION
Total number of Senators voting 45
Total number of Representatives voting 119
Grand Total 164
Necessary to a choice 83
Of which Mr. Seals received 83
Of which Ms. Wetmore received 81
Whereupon, the PRESIDENT announced that the Honorable William Henry Seals, Jr. had been elected to the position of Judge, Circuit Court, At-Large, Seat #6 for the term prescribed by law.
Election to the Position of Judge, Family Court
Tenth Judicial Circuit, Seat #1
The PRESIDENT announced that nominations were in order to elect a successor to the position of Judge, Family Court, Tenth Judicial Circuit, Seat #1.
Senator McCONNELL, Chairman of the Judicial Merit Selection Commission, indicated that Edgar Henderson Long, Jr., M. Scott McElhannon and David Earl Phillips had been screened and found qualified to serve.
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, the names of M. Scott McElhannon and David Earl Phillips were withdrawn from consideration.
Senator McCONNELL placed the name of Edgar Henderson Long, Jr. in nomination, moved that the nominations be closed and, with unanimous consent, the vote was taken by acclamation, resulting in the election of the nominee.
Whereupon, the PRESIDENT announced that the Honorable Edgar Henderson Long, Jr. had been elected to the position of Judge, Circuit Court, Tenth Judicial Circuit, Seat #1 for the term prescribed by law.
Election to the Position of Judge, Family Court
Thirteenth Judicial Circuit, Seat #6
The PRESIDENT announced that nominations were in order to elect a successor to the position of Judge, Family Court, Thirteenth Judicial Circuit, Seat #6.
Senator McCONNELL, Chairman of the Judicial Merit Selection Commission, indicated that Catherine C. Christophillis, Alex Kinlaw, Jr. and William Marsh Robertson had been screened and found qualified to serve.
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, the names of Catherine C. Christophillis and William Marsh Robertson were withdrawn from consideration.
Senator McCONNELL placed the name of Judge Alex Kinlaw, Jr. in nomination, moved that the nominations be closed and, with unanimous consent, the vote was taken by acclamation, resulting in the election of the nominee.
Whereupon, the PRESIDENT announced that the Honorable Alex Kinlaw, Jr. had been elected to the position of Judge, Family Court, Thirteenth Judicial Circuit, Seat #6 for the term prescribed by law.
Election to the Position of Judge, Administrative Law Court
Seat #4
The PRESIDENT announced that nominations were in order to elect a successor to the position of Judge, Administrative Law Court, Seat #4.
Senator McCONNELL, Chairman of the Judicial Merit Selection Commission, indicated that Deborah Brooks Durden, Carol Ann Isaac McMahan and Shirley Canty Robinson had been screened and found qualified to serve.
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, the names of Carol Ann Isaac McMahan and Shirley Canty Robinson were withdrawn from consideration.
Senator McCONNELL placed the name of Deborah Brooks Durden in nomination, moved that the nominations be closed and, with unanimous consent, the vote was taken by acclamation, resulting in the election of the nominee.
Whereupon, the PRESIDENT announced that the Honorable Deborah Brooks Durden had been elected to the position of Judge, Administrative Law Court, Seat #4 for the term prescribed by law.
The purposes of the Joint Assembly having been accomplished, the PRESIDENT declared it adjourned, whereupon the Senate returned to its Chamber and was called to order by the PRESIDENT.
RECESS
At 12:35 P.M., on motion of Senator McCONNELL, the Senate receded from business until 2:00 P.M.
AFTERNOON SESSION
The Senate reassembled at 2:05 P.M. and was called to order by the PRESIDENT.
Point of Quorum
At 2:07 P.M., Senator L. MARTIN made the point that a quorum was not present. It was ascertained that a quorum was not present.
Call of the Senate
Senator McCONNELL moved that a Call of the Senate be made. The following Senators answered the Call:
Alexander Anderson Bright
Bryant Campbell Campsen
Cleary Coleman Courson
Cromer Davis Elliott
Fair Ford Grooms
Hayes Hutto Jackson
Knotts Land Leatherman
Leventis Lourie Malloy
Martin, L. Martin, S. Massey
McConnell McGill Mulvaney
Nicholson O'Dell Peeler
Pinckney Rankin Reese
Rose Ryberg Scott
Setzler Sheheen Shoopman
Thomas Verdin Williams
A quorum being present, the Senate resumed.
The PRESIDENT called for Petitions, Memorials, Presentments of Grand Juries and such like papers.
MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR
The following appointment was transmitted by the Honorable Mark C. Sanford:
Local Appointment
Initial Appointment, Charleston County Magistrate, with the term to commence April 30, 2007, and to expire April 30, 2011
Sheryl Mitchell Perry, 5711 Dixie Plantation, Hollywood, SC 29449 VICE Patricia Dixon
REGULATION WITHDRAWN AND RESUBMITTED
Document No. 3204
Agency: Department of Consumer Affairs
SUBJECT: Licensing Standards for Continuing Care Retirement Communities
Received by Lieutenant Governor April 25, 2008
Referred to Medical Affairs Committee
Legislative Review Expiration April 1, 2009
Revised: March 12, 2009
Withdrawn and Resubmitted February 10, 2009
Doctor of the Day
Senator MALLOY introduced Dr. Leon Hunt of Bishopville, S.C., Doctor of the Day.
Leave of Absence
At 2:40 P.M., Senator S. MARTIN requested a leave of absence for Thursday, February 12, 2009, for business reasons.
Leave of Absence
On motion of Senator JACKSON, at 4:10 P.M., Senator MATTHEWS was granted a leave of absence for the balance of the week.
S. 248 (Word version) Sen. Williams
INTRODUCTION OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS
The following were introduced:
S. 399 (Word version) -- Senator Fair: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND CONGRATULATE CAROLYN TALLEY PORTER ON THE OCCASION OF HER RETIREMENT AFTER A VERY DISTINGUISHED CAREER.
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S. 400 (Word version) -- Senator Coleman: A SENATE RESOLUTION CONGRATULATING TYLER THIGPEN, THE FIRST QUARTERBACK TO PLAY FOR THE COASTAL CAROLINA UNIVERSITY FOOTBALL TEAM, FOR HIS SUPERIOR CONTRIBUTION TO THAT TEAM, AND ON BECOMING A MEMBER OF THE KANSAS CITY CHIEFS OF THE NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE, AND GRANTING HIM BEST WISHES FOR EMINENT SUCCESS AND AN EXTENDED CAREER IN PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL.
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S. 401 (Word version) -- Senator Peeler: A SENATE RESOLUTION JOINING PEOPLE FROM ACROSS THE NATION IN EXPRESSING THE COLLECTIVE JOY OF THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA UPON THE SUCCESSFUL EMERGENCY LANDING OF U.S. AIRWAYS FLIGHT 1549 IN THE HUDSON RIVER ON JANUARY 15, 2009.
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S. 402 (Word version) -- Senator Pinckney: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO EXPRESS THE PROFOUND SORROW OF THE MEMBERS OF THE SENATE UPON THE DEATH OF DR. J. M. BENNETT, JR. OF RIDGELAND AND TO EXTEND THEIR DEEPEST SYMPATHY TO HIS FAMILY AND MANY FRIENDS.
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S. 403 (Word version) -- Senators Leatherman and Williams: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NAME THE INTERCHANGE AT ASHBY ROAD AND McIVER ROAD IN THE TOWN OF QUINBY AS "T. ASHBY GREGG, SR. INTERCHANGE" AND ERECT APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS AT THIS INTERCHANGE THAT CONTAIN THE WORDS "T. ASHBY GREGG, SR. INTERCHANGE."
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The Concurrent Resolution was introduced and referred to the Committee on Transportation.
S. 404 (Word version) -- Senator Reese: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 59-112-150 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A PUBLIC INSTITUTION OF HIGHER LEARNING MUST PROVIDE FREE TUITION TO TEACHERS AND ADMINISTRATORS EMPLOYED BY SCHOOL DISTRICTS IN THIS STATE IN ORDER THAT THEY MAY PURSUE GRADUATE DEGREES IN THE FIELDS OF EDUCATION AND SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION, AND TO DEFINE CERTAIN TERMS.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Education.
S. 405 (Word version) -- Senator Cleary: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-37-220 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO PROPERTY TAX EXEMPTIONS, TO CLARIFY THAT A WATERCRAFT AND ITS MOTOR MAY NOT RECEIVE A FORTY-TWO AND 75/100 PERCENT EXEMPTION IF THE BOAT OR WATERCRAFT IS CLASSIFIED AS A PRIMARY OR SECONDARY RESIDENCE FOR PROPERTY TAX PURPOSES; TO AMEND SECTION 12-37-224, RELATING TO BOATS AS A PRIMARY OR SECONDARY RESIDENCE, TO PROVIDE THAT A BOAT OR WATERCRAFT THAT CONTAINS A COOKING AREA WITH AN ONBOARD POWER SOURCE, A TOILET WITH EXTERIOR EVACUATION, AND A SLEEPING QUARTER, SHALL BE CONSIDERED A PRIMARY OR SECONDARY RESIDENCE FOR PURPOSES OF AD VALOREM PROPERTY TAXATION IN THIS STATE; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-37-714, RELATING TO BOATS WITH A SITUS IN THIS STATE, TO PROVIDE THAT UPON AN ORDINANCE PASSED BY THE LOCAL GOVERNING BODY, A COUNTY MAY SUBJECT A BOAT, INCLUDING ITS MOTOR IF THE MOTOR IS SEPARATELY TAXED, TO PROPERTY TAX IF IT IS WITHIN THIS STATE FOR NINETY DAYS IN THE AGGREGATE, REGARDLESS OF THE NUMBER OF CONSECUTIVE DAYS.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance.
S. 406 (Word version) -- Senator Grooms: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 40-60-35 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO CONTINUING EDUCATION REQUIREMENTS FOR ASSESSORS, TO REDUCE THE NUMBER OF HOURS OF INSTRUCTION EACH YEAR FOR ASSESSORS WITH AN ACTIVE LICENSE OR CERTIFICATION FROM NINE HOURS TO SEVEN HOURS, AND TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Labor, Commerce and Industry.
S. 407 (Word version) -- Senators Hayes and Cleary: A BILL TO AMEND ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 43, TITLE 44, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DONATION OF HUMAN BODIES, PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY AND HUMAN TISSUE, SO AS TO CONFORM CROSS REFERENCES TO THE REVISED UNIFORM ANATOMICAL GIFT ACT, TO DELETE THE PROVISION STATING THAT A DONOR DESIGNATION ON A DRIVER'S LICENSE DOES NOT CONSTITUTE A GIFT UNDER THE UNIFORM ANATOMICAL GIFT ACT; TO AMEND ARTICLE 5, CHAPTER 43, TITLE 44, RELATING TO THE UNIFORM ANATOMICAL GIFT ACT, SO AS TO CHANGE THE ACT NAME TO THE REVISED UNIFORM ANATOMICAL GIFT ACT, AND, AMONG OTHER THINGS, TO REVISE DEFINITIONS, DONOR ELIGIBILITY, DONATION AMENDMENT AND REVOCATION PROCEDURES, THE PRIORITY ORDER TO GIVE CONSENT, SUBSTITUTE DONOR PROCEDURES, DONEE QUALIFICATIONS, AND ALTERNATIVE DONEE PROCEDURES; TO ESTABLISH PROCEDURES FOR REFUSAL TO MAKE AN ANATOMICAL GIFT; TO REQUIRE CERTAIN LAW ENFORCEMENT, HOSPITAL PERSONNEL, AND ORGAN PROCUREMENT ORGANIZATIONS TO MAKE REASONABLE SEARCHES FOR DONOR INFORMATION AND DONOR REFUSAL INFORMATION; TO PROVIDE THAT A PHYSICIAN WHO ATTENDED A PERSON AT DEATH OR WHO DETERMINES THE TIME OF DEATH MAY NOT PARTICIPATE IN REMOVAL OR TRANSPLANTATION PROCEDURES; TO ESTABLISH CRIMINAL PENALTIES FOR SELLING OR PURCHASING ORGANS AND FOR OBTAINING FINANCIAL GAIN BY FALSIFYING OR DEFACING A DONATION DOCUMENT; TO ESTABLISH CRITERIA FOR THE VALIDITY OF AN ORGAN DONATION; TO ESTABLISH PROCEDURES TO RESOLVE ISSUES WHEN CERTAIN CONFLICTS EXIST BETWEEN A DECLARATION OF A ORGAN DONATION AND THE MEDICAL SUITABILITY OF THE ORGAN DONATION; TO REQUIRE CORONERS TO COOPERATE WITH PROCUREMENT ORGANIZATIONS TO MAXIMIZE THE OPPORTUNITY TO RECOVER ANATOMICAL GIFTS; AND TO AMEND ARTICLE 11, CHAPTER 43, TITLE 44, RELATING TO HOSPITAL POLICY AND PROTOCOL FOR ORGAN AND TISSUE DONATION, SO AS TO REVISE DEFINITIONS AND PROCEDURES FOR CONTACTING PERSONS AUTHORIZED TO CONSENT TO ORGAN DONATION.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Medical Affairs.
S. 408 (Word version) -- Senators Jackson, Anderson, Nicholson and Lourie: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 56-15-40, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO ACTS THAT ARE DEEMED UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION AND UNFAIR OR DECEPTIVE ACTS OR PRACTICES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT IT IS UNLAWFUL FOR A DEALER TO OFFER FOR SALE, ADVERTISE FOR SALE, OR TRANSFER THE TITLE OF A VEHICLE WITH A BALANCE DUE TO A SECURED PARTY BEFORE PAYING OFF THE ENTIRE BALANCE AND SUBMITTING A NOTARIZED RECEIPT TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES; AND TO AMEND SECTION 56-15-320, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE APPLICATION FOR A LICENSE TO BECOME A MOTOR VEHICLE WHOLESALER OR DEALER, SO AS TO INCREASE THE AMOUNT OF THE SURETY BOND AN APPLICANT SHALL FURNISH TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Transportation.
S. 409 (Word version) -- Agriculture and Natural Resources Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE CLEMSON UNIVERSITY, STATE CROP PEST COMMISSION, RELATING TO DESIGNATION OF ASIAN CITRUS PYSLLID AS PLANT PEST AND QUARANTINE, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 4039, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE.
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Read the first time and ordered placed on the Calendar without reference.
S. 410 (Word version) -- Agriculture and Natural Resources Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE CLEMSON UNIVERSITY, STATE CROP PEST COMMISSION, RELATING TO PLUM POX VIRUS QUARANTINE, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 4001, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE.
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Read the first time and ordered placed on the Calendar without reference.
S. 411 (Word version) -- Senators Thomas and Sheheen: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING ARTICLE 9 TO CHAPTER 22, TITLE 17 SO AS TO ENACT THE "UNIFORM EXPUNGEMENT OF CRIMINAL RECORDS ACT", TO PROVIDE A PROCEDURE WHICH MUST BE FOLLOWED REGARDING APPLICATIONS FOR EXPUNGEMENT OF ALL CRIMINAL RECORDS, AND TO AUTHORIZE EACH SOLICITOR'S OFFICE IN THE STATE TO ADMINISTER THE PROCEDURE; TO AMEND SECTION 17-1-40, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE DESTRUCTION OF THE RECORDS OF CRIMINAL CHARGES THAT HAVE BEEN DISMISSED, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON WHO RETAINS CERTAIN TERMS CONTAINED IN A RECORD OF A CHARGE THAT HAS BEEN DISCHARGED OR DISMISSED IS IN CONTEMPT OF COURT; TO AUTHORIZE THE CODE COMMISSIONER TO CHANGE CERTAIN REFERENCES; BY ADDING SECTION 17-1-45 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE SOUTH CAROLINA COURT ADMINISTRATION SHALL INCLUDE ON ALL BOND PAPERWORK AND COURTESY SUMMONS A NOTICE THAT INFORMS A PERSON OF HIS RIGHT TO FILE AN APPLICATION TO HAVE A RECORD EXPUNGED; TO AMEND SECTION 22-5-920, RELATING TO A PERSON CONVICTED AS A YOUTHFUL OFFENDER, SO AS TO REVISE THE PERIOD OF TIME A PERSON CONVICTED AS A YOUTHFUL OFFENDER MUST WAIT BEFORE HE MAY APPLY TO HAVE HIS CRIMINAL RECORD EXPUNGED; TO AMEND SECTION 44-53-450, RELATING TO THE CONDITIONAL DISCHARGE OF A CONVICTION FOR CERTAIN ILLEGAL DRUG OFFENSES, SO AS TO REVISE THE AGE OF A PERSON WHO IS SUBJECT TO THE PROVISIONS OF THIS SECTION.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
S. 412 (Word version) -- Senator Thomas: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 56-19-290 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE CONTENTS OF A CERTIFICATE OF TITLE ISSUED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES, TO PROVIDE THAT THE TITLE AND BILL OF SALE FOR A MOBILE HOME MUST CONTAIN A STATEMENT ADVISING A PURCHASER OF A MOBILE HOME TO CONSULT WITH THE COUNTY ASSESSOR'S OFFICE TO DETERMINE IF THERE ARE BACK TAXES DUE ON THE MOBILE HOME, AND THE SELLER MUST CERTIFY, UNDER PENALTY OF PERJURY, THAT HE HAS MADE THE PURCHASER AWARE OF ANY TAXES THAT ARE DUE ON THE MOBILE HOME; AND TO AMEND CHAPTER 45, TITLE 12, RELATING TO THE COLLECTION OF TAXES, BY ADDING SECTION 12-45-440, TO PROVIDE THAT THE GOVERNING BODY OF A COUNTY BY RESOLUTION MAY WAIVE BACK TAXES DUE ON A MOBILE HOME, INCLUDING LATE PAYMENT PENALTIES, FOR PROPERTY TAX YEARS BEGINNING AFTER 2009.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance.
S. 413 (Word version) -- Senator Thomas: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-28-2920, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF TOLL ROADS, SO AS TO REVISE THE METHOD OF DISBURSAL OF FUNDS DERIVED FROM TOLLS, TO PROVIDE FOR THE DISBURSAL OF FUNDS DERIVED FROM QUALIFIED TOLL PROJECTS, TO PROVIDE WHEN TOLLS COLLECTED FROM QUALIFIED TOLL PROJECTS SHALL CEASE, AND TO DEFINE THE TERM "QUALIFIED TOLL PROJECT"; AND TO AMEND SECTION 57-3-200, RELATING TO THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION'S AUTHORITY TO ENTER INTO AGREEMENTS TO FINANCE, CONSTRUCT, AND MAINTAIN HIGHWAYS, ROADS, STREETS, AND BRIDGES, SO AS TO PROVIDE GUIDELINES FOR THE DEPARTMENT'S EXPENDITURE OF FUNDS ON QUALIFIED TOLL PROJECTS AND THE SETTING OF TOLLS ALONG TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Transportation.
S. 414 (Word version) -- Senator Lourie: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND COMMEND THE CARDINAL NEWMAN SCHOOL CHEERLEADING TEAM FOR ITS OUTSTANDING SEASON AND FOR CAPTURING THE 2008 SOUTH CAROLINA INDEPENDENT SCHOOL ASSOCIATION CLASS AAA STATE CHAMPIONSHIP TITLE, AND TO HONOR THE TEAM'S EXCEPTIONAL CHEERLEADERS, COACHES, AND STAFF.
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H. 3338 (Word version) -- Reps. King and Simrill: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NAME THE PORTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA HIGHWAY 5 IN YORK COUNTY FROM ITS INTERSECTION WITH CHERRY ROAD TO ITS INTERSECTION WITH HECKLE BOULEVARD "JUANITA GOGGINS HIGHWAY" AND ERECT APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS ALONG THIS PORTION OF HIGHWAY THAT CONTAIN THE WORDS "JUANITA GOGGINS HIGHWAY".
On motion of Senator HAYES, with unanimous consent, the Concurrent Resolution was introduced and ordered placed on the Calendar without reference.
H. 3349 (Word version) -- Reps. Barfield, Hearn, Viers and Hardwick: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NAME THE PORTION OF UNITED STATES HIGHWAY 501 IN HORRY COUNTY THAT RUNS THROUGH THE TOWN OF AYNOR THE "W. G. HUCKS HIGHWAY" AND ERECT APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS ALONG THIS PORTION OF HIGHWAY THAT CONTAIN THE WORDS "W. G. HUCKS HIGHWAY".
The Concurrent Resolution was introduced and referred to the Committee on Transportation.
H. 3361 (Word version) -- Rep. H. B. Brown: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NAME THE INTERCHANGE LOCATED AT EXIT 34 IN FAIRFIELD COUNTY ALONG INTERSTATE HIGHWAY 77 THE "SENATOR JOHN A. MARTIN INTERCHANGE" AND ERECT APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS AT THIS INTERCHANGE THAT CONTAIN THE WORDS "SENATOR JOHN A. MARTIN INTERCHANGE".
The Concurrent Resolution was introduced and referred to the Committee on Transportation.
H. 3364 (Word version) -- Reps. Merrill, Umphlett and Viers: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO MEMORIALIZE BOTH THE PRESIDENT AND CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES TO REFRAIN FROM LOCATING OR RELOCATING IN SOUTH CAROLINA INDIVIDUALS WHOM THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT HAS CLASSIFIED AS "ENEMY COMBATANTS" OR OTHER SIMILAR TERM USED TO DESCRIBE A FOREIGN NATIONAL WHO IS SUSPECTED OF COMMITTING, CONSPIRING TO COMMIT, OR ATTEMPTING TO COMMIT AN ACT OF TERROR ON UNITED STATES SOIL OR ABROAD.
The Concurrent Resolution was introduced and referred to the General Committee.
H. 3473 (Word version) -- Rep. Anthony: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO CONGRATULATE THE UNION COUNTY CARNEGIE LIBRARY FOR BEING SELECTED THE LIBRARY JOURNAL BEST SMALL LIBRARY IN AMERICA 2009.
The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House.
H. 3474 (Word version) -- Reps. Harrison, Agnew, Alexander, Allen, Allison, Anderson, Anthony, Bales, Ballentine, Bannister, Barfield, Battle, Bedingfield, Bingham, Bowen, Bowers, Brady, Branham, Brantley, G. A. Brown, H. B. Brown, R. L. Brown, Cato, Chalk, Clemmons, Clyburn, Cobb-Hunter, Cole, Cooper, Crawford, Daning, Delleney, Dillard, Duncan, Edge, Erickson, Forrester, Frye, Funderburk, Gambrell, Gilliard, Govan, Gullick, Gunn, Haley, Hamilton, Hardwick, Harrell, Hart, Harvin, Hayes, Hearn, Herbkersman, Hiott, Hodges, Horne, Hosey, Howard, Huggins, Hutto, Jefferson, Jennings, Kelly, Kennedy, King, Kirsh, Knight, Limehouse, Littlejohn, Loftis, Long, Lowe, Lucas, Mack, McEachern, McLeod, Merrill, Miller, Millwood, Mitchell, Moss, Nanney, J. H. Neal, J. M. Neal, Neilson, Ott, Owens, Parker, Parks, Pinson, E. H. Pitts, M. A. Pitts, Rice, Rutherford, Sandifer, Scott, Sellers, Simrill, Skelton, D. C. Smith, G. M. Smith, G. R. Smith, J. E. Smith, J. R. Smith, Sottile, Spires, Stavrinakis, Stewart, Stringer, Thompson, Toole, Umphlett, Vick, Viers, Weeks, Whipper, White, Whitmire, Williams, Willis, Wylie, A. D. Young and T. R. Young: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO INVITE THE CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA SUPREME COURT, THE HONORABLE JEAN HOEFER TOAL, TO ADDRESS THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY IN JOINT SESSION ON THE STATE OF THE JUDICIARY AT 12:00 NOON ON WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2009.
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, with unanimous consent, the Concurrent Resolution was introduced and ordered placed on the Calendar without reference.
H. 3477 (Word version) -- Reps. Neilson, Williams and Lucas: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND CONGRATULATE THE DARLINGTON HIGH SCHOOL "LADY FALCONS" SOFTBALL TEAM, OF DARLINGTON COUNTY, ON ITS OUTSTANDING SEASON AND IMPRESSIVE WIN OF THE 2008 CLASS AAA STATE CHAMPIONSHIP TITLE.
The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House.
REPORTS OF STANDING COMMITTEES
Senator MASSEY from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
S. 21 (Word version) -- Senator Hayes: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 47 TO TITLE 15 SO AS TO ENACT THE "UNIFORM INTERSTATE DEPOSITIONS AND DISCOVERY ACT", TO PROVIDE AN EFFICIENT AND INEXPENSIVE PROCEDURE FOR LITIGANTS TO DEPOSE OUT-OF-STATE INDIVIDUALS AND FOR THE PRODUCTION OF DISCOVERABLE MATERIALS THAT MAY BE LOCATED OUT OF STATE.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator CLEARY from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable report on:
S. 268 (Word version) -- Senator McConnell: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 8, TITLE 6, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO BUILDING CODES ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS, SO AS TO ESTABLISH A "SPECIAL INSPECTOR" OR "SPECIAL INSPECTION AGENCY" TO PERFORM BUILDING INSPECTIONS IN ONE OR MORE CONSTRUCTION TRADE DISCIPLINES, AND TO PROVIDE THE LICENSING PROCEDURE TO REQUIRE AUTHORIZATION FOR PERFORMING THESE INSPECTIONS FROM THE SOUTH CAROLINA BUILDING CODES COUNCIL AND THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, LICENSING AND REGULATION.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Invitations Accepted
Senator KNOTTS from the Committee on Invitations polled the following invitations with a favorable report. The polling sheet below reflects how each member of the Invitations Committee voted in favor of the entire list of invitations.
Poll of the Invitations Committee
Polled 11; Ayes 11; Nays 0; Not Voting 0
AYES
Knotts Alexander McGill
Reese O'Dell Elliott
Ford Verdin Campsen
Cromer Malloy
Total--11
NAYS
Total--0
Wednesday, March 4, 2009, 12:00 - 2:00 p.m.
Members of the Senate, clerks and attaches, Luncheon, State House Grounds, by NATIONAL KIDNEY FOUNDATION OF SOUTH CAROLINA
Wednesday, March 4, 2009, 6:00 - 8:30 p.m.
Members of the Senate, Reception, Seawell's Restaurant, by SOUTH CAROLINA SUMMARY COURT JUDGES ASSOCIATION
Thursday, March 5, 2009, 8:00 - 10:00 a.m.
Members of the Senate, clerks and attaches, Breakfast, Blatt Room 112, by SOUTH CAROLINA COALITION AGAINST DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND SEXUAL ASSUALT
Tuesday, March 10, 2009, 11:30 a.m. - 2:00 p.m.
Members of the Senate, clerks and attaches, "Jasper on the Move" Luncheon, State House Grounds, by JASPER CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
Tuesday, March 10, 2009, 6:30 p.m.
Members of the Senate, 39th Annual Bird Supper, Marriott Hotel, by HOMEBUILDERS ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH CAROLINA
Wednesday, March 11, 2009, 8:00 - 10:00 a.m.
Members of the Senate, Breakfast, Blatt Room 112, by the FOUNDATION FOR THE SOUTH CAROLINA COMMISSION FOR THE BLIND
Wednesday, March 11, 2009, 6:00 - 8:00 p.m.
Members of the Senate, clerks and attaches, Reception, City Art Gallery, 1224 Lincoln Street, by GREATER SUMTER CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
Wednesday, March 11, 2009, 7:00 - 9:00 p.m.
