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https://mooseframework.inl.gov/docs/doxygen/modules/classDamageBase.html	DamageBase Class Referenceabstract DamageBase is a base class for damage models, which modify the stress tensor computed by another model based on a damage mechanics formulation. More... #include <DamageBase.h> Inheritance diagram for DamageBase: [legend] ## Public Member Functions DamageBase (const InputParameters &parameters) virtual void updateDamage () Update the internal variable(s) that evolve the damage. More... Update the current stress tensor for effects of damage. More... virtual void updateJacobianMultForDamage (RankFourTensor &jacobian_mult)=0 Update the material constitutive matrix. More... virtual Real computeTimeStepLimit () Compute the limiting value of the time step for this material. More... virtual void finiteStrainRotation (const RankTwoTensor &rotation_increment) Perform any necessary rotation of internal variables for finite strain. More... void setQp (unsigned int qp) Sets the value of the member variable _qp for use in inheriting classes. More... void resetQpProperties () final Retained as empty methods to avoid a warning from Material.C in framework. These methods are unused in all inheriting classes and should not be overwritten. More... void resetProperties () final ## Protected Attributes const std::string _base_name Base name optionally used as prefix to material tensor names. More... ## Detailed Description DamageBase is a base class for damage models, which modify the stress tensor computed by another model based on a damage mechanics formulation. These models are designed to be called by another model, so they have compute=false set. Definition at line 29 of file DamageBase.h. ## ◆ DamageBase() DamageBase::DamageBase ( const InputParameters & parameters ) Definition at line 32 of file DamageBase.C. 33 : Material(parameters), 34 _base_name(isParamValid("base_name") ? getParam<std::string>("base_name") + "_" : "") 35 { 36 } const std::string _base_name Base name optionally used as prefix to material tensor names. Definition: DamageBase.h:75 ## ◆ computeTimeStepLimit() Real DamageBase::computeTimeStepLimit ( ) virtual Compute the limiting value of the time step for this material. Returns Limiting time step Reimplemented in ScalarDamageBase. Definition at line 50 of file DamageBase.C. Referenced by ComputeDamageStress::computeQpStress(). 51 { 52 return std::numeric_limits<Real>::max(); 53 } ## ◆ finiteStrainRotation() void DamageBase::finiteStrainRotation ( const RankTwoTensor & rotation_increment ) virtual Perform any necessary rotation of internal variables for finite strain. Parameters rotation_increment The finite-strain rotation increment Definition at line 56 of file DamageBase.C. Referenced by ComputeDamageStress::computeQpStress(). 57 { 58 } ## ◆ resetProperties() void DamageBase::resetProperties ( ) inlinefinal Definition at line 70 of file DamageBase.h. 70 {} ## ◆ resetQpProperties() void DamageBase::resetQpProperties ( ) inlinefinal Retained as empty methods to avoid a warning from Material.C in framework. These methods are unused in all inheriting classes and should not be overwritten. Definition at line 69 of file DamageBase.h. 69 {} ## ◆ setQp() void DamageBase::setQp ( unsigned int qp ) Sets the value of the member variable _qp for use in inheriting classes. Definition at line 39 of file DamageBase.C. Referenced by ComputeDamageStress::computeQpStress(), and ScalarDamageBase::getQpDamageIndex(). 40 { 41 _qp = qp; 42 } ## ◆ updateDamage() void DamageBase::updateDamage ( ) virtual Update the internal variable(s) that evolve the damage. Reimplemented in ScalarDamageBase. Definition at line 45 of file DamageBase.C. Referenced by ComputeDamageStress::computeQpStress(). 46 { 47 } ## ◆ updateJacobianMultForDamage() virtual void DamageBase::updateJacobianMultForDamage ( RankFourTensor & jacobian_mult ) pure virtual Update the material constitutive matrix. Parameters jacobian_mult Material constitutive matrix to be modified for effects of damage Implemented in ScalarDamageBase. Referenced by ComputeDamageStress::computeQpStress(). virtual void DamageBase::updateStressForDamage ( RankTwoTensor & stress_new ) pure virtual Update the current stress tensor for effects of damage. Parameters stress_new Undamaged stress to be modified by the damage model Implemented in ScalarDamageBase. Referenced by ComputeDamageStress::computeQpStress(). ## ◆ _base_name const std::string DamageBase::_base_name protected Base name optionally used as prefix to material tensor names. Definition at line 75 of file DamageBase.h. Referenced by ScalarMaterialDamage::updateQpDamageIndex(). The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:	2019-04-24T14:02:38	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.21289674937725067, "perplexity": 11856.928648436913}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578643556.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20190424134457-20190424160457-00145.warc.gz"}
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10161017-multicomponent-diffusion-basaltic-melt-temperature-dependence	Multicomponent diffusion in a basaltic melt: Temperature dependence Eighteen successful diffusion couple experiments in 8-component SiO2–TiO2–Al2O3–FeO–MgO–CaO–Na2O–K2O basaltic melts were conducted at 1260°C and 0.5 GPa and at 1500°C and 1.0 GPa. These experiments are combined with previous data at 1350°C and 1.0 GPa (Guo and Zhang, 2018) to study the temperature dependence of multicomponent diffusion in basaltic melts. Effective binary diffusion coefficients of components with monotonic diffusion profiles were extracted and show a strong dependence on their counter-diffusing component even though the average (or interface) compositions are the same. The diffusion matrix at 1260°C was obtained by simultaneously fitting diffusion profiles of all diffusion couple experiments as well as appropriate data from the literature. All features of concentration profiles in both diffusion couples and mineral dissolution are well reproduced by this new diffusion matrix. At 1500°C, only diffusion couple experiments are used to obtain the diffusion matrix. Eigenvectors of the diffusion matrix are used to discuss the diffusion (exchange) mechanism, and eigenvalues characterize the diffusion rate. Diffusion mechanisms at both 1260 and 1500°C are inferred from eigenvectors of diffusion matrices and compared with those at 1350°C reported in Guo and Zhang (2018). There is indication that diffusion eigenvectors in basaltic melts do not depend much on temperature, but more » Authors: Award ID(s): Publication Date: NSF-PAR ID: 10161017 Journal Name: Chemical geology Volume: 549 Issue: 119700 Page Range or eLocation-ID: 1-22 ISSN: 0009-2541 3. Abstract Covariance matrices are fundamental to the analysis and forecast of economic, physical and biological systems. Although the eigenvalues $\{\lambda _i\}$ and eigenvectors $\{\boldsymbol{u}_i\}$ of a covariance matrix are central to such endeavours, in practice one must inevitably approximate the covariance matrix based on data with finite sample size $n$ to obtain empirical eigenvalues $\{\tilde{\lambda }_i\}$ and eigenvectors $\{\tilde{\boldsymbol{u}}_i\}$, and therefore understanding the error so introduced is of central importance. We analyse eigenvector error $\\|\boldsymbol{u}_i - \tilde{\boldsymbol{u}}_i \\|^2$ while leveraging the assumption that the true covariance matrix having size $p$ is drawn from a matrix ensemble with known spectral properties—particularly, we assume the distribution of population eigenvalues weakly converges as $p\to \infty$ to a spectral density $\rho (\lambda )$ and that the spacing between population eigenvalues is similar to that for the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble. Our approach complements previous analyses of eigenvector error that require the full set of eigenvalues to be known, which can be computationally infeasible when $p$ is large. To provide a scalable approach for uncertainty quantification of eigenvector error, we consider a fixed eigenvalue $\lambda$ and approximate the distribution of the expected square error $r= \mathbb{E}\left [\\| \boldsymbol{u}_i - \tilde{\boldsymbol{u}}_i \\|^2\right ]$ across themore »	2023-01-30T05:58:49	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8773800730705261, "perplexity": 966.9283014273365}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499801.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130034805-20230130064805-00521.warc.gz"}
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10355363-molecules-alma-planet-forming-scales-maps-circumplanetary-disk-candidate-molecular-line-emission-disk	This content will become publicly available on July 27, 2023 Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS): A Circumplanetary Disk Candidate in Molecular-line Emission in the AS 209 Disk Abstract We report the discovery of a circumplanetary disk (CPD) candidate embedded in the circumstellar disk of the T Tauri star AS 209 at a radial distance of about 200 au (on-sky separation of 1.″4 from the star at a position angle of 161°), isolated via 13 CO J = 2−1 emission. This is the first instance of CPD detection via gaseous emission capable of tracing the overall CPD mass. The CPD is spatially unresolved with a 117 × 82 mas beam and manifests as a point source in 13 CO, indicating that its diameter is ≲14 au. The CPD is embedded within an annular gap in the circumstellar disk previously identified using 12 CO and near-infrared scattered-light observations and is associated with localized velocity perturbations in 12 CO. The coincidence of these features suggests that they have a common origin: an embedded giant planet. We use the 13 CO intensity to constrain the CPD gas temperature and mass. We find that the CPD temperature is ≳35 K, higher than the circumstellar disk temperature at the radial location of the CPD, 22 K, suggesting that heating sources localized to the CPD must be present. The CPD gas mass is ≳0.095 more » Authors: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more » Award ID(s): Publication Date: NSF-PAR ID: 10355363 Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal Letters Volume: 934 Issue: 2 Page Range or eLocation-ID: L20 ISSN: 2041-8205 1. We studied the molecular gas properties of AzTEC/C159, a star-forming disk galaxy at $z=4.567$. We secured $^{12}$CO molecular line detections for the $J=2\to1$ and $J=5\to4$ transitions using the Karl G. Jansky VLA and the NOEMA interferometer. The broad (FWHM$\sim750\,{\rm km\,s}^{-1}$) and tentative double-peaked profiles of both $^{12}$CO lines are consistent with an extended molecular gas reservoir, which is distributed in a rotating disk as previously revealed from [CII] 158$\mu$m line observations. Based on the $^{12}$CO(2$\to$1) emission line we derived $L'_{\rm{CO}}=(3.4\pm0.6)\times10^{10}{\rm \,K\,km\,s}^{-1}{\rm \,pc}^{2}$, that yields a molecular gas mass of $M_{\rm H_2 }(\alpha_{\rm CO}/4.3)=(1.5\pm0.3)\times 10^{11}{\rm M}_\odot$ and unveils a gas-rich system with $\mu_{\rm gas}(\alpha_{\rm CO}/4.3)\equiv M_{\rm H_2}/M_\star=3.3\pm0.7$. The extreme star formation efficiency (SFE) of AzTEC/C159, parametrized by the ratio $L_{\rm{IR}}/L'_{\rm{CO}}=(216\pm80)\, {\rm L}_{\odot}{\rm \,(K\,km\,s}^{-1}{\rm \,pc}^{2})^{-1}$, is comparable to merger-driven starbursts such as local ultra-luminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) and SMGs. Likewise, the $^{12}$CO(5$\to$4)/CO(2$\to$1) line brightness temperature ratio of $r_{52}= 0.55\pm 0.15$ is consistent with high excitation conditions, similar to that observed in SMGs. We constrained the value for the $L'_{\text{CO}}-{\rm H}_2$ mass conversion factor in AzTEC/C159, i.e. $\alpha_{\text{CO}}=3.9^{+2.7}_{-1.3}{\rm \,M}_{\odot}{\rm \,K}^{-1}{\rm \,km}^{-1}{\rm \,s\,pc}^{-2}$, that is consistent with a self-gravitating molecular gas distribution as observed in local star-forming disk galaxies. Cold gas streams from cosmologicalmore »	2023-01-27T21:13:09	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7128880023956299, "perplexity": 3930.484681838907}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764495012.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127195946-20230127225946-00089.warc.gz"}