Members of the Senate, 17th Annual Townes Award Dinner, Marriott Hotel, by SOUTH CAROLINA GOVERNOR'S SCHOOL FOR SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS
Tuesday, March 24, 2009, 6:00 - 8:00 p.m.
Members of the Senate, clerks and attaches,
7th Annual Florence County Legislative Day Reception, Columbia Museum of Art, by FLORENCE COUNTY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PARTNERSHIP ANDGREATER FLORENCE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
Wednesday, March 25, 2009, 7:30 a.m.
Members of the Senate, South Carolina Prayer Breakfast, Radisson Hotel and Conference Center, by the SOUTH CAROLINA PRAYER FELLOWSHIP
Wednesday, March 25, 2009, 12:00 - 2:00 p.m.
Members of the Senate, clerks and attaches, Luncheon, State House Grounds, by UNITED WAY ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH CAROLINA
Wednesday, March 25, 2009, 6:00 - 7:30 p.m.
Members of the Senate, clerks and attaches, Reception, Saki Tumi Grill and Sushi Bar, by SAKITUMI, LLC
Wednesday, March 25, 2009, 7:00 - 9:00 p.m.
Members of the Senate, clerks and attaches, 5th Annual Statewide Rally and Barbeque, "The Coop", 1100 Key Road MECHANICAL CONTRACTORS ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH CAROLINA
Thursday, March 25, 2009, 8:00 - 10:00 a.m.
Members of the Senate, Breakfast, Blatt Room 112, by SOUTH CAROLINA BROADCASTERS ASSOCIATION
Tuesday, March 31, 2009, 1:00 - 2:00 p.m.
Members of the Senate, clerks and attaches, State Farm Day at the Capitol Luncheon, State House Grounds, by STATE FARM INSURANCE COMPANIES
Tuesday, March 31, 2009, 6:00 - 8:00 p.m.
Members of the Senate, clerks and attaches, Reception, Clarion Town House Hotel, by COLLEGE OF CHARLESTON BOARD OF TRUSTEES
Tuesday, March 31, 2009, 7:00 - 9:00 p.m.
Members of the Senate, clerks and attaches, York County Day Reception, Clarion Town House Hotel, by YORK COUNTY REGIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
HOUSE CONCURRENCES
S. 274 (Word version) -- Senator Williams: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NAME THE PORTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA HIGHWAY 9 IN DILLON COUNTY FROM ITS INTERSECTION WITH HIGHWAY 57 TO 2725 HIGHWAY 9 WEST AS THE "REVEREND RICHARD 'DICK' ALDERMAN HIGHWAY" AND ERECT APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS ALONG THIS PORTION OF HIGHWAY THAT CONTAIN THE WORDS "REVEREND RICHARD 'DICK' ALDERMAN HIGHWAY".
Returned with concurrence.
S. 393 (Word version) -- Senator Knotts: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO CONGRATULATE VICTORIE HANSEN, KARI PAIT, AND HEATHER REDD, OF GASTON GIRL SCOUT TROOP 3285, FOR ACHIEVING THE GIRL SCOUT GOLD AWARD, TO COMMEND THEM FOR THEIR HARD WORK AND DETERMINATION IN REACHING THIS GOAL, AND TO THANK THEM FOR THEIR LABORS IN CONSTRUCTING A NEW WELCOME SIGN FOR THE TOWN OF GASTON.
Returned with concurrence.
S. 394 (Word version) -- Senator Knotts: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO CONGRATULATE BUNYAN M. CAVE, PROGRAM MANAGER OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA BUDGET & CONTROL BOARD'S DIVISION OF STATE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, UPON THE OCCASION OF HIS RETIREMENT, TO COMMEND HIM FOR THIRTY YEARS OF DEDICATED SERVICE TO THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA, AND TO EXTEND BEST WISHES FOR MUCH HAPPINESS AND FULFILLMENT IN ALL HIS FUTURE ENDEAVORS.
Returned with concurrence.
THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED LOCAL AND STATEWIDE CALENDAR.
ORDERED ENROLLED FOR RATIFICATION
The following Joint Resolution was read the third time and, having received three readings in both Houses, it was ordered that the title be changed to that of an Act and enrolled for Ratification:
H. 3353 (Word version) -- Rep. Harrison: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO ADOPT REVISED CODE VOLUME 21 OF THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, TO THE EXTENT OF ITS CONTENTS, AS THE ONLY GENERAL PERMANENT STATUTORY LAW OF THE STATE AS OF JANUARY 1, 2009.
The following Bills were read the third time and ordered sent to the House of Representatives:
S. 327 (Word version) -- Senator Pinckney: A BILL TO AUTHORIZE THE BOARD OF EDUCATION FOR THE JASPER COUNTY SCHOOL DISTRICT TO IMPOSE AN IMPACT FEE ON ANY DEVELOPER FOR EACH NEW RESIDENTIAL DWELLING UNIT CONSTRUCTED BY THE DEVELOPER WITHIN THE SCHOOL DISTRICT, TO PROVIDE THAT THE FUNDS MAY ONLY BE USED FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PUBLIC EDUCATION FACILITIES FOR GRADES K-12 WITHIN THE DISTRICT AND FOR THE PAYMENT OF PRINCIPAL AND INTEREST ON EXISTING OR NEW BONDS ISSUED BY THE DISTRICT, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE IMPACT FEE SHALL BE SET AT AN AMOUNT NOT TO EXCEED THE COST THAT EACH ADDITIONAL DWELLING UNIT IMPOSES ON THE SCHOOL DISTRICT FOR PUBLIC EDUCATION FACILITIES.
S. 13 (Word version) -- Senators Leatherman, Elliott and Campbell: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 56-3-910 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO MOTOR VEHICLE FEES, TO PROVIDE THAT FEES BE PLACED IN THE STATE HIGHWAY ACCOUNT OF THE TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE BANK INSTEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION.
S. 155 (Word version) -- Senators Campsen, Rose, Hayes and Lourie: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 7, TITLE 20 OF THE 1976 CODE BY ADDING ARTICLE 33 TO ENACT THE "MILITARY PARENT EQUAL PROTECTION ACT", TO PROVIDE THAT A MILITARY PARENT'S MILITARY SERVICE SHALL NOT BE CONSIDERED A CHANGE IN CIRCUMSTANCE FOR PURPOSES OF CHILD CUSTODY AND VISITATION, TO PROVIDE THAT THE CUSTODIAL NON-MILITARY PARENT MUST REASONABLY ACCOMMODATE THE MILITARY PARENT'S LEAVE SCHEDULE, TO PROVIDE THAT THE FAMILY COURT MAY HOLD AN EXPEDITED TEMPORARY HEARING TO ENSURE THAT THE MILITARY PARENT HAS ACCESS TO A MINOR CHILD, AND TO PROVIDE THAT ANY INCREASE OR DECREASE IN EARNING CAPACITY DUE TO MILITARY SERVICE IS NOT CONSIDERED A PERMANENT CHANGE; AND TO AMEND CHAPTER 1, TITLE 15, BY ADDING SECTION 15-1-340, TO PROVIDE THAT A SERVICE MEMBER ENTITLED TO A STAY PURSUANT TO THE SERVICE MEMBERS CIVIL RELIEF ACT MAY SEEK RELIEF AND PROVIDE TESTIMONY BY ELECTRONIC MEANS UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS.
S. 198 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 39-5-37, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE USE OF A NAME TO MISREPRESENT THE GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF A BUSINESS AS AN UNLAWFUL TRADE PRACTICE, SO AS TO MAKE IT AN UNLAWFUL TRADE PRACTICE TO PUBLISH IN A TELEPHONE ASSISTANCE DATABASE OR A PRINT ADVERTISEMENT AN INTENTIONALLY MISLEADING REPRESENTATION OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF THE BUSINESS.
The following Bill, having been read the second time, was ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar:
H. 3108 (Word version) -- Rep. Hosey: A BILL TO AMEND ACT 201 OF 1993, RELATING TO PAYMENT FOR SERVICES RENDERED BY MEMBERS OF THE WILLISTON SCHOOL DISTRICT 29 BOARD OF TRUSTEES IN BARNWELL COUNTY, SO AS TO DELETE THE PROVISION THAT NO MORE THAN TWELVE SPECIAL MEETINGS MAY BE HELD IN ONE CALENDAR YEAR.
S. 126 (Word version) -- Senators Sheheen and Elliott: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 56-3-1910, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE ISSUANCE OF SPECIAL LICENSE TAGS TO CERTAIN HANDICAPPED PERSONS, SO AS TO DEFINE THE TERM "HANDICAPPED", DELETE THE TERM "LICENSE TAG" AND REPLACE IT WITH THE TERM "LICENSE PLATE", AND TO REVISE THE CRITERIA FOR THE ISSUANCE OF THE LICENSE PLATE; TO AMEND SECTION 56-3-1950, RELATING TO THE DEFINITION OF THE TERM "HANDICAPPED", AND THE REQUIREMENT THAT A LICENSED PHYSICIAN SHALL CERTIFY THAT A PERSON'S TOTAL AND PERMANENT DISABILITY SUBSTANTIALLY IMPAIRS HIS ABILITY TO WALK, SO AS TO REVISE THE DEFINITION OF THE TERM "HANDICAPPED" AND TO DELETE THE PROVISION RELATING TO THE CERTIFICATION OF A PERSON WHO IS TOTALLY AND PERMANENTLY DISABLED; TO AMEND SECTION 56-3-1960, RELATING TO FREE PARKING FOR HANDICAPPED PERSONS, AND THE ISSUANCE AND DISPLAY OF HANDICAPPED LICENSE PLATES AND PLACARDS, SO AS TO DELETE THE PROVISION THAT PROVIDES FOR THE ISSUANCE OF HANDICAPPED LICENSE PLATES, AND TO REVISE THE PROVISIONS REGARDING THE CONTENT, ISSUANCE PROCEDURE, AND DISPLAY OF HANDICAPPED PLACARDS; TO AMEND SECTION 56-3-1965, RELATING TO MUNICIPALITIES DESIGNATING PARKING SPACES FOR HANDICAPPED PERSONS, SO AS TO REVISE THE PROCEDURES THAT ALLOW A HANDICAPPED PERSON TO PARK IN METERED OR TIMED PARKING PLACES WITHOUT BEING SUBJECT TO PARKING FEES OR FINES; AND TO AMEND SECTION 56-3-2010, RELATING TO THE ISSUANCE OF PERSONALIZED LICENSE PLATES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON WHO ALSO QUALIFIES IS QUALIFIED TO RECEIVE THIS LICENSE PLATE AND A HANDICAPPED LICENSE PLATE MAY BE ISSUED A PERSONALIZED LICENSE PLATE THAT INCLUDES A DECAL THAT CONTAINS THE INTERNATIONAL SYMBOL OF ACCESS.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the amendment, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
Senator SHEHEEN proposed the following amendment (126R003.VAS), which was adopted:
Amend the bill as and if amended, on page 2, by striking lines 38-43 and inserting:
/ (B) Upon payment of the regular motor vehicle license fee, the department may issue a license tag plate with a special number or identification indicating that the tag license plate was issued to a person (a) disabled by an impairment in the use of one or more limbs and required to use a wheelchair or (b) disabled by an impairment in mobility, but /
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, on page 4, by striking line 2 and inserting:
/ facility.
(H) When processing applications for special license plates pursuant to this section, the department will also issue a license plate registration certificate that must be carried at all times in the vehicle driven by or transporting the disabled individual. The certificate will display the name of the individual or organization to which the plate was issued. Vehicles displaying a special handicapped license plate can only park in designated handicapped parking spaces if that vehicle is driven by or transporting the disabled individual whose name appears on the license plate registration certificate, or if the certificate lists the name of the agency, organization, or facility authorized under subsection (G). The driver of the vehicle displaying the plate must present the registration when requested by law enforcement entities or their duly authorized agents.
(I) A person violating the provisions of this section is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, must be fined not less than five hundred dollars nor more than one thousand dollars or imprisoned for not more than thirty days for each offense." /
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, on page 6, by striking lines 22 and 23 and inserting:
/ issued a placard registration certificate that must be carried at all times in the vehicle driven by or transporting the handicapped individual. The certificate will display the name of the individual to which the placard was issued. A placard can only be displayed on a vehicle driven by or transporting the disabled individual whose name appears on the placard registration certificate. /
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, on page 6, by striking line 34 and inserting:
/ agency, organization, or facility. At the time of qualification, applicants qualifying for a placard under this section also must be issued a placard registration certificate that must be carried at all times in the vehicle transporting handicapped or disabled individuals. The certificate will display the name of the agency, organization, or facility to which the placard was issued. /
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, on page 7, by striking lines 12-20 and inserting:
/ (G) Placards used for parking in designated handicapped spaces must be displayed on vehicles driven by or transporting the disabled individual whose name appears on the placard registration certificate. When qualified users park in designated spaces, the driver of the vehicle displaying the placard must present the placard registration certificate when requested by law enforcement entities or their duly authorized agents.
(H) Placards and placard registration certificates for permanently disabled persons may be issued and renewed for a maximum period of four years and are renewable on the owner's birth date. Placards issued to an agency, organization, or facility must be renewed every four years. The department may charge a fee of five dollars for an identification card. /
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, on page 7 by striking line 36 and inserting:
/ charge.
(L) A person violating the provisions of this section is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, must be fined not less than five hundred dollars nor more than one thousand dollars or imprisoned for not more than thirty days for each offense." /
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, on page 7 by striking line 43 and on page 8 by striking lines 1 - 8 and inserting:
/ spaces reserved for the parking of handicapped persons. A person who is handicapped as defined in this article must be allowed to park in metered or timed parking places without being subject to parking fees or fines. This section does not apply to areas or during times in which the stopping, parking, or standing of all vehicles is prohibited or to areas which are reserved for special types of vehicles. A vehicle must display a distinguishing license plate which must be issued by the department, pursuant to Section 56-3-1910, or Section 56-3-1110, or a distinguishing placard which must be issued by the department, pursuant to Section 56-3-1960 when parked in metered or timed parking places." /
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, by adding a new SECTION to read:
/ SECTION 6. Section 56-3-1970 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 56-3-1970. (A) It is unlawful to park any vehicle in a parking place clearly designated for handicapped persons unless the vehicle bears the distinguishing license plate or placard provided in Section 56-3-1960.
(B) It is unlawful for any person who is not handicapped or who is not transporting a handicapped person to exercise the parking privileges granted handicapped persons pursuant to Section 56-3-1960.
(C) A person violating the provisions of this section is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, must be fined not less than one five hundred dollars nor more than two hundred one thousand dollars or imprisoned for not more than thirty days for each offense." /
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, by striking SECTION 6 in its entirety and inserting:
/ SECTION 7. This act takes effect nine months after the approval of the Governor. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator SHEHEEN explained the amendment.
There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
Recorded Vote
Senators RYBERG and BRYANT desired to be recorded as voting in favor of the second reading of the Bill.
S. 278 (Word version) -- Senator Alexander: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO ALLOW THE GOVERNING BODY OF A COUNTY BY RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY MAJORITY VOTE TO ALLOW COUNTY OFFICIALS CHARGED WITH COLLECTING TAXES ON REAL PROPERTY FOR PROPERTY TAX YEARS 2008 AND 2009 TO WAIVE OR REDUCE THE PENALTIES FOR LATE PAYMENTS, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE RESOLUTION MUST PROVIDE THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THE WAIVER OR REDUCTION APPLIES.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Joint Resolution, the question being the second reading of the Joint Resolution.
Senator ALEXANDER proposed the following amendment (278FIN004), which was adopted:
Amend the joint resolution as and if amended, page 1, by striking line 34 and inserting:
/ conditions under which the penalties may be waived or reduced. However, a county may only waive or reduce the late payment penalties if the county does so uniformly, irrespective of the class of real property. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator HAYES explained the amendment.
There being no further amendments, the Resolution was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
Recorded Vote
Senators RYBERG and BRYANT desired to be recorded as voting in favor of the second reading of the Resolution.
CARRIED OVER
S. 132 (Word version) -- Senators Sheheen and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 39-5-175 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A LENDER WHO DELIVERS AN UNSOLICITED CHECK TO A PERSON MUST DISCLOSE THAT THE CHECK SECURES A LOAN, THE TERMS OF THE LOAN, AND NOTICE THAT BY NEGOTIATING THE CHECK THE RECIPIENT HAS ENTERED INTO A LOAN AGREEMENT, TO PROVIDE PROTECTION AND RECOURSE FOR INTENDED PAYEES IF AN UNSOLICITED CHECK IS CASHED FRAUDULENTLY, AND TO PROVIDE THAT A VIOLATION OF THIS SECTION IS AN UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICE AND SUBJECT TO APPROPRIATE PENALTIES AND ENFORCEMENT.
On motion of Senator SHEHEEN, the Bill was carried over.
AMENDED, CARRIED OVER
S. 184 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 40-27-10, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO A PERSON WHO BUYS JUNK, SO AS TO REQUIRE A PERSON WHO BUYS JUNK THAT CONSISTS OF TWENTY-FIVE POUNDS OF SCRAP METAL OR VEHICLE PARTS TO KEEP WITH THE RECORD OF PURCHASE A PHOTOCOPY OF THE SELLER'S DRIVER'S LICENSE OR OTHER GOVERNMENT ISSUED PICTURE IDENTIFICATION CARD THAT SHOWS THE SELLER'S NAME AND ADDRESS; TO AMEND SECTION 40-27-40, RELATING TO PENALTIES FOR VIOLATING PROVISIONS OF THE JUNK DEALER ARTICLE, SO AS TO INCREASE THE FINE FROM A MAXIMUM OF ONE HUNDRED DOLLARS TO FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS AND TO ESTABLISH THAT EACH VIOLATION CONSTITUTES A SEPARATE OFFENSE; TO AMEND SECTION 56-5-5670, RELATING TO A DEMOLISHER PURCHASING OR ACQUIRING A VEHICLE TO DEMOLISH, SO AS TO REQUIRE A DEMOLISHER THAT ACQUIRES A VEHICLE OR VEHICLE PARTS WITH A TOTAL WEIGHT OF TWENTY-FIVE POUNDS OR MORE TO KEEP A PHOTOCOPY OF THE SELLER'S DRIVER'S LICENSE OR OTHER GOVERNMENT ISSUED PICTURE IDENTIFICATION CARD THAT SHOWS THE SELLER'S NAME AND ADDRESS AND TO ESTABLISH THAT A VIOLATION OF THOSE PROVISIONS IS A MISDEMEANOR WITH A FINE NO MORE THAN FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS FOR EACH OFFENSE OR NOT EXCEEDING FIVE THOUSAND DOLLARS FOR THE SAME SET OF TRANSACTIONS OR IMPRISONED FOR NO MORE THAN SIXTY DAYS, WITH EACH VIOLATION CONSTITUTING A SEPARATE OFFENSE; AND TO AMEND SECTION 56-5-5945, RELATING TO A DEMOLISHER OBTAINING A VEHICLE TITLE, SO AS TO REQUIRE A DEMOLISHER WHO PURCHASES OR ACQUIRES A VEHICLE OR VEHICLE PART WITH A TOTAL WEIGHT OF TWENTY-FIVE OR MORE POUNDS TO KEEP A PHOTOCOPY OF THE SELLER'S DRIVER'S LICENSE OR OTHER GOVERNMENT PICTURE IDENTIFICATION CARD THAT SHOWS THE PERSON'S NAME AND ADDRESS AND THE YEAR, MAKE, MODEL, AND IDENTIFICATION NUMBER OF THE VEHICLE, IF AVAILABLE, ALONG WITH ANY OTHER IDENTIFYING FEATURES, AND TO PROVIDE A VIOLATION CONSTITUTES A MISDEMEANOR WITH A FINE NO MORE THAN FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS FOR EACH OFFENSE OR NO MORE THAN FIVE THOUSAND DOLLARS FOR THE SAME SET OF TRANSACTIONS OR IMPRISONED FOR NO MORE THAN SIXTY DAYS, OR BOTH, AND TO ESTABLISH THAT EACH VIOLATION CONSTITUTES A SEPARATE OFFENSE.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
Senator SCOTT proposed the following amendment (JUD0184.004), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting:
/ SECTION 1. Section 40-27-10 of the 1976 Code of Laws is amended to read:
"Section 40-27-10. Any person buying junk shall keep a book which that he shall keep open to the inspection of all persons, wherein he shall set down the name and address, city and street, of every person selling junk and an itemized statement of all junk bought from such person and the date of purchase. Any person buying junk that consists of a catalytic converter or twenty-five pounds or more of scrap metal or vehicle parts, other than nonferrous metals, as defined by Section 16-17-680, shall keep with the record of purchase a photocopy of the seller's driver's license or other government issued picture identification card that shows the seller's name and address. Any person buying junk that consists of nonferrous metals is subject to the provisions of Section 16-17-680."
SECTION 2. Section 40-27-30 of the 1976 Code is repealed.
SECTION 3. Section 40-27-40 of the 1976 Code of Laws is amended to read:
"Section 40-27-40. Any person violating any of the provisions of this article shall be fined in a sum not exceeding one five hundred dollars or imprisoned not exceeding thirty days. Each violation constitutes a separate offense."
SECTION 4. Section 56-5-5670 of the 1976 Code of Laws is amended to read:
"Section 56-5-5670. (A) A demolisher who purchases or otherwise acquires a vehicle for purposes of wrecking, dismantling, or demolishing is not required to obtain a certificate of title for the vehicle in his own name. After the vehicle has been demolished, processed, or changed so that it physically is no longer a vehicle, the demolisher must surrender for cancellation the certificate of title, auction sales receipt, or disposal authority certificate. The Department of Motor Vehicles must issue forms, rules, and regulations governing the surrender of auction sales receipts, disposal authority certificates, and certificates of title as appropriate.
(B) A demolisher must keep an accurate and complete record of all abandoned vehicles, catalytic converters, and vehicle parts with a total weight of twenty-five pounds or more purchased or received by him in the course of his business. These records must contain the name and address of the person from whom each the vehicle, catalytic converter, or vehicle parts was were purchased or received, a photocopy of the person's driver's license or other government issued picture identification card that shows the person's name and address, the date when the purchases or receipts occurred, and the year, make, model, and identification number of the vehicle, catalytic converter, or vehicle parts, if ascertainable, along with any other identifying features. The records are open for inspection by any police officer at any time during normal business hours. Any record required by this section must be kept by the demolisher for at least one year after the transaction to which it applies.
(C) A person who violates the provisions of this section is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, must be fined no more than five hundred dollars for each offense not to exceed five thousand dollars for the same set of transactions or occurrences, or imprisoned for no more than sixty days, or both. Each violation constitutes a separate offense."
SECTION 5. Section 56-5-5945 of the 1976 Code of Laws is amended to read:
"Section 56-5-5945. (a) Any demolisher who purchases or otherwise acquires a vehicle for purposes of wrecking, dismantling, or demolition shall not be required to obtain a certificate of title for such vehicle in his own name. After the vehicle has been demolished, processed, or changed so that it physically is no longer a vehicle, the demolisher shall surrender for cancellation the certificate of title or sales receipt issued under Section 56-5-5850.
(b) A demolisher shall keep an accurate and complete record of all vehicles, catalytic converters, and vehicle parts with a total weight of twenty-five pounds or more purchased or received by him in the course of his business. These records shall contain the name and address of the person from whom each the vehicle, catalytic converter, or vehicle parts was were purchased or received, a photocopy of the person's driver's license or other government issued picture identification card that shows the person's name and address, and the date when such purchases or receipts occurred, and the year, make, model, and identification number of the vehicle, catalytic converter, or vehicle parts, if ascertainable, along with any other identifying features. The records shall be open for inspection by any law enforcement officer at any time during normal business hours. Any record required by this section shall be kept by the demolisher for at least one year after the transaction to which it applies.
(c) A person who violates the provisions of this section is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, must be fined no more than five hundred dollars for each offense not to exceed five thousand dollars for the same set of transactions or occurrences, or imprisoned for no more than sixty days, or both. Each violation constitutes a separate offense."
SECTION 6. This act takes effect upon approval by the Governor./
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator SCOTT explained the amendment.
On motion of Senator RYBERG, the Bill was carried over, as amended.
THE CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED CALENDAR HAVING BEEN COMPLETED, THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE MOTION PERIOD.
On motion of Senator L. MARTIN, the Senate agreed to dispense with the Motion Period.
CONCURRENCE
S. 235 (Word version) -- Senator Rose: A BILL TO AUTHORIZE THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES FOR DORCHESTER SCHOOL DISTRICT NO. 2 TO IMPOSE AN IMPACT FEE ON ANY DEVELOPER FOR EACH NEW RESIDENTIAL DWELLING UNIT CONSTRUCTED BY THE DEVELOPER WITHIN THE SCHOOL DISTRICT, TO PROVIDE THAT THE FUNDS MAY ONLY BE USED FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PUBLIC EDUCATION FACILITIES FOR GRADES K-12 WITHIN THE DISTRICT AND FOR THE PAYMENT OF PRINCIPAL AND INTEREST ON EXISTING OR NEW BONDS ISSUED BY THE DISTRICT, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE IMPACT FEE SHALL BE SET AT AN AMOUNT NOT TO EXCEED THE COST THAT EACH ADDITIONAL DWELLING UNIT IMPOSES ON THE SCHOOL DISTRICT FOR PUBLIC EDUCATION FACILITIES.
The House returned the Bill with amendments.
On motion of Senator ROSE, the Senate concurred in the House amendments and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Ordered that the title be changed to that of an Act and the Act enrolled for Ratification.
THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CALL OF THE CONTESTED STATEWIDE AND LOCAL CALENDAR.
CARRIED OVER
S. 1 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell, Peeler, Leatherman, Sheheen, Rose, Courson, Elliott, Massey, Hayes, Davis, Bright, Campsen, Campbell, L. Martin, Knotts, Alexander and S. Martin: A JOINT RESOLUTION PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO SECTION 7, ARTICLE X OF THE CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1895, RELATING TO THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE STATE AND ITS POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONS TO HAVE BUDGET PROCESSES DESIGNED TO KEEP REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES IN BALANCE, THE LIMITATION ON STATE APPROPRIATIONS, AND THE LIMITATIONS ON STATE EMPLOYEES, SO AS TO DELETE THE EXISTING STATE SPENDING LIMITATION AND REQUIRE THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY TO REPLACE IT BY A LAW IMPOSING AN ANNUAL LIMIT ON THE APPROPRIATION OF STATE GENERAL FUND REVENUES BY ADJUSTING SUCH REVENUES BY A ROLLING TEN-YEAR AVERAGE IN ANNUAL CHANGES IN GENERAL FUND REVENUES; TO ALLOW THE CREATION OF A BUDGET STABILIZATION FUND IN THE STATE TREASURY TO WHICH MUST BE CREDITED ALL GENERAL FUND REVENUES IN EXCESS OF THE ANNUAL LIMIT; AND TO PROVIDE BY GENERAL LAW FOR THE APPROPRIATIONS TO WHICH THE LIMIT APPLIES, THE METHOD OF AND SOURCES FOR CALCULATING THE LIMIT; AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE DISBURSEMENTS FROM THE BUDGET STABILIZATION FUND.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Joint Resolution, the question being the second reading of the Joint Resolution.
On motion of Senator GROOMS, the Joint Resolution was carried over.
CARRIED OVER
S. 103 (Word version) -- Senators Grooms, Campsen and Campbell: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 57-5-10 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE GENERAL COMPOSITION OF THE STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM, TO PROVIDE THAT ALL HIGHWAYS IN THE STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM MUST BE BUILT ACCORDING TO STATE STANDARDS; TO AMEND SECTION 57-5-70, RELATING TO ADDITIONS TO THE STATE HIGHWAY SECONDARY SYSTEM, TO ALLOW THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION TO ADD COUNTY AND MUNICIPAL ROADS TO THE STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM WHEN NECESSARY FOR THE INTERCONNECTIVITY OF THE STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM; TO AMEND SECTION 57-5-80, RELATING TO THE DELETION AND REMOVAL OF ROADS FROM THE STATE HIGHWAY SECONDARY SYSTEM, TO PROVIDE FOR THE REMOVAL OF ROADS FROM THE STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM WHEN A COUNTY, MUNICIPALITY, SCHOOL, OR OTHER GOVERNMENTAL AGENCY AGREES TO ACCEPT THE ROAD INTO ITS OWN HIGHWAY SYSTEM; AND TO REPEAL SECTION 57-5-90, RELATING TO BELT LINES AND SPURS.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
On motion of Senator GROOMS, the Bill was carried over.
CARRIED OVER
S. 146 (Word version) -- Senators Campsen, Rose and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND THE 1976 CODE BY ADDING SECTION 20-3-240 TO ENACT THE "FAMILY COURT FINANCIAL PRIVACY ACT" TO PROVIDE THAT A FINANCIAL DECLARATION MADE A PART OF THE RECORD IN A MATTER BEFORE THE FAMILY COURT MUST BE SEALED, TO PROVIDE ACCESS TO A FINANCIAL DECLARATION UPON REQUEST ONLY BY THE PARTIES, THE COURT AND PERSONNEL OF THE COURT, AND THE CHILD SUPPORT ENFORCEMENT DIVISION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES, AND TO PROHIBIT OTHER ACCESS EXCEPT UPON ORDER OF THE COURT FOR GOOD CAUSE SHOWN; AND TO AMEND SECTION 30-4-40, RELATING TO EXEMPTIONS FROM THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT, TO EXEMPT FINANCIAL DECLARATIONS IN MATTERS BEFORE THE FAMILY COURT EXCEPT ON ORDER OF THE COURT FOR GOOD CAUSE SHOWN.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
On motion of Senator GROOMS, the Bill was carried over.
CARRIED OVER
S. 156 (Word version) -- Senators Campsen, Rose, Elliott, Davis, Bright, Ford, Knotts and S. Martin: A BILL TO AMEND THE 1976 CODE TO ENACT THE "JUDICIAL ELECTIONS REFORM ACT" BY AMENDING SECTION 2-19-70, RELATING TO PLEDGING, TO PROHIBIT A PERSON OR JUDICIAL CANDIDATE FROM DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY SEEKING THE PLEDGE OF A MEMBER OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY REGARDING SCREENING FOR ANY JUDICIAL OFFICE UNTIL THE QUALIFICATIONS OF ALL THE CANDIDATES HAVE BEEN DETERMINED BY THE JUDICIAL MERIT SELECTION COMMISSION AND THE COMMISSION HAS FORMALLY RELEASED ITS REPORT.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
On motion of Senator GROOMS, the Bill was carried over.
CARRIED OVER
S. 191 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell, Malloy, Campsen, Sheheen, Ford, Rose, Campbell and Knotts: A BILL TO ENACT THE SOUTH CAROLINA REDUCTION OF RECIDIVISM ACT OF 2009, TO PROVIDE LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS WITH ADDITIONAL AUTHORITY REDUCE RECIDIVISM RATES, APPREHEND CRIMINAL AND PROTECT POTENTIAL VICTIMS FROM CRIMINAL ENTERPRISES; TO PROVIDE THAT YOUTHFUL OFFENDERS AND OTHER INMATES MUST AGREE TO BE SUBJECT TO SEARCH OR SEIZURE WITH OR WITHOUT A SEARCH WARRANT AND WITH OR WITHOUT CAUSE AS A CONDITION OF RELEASE, SUPERVISED FURLOUGH, OR PAROLE. (ABBREVIATED TITLE)
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
On motion of Senator GROOMS, the Bill was carried over.
CARRIED OVER
S. 12 (Word version) -- Senators Leatherman, Alexander, O'Dell, Cleary, Leventis, Elliott, Lourie and Malloy: A BILL TO ESTABLISH THE SOUTH CAROLINA TAXATION REALIGNMENT COMMISSION, TO PROVIDE FOR THE COMMISSION'S MEMBERSHIP, POWERS, DUTIES, AND RESPONSIBILITIES, TO PROVIDE THAT THE COMMISSION MUST CONDUCT A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF THE STATE'S TAX SYSTEM AND SUBMIT A REPORT OF ITS RECOMMENDED CHANGES TO FURTHER THE GOAL OF MAINTAINING AND ENHANCING THE STATE AS AN OPTIMUM COMPETITOR IN THE EFFORT TO ATTRACT BUSINESSES AND INDIVIDUALS TO LOCATE, LIVE, WORK, AND INVEST IN THE STATE, AND TO PROVIDE FOR PROCEDURES GOVERNING THE CONSIDERATION OF LEGISLATION RESULTING FROM THE COMMISSION'S RECOMMENDATIONS.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
On motion of Senator LEATHERMAN, the Bill was carried over, not to be taken up for consideration before Thursday, February19, 2009.
CARRIED OVER
S. 245 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 63-3-530 OF THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, AS ADDED BY ACT 361 OF 2008, RELATING TO CHILD SUPPORT PAYMENTS, TO PERMIT A FAMILY COURT JUDGE TO MAKE AN ORDER FOR CHILD SUPPORT RUN PAST THE AGE OF EIGHTEEN IF THE CHILD IS ENROLLED AND STILL ATTENDING HIGH SCHOOL, NOT TO EXCEED HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION OR THE END OF THE SCHOOL YEAR AFTER THE CHILD REACHES NINETEEN YEARS OF AGE, WHICHEVER OCCURS FIRST.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
On motion of Senator GROOMS, the Bill was carried over.
DEBATE INTERRUPTED
S. 351 (Word version) -- Senators Grooms, McConnell and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 3, TITLE 54 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE CREATION AND ORGANIZATION OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA STATE PORTS AUTHORITY, TO CLARIFY THAT THE POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE AUTHORITY ARE EXERCISED BY A BOARD OF DIRECTORS, TO PROVIDE THAT CANDIDATES FOR APPOINTMENT MUST POSSESS CERTAIN QUALIFICATIONS, TO PROVIDE THAT CANDIDATES MUST BE SCREENED TO DETERMINE WHETHER THEY POSSESS THE REQUIRED QUALIFICATIONS BEFORE THEY MAY SERVE ON THE BOARD, TO PROVIDE THAT MEMBERS OF THE BOARD MAY BE REMOVED FROM OFFICE ONLY FOR CAUSE, TO PROVIDE THAT THE BOARD MUST PERFORM AN ANNUAL PERFORMANCE REVIEW OF THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, TO ESTABLISH THAT DIRECTORS HAVE A DUTY OF GOOD FAITH AND ORDINARY CARE WHEN DISCHARGING THEIR DUTIES AS A DIRECTOR, TO PROHIBIT CONFLICT OF INTEREST TRANSACTIONS, TO ESTABLISH A SOUTH CAROLINA STATE PORTS ADVISORY BOARD, AND SET THE MEMBERSHIP, DUTIES, AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE ADVISORY BOARD; TO AMEND CHAPTER 3, TITLE 54, BY ADDING ARTICLE 2, RELATING TO PORTS AUTHORITY MANAGEMENT, TO PROVIDE THAT THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS MUST HIRE AN EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF PORT OPERATIONS AND TO ESTABLISH THE DIRECTOR'S DUTY TO OPERATE THE PORTS IN A MANNER CONSISTENT WITH THE MISSION, POLICIES, AND DIRECTION OF THE BOARD; TO AMEND SECTION 54-3-140(5), TO PROVIDE THAT THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS MUST ADOPT AN ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE FOR AUTHORITY OPERATIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 54-3-140, RELATING TO THE POWERS OF THE PORTS AUTHORITY, BY ADDING TWO NEW ITEMS THAT REQUIRE A LONG-RANGE PORT DEVELOPMENT AND CAPITAL FINANCING PLAN AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE AUTHORITY MUST CONSIDER PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS FOR CURRENT AND FUTURE OPERATIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 54-3-1040, RELATING TO THE ANNUAL FINANCIAL STATEMENT, AND TO PROVIDE THAT COPIES OF THE STATEMENT MUST BE FORWARDED TO THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE AND THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY; TO AMEND ARTICLE 11, CHAPTER 3, TITLE 54, RELATING TO FINANCIAL MATTERS, BY ADDING SECTION 54-3-1060, TO PROVIDE THAT THE AUTHORITY MUST MAINTAIN A TRANSACTION REGISTER OF ALL FUNDS EXPENDED OVER ONE HUNDRED DOLLARS AND MUST MAINTAIN ON ITS INTERNET WEBSITE A COPY OF EACH MONTHLY CREDIT CARD STATEMENT FOR ALL CREDIT CARDS MAINTAINED BY THE AUTHORITY; AND TO AMEND CHAPTER 3, TITLE 54, BY ADDING ARTICLE 13, RELATING TO LEGISLATIVE OVERSIGHT, TO REQUIRE REGULAR OVERSIGHT REVIEW OF THE AUTHORITY AND THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Transportation.
Senator GROOMS was recognized to speak on the Bill.
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, debate was interrupted by adjournment.
LOCAL APPOINTMENT
Confirmation
Having received a favorable report from the Senate, the following appointment was confirmed in open session:
Initial Appointment, Charleston County Magistrate, with the term to commence April 30, 2007, and to expire April 30, 2011
Sheryl Mitchell Perry, 5711 Dixie Plantation, Hollywood, SC 29449 VICE Patricia Dixon | 2013-06-18T05:51:41 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.26999011635780334, "perplexity": 9037.039497269452}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706961352/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516122241-00074-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10154088-twinning-induced-strain-hardening-dual-phase-fecocrnial0-room-cryogenic-temperature | Twinning-induced strain hardening in dual-phase FeCoCrNiAl0.5 at room and cryogenic temperature
Abstract
A face-centered-cubic (fcc) oriented FeCoCrNiAl0.5dual-phase high entropy alloy (HEA) was plastically strained in uniaxial compression at 77K and 293K and the underlying deformation mechanisms were studied. The undeformed microstructure consists of a body-centered-cubic (bcc)/B2 interdendritic network and precipitates embedded in 〈001〉-oriented fcc dendrites. In contrast to other dual-phase HEAs, at both deformation temperatures a steep rise in the stress-strain curves occurs above 23% total axial strain. As a result, the hardening rate associated saturates at the unusual high value of ~6 GPa. Analysis of the strain partitioning between fcc and bcc/B2 by digital image correlation shows that the fcc component carries the larger part of the plastic strain. Further, electron backscatter diffraction and transmission electron microscopy evidence ample fcc deformation twinning both at 77K and 293K, while slip activity only is found in the bcc/B2. These results may guide future advancements in the design of novel alloys with superior toughening characteristics.
Authors:
; ;
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10154088
Journal Name:
Scientific Reports
Volume:
8
Issue:
1
ISSN:
2045-2322
Publisher:
Nature Publishing Group
The seismic anisotropy of the Earth's solid inner core has been the topic of much research. It could be explained by the crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) developing during convection. The likely phase is hexagonal close-packed iron (hcp), alloyed with nickel and some lighter elements. Here we use high energy synchrotron X-rays to study CPO in Fe-9wt%Si, uniaxially compressed in a diamond anvil cell in radial geometry. The experiments reveal that strong preferred orientation forms in the low-pressure body-centred cubic (bcc) phase that appears to be softer than pure iron. CPO is attributed to dominant {110}<111> slip. The onset of the bcc→hcp transition occurs at a pressure of ≈15 GPa, and the alloy remains in a two phase bcc + hcp state up to 40 GPa. The hcp phase forms first with a distinct {11$\bar{2}$0} maximum perpendicular to compression. Modelling shows that this is a transformation texture, which can be described by Burgers orientation relationship with variant selection. Experimental results suggest that bcc grains oriented with <100> parallel to compression transform into hcp first. The CPO of the hcp changes only slowly during further pressure and deviatoric stress increase at ambient temperature. After heating to 1600 K, a change in the hcp CPO is observed with alignment ofmore » | 2023-03-31T12:39:00 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5011110305786133, "perplexity": 4586.452372881401}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949642.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331113819-20230331143819-00532.warc.gz"} |
https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/prc/section2/prc262.htm | 7. Product and Process Comparisons
7.2. Comparisons based on data from one process
7.2.6. What intervals contain a fixed percentage of the population values?
## Percentiles
Definitions of order statistics and ranks For a series of measurements $$Y_1, \, \ldots, \, Y_N$$, denote the data ordered in increasing order of magnitude by $$Y_{[1]}, \, \ldots, \, Y_{[N]}$$. These ordered data are called order statistics. If $$Y_{[j]}$$ is the order statistic that corresponds to the measurement $$Y_i$$, then the rank for $$Y_i$$ is $$j$$; i.e., $$Y_{[j]} \sim Y_i \,\, \Longrightarrow \,\, r_i = j \, .$$
Definition of percentiles Order statistics provide a way of estimating proportions of the data that should fall above and below a given value, called a percentile. The $$p$$th percentile is a value, $$Y_{(p)}$$, such that at most $$(100 p)$$ % of the measurements are less than this value and at most $$100(1-p)$$ % are greater. The 50th percentile is called the median.
Percentiles split a set of ordered data into hundredths. (Deciles split ordered data into tenths). For example, 70 % of the data should fall below the 70th percentile.
Given n points, the percentile corresponding to the i-th point is
$$\frac{i}{n+1}$$
More typically we start with a desired percentile value and this percentile of interest may not correspond to a specific data point. In this case, interpolation between points is required. There is not a standard univerally accepted way to perform this interpolation. After describing our default method, several alternative methods are given. All of the methods discussed here are used in practice.
Estimation of percentiles Percentiles can be estimated from $$N$$ measurements as follows: for the $$p$$th percentile, set $$p(N+1)$$ equal to $$k + d$$ for $$k$$ an integer, and $$d$$, a fraction greater than or equal to 0 and less than 1.
1. For $$0 \lt k \lt N, \,\,\,\,\, Y_{(p)} = Y_{[k]} + d \left( Y_{[k+1]} - Y{[k]} \right)$$
2. For $$k = 0, \,\,\,\,\, Y_{(p)} = Y_{[1]}$$
Note that any p ≤ 1/(N+1) will simply be set to the minimum value.
3. For $$k ≥ N, \,\,\,\,\, Y_{(p)} = Y{[N]}$$
Note that any pN/(N+1) will simply be set to the maximum value.
Example and interpretation For the purpose of illustration, twelve measurements from a gage study are shown below. The measurements are resistivities of silicon wafers measured in ohm.cm.
i Measurements Order stats Ranks
1 95.1772 95.0610 9
2 95.1567 95.0925 6
3 95.1937 95.1065 10
4 95.1959 95.1195 11
5 95.1442 95.1442 5
6 95.0610 95.1567 1
7 95.1591 95.1591 7
8 95.1195 95.1682 4
9 95.1065 95.1772 3
10 95.0925 95.1937 2
11 95.1990 95.1959 12
12 95.1682 95.1990 8
To find the 90th percentile, $$p(N+1)$$ = 0.9(13) = 11.7; $$k$$ = 11, and $$d$$ = 0.7. From condition (1) above, $$Y_{(90)}$$ is estimated to be 95.1981 ohm.cm. This percentile, although it is an estimate from a small sample of resistivities measurements, gives an indication of the percentile for a population of resistivity measurements.
Note that there are other ways of calculating percentiles in common use Hyndman and Fan (1996) in an American Statistician article evaluated nine different methods (we will refer to these as R1 through R9) for computing percentiles relative to six desirable properties. Their goal was to advocate a "standard" definition for percentiles that would be implemented in statistical software. Although this has not in fact happened, the article does provide a useful summary and evaluation of various methods for computing percentiles. Most statistical and spreadsheet software use one of the methods described in Hyndman and Fan.
The method described above corresponds to method R6 of Hyndman and Fan. This is the default method used by Dataplot.
The method advocated by Hyndman and Fan is R8. For the R8 method, set $$p(N+(1/3) + (1/3))$$ and proceed as above. Note that any p ≤ (2/3)/(N+(1/3)) will be set to the minimum value and any p ≥ (N-(1/3))/(N+(1/3)) will be set to the maximum value. Both R and Dataplot can optionally use this method. For the example given above, R8 gives 95.1972 (compared to 95.1981) for the 90-th percentile.
Some software packages set $$1 + p(N-1)$$ equal to $$k + d$$ and then proceed as above. This is method R7 of Hyndman and Fan. This is the method used by Excel and is the default method for R (the R quantile function can optionally use any of the nine methods discussed in Hyndman and Fan). For the example given above, R7 gives 95.1957.
The R6, R7, and R8 methods give fairly similar, but not exactly the same (particularly for small samples), results. For most purposes, any of these three methods should be acceptable.
Another method of calculating percentiles (given in some elementary textbooks) starts by calculating $$p N$$. If that is not an integer, round up to the next highest integer $$k$$ and use $$Y_{[k]}$$ as the percentile estimate. If $$p N$$ is an integer $$k$$, use $$0.5 \left( Y_{[k]} + Y_{[k+1]} \right)$$. One of R6, R7, or R8 would typically be preferred to this method.
Definition of Tolerance Interval An interval covering population percentiles can be interpreted as "covering a proportion $$p$$ of the population with a level of confidence, say, 90 %." This is known as a tolerance interval. | 2020-12-03T23:32:15 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 2, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8262714743614197, "perplexity": 631.6664033075261}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141732835.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20201203220448-20201204010448-00599.warc.gz"} |
https://tjyj.stats.gov.cn/CN/10.19343/j.cnki.11-1302/c.2017.03.001 | • 论文 •
### 环境公共治理政策的效果评价与优化组合研究
• 出版日期:2017-03-15 发布日期:2017-03-27
### Research on the Effects Evaluation and Optimization of Environmental Public Regulation Policy
Zhang Tongbin et al.
• Online:2017-03-15 Published:2017-03-27
Abstract: In this paper, we specified a dynamic general equilibrium model which including the environmental regulation policy system. We can obtain the conclusion that the impact of producer subsidies is relatively effective in the aspect of economic growth. The role of R&D subsidy in technological progress is very significant. Through the way that “R&D investment?Green technology promotion?Discharge of pollutants reduction”, the environmental quality can be improved. Additionally, in this paper, we also simulate the impacts of producer price subsidies and technical R&D subsidies on the social welfare and pollution discharge respectively. The results show that the government may promote the production level and thus the social welfare level by the ways of producer subsidies or R&D subsidies. Increasing the magnitude of the producer price subsidies and R&D subsidies simultaneously has positive effects on the technology progress which is helpful to the pollution level declining. In the end, this paper presents the feasible region of production subsidies and R&D subsidies under the dual objectives of social welfare and environmental improvement and does some research on the optimal combination of environmental public governance policies. | 2023-03-27T10:33:24 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.20495913922786713, "perplexity": 3377.5993714847928}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948620.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327092225-20230327122225-00788.warc.gz"} |
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10081683-catalyst-discovery-through-megalibraries-nanomaterials | Catalyst discovery through megalibraries of nanomaterials
The nanomaterial landscape is so vast that a high-throughput combinatorial approach is required to understand structure–function relationships. To address this challenge, an approach for the synthesis and screening of megalibraries of unique nanoscale features (>10,000,000) with tailorable location, size, and composition has been developed. Polymer pen lithography, a parallel lithographic technique, is combined with an ink spray-coating method to create pen arrays, where each pen has a different but deliberately chosen quantity and composition of ink. With this technique, gradients of Au-Cu bimetallic nanoparticles have been synthesized and then screened for activity by in situ Raman spectroscopy with respect to single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) growth. Au3Cu, a composition not previously known to catalyze SWNT growth, has been identified as the most active composition.
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10081683
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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116
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1
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p. 40-45
ISSN:
0027-8424
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
National Science Foundation
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https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10342310-nonadiabatic-decay-metastable-states-coupled-linear-potentials | This content will become publicly available on May 1, 2023
Nonadiabatic decay of metastable states on coupled linear potentials
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10342310
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New Journal of Physics
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24
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5
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053043
ISSN:
1367-2630
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https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10364457 | This content will become publicly available on March 28, 2023
Materials science and mechanosensitivity of living matter
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; ;
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10364457
Journal Name:
Applied Physics Reviews
Volume:
9
Issue:
1
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
Article No. 011320
ISSN:
1931-9401
Publisher:
American Institute of Physics
2. Cells respond to biochemical and physical internal as well as external signals. These signals can be broadly classified into two categories: (a) actionable'' or reference'' inputs that should elicit appropriate biological or physical responses such as gene expression or motility, and (b) disturbances'' or perturbations'' that should be ignored or actively filtered-out. These disturbances might be exogenous, such as binding of nonspecific ligands, or endogenous, such as variations in enzyme concentrations or gene copy numbers. In this context, the term robustness describes the capability to produce appropriate responses to reference inputs while at the same time being insensitive to disturbances. These two objectives often conflict with each other and require delicate design trade-offs. Indeed, natural biological systems use complicated and still poorly understood control strategies in order to finely balance the goals of responsiveness and robustness. A better understanding of such natural strategies remains an important scientific goal in itself and will play a role in the construction of synthetic circuits for therapeutic and biosensing applications. A prototype problem in robustly responding to inputs is that of robust tracking'', defined by the requirement that some designated internal quantity (for example, the level of expression of a reporter protein) should faithfullymore » | 2023-03-22T02:25:43 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.40618857741355896, "perplexity": 2261.3680133481803}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943749.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322020215-20230322050215-00689.warc.gz"} |
https://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=B033MM&home=sumtabB | #### ${{\mathit \Delta}{(1232)}^{++}}$ MAGNETIC MOMENT
The values are extracted from UCLA and SIN data on ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit p}}$ bremsstrahlung using a variety of different theoretical approximations and methods. Our estimate is $\mathit only$ a rough guess of the range we expect the moment to lie within.
VALUE (${{\mathit \mu}_{{N}}}$) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
• • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • •
$6.14$ $\pm0.51$
2001
DPWA ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit p}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$
$4.52$ $\pm0.50$ $\pm0.45$
1991
${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit p}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ (SIN data)
$3.7\text{ to }4.2$
1991 B
${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit p}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ (from UCLA data)
$4.6\text{ to }4.9$
1991 B
${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit p}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ (from SIN data)
$5.6\text{ to }7.5$
1988
${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit p}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ (from UCLA data)
$6.9\text{ to }9.8$
1987
${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit p}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ (from UCLA data)
$4.7\text{ to }6.7$
1978
${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit p}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ (UCLA data)
References:
LOPEZCASTRO 2001
PL B517 339 Determination of the ${{\mathit \Delta}^{++}}$ Magnetic Dipole Moment
Also
NP A697 440 Elastic and Radiative ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit p}}$ Scattering and Properties of the ${{\mathit \Delta}^{++}}$Resonance
BOSSHARD 1991
PR D44 1962 Analyzing Power in Pion Proton Bremsstrahlung, and the ${{\mathit \Delta}{(1232)}^{++}}$ Magnetic Moment
Also
PRL 64 2619 Polarized Target Asymmetry in Pion Proton Bremsstrahlung at 298 GeV
LIN 1991B
PR C44 1819 Pion Proton Bremsstrahlung Calculation and the “Experimental” Magnetic Moment of ${{\mathit \Delta}{(1232)}^{++}}$
Also
PR C43 R930 Soft Photon Analysis of Pion-Proton Bremsstrahlung and the “Experimental” Magnetic Moment of ${{\mathit \Delta}{(1232)}^{++}}$
WITTMAN 1988
PR C37 2075 A Covariant Approach to ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}$ Proton Bremsstrahlung
HELLER 1987
PR C35 718 Pion-Nucleon Bremsstrahlung and ${{\mathit \Delta}}$ Electromagnetic Moments
NEFKENS 1978
PR D18 3911 Differential Cross Sections for Pion Proton Bremsstrahlung at 269, 298, and 324 MeV | 2022-09-28T15:56:31 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7330946922302246, "perplexity": 7982.957212511486}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335257.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928145118-20220928175118-00733.warc.gz"} |
http://pdglive.lbl.gov/Particle.action?init=0&node=B006 | ${{\mathit N}}$ BARYONS($\mathit S$ = 0, $\mathit I$ = 1/2) ${{\mathit p}}$, ${{\mathit N}^{+}}$ = ${\mathit {\mathit u}}$ ${\mathit {\mathit u}}$ ${\mathit {\mathit d}}$; ${{\mathit n}}$, ${{\mathit N}^{0}}$ = ${\mathit {\mathit u}}$ ${\mathit {\mathit d}}$ ${\mathit {\mathit d}}$ INSPIRE search
# ${{\mathit N}{(2000)}}$ $I(J^P)$ = $1/2(5/2^{+})$
Before the 2012 $\mathit Review$, all the evidence for a $\mathit J{}^{P} = 5/2{}^{+}$ state with a mass above 1800 MeV was filed under a two-star ${{\mathit N}{(2000)}}$. There is now some evidence from ANISOVICH 2012A for two $5/2{}^{+}$ states in this region, so we have split the older data (according to mass) between two two-star $5/2{}^{+}$ states, an ${{\mathit N}{(1860)}}$ and an ${{\mathit N}{(2000)}}$.
${{\mathit N}{(2000)}}$ POLE POSITION
REAL PART
$-2{\times }$IMAGINARY PART
${{\mathit N}{(2000)}}$ ELASTIC POLE RESIDUE
MODULUS $\vert \mathit r\vert$
PHASE $\theta$
${{\mathit N}{(2000)}}$ INELASTIC POLE RESIDUE
Normalized residue in ${{\mathit N}}$ ${{\mathit \pi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit N}{(2000)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \Delta}{(1232)}}{{\mathit \pi}}$ , ${\mathit P}{\mathrm -wave}$
Normalized residue in ${{\mathit N}}$ ${{\mathit \pi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit N}{(2000)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \Delta}{(1232)}}{{\mathit \pi}}$ , ${\mathit F}{\mathrm -wave}$
Normalized residue in ${{\mathit N}}$ ${{\mathit \pi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit N}{(2000)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit N}}{{\mathit \sigma}}$
Normalized residue in ${{\mathit N}}$ ${{\mathit \pi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit N}{(2000)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit N}{(1520)}}{{\mathit \pi}}$ , ${\mathit D}{\mathrm -wave}$
${{\mathit N}{(2000)}}$ BREIT-WIGNER MASS
${{\mathit N}{(2000)}}$ BREIT-WIGNER WIDTH
${{\mathit N}{(2000)}}$ PHOTON DECAY AMPLITUDES AT THE POLE
${{\mathit N}{(2000)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ , helicity-1/2 amplitude A$_{1/2}$
${{\mathit N}{(2000)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ , helicity-3/2 amplitude A$_{3/2}$
${{\mathit N}{(2000)}}$ BREIT-WIGNER PHOTON DECAY AMPLITUDES
${{\mathit N}{(2000)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ , helicity-1/2 amplitude A$_{1/2}$
${{\mathit N}{(2000)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ , helicity-3/2 amplitude A$_{3/2}$
${{\mathit N}{(2000)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit n}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ , helicity-1/2 amplitude A$_{1/2}$
${{\mathit N}{(2000)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit n}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ , helicity-3/2 amplitude A$_{3/2}$ | 2018-03-18T07:56:40 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9976075291633606, "perplexity": 1209.6347097420833}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645550.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318071715-20180318091715-00102.warc.gz"} |
https://docs.dea.ga.gov.au/notebooks/DEA_datasets/Sentinel_2.html | Sentinel-2¶
• Compatibility: Notebook currently compatible with both the NCI and DEA Sandbox environments
• One step of the analysis (‘Sentinel-2 Near Real Time’) is currently only compatible with the DEA Sandbox
• Products used: s2a_ard_granule, s2b_ard_granule, s2a_nrt_granule, s2b_nrt_granule
Background¶
Sentinel-2 is an Earth observation mission from the EU Copernicus Programme that systematically acquires optical imagery at high spatial resolution (up to 10 m for some bands). The mission is based on a constellation of two identical satellites in the same orbit, 180° apart for optimal coverage and data delivery. Together, they cover all Earth’s land surfaces, large islands, inland and coastal waters every 3-5 days.