https://www.zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Atrenkler.gotz	# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics ## Trenkler, Götz Compute Distance To: Author ID: trenkler.gotz Published as: Trenkler, G.; Trenkler, Götz Homepage: https://www.statistik.tu-dortmund.de/trenkler.html External Links: MGP · Wikidata · ResearchGate · dblp · GND Documents Indexed: 155 Publications since 1976, including 9 Books Biographic References: 1 Publication all top 5 #### Co-Authors 21 single-authored 31 Baksalary, Oskar Maria 16 Trenkler, Dietrich 15 Gross, Jürgen 11 Stahlecker, Peter 9 Knautz, Henning 7 Gnot, Stanisław 7 Liski, Erkki P. 6 Baksalary, Jerzy K. 6 Schmidt, Karsten 5 Stemann, Dietmar 5 Toutenburg, Helge 5 Troschke, Sven-Oliver 4 Ihorst, Gabriele 4 Neudecker, Heinz 4 Schipp, Bernhard 4 Wei, Laisheng 3 Styan, George P. H. 2 Büning, Herbert 2 Liu, Shuangzhe 2 Pordzik, Paweł R. 2 Urbańska-Motyka, Agnieszka 2 Wijekoon, Pushba 2 Zmyślony, Roman 1 Ahmed, Syed Ejaz 1 Bernstein, Dennis S. 1 Diersen, J. 1 Farebrother, Richard William 1 Frauendorf, Eckehard 1 Freund, Eckhard 1 Hering, Franz 1 Hessenius, Helga 1 Heun Song, Seuck 1 Hunter, Jeffrey J. 1 Liu, Xiaoji 1 Markiewicz, Augustyn 1 Michels, Paul 1 Puntanen, Simo 1 Ruiz Espejo, Mariano 1 Saxena, Sharad 1 Schach, Siegfried 1 Singh, Housila Prasad 1 Tamaschke, Sabine 1 Toutenberg, H. 1 Werner, Hans-Joachim 1 Yang, Zhongpeng all top 5 #### Serials 23 Linear Algebra and its Applications 13 International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology 9 Communications in Statistics. Theory and Methods 7 Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 6 Linear and Multilinear Algebra 6 Applied Mathematics and Computation 6 Statistics 6 Statistical Papers 5 Sankhyā. Series A. Methods and Techniques 4 Statistica 4 Acta Applicandae Mathematicae 3 Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 3 Test 3 Discussiones Mathematicae. Probability and Statistics 3 Springer-Lehrbuch 2 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 2 Scandinavian Journal of Statistics 2 Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics 2 Computational Statistics Quarterly 2 Communications in Statistics. Simulation and Computation 2 Statistische Hefte 2 Methods of Operations Research 2 The College Mathematics Journal 1 American Mathematical Monthly 1 Metrika 1 The Australian Journal of Statistics 1 Biometrical Journal 1 Industrial Mathematics 1 Journal of Econometrics 1 Journal of Multivariate Analysis 1 Sankhyā. Series B. Methodological 1 Statistica Neerlandica 1 Statistics & Probability Letters 1 SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications 1 Economics Letters 1 Acta Mathematica Universitatis Comenianae. New Series 1 Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation 1 Tatra Mountains Mathematical Publications 1 Discussiones Mathematicae. Algebra and Stochastic Methods 1 ELA. The Electronic Journal of Linear Algebra 1 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Decision Sciences 1 Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics 1 Discussiones Mathematicae. General Algebra and Applications 1 Acta Universitatis Apulensis. Mathematics - Informatics 1 International Journal of Information & Systems Sciences 1 Mathematical Systems in Economics 1 Journal of the Italian Statistical Society 1 ISRN Applied Mathematics all top 5 #### Fields 98 Statistics (62-XX) 64 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 6 Combinatorics (05-XX) 5 Mathematics education (97-XX) 4 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 3 Geometry (51-XX) 2 History and biography (01-XX) 2 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 2 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 2 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 1 Number theory (11-XX) 1 General topology (54-XX) 1 Computer science (68-XX) 1 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) #### Citations contained in zbMATH Open 106 Publications have been cited 844 times in 572 Documents Cited by Year Core inverse of matrices. Zbl 1202.15009 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2010 Mean squared error matrix comparisons between biased estimators - an overview of recent results. Zbl 0703.62066 Trenkler, G.; Toutenburg, H. 1990 Nonsingularity of the difference of two oblique projectors. Zbl 0946.15020 Gross, Jürgen; Trenkler, Götz 1999 Generalized and hypergeneralized projectors. Zbl 0887.15024 Groß, Jürgen; Trenkler, Götz 1997 Quasi minimax-estimation in the linear regression model. Zbl 0635.62066 Trenkler, G.; Stahlecker, P. 1987 On a generalized core inverse. Zbl 1334.15009 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2014 Nonnegative and positive definiteness of matrices modified by two matrices of rank one. Zbl 0728.15011 Baksalary, Jerzy K.; Trenkler, Götz 1991 On the performance of biased estimators in the linear regression model with correlated or heteroscedastic errors. Zbl 0559.62054 Trenkler, Götz 1984 Hadamard, Khatri-Rao, Kronecker and other matrix products. Zbl 1159.15008 Liu, Shuangzhe; Trenkler, Götz 2008 Characterizations of EP, normal, and Hermitian matrices. Zbl 1151.15023 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2008 On a matrix decomposition of Hartwig and Spindelböck. Zbl 1180.15004 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Styan, George P. H.; Trenkler, Götz 2009 Mean square error matrix comparisons of estimators in linear regression. Zbl 0594.62075 Trenkler, Götz 1985 Further results on generalized and hypergeneralized projectors. Zbl 1151.15022 Baksalary, Jerzy K.; Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Liu, Xiaoji; Trenkler, Götz 2008 Mean square error matrix improvements and admissibility of linear estimators. Zbl 0685.62052 Baksalary, Jerzy K.; Liski, Erkki P.; Trenkler, Götz 1989 Biased estimators in the linear regression model. Zbl 0471.62070 Trenkler, Götz 1981 Column space equalities for orthogonal projectors. Zbl 1169.15007 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2009 Some further results on Hermitian-matrix inequalities. Zbl 0753.15014 Baksalary, Jerzy K.; Schipp, Bernhard; Trenkler, Götz 1992 Revisitation of the product of two orthogonal projectors. Zbl 1167.15018 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2009 On the product of oblique projectors. Zbl 0929.15016 Groß, Jürgen; Trenkler, Götz 1998 Minimax estimation in linear regression with singular covariance structure and convex polyhedral constraints. Zbl 0778.62061 Stahlecker, Peter; Trenkler, Götz 1993 On disjoint range matrices. Zbl 1221.15005 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2011 On angles and distances between subspaces. Zbl 1177.15024 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2009 The equality of linear transforms of the ordinary least squares estimator and the best linear unbiased estimator. Zbl 1004.62056 Gross, Jürgen; Trenkler, Götz; Werner, Hans Joachim 2001 A projector oriented approach to the best linear unbiased estimator. Zbl 1247.62165 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2009 A note on superiority comparisons of homogeneous linear estimators. Zbl 0523.62066 Trenkler, Götz; Trenkler, Dietrich 1983 Functions of orthogonal projectors involving the Moore-Penrose inverse. Zbl 1189.15004 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2010 Characterizations of oblique and orthogonal projectors. Zbl 0827.62054 Trenkler, Götz 1994 Minimum mean square error estimation in linear regression. Zbl 0786.62068 Liski, Erkki P.; Toutenburg, Helge; Trenkler, Götz 1993 Full and partial minimax estimation in regression analysis with additional linear constraints. Zbl 0653.62053 Stahlecker, P.; Trenkler, G. 1988 Partial minimax estimation in regression analysis. Zbl 0647.62063 Hering, F.; Trenkler, G.; Stahlecker, P. 1987 Rank formulae from the perspective of orthogonal projectors. Zbl 1220.15005 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2011 Eigenvalues of functions of orthogonal projectors. Zbl 1177.15010 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2009 A revisitation of formulae for the Moore-Penrose inverse of modified matrices. Zbl 1038.15001 Baksalary, Jerzy K.; Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2003 On semi-orthogonality and a special class of matrices. Zbl 0949.15036 Groß, Jürgen; Trenkler, Götz; Troschke, Sven-Oliver 1999 Nonnegative minimum biased quadratic estimation in the linear regression models. Zbl 0844.62052 Gnot, S.; Trenkler, G.; Zmyślony, R. 1995 Pre-test procedures and forecasting in the regression model under restrictions. Zbl 0761.62093 Trenkler, G.; Toutenburg, H. 1992 Generalized mean squared error comparisons of biased regression estimators. Zbl 0465.62063 Trenkler, Götz 1980 Quaternions: Further contributions to a matrix oriented approach. Zbl 0981.15014 Groß, Jürgen; Trenkler, Götz; Troschke, Sven-Oliver 2001 Mean square error matrix superiority of empirical Bayes estimators under misspecification. Zbl 0839.62005 Wei, L.; Trenkler, G. 1995 On the projectors $$\mathbf F\mathbf F^\dagger$$ and $$\mathbf F^\dagger\mathbf F$$. Zbl 1222.15003 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2011 On a subspace metric based on matrix rank. Zbl 1202.15026 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2010 On the equality of linear statistics in General Gauss-Markov model. Zbl 1008.62631 Groß, J.; Trenkler, G. 1998 Leverage and Cochrane-Orcutt estimation in linear regression. Zbl 0784.62063 Stemann, D.; Trenkler, G. 1993 Mean square error matrix comparisons among restricted least squares estimators. Zbl 0639.62060 Trenkler, Götz 1987 Between OLSE and BLUE. Zbl 1334.62106 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2011 On the equality between rank and trace of an idempotent matrix. Zbl 1206.15006 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Bernstein, Dennis S.; Trenkler, Götz 2010 On generalized quadratic matrices. Zbl 1086.15504 Farebrother, Richard W.; Trenkler, Götz 2005 The Bayes estimator in a misspecified linear regression model. Zbl 0852.62032 Trenkler, G.; Wei, L. 1996 Linear and ellipsoidal restrictions in linear regression. Zbl 0809.62060 Stahlecker, P.; Trenkler, G. 1991 On $$k$$-potent matrices. Zbl 1283.15043 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2013 Let us do the twist again. Zbl 1416.62386 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz; Liski, Erkki 2013 On column and null spaces of functions of a pair of oblique projectors. Zbl 1277.15006 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2013 Third and fourth moment matrices of vec $$X'$$ in multivariate analysis. Zbl 1009.62045 Neudecker, Heinz; Trenkler, Götz 2002 Dropping variables versus use of proxy variables in linear regression. Zbl 0849.62035 Trenkler, G.; Stahlecker, P. 1996 Mean square error matrix superiority of estimators under linear restrictions and misspecification. Zbl 1328.62452 Wijekoon, P.; Trenkler, G. 1989 Some remarks on a ridge-type-estimator and good prior means. Zbl 0696.62292 Trenkler, Götz 1988 Minimax estimation with additional linear restrictions. A simulation study. Zbl 0695.62158 Schipp, B.; Trenkler, G.; Stahlecker, P. 1988 Nichtparametrische statistische Methoden. Zbl 0369.62042 Büning, Herbert; Trenkler, Götz 1978 An alternative approach to characterize the commutativity of orthogonal projectors. Zbl 1155.15017 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2008 The Moore-Penrose inverse of a semi-magic square is semi-magic. Zbl 1012.15005 Schmidt, Karsten; Trenkler, Götz 2001 Necessary and sufficient conditions for superiority of misspecified restricted least squares regression estimator. Zbl 0981.62047 Groß, Jürgen; Trenkler, Götz; Liski, Erkki P. 1998 Estimation from transformed data under the linear regression model. Zbl 0885.62080 Liski, Erkki P.; Trenkler, Götz; Groß, Jürgen 1997 Nonparametric statistical methods. 2., erw. u. völlig überarb. Aufl. Zbl 0820.62031 Büning, Herbert; Trenkler, Götz 1994 A note on comparing stochastically restricted linear estimators in a regression model. Zbl 0804.62062 Trenkler, Götz 1993 Mean square error matrix comparisons of optimal and classical predictors and estimators in linear regression. Zbl 0825.62571 Toutenberg, H.; Trenkler, G. 1990 Mean square error matrix superiority of the mixed regression estimator under misspecification. Zbl 0718.62153 Trenkler, Götz; Wijekoon, Pushba 1989 A simulation study comparing some biased estimators in the linear model. Zbl 0612.62096 Trenkler, D.; Trenkler, G. 1984 On a pair of vector spaces. Zbl 1292.15002 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2013 Subsets and subspaces. Zbl 1188.15002 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2010 Estimation of the Kronecker and products of two mean vectors in multivariate analysis. Zbl 1102.62059 Neudecker, Heinz; Trenkler, Götz 2005 A multivariate version of Samuelson’s inequality. Zbl 1123.62048 Trenkler, Götz; Puntanen, Simo 2005 When do linear transforms of ordinary least squares and Gauss-Markov estimator coincide? Zbl 0884.62070 Groß, Jürgen; Trenkler, Götz 1997 Records tests for trend in location. Zbl 0897.62044 Diersen, J.; Trenkler, G. 1996 Minimax adjustment technique in a parameter restricted linear model. Zbl 0844.62059 Stahlecker, Peter; Knautz, Henning; Trenkler, Götz 1996 Singular magic squares. Zbl 0827.15003 Trenkler, Götz 1994 Minimum mean square error ridge estimation. Zbl 0569.62059 Trenkler, Dietrich; Trenkler, Götz 1984 On the entries of orthogonal projection matrices. Zbl 1266.15048 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2013 A simple metric for finite dimensional vector spaces. Zbl 1313.15002 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2012 Eigenspaces of the proper rotation matrices. Zbl 1292.97033 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2010 Further inequalities involving the Khatri-Rao product. Zbl 1179.15022 Yang, Zhongpeng; Liu, Shuangzhe; Trenkler, Götz 2009 The Sherman-Morrison formula and eigenvalues of a special bordered matrix. Zbl 1164.15317 Trenkler, G.; Trenkler, D. 2005 Matrices which take a given vector into a given vector – revisited. Zbl 1047.15003 Trenkler, Götz 2004 The Moore-Penrose inverse and the vector product. Zbl 1012.15004 Trenkler, Götz 2002 On the efficiency of the Cochrane-Orcutt estimator in the serially correlated error components regression model for panel data. Zbl 1009.62555 Song, Seuck Heun; Trenkler, Götz 2001 The vector cross product from an algebraic point of view. Zbl 0999.15033 Trenkler, Götz 2001 Some further results on the efficiency of the Cochrane-Orcutt-estimator. Zbl 0951.62057 Stemann, D.; Trenkler, G. 2000 On properties of $$3\times 3$$ semi-magic squares. Zbl 1017.05028 Gross, J.; Troschke, S.