Sentinel-2A was launched on 23 June 2015 and Sentinel-2B followed on 7 March 2017. Both of the Sentinel-2 satellites carry an innovative wide swath high-resolution multispectral imager with 13 spectral bands. For more information on the Sentinel-2 platforms and applications, check out the European Space Agency website.
Digital Earth Australia (DEA) applies corrections to Sentinel-2 satellite images to arrive at a surface reflectance product (see the introduction to Digtial Earth Australia section for more information on the surface reflectance corrections). Surface reflectance provides standardised optical datasets by using robust physical models to correct for variations in image radiance values due to atmospheric properties, as well as sun and sensor geometry. The resulting stack of surface reflectance grids are consistent over space and time, which is instrumental in identifying and quantifying environmental change.
DEA provides two Sentinel-2 surface reflectance products:
1. Sentinel-2 Definitive (e.g. s2a_ard_granule): These products represent the ‘definitive’ source of high quality Sentinel-2 surface reflectance data, and are available from the beginning of the Sentinel-2 archive up to a delay of several weeks.
2. Sentinel-2 Near Real Time (e.g. s2a_nrt_granule): These products are processed with best-available ancillary information and provided as a rolling 90 day archive of imagery which is typically available to load within approximately ~24 hours of a satellite overpass.
Both Sentinel-2 Definitive and Sentinel-2 Near Real Time products contain data processed to two surface reflectance corrections:
1. NBAR (e.g. nbar_green): NBAR stands for Nadir-corrected BRDF Adjusted Reflectance, where BRDF stands for Bidirectional reflectance distribution function. The approach involves atmospheric correction to compute surface-leaving radiance and bi-directional reflectance modelling to remove the effects of topography and angular variation in reflectance.
2. NBAR-T (e.g. nbart_green): Surface reflectance NBAR-T includes the terrain illumination reflectance correction and has the same features of NBAR, along with some additional features.
Sentinel-2 surface reflectance products have 13 spectral channels:
Sentinel-2 bands
DEA band name
Band number
Central wavelength (nm)
Resolution (m)
Bandwidth (nm)
Coastal aerosol
nbar(t)_coastal_aerosol
1
443
60
20
Blue
nbar(t)_blue
2
490
10
65
Green
nbar(t)_green
3
560
10
35
Red
nbar(t)_red
4
665
10
30
Vegetation red edge
nbar(t)_red_edge_1
5
705
20
15
Vegetation red edge
nbar(t)_red_edge_2
6
740
20
15
Vegetation red edge
nbar(t)_red_edge_3
7
783
20
20
NIR
nbar(t)_nir_1
8
842
10
115
Narrow NIR
nbar(t)_nir_2
8A
865
20
20
Water vapour
N/A
9
945
60
20
SWIR - Cirrus
N/A
10
1375
60
20
SWIR
nbar(t)_swir_2
11
1610
20
90
SWIR
nbar(t)_swir_3
12
2190
20
180
These bands cover the visible, near-infrared and short-wave infrared wave lengths.
Note: There are a number of additional datasets that are also returned as part of Sentinel-2 queries. These are a combination of datasets used in the correction process, and layers relating to pixel quality.
Description¶
This notebook will run through loading in Sentinel-2A and Sentinel-2B satellite images. Topics covered include:
• Using the native dc.load() function to load in Sentinel-2 Definitive data from a single Sentinel-2 satellite
• Using the load_ard() wrapper function to load in a concatenated, sorted, and cloud masked time series from both Sentinel-2A and 2B
• Loading the latest available Sentinel-2 imagery from the Sentinel-2 Near Real Time products
Getting started¶
To run this analysis, run all the cells in the notebook, starting with the “Load packages” cell.
[1]:
import sys
import datacube
from odc.ui import with_ui_cbk
sys.path.append("../Scripts")
from dea_datahandling import load_ard
from dea_plotting import rgb
Connect to the datacube¶
[2]:
dc = datacube.Datacube(app="Sentinel_2")
Load Sentinel-2 data from the datacube¶
We will load Sentinel-2 Definitive data from the Sentinel-2A and Sentinel-2B satellites using two methods. Firstly, we will use dc.load() to return a time series of satellite images from a single sensor. Secondly, we will load a time series using the load_ard() function, which is a wrapper function around the dc.load module. This function will load all the images from both Sentinel-2A and Sentinel-2B, combine them, and then apply a cloud mask. The returned xarray.Dataset will contain analysis ready images with the cloudy and invalid pixels masked out.
You can change any of the parameters in the query object below to adjust the location, time, projection, or spatial resolution of the returned datasets. To learn more about querying, refer to the Beginner’s guide notebook on loading data.
Sentinel-2 data is stored on file with a range of different coordinate reference systems or CRS (i.e. multiple UTM zones). The different satellite bands also have different resolutions (10 m, 20 m and 60 m). Because of this, all Sentinel-2 queries need to include the following two query parameters:
• output_crs: This sets a consistent CRS that all Sentinel-2 data will be reprojected to, regardless of the UTM zone the individual image is stored in.
• resolution: This sets the resolution that all Sentinel-2 images will be resampled to.
Note: Be aware that setting resolution to the highest available resolution (i.e. (-10, 10)) will downsample the coarser resolution 20 m and 60 m bands, which may introduce unintended artefacts into your analysis. It is typically best practice to set resolution to match the lowest resolution band being analysed. For example, if your analysis uses both 10 m and 20 m resolution bands, set "resolution": (-20, 20).
[3]:
# Create a query object
query = {
"x": (153.45, 153.47),
"y": (-28.90, -28.92),
"time": ("2018-01", "2018-02"),
"output_crs": "EPSG:3577",
"resolution": (-10, 10),
"group_by": "solar_day",
}
Load Sentinel-2 using dc.load()¶
The two Sentinel-2 Definitive products are:
• s2a_ard_granule
• s2b_ard_granule
Here we will load in a time-series of satellite images from only Sentinel-2A. To load in images from Sentinel-2B, change the product variable to 's2b_ard_granule'.
[4]:
ds = dc.load(product="s2a_ard_granule",
progress_cbk=with_ui_cbk(),
**query)
print(ds)
<xarray.Dataset>
Dimensions: (time: 6, x: 228, y: 255)
Coordinates:
* time (time) datetime64[ns] 2018-01-06T23:52:41.026000 ... 2018-02-25T23:52:41.026000
* y (y) float64 -3.313e+06 -3.313e+06 ... -3.316e+06
* x (x) float64 2.057e+06 2.057e+06 ... 2.059e+06
Data variables:
azimuthal_exiting (time, y, x) float32 -160.90376 ... -29.190119
azimuthal_incident (time, y, x) float32 170.4605 ... -25.479986
exiting (time, y, x) float32 1.9511385 2.391956 ... 5.8774323
incident (time, y, x) float32 25.019077 25.188375 ... 38.39617
relative_azimuth (time, y, x) float32 16.493828 ... 37.642647
relative_slope (time, y, x) float32 -28.635742 ... 3.7101326
satellite_azimuth (time, y, x) float32 99.85303 99.85302 ... 99.85423
satellite_view (time, y, x) float32 4.5394645 ... 4.2476106
solar_azimuth (time, y, x) float32 83.3592 83.35906 ... 62.211586
solar_zenith (time, y, x) float32 27.643938 27.643759 ... 35.8065
terrain_shadow (time, y, x) uint8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ... 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
fmask (time, y, x) uint8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ... 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
nbar_contiguity (time, y, x) uint8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ... 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
nbar_coastal_aerosol (time, y, x) int16 338 338 338 338 ... 1944 1944 2122
nbar_blue (time, y, x) int16 260 305 326 321 ... 1655 1761 1810
nbar_green (time, y, x) int16 517 612 648 680 ... 1805 1867 1859
nbar_red (time, y, x) int16 260 288 303 305 ... 1699 1735 1751
nbar_red_edge_1 (time, y, x) int16 764 918 918 946 ... 2220 2220 2261
nbar_red_edge_2 (time, y, x) int16 2644 3112 3112 ... 3156 3156 3118
nbar_red_edge_3 (time, y, x) int16 3645 4086 4086 ... 3622 3622 3493
nbar_nir_1 (time, y, x) int16 4370 4319 4310 ... 3900 3933 3861
nbar_nir_2 (time, y, x) int16 4216 4544 4544 ... 3882 3882 3807
nbar_swir_2 (time, y, x) int16 1625 1794 1794 ... 2670 2670 2668
nbar_swir_3 (time, y, x) int16 617 718 718 701 ... 2238 2238 2275
nbart_contiguity (time, y, x) uint8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ... 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
nbart_coastal_aerosol (time, y, x) int16 333 333 333 333 ... 1914 1914 2132
nbart_blue (time, y, x) int16 256 299 320 317 ... 1696 1811 1863
nbart_green (time, y, x) int16 508 602 638 671 ... 1849 1919 1912
nbart_red (time, y, x) int16 255 283 298 301 ... 1742 1786 1803
nbart_red_edge_1 (time, y, x) int16 751 903 903 934 ... 2271 2271 2322
nbart_red_edge_2 (time, y, x) int16 2598 3061 3061 ... 3229 3229 3202
nbart_red_edge_3 (time, y, x) int16 3586 4023 4023 ... 3700 3700 3582
nbart_nir_1 (time, y, x) int16 4301 4249 4246 ... 3994 4041 3970
nbart_nir_2 (time, y, x) int16 4148 4475 4475 ... 3967 3967 3905
nbart_swir_2 (time, y, x) int16 1596 1764 1764 ... 2733 2733 2742
nbart_swir_3 (time, y, x) int16 605 706 706 691 ... 2293 2293 2340
Attributes:
crs: EPSG:3577
The returned dataset contains all of the bands available for Sentinel-2. These include both NBAR and NBAR-T versions of the optical bands, along with fmask (used for cloud masking) and other measurements (e.g. azimuthal_exiting, azimuthal_incident) that are used for generating the surface reflectance product.
Usually we are not interested in returning all the possible bands, but instead are only interested in a subset of these. If we wished to return only a few of NBAR-T optical bands, then we would pass a measurements parameter to dc.load() (or, alternatively, amend the initial query object to have a measurements parameter).
[5]:
bands = ["nbart_blue", "nbart_green", "nbart_red"]
measurements=bands,
progress_cbk=with_ui_cbk(),
**query)
print(ds)
<xarray.Dataset>
Dimensions: (time: 6, x: 228, y: 255)
Coordinates:
* time (time) datetime64[ns] 2018-01-06T23:52:41.026000 ... 2018-02-25T23:52:41.026000
* y (y) float64 -3.313e+06 -3.313e+06 ... -3.316e+06 -3.316e+06
* x (x) float64 2.057e+06 2.057e+06 ... 2.059e+06 2.059e+06
Data variables:
nbart_blue (time, y, x) int16 256 299 320 317 312 ... 1611 1696 1811 1863
nbart_green (time, y, x) int16 508 602 638 671 654 ... 1802 1849 1919 1912
nbart_red (time, y, x) int16 255 283 298 301 298 ... 1711 1742 1786 1803
Attributes:
crs: EPSG:3577
Once the load is complete, we can then analyse or plot the Sentinel-2 data:
[6]:
rgb(ds, col="time", col_wrap=6)
Load Sentinel-2 using load_ard¶
This function will load images from both Sentinel-2A and Sentinel-2B, concatenate and sort the observations by time, and apply a cloud mask. The result is an analysis ready dataset. You can find more information on this function from the Using load ard notebook.
[7]:
ds = load_ard(dc=dc,
products=["s2a_ard_granule", "s2b_ard_granule"],
measurements=bands,
**query)
print(ds)
Loading s2a_ard_granule data
Applying pixel quality mask
Applying pixel quality mask
Combining and sorting data
Masking out invalid values
Returning 12 observations
<xarray.Dataset>
Dimensions: (time: 12, x: 228, y: 255)
Coordinates:
* y (y) float64 -3.313e+06 -3.313e+06 ... -3.316e+06 -3.316e+06
* x (x) float64 2.057e+06 2.057e+06 ... 2.059e+06 2.059e+06
* time (time) datetime64[ns] 2018-01-01T23:52:39.027000 ... 2018-02-25T23:52:41.026000
Data variables:
nbart_blue (time, y, x) float32 nan nan nan nan nan ... nan nan nan nan
nbart_green (time, y, x) float32 nan nan nan nan nan ... nan nan nan nan
nbart_red (time, y, x) float32 nan nan nan nan nan ... nan nan nan nan
Attributes:
crs: EPSG:3577
[8]:
rgb(ds, col='time', col_wrap=6)
Sentinel-2 Near Real Time¶
Note: Sentinel-2 Near Real Time is only currently only available to load via the DEA Sandbox environment
The surface reflectance processing workflow for Sentinel-2 Definitive products typically causes a delay before this data is available to load through the datacube.
To address this delay, DEA also provides a Sentinel-2 Near Real Time product which is available to load as early as ~24 hours after a satellite observation is made. Near Real Time data is processed using best-available ancillary information to provide atmospheric corrections, and delivered as a rolling 90 day archive of imagery.
The two Sentinel-2 Near Real Time products are:
• s2a_nrt_granule
• s2b_nrt_granule
We can load this data using either dc.load() or load_ard() using the methods demonstrated above:
[9]:
# Create a query object
query = {
"x": (153.45, 153.47),
"y": (-28.90, -28.92),
"measurements": ["nbart_blue", "nbart_green", "nbart_red"],
"output_crs": "EPSG:3577",
"resolution": (-10, 10),
"group_by": "solar_day",
}
products=["s2a_nrt_granule", "s2b_nrt_granule"],
**query)
Loading s2a_nrt_granule data
Combining and sorting data
Masking out invalid values
Returning 18 observations
We can now plot the most recently acquired Sentinel-2 image for our query region:
[10]:
# index=-1 selects the final image in the dataset
rgb(ds, index=-1, size=8)
Contact: If you need assistance, please post a question on the Open Data Cube Slack channel or on the GIS Stack Exchange using the open-data-cube tag (you can view previously asked questions here). If you would like to report an issue with this notebook, you can file one on Github.
Compatible datacube version:
[11]:
print(datacube.__version__)
1.7+142.g7f8581cf.dirty
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Tags: NCI compatible, sandbox compatible, sentinel 2, dea_datahandling, dea_plotting, load_ard, rgb, near real time, dea datasets | 2020-04-07T13:51:23 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.31136730313301086, "perplexity": 10177.466834809033}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371799447.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407121105-20200407151605-00444.warc.gz"} |
https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/volcano-watch-whats-cooking-k-lauea | # Volcano Watch — What's cooking at Kīlauea?
Release Date:
Pele has been restless lately-she has changed her mood twice since late last year.
Through November 2001, as the 19th year of the Puu Oo eruption drew to a close, lava tubes were feeding flows into the ocean at two places: the East Kupapau entry on the east-central side of the flow field and the Kamoamoa entry on the west-central side. Behavior of this sort-tube-fed lava flows leading from the vent to the ocean-had prevailed for the previous two years. During that time, the eruption was interrupted by only two brief pauses, both in 2000. Activity within Puu Oo Crater was rare and brief.
This relatively steady behavior then began to change in early December 2001. The first clue was persistent breakouts from the lava tube system above Pulama pali and the concurrent decline in the amount of lava flowing through the tube system below the breakouts.
Then, in mid-December, hornitos began to form over the tubes above Pulama pali. Hornitos are strangely shaped spatter mounds and spires that form when tubes that are completely filled with lava spit out clots of lava through weak points in their roofs. Activity at the two ocean entries began to wane and, by the end of January, had completely stopped.
Some of the tube breakouts quickly died, but others were persistent and began to build low hills of lava-termed rootless shields-over the tube system. By the end of January, three separate shields were under construction. The lava that had been supplying the flows for the past two years was now being used to build a chain of rootless shields over the tube system above Pulama pali. Puu Oo Crater reawakened in late January with new lava flows on the crater floor.
The shield-building continued, at times with as many as four rootless shields active at once. Lava from the underlying tube flowed upward like an artesian well, often feeding a lava pond which, in turn, sent short lava flows outward in all directions. Shields would only build to a height of a few tens of meters (yards) before activity shifted to an adjacent shield-free tube segment. The shield-building was accompanied by activity within the crater.
At the end of April, Pele had another mood swing. A breakout from the central part of the chain of shields sent two lava flows to the southeast: one just outside the boundary of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park toward the surviving part of the Royal Gardens subdivision (the HALP flow), and one just inside the Park boundary (the Boundary flow). At the same time, activity within Puu Oo Crater abruptly stopped. This marked an activity shift away from shield and hornito construction back to tube-fed lava flows.
This shift was confirmed on Mother's Day, May 12, when a vigorous new lava breakout appeared on the southwest flank of Puu Oo. The resultant lava flow rapidly moved southeastward along the west margin of the Puu Oo flow field, consuming the forest in its path and igniting forest fires. The National Park Service responded with a fire-fighting effort, because the fires threatened endangered Hawaiian plants.
The U.S. Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory has worked closely with the National Park Service in the mitigation effort, tracking the flow's progress and forecasting its path and advance rate. The Mother's Day flow reached the coastal plain on June 10 and is now working its way toward the ocean. The Park has removed its facilities-which were in the probable path of the flow at the end of the Chain of Craters Road-and moved them about 0.8 km (0.5 mi) to the west.
On May 26, the HALP flow overwhelmed a house in Royal Gardens--the 189th structure destroyed since the Puu Oo eruption began. This flow is still active, though rather subdued. The terminus is narrow and is now below Pikake Street, between Prince and Royal Streets. The terminus of the sluggish Boundary is now on the coastal plain, about 1.75 km (1.1 mi) from the ocean.
### Volcano Activity Update
Eruptive activity of Kīlauea Volcano continued unabated at the Puu Oo vent during the past week. The "Mother's Day" lava flow is spreading and inflating at the base of Paliuli with the terminus of the flow located 0.6 km (0.4 mi) from the end of the Chain of Craters road. With the Kupukupu fire contained, the National Park Service has lifted their restrictions, and visitors can now hike out to the active flow area all day.
The two flows emanating from the "rootless" shields are still active. The actions of the lower Boundary flow and the mauka HALP flow are described in the article above. At least four houses are in the probable path of the HALP flow.
There were no earthquakes felt during the week ending on June 20, but one earthquake was reported felt in Hilo at 8:13 a.m. on June 2. The magnitude-2.9 earthquake was located 7 km (4.2 mi) northeast of Ka`ena Point at a depth of 5 km (3 mi). | 2020-08-10T03:36:27 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3636949956417084, "perplexity": 7006.988407150835}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738603.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810012015-20200810042015-00382.warc.gz"} |
http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.27 | # §18.27(i) Introduction
The $q$-hypergeometric OP’s comprise the $q$-Hahn class OP’s and the Askey–Wilson class OP’s (§18.28). For the notation of $q$-hypergeometric functions see §§17.2 and 17.4(i).
The $q$-Hahn class OP’s comprise systems of OP’s $\{p_{n}(x)\}$, $n=0,1,\dots,N$, or $n=0,1,2,\dots$, that are eigenfunctions of a second-order $q$-difference operator. Thus
18.27.1 $A(x)p_{n}(qx)+B(x)p_{n}(x)+C(x)p_{n}(q^{-1}x)=\lambda_{n}p_{n}(x),$
where $A(x)$, $B(x)$, and $C(x)$ are independent of $n$, and where the $\lambda_{n}$ are the eigenvalues. In the $q$-Hahn class OP’s the role of the operator $\ifrac{d}{dx}$ in the Jacobi, Laguerre, and Hermite cases is played by the $q$-derivative $\mathcal{D}_{q}$, as defined in (17.2.41). A (nonexhaustive) classification of such systems of OP’s was made by Hahn (1949). There are 18 families of OP’s of $q$-Hahn class. These families depend on further parameters, in addition to $q$. The generic (top level) cases are the $q$-Hahn polynomials and the big $q$-Jacobi polynomials, each of which depends on three further parameters.
All these systems of OP’s have orthogonality properties of the form
18.27.2 $\sum_{x\in X}p_{n}(x)p_{m}(x)\,|x|\,v_{x}=h_{n}\delta_{n,m},$
where $X$ is given by $X=\{aq^{y}\}_{y\in I_{+}}$ or $X=\{aq^{y}\}_{y\in I_{+}}\cup\{-bq^{y}\}_{y\in I_{-}}$. Here $a,b$ are fixed positive real numbers, and $I_{+}$ and $I_{-}$ are sequences of successive integers, finite or unbounded in one direction, or unbounded in both directions. If $I_{+}$ and $I_{-}$ are both nonempty, then they are both unbounded to the right. Some of the systems of OP’s that occur in the classification do not have a unique orthogonality property. Thus in addition to a relation of the form (18.27.2), such systems may also satisfy orthogonality relations with respect to a continuous weight function on some interval.
Here only a few families are mentioned. They are defined by their $q$-hypergeometric representations, followed by their orthogonality properties. For other formulas, including $q$-difference equations, recurrence relations, duality formulas, special cases, and limit relations, see Koekoek et al. (2010, Chapter 14). See also Gasper and Rahman (2004, pp. 195–199, 228–230) and Ismail (2005, Chapters 13, 18, 21).
# §18.27(ii) $q$-Hahn Polynomials
18.27.3 $Q_{n}(x)=\mathop{Q_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x;\alpha,\beta,N;q\right)=\mathop{{{% }_{3}\phi_{2}}\/}\nolimits\!\left({q^{-n},\alpha\beta q^{n+1},x\atop\alpha q,q% ^{-N}};q,q\right),$ $n=0,1,\dots,N$. Defines: $\mathop{Q_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x;\alpha,\beta,N;q\right)$: $q$-Hahn polynomial Symbols: $\mathop{{{}_{r+1}\phi_{s}}\/}\nolimits\!\left({a_{0},a_{1},\dots,a_{r}\atop b_% {1},b_{2},\dots,b_{s}};q,z\right)$: basic hypergeometric (or $q$-hypergeometric) function, $q$: real variable, $n$: nonnegative integer, $N$: positive integer and $x$: real variable Referenced by: §18.27(ii) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.27.E3 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
18.27.4 $\sum_{y=0}^{N}Q_{n}(q^{-y})Q_{m}(q^{-y})\frac{(\alpha q,q^{-N};q)_{y}(\alpha% \beta q)^{-y}}{(q,\beta^{-1}q^{-N};q)_{y}}=h_{n}\delta_{n,m},$ $n,m=0,1,\ldots,N$.
For $h_{n}$ see Koekoek et al. (2010, Eq. (14.6.2)).
# §18.27(iii) Big $q$-Jacobi Polynomials
18.27.5 $\mathop{P_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x;a,b,c;q\right)=\mathop{{{}_{3}\phi_{2}}\/}% \nolimits\!\left({q^{-n},abq^{n+1},x\atop aq,cq};q,q\right),$ Defines: $\mathop{P_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x;a,b,c;q\right)$: big $q$-Jacobi polynomial Symbols: $\mathop{{{}_{r+1}\phi_{s}}\/}\nolimits\!\left({a_{0},a_{1},\dots,a_{r}\atop b_% {1},b_{2},\dots,b_{s}};q,z\right)$: basic hypergeometric (or $q$-hypergeometric) function, $q$: real variable, $n$: nonnegative integer and $x$: real variable Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.27.E5 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
and
18.27.6 $\mathop{P^{(\alpha,\beta)}_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x;c,d;q\right)=\frac{c^{n}q^% {-(\alpha+1)n}\left(q^{\alpha+1},-q^{\alpha+1}c^{-1}d;q\right)_{n}}{\left(q,-q% ;q\right)_{n}}\*\mathop{P_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(q^{\alpha+1}c^{-1}dx;q^{% \alpha},q^{\beta},-q^{\alpha}c^{-1}d;q\right).$ Defines: $\mathop{P^{(\alpha,\beta)}_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x;c,d;q\right)$: big $q$-Jacobi polynomial Symbols: $(a,b)$: open interval, $\mathop{P_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x;a,b,c;q\right)$: big $q$-Jacobi polynomial, $\left(a;q\right)_{n}$: $q$-factorial (or $q$-shifted factorial), $q$: real variable, $n$: nonnegative integer, $x$: real variable and $P_{n}^{(\alpha,\beta)}(x;c,d;q)$ Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.27.E6 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
The orthogonality relations are given by (18.27.2), with
18.27.7 $p_{n}(x)=\mathop{P_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x;a,b,c;q\right),$
18.27.8 ${X=\{aq^{\ell+1}\}_{\ell=0,1,2,\ldots}\cup\{cq^{\ell+1}\}_{\ell=0,1,2,\ldots}},$
18.27.9 $v_{x}=\frac{(a^{-1}x,c^{-1}x;q)_{\infty}}{(x,bc^{-1}x;q)_{\infty}},$ $0, $0, $c<0$, Symbols: $q$: real variable, $x$: real variable and $v_{x}$ Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.27.E9 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
and
18.27.10 $p_{n}(x)=\mathop{P^{(\alpha,\beta)}_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x;c,d;q\right)$
18.27.11 $X=\{cq^{\ell}\}_{\ell=0,1,2,\ldots}\cup\{-dq^{\ell}\}_{\ell=0,1,2,\ldots},$
18.27.12 $v_{x}=\frac{(qx/c,-qx/d;q)_{\infty}}{(q^{\alpha+1}x/c,-q^{\beta+1}x/d;q)_{% \infty}},$ $\alpha,\beta>-1$, $c,d>0$. Symbols: $q$: real variable, $x$: real variable and $v_{x}$ Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.27.E12 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
For $h_{n}$ see Koekoek et al. (2010, Eq. (14.5.2)).
# §18.27(iv) Little $q$-Jacobi Polynomials
18.27.13 $p_{n}(x)=\mathop{p_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x;a,b;q\right)=\mathop{{{}_{2}\phi_{% 1}}\/}\nolimits\!\left({q^{-n},abq^{n+1}\atop aq};q,qx\right).$ Defines: $\mathop{p_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x;a,b;q\right)$: little $q$-Jacobi polynomial Symbols: $\mathop{{{}_{r+1}\phi_{s}}\/}\nolimits\!\left({a_{0},a_{1},\dots,a_{r}\atop b_% {1},b_{2},\dots,b_{s}};q,z\right)$: basic hypergeometric (or $q$-hypergeometric) function, $q$: real variable, $n$: nonnegative integer, $p_{n}(x)$: polynomial of degree $n$ and $x$: real variable Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.27.E13 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
18.27.14 $\sum_{y=0}^{\infty}p_{n}(q^{y})p_{m}(q^{y})\frac{\left(bq;q\right)_{y}(aq)^{y}% }{\left(q;q\right)_{y}}=h_{n}\delta_{n,m},$ $0 .
For $h_{n}$ see Koekoek et al. (2010, Eq. (14.12.2)).
Bounds for the extreme zeros are given in Driver and Jordaan (2013).
# §18.27(v) $q$-Laguerre Polynomials
18.27.15 $\mathop{L^{(\alpha)}_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x;q\right)=\frac{\left(q^{\alpha+1% };q\right)_{n}}{\left(q;q\right)_{n}}\mathop{{{}_{1}\phi_{1}}\/}\nolimits\!% \left({q^{-n}\atop q^{\alpha+1}};q,-xq^{n+\alpha+1}\right).$ Defines: $\mathop{L^{(\alpha)}_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x;q\right)$: $q$-Laguerre polynomial Symbols: $\left(a;q\right)_{n}$: $q$-factorial (or $q$-shifted factorial), $\mathop{{{}_{r+1}\phi_{s}}\/}\nolimits\!\left({a_{0},a_{1},\dots,a_{r}\atop b_% {1},b_{2},\dots,b_{s}};q,z\right)$: basic hypergeometric (or $q$-hypergeometric) function, $q$: real variable, $n$: nonnegative integer and $x$: real variable Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.27.E15 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
The measure is not uniquely determined:
18.27.16 $\int_{0}^{\infty}\mathop{L^{(\alpha)}_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x;q\right)\mathop% {L^{(\alpha)}_{m}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x;q\right)\frac{x^{\alpha}}{\left(-x;q% \right)_{\infty}}dx=\frac{\left(q^{\alpha+1};q\right)_{n}}{\left(q;q\right)_{n% }q^{n}}h_{0}^{(1)}\delta_{n,m},$ $\alpha>-1$,
where $h_{0}^{(1)}$ is given in Koekoek et al. (2010, Eq. (14.21.2), and
18.27.17 $\sum_{y=-\infty}^{\infty}\mathop{L^{(\alpha)}_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(cq^{y};q% \right)\mathop{L^{(\alpha)}_{m}\/}\nolimits\!\left(cq^{y};q\right)\frac{q^{y(% \alpha+1)}}{\left(-cq^{y};q\right)_{\infty}}=\frac{\left(q^{\alpha+1};q\right)% _{n}}{\left(q;q\right)_{n}q^{n}}h_{0}^{(2)}\delta_{n,m},$ $\alpha>-1$, $c>0$,
where $h_{0}^{(2)}$ is given in Koekoek et al. (2010, Eq. (14.21.3).
Bounds for the extreme zeros are given in Driver and Jordaan (2013).
# §18.27(vi) Stieltjes–Wigert Polynomials
18.27.18 $\mathop{S_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x;q\right)=\sum_{\ell=0}^{n}\frac{q^{\ell^{2}% }(-x)^{\ell}}{\left(q;q\right)_{\ell}\left(q;q\right)_{n-\ell}}=\frac{1}{\left% (q;q\right)_{n}}\mathop{{{}_{1}\phi_{1}}\/}\nolimits\!\left({q^{-n}\atop 0};q,% -q^{n+1}x\right).$ Defines: $\mathop{S_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x;q\right)$: Stieltjes–Wigert polynomial Symbols: $\left(a;q\right)_{n}$: $q$-factorial (or $q$-shifted factorial), $\mathop{{{}_{r+1}\phi_{s}}\/}\nolimits\!\left({a_{0},a_{1},\dots,a_{r}\atop b_% {1},b_{2},\dots,b_{s}};q,z\right)$: basic hypergeometric (or $q$-hypergeometric) function, $q$: real variable, $\ell$: nonnegative integer, $n$: nonnegative integer and $x$: real variable Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.27.E18 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
(Sometimes in the literature $x$ is replaced by $q^{\frac{1}{2}}x$.)
The measure is not uniquely determined:
18.27.19 $\int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{\mathop{S_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x;q\right)\mathop{S_{m% }\/}\nolimits\!\left(x;q\right)}{\left(-x,-qx^{-1};q\right)_{\infty}}dx=\frac{% \mathop{\ln\/}\nolimits\!\left(q^{-1}\right)}{q^{n}}\frac{\left(q;q\right)_{% \infty}}{\left(q;q\right)_{n}}\delta_{n,m},$
and
18.27.20 $\int_{0}^{\infty}\mathop{S_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(q^{\frac{1}{2}}x;q\right)% \mathop{S_{m}\/}\nolimits\!\left(q^{\frac{1}{2}}x;q\right)\mathop{\exp\/}% \nolimits\!\left(-\frac{(\mathop{\ln\/}\nolimits x)^{2}}{2\mathop{\ln\/}% \nolimits\!\left(q^{-1}\right)}\right)dx=\frac{\sqrt{2\pi q^{-1}\mathop{\ln\/}% \nolimits\!\left(q^{-1}\right)}}{q^{n}\left(q;q\right)_{n}}\delta_{n,m}.$
# ¶ Discrete $q$-Hermite I
18.27.21 $\mathop{h_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x;q\right)=\left(q;q\right)_{n}\sum_{\ell=0}^% {\left\lfloor n/2\right\rfloor}\frac{(-1)^{\ell}q^{\ell(\ell-1)}x^{n-2\ell}}{% \left(q^{2};q^{2}\right)_{\ell}\left(q;q\right)_{n-2\ell}}=x^{n}\mathop{{{}_{2% }\phi_{0}}\/}\nolimits\!\left({q^{-n},q^{-n+1}\atop-};q^{2},x^{-2}q^{2n-1}% \right).$ Defines: $\mathop{h_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x;q\right)$: discrete $q$-Hermite I polynomial Symbols: $\left\lfloor x\right\rfloor$: floor of $x$, $\left(a;q\right)_{n}$: $q$-factorial (or $q$-shifted factorial), $\mathop{{{}_{r+1}\phi_{s}}\/}\nolimits\!\left({a_{0},a_{1},\dots,a_{r}\atop b_% {1},b_{2},\dots,b_{s}};q,z\right)$: basic hypergeometric (or $q$-hypergeometric) function, $q$: real variable, $\ell$: nonnegative integer, $n$: nonnegative integer and $x$: real variable Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.27.E21 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
18.27.22 $\sum_{\ell=0}^{\infty}\left(\mathop{h_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(q^{\ell};q\right)% \mathop{h_{m}\/}\nolimits\!\left(q^{\ell};q\right)+\mathop{h_{n}\/}\nolimits\!% \left(-q^{\ell};q\right)\mathop{h_{m}\/}\nolimits\!\left(-q^{\ell};q\right)% \right)\*\left(q^{\ell+1},-q^{\ell+1};q\right)_{\infty}q^{\ell}=\left(q;q% \right)_{n}\left({q,-1,-q};q\right)_{\infty}q^{n(n-1)/2}\delta_{n,m}.$
# ¶ Discrete $q$-Hermite II
18.27.23 $\mathop{\tilde{h}_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x;q\right)=\left(q;q\right)_{n}\sum_{% \ell=0}^{\left\lfloor n/2\right\rfloor}\frac{(-1)^{\ell}q^{-2n\ell}q^{\ell(2% \ell+1)}x^{n-2\ell}}{\left(q^{2};q^{2}\right)_{\ell}\left(q;q\right)_{n-2\ell}% }=x^{n}\mathop{{{}_{2}\phi_{1}}\/}\nolimits\!\left({q^{-n},q^{-n+1}\atop 0};q^% {2},-x^{-2}q^{2}\right).$ Defines: $\mathop{\tilde{h}_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x;q\right)$: discrete $q$-Hermite II polynomial Symbols: $\left\lfloor x\right\rfloor$: floor of $x$, $\left(a;q\right)_{n}$: $q$-factorial (or $q$-shifted factorial), $\mathop{{{}_{r+1}\phi_{s}}\/}\nolimits\!\left({a_{0},a_{1},\dots,a_{r}\atop b_% {1},b_{2},\dots,b_{s}};q,z\right)$: basic hypergeometric (or $q$-hypergeometric) function, $q$: real variable, $\ell$: nonnegative integer, $n$: nonnegative integer and $x$: real variable Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.27.E23 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
18.27.24 $\sum_{\ell=-\infty}^{\infty}\left(\mathop{\tilde{h}_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(cq^% {\ell};q\right)\mathop{\tilde{h}_{m}\/}\nolimits\!\left(cq^{\ell};q\right)+% \mathop{\tilde{h}_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(-cq^{\ell};q\right)\mathop{\tilde{h}_% {m}\/}\nolimits\!\left(-cq^{\ell};q\right)\right)\frac{q^{\ell}}{\left(-c^{2}q% ^{2\ell};q^{2}\right)_{\infty}}=2\frac{\left(q^{2},-c^{2}q,-c^{-2}q;q^{2}% \right)_{\infty}}{\left(q,-c^{2},-c^{-2}q^{2};q^{2}\right)_{\infty}}\frac{% \left(q;q\right)_{n}}{q^{n^{2}}}\delta_{n,m},$ $c>0$.
(For discrete $q$-Hermite II polynomials the measure is not uniquely determined.) | 2014-08-28T15:10:55 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 329, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9348618984222412, "perplexity": 8079.093874235563}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500830903.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021350-00353-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.aimsciences.org/article/doi/10.3934/mbe.2014.11.189 | Article Contents
Article Contents
# Gauss-diffusion processes for modeling the dynamics of a couple of interacting neurons
• With the aim to describe the interaction between a couple of neurons a stochastic model is proposed and formalized. In such a model, maintaining statements of the Leaky Integrate-and-Fire framework, we include a random component in the synaptic current, whose role is to modify the equilibrium point of the membrane potential of one of the two neurons and when a spike of the other one occurs it is turned on. The initial and after spike reset positions do not allow to identify the inter-spike intervals with the corresponding first passage times. However, we are able to apply some well-known results for the first passage time problem for the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process in order to obtain (i) an approximation of the probability density function of the inter-spike intervals in one-way-type interaction and (ii) an approximation of the tail of the probability density function of the inter-spike intervals in the mutual interaction. Such an approximation is admissible for small instantaneous firing rates of both neurons.
Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 60J60, 60J70; Secondary: 92-08.
Citation:
• [1] K. Amemori and S. Ishii, Gaussian process approach to spiking neurons for inhomogeneous Poisson inputs, Neural Comp., 13 (2001), 2763-2797.doi: 10.1162/089976601317098529. [2] A. Buonocore, A. G. Nobile and L. M. Ricciardi, A new integral equation for evaluation of first-passage-time probability densities, Advances in Applied Probability, 19 (1987), 784-990.doi: 10.2307/1427102. [3] A. Buonocore, L. Caputo, E. Pirozzi and L. M. Ricciardi, On a stochastic leaky integrate-and-fire neuronal model, Neural Comput., 22 (2010), 2558-2585.doi: 10.1162/NECO_a_00023. [4] A. Buonocore, L. Caputo, E. Pirozzi and L. M. Ricciardi, The first passage time problem for gauss-diffusion processes: Algorithmic approaches and applications to lif neuronal model, Methodol. Comput. Appl. Probab., 13 (2011), 29-57.doi: 10.1007/s11009-009-9132-8. [5] A. N. Burkitt, A review of the integrate-and-fire neuron model: I. Homogeneous synaptic input, Biol. Cybern., 95 (2006), 1-19.doi: 10.1007/s00422-006-0068-6. [6] A. Di Crescenzo, B. Martinucci and E. Pirozzi, Feedback effects in simulated Stein's coupled neurons, in Computer Aided Systems Theory – EUROCAST 2005, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 3643, Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg, 2005, 436-446.doi: 10.1007/11556985_57. [7] A. Di Crescenzo, B. Martinucci and E. Pirozzi, On the dynamics of a pair of coupled neurons subject to alternating input rates, BioSystems, 79 (2005), 109-116.doi: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2004.09.020. [8] E. Di Nardo, A. G. Nobile, E. Pirozzi and L. M. Ricciardi, A computational approach to first-passage-time problems for Gauss-Markov processes, Adv. Appl. Prob., 33 (2001), 453-482.doi: 10.1239/aap/999188324. [9] Y. Dong, F. Mihalas and E. Niebur, Improved integral equation solution for the first passage time of leaky integrate-and-fire neurons, Neural Computation, 23 (2011), 421-434.doi: 10.1162/NECO_a_00078. [10] V. Giorno, A. G. Nobile and L. M. Ricciardi, On the asymptotic behaviour of first-passage-time densities for one-dimensional diffusion processes and varying boundaries, Adv. Appl. Prob., 22 (1990), 883-914.doi: 10.2307/1427567. [11] D. Golomb and G. B. Ermentrout, Bistability in pulse propagation in networks of excitatory and inhibitory populations, Phys. Rev. Lett., 68 (2001), 4179-4182.doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.4179. [12] A. G. Nobile, E. Pirozzi and L. M. Ricciardi, On the estimation of first-passage time densities for a class of Gauss-Markov processes, in Computer Aided Systems Theory – EUROCAST 2007, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 4739, Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg, 2007, 146-153.doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-75867-9_19. [13] A. G. Nobile, E. Pirozzi and L. M. Ricciardi., Asymptotics and evaluations of fpt densities through varying boundaries for Gauss-Markov processes, Scientiae Mathematicae Japonicae, 67 (2008), 241-266. Available from: http://www.jams.or.jp/scm/contents/e-2008-2/2008-12.pdf. [14] A. Politi and S. Luccioli, Dynamics of networks of leaky-integrate-and-fire neurons, in Network Science, Springer, London, 2010, 217-242.doi: 10.1007/978-1-84996-396-1_11. [15] L. Sacerdote, M. Tamborrino and C. Zucca, Detecting dependencies between spike trains of pairs of neurons through copulas, Brain Research, 1434 (2012), 243-256.doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.08.064. [16] H. Sakaguchi, Oscillatory phase transition and pulse propagation in noisy integrate-and-fire neurons, Phys. Rev. E., 70 (2004), 1-4.doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.70.022901. [17] H. Sakaguchi and S. Tobiishi, Synchronization and spindle oscillation in noisy integrate-and-fire-or-burst neurons with inhibitory coupling, Progress of Theoretical Physics, 114 (2005), 1-18.doi: 10.1143/PTP.114.539. [18] R. Sirovich, L. Sacerdote and A. E. P. Villa, Effect of increasing inhibitory inputs on information processing within a small network of spiking neurons, in Computational and Ambient Intelligence, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 4507, Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg, 2007, 23-30.doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-73007-1_4. [19] H. Soula and C. C. Chow, Stochastic dynamics of a finite-size spiking neural network, Neural Comput., 19 (2007), 3262-3292.doi: 10.1162/neco.2007.19.12.3262.
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https://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=M026W&home=MXXX025 | #### ${{\boldsymbol \eta}_{{c}}{(1S)}}$ WIDTH
VALUE (MeV) EVTS DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
$\bf{ 32.0 \pm0.7}$ OUR FIT
$\bf{ 32.1 \pm0.8}$ OUR AVERAGE Error includes scale factor of 1.1.
$33.8$ $\pm1.6$ $\pm4.1$ 1705
2019 AV
BES3 ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \omega}}{{\mathit \omega}}$
$30.8$ ${}^{+2.3}_{-2.2}$ $\pm2.9$ 2673
2018
BELL ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}{{\mathit \eta}^{\,'}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$
$34.0$ $\pm1.9$ $\pm1.3$ 11k
LHCB ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit B}^{+}}{{\mathit X}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}{{\mathit K}^{+}}{{\mathit X}}$
$31.4$ $\pm3.5$ $\pm2.0$ 6.4k 1
2017 BB
LHCB ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit b}}{{\overline{\mathit b}}}{{\mathit X}}$ $\rightarrow$ 2( ${{\mathit K}^{+}}{{\mathit K}^{-}}$) ${{\mathit X}}$
$27.2$ $\pm3.1$ ${}^{+5.4}_{-2.6}$ 2
2014
KEDR ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}$
$25.2$ $\pm2.6$ $\pm2.4$ 4.5k 3, 4
2014 E
BABR ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit K}^{+}}{{\mathit K}^{-}}{{\mathit \pi}^{0}}$
$34.8$ $\pm3.1$ $\pm4.0$ 900 3, 5, 4
2014 E
BABR ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit K}^{+}}{{\mathit K}^{-}}{{\mathit \eta}}$
$32.0$ $\pm1.2$ $\pm1.0$ 6, 7
2012 F
BES3 ${{\mathit \psi}{(2S)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}$
$36.4$ $\pm3.2$ $\pm1.7$ 832 3
2012 N
BES3 ${{\mathit \psi}{(2S)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{0}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ hadrons
$37.8$ ${}^{+5.8}_{-5.3}$ $\pm3.1$ 486
2012 A
BELL ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}{{\mathit \eta}^{\,'}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$
$36.2$ $\pm2.8$ $\pm3.0$ 11k
2011 M
BABR ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit K}^{+}}{{\mathit K}^{-}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit \pi}^{0}}$
$35.1$ $\pm3.1$ ${}^{+1.0}_{-1.6}$ 920 7
2011
BELL ${{\mathit B}^{\pm}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit K}^{\pm}}$ ( ${{\mathit K}_S^0}$ ${{\mathit K}^{\pm}}{{\mathit \pi}^{\mp}}$ )
$31.7$ $\pm1.2$ $\pm0.8$ 14k 8
2010
BABR 10.6 ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}{{\mathit K}_S^0}$ ${{\mathit K}^{\pm}}{{\mathit \pi}^{\mp}}$
$36.3$ ${}^{+3.7}_{-3.6}$ $\pm4.4$ 0.9k
2008 AB
BABR ${{\mathit B}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}{(1S)}}{{\mathit K}^{(*)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit K}}{{\overline{\mathit K}}}{{\mathit \pi}}{{\mathit K}^{(*)}}$
$28.1$ $\pm3.2$ $\pm2.2$ 7.5k
2008
BELL ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}$ $\rightarrow$ hadrons
$48$ ${}^{+8}_{-7}$ $\pm5$ 195
2006
BELL ${{\mathit B}^{+}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}{{\mathit K}^{+}}$
$40$ $\pm19$ $\pm5$ 20
2006
BELL ${{\mathit B}^{+}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \Lambda}}{{\overline{\mathit \Lambda}}}{{\mathit K}^{+}}$
$24.8$ $\pm3.4$ $\pm3.5$ 592
2004
CLEO ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ $\rightarrow$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit K}_S^0}$ ${{\mathit K}^{\pm}}{{\mathit \pi}^{\mp}}$
$20.4$ ${}^{+7.7}_{-6.7}$ $\pm2.0$ 190
2003
E835 ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$
$23.9$ ${}^{+12.6}_{-7.1}$
1995 F
E760 ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$
• • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • •
$32.1$ $\pm1.1$ $\pm1.3$ 12k 9
2011 M
BABR ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit K}_S^0}$ ${{\mathit K}^{\pm}}{{\mathit \pi}^{\mp}}$
$34.3$ $\pm2.3$ $\pm0.9$ 2.5k 10
2004 D
BABR ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}{(1S)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit K}}{{\overline{\mathit K}}}{{\mathit \pi}}$
$17.0$ $\pm3.7$ $\pm7.4$ 11
2003
BES ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}$
$29$ $\pm8$ $\pm6$ 180 12
2003
BELL ${{\mathit B}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}{{\mathit K}}$
$11.0$ $\pm8.1$ $\pm4.1$ 13
2000 F
BES ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}$ and ${{\mathit \psi}{(2S)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}$
$27.0$ $\pm5.8$ $\pm1.4$ 14
2000 B
CLE2 ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit K}^{\pm}}{{\mathit K}_S^0}$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{\mp}}$
$7.0$ ${}^{+7.5}_{-7.0}$ 12
1987 B
SPEC ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$
$10.1$ ${}^{+33.0}_{-8.2}$ 23 15
1986
MRK3 ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$
$11.5$ $\pm4.5$
1986
CBAL ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ X, ${{\mathit \psi}{(2S)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ X
$< 40 90\% CL$ 18
1980 B
MRK2 ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$
$< 20 90\% CL$
1980 B
CBAL ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$
1 From a fit of the ${{\mathit \phi}}{{\mathit \phi}}$ invariant mass with the mass and width of ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}{(1S)}}$ as free parameters.
2 Taking into account an asymmetric photon lineshape.
3 With floating mass.
4 Ignoring possible interference with the non-resonant 0${}^{-}$ amplitude.
5 Using both, ${{\mathit \eta}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ and ${{\mathit \eta}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit \pi}^{0}}$ decays.
6 From a simultaneous fit to six decay modes of the ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}$.
7 Accounts for interference with non-resonant continuum.
8 Taking into account interference with the non-resonant $\mathit J{}^{P} = 0-$ amplitude.
9 Not independent from the measurements reported by LEES 2010 .
10 Superseded by LEES 2010 .
11 From a simultaneous fit of five decay modes of the ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}$.
12 Superseded by VINOKUROVA 2011 .
13 From a fit to the 4-prong invariant mass in ${{\mathit \psi}{(2S)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}$ and ${{\mathit J / \psi}{(1S)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}$ decays.
14 Superseded by ASNER 2004 .
15 Positive and negative errors correspond to 90$\%$ confidence level.
References:
ABLIKIM 2019AV
PR D100 052012 Observation of $\eta_c\to\omega\omega$ in $J/\psi\to\gamma\omega\omega$
XU 2018
PR D98 072001 Measurement of eta_c(1S), eta_c(2S) and non-resonant eta' pi+ pi- production via two-photon collisions
PL B769 305 Observation of ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}{(2S)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ and Search for ${{\mathit X}{(3872)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Decays
AAIJ 2017BB
EPJ C77 609 Study of Charmonium Production in hadron Decays and First Evidence for the Decay ${{\mathit B}_{{s}}^{0}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \phi}}{{\mathit \phi}}{{\mathit \phi}}$
ANASHIN 2014
PL B738 391 Measurement of ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}$ Decay Rate and ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}$ Parameters at KEDR
LEES 2014E
PR D89 112004 Dalitz Plot Analysis of ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit K}^{+}}{{\mathit K}^{-}}{{\mathit \eta}}$ and ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit K}^{+}}{{\mathit K}^{-}}{{\mathit \pi}^{0}}$ in Two-Photon Interactions
ABLIKIM 2012N
PR D86 092009 Study of ${{\mathit \psi}{(3686)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{0}}{{\mathit h}_{{c}}}$ , ${{\mathit h}_{{c}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}$ via ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}$ Exclusive Decays
ABLIKIM 2012F
PRL 108 222002 Measurements of the Mass and Width of the ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}$ Using the Decay ${{\mathit \psi}{(3686)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}$
ZHANG 2012A
PR D86 052002 First Study of ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}{(1S)}}$, ${{\mathit \eta}{(1760)}}$ and ${{\mathit X}{(1835)}}$ Production via ${{\mathit \eta}^{\,'}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ Final States in Two-Photon Collisions
DEL-AMO-SANCHEZ 2011M
PR D84 012004 Observation of ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}{(1S)}}$ and ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}{(2S)}}$ decays to ${{\mathit K}^{+}}{{\mathit K}^{-}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit \pi}^{0}}$ in Two-Photon Interactions
VINOKUROVA 2011
PL B706 139 Study of ${{\mathit B}^{\pm}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit K}^{\pm}}$ ($\mathit KSK{{\mathit \pi}}$) Decay and Determination of ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}$ and ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}{(2S)}}$ Parameters
LEES 2010
PR D81 052010 Measurement of the ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ ${{\mathit \gamma}^{*}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}$ Transition Form Factor
AUBERT 2008AB
PR D78 012006 Study of ${{\mathit B}}$-Meson Decays to ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}{{\mathit K}^{(*)}}$ , ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}{(2S)}}{{\mathit K}^{(*)}}$ , and ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}{{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit K}^{(*)}}$
UEHARA 2008
EPJ C53 1 Study of Charmonia in Four-Meson Final States Produced in Two-Photon Collisions
WU 2006
PRL 97 162003 Study of ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ , ${{\mathit \Lambda}}{{\overline{\mathit \Lambda}}}$ and Observation of ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \Lambda}}{{\overline{\mathit \Lambda}}}$ at Belle
ASNER 2004
PRL 92 142001 Observation of ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}^{\,'}}$ Production in ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ Fusion at CLEO
AUBERT 2004D
PRL 92 142002 Measurements of the Mass and Width of the ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}$ Meson and of an ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}{(2S)}}$ Candidate
AMBROGIANI 2003
PL B566 45 Measurement of the Resonance Parameters of the Charmonium Ground State, ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}(1_{1}S_{0}$)
BAI 2003
PL B555 174 Measurement of the Mass and Full Width of the ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}$ Meson
FANG 2003
PRL 90 071801 Measurement of Branching Fractions for ${{\mathit B}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}{{\mathit K}}{}^{(*)}$ Decays
BAI 2000F
PR D62 072001 A Measurement of the Mass and Full Width of the ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}$ Meson
BRANDENBURG 2000B
PRL 85 3095 Measurements of the Mass, Total Width and Two Photon Partial Width of the ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}$ Meson
ARMSTRONG 1995F
PR D52 4839 Study of the ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}(1{}^{1}{{\mathit S}_{{0}}}$) State of Charmonium Formed in ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}{{\mathit p}}$ Annihilations and a Search for the ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}(2{}^{1}{{\mathit S}_{{0}}}$)
BAGLIN 1987B
PL B187 191 Direct Observation and Partial Width Measurement of ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ Decay of Charmonium States
BALTRUSAITIS 1986
PR D33 629 Hadronic Decay of the ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}{(2980)}}$
GAISER 1986
PR D34 711 Charmonium Spectroscopy from Inclusive ${{\mathit \psi}^{\,'}}$ and ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ Radiative Decays
HIMEL 1980B
PRL 45 1146 Observation of the ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}{(2980)}}$ Produced in the Radiative Decay of the ${{\mathit \psi}^{\,'}{(3684)}}$
PARTRIDGE 1980B
PRL 45 1150 Observation of an ${{\mathit \eta}_{{c}}}$ Candidate State with Mass $2978$ $\pm9$ MeV
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https://www.zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Aschechter.martin | zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
Schechter, Martin
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Author ID: schechter.martin Published as: Schechter, Martin; Schechter, M.; Schechter, Marin Homepage: https://www.math.uci.edu/~mschecht/ External Links: MGP · Wikidata · GND
Documents Indexed: 264 Publications since 1957, including 18 Books
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Co-Authors
186 single-authored 17 Perera, Kanishka 15 Zou, Wenming 9 Tintarev, Kyril 6 Berger, Melvyn S. 5 Chen, Guanwei 5 Weder, Ricardo A. 4 Bers, Lipman 3 John, Fritz 2 Bonanno, Gabriele 2 Lebow, Arnold 2 Livrea, Roberto 2 Shapiro, Jack 2 Snow, Morris 1 Chen, Linghua 1 Coburn, Lewis A. 1 Dash, A. T. 1 Ercolano, Joseph L. 1 Freeman, Robert S. 1 Gårding, Lars 1 Kaniel, Shmuel 1 Koller, Herbert 1 Li, Lin 1 Pipan, John 1 Ramm, Alexander G. 1 Simon, Barry 1 Sun, Guozhang 1 Wang, Zhi-Qiang 1 Whitley, Robert J.
all top 5
Serials
15 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 13 Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 13 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 9 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 9 Journal of Functional Analysis 7 Indiana University Mathematics Journal 7 Topological Methods in Nonlinear Analysis 6 Journal of Differential Equations 6 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications. Series A: Theory and Methods 6 Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Scienze Fisiche e Matematiche. III. Ser 5 ZAMP. Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik 5 American Journal of Mathematics 5 Pacific Journal of Mathematics 4 Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 4 Duke Mathematical Journal 4 Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis 3 Journal of Mathematical Physics 3 Letters in Mathematical Physics 3 Journal of the London Mathematical Society. Second Series 3 Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 3 Manuscripta Mathematica 3 Mathematische Nachrichten 3 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 3 Applied Mathematics Letters 3 NoDEA. Nonlinear Differential Equations and Applications 3 Abstract and Applied Analysis 2 Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 2 Israel Journal of Mathematics 2 Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré. Nouvelle Série. Section A. Physique Théorique 2 Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata. Serie Quarta 2 Canadian Journal of Mathematics 2 Commentarii Mathematici Helvetici 2 Illinois Journal of Mathematics 2 Mathematica Scandinavica 2 Mathematika 2 Michigan Mathematical Journal 2 Ricerche di Matematica 2 Panamerican Mathematical Journal 2 Annals of Physics 2 Communications in Partial Differential Equations 2 Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations 2 Boundary Value Problems 2 Scripta Mathematica 2 Complex Variables and Elliptic Equations 2 Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics 2 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications 1 Applicable Analysis 1 International Journal of Theoretical Physics 1 Journal d’Analyse Mathématique 1 Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 1 Nonlinearity 1 Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 1 Studia Mathematica 1 Arkiv för Matematik 1 Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 1 Advances in Mathematics 1 Annales Polonici Mathematici 1 Compositio Mathematica 1 Functional Analysis and its Applications 1 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 1 Journal of the Mathematical Society of Japan 1 Mathematische Annalen 1 Monatshefte für Mathematik 1 Osaka Journal of Mathematics 1 The Quarterly Journal of Mathematics. Oxford Second Series 1 Rendiconti del Seminario Matematico della Università di Padova 1 Tohoku Mathematical Journal. Second Series 1 Bulletin de la Société Matheḿatique de Belgique. Série B 1 Journal of Operator Theory 1 Advances in Applied Mathematics 1 Differential and Integral Equations 1 Aequationes Mathematicae 1 Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. Neuvième Série 1 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences 1 SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics 1 SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis 1 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 1 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems 1 Communications in Applied Analysis 1 European Series in Applied and Industrial Mathematics (ESAIM): Control, Optimization and Calculus of Variations 1 Electronic Journal of Qualitative Theory of Differential Equations 1 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 1 The Quarterly Journal of Mathematics 1 Physical Review Letters 1 Nonlinear Analysis. Real World Applications 1 Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 1 Bollettino della Unione Matematica Italiana. Series V. A 1 Journal of Mathematics and Mechanics 1 Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics 1 Graduate Studies in Mathematics 1 Journal of Fixed Point Theory and Applications
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Fields
161 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 88 Operator theory (47-XX) 80 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 53 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 12 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 12 Functional analysis (46-XX) 8 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 8 Quantum theory (81-XX) 5 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 4 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) 4 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 3 Real functions (26-XX) 2 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 2 Potential theory (31-XX) 2 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 2 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 1 Integral equations (45-XX) 1 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 1 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX)
Citations contained in zbMATH Open
214 Publications have been cited 2,797 times in 1,940 Documents Cited by Year
Principles of functional analysis. Zbl 0211.14501
Schechter, M.