-O.; Trenkler, G. 1999 The vector cross product in $$\mathbb{C}^3$$. Zbl 1018.15027 Gross, Jürgen; Trenkler, Götz; Troschke, Sven-Oliver 1999 On the eigenvalues of $$3\times 3$$ magic squares. Zbl 1017.05029 Trenkler, Götz 1999 Vector equations and their solutions. Zbl 1025.15002 Trenkler, Götz 1998 Using first differences as a device against multicollinearity. Zbl 0936.91054 Toutenburg, Helge; Trenkler, Götz 1998 Modern matrix algebra. With applications to statistics. Zbl 0897.15002 Schmidt, Karsten; Trenkler, Götz 1998 On the equality of usual and Amemiya’s partially generalized least squares estimator. Zbl 0954.62547 Groß, Jürgen; Trenkler, Götz 1997 Nonnegative quadratic estimation of the mean squared errors of minimax estimators in the linear regression model. Zbl 0844.62053 Gnot, S.; Trenkler, G. 1996 On the least squares distance between affine subspaces. Zbl 0852.15003 Gross, Jürgen; Trenkler, Götz 1996 An objective stability criterion for selecting the biasing parameter from the ridge trace. Zbl 0861.62056 Trenkler, Dietrich; Trenkler, Götz 1995 Some bounds for bias and variance of $$S^ 2$$ under dependence. Zbl 0819.62019 Knautz, Henning; Trenkler, Götz 1995 Using nonnegative minimum biased quadratic estimation for variable selection in the linear regression model. Zbl 0809.62056 Gnot, Stanisław; Knautz, Henning; Trenkler, Götz 1994 Pre-test estimation in the linear regression model with competing restrictions. Zbl 0804.62060 Pordzik, Pawel R.; Trenkler, Götz 1994 A note on the correlation between $$S^ 2$$ and the least squares estimator in the linear regression model. Zbl 0774.62070 Knautz, H.; Trenkler, G. 1993 On a generalized core inverse. Zbl 1334.15009 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2014 On $$k$$-potent matrices. Zbl 1283.15043 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2013 Let us do the twist again. Zbl 1416.62386 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz; Liski, Erkki 2013 On column and null spaces of functions of a pair of oblique projectors. Zbl 1277.15006 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2013 On a pair of vector spaces. Zbl 1292.15002 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2013 On the entries of orthogonal projection matrices. Zbl 1266.15048 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2013 A simple metric for finite dimensional vector spaces. Zbl 1313.15002 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2012 On disjoint range matrices. Zbl 1221.15005 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2011 Rank formulae from the perspective of orthogonal projectors. Zbl 1220.15005 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2011 On the projectors $$\mathbf F\mathbf F^\dagger$$ and $$\mathbf F^\dagger\mathbf F$$. Zbl 1222.15003 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2011 Between OLSE and BLUE. Zbl 1334.62106 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2011 Core inverse of matrices. Zbl 1202.15009 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2010 Functions of orthogonal projectors involving the Moore-Penrose inverse. Zbl 1189.15004 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2010 On a subspace metric based on matrix rank. Zbl 1202.15026 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2010 On the equality between rank and trace of an idempotent matrix. Zbl 1206.15006 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Bernstein, Dennis S.; Trenkler, Götz 2010 Subsets and subspaces. Zbl 1188.15002 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2010 Eigenspaces of the proper rotation matrices. Zbl 1292.97033 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2010 On a matrix decomposition of Hartwig and Spindelböck. Zbl 1180.15004 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Styan, George P. H.; Trenkler, Götz 2009 Column space equalities for orthogonal projectors. Zbl 1169.15007 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2009 Revisitation of the product of two orthogonal projectors. Zbl 1167.15018 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2009 On angles and distances between subspaces. Zbl 1177.15024 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2009 A projector oriented approach to the best linear unbiased estimator. Zbl 1247.62165 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2009 Eigenvalues of functions of orthogonal projectors. Zbl 1177.15010 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2009 Further inequalities involving the Khatri-Rao product. Zbl 1179.15022 Yang, Zhongpeng; Liu, Shuangzhe; Trenkler, Götz 2009 Hadamard, Khatri-Rao, Kronecker and other matrix products. Zbl 1159.15008 Liu, Shuangzhe; Trenkler, Götz 2008 Characterizations of EP, normal, and Hermitian matrices. Zbl 1151.15023 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2008 Further results on generalized and hypergeneralized projectors. Zbl 1151.15022 Baksalary, Jerzy K.; Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Liu, Xiaoji; Trenkler, Götz 2008 An alternative approach to characterize the commutativity of orthogonal projectors. Zbl 1155.15017 Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2008 On generalized quadratic matrices. Zbl 1086.15504 Farebrother, Richard W.; Trenkler, Götz 2005 Estimation of the Kronecker and products of two mean vectors in multivariate analysis. Zbl 1102.62059 Neudecker, Heinz; Trenkler, Götz 2005 A multivariate version of Samuelson’s inequality. Zbl 1123.62048 Trenkler, Götz; Puntanen, Simo 2005 The Sherman-Morrison formula and eigenvalues of a special bordered matrix. Zbl 1164.15317 Trenkler, G.; Trenkler, D. 2005 Matrices which take a given vector into a given vector – revisited. Zbl 1047.15003 Trenkler, Götz 2004 A revisitation of formulae for the Moore-Penrose inverse of modified matrices. Zbl 1038.15001 Baksalary, Jerzy K.; Baksalary, Oskar Maria; Trenkler, Götz 2003 Third and fourth moment matrices of vec $$X'$$ in multivariate analysis. Zbl 1009.62045 Neudecker, Heinz; Trenkler, Götz 2002 The Moore-Penrose inverse and the vector product. Zbl 1012.15004 Trenkler, Götz 2002 The equality of linear transforms of the ordinary least squares estimator and the best linear unbiased estimator. Zbl 1004.62056 Gross, Jürgen; Trenkler, Götz; Werner, Hans Joachim 2001 Quaternions: Further contributions to a matrix oriented approach. Zbl 0981.15014 Groß, Jürgen; Trenkler, Götz; Troschke, Sven-Oliver 2001 The Moore-Penrose inverse of a semi-magic square is semi-magic. Zbl 1012.15005 Schmidt, Karsten; Trenkler, Götz 2001 On the efficiency of the Cochrane-Orcutt estimator in the serially correlated error components regression model for panel data. Zbl 1009.62555 Song, Seuck Heun; Trenkler, Götz 2001 The vector cross product from an algebraic point of view. Zbl 0999.15033 Trenkler, Götz 2001 Some further results on the efficiency of the Cochrane-Orcutt-estimator. Zbl 0951.62057 Stemann, D.; Trenkler, G. 2000 Nonsingularity of the difference of two oblique projectors. Zbl 0946.15020 Gross, Jürgen; Trenkler, Götz 1999 On semi-orthogonality and a special class of matrices. Zbl 0949.15036 Groß, Jürgen; Trenkler, Götz; Troschke, Sven-Oliver 1999 On properties of $$3\times 3$$ semi-magic squares. Zbl 1017.05028 Gross, J.; Troschke, S.-O.; Trenkler, G. 1999 The vector cross product in $$\mathbb{C}^3$$. Zbl 1018.15027 Gross, Jürgen; Trenkler, Götz; Troschke, Sven-Oliver 1999 On the eigenvalues of $$3\times 3$$ magic squares. Zbl 1017.05029 Trenkler, Götz 1999 On the product of oblique projectors. Zbl 0929.15016 Groß, Jürgen; Trenkler, Götz 1998 On the equality of linear statistics in General Gauss-Markov model. Zbl 1008.62631 Groß, J.; Trenkler, G. 1998 Necessary and sufficient conditions for superiority of misspecified restricted least squares regression estimator. Zbl 0981.62047 Groß, Jürgen; Trenkler, Götz; Liski, Erkki P. 1998 Vector equations and their solutions. Zbl 1025.15002 Trenkler, Götz 1998 Using first differences as a device against multicollinearity. Zbl 0936.91054 Toutenburg, Helge; Trenkler, Götz 1998 Modern matrix algebra. With applications to statistics. Zbl 0897.15002 Schmidt, Karsten; Trenkler, Götz 1998 Generalized and hypergeneralized projectors. Zbl 0887.15024 Groß, Jürgen; Trenkler, Götz 1997 Estimation from transformed data under the linear regression model. Zbl 0885.62080 Liski, Erkki P.; Trenkler, Götz; Groß, Jürgen 1997 When do linear transforms of ordinary least squares and Gauss-Markov estimator coincide? Zbl 0884.62070 Groß, Jürgen; Trenkler, Götz 1997 On the equality of usual and Amemiya’s partially generalized least squares estimator. Zbl 0954.62547 Groß, Jürgen; Trenkler, Götz 1997 The Bayes estimator in a misspecified linear regression model. Zbl 0852.62032 Trenkler, G.; Wei, L. 1996 Dropping variables versus use of proxy variables in linear regression. Zbl 0849.62035 Trenkler, G.; Stahlecker, P. 1996 Records tests for trend in location. Zbl 0897.62044 Diersen, J.; Trenkler, G. 1996 Minimax adjustment technique in a parameter restricted linear model. Zbl 0844.62059 Stahlecker, Peter; Knautz, Henning; Trenkler, Götz 1996 Nonnegative quadratic estimation of the mean squared errors of minimax estimators in the linear regression model. Zbl 0844.62053 Gnot, S.; Trenkler, G. 1996 On the least squares distance between affine subspaces. Zbl 0852.15003 Gross, Jürgen; Trenkler, Götz 1996 Nonnegative minimum biased quadratic estimation in the linear regression models. Zbl 0844.62052 Gnot, S.; Trenkler, G.; Zmyślony, R. 1995 Mean square error matrix superiority of empirical Bayes estimators under misspecification. Zbl 0839.62005 Wei, L.; Trenkler, G. 1995 An objective stability criterion for selecting the biasing parameter from the ridge trace. Zbl 0861.62056 Trenkler, Dietrich; Trenkler, Götz 1995 Some bounds for bias and variance of $$S^ 2$$ under dependence. Zbl 0819.62019 Knautz, Henning; Trenkler, Götz 1995 Characterizations of oblique and orthogonal projectors. Zbl 0827.62054 Trenkler, Götz 1994 Nonparametric statistical methods. 2., erw. u. völlig überarb. Aufl. Zbl 0820.62031 Büning, Herbert; Trenkler, Götz 1994 Singular magic squares. Zbl 0827.15003 Trenkler, Götz 1994 Using nonnegative minimum biased quadratic estimation for variable selection in the linear regression model. Zbl 0809.62056 Gnot, Stanisław; Knautz, Henning; Trenkler, Götz 1994 Pre-test estimation in the linear regression model with competing restrictions. Zbl 0804.62060 Pordzik, Pawel R.; Trenkler, Götz 1994 Minimax estimation in linear regression with singular covariance structure and convex polyhedral constraints. Zbl 0778.62061 Stahlecker, Peter; Trenkler, Götz 1993 Minimum mean square error estimation in linear regression. Zbl 0786.62068 Liski, Erkki P.; Toutenburg, Helge; Trenkler, Götz 1993 Leverage and Cochrane-Orcutt estimation in linear regression. Zbl 0784.62063 Stemann, D.; Trenkler, G. 1993 A note on comparing stochastically restricted linear estimators in a regression model. Zbl 0804.62062 Trenkler, Götz 1993 A note on the correlation between $$S^ 2$$ and the least squares estimator in the linear regression model. Zbl 0774.62070 Knautz, H.; Trenkler, G. 1993 Some further results on Hermitian-matrix inequalities. Zbl 0753.15014 Baksalary, Jerzy K.; Schipp, Bernhard; Trenkler, Götz 1992 Pre-test procedures and forecasting in the regression model under restrictions. Zbl 0761.62093 Trenkler, G.; Toutenburg, H. 1992 Pre-test estimation in the linear regression model with competing linear constraints. Zbl 0770.62052 Hessenius, Helga; Trenkler, Götz 1992 Nonnegative and positive definiteness of matrices modified by two matrices of rank one. Zbl 0728.15011 Baksalary, Jerzy K.; Trenkler, Götz 1991 Linear and ellipsoidal restrictions in linear regression. Zbl 0809.62060 Stahlecker, P.; Trenkler, G. 1991 Covariance adjustment in biased estimation. Zbl 0870.62042 Baksalary, Jerzy K.; Trenkler, Götz 1991 Mean square error matrix comparisons between biased restricted least squares estimators. Zbl 0746.62065 Trenkler, Götz 1991 Mean squared error matrix comparisons between biased estimators - an overview of recent results. Zbl 0703.62066 Trenkler, G.; Toutenburg, H. 1990 Mean square error matrix comparisons of optimal and classical predictors and estimators in linear regression. Zbl 0825.62571 Toutenberg, H.; Trenkler, G. 1990 Mean square error matrix improvements and admissibility of linear estimators. Zbl 0685.62052 Baksalary, Jerzy K.; Liski, Erkki P.; Trenkler, Götz 1989 Mean square error matrix superiority of estimators under linear restrictions and misspecification. Zbl 1328.62452 Wijekoon, P.; Trenkler, G. 1989 Mean square error matrix superiority of the mixed regression estimator under misspecification. Zbl 0718.62153 Trenkler, Götz; Wijekoon, Pushba 1989 Full and partial minimax estimation in regression analysis with additional linear constraints. Zbl 0653.62053 Stahlecker, P.; Trenkler, G. 1988 Some remarks on a ridge-type-estimator and good prior means. Zbl 0696.62292 Trenkler, Götz 1988 Minimax estimation with additional linear restrictions. A simulation study. Zbl 0695.62158 Schipp, B.; Trenkler, G.; Stahlecker, P. 1988 Quasi minimax-estimation in the linear regression model. Zbl 0635.62066 Trenkler, G.; Stahlecker, P. 1987 Partial minimax estimation in regression analysis. Zbl 0647.62063 Hering, F.; Trenkler, G.; Stahlecker, P. 1987 Mean square error matrix comparisons among restricted least squares estimators. Zbl 0639.62060 Trenkler, Götz 1987 Mean square error matrix comparisons between mixed estimators. Zbl 0626.62052 Freund, E.; Trenkler, G. 1986 Mean square error matrix comparisons of estimators in linear regression. Zbl 0594.62075 Trenkler, Götz 1985 On the performance of biased estimators in the linear regression model with correlated or heteroscedastic errors. Zbl 0559.62054 Trenkler, Götz 1984 A simulation study comparing some biased estimators in the linear model. Zbl 0612.62096 Trenkler, D.; Trenkler, G. 1984 Minimum mean square error ridge estimation. Zbl 0569.62059 Trenkler, Dietrich; Trenkler, Götz 1984 ...and 6 more Documents all top 5 #### Cited by 495 Authors 64 Trenkler, Götz 36 Chen, Jianlong 35 Mosić, Dijana 33 Baksalary, Oskar Maria 23 Stahlecker, Peter 21 Thome, Néstor 20 Benítez Lopez, Julio 18 Gross, Jürgen 18 Liu, Xiaoji 18 Tian, Yongge 17 Yang, Hu 14 Baksalary, Jerzy K. 13 Deng, Chunyuan 12 Özkale, M. Revan 12 Puntanen, Simo 11 Đorđević, Dragan S. 11 Xu, Sanzhang 10 Kaçıranlar, Selahattin 10 Liski, Erkki P. 10 Wei, Laisheng 9 Li, Tingting 9 Ma, Haifeng 9 Patrício, Pedro 9 Wang, Hongxing 9 Wei, Yimin 9 Zhou, Mengmeng 8 Cvetković-Ilić, Dragana S. 8 Gao, Yuefeng 8 Markiewicz, Augustyn 8 Ohtani, Kazuhiro 8 Toutenburg, Helge 7 Özdemir, Halim 7 Rakočević, Vladimir 7 Stanimirović, Predrag S. 6 Akdeniz, Fikri 6 Arnold, Bernhard F. 6 Li, Yalian 6 Rakić, Dragan S. 6 Schipp, Bernhard 6 Styan, George P. H. 6 Wijekoon, Pushpakanthie 6 Zhu, Huihui 5 Ferreyra, David E. 5 Koliha, Jerry J. 5 Kyrchei, Ivan I. 5 Schmidt, Karsten 5 Zuo, Kezheng 4 Açar, Tuğba Söküt 4 Arumairajan, Sivarajah 4 Corach, Gustavo 4 Hauke, Jan 4 Lebtahi, Leila 4 Levis, Fabián Eduardo 4 Liu, Shuangzhe 4 Malik, Saroj B. 4 Sakallioglu, Sadullah 4 Trenkler, Dietrich 4 Zhang, WeiPing 3 Chang, Xinfeng 3 Dawoud, Issam 3 Du, Hongke 3 Hurley, Ted 3 Isotalo, Jarkko 3 Jiang, Bo 3 Kala, Radosław 3 Knautz, Henning 3 Lauterbach, Jörg 3 Liu, Xuqing 3 Lone, Mohd Saleem 3 Marovt, Janko 3 Matvejchuk, Marjan Stepanovich 3 Roozbeh, Mahdi 3 Sivakumar, Koratti Chengalrayan 3 Sun, Yuqin 3 Troschke, Sven-Oliver 3 Wang, Dingguo 3 Wang, Long 3 Wencheko, Eshetu 3 Wilczyński, Maciej 3 Wu, Jibo 3 Zou, Honglin 2 Akay, Kadri Ulaş 2 Alkhamisi, Mahdi A. 2 Aslam, Muhammad Nauman 2 Behera, Ratikanta 2 Bikchentaev, Aĭrat Midkhatovich 2 Boasso, Enrico 2 Büning, Herbert 2 Calussi, Gabriele 2 Catral, Minerva 2 Chandra, Shalini 2 Chen, Jiahua 2 Chen, Ling 2 Chen, Yu 2 Clark, Todd E. 2 Coll, Carmen 2 Dinčić, Nebojša Č. 2 Djikić, Marko S. 2 Dolinar, Gregor 2 Drygas, Hilmar ...and 395 more Authors all top 5 #### Cited in 113 Serials 92 Linear Algebra and its Applications 58 Linear and Multilinear Algebra 47 Statistical Papers 45 Communications in Statistics. Theory and Methods 29 Applied Mathematics and Computation 26 Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 13 Statistics & Probability Letters 13 Communications in Statistics. Simulation and Computation 12 Acta Applicandae Mathematicae 12 Statistics 11 Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation 11 Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Serie A: Matemáticas. RACSAM 6 Communications in Algebra 6 Journal of Multivariate Analysis 6 Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 6 Frontiers of Mathematics in China 5 International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology 5 Quaestiones Mathematicae 5 Aequationes Mathematicae 5 Advances in Applied Clifford Algebras 5 Journal of Algebra and its Applications 5 Journal of Mathematics 4 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 4 Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Mathematics 4 Metrika 4 Journal of Econometrics 4 Bulletin of the Malaysian Mathematical Sciences Society. Second Series 4 Mediterranean Journal of Mathematics 4 Banach Journal of Mathematical Analysis 3 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 3 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 3 Results in Mathematics 3 Acta Mathematicae Applicatae Sinica. English Series 3 Statistische Hefte 3 Test 3 Computational and Applied Mathematics 3 ELA. The Electronic Journal of Linear Algebra 3 Lobachevskii Journal of Mathematics 3 Special Matrices 3 Open Mathematics 2 Ukrainian Mathematical Journal 2 Automatica 2 Applied Mathematics Letters 2 Mathematical and Computer Modelling 2 SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications 2 Economics Letters 2 Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences (WUJNS) 2 Journal of Applied Statistics 2 Statistical Methods and Applications 2 International Journal of Group Theory 2 Communications in Mathematics and Statistics 2 Journal of Linear and Topological Algebra 1 American Mathematical Monthly 1 Discrete Mathematics 1 International Journal of Theoretical Physics 1 Journal of Mathematical Physics 1 Psychometrika 1 Scandinavian Journal of Statistics 1 Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 1 Beiträge zur Algebra und Geometrie 1 Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics 1 Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata. Serie Quarta 1 The Annals of Statistics 1 Biometrical Journal 1 Calcolo 1 Collectanea Mathematica 1 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 1 Journal of Algebra 1 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 1 Statistica Neerlandica 1 Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society 1 Chinese Annals of Mathematics. Series B 1 Bulletin of the Iranian Mathematical Society 1 American Journal of Mathematical and Management Sciences 1 Physica D 1 Facta Universitatis. Series Mathematics and Informatics 1 Machine Learning 1 Neural Computation 1 Computational Statistics 1 Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Physics 1 YUJOR. Yugoslav Journal of Operations Research 1 European Journal of Operational Research 1 Glasnik Matematički. Serija III 1 Russian Mathematics 1 Computational Optimization and Applications 1 Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 1 Turkish Journal of Mathematics 1 Advances in Computational Mathematics 1 Mathematical Communications 1 Abstract and Applied Analysis 1 Positivity 1 Journal of Inequalities and Applications 1 Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics 1 Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery 1 Acta Mathematica Sinica. English Series 1 Journal of Systems Science and Complexity 1 Journal of Applied Mathematics 1 Central European Journal of Mathematics 1 Statistical Methods in Medical Research 1 International Journal of Wavelets, Multiresolution and Information Processing ...and 13 more Serials all top 5 #### Cited in 37 Fields 266 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 261 Statistics (62-XX) 58 Operator theory (47-XX) 50 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 39 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 26 Functional analysis (46-XX) 20 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 9 Computer science (68-XX) 6 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 6 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 5 Quantum theory (81-XX) 5 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 4 Number theory (11-XX) 3 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 3 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 3 Category theory; homological algebra (18-XX) 3 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 3 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 3 Geometry (51-XX) 3 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 3 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 2 Combinatorics (05-XX) 2 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 2 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 2 Mathematics education (97-XX) 1 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 1 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 1 Real functions (26-XX) 1 Measure and integration (28-XX) 1 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 1 Special functions (33-XX) 1 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 1 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 1 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 1 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 1 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 1 Differential geometry (53-XX) #### Wikidata Timeline The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.	2021-06-23T13:45:41	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6485610008239746, "perplexity": 10031.494085240649}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488539480.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20210623134306-20210623164306-00446.warc.gz"}
https://nroer.gov.in/55ab34ff81fccb4f1d806025/file/58a3f24f472d4a68b795250b	### Air Operated Vehicle: The 'Air operated four wheeler' model was presented by a higher secondary school student from Tamil Nadu. This model moves with the help of air instead of fuel, thus preserving and protecting environment from air pollution.	2019-09-22T16:45:19	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8256749510765076, "perplexity": 6816.696411753324}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575596.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922160018-20190922182018-00438.warc.gz"}
http://dlmf.nist.gov/23.22	# §23.22(i) Function Values Given $\omega_{1}$ and $\omega_{3}$, with $\imagpart{(\omega_{3}/\omega_{1})}>0$, the nome $q$ is computed from $q=e^{i\pi\omega_{3}/\omega_{1}}$. For $\mathop{\wp\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$ we apply (23.6.2) and (23.6.5), generating all needed values of the theta functions by the methods described in §20.14. The functions $\mathop{\zeta\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$ and $\mathop{\sigma\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$ are computed in a similar manner: the former by replacing $u$ and $z$ in (23.6.13) by $z$ and $\pi z/(2\omega_{1})$, respectively, and also referring to (23.6.8); the latter by applying (23.6.9). The modular functions $\mathop{\lambda\/}\nolimits\!\left(\tau\right)$, $\mathop{J\/}\nolimits\!\left(\tau\right)$, and $\mathop{\eta\/}\nolimits\!\left(\tau\right)$ are also obtainable in a similar manner from their definitions in §23.15(ii). # ¶ Starting from Lattice Suppose that the lattice $\mathbb{L}$ is given. Then a pair of generators $2\omega_{1}$ and $2\omega_{3}$ can be chosen in an almost canonical way as follows. For $2\omega_{1}$ choose a nonzero point of $\mathbb{L}$ of smallest absolute value. (There will be $2$, $4$, or $6$ possible choices.) For $2\omega_{3}$ choose a nonzero point that is not a multiple of $2\omega_{1}$ and is such that $\imagpart{\tau}>0$ and $\|\tau\|$ is as small as possible, where $\tau=\omega_{3}/\omega_{1}$. (There will be either $1$ or $2$ possible choices.) This yields a pair of generators that satisfy $\imagpart{\tau}>0$, $\|\realpart{\tau}\|\leq\tfrac{1}{2}$, $\|\tau\|>1$. In consequence, $q=e^{i\pi\omega_{3}/\omega_{1}}$ satisfies $\|q\|\leq e^{-\pi\sqrt{3}/2}=0.0658\dots$. The corresponding values of $e_{1}$, $e_{2}$, $e_{3}$ are calculated from (23.6.2)–(23.6.4), then $g_{2}$ and $g_{3}$ are obtained from (23.3.6) and (23.3.7). # ¶ Starting from Invariants Suppose that the invariants $g_{2}=c$, $g_{3}=d$, are given, for example in the differential equation (23.3.10) or via coefficients of an elliptic curve (§23.20(ii)). The determination of suitable generators $2\omega_{1}$ and $2\omega_{3}$ is the classical inversion problem (Whittaker and Watson (1927, §21.73), McKean and Moll (1999, §2.12); see also §20.9(i) and McKean and Moll (1999, §2.16)). This problem is solvable as follows: 1. (a) In the general case, given by $cd\neq 0$, we compute the roots $\alpha$, $\beta$, $\gamma$, say, of the cubic equation $4t^{3}-ct-d=0$; see §1.11(iii). These roots are necessarily distinct and represent $e_{1}$, $e_{2}$, $e_{3}$ in some order. If $c$ and $d$ are real, then $e_{1}$, $e_{2}$, $e_{3}$ can be identified via (23.5.1), and $k^{2}$, ${k^{\prime}}^{2}$ obtained from (23.6.16). If $c$ and $d$ are not both real, then we label $\alpha$, $\beta$, $\gamma$ so that the triangle with vertices $\alpha$, $\beta$, $\gamma$ is positively oriented and $[\alpha,\gamma]$ is its longest side (chosen arbitrarily if there is more than one). In particular, if $\alpha$, $\beta$, $\gamma$ are collinear, then we label them so that $\beta$ is on the line segment $(\alpha,\gamma)$. In consequence, $k^{2}=(\beta-\gamma)/(\alpha-\gamma)$, ${k^{\prime}}^{2}=(\alpha-\beta)/(\alpha-\gamma)$ satisfy $\imagpart{k^{2}}\geq 0\geq\imagpart{{k^{\prime}}^{2}}$ (with strict inequality unless $\alpha$, $\beta$, $\gamma$ are collinear); also $\|k^{2}\|$, $\|{k^{\prime}}^{2}\|\leq 1$. Finally, on taking the principal square roots of $k^{2}$ and ${k^{\prime}}^{2}$ we obtain values for $k$ and $k^{\prime}$ that lie in the 1st and 4th quadrants, respectively, and $2\omega_{1}$, $2\omega_{3}$ are given by 23.22.1 $2\omega_{1}M(1,k^{\prime})=-2i\omega_{3}M(1,k)=\frac{\pi}{3}\sqrt{\frac{c(2+k^% {2}{k^{\prime}}^{2})({k^{\prime}}^{2}-k^{2})}{d(1-k^{2}{k^{\prime}}^{2})}},$ where $M$ denotes the arithmetic-geometric mean (see §§19.8(i) and 22.20(ii)). This process yields 2 possible pairs ($2\omega_{1}$, $2\omega_{3}$), corresponding to the 2 possible choices of the square root. 2. (b) If $d=0$, then 23.22.2 $2\omega_{1}=-2i\omega_{3}=\frac{\left(\mathop{\Gamma\/}\nolimits\!\left(\frac{% 1}{4}\right)\right)^{2}}{2\sqrt{\pi}c^{1/4}}.$ There are 4 possible pairs ($2\omega_{1}$, $2\omega_{3}$), corresponding to the 4 rotations of a square lattice. The lemniscatic case occurs when $c>0$ and $\omega_{1}>0$. 3. (c) If $c=0$, then 23.22.3 $2\omega_{1}=2e^{-\pi i/3}\omega_{3}=\frac{\left(\mathop{\Gamma\/}\nolimits\!% \left(\frac{1}{3}\right)\right)^{3}}{2\pi d^{1/6}}.$ There are 6 possible pairs ($2\omega_{1}$, $2\omega_{3}$), corresponding to the 6 rotations of a lattice of equilateral triangles. The equianharmonic case occurs when $d>0$ and $\omega_{1}>0$. # ¶ Example Assume $c=g_{2}=-4(3-2i)$ and $d=g_{3}=4(4-2i)$. Then $\alpha=-1-2i$, $\beta=1$, $\gamma=2i$; $k^{2}=\ifrac{(7+6i)}{17}$, and ${k^{\prime}}^{2}=\ifrac{(10-6i)}{17}$. Working to 6 decimal places we obtain 23.22.4 $\displaystyle 2\omega_{1}$ $\displaystyle=0.867568+i1.466607,$ $\displaystyle 2\omega_{3}$ $\displaystyle=-1.223741+i1.328694,$ $\displaystyle\tau$ $\displaystyle=0.305480+i1.015109.