1971
Spectra of partial differential operators. Zbl 0225.35001
Schechter, Martin
1971
Partial differential equations. Proceeding of the Summer Seminar, Boulder, Colorado, 1957. Zbl 0126.00207
Bers, Lipman (ed.); John, Fritz (ed.); Schechter, Martin (ed.)
1964
Linking methods in critical point theory. Zbl 0915.35001
Schechter, Martin
1999
General boundary value problems for elliptic partial differential equations. Zbl 0087.30204
Schechter, Martin
1959
Spectra of partial differential operators. (2nd ed.). Zbl 0607.35005
Schechter, Martin
1986
Sign-changing critical points from linking type theorems. Zbl 1186.35042
Schechter, M.; Zou, W.
2006
Semigroups of operators and measures of noncompactness. Zbl 0209.45002
Lebow, A.; Schechter, M.
1971
On the essential spectrum of an arbitrary operator. I. Zbl 0147.12101
Schechter, M.
1966
On the solvability of semilinear gradient operator equations. Zbl 0354.47025
Berger, Melvyn S.; Schechter, Martin
1977
Weak linking theorems and Schrödinger equations with critical Sobolev exponent. Zbl 1173.35482
Schechter, Martin; Zou, Wenming
2003
The Fucik spectrum. Zbl 0833.35050
Schechter, Martin
1994
Critical point theory and its applications. Zbl 1125.58004
Zou, Wenming; Schechter, Martin
2006
Operator methods in quantum mechanics. Zbl 0456.47012
Schechter, Martin
1981
A variation of the mountain pass lemma and applications. Zbl 0756.35032
Schechter, Martin
1991
Superlinear problems. Zbl 1134.35346
Schechter, Martin; Zou, Wenming
2004
Periodic non-autonomous second-order dynamical systems. Zbl 1099.34042
Schechter, Martin
2006
Embedding theorems and quasi-linear elliptic boundary value problems for unbounded domains. Zbl 0253.35038
Berger, Melvyn S.; Schechter, Martin
1973
Unique continuation for Schrödinger operators with unbounded potentials. Zbl 0458.35024
Schechter, M.; Simon, B.
1980
On the Brézis-Nirenberg problem. Zbl 1200.35137
Schechter, M.; Zou, Wenming
2010
Minimax systems and critical point theory. Zbl 1186.35043
Schechter, Martin
2009
Riesz operators and Fredholm perturbations. Zbl 0167.13301
Schechter, M.
1968
Invariance of the essential spectrum. Zbl 0132.35605
Schechter, M.
1965
Principles of functional analysis. 2nd ed. Zbl 1002.46002
Schechter, Martin
2001
A generalization of the problem of transmission. Zbl 0094.29603
Schechter, Martin
1960
On $$L^ p$$ estimates and regularity. I. Zbl 0113.30603
Schechter, M.
1963
Pairs of critical points produced by linking subsets with applications to semilinear elliptic problems. Zbl 0785.58017
Schechter, Martin; Tintarev, Kyril
1992
Negative norms and boundary problems. Zbl 0097.08401
Schechter, Martin
1960
Partial differential equations. With supplements by Lars Garding and A. N. Milgram. With a preface by A. S. Householder. Repr. of the 1964 orig. publ. by John Wiley-Interscience. Zbl 0514.35001
Bers, Lipman; John, Fritz; Schechter, Martin
1979
Partial differential equations. (Уравнения с частными производными. Translation by Yu. V. Egorov. Edited by O. A. Oleĭnik.) Zbl 0143.32403
Bers, Lipman; John, Fritz; Schechter, Martin; Gårding, Lars
1966
Scattering theory for elliptic operators of arbitrary order. Zbl 0288.47012
Schechter, Martin
1974
On $$L^ p$$ estimates and regularity. II. Zbl 0131.09505
Schechter, M.
1963
On the spectra of operators on tensor products. Zbl 0183.14102
Schechter, M.
1969
Non-autonomous second order Hamiltonian systems. Zbl 1331.37085
Pipan, John; Schechter, Martin
2014
Infinitely many solutions to perturbed elliptic equations. Zbl 1139.35346
Schechter, M.; Zou, W.
2005
Mixed boundary problems for general elliptic equations. Zbl 0095.08001
Schechter, Martin
1960
Basic theory of Fredholm operators. Zbl 0145.39105
Schechter, M.
1967
Quantities related to strictly singular operators. Zbl 0274.47007
Schechter, Martin
1972
Schechter, Martin
1998
Remarks on elliptic boundary value problems. Zbl 0095.07902
Schechter, Martin
1959
Spectral theory for operators generated by elliptic boundary problems with eigenvalue parameter in boundary conditions. I, II. Zbl 0138.36201
Ercolano, J.; Schechter, M.
1965
Type (II) regions between curves of the Fučik spectrum. Zbl 0893.35039
Schechter, Martin
1997
Integral inequalities for partial differential operators and functions satisfying general boundary conditions. Zbl 0093.29401
Schechter, Martin
1959
On the Dirichlet problem for second order elliptic equations with coefficients singular at the boundary. Zbl 0106.07703
Schechter, Martin
1960
Superlinear Schrödinger operators. Zbl 1243.35049
Schechter, Martin
2012
Complex interpolation. Zbl 0153.16402
Schechter, M.
1967
Hamiltonians for singular potentials. Zbl 0263.47009
Schechter, Martin
1972
Modern methods in partial differential equations. An introduction. Zbl 0377.35003
Schechter, Martin
1977
Resonance problems with respect to the Fucík spectrum. Zbl 0951.35049
Schechter, Martin
2000
A generalization of the saddle point method with applications. Zbl 0780.35001
Schechter, Martin
1992
New linking theorem and sign-changing solutions. Zbl 1140.35431
Schechter, M.; Wang, Z. Q.; Zou, W.
2004
Type II regions between curves of the Fučik spectrum and critical groups. Zbl 0940.35094
Perera, Kanishka; Schechter, Martin
1998
A bounded mountain pass lemma without the (PS) condition and applications. Zbl 0757.35026
Schechter, Martin
1992
Superlinear elliptic boundary value problems. Zbl 0839.35048
Schechter, Martin
1995
Homoclinic orbits for Schrödinger systems. Zbl 1195.35281
Schechter, Martin; Zou, Wenming
2003
Double resonance problems with respect to the Fučík spectrum. Zbl 1030.35079
Perera, Kanishka; Schechter, Martin
2003
The Fučik spectrum and critical groups. Zbl 0964.35054
Perera, Kanishka; Schechter, Martin
2001
Various types of boundary conditions for elliptic equations. Zbl 0095.08002
Schechter, Martin
1960
Coerciveness of linear partial differential operators for functions satisfying zero Dirichlet-type boundary data. Zbl 0101.31202
Schechter, Martin
1958
Essential self-adjointness of the Schrödinger operator with magnetic vector potential. Zbl 0323.35022
Schechter, Martin
1975
Solution of nonlinear equations having asymptotic limits at zero and infinity. Zbl 1102.35325
Perera, Kanishka; Schechter, Martin
2001
Sandwich pairs in critical point theory. Zbl 1143.35061
Schechter, Martin
2008
Existence solutions for second order Hamiltonian systems. Zbl 1333.34061
Li, Lin; Schechter, Martin
2016
New saddle point theorems. Zbl 0846.46027
Schechter, Martin
1993
A new criterion for scattering theory. Zbl 0414.47003
Schechter, Martin
1977
Joint spectra and interpolation of operators. Zbl 0187.38001
Coburn, Lewis A.; Schechter, M.
1968
Polyhedral functions and multiparametric linear programming. Zbl 0595.90083
Schechter, M.
1987
Elliptic equations. Zbl 0128.09404
Bers, Lipman; Schechter, Martin
1964
Non-periodic discrete Schrödinger equations: ground state solutions. Zbl 1375.39011
Chen, Guanwei; Schechter, Martin
2016
Periodic solutions of second-order nonautonomous dynamical systems. Zbl 1140.34366
Schechter, Martin
2006
The Klein-Gordon equation and scattering theory. Zbl 0347.35065
Schechter, Martin
1976
Solution of the nonlinear problem Au=N(u) in a Banach space. Zbl 0403.47030
Schechter, Martin; Shapiro, Jack; Snow, Morris
1978
Double linking theorem and multiple solutions. Zbl 1232.35072
Schechter, M.; Zou, W.
2003
On estimating elliptic partial differential operators in the $$L_ 2$$ Norm. Zbl 0079.11701
Schechter, Martin
1957
Best Fredholm perturbation theorems. Zbl 0611.47010
Schechter, M.; Whitley, Robert
1988
The use of Cerami sequences in critical point theory. Zbl 1156.58006
Schechter, Martin
2007
Bounded resonance problems for semilinear elliptic equations. Zbl 0829.35040
Schechter, Martin
1995
An introduction to nonlinear analysis. Zbl 1076.58009
Schechter, Martin
2004
Rotationally invariant periodic solutions of semilinear wave equations. Zbl 0973.35024
Schechter, Martin
1998
Spectral theory for Fredholm operators. Zbl 0125.34803
Kaniel, S.; Schechter, M.
1963
On the invariance of the essential spectrum of an arbitrary operator. II. Zbl 0149.35402
Schechter, M.
1967
Nonlocal elliptic boundary value problems. Zbl 0152.11005
Schechter, M.
1966
The intrinsic mountain pass. Zbl 0901.58008
Schechter, Martin
1995
Nonlinear elliptic boundary value problems at resonance. Zbl 0708.35033
Schechter, Martin
1990
Nonlinear elliptic boundary value problems at strong resonance. Zbl 0721.35023
Schechter, Martin
1990
On the essential spectrum of an elliptic operator perturbed by a potential. Zbl 0207.41502
Schechter, M.
1969
A nonlinear elliptic boundary value problem. Zbl 0302.35044
Schechter, Martin
1974
A theorem on the existence of dyon solutions. Zbl 0464.35083
Schechter, M.; Weder, R.
1981
Periodic second order superlinear Hamiltonian systems. Zbl 1327.34073
Schechter, Martin
2015
The Hampwile theorem for nonlinear eigenvalues. Zbl 0701.47036
Schechter, Martin
1989
Eigenvalues for semilinear boundary value problems. Zbl 0719.47048
Schechter, Martin; Tintarev, Kyril
1991
Cut-off potentials and forms extensions. Zbl 0347.47015
Schechter, Martin
1976
Critical points over splitting subspaces. Zbl 0779.58010
Schechter, Martin
1993
On perturbations of essential spectra. Zbl 0192.47403
Schechter, M.
1969
A generalization of the Amann-Zehnder theorem to nonresonance problems with jumping nonlinearities. Zbl 0964.35052
Perera, Kanishka; Schechter, Martin
2000
Nonlinear Schrödinger operators with zero in the spectrum. Zbl 1326.35355
Schechter, Martin
2015
Essential spectra of elliptic partial differential equations. Zbl 0153.45501
Schechter, M.
1967
Spherical maxima in Hilbert space and semilinear elliptic eigenvalue problems. Zbl 0727.35105
Schechter, Martin; Tintarev, Kyril
1990
Sufficient conditions for duality in homogeneous programming. Zbl 0347.90040
Schechter, M.
1977
The conjugate of a product of operators. Zbl 0198.46802
Schechter, Martin
1970
Critical point theory. Sandwich and linking systems. Zbl 1462.35008
Schechter, Martin
2020
Non-periodic Schrödinger lattice systems with perturbed and asymptotically linear terms: negative energy solutions. Zbl 1410.39003
Chen, Guanwei; Schechter, Martin
2019
Multiple solutions for non-periodic Schrödinger lattice systems with perturbation and super-linear terms. Zbl 1431.35167
Chen, Guanwei; Schechter, Martin
2019
Some notes on a superlinear second order Hamiltonian system. Zbl 1378.37107
Bonanno, Gabriele; Livrea, Roberto; Schechter, Martin
2017
Multiple solutions of second order Hamiltonian systems. Zbl 1413.35150
Bonanno, Gabriele; Livrea, Roberto; Schechter, Martin
2017
Global solutions of nonlinear Schrödinger equations. Zbl 1370.35138
Schechter, Martin
2017
Existence solutions for second order Hamiltonian systems. Zbl 1333.34061
Li, Lin; Schechter, Martin
2016
Non-periodic discrete Schrödinger equations: ground state solutions. Zbl 1375.39011
Chen, Guanwei; Schechter, Martin
2016
Homoclinic solutions of nonlinear second-order Hamiltonian systems. Zbl 1378.37108
Schechter, Martin
2016
Periodic second order superlinear Hamiltonian systems. Zbl 1327.34073
Schechter, Martin
2015
Nonlinear Schrödinger operators with zero in the spectrum. Zbl 1326.35355
Schechter, Martin
2015
Existence of the solution to electromagnetic wave scattering problem for an impedance body of an arbitrary shape. Zbl 1318.35116
Ramm, Alexander G.; Schechter, Martin
2015
Non-autonomous second order Hamiltonian systems. Zbl 1331.37085
Pipan, John; Schechter, Martin
2014
Ground state solutions for non-autonomous dynamical systems. Zbl 1366.34061
Schechter, Martin
2014
Topics in critical point theory. Zbl 1273.58003
Perera, Kanishka; Schechter, Martin
2013
Photonic lattices. Zbl 1285.82055
Schechter, Martin
2013
Superlinear Schrödinger operators. Zbl 1243.35049
Schechter, Martin
2012
Steady state solutions for Schrödinger equations governing nonlinear optics. Zbl 1279.78016
Schechter, Martin
2012
Nonautonomous second order Hamiltonian systems. Zbl 1235.37019
Schechter, Martin
2011
The role of core functions in semilinear elliptic problems. Zbl 1231.35078
Schechter, Martin
2011
Noncooperative elliptic systems. Zbl 1271.35021
Schechter, Martin
2011
On the Brézis-Nirenberg problem. Zbl 1200.35137
Schechter, M.; Zou, Wenming
2010
Monotonicity methods for infinite dimensional sandwich systems. Zbl 1197.35172
Schechter, Martin
2010
Variant sandwich pairs. Zbl 1186.35044
Schechter, Martin
2010
Minimax systems and critical point theory. Zbl 1186.35043
Schechter, Martin
2009
Sandwich pairs for $$p$$-Laplacian systems. Zbl 1165.49005
Perera, Kanishka; Schechter, Martin
2009
Schechter, Martin
2009
Sandwich pairs in critical point theory. Zbl 1143.35061
Schechter, Martin
2008
Flows and critical points. Zbl 1180.35260
Perera, Kanishka; Schechter, Martin
2008
Minimax systems. Zbl 1152.49005
Schechter, Martin
2008
Strong sandwich pairs. Zbl 1159.35036
Schechter, Martin
2008
Critical point methods. Zbl 1157.35050
Schechter, Martin
2008
Infinite-dimensional sandwich pairs. Zbl 1221.58011
Schechter, Martin
2008
The use of Cerami sequences in critical point theory. Zbl 1156.58006
Schechter, Martin
2007
Sandwich pairs in $$p$$-Laplacian problems. Zbl 1153.35041
Perera, Kanishka; Schechter, Martin
2007
Sign-changing critical points from linking type theorems. Zbl 1186.35042
Schechter, M.; Zou, W.
2006
Critical point theory and its applications. Zbl 1125.58004
Zou, Wenming; Schechter, Martin
2006
Periodic non-autonomous second-order dynamical systems. Zbl 1099.34042
Schechter, Martin
2006
Periodic solutions of second-order nonautonomous dynamical systems. Zbl 1140.34366
Schechter, Martin
2006
Linking in Hilbert space. Zbl 1161.58303
Schechter, Martin; Tintarev, Kyril
2006
Sandwich pairs. Zbl 1128.49005
Schechter, Martin
2006
Infinitely many solutions to perturbed elliptic equations. Zbl 1139.35346
Schechter, M.; Zou, W.
2005
Schechter, Martin
2005
Superlinear problems. Zbl 1134.35346
Schechter, Martin; Zou, Wenming
2004
New linking theorem and sign-changing solutions. Zbl 1140.35431
Schechter, M.; Wang, Z. Q.; Zou, W.
2004
An introduction to nonlinear analysis. Zbl 1076.58009
Schechter, Martin
2004
An infinite-dimensional linking theorem and applications. Zbl 1079.35036
Schechter, Martin; Zou, Wenming
2004
Weak linking theorems and Schrödinger equations with critical Sobolev exponent. Zbl 1173.35482
Schechter, Martin; Zou, Wenming
2003
Homoclinic orbits for Schrödinger systems. Zbl 1195.35281
Schechter, Martin; Zou, Wenming
2003
Double resonance problems with respect to the Fučík spectrum. Zbl 1030.35079
Perera, Kanishka; Schechter, Martin
2003
Double linking theorem and multiple solutions. Zbl 1232.35072
Schechter, M.; Zou, W.
2003
Schechter, Martin; Zou, Wenming
2003
Computation of critical groups in Fučík resonance problems. Zbl 1283.35041
Perera, Kanishka; Schechter, Martin
2003
On functionals bounded below. Zbl 1088.58504
Schechter, M.; Zou, W.
2003
Operator methods in quantum mechanics. Reprint of the 1981 original. Zbl 1029.47054
Schechter, Martin
2002
Some recent results in critical point theory. Zbl 1152.58303
Schechter, Martin
2002
Principles of functional analysis. 2nd ed. Zbl 1002.46002
Schechter, Martin
2001
The Fučik spectrum and critical groups. Zbl 0964.35054
Perera, Kanishka; Schechter, Martin
2001
Solution of nonlinear equations having asymptotic limits at zero and infinity. Zbl 1102.35325
Perera, Kanishka; Schechter, Martin
2001
Applications of Morse theory to the solution of semilinear problems depending on $$C^1$$ functionals. Zbl 1194.35187
Perera, Kanishka; Schechter, Martin
2001
Resonance problems with respect to the Fucík spectrum. Zbl 0951.35049
Schechter, Martin
2000
A generalization of the Amann-Zehnder theorem to nonresonance problems with jumping nonlinearities. Zbl 0964.35052
Perera, Kanishka; Schechter, Martin
2000
Nontrivial solutions of elliptic semilinear equations at resonance. Zbl 0958.35051
Perera, Kanishka; Schechter, Martin
2000
Multiple solutions for semilinear elliptic problems. Zbl 1020.35023
Schechter, Martin
2000
Multiple nontrivial solutions of elliptic semilinear equations. Zbl 0974.35037
Perera, Kanishka; Schechter, Martin
2000
Linking methods in critical point theory. Zbl 0915.35001
Schechter, Martin
1999
Semilinear elliptic equations having asymptotic limits at zero and infinity. Zbl 0987.35057
Perera, Kanishka; Schechter, Martin
1999
Schechter, Martin
1998
Type II regions between curves of the Fučik spectrum and critical groups. Zbl 0940.35094
Perera, Kanishka; Schechter, Martin
1998
Rotationally invariant periodic solutions of semilinear wave equations. Zbl 0973.35024
Schechter, Martin
1998
Schechter, Martin
1998
Critical point theory with weak-to-weak linking. Zbl 0942.58024
Schechter, Martin
1998
Morse index estimates in saddle point theorems without a finite-dimensional closed loop. Zbl 0933.37065
Perera, Kanishka; Schechter, Martin
1998
Eigenvalue problems for semilinear equations. Zbl 0905.35059
Schechter, Martin
1998
Type (II) regions between curves of the Fučik spectrum. Zbl 0893.35039
Schechter, Martin
1997
Resonance problems which intersect many eigenvalues. Zbl 0882.35047
Schechter, Martin
1997
Superlinear elliptic boundary value problems. Zbl 0839.35048
Schechter, Martin
1995
Bounded resonance problems for semilinear elliptic equations. Zbl 0829.35040
Schechter, Martin
1995
The intrinsic mountain pass. Zbl 0901.58008
Schechter, Martin
1995
The saddle point alternative. Zbl 0901.58007
Schechter, Martin
1995
Critical points when there is no saddle point geometry. Zbl 0864.58007
Schechter, Martin
1995
The Fucik spectrum. Zbl 0833.35050
Schechter, Martin
1994
Elliptic resonance problems with unequal limits at infinity. Zbl 0819.35059
Schechter, Martin
1994
Asymptotically linear elliptic boundary value problems. Zbl 0831.35065
Schechter, Martin
1994
Landesman-Lazer resonance problems and saddle point methods. Zbl 0828.35047
Schechter, Martin
1994
New saddle point theorems. Zbl 0846.46027
Schechter, Martin
1993
Critical points over splitting subspaces. Zbl 0779.58010
Schechter, Martin
1993
Splitting subspaces and saddle points. Zbl 0802.35049
Schechter, Martin
1993
Nonlinear eigenvalues and mountain pass methods. Zbl 0796.47052
Schechter, M.; Tintarev, K.
1993
Semilinear boundary value problems of the strong resonance type. Zbl 0806.35042
Schechter, Martin
1993
Strong resonance problems for elliptic semilinear boundary value problems. Zbl 0820.35070
Schechter, Martin
1993
Pairs of critical points produced by linking subsets with applications to semilinear elliptic problems. Zbl 0785.58017
Schechter, Martin; Tintarev, Kyril
1992
A generalization of the saddle point method with applications. Zbl 0780.35001
Schechter, Martin
1992
A bounded mountain pass lemma without the (PS) condition and applications. Zbl 0757.35026
Schechter, Martin
1992
The mountain cliff theorem. Zbl 0737.58015
Schechter, Martin
1992
A variation of the mountain pass lemma and applications. Zbl 0756.35032
Schechter, Martin
1991
Eigenvalues for semilinear boundary value problems. Zbl 0719.47048
Schechter, Martin; Tintarev, Kyril
1991
Points of spherical maxima and solvability of semilinear elliptic equations. Zbl 0755.35083
Schechter, Martin; Tintarev, Kyril
1991
Families of ’first eigenfunctions’ for semilinear elliptic eigenvalue problems. Zbl 0733.35090
Schechter, Martin; Tintarev, Kyril
1991
The mountain pass alternative. Zbl 0736.58012
Schechter, Martin
1991
...and 114 more Documents
all top 5
Cited by 1,824 Authors
121 Schechter, Martin 44 Tang, Xianhua 43 Jeribi, Aref 27 Zou, Wenming 22 Wu, Xian 20 Chen, Guanwei 17 Chen, Haibo 17 Medková, Dagmar 14 González Ortiz, Manuel 14 Weder, Ricardo A. 13 Papageorgiou, Nikolaos S. 13 Wong, Man Wah 13 Zhang, Xingyong 12 Li, Shujie 12 Ma, Shiwang 12 Tang, Chun-Lei 11 Simon, Barry 10 Ammar, Aymen 9 Latrach, Khalid 9 Miyagaki, Olimpio Hiroshi 9 Shlapunov, Aleksandr Anatol’evich 9 Zhang, Zhitao 9 Zhang, Ziheng 8 Alves, Claudianor Oliveira 8 Han, Zhiqing 8 Krichen, Bilel 8 Moalla, Nedra 8 Perera, Kanishka 8 Qin, Dongdong 8 Tintarev, Kyril 8 Wu, Xingping 8 Zhang, Liang 7 Chen, Yi 7 Dehici, Abdelkader 7 Evans, William Desmond 7 Gesztesy, Fritz 7 Precup, Radu 7 Rejto, P. A. 7 Wang, Youjun 7 Yang, Minbo 7 Zhang, Fubao 7 Zhang, Jian 7 Zhang, Wen 7 Zhou, Huan-Song 6 Aiena, Pietro 6 Cross, Ronald 6 Harte, Robin E. 6 Kalf, Hubert 6 Magenes, Enrico 6 Motreanu, Dumitru 6 Su, Jiabao 6 Walha, Ines 6 Yao, Xiaohua 6 Zhang, Jihui 6 Zhao, Fukun 5 Abdmouleh, Faiçal 5 Ambrosio, Vincenzo 5 Benci, Vieri 5 Charfi, Salma 5 Chen, Shangjie 5 Chen, Sitong 5 Da Silva, Edcarlos Domingos 5 Dash, A. T. 5 Duggal, Bhagwati Prashad 5 Fink, James P. 5 He, Xiaoming 5 Li, Chong 5 Lions, Jacques-Louis 5 Liu, Xia 5 Martínez-Abejón, Antonio 5 Maz’ya, Vladimir Gilelevich 5 Mnif, Maher 5 Molica Bisci, Giovanni 5 Reichel, Wolfgang 5 Sattorov, È. N. 5 Shi, Haiping 5 Simader, Christian Georg 5 Sun, Jijiang 5 Tarkhanov, Nikolai N. 5 Torres Ledesma, César Enrique 5 Tylli, Hans-Olav 5 Varga, Csaba György 5 Verbitsky, Igor E. 5 Xu, Junxiang 5 Zhang, Yuanbiao 5 Zhou, Jianxin 4 Alessandrini, Giovanni 4 Allegretto, Walter 4 Behrndt, Jussi 4 Berger, Melvyn S. 4 Bramble, James H. 4 Che, Guofeng 4 Chen, Shaowei 4 Chen, Zhijie 4 Cheng, Bitao 4 Devinatz, Allen 4 Di Fazio, Giuseppe 4 Do Ó, João M. Bezerra 4 Drábek, Pavel 4 Elleuch, Asrar ...and 1,724 more Authors
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Cited in 295 Serials
187 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 88 Journal of Differential Equations 82 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications. Series A: Theory and Methods 75 Journal of Functional Analysis 49 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 43 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 37 Boundary Value Problems 35 Journal of Mathematical Physics 35 Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata. Serie Quarta 33 Communications in Mathematical Physics 31 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications 29 Mathematische Zeitschrift 25 Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 25 Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 24 Applied Mathematics Letters 23 Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Scienze Fisiche e Matematiche. III. Ser 22 Ukrainian Mathematical Journal 21 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 20 Applied Mathematics and Computation 20 Communications in Partial Differential Equations 18 Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section A. Mathematics 18 Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations 17 Israel Journal of Mathematics 17 Integral Equations and Operator Theory 17 Mathematische Annalen 16 ZAMP. Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik 16 Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal 16 Mediterranean Journal of Mathematics 15 Letters in Mathematical Physics 15 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 15 Nonlinear Analysis. Real World Applications 14 Applicable Analysis 14 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 14 Complex Variables and Elliptic Equations 13 Journal d’Analyse Mathématique 13 Manuscripta Mathematica 13 Abstract and Applied Analysis 13 Advances in Difference Equations 12 Mathematische Nachrichten 12 Siberian Mathematical Journal 12 Acta Applicandae Mathematicae 12 Communications on Pure and Applied Analysis 12 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computing 11 Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 11 Indagationes Mathematicae. New Series 11 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems 10 Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 10 Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Classe di Scienze. Serie IV 10 NoDEA. Nonlinear Differential Equations and Applications 9 Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 9 Mathematics of Computation 9 Advances in Mathematics 9 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 9 Quaestiones Mathematicae 9 Journal of Dynamics and Differential Equations 8 Mathematical Notes 8 Publications of the Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Kyoto University 8 Rendiconti del Circolo Matemàtico di Palermo. Serie II 8 Acta Mathematicae Applicatae Sinica. English Series 8 Journal of Elasticity 8 Journal of Pseudo-Differential Operators and Applications 8 Journal of Siberian Federal University. Mathematics & Physics 7 Glasgow Mathematical Journal 7 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 7 Rendiconti del Seminario Matematico della Università di Padova 7 Potential Analysis 7 Differential Equations 7 Advanced Nonlinear Studies 7 Proceedings of the Japan Academy 6 Arkiv för Matematik 6 Duke Mathematical Journal 6 Tohoku Mathematical Journal. Second Series 6 RAIRO. Modélisation Mathématique et Analyse Numérique 6 Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. Neuvième Série 6 Taiwanese Journal of Mathematics 6 Bulletin of the Malaysian Mathematical Sciences Society. Second Series 6 Journal of Nonlinear Science and Applications 5 Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré. Nouvelle Série. Section A. Physique Théorique 5 Annales Scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure. Quatrième Série 5 Archiv der Mathematik 5 Functional Analysis and its Applications 5 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 5 Monatshefte für Mathematik 5 Numerische Mathematik 5 Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré. Analyse Non Linéaire 5 Applications of Mathematics 5 Journal of Global Optimization 5 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 5 Acta Mathematica Sinica. English Series 5 Science China. Mathematics 5 Journal of Elliptic and Parabolic Equations 4 Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 4 Applied Mathematics and Optimization 4 Inventiones Mathematicae 4 Journal of Soviet Mathematics 4 Results in Mathematics 4 Linear Algebra and its Applications 4 Doklady Mathematics 4 European Series in Applied and Industrial Mathematics (ESAIM): Control, Optimization and Calculus of Variations 4 Journal of Inequalities and Applications ...and 195 more Serials
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Cited in 52 Fields
1,116 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 606 Operator theory (47-XX) 236 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 235 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 180 Functional analysis (46-XX) 117 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 102 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 98 Quantum theory (81-XX) 70 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 49 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 43 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 38 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 37 Potential theory (31-XX) 29 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 28 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 27 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 26 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 26 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) 25 Integral equations (45-XX) 25 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 20 Differential geometry (53-XX) 18 Real functions (26-XX) 13 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 11 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 11 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 10 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 10 General topology (54-XX) 9 Relativity and gravitational theory (83-XX) 8 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 7 Measure and integration (28-XX) 6 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 6 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 5 Number theory (11-XX) 5 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 4 Computer science (68-XX) 3 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 3 History and biography (01-XX) 3 Classical thermodynamics, heat transfer (80-XX) 2 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 2 Combinatorics (05-XX) 2 Special functions (33-XX) 2 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 2 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 2 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 2 Statistics (62-XX) 2 Astronomy and astrophysics (85-XX) 1 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 1 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 1 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 1 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 1 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 1 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX)
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We develop a set of kinetic equations for hydrodynamic fluctuations which are equivalent to nonlinear hydrodynamics with noise. The hydrokinetic equations can be coupled to existing second-order hydrodynamic codes to incorporate the physics of these fluctuations. We use the hydrokinetic equations to analyze thermal fluctuations for a Bjorken expansion, evaluating the contribution of thermal noise from the earliest moments and at late times. In the Bjorken case, the solution to the kinetic equations determines the coefficient of the first fractional power of the gradient expansion $\sim 1/(\tau T)^{3/2}$ for the expanding system. Numerically, we find that the contribution to the longitudinal pressure from hydrodynamic fluctuations is larger than second-order hydrodynamics for typical medium parameters used to simulate heavy ion collisions. Subsequently we analyze the behaviour of hydrodynamic fluctuations of near the QCD critical point, and dilineate the relevance Kiblle-Zurek scaling relative to other physics. If time permits we will also describe how thermal fluctuations place a lower bound on the bulk viscosity of QCD. References: Y.~Akamatsu, A.~Mazeliauskas and D.~Teaney, A kinetic regime of hydrodynamic fluctuations and long time tails for a Bjorken expansion,'' [arXiv:1606.07742 [nucl-th]]. Y.~Akamatsu, D. Teaney, F. Yan, Y. Yin, Transitting the critical point,'' in progress.
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Hosted by: 'Hiromichi Nishimura' | 2017-05-28T02:44:37 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.45358365774154663, "perplexity": 6215.242197792751}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463609409.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528024152-20170528044152-00456.warc.gz"} |
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1519-70772019000100028&lng=&nrm=iso&tlng= | ## Print version ISSN 1519-7077On-line version ISSN 1808-057X
### Rev. contab. finanç. vol.30 no.79 São Paulo Jan./Apr. 2019
#### http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1808-057x201806610
Original Article
Composition of the board of directors and pay-performance sensitivity*
1 Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Economia, Administração, Atuária e Contabilidade, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração e Controladoria, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil Email: [email protected]
2 Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Economia, Administração, Atuária e Contabilidade, Departamento de Contabilidade, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This article investigates, in the Brazilian capital market, the effect of the composition of the board of directors on executive compensation sensitivity to market performance, known as pay-performance sensitivity (PPS). Due to potential agency conflicts between controlling and minority shareholders and between shareholders and managers, members of the board of directors of the executive board or those appointed by the controlling shareholder might have less independence, something which may compromise monitoring effectiveness and, consequently, reduce the PPS. The purpose is contributing to understand the agency conflicts that have taken place in the Brazilian capital market and to define the configuration of the monitoring and compensation mechanisms that minimize total agency costs, maximizing shareholders’ wealth. The research results have implications for understanding the agency relations and for corporate governance in the Brazilian capital market. It is concluded that the relation between the monitoring exercised by the board of directors and executive compensation is a condition for its effectiveness as a governance mechanism in the Brazilian capital market. Data within the period 2013-2015 from 92 companies that participate in the Brazil 100 Index (IBRX 100) of the São Paulo Stock, Mercantile & Futures Exchange (BM&FBOVESPA) were analyzed. In addition to tests of difference between mean values and correlation, estimates were processed through feasible generalized least squares modeling. The independence of the board of directors vis-à-vis the controlling shareholder and the executive board may work as a corporate governance mechanism supplementing executive compensation. The results of this study indicate that the proportion of executives and independent members in the board of directors reduces the PPS, a measurement for executive compensation effectiveness made operational by the contemporary relation between increased managers’ compensation and increased company’s market value.
Keywords agency conflicts; corporate governance; board of directors; executive compensation; pay-performance sensitivity
1. INTRODUCTION
Executive compensation is pointed out as one of the agency costs incurred by shareholders, as a result of conflicts between their interests and managers’ interests (Bebchuk & Fried, 2003; Jensen & Meckling, 1976). This cost may be an instrument to align interests, by encouraging managers to make decisions that maximize return for shareholders (Correia, Amaral & Louvet, 2014; Murphy, 1998). In this context, the optimal executive compensation contract might be the one that maximizes compensation sensitivity to corporate performance (Murphy, 1998). The financial literature addresses such sensitivity, in general, as the relation between increased managers’ compensation and increased company’s market value, termed as pay-performance sensitivity (PPS) (Jensen & Murphy, 1990; Murphy, 1998; Víctor, 2013). However, if there are no control mechanisms over managers’ actions, they can earn a value higher than the return provided by their actions to the shareholders, reducing the PPS (Hassen, Ouakdi & Omri, 2015).
In Brazil, the administrators’ compensation, including members of the board of directors and executive board, is fixed by the shareholders’ general meeting, according to Law No. 6,404 (1976), enacted on December 15, 1976, the Brazilian Corporation Law. According to the Brazilian Institute of Corporate Governance (IBGC, 2015), the board of directors is the body responsible for defining executive compensation policy, while the general meeting must approve it. In this context, a rather active and independent board of directors might seek the optimal executive compensation contract that can make it possible to maximize the PPS (Core, Holthausen & Larcker, 1999; Víctor, 2013).
This issue led to the following question:
What is the effect of the composition of the board of directors on executive compensation sensitivity to corporate performance?
This research aimed to investigate the effect of the composition of the board of directors on the executive board compensation sensitivity to performance in Brazilian companies.
In countries with an Anglo-Saxon corporate governance model (Rossetti & Andrade, 2012), research was conducted on the correlation between the composition of the board of directors and the effectiveness of executive compensation (Chhaochharia & Grinstein, 2009; Conyon, 1997; Core et al., 1999; Lippert & Moore, 1994; Lippert & Porter, 1997). In these countries, most companies have a dispersed ownership structure, characterizing the agency conflict between shareholders and managers and there is greater effectiveness of external control mechanisms (La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes, Shleifer & Vishny, 1998).
In the Brazilian market, characterized by companies with high ownership concentration, poor enforcement, and weak legal protection of minority shareholders (La Porta et al., 1998), there has been an effort to improve corporate governance standards, with actions such as differential listing segments on the São Paulo Stock, Mercantile & Futures Exchange (BM&FBOVESPA) and stimulating the purchase of shares by institutional investors (Black, Carvalho & Sampaio, 2014; Blume & Alonso, 2007), making the capital market stronger. These characteristics highlight the importance of investigating this correlation in Brazilian companies. The predominant agency conflict in Brazil lies on the relation between controlling shareholder, who has excess power over management, and minority shareholders (Brandão & Crisóstomo, 2015; Claessens & Yurtoglu, 2013), something which may reduce the independence of the board of directors. The lower pressure from the capital market and the legal system for optimization of corporate governance systems in the Brazilian capital market raises the importance of internal corporate governance mechanisms (Claessens & Yurtoglu, 2013), such as the board of directors.
Due to potential agency conflicts between controlling and minority shareholders and between shareholders and managers, members of the board of directors who are members of the executive board or those appointed by the controlling shareholder would have less independence, something which may compromise monitoring effectiveness and, consequently, reduce the PPS. Therefore, the study, tests the hypothesis that “the composition of the board of directors affects executive compensation sensitivity to corporate performance.”
With this research, it is hoped to further base corporate governance as a field of study in Brazil, by analyzing the correlation between monitoring mechanisms (composition of the board of directors) and managers’ compensation (executive compensation) and the effectiveness of this correlation in maximizing return for shareholders (compensation sensitivity to performance). Thus, the aim is contributing to understand the agency conflicts that have taken place in the Brazilian capital market and to define the configuration of the monitoring and compensation mechanisms that minimize total agency costs, maximizing return for shareholders.
Data within the period from 2013 to 2015 belonging to 92 companies that participate in the Brazil 100 Index (IBRX 100) of the BM&FBOVESPA were analyzed. Corporate performance was measured in terms of annual variation in the market value. Executive compensation was measured by the increase in total annual and per capita annual pay. In the board of directors, the following items were identified: the proportion of effective members participating in the executive board, the proportion of effective members appointed by minority shareholders, the proportion of effective members declared independent, and the existing overlap between the functions chief executive officer (CEO) and chairman of the board of directors. The effect of the composition of the board of directors on executive compensation sensitivity was analyzed by means of difference test between mean values, correlation analysis, and regression analysis.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW AND HYPOTHESES
2.1 Agency Conflicts and Executive Compensation
The agency theory analyzes conflicts of interest between shareholders (principal) and managers (agent) with a focus on the separation of ownership and management (Jensen & Meckling, 1976). These conflicts generate agency costs that might reduce the principal’s well-being: monitoring expenses and managerial incentives by the principal; expenses with the granting of contractual guarantees by the agent; and residual costs resulting from managers’ actions that do not maximize the principal’s well-being.
Among the amounts spent by the principal, Jensen and Meckling (1976) include applying appropriate incentives to the agent. Shleifer and Vishny (1997) argue that long-term contractual incentives for managers are the best solution to align their interests with shareholders’ interests. Overt incentives for the alignment of interests between managers and shareholders concern managers’ compensation (Tirole, 2006).
According to Murphy (1998), compensation plans are designed to align risk aversion interests and executives’ interests with shareholders’ interests. According to the theory of the optimal compensation contract (Hart & Holmstrom, 1986), the best executive compensation configuration is the one maximizing the neutral risk of the shareholder’s purpose measured by the difference between corporate performance and cost of managers’ compensation. Based on the information principle (Holmstrom, 1979), the best measurement for manager performance in terms of maximizing shareholder’s well-being is based on stock prices.
Thus, the compensation policy effectiveness has been investigated through executive compensation sensitivity to corporate performance, known as PPS (Jensen & Murphy, 1990). The model proposed by Jensen and Murphy (1990), more commonly used in empirical research (Murphy, 1998; Víctor, 2013), investigates the increase of each monetary unit in executive compensation for each thousand monetary units in the market value. Some studies use other measurements for market performance or book return and total or per capita pay for executive compensation (Murphy, 1998; Víctor, 2013). In Brazil, empirical evidence shows inconsistent results about the correlation between executive compensation and corporate performance (Correia et al., 2014; Fernandes & Mazzioni, 2015; Krauter, 2013; Sonza & Kloeckner, 2014).
2.2 Board of Directors and Pay-Performance Sensitivity
In order to make the compensation policy capable to align managers’ interests with shareholders’ interests, other internal governance mechanisms are needed (Correia et al., 2014). In firms with a weaker governance structure, more agency problems occur and managers have more discretionary power to influence their own compensation (Kerr & Kren, 1992).
The Brazilian legislation assigns to the general meeting of shareholders the role of determining the remuneration of board of directors and executive board. According to the IBGC (2015), the board of directors must define the compensation policy and incentives for the executive board as a whole, as well as evaluate its performance. Good corporate governance practices for Brazilian companies even highlight the importance of having an advisory committee for the board of directors, preferably consisting of independent directors, responsible for appointing executives and defining the executives’ compensation policy (IBGC, 2015). When exercising this function, executives may use their bargaining power along with members of the board of directors to maximize its usefulness, leading to a compensation policy that does not maximize value for external shareholders (Bebchuk & Fried, 2003; Core et al., 1999). More recently, the research by Aguiar and Pimentel (2017) found evidence of a bidirectional relation between executive compensation and financial and market performance, but it did not analyze the effect of the composition of the board of directors on this relation.
O’Reilly and Main (2007) see strong indications that the greater the number of board members appointed by the CEO, the lesser the compensation contract resembles something negotiated on a fairly basis. Bruce and Skovoroda (2015) believe that the executives’ ability to influence their compensation is greater when the board of directors is weak and executives are strong. According to these authors, the separation between the role of CEO and the chairman of the board of directors, the greater proportion of non-executive members in this board, and the effectiveness and independence of the nominating and compensation committees are associated with a rather robust compensation process.
The literature on the effect of the board of directors’ composition on the PPS is still incipient in Brazil. One of the few studies found (Víctor, 2013) investigated this correlation in the context of company obligation to disclose information about its executives’ compensation. The author used the number of external members appointed by the controlling shareholder as a characteristic of the board of directors and the change in the natural logarithm of the average compensation of the board of directors and of the executive board as a variable indicating managers’ compensation. The research sample was composed by Brazilian companies and a control group consisting of U.S. companies. The findings indicated that, when a distinction is made between Brazilian and U.S. companies (by means of a dummy variable), a higher percentage of external members reduces the PPS in Brazilian companies. However, when no distinction was made, no effect was observed for the composition of the board of directors on the PPS.
2.3 Development of Specific Hypotheses and the Theoretical Model
Considering the purpose of this study, four hypotheses were formulated regarding the composition of the board of directors that can influence the increase or decrease in agency conflicts and interfere with the PPS.
The power and locus of control of the company CEO increase by accumulating the position of chairman of the board of directors, whereas an independent chairman makes it easier to evaluate the executive board on an objective basis (Boyd, 1994). Therefore, it is expected that accumulating of the position of company CEO with that of chairman of the board of directors, known as the CEO duality, reduces the compensation policy effectiveness due to the CEO’s attempt to reduce its risk (Krause, Semadeni & Cannella, 2014), something which might lead to reduce the PPS. It is worth noticing that some studies conducted in the U.S. and British markets did not find empirical evidence of this correlation (Conyon, 1997; Lippert & Porter, 1997).
H1: the CEO duality reduces the executive compensation sensitivity to performance.
Fama and Jensen (1983) suggest that non-executive members of board of directors are more active in monitoring than insiders. The presence of company executives in the board of directors may help raise their power of influence on this board, making it more difficult for executives to move out in case of underperformance (Sonza & Kloeckner, 2014). Likewise, a larger number of executives in its board of directors can reduce the PPS (Lippert & Porter, 1997).
H2: the greater proportion of executives in the board of directors reduces the executive compensation sensitivity to performance.
Unlike what takes place in the Anglo-Saxon environment, where the main agency conflict lies on the relation between shareholders and managers, companies with a controlling shareholder predominate in Brazil, something which gives rise to another agency conflict, derived from the relation between the controlling shareholder and minority shareholders, termed as principal-principal agency conflict (Brandão & Crisóstomo, 2015; Claessens & Yurtoglu, 2013). In this context, the board of directors mostly consists of members appointed by the controlling shareholder, and this also influences the nomination of managers (Young, Peng, Ahlstrom, Bruton & Jiang, 2008). This overlap between controlling shareholder and management may generate, as private benefits of control, earnings that do not correspond to managers’ actions. For a more effective performance of the board of directors in this context, the presence of members representing the position of minority shareholders in this collegiate is key.
H3: the greater proportion of members of the board of directors not appointed by the controlling shareholder increases the executive compensation sensitivity to performance.
In addition to the external members and those not indicated by the controlling shareholder, there are, in the board of directors, independent members who, according to the Brazilian legislation, should not have any relation to shareholders or managers, and this may mitigate both conflicts between shareholders and managers and those between the controlling shareholder and minority shareholders. A board of directors with greater proportion of independent members (Chhaochharia & Grinstein, 2009; Core et al., 1999) and advised by an independent compensation committee (Guthrie, Sokolowsky & Wan, 2012) may reduce executive power, by increasing the PPS (Ozerturk, 2005).
H4: the greater proportion of independent members in the board of directors increases the executive compensation sensitivity to performance.
Figure 1 represents the study’s theoretical model, which synthesizes the relations expected having the four hypotheses formulated as a basis.
The hypotheses H1 and H2 refer to conflicts between shareholders and managers arising from the presence of executives in the board of directors, which increases the risk of expropriation by managers (agent-principal conflict): overlap between the positions of company CEO and chairman of the board of directors (CEO duality) and company executives in the board of directors. The hypothesis H3 addresses the participation of members of the board of directors not indicated by the controlling shareholder, which might reduce conflicts between the latter and minority shareholders (principal-principal conflict). The hypothesis H4 addresses the presence of independent members in the board of directors, something which might reduce agency conflicts, both from the agent-principal perspective and from the principal-principal perspective.
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 Sample and Data Source
The research population includes the 100 companies whose stocks constitute the IBRX 100 of the BM&FBOVESPA, theoretical portfolio of assets with the highest tradability and representativeness in the Brazilian stock market. The choice of this group was mainly due to the need to use, as a measurement for performance, company’s market value via stock prices, which requires minimum criteria for tradability. Also, the IBRX 100 companies are those most representative of the Brazilian capital market. We chose to analyze data from the last three fiscal years available at the date of survey (2013, 2014, and 2015).
Data were collected from companies whose stocks comprised the theoretical portfolio of the IBRX 100 within the period from September to December 2016, totaling 97 companies (3 companies had 2 stocks in the IBRX 100). With the exclusion of 5 companies that did not have all data required by the survey, the sample consisted of an unbalanced panel with 92 companies and 272 observations.
Data on the composition of the board of directors were extracted from the company’s Reference Forms, available on the website of the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission (CVM). Executive compensation data were extracted from the Brazilian Corporate Information System (SInC) and financial data were collected from the Economatica® database.
3.2 Empirical Model
The empirical model on which this study was based is the PPS model as proposed by Jensen and Murphy (1990), which regressed the increase in each monetary unit in the CEO compensation to the increase in every 1,000 monetary units in the market value of U.S. companies. The choice of market value as a performance variable is related to the information principle (Holmstrom, 1979), according to which the best measurement for manager performance in terms of maximizing shareholder’s well-being is based on stock prices. The use of compensation and market value variation instead of global values contributes to mitigate endogeneity problems due to explanatory variables omitted (Hallock, Madalozzo & Reck, 2010).
The empirical model of this research adds, to the model proposed by Jensen and Murphy (1990), the variables indicating the composition of the board of directors and an interactive variable of market value variation (in thousands of reais) with the variables indicating the composition of the board of directors, as well as a set of control variables, as observed in equation 1.
COMi,t=α+β1MVi,t+β2COMPBDi,t+β3MVi,t*COMPBDi,t+β4CONTi,t+ε (1)
where ∆COMi,t is executive board compensation variation of company i in period t in relation to period t-1, ∆MVi,t is the variation, in thousands of reais, of the market value of company i in period t in relation to period t-1, COMPBDi,t represents the variables indicating the composition of the board of directors of company i in period t, ∑CONT i,t is the vector of control variables included in the model, β1, β2 and β3 and β4 are the angular coefficients of explanatory variables, and ε is the error term in the equation.
It is worth highlighting the value and statistical significance of the coefficient of the interaction variable (β3), which measures the moderating effect of the composition variables of the board of directors on the PPS, as indicated by Hair, Anderson, Tathan and Black (2005). If β3 is statistically different from 0, the hypothesis that the composition of the board of directors affects compensation sensitivity to performance (β1) is accepted.
3.3 Measurement of Variables
Table 1 summarizes the operationalization of the study variables. The variable executive board compensation (∆COM), unlike what Jensen and Muphy (1990) propose, was operationalized in terms of the total compensation of the executive board, considering the sum of the executives’ compensation (∆TCOM) and the per capita pay (∆PCCOM) weighted by company’s market value in t-1. In the original model, CEO compensation was used. Market value variation (∆MV) has been made operational in a similar way to what was proposed by Jensen and Murphy (1990), considering the total variation in company’s market value in thousands of reais, also weighted by market value in t-1. Weighting was due to the high amplitude of original data.
Table 1 Variables used in the study
Construct Variable Operationalization Data source References
Executive board compensation variation (∆COM) Total compensation variation (∆TCOM) Difference between total executive board compensation in t and t-1 (in R$units) weighted by market value in t-1 (in thousand R$) Reference Form, item 13.2, SInc Jensen and Murphy (1990) Víctor (2013)
Per capita pay variation (∆PCCOM) Difference between per capita executive board compensation in t and compensation in t-1 (in R$units) weighted by market value in t-1 (in thousand R$) Reference Form, item 13.2, via SInC Jensen and Murphy (1990) Víctor (2013)
Performance (∆MV) Market value variation (∆MV) Difference between company’s market value in t and value in t-1 (in thousand R$) weighted by market value in t-1 (in thousand R$) Economática® Jensen and Murphy (1990)
Composition of the BoD (COMPBD) CEO duality (DUALBD) Accumulation of positions of CEO and chairman of the BoD (dummy variable) Reference Form, item 12.6/8 Conyon, (1997) Lippert and Porter (1997)
Members of the BoD participating in the executive board (INTBD) Proportion of effective members of the BoD that hold an executive board position Reference Form, item 12.6/8 Lippert and Porter (1997)
Minority members of the BoD (MINBD) Proportion of effective members of the BoD not indicated by the controlling shareholder Reference Form, item 12.6/8 Víctor (2013)
Independente members of the BoD (INDBD) Proportion of members of the BoD regarded as independent Reference Form, item 12.6/8 Chhaochharia and Grinstein (2009)
Control variables (CONT) Compensation committee (COMPCOM) Presence of a compensation committee in the BoD (dummy variable) Reference Form, item 12.1 Guthrie et al. (2012)
Return on equity (ROE) Ratio between company’s net income in t and the company’s equity in t-1 Economatica® Aguiar and Pimentel (2017)
Size (SIZE) Natural logarithm of total company assets in t-1 Economatica® Aguiar and Pimentel (2017)
Concentration of voting rights (OWNER) Percentage of ordinary shares held by the company's three biggest shareholders in t Economatica® Correia et al. (2014)
Activity sector (SECTOR) Company’s activity sector according to the Economatica® (dummy variable) Economatica® Aguiar and Pimentel (2017)
Time period (YEAR) Year of observation (dummy variable) - -
BoD = Board of Directors; CEO = chief executive officer.
Source: Prepared by the authors.
The composition of the board of directors (COMPBD) has been made operational in four proxies, one for each specific hypothesis, considering only the effective members of the board of directors: CEO duality (DUALBD); proportion of effective members of the board of directors who hold an executive board position (INTBD); proportion of effective members of the board of directors not indicated by the controlling shareholder (MINBD); and proportion of members of the board of directors regarded as independent (INDBD).