$	2014-07-26T19:15:00	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 135, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9827334880828857, "perplexity": 219.30233807295113}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997904391.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025824-00002-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://autodiscover.leemisterio.com/docs/vibrational-modes-of-hcl-afa6cd	ChemTube3D by Nick Greeves is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License. We are grateful to Sergey Nizkorodov for allowing us to borrow various components of his working laser system. F 2. Display controls: Jmol.jmolLink(jmolApplet0,"select all;spacefill 100%; wireframe off;","Spacefill") NH 3. CH 2 O. HCO 2 H. CH 4. Also, the reduced masses of 35Cl and 37Cl are so similar that a high resolution instrument is required to identify where splitting occurs. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. C 2 H 4. cis-C 2 H 2 Cl 2. trans-C 2 H 2 Cl 2. This material is based, in part, on the work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. Jmol.jmolCheckbox(jmolApplet0,"zoom 300","zoom 100","Zoom",false);Jmol.jmolBr() Glossary Vote count: 0. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The absorption lines shown involve transitions from the ground to first excited vibrational state of HCl, but also involve changes in the rotational state. O 2. HCl \| Carbon Dioxide \| Water. Cl 2. CO 2. Then select an energy level to view the vibration. 3(H2O). You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Jmol.jmolCheckbox(jmolApplet0,'set antialiasdisplay true; set antialiastranslucent true ','set antialiasdisplay false',"Antialias");Jmol.jmolButton(jmolApplet0,"draw pointgroup;","Show All Symmetry Elements"); Home / Structure and Bonding / Molecular vibrations-IR / Vibrational Spectroscopy Hydrogen Chloride. C 2 H 4. cis-C … However, the energy of a real vibrating molecule is subject to quantum mechanical restrictions. Wavenumbers of fundamental vibrational modes of molecules in HITRAN (cm-1), illustrated for the most abundant isotopologue and for the lowest electronic states. Select the desired vibrational mode of the molecule from the drop-down menu below. Cl 2 O. CH 2 Cl 2 with details. Selecting this option will search the current publication in context. To sign up for alerts, please log in first. Click on a star to rate it! We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to study the vibrational and rotational motions of diatomic molecules hydrogen chloride, HCl and deuterated chloride, DCl. The fundamental transitions, v=±1, are the most commonly occurring, and the probability of overtones rapid decreases as $$\Delta v > \pm 1$$ gets bigger. Then the restoring force, F, is given by Hooke's Law: F ... 5.2 Normal Modes in Polyatomic Molecules Consider a molecule containing N atoms. C 6 H 6. H 2 O. ONF. Br 2. Jmol.jmolCheckbox(jmolApplet0,"spin on","spin off","Spin",false);Jmol.jmolHtml(' ') Select the desired vibrational mode of the molecule from the drop-down menu below. O 2. Highly non-statistical and mode-dependent HCl product rotational distributions are observed, in contrast to that observed following stretch fundamental excitation. No votes so far! NH 3. Butler.) The typical vibrational frequencies, range from less than 10 13 Hz to approximately 10 14 Hz, corresponding to wavenumbers of approximately 300 to 3000 cm −1. N 2. ICN. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. vibrational motion along the coordinate Q can be described with a spring-like force. vibrational mode of the molecule as a harmonic oscillator. Jmol.jmolLink(jmolApplet0,"select all;spacefill 20%; wireframe .15;","Ball & Stick") document.write(" ") We gratefully acknowledge support from the UK Physical Sciences Centre, HEA (National Teaching Fellowship), JISC, Faculty of Science TQEF and EPSRC. Glossary . Mode-specific vibrational predissociation dynamics of (HCl) 2 via the free and bound HCl stretch overtones J. Chem. The normal modes of vibration are: asymmetric, symmetric, wagging, twisting, scissoring, and rocking for polyatomic molecules. High-resolution infrared spectroscopy of weakly bound molecular complexes, High-resolution, direct infrared laser absorption spectroscopy in slit supersonic jets: Intermolecular forces and unimolecular vibrational dynamics in clusters, Intermolecular potentials, internal motions, and spectra of van der Waals and hydrogen-bonded complexes, Photofragment translational spectroscopy of weakly bound complexes: Probing the interfragment correlated final state distributions, Photofragment spectroscopy and predissociation dynamics of weakly bound molecules, A. K. Samanta, Y. Wang, J. S. Mancini, J. M. Bowman, and H. Reisler, “, Energetics and predissociation dynamics of small water, HCl, and mixed HCl–water clusters, High resolution spectrum of the HCl dimer, Hydrogen bond energies of the HF and HCl dimers from absolute infrared intensities, G. A. Blake, K. L. Busarow, R. C. Cohen, K. B. Laughlin, Y. T. Lee, and R. J. Saykally, “, Tunable far-infrared laser spectroscopy of hydrogen bonds: The, Direct measurement of the HCl dimer tunneling rate and Cl isotope dependence by far-infrared laser sideband spectroscopy of planar supersonic jets, N. Moazzen-Ahmadi, A. R. W. McKellar, and J. W. C. Johns, “, The far-infrared spectrum of the HCl dimer, N. Moazzen-Ahmadi, A. R. W. McKellar, and J. W. C. Jonhs, “, Far-infrared observations of rotation-tunneling and torsional transitions in the HCl dimer, A. Furlan, S. Wülfert, and S. Leutwyler, “, Cars spectra of the HCl dimer in supersonic jets, M. D. Schuder, C. M. Lovejoy, R. Lascola, and D. J. Nesbitt, “, High resolution, jet-cooled infrared spectroscopy of (HCl), High resolution near infrared spectroscopy of HCl–DCl and DCl–HCl: Relative binding energies, isomer interconversion rates, and mode specific vibrational predissociation, M. D. Schuder, C. M. Lovejoy, D. D. Nelson, and D. J. Nesbitt, “, Symmetry breaking in HCl and DCl dimers: A direct near-infrared measurement of interconversion tunneling rates, M. Fárník, S. Davis, and D. J. Nesbitt, “, Probing hydrogen bond potential surfaces for out-of-plane geometries: Near-infrared combination band torsional (ν, M. Fárník, S. Davis, M. D. Schuder, and D. J. Nesbitt, “, Probing potential surfaces for hydrogen bonding: Near-infrared combination band spectroscopy of van der Waals stretch (ν, Determination of the intermolecular potential energy surface for (HCl), Vibration–rotation–tunneling dynamics calculations for the four-dimensional (HCl), Exact six-dimensional quantum calculations of the rovibrational levels of (HCl), Six-dimensional quantum calculations of vibration-rotation-tunneling levels of ν, P. R. Bunker, V. C. Epa, P. Jensen, and A. Karpfen, “, A. Karpfen, P. R. Bunker, and P. Jensen, “, P. Jensen, M. D. Marshall, P. R. Bunker, and A. Karpfen, “, S. C. Althorpe, D. C. Clary, and P. R. Bunker, “, Calculation of the far-infrared spectra for (HF), A new many-body potential energy surface for HCl clusters and its application to anharmonic spectroscopy and vibration–vibration energy transfer in the HCl trimer, J. S. Mancini, A. K. Samanta, J. M. Bowman, and H. Reisler, “, Experiment and theory elucidate the multichannel predissociation dynamics of the HCl trimer: Breaking up is hard to do, J. Serafin, H. Ni, and J. J. Valentini, “, Direct, spectroscopic measurement of the rotational state distribution of HCl fragments from the vibrational predissociation of ν, H. Ni, J. M. Serafin, and J. J. Valentini, “, Dynamics of the vibrational predissociation of HCl dimer, Three-dimensional product recoil velocity spectroscopy, G. W. M. Vissers, L. Oudejans, R. E. Miller, G. C. Groenenboom, and A. van der Avoird, “, Vibrational predissociation in the HCl dimer, E. J. Bohac, M. D. Marshall, and R. E. Miller, “, Initial state effects in the vibrational predissociation of hydrogen fluoride dimer, M. A. Suhm, J. T. Farrell, A. McIlroy, and D. J. Nesbitt, “, K. Liu, M. Dulligan, I. Bezel, A. Kolessov, and C. Wittig, “, Quenching of interconversion tunneling: The free HCl stretch first overtone of (HCl), The vibrational second overtones of HF dimer: A quartet, State-specific vibrational predissociation and interconversion tunneling quenching at 3ν, K. Liu, A. Kolessov, J. W. Partin, I. Bezel, and C. Wittig, “, Probing the Cl–HCl complex via bond-specific photodissociation of (HCl), C. A. Picconatto, H. Ni, A. Srivastava, and J. J. Valentini, “, Quantum state distributions of HCl from the ultraviolet photodissociation of HCl dimer, B. W. Toulson, J. P. Alaniz, J. . Keto Pancakes Canada, Basic Element Of Physics, Electrical Engineering Subjects Diploma, Technology Word That Starts With W, Canon Powershot Sx530 Hs Focal Length, Food Grade Oil For Machines, Tucson Unified School District, Convoluted Tubule Meaning In Biology, Beyar-villiger Oxidation Mechanism, Fisher-price Sweet Snugapuppy Dreams Deluxe Bouncer Batteries, Coronavirus Meaning In Urdu, Graham Watches Wiki, Furniture Design And Construction For The Interior Designer Pdf, General Tools Thermometers, Authentic Japanese Ramen Recipe, Italian Pasta Salad With Prosciutto, Granby, Colorado Things To Do, How To Become A Financial Planner In Canada, Tener Hambre In English, Tea Leaves For Diarrhea, Mathematical Analysis Books, Cuneiform Writing Activity,	2021-03-08T15:47:19	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.36786729097366333, "perplexity": 13902.683879869055}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178385378.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20210308143535-20210308173535-00594.warc.gz"}
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10364535-similarities-behind-high-low-disc-small-intrinsic-abundance-scatter-migrating-stars	skip to main content Similarities behind the high- and low- α disc: small intrinsic abundance scatter and migrating stars ABSTRACT The detailed age-chemical abundance relations of stars measure time-dependent chemical evolution. These trends offer strong empirical constraints on nucleosynthetic processes, as well as the homogeneity of star-forming gas. Characterizing chemical abundances of stars across the Milky Way over time has been made possible very recently, thanks to surveys like Gaia, APOGEE, and Kepler. Studies of the low-α disc have shown that individual elements have unique age–abundance trends and the intrinsic dispersion around these relations is small. In this study, we examine and compare the age distribution of stars across both the high and low-α disc and quantify the intrinsic dispersion of 16 elements around their age–abundance relations at [Fe/H] = 0 using APOGEE DR16. We examine the age–metallicity relation and visualize the temporal and spatial distribution of disc stars in small chemical cells. We find: (1) the high-α disc has shallower age–abundance relations compared to the low-α disc, but similar median intrinsic dispersions of ∼0.03 dex; (2) turnover points in the age-[Fe/H] relations across radius for both the high- and low-α disc. The former constrains the mechanisms that set similar intrinsic dispersions, regardless of differences in the enrichment history, for stars in both disc, and the latter indicates the presence of radial more » Authors: ; ; ; ; Award ID(s): Publication Date: NSF-PAR ID: 10364535 Journal Name: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Volume: 512 Issue: 2 Page Range or eLocation-ID: p. 2890-2910 ISSN: 0035-8711 Publisher: Oxford University Press Sponsoring Org: National Science Foundation ##### More Like this 1. ABSTRACT Using a sample of red giant stars from the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) Data Release 16, we infer the conditional distribution $p([\alpha /{\rm Fe}]\, \|\, [{\rm Fe}/{\rm H}])$ in the Milky Way disk for the α-elements Mg, O, Si, S, and Ca. In each bin of [Fe/H] and Galactocentric radius R, we model p([α/Fe]) as a sum of two Gaussians, representing ‘low-α’ and ‘high-α’ populations with scale heights $z_1=0.45\, {\rm kpc}$ and $z_2=0.95\, {\rm kpc}$, respectively. By accounting for age-dependent and z-dependent selection effects in APOGEE, we infer the [α/Fe] distributions that would be found for a fair sample of long-lived stars covering all z. Near the Solar circle, this distribution is bimodal at sub-solar [Fe/H], with the low-α and high-α peaks clearly separated by a minimum at intermediate [α/Fe]. In agreement with previous results, we find that the high-α population is more prominent at smaller R, lower [Fe/H], and larger \|z\|, and that the sequence separation is smaller for Si and Ca than for Mg, O, and S. We find significant intrinsic scatter in [α/Fe] at fixed [Fe/H] for both the low-α and high-α populations, typically ∼0.04-dex. The means, dispersions, and relative amplitudes of thismore » 2. (Ed.) ABSTRACT We use observations from the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) survey to explore the relationship between stellar parameters and multiplicity. We combine high-resolution repeat spectroscopy for 41 363 dwarf and subgiant stars with abundance measurements from the APOGEE pipeline and distances and stellar parameters derived using Gaia DR2 parallaxes from Sanders & Das to identify and characterize stellar multiples with periods below 30 yr, corresponding to ΔRVmax ≳ 3 km s−1, where ΔRVmax is the maximum APOGEE-detected shift in the radial velocities. Chemical composition is responsible for most of the variation in the close binary fraction in our sample, with stellar parameters like mass and age playing a secondary role. In addition to the previously identified strong