Control variables included as potential determinants of executive compensation: the existence of a compensation committee linked to the board of directors (COMPCOM), responsible for supervising the conception and implementation of the executive annual incentive plan (Machado & Beuren, 2015); return on equity (ROE) as a proxy for financial performance (Aguiar & Pimentel, 2017); size of the company (SIZE) approximated by the natural logarithm of the total assets (Aguiar & Pimentel, 2017); concentration of voting rights in the three biggest shareholders (OWNER) (Correia et al., 2014); activity sector (SECTOR) (Aguiar & Pimentel, 2017); and year of observation (YEAR).
3.4 Statistical Procedures
The hypotheses were tested using means difference tests and estimates processed through equation 1. The mean difference tests are aimed at comparing companies whose board of directors has, among its effective members, those not indicated by controlling shareholders (minority), those participating in the executive board (internal), and those declared independent, as well as the accumulation of positions of CEO and chairman of the board of directors (CEO duality). As for these four characteristics, all the metric variables (∆TCOM, ∆PCP, ∆MV, SIZE, ROE, and OWNER) were compared. The Mann Whitney U test was used, given the non-normality of variables.
In the estimates, the dependent variables were total compensation variation (∆TCOM) and per capita pay variation (∆PCCOM). For each of the variables, an estimate was processed, using each of the four variables indicating the composition of the board of directors (DUALBD, INTBD, MINBD, and INDBD). In all estimations, feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) modeling was used to mitigate heteroscedasticity problems and autocorrelation of residues observed in regression analysis with panel data (Wooldridge, 2002).
The normality of residues was verified by means of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and collinearity between the independent variables was verified through the FIV statistics. Both tests in the estimates processed have shown that the assumptions were not violated.
4. RESULTS
4.1 Descriptive Statistics
Table 2 shows the descriptive statistics of the composition of the board of directors. The first part identifies the composition in absolute numbers and the second indicates the composition relativized by the total number of members.
Table 2 Descriptive statistics of the composition of the board of directors
Variable Minimum Maximum Average Standard deviation Coefficient of variation
Number of members Total 4.00 17.00 8.60 2.01 0.23
Minority 0.00 11.00 2.50 2.93 1.17
Internal 0.00 6.00 0.68 0.84 1.23
Independent 0.00 8.00 2.35 1.66 0.71
Proportion Minority (MINBD) 0.00 1.00 0.29 0.34 1.16
Internal (INTBD) 0.00 0.55 0.08 0.10 1.20
Independent (INDBD) 0.00 1.00 0.28 0.21 0.73
Notes: the variables are described inTable 1; number of companies: 92; number of observations: 272; period under analysis: 2013 to 2015.
Source: Prepared by the authors.
The board of directors has an average of eight to nine members, with low variability of data. This figure is in accordance with the recommendations of the IBGC (2015), which suggests between five and 11 effective members. This is close to the findings reported by Cunha and Martins (2015), who investigated the companies in the IBRX 100 within the period from 2008 to 2012, finding the average composition of 8.54 members.
Regarding the composition, it is observed that 29% of the members of the board of directors are not appointed by the controlling shareholder, 8% are company executives and 28% are declared independent. An unreported temporal analysis indicates that the size and composition of the board of directors remain stable, with no statistically significant differences in the three years analyzed. Comparing studies conducted in previous periods, Brandão and Crisóstomo (2015) verified that 27% of the members were indicated by minority shareholders, 12% were internal, and 20% were independent, in the 100 biggest companies between 2010 and 2013. Cunha and Martins (2015) identified that 22.5% of the members were appointed by minority shareholders and 30.5% were independent. In general, it is noticed that the composition of the board of directors regarding the proportion of internal, minority, and independent members has not undergone major changes in recent years.
As for the CEO duality, this characteristic is present in only 16 observations, about 6% of the sample. This index is lower than the 15% found by Brandão and Crisóstomo (2015) and the 25% identified by Andrade, Salazar, Calegario and Silva (2009) when studying the period from 2004 to 2006. In this study, by comparing the three years surveyed, the number of companies with CEO duality fell year after year: eight in 2013, five in 2014, and three in 2015. These figures and the comparison to previous surveys show that the practice has been discontinued in companies in the Brazilian capital market. Another characteristic of the board of directors analyzed (control variable) was the presence of a compensation committee. Out of the 272 observations, this committee is present in 139, about 51% of the sample.
Table 3 shows the descriptive statistics of executive compensation and market value at their original values (R$units for compensation and thousand R$ for market value).
Table 3 Descriptive statistics of executive compensation and market value in gross values
Variables Minimum Maximum Average Standard deviation Coefficient of variation
Total compensation In the period 69,000 453,527,265 29,990,392 56,413,309 1.88
Annual variation -46,215,088 89,552,431 2,644,262 11,033,969 4.17
Per capita remuneration In the period 19,220 15,261,692 3,397,387 2,570,666 0.76
Annual variation -5,577,924 6,895,910 343,161 1,396,859 4.07
Market value In the period 386,079 279,978,928 20,680,448 40,274,047 1.95
Annual variation -87,182,129 32,440,328 -1,515,975 10,218,206 -6.74
Notes: total compensation and per capita pay in R$units; market value in thousand R$; number of companies: 92; number of observations: 272; period under analysis: 2013 to 2015.
Source: Prepared by the authors.
The average annual pay of the executive board in the sample companies reaches about R$30 million, while the average annual per capita pay reaches R$ 3.4 million. Another point to notice is the average increase in annual pay, which also leads to inflation in the values within the period under analysis compared to the survey conducted by the IBGC. The executive compensation variation in the sample is low, while the annual variation is high, with a coefficient higher than 4. The average market value of the companies under analysis amounts to about R\$ 20.7 million and there was a significant loss of value within the period analyzed (coefficient of variation -6.74).
Table 4 displays the descriptive statistics of financial variables and ownership structure in the way they were used in statistical analysis.
Table 4 Descriptive statistics of the metric variables used in statistical analysis
Minimum Maximum Mean Median Standard deviation Coefficient of variation
∆TCOM -6.806 6.502 0.259 0.115 1.111 4.285
∆PCCOM -1.710 1.150 0.036 0.015 0.239 6.624
∆MV -0.817 1.385 -0.044 -0.059 0.317 -7.168
SIZE 20.504 27.994 23.300 23.159 1.533 0.066
ROE -1.914 8.605 0.173 0.134 0.605 3.503
OWNER 0.069 1.000 0.599 0.630 0.235 0.393
Notes: the variables are described inTable 1; unbalanced panel of 92 companies; number of observations: 272; period under analysis: 2013 to 2015.
Source: Prepared by the authors.
As shown in Table 3, while executive compensation increased year-over-year within the period under analysis, the market value of companies under analysis has decreased. The financial performance measured by the ROE was positive on average, but it showed great dispersion in the sample. The concentration of voting rights is high and, like size, it shows low variation in the sample.
4.2 Composition of the Board of Directors and Pay-Performance Sensitivity
In Table 5, the metric variables are compared to the categories of directors analyzed in the survey: minority, internal, independent, and CEO, occupying the position of chairman of the board of directors. The presence of these categories of board of directors' members (directors) was not associated with the executive compensation variation and the performance measured by the ROE.
Table 5 Composition of the board of directors and metric variables
Board of directors n ∆TCOM ∆PCCOM ∆MV SIZE ROE OWNER
Without minority members 89 0.285 0.048 -0.069 23.415 0.231 0.665
With minority members 183 0.246 0.030 -0.032 23.244 0.144 0.566
Mann Whitney’s U (Z test) -0.170 -0.707 -0.550 -0.803 -0.688 -3.268***
Without internal members 136 0.285 0.026 -0.005 23.010 0.215 0.590
With internal members 136 0.246 0.046 -0.084 23.590 0.131 0.608
Mann Whitney’s U (Z test) -0.980 -0.658 -1.696* -2.095** -0.378 -0.544
Without independent members 50 0.418 0.065 -0.067 24.368 0.128 0.747
With independent members 222 0.223 0.009 -0.039 23.060 0.183 0.565
Mann Whitney’s U (Z test) -0.800 -0.501 -0.619 -5.329*** -2.143 -4.973***
Without CEO duality 256 0.231 0.031 -0.035 23.275 0.179 0.601
With CEO duality 16 0.712 0.119 -0.186 23.699 0.074 0.555
Mann Whitney’s U (Z test) -0.419 -0.835 -1.916* -1.114 -1.572 -1.063
Notes: unbalanced panel of 92 companies; number of observations: 272; period under analysis: 2013 to 2015; Mann Whitney U tests for independent samples.
CEO = chief executive officer.
* , ** , *** = statistical significance of 10, 5, and 1%, respectively.
Source: Prepared by the authors.
Directors not indicated by the controlling shareholder are present in 67% of the observations and they are associated with lower concentration of voting rights. Controlling shareholders, when they have greater voting power, indicate all members of the board of directors, something which can maximize agency problems with minority shareholders.
Half of the companies have executives present in the board of directors and, in 6%, the CEO accumulates the position of chairman in this board. These characteristics are associated to greater decrease in market value, corroborating Silveira, Barros and Famá (2003). The presence of executives in the board of directors is also associated with larger companies.
In 82% of the companies the presence of independent directors was verified, which is associated with smaller companies and with lower concentration of voting rights. Just as in the case of board of directors’ members not appointed by the controlling shareholder, the absence of independent directors in companies having a high concentration of voting rights may aggravate agency problems between controlling and minority shareholders.
Table 6 displays the Pearson’s correlation matrix between the metric variables included in the regression analysis. Although some variables do not follow a normal distribution, the normality assumption may be relaxed as the sample grows (Brooks, 2014). The two variables indicating executive board compensation, used in the estimations as dependent variables, are the only variables with a high correlation, something which could lead to collinearity problems.
Table 6 Correlation matrix between metric variables
∆TCOM ∆PCCOM ∆MV MINBD INTBD INDBD SIZE ROE
∆PCCOM 0.81***
∆MV 0.14** 0.11*
MINBD -0.06 -0.06 0.05
INTBD 0.09 0.04 -0.09 0.01
INDBD -0.17*** -0.16*** -0.01 0.42*** -0.09
SIZE -0.04 -0.04 -0.03 -0.21*** 0.15** -0.31***
ROE 0.06 -0.03 -0.12* -0.02 -0.05 -0.01 -0.10*
OWNER -0.04 0.00 -0.05 -0.52*** 0.09 -0.39*** 0.32*** 0.04
Notes: the variables are described inTable 1; unbalanced panel of 92 companies; number of observations: 272; period under analysis: 2013 to 2015; Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the metric variables.
* , ** , *** = statistical significance of 10, 5, and 1%, respectively.
Source: Prepared by the authors.
The proportion of directors not indicated by the controlling shareholder is not correlated to the executive compensation variation nor to the market value variation. The proportion of executives who are also directors shows a positive correlation to the total compensation variation. Meanwhile, the proportion of independent directors is negatively correlated to the variation in total compensation and in per capita pay and to the market value variation. Corroborating the Mann Whitney U tests displayed in Table 5, there is a negative correlation between the percentage of directors not indicated by controllers and independent directors and the concentration of voting rights.
Table 7 shows the result of estimates, having as dependent variables the variation in total compensation and in per capita pay, respectively, in panels A and B.
The positive correlation between market value variation and the executive board compensation variation, according to the results of estimates 1 and 7, indicates the existence of executive compensation sensitivity to performance, both in terms of total compensation variation and in terms of per capita pay variation. The inclusion of variables indicating the composition of the board of directors and the interactive variables increases the models’ significance (estimates 2 to 6 and 8 to 12), indicating that the composition of the board of directors affects the PPS (Hair et al., 2005).
Regarding total compensation (Panel A), the proportion of internal directors (estimates 2 and 4) and independent directors (estimates 2 and 5) negatively influences the PPS. On the other hand, while executive participation increases executive compensation (estimates 2 and 4), the relation between compensation variation and the percentage of independent directors is negative (estimates 2 and 5). The proportion of directors not indicated by the controlling shareholder and the overlap between the positions of CEO and chairman, in turn, did not affect the PPS and executive compensation variation (estimates 2, 3, and 6). In addition, the total compensation variation was negatively affected by the presence of a compensation committee (estimates 1, 3, 5, and 6) and concentration of voting rights (estimates 2, 3, and 5) and positively related to the ROE (estimates 1, 3, 4, and 6). The year of observation only had statistical significance at the level of 10% in one estimation (4) and the activity sector in estimates 1, 2, 4, and 6. Size did not have a statistically significant relation in any estimate.
As for per capita pay (Panel B), the proportion of executives on the board of directors and independent directors is related to decreased per capita PPS. The percentage of independent members on the board of directors reduces compensation variation and its sensitivity to performance (estimates 8 and 11). The proportion of directors not indicated by the controlling shareholder and the overlap between the positions of CEO and chairman have a statistically significant effect on the PPS and per capita pay variation (estimates 8, 9, and 12). Except for the activity sector (estimates 8, 10, 11, and 12), the control variables did not have statistical significance.
Table 7 Composition of the board of directors and pay-performance sensitivity
Explanatory variables Panel A Dependent variable: ∆TCOM Panel B Dependent variable: ∆PCCOM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
∆MV 0.614*** 1.521*** 0.639** 0.948*** 1.083*** 0.698*** 0.082* 0.406*** 0.091 0.159*** 0.293*** 0.104**
MINBD -0.057 -0.273 0.033 -0.034
MINBD*∆MV 0.308 -0.126 0.115 -0.036
INTBD 1.176* 1.505** 0.105 0.203
INTBD*∆MV -4.570** -4.586** -1.143*** -1.079**
INDBD -1.208*** -1.257*** -0.318*** -0.297***
INDBD*∆MV -2.239** -1.765* -0.939*** -0.769***
DUALBDa 0.191 0.362 0.034 0.059
DUALBD*∆MV -1.094 -1.520 -0.341 -0.430*
SIZE 0.027 -0.018 0.021 0.005 -0.003 0.020 -0.001 -0.010 -0.002 -0.004 -0.008 -0.000
COMPCOM -0.301** -0.163 -0.293** -0.231 -0.236* -0.260* -0.050 -0.026 -0.049 -0.042 -0.034 -0.040
ROE 0.195* 0.174 0.195* 0.224** 0.150 0.201* -0.011 -0.021 -0.011 -0.004 -0.026 -0.010
OWNER -0.421 -0.783** -0.633* -0.502 -0.695** -0.38 -0.039 -0.083 -0.064 -0.05 -0.101 -0.030
SECTOR Yes* Yes* Yes Yes* Yes Yes** Yes Yes** Yes Yes* Yes* Yes*
YEAR Yes Yes Yes Yes* Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Wald χ2 32.22* 62.35*** 33.67 43.47** 45.83*** 93.01** 17.84 58.23*** 18.31 26.24 39.46** 25.42
Average FIV 4.71 4.37 4.57 4.53 4.73 4.5 4.71 4.37 4.57 4.54 4.73 4.50
Notes: the variables are described inTable 1; unbalanced panel of 92 companies; number of observations: 272; period under analysis: 2013 to 2015; regression analysis with feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) modeling.
a = interactive variables of market value variation with the four variables indicating the composition of the board of directors (MINBD*∆MV, INTBD*∆MV, INDBD*∆MV, and DUALBD*∆MV).
* , ** , *** = statistical significance of 10, 5 and 1%, respectively.
Source: Prepared by the authors.
Other estimates processed, such as t-tests and unreported robustness tests, indicate that there is PPS by analyzing the relation between ∆MV lagged at one year and ∆TCOM and ∆PCCOM. The interaction between ΔMV and the variables indicating the composition of the board of directors, however, it had a lower statistical significance, keeping the same sign of the estimates in Table 7. The only interaction variable that had the highest statistical significance was DUALBD*∆MV, with a negative effect on the PPS, but only when the dependent variable was ∆TCOM. Having in mind an opposite-to-expected effect of the variable INDBD on the PPS, estimates were calculated with ΔTCOM and ΔPCCOM segmented by the median and the sign of the INDBD*ΔMV interaction variable remained unchanged. Only in one of the estimates (with ΔTCOM lower than the median) the interaction variable ceased to be significant at the 10% level (p value = 0.133), but the sign remained negative.
5. DISCUSSION
The effect of the composition of the board of directors on the PPS of those companies whose stocks were included in the IBRX 100 portfolio within the period from 2013 to 2015 was analyzed. We tested the hypotheses that the accumulation of the positions of company CEO and president of its board of directors and the proportion of executive members of the board negatively affect the PPS (H1 and H2) and that the proportion of directors not appointed by the controlling shareholder and the proportion of independent members positively affect the PPS (H3 and H4).
The CEO duality is seen as a measure of poor performance of the board of directors (Três, Serra & Ferreira, 2014). In the sample companies, although the CEO duality is not often observed, the devaluation of stocks is greater than that of other companies. The estimates showed, however, that there is no influence of the CEO duality on the PPS. Thus, the study hypothesis H1 is not confirmed. Although it is regarded as a practice that increases agency disputes between shareholders and managers, there is no evidence that the position of chairman of the board of directors may be used by the CEO to change the executive board compensation.
The greater number of executives in the board of directors impairs the monitoring function (Boyd, 1994; Lippert & Moore, 1994). Half of the companies have at least one executive in their board of directors, and although CEOs account for only 8% of the directors, their participation in the board of directors reduces the PPS, confirming the study hypothesis H2. On the other hand, there was a positive influence of executive participation in the total executive compensation variation, suggesting that executives, when present in the board of directors, use their influence to reduce their risk of financial loss (Lippert & Porter, 1997), i.e. seek to dissociate their compensation from the company market performance.
Another way of analyzing the independence of a board of directors, related to agency conflicts between controlling and minority shareholders, is verifying the proportion of its members not indicated by the controlling shareholder (Brandão & Crisóstomo, 2015). About 29% of the directors in the sample companies were not appointed by the controlling shareholder and in 33% of the companies all the directors were appointed by the controlling shareholder. Although in a larger number than executives, no influence of the proportion of directors indicated by minority shareholders on the PPS was identified. This finding does not confirm the hypothesis H3, which predicted a positive influence. For managers of stock portfolios traded on the BM&FBOVESPA, the directors representing minority shareholders do not influence the company strategic decisions (Bertucci, Bernardes & Brandão, 2006), including the compensation policy.
According to IBGC (2015), independent directors are unrelated to company executives, employees, or shareholders. In the sample, independent directors account for 28% of the total and they are present in 82% of the companies. The negative correlation between the participation of independent directors and concentration of voting rights is highlighted, raising the possibility of influence of the controlling shareholder on the board of directors, something which potentiates agency problems between controlling shareholders and minority shareholders. The proportion of independent directors showed a negative influence on the PPS, not confirming the hypothesis H4, which conjectured the opposite. The executive compensation variation was also negatively affected by the proportion of independent directors. One possible explanation for this may lie on the trade off between monitoring and pay: as the board of directors becomes more independent, monitoring capacity increases, and this reduces the need for financial incentives to align the interests of managers and shareholders (Aguilera, Desender & Castro, 2011), reducing executive compensation variation and the PPS.
6. CONCLUSION
It is concluded that, in the sample companies, executive compensation sensitivity to performance is affected by the composition of the board of directors, which leads to confirmation of the general study hypothesis. Specifically, the presence of executives and independent directors is correlated to the lower PPS.
The research results have implications for understanding agency relations and for corporate governance in the Brazilian capital market. First, CEO duality is a less and less common practice in Brazilian companies, and CEO power, when he holds the position of chairman, has little influence on the executive board compensation policy. On the other hand, the greater participation of executives in the board of directors positively raises the annual variation in the total executive compensation and makes this compensation rather distant from market performance. There is a need to verify if such a detachment is only a measurement for risk aversion (Krause et al., 2014) or of the reflection of the usufruct of private benefits by the executives.
Second, the monitoring functions and executive compensation may be substitute corporate governance mechanisms (as observed in the case of independent members) or even independent ones (as in the case of directors not indicated by the controller). The effectiveness of governance practices may not be seen only cumulatively, as “ the more, the better” type. One must take into account the study of the interrelation between these practices and the joint effectiveness in mitigating agency problems.
This study has limitations, highlighting the non-probabilistic sample and the reduced analysis period, preventing the generalization of results. Further research may consider a longer period, with a probabilistic sample, and use modeling that addresses all endogeneity problems. The interrelation and joint effectiveness of executive compensation regarding other governance mechanisms, such as the concentration of voting rights and independent auditing, especially concerning the accounting information disclosed, may be investigated.
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*Paper presented at the XI ANPCONT Congress, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, June 2017.
Received: September 25, 2017; Revised: October 19, 2017; Accepted: February 11, 2018
Correspondence address: Isac de Freitas Brandão. Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração e Controladoria. Avenida da Universidade, 2846 - CEP 60020-180. Benfica - Fortaleza - CE - Brazil
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http://legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/showversion/cr/Q-2,%20r.%2017.1?code=se:107&pointInTime=20210920 | ### Q-2, r. 17.1 - Regulation respecting the regulatory scheme applying to activities on the basis of their environmental impact
107. The following activities require authorization pursuant to subparagraph 10 of the first paragraph of section 22 of the Act:
(1) the laying out and operation of a cemetery where human or animal remains or ashes are buried;
(2) the construction and operation of a crematorium;
(3) the construction and operation of an alkaline hydrolysis establishment for human or animal remains.
O.C. 871-2020, s. 107.
In force: 2020-12-31
107. The following activities require authorization pursuant to subparagraph 10 of the first paragraph of section 22 of the Act:
(1) the laying out and operation of a cemetery where human or animal remains or ashes are buried;
(2) the construction and operation of a crematorium;
(3) the construction and operation of an alkaline hydrolysis establishment for human or animal remains.
O.C. 871-2020, s. 107. | 2021-10-16T07:08:56 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8565305471420288, "perplexity": 6907.626065163441}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323583423.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016043926-20211016073926-00489.warc.gz"} |
https://pos.sissa.it/295/123/ | Volume 295 - The 19th International Workshop on Neutrinos from Accelerators NUFACT2017 (NuFact2017) - Working group 4: Muon theoretical session
LFV golden channels and effective-field theories
G.M. Pruna
Full text: pdf
Pre-published on: 2018 March 19
Published on: 2018 June 18
Abstract
These proceedings review the status of present and future bounds on muonic lepton flavour violating transitions in the context of an effective-field theory defined below the electroweak scale. A specific focus is set on the phenomenology of $\mu\to e\gamma$, $\mu \to 3e$ transitions and coherent $\mu\to e$ nuclear conversion in the light of current and future experiments. Once the experimental limits are recast into bounds at higher scales, the explorative power of such golden'' channels is presented.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22323/1.295.0123
Open Access
Copyright owned by the author(s) under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. | 2020-05-25T17:16:54 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.29771122336387634, "perplexity": 4005.0497036630613}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347389309.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200525161346-20200525191346-00333.warc.gz"} |
https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/volcano-watch-how-does-hvo-watch-eruption | # Volcano Watch - How does HVO watch the eruption?
Release Date:
Kīlauea's eruption is 24/7; it needs no sleep, takes no days off, and cares not if rain is falling in buckets. HVO's staff is not 24/7; it needs sleep, takes days off, and can't do much observing in heavy rain. How, then, does HVO watch the eruption?
The information comes from three general sources: continuously operating instruments, aerial and ground observations by staff members, and reports from national park rangers and the general public. This information is cross-checked for consistency and then reported to the public on a daily or more frequent schedule.
Several instruments provide real-time information that proves crucial for evaluating activity near Puu Oo. Probably the most important is a network of three tiltmeters, two on the cone itself and another a short distance up the rift zone. The tilt information is radioed to HVO, where it is immediately displayed on a computer screen.
The two tiltmeters on the cone respond to changes of magma pressure beneath Puu Oo. They tell us when the changes occur, how long they last, and how large the tilting was in response to the pressure changes. The tiltmeter up the rift zone shows much smaller changes but can tell us if the pressurization is large enough to affect the area between Puu Oo and Napau Crater.
Increased pressure under Puu Oo is often a time of moderate to low eruptive rate; the conduit is not open enough for magma to flow freely to the surface, so a back pressure results. When the pressure is released, the cone deflates and eruption output increases.
A seismometer 1.8 km (1.1 miles) uprift of Puu Oo provides information about the strength of the volcanic tremor, the occurrence of earthquakes, and the frequencies at which seismic energy is being released. Often, for example, the strength of tremor or the frequency of energy release changes during the slow rise and rapid drainback of magma accompanying gas-piston events in the crater of Puu Oo. Without visual observations, the seismicity can tell us that gas pistoning is taking place.
An in-house, radio-linked video camera on the rim of the crater reports back visible activity. Unfortunately, the crater is often obscured in fume or clouds, and the camera has a relatively narrow field of view that doesn't include important areas. We are currently upgrading to a tilt-pan-zoom camera but will never be able to cut through clouds and fume. The camera is especially useful at night to check on incandescence and glow.
Thermal sensors operated by the University of Hawaii perch on the crater rim next to the camera and report temperatures at several locations in the crater. They are especially useful to determine the timing of extrusive events. For example, the temperature at the far west end of Puu Oo crater rose at about 0430 on October 31, just the time that tiltmeters on the cone started to deflate. That time was when extrusion and spattering started in West Gap Pit and the adjacent crater floor.
Field observations of the entire flow field are made at least weekly by HVO scientists in helicopter and on foot. Flows are mapped, samples of lava are collected at favorable localities, the flux of lava through tubes is estimated, and the sulfur dioxide output (a prime constituent of vog) is measured by observing the gas plume from the Chain of Craters Road.
Each morning, predawn observations are made from Highway 11 and from along the Chain of Craters Road, triangulating the sources of glow and incandescence using a sighting digital compass. Lava is often visited if it is within easy walking distance of the road.
Reports of national park interpreters and rangers help fill gaps in our observations, particularly in the afternoon and evening by workers at the end of Chain of Craters Road. Hikers to Napau, whether park employees or the public, provide important documentation of events near Puu Oo. Overflights by visitors and tour pilots alert us to important events taking place.
All of this information is assembled each morning and used to prepare the morning update on our web site, generally available by 0700.
### Volcano Activity Update
Eruptive activity at the Puu Oo vent of Kīlauea Volcano continued 24/7 during the past week. Surface flows, issued from vents in the southwestern sector of Puu Oo crater, covered the entire western floor of the crater. Vents immediately outside of the crater on the uprift (western) side fed short flows that filled collapsed areas and repaved earlier flows. A large breakout near the top of the Mother's Day tube system supplied a flow heading to the southwest. Breakouts from the Kohola arm of the Mother's Day flow only occur on the higher reaches of Pulama pali. The east side of the Mother's Day flow, and the coastal flat below Paliuli, continue to be dark. No lava is entering the ocean.
Two earthquakes were reported felt in the week ending on November 6. A resident of Leilani Estates felt an earthquake at 11:11 p.m. on Saturday, November 1. The earthquake responsible was a magnitude-2.3 event located 3 km (1.8 mi) east of Puulena Crater at a depth of 1 km (0.6 mi). A magnitude-2.4 earthquake at 4:01 a.m. on November 5 was felt in Kealakekua. The temblor was located 2 km (1.2 mi) east of Honaunau at a depth of 45 km (27 mi).
Mauna Loa is not erupting. The summit region continues to inflate. Seismic activity remains very low, with no earthquakes located in the summit area during the last seven days. Visit our website (hvo.wr.usgs.gov) for daily volcano updates and nearly real-time earthquake information. | 2019-11-22T18:25:27 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.19003826379776, "perplexity": 5109.273783928013}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671411.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122171140-20191122200140-00226.warc.gz"} |
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