anticorrelation between the close binary fraction and [Fe/H], we find that high abundances of α elements also suppress multiplicity at most values of [Fe/H] sampled by APOGEE. The anticorrelation between α abundances and multiplicity is substantially steeper than that observed for Fe, suggesting C, O, and Si in the form of dust and ices dominate the opacity of primordial protostellar discs and their propensity for fragmentation via gravitational stability. Near [Fe/H] = 0 dex, the bias-corrected close binary fraction (a < 10 au) decreases frommore » 3. ABSTRACT We use accurate estimates of aluminium abundance from the APOGEE Data Release 17 and Gaia Early Data Release 3 astrometry to select a highly pure sample of stars with metallicity −1.5 ≲ [Fe/H] ≲ 0.5 born in-situ in the Milky Way proper. The low-metallicity ([Fe/H] ≲ −1.3) in-situ component we dub Aurora is kinematically hot with an approximately isotropic velocity ellipsoid and a modest net rotation. Aurora stars exhibit large scatter in metallicity and in many element abundance ratios. The median tangential velocity of the in-situ stars increases sharply with metallicity between [Fe/H] = −1.3 and −0.9, the transition that we call the spin-up. The observed and theoretically expected age–metallicity correlations imply that this increase reflects a rapid formation of the MW disc over ≈1–2 Gyr. The transformation of the stellar kinematics as a function of [Fe/H] is accompanied by a qualitative change in chemical abundances: the scatter drops sharply once the Galaxy builds up a disc during later epochs corresponding to [Fe/H] > −0.9. Results of galaxy formation models presented in this and other recent studies strongly indicate that the trends observed in the MW reflect generic processes during the early evolution of progenitors of MW-sized galaxies: a period ofmore » 4. ABSTRACT The spatial distribution of mono-abundance populations (MAPs, selected in [Fe/H] and [Mg/Fe]) reflect the chemical and structural evolution in a galaxy and impose strong constraints on galaxy formation models. In this paper, we use APOGEE data to derive the intrinsic density distribution of MAPs in the Milky Way, after carefully considering the survey selection function. We find that a single exponential profile is not a sufficient description of the Milky Way’s disc. Both the individual MAPs and the integrated disc exhibit a broken radial density distribution; densities are relatively constant with radius in the inner Galaxy and rapidly decrease beyond the break radius. We fit the intrinsic density distribution as a function of radius and vertical height with a 2D density model that considers both a broken radial profile and radial variation of scale height (i.e. flaring). There is a large variety of structural parameters between different MAPs, indicative of strong structure evolution of the Milky Way. One surprising result is that high-α MAPs show the strongest flaring. The young, solar-abundance MAPs present the shortest scale height and least flaring, suggesting recent and ongoing star formation confined to the disc plane. Finally we derive the intrinsic density distribution andmore » 5. ABSTRACT We present chemical abundances for 21 elements (from Li to Eu) in 150 metal-poor Galactic stars spanning −4.1 < [Fe/H] < −2.1. The targets were selected from the SkyMapper survey and include 90 objects with [Fe/H] ≤ −3 of which some 15 have [Fe/H] ≤ −3.5. When combining the sample with our previous studies, we find that the metallicity distribution function has a power-law slope of Δ(log N)/Δ[Fe/H] = 1.51 ± 0.01 dex per dex over the range −4 ≤ [Fe/H] ≤ −3. With only seven carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars in the sample, we again find that the selection of metal-poor stars based on SkyMapper filters is biased against highly carbon-rich stars for [Fe/H] > −3.5. Of the 20 objects for which we could measure nitrogen, 11 are nitrogen-enhanced metal-poor (NEMP) stars. Within our sample, the high NEMP fraction (55 per cent ± 21 per cent) is compatible with the upper range of predicted values (between 12 per cent and 35 per cent). The chemical abundance ratios [X/Fe] versus [Fe/H] exhibit similar trends to previous studies of metal-poor stars and Galactic chemical evolution models. We report the discovery of nine new r-I stars, four new r-II stars, one of which is the most metal-poor known, nine low-α starsmore »	2023-02-08T10:13:44	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5695124268531799, "perplexity": 3785.0235417891827}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500758.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208092053-20230208122053-00533.warc.gz"}
https://read.dukeupress.edu/demography/article/59/6/2187/319546/Late-Career-Employment-Trajectories-and	## Abstract In the last decades, the long-standing paradigm of life course theory postulating direct transition from lifetime employment to full retirement has been eroding in advanced economies. For many mature workers, the period between the end of stable employment and the attainment of eligibility requirements for accessing retirement benefits can be, in fact, quite discontinuous. Still, little is known about the health consequences of employment instability in later working life. This study addresses this issue by examining how late-career employment trajectories shape postretirement all-cause mortality. I use longitudinal register data from Italy to reconstruct the later-life employment history of a large sample of Italian retirees previously employed in the private sector for whom I can observe mortality up to 2018. I rely on sequence analysis to identify ideal-type, late-career trajectories and use them as further inputs for discrete-time survival analysis. Results show that going through a trajectory marked by employment instability in later working life is related to worse postretirement survival chances, with this relationship being stronger if unemployment spells are prolonged and not covered by social allowances. Given the current pressures to extend the length of working life, these findings highlight the relevance of policies aimed at improving the employment prospects of displaced senior workers and at ensuring adequate support in case of prolonged unemployment. ## Introduction The relationship between employment and retirement has changed dramatically over the last decades in advanced economies. The early life course view—which postulated predictable career paths, with lifetime employment ending with direct entry into full retirement at a specific age—has been challenged by evidence that retirement patterns have become increasingly diversified (Fasang 2010, 2012). Behind the general trend toward early retirement observed throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, and its progressive reversal through pension reforms aimed at postponing retirement, important heterogeneities have emerged. For many individuals, leaving their major employment before meeting retirement eligibility requirements is an involuntary choice. For others, it is a strategy to cope with policy-induced changes in the length of working life. Hence, the period between the end of stable employment and entry into full retirement at pensionable age can be quite discontinuous, marked by frequent job searches, displacements, and unemployment spells, or reemployment at lower occupational status and salary (Marshall et al. 2001; Riekhoff and Järnefelt 2018). Rather than being a definite event in time, marking the passage from paid work to pension income, retirement looks increasingly like a process consisting of a “series of acts involving movements both out and back in the labor force” (Hayward and Grady 1990:352). Although there is an extensive literature examining the relationship between retirement and health, we know little about the health consequences of discontinuous employment trajectories in later working life. This is a major gap given that a sizable and possibly growing proportion of older workers in advanced economies are now facing the prospect of some form of employment instability—encompassing job loss, prolonged unemployment, or repeated transitions into and out of unemployment—before entering into full retirement. This study provides empirical evidence addressing this gap. I do so by identifying ideal-type, late-career trajectories for a large sample of individuals who spent most of their professional life working as private employees in Italy, who retired between 2001 and 2018, and for whom I can observe mortality up to 2018. For this purpose, I use register data from the Italian Social Security Institute (INPS), which allows me to accurately reconstruct individual working histories. Focusing on the 10 years prior to retirement, I identify the prevalent forms of employment instability, which materialize as deviations from full-time private employment, and relate them to postretirement mortality. Methodologically, I employ sequence analysis to identify ideal-type, late-career trajectories that I use as explanatory variables in discrete-time survival analysis. Results suggest that going through periods of unemployment prior to retirement—especially if prolonged and not covered by unemployment allowances—is negatively associated with postretirement survival. I also find that the adverse consequences of employment instability in later working life on survival tend to be more acute among disadvantaged occupational subgroups, at least in the case of women. These results are robust to sensitivity analyses, which aim to alleviate concerns of reverse causality dynamics between employment trajectories and health. This work draws on and contributes to three main strands of literature. First, it provides novel evidence on the “scarring effects” of employment instability (Clark et al. 2001), focusing on a period of working life—the later one—that has been largely neglected so far. To the best of my knowledge, this is the first study to investigate how late-career employment trajectories relate to postretirement survival chances. Second, it integrates the growing literature on the relationship between retirement and subsequent health outcomes. It does so by stressing the importance of taking a dynamic approach to retirement, in the wake of studies that look at retirement as a sequentially linked process rather than as a single transition in time (Fasang 2010, 2012; McDonough et al. 2017; Riekhoff 2018; Riekhoff and Järnefelt 2018). It is worth stressing that this study does not explore the relationship between unemployment or retirement and mortality, per se, but rather the relationship between employment instability in the path to retirement and subsequent mortality. Last, this study also speaks to the well-established literature on differential mortality (Marmot 2005; Wilkinson and Marmot 2003). To the extent that deviations from full-time employment in later adult life are more frequent across socioeconomically vulnerable strata of the population, the study can shed further light on the relationship between socioeconomic status and life span inequalities. In addition, it can provide new insights on drivers of differential mortality within socioeconomic groups themselves. ## Employment Trajectories, Retirement, and Health The relationship between employment and health has long been studied (Dooley et al. 1996; Jin et al. 1995; Roelfs et al. 2011). Still, it continues to raise significant scholarly interest. Indeed, the mechanisms connecting employment status and health outcomes are complex, possibly countervailing, and certainly difficult to disentangle. On the one hand, precarious employment, unemployment, and inactivity are generally expected to have a negative impact on individual health, with the potential channels including economic hardship, loss of status, or harmful behavior, such as suicide (Wilkinson and Marmot 2003). On the other hand, employment itself can negatively affect health via physical stress, injuries, diseases related to the workplace, or perceived job insecurity (Caroli and Godard 2014; Quinlan 2015). The consensus is that unemployment is associated with worse health outcomes, even after accounting for health selection issues (Blakely et al. 2003; Pirani and Salvini 2015; Vägero and Garcy 2016). Yet, evidence of causality remains mixed (Salm 2009; Schmitz 2011; Sullivan and von Wachter 2009). A major limitation of many existing studies connecting employment and health—which may also be the reason behind contradictory results—is their focus on short-term labor market events. In fact, the effects of given employment conditions may depend on the length of exposure to a given status, accumulate over time, and emerge only gradually. For this reason, scholars have increasingly stressed the need for taking a more dynamic approach to the issue, looking at long-run employment trajectories over the life course (Benach and Muntaner 2007). Longitudinal data and techniques to process them, such as sequence analysis, have been employed for this purpose. Research efforts have concentrated mostly on the long-term impact of employment trajectories on health and well-being of young and middle-aged people (Clark and Lepinteur 2019; Devillanova et al. 2019; Sarti and Zella 2016; Torssander and Almquist 2017). These studies are unanimous in concluding that low labor market attachment and trajectories marked by spells of short- and long-term unemployment have a negative impact on self-reported health and survival. Little attention, however, has been devoted to the relationship between employment trajectories in later working life or the retirement process and subsequent health outcomes. Research on transition into retirement and health has focused overwhelmingly on the effect of the transition, per se, or on the timing. The overall evidence on the effect of retirement on health is, at best, mixed (van der Heide et al. 2013). As for timing, the consensus is that early retirement has adverse effects on health (Burdorf 2010; Hult et al. 2010; McDonough et al. 2017; Westerlund et al. 2010), even after accounting for health selection issues (Barban et al. 2020). Some studies have examined the consequences of employment trajectories in the retirement process for income inequality in old age (Fasang 2012; Riekhoff and Järnefelt 2018). With specific reference to the Italian context, Contini and Leombruni (2006) found that the late career of a nonnegligible share of the working population in the early 1990s was marked by irregular patterns of labor market activity, with negative consequences for wages and pensions. Still, there is limited research about the relationship between employment-to-retirement trajectories and inequality in seniors' health and longevity. A few studies employ SHARE (Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe) data, providing retrospective employment information to investigate how employment histories over the life course relate to self-reported health and quality of life at older ages (Ponomarenko 2016; Wahrendorf 2015; Zella and Harper 2020). These studies suggest that going through spells of inactivity and unemployment has negative consequences for well-being in old age, particularly for men. To the best of my knowledge, Marshall et al. (2001) is the only study so far that looks specifically at the relationship between late-career employment trajectories and subsequent health outcomes. Focusing on a sample of early retirees from a major Canadian telecommunication company between 1985 and 1995, they found that instability in the retirement transition—measured in terms of unemployment spells—yielded adverse effects on measures of self-rated health after retirement. Analogous evidence on how late-career employment trajectories relate to postretirement mortality is still missing. Building on these insights, this study investigates how late-career employment trajectories shape postretirement survival chances. I seek to answer two main questions. First, are late-career employment trajectories marked by deviations from full-time employment associated with worse survival chances than those dominated by full-time employment? On the one hand, late-career trajectories diverging from the full-time, employment-to-retirement paradigm—especially if they take the form of labor market inactivity and unemployment—may lead to mortality risk–enhancing circumstances, such as economic strain and social isolation. For these reasons, one may expect late-career trajectories departing from full-time employment to come with worse postretirement survival chances. On the other hand, late-career trajectories deviating from full-time employment—especially if they materialize in terms of part-time employment and self-employment—may stem from senior workers' struggle or unwillingness to cope with full-time work commitments, for reasons ranging from fatigue to care obligations. To the extent they allow for lower life stress or better life–work balance, late-career trajectories departing from full-time employment may thus come with better postretirement survival chances. Second, do late-career employment trajectories differentially shape postretirement survival chances for men and women? A number of studies bring evidence that deviations from full-time employment carry greater social stigma and mental distress for men than for women (Artazcoc et al. 2004; Unger et al. 2018; van der Meer 2014). A plausible explanation for such findings relates to gender differences in expectations toward labor market participation (Marshall et al. 2001). While women are more likely to renounce full-time work to meet care obligations, which may lower their expectations of control and stability in work, men's deviations from full-time employment are more likely to reflect inability to find full-time work (Ponomarenko 2016). Under such circumstances, late-career trajectories deviating from full-time employment can be expected to yield more adverse consequences for postretirement survival among men than women. Still, a few studies found that employment instability was equally stressful for both sexes (Thomas et al. 2005), if not more stressful for women (Frasquilo et al. 2016). Such mixed results motivate the alternative hypotheses that late-career patterns deviating from full-time employment are associated with worse postretirement survival chances irrespective of gender and with worse postretirement survival chances among women than among men. ## Data ### The INPS LoSai Sample I use longitudinal register data extracted from the archives of the Italian Social Security Institute—made available by the Italian Ministry of Labour—to examine late-career trajectories of a sample of workers previously employed in the Italian private sector who retired between 2001 and 2018. This so-called INPS LoSai sample is made up of individuals born on days 1 and 9 of each month of any birth year, for all cohorts appearing in the INPS archives. To the extent births are uniformly distributed in any year, extracted individuals represent about 7% of the INPS population. I combine data from three sources. The first is the Estratti Conto data set, which reports the entire contributory history of private-sector workers covered by INPS-managed social security schemes until 2018. Major schemes managed by INPS cover private-sector employees and self-employed workers, including craftsmen, shopkeepers, and farmers. Public employees and high-profile freelance professionals (e.g., architects, lawyers) are covered, instead, by non-INPS schemes. The Estratti Conto data set provides a detailed record of all episodes in one's working life covered by INPS social security contributions: employment/self-employment job spells, parental/family leaves, sickness/injury episodes, unemployment spells covered by social benefits, and work suspension spells covered by wage subsidy schemes. For each spell, there is information about its beginning and ending dates and the monetary value of the relative contributions. For private employment spells, the Estratti Conto also provides information about occupational class (blue collar, white collar, middle manager, and manager) and type of contract (full-time vs. part-time). The second source I draw on is the Casellario Pensionati archive, which keeps track of all recipients of pension benefits disbursed by INPS between 2001 and 2018. It provides information about the date at which the pension flow started, the date at which the pension flow ended (if this occurs by the end of 2018), and the type of pension benefit (see online appendix A for details on types of pension benefits disbursed by INPS). Third, I use information extracted from the Anagrafica data set, which reports basic individual demographic characteristics, including gender, year of birth, year of death (if relevant), and region of residence as of 2018 or as of the year of death. A major drawback of the Anagrafica data set—and of register data in general—is the paucity of information about individual characteristics. I notably lack information about education, marital/family status, and other family background characteristics, and I cannot match across spouses or family members. ### Sample Construction The initial sample is composed of 501,220 individuals who retired between 2001 and 2018. I identify time of retirement as the first year the individual received old-age or seniority pension benefits from INPS. I restrict my analysis to individuals reporting at least one contributory spell in the 10 years prior to retirement and who spent most of their career working as private employees, as deducible from their contributory history (n = 238,098). In other words, I focus on individuals who contributed for most of their career (i.e., >50%, measured in terms of years) to the INPS scheme covering private-sector employees (Fondo Pensione Lavoratori Dipendenti). I exclude individuals whose first appearance in INPS archives occurs at a suspiciously young age (i.e., <12) or after age 30, the purpose being to focus on individuals whose career is mostly tracked by the Estratti Conto data set (n = 8,490). To alleviate reverse causality concerns about late-career trajectories and subsequent mortality patterns, I further exclude individuals who spent most of any of the 10 years prior to retirement in injury/sickness leave (n = 1,857). I also exclude individuals who retired before the age of 50 or after the age of 70 (n = 3,253), the aim being to have a sample of people who entered retirement at a “normal” age, presumably in good health. The final sample consists of 224,498 uniquely identified individuals, 146,978 men and 77,520 women,1 who can be followed from retirement up to 2018 or to the year of death, if before 2018, for a total of 2,206,937 person-year observations and 20,379 recorded deaths (16,458 for men and 3,921 for women). Descriptive statistics about the final sample are reported in Table 1; steps taken in the sample construction are recapitulated in Table E1 of the online appendix. ### Employment Statuses in INPS Data For each retiree in the sample, it is possible to reconstruct reliable career trajectories since the entry in the labor market until retirement based on their contributory history at INPS. Spells that fall outside the scope of Estratti Conto pertain to five main cases: (1) transition into temporary unemployment not covered by any allowance, (2) transition into the informal labor market, (3) transition into permanent unemployment/inactivity, (4) transition into the public sector or into high-profile freelance jobs, and (5) migration abroad. Because the focus of our analysis is on late-career trajectories (i.e., the 10 years before retirement), case 4 can be ruled out, given that the likelihood of getting a public-sector job (which in most cases implies passing a public examination) or starting highly qualified professional activity in late adulthood is likely negligible (Contini and Leombruni 2006). While the data do not allow me to directly address the case of migration abroad, statistics on the characteristics of Italian emigrants suggest that migration in later working life is also infrequent (ISTAT 2019). Case 1 can be properly identified if the individual disappears from the data and reappears during a given year or if they disappear and reappear during the following year; however, the data unfortunately do not allow me to disentangle the remaining two cases. Long-term disappearance from the scope of Estratti Conto in the last years prior to retirement may be due to transition into inactivity or into the informal labor market. Thus, I consider these two cases together as (formal) unemployment. With these caveats in mind, I identify seven mutually exclusive employment statuses in which individuals may predominantly fall during a given year: (1) full-time dependent work, (2) part-time dependent work, (3) self-employment work,2 (4) temporary suspension from work covered by wage subsidy public schemes (the so-called Cassa Integrazione Guadagni, or CIG), (5) unemployment (i.e., having worked <26 weeks during a year) and covered at least in part by unemployment benefits, (6) unemployment (i.e., having worked <26 weeks during a year) with no unemployment benefits, and (7) a residual category of statuses, as resulting from the Estratti Conto, which do not fall into any of the former six (e.g., family leaves). ## Methods ### Sequence and Cluster Analysis To identify late-career trajectories, I apply sequence analysis. According to this theoretical and methodological framework, individual trajectories can be represented as sequences of categorical events, or states (Abbott 1995). The first step in sequence analysis is to produce a matrix of dissimilarity between individual sequences, which can then be used as input for data-reduction techniques, such as cluster analysis. Groups of individual sequences identified through data-reduction techniques can further be used as determinants or consequences of life course trajectories (Barban and Billari 2012). I construct individual sequences of employment statuses for each individual in the final sample, focusing on the 10 years prior to retirement. Specifically, I code each individual year-based observation according to the prevalent employment status, among the seven outlined earlier. The trajectory of an individual who transitions from full-time employment (FT) to unemployment without social allowances (UWB) in the last three years prior to retirement would look, for instance, like this: FT, FT, FT, FT, FT, FT, FT, UWB, UWB, UWB. If an individual experiences multiple employment statuses during a year, they are assigned to the status that lasted the longest in terms of weeks. I use the R package TraMineR developed by Gabadinho et al. (2011) to analyze the individual sequences so constructed. Given that employment trajectories of men and women tend to differ, I perform separate analyses by gender. I first compute pairwise dissimilarity matrices for men and for women using the dynamic Hamming algorithm to measure distance between individual sequences. The dynamic Hamming method has been proposed as an alternative to traditional optimal matching techniques. In optimal matching, the dissimilarity between two sequences is measured by considering how much effort is needed to transform one sequence into the other (Barban and Billari 2012). Transformation entails three basic operations (insertion, deletion, and substitution) to which specific costs should be assigned. Critics of optimal matching generally point to the difficulty of providing solid theoretical background to the determination of these costs (Gauthier et al. 2009). They also stress failure of optimal matching to account for nonlinear dependency over time. That is, by relying on transformation costs that are the same at any point of the sequence, and independent of the direction, optimal matching ignores the ordering of sequences. This implies, for instance, that optimal matching treats transitioning from employment to unemployment as equivalent to transitioning from unemployment to employment, and transitioning from employment to unemployment as equally costly regardless of whether it occurs at age 50 or 65. The dynamic Hamming method proposed by Lesnard (2010) addresses both shortcomings. First, it does not use insertions or deletions (for this reason, it can exclusively handle sequences of equal length). Second, it employs substitution costs that depend on position t in the sequence. The latter are derived from transition rates between possible states observed in the sample at successive positions. The dynamic Hamming time-dependent substitution cost between states a and b at position t is defined as $st(a,b)=4−pt(b\|a)−pt(a\|b)−pt+1(b\|a)−pt+1(a\|b),$ (1) where $pt(b\|a)$ is the probability of transitioning from a to b between t – 1 and t, and $s∈[0,4]$. The higher the transition rate between states a and b between t – 1 and t, and between t and t + 1, the lower the substitution cost between a and b at t. Given its timing sensitivity, the dynamic Hamming method is particularly useful for applications in which the exact timing/position of states within sequences is theoretically important, as in the case of retirement trajectories (Aisenbrey and Fasang 2010). I use the dissimilarity matrices to identify ideal-type, late-career trajectories through hierarchical cluster analysis using the Ward's method, which minimizes the within-cluster variance, as linkage criterion. I determine the number of clusters on the basis of three criteria: (1) the observation of theoretically meaningful clusters, (2) saturation (i.e., whether the addition of a new cluster is just another version of those already existing), and (3) sufficient number of observations in each cluster.3 I further evaluate the adequacy of clusters so determined by relying on the average silhouette width (ASW) criterion, weighted by the number of sequences in each cluster, which measures the coherence of assignment of each sequence to a given cluster. Average silhouette width ranges between 1 and −1, with a value of 1 indicating very good clustering and those greater than 0 indicating acceptable quality of clustering (Torssander and Almquist 2017). From these criteria, as further detailed in the following, I eventually end up with a six-cluster solution for men and a seven-cluster solution for women. In both cases, the ASW (weighted) is close to 0.6 (Figure B1 in the online appendix). Using the partitioning around medoids (PAM) criterion (Kaufman and Rousseeuw 2005) as an alternative clustering technique yields analogous clustering solutions (Figure B2 in the online appendix). ### Survival Analysis I examine the relationship between late-career employment trajectories and postretirement mortality by using the identified clusters as explanatory variables in survival analysis, in which the focal event is death. Individuals are followed from the year of retirement until 2018 or until the year of death if before 2018. My outcome of interest is a dichotomous variable taking a value of 1 if the individual is dead by the end of the year and 0 if they are still alive. Because the data allow me to only identify whether any individual is dead or alive by the end of each year, I turn to discrete-time survival analysis. Specifically, I opt for the complementary log-log model that best fits the case of survival times, which are continuous in nature but come grouped or banded into intervals (Jenkins 2005). The model specification for the interval hazard rate, for each sex, looks like this: $log(−log[1−hj(X)])=β′X+γj$ (2) or $hj(X)=1−exp[−exp[(β′X+γj)]],$ (3) where $h(j,X)$ defines the hazard rate of dying over the interval j, X are the covariates with the related coefficients $β$, and $γj$ are parameters that summarize the duration dependence in the interval hazard. In this case, I opt for a fully nonparametric baseline hazard. This implies creating duration-specific-interval dummy variables, one for each spell year at risk.4 The main explanatory variables are the dummy variables for the various ideal-type, late-career trajectories identified through cluster analysis. Baseline controls include year of birth; region of residence; prevalent occupational position throughout the observable career (blue collar, white collar, and manager); age of appearance in the Estratti Conto records, which can be interpreted as a proxy of age of entry into the labor market; age at retirement; and a dummy variable for whether the individual records any employment spell after retirement. The major threat to the validity of my analysis comes from unobservable health conditions, which can affect both retirement trajectories and postretirement mortality. I seek to address this reverse causality concern by controlling for the reception of pension benefits associated with physical or mental impairment, occurring prior to the attainment of old-age/seniority pension. I also include a dummy variable for the reception prior to retirement of survivors' pension benefits. Although not directly related to recipient's physical or mental impairment, survivors' benefits track the occurrence of a major event (i.e., the loss of one's spouse), which may affect both health conditions (Roelfs et al. 2012) and labor supply decisions (Giupponi 2019). Finally, I also control for the total number of sickness/injury leave episodes and for the cumulative number of full weeks in sickness/injury leave in the 10 years prior to retirement. ## Results ### Sequence Analysis Figure 1 reports the percentage of individuals in each employment state in the decade prior to retirement. Full-time employment is the most frequent employment status for both older male and female workers, although its relative importance decreases as retirement approaches, notably for the latter. The most noticeable gender difference is the larger incidence of part-time work and long-term unemployment/inactivity prior to retirement among women. This is in line with the weaker attachment of Italian women to the labor market as a result of, inter alia, gender asymmetries in caring responsibilities in a context traditionally marked by “familistic” welfare (Esping-Andersen 1990). The limited relevance of self-employment is not surprising given that the sample consists of people who paid contributions as private-sector employees for most of their career. Figure 2 displays clusters of individual sequences ordered by the distance from the most frequent sequence in each cluster, for men and women.5 The composition of clusters across sexes is qualitatively similar (except for one women-specific cluster, as further clarified below). The cluster “Full-time employment'” is dominated by stable late-career employment trajectories, corresponding to the paradigm of smooth transition from full-time employment directly into retirement. At the national level, the majority of men fall into this cluster (60%), as do about 39% of women. The cluster “Self-employment'” features sequences characterized by spells of autonomous work; this applies to individuals (about 7% and 6% of sampled male and female retirees, respectively) who used to hold a dependent job and who spent the 10 years prior to retirement working mostly in a self-employed capacity. The cluster “Full-time employment/unemployment without benefits” is characterized by sequences featuring early stable employment that then gives way to spells of unemployment not covered by social benefits prior to retirement; about 7% of male and 6% of female retirees fall into this case. The cluster “Full-time employment/unemployment with benefits” features sequences in which full-time work gives way to unemployment spells, mostly covered by unemployment benefits; this cluster includes about 11% of men and 8% of women in the sample. The cluster “Unemployment without benefits” is characterized by trajectories dominated by spells of (formal) unemployment not covered by social benefits along the entire decade preceding retirement; this trajectory applies to individuals who may be unable to find a (formal) job after dismissal or who may voluntarily drop out of the labor market (14% of male and 27% of female retirees). The cluster “Part-time employment” is characterized by the prevalence of part-time work spells; the share of men belonging to this category is minimal (1%), while the share of women is sizable (13%). The last cluster, “Full-time/part-time employment,” the only women-specific group, is characterized by trajectories in which full-time work gives way to part-time work prior to retirement (2% of female retirees fall into this cluster). Regional disparities in the distribution of ideal-type, late-career trajectories are markedly pronounced (Table 2). Slightly less than 70% of male retirees in the northern regions—traditionally richer and economically more dynamic than the South (Felice 2018)—fall into the full-time dependent work career path, while this is the case for less than 50% of retirees in the South and the Islands. Likewise, fewer male pensioners from the Centre and northern regions went through spells of unemployment, compared with those in the South and Islands regions. Considerable regional disparities also exist for women. The proportion of women belonging to the cluster “Full-time employment” is more than 25 percentage points higher in the North than in the South. The same holds true for the “Part-time employment” trajectory, which is three times as common in the North-East as in the South. By contrast, women in the South are 3–4 times as likely as those in the northern and Centre regions to go predominantly through spells of unemployment/inactivity not covered by any social allowance. In fact, the proportion of women spending most of the 10 years prior to retirement out of the formal labor market is large in all regions, relative to men, but particularly so in the South. Still, the data do not allow me to distinguish between long-term unemployment, voluntary inactivity, and transition into the informal labor market. It is possible that some of the older workers in the South who appear as formally unemployed are actually active in the shadow economy. There are also some noticeable trends in the prevalence of ideal-type career trajectories over time (Figure 3). Indeed, there is an increase in the share of women with retirement trajectories marked by full-time and part-time employment, and a sizable decline of those spending most of the decade prior to retirement in formal unemployment. These trends may be associated with pension reforms that raised the statutory retirement age, making it increasingly costly for women to leave the labor market while waiting to meet the age requirements to claim pension benefits, particularly from 2011 onward (Moscarola et al. 2016). In the case of men, we observe an increase in the share who go through spells of unemployment covered by unemployment benefits—notably after the 2011 debt crisis—to the detriment of direct transition from full-time work to retirement. Although quantitatively marginal, we also observe an increase in the share of men with retirement trajectories marked by part-time employment. While some of the observed trends may stem from sluggish economic conditions in the 2010s (Lorenti et al. 2019), they also likely reflect structural changes in the Italian labor market induced by reforms aimed at increasing the length of working life (Carta and De Philippis 2021). Overall, sequence and cluster analyses confirm that a nonnegligible share of individuals who retired in Italy between 2001 and 2018 experienced some form of employment instability, measured in terms of deviation from the full-time employment paradigm. ### Survival Analysis Columns 1 and 2 of Table 3 display results from complementary log-log regressions for men. For reasons of space, the estimated hazard ratios for the duration-specific interval dummy variables are not shown.6 When controlling for the baseline set of potential confounders described earlier, all late-career trajectories deviating from full-time employment are positively associated with postretirement mortality risk, relative to the cluster of reference, “Full-time employment” (column 1). The greatest increased risk—27%—is attached to the “Full-time/unemployment without benefits” trajectory, suggesting that the scarring effect of unemployment is harmful if it follows full-time employment and is not covered by unemployment allowances. The main threat to the validity of these results is represented by reverse causality dynamics, whereby unobservable health conditions affect both retirement trajectories and postretirement mortality. Results in column 2 suggest that some reverse causality is indeed at play, as witnessed by the loss of magnitude and statistical significance of our hazard ratios of interests and by the strong positive association between the various types of allowances and postretirement mortality risk. Still, all retirement trajectories but the one dominated by part-time employment remain significantly associated with higher postretirement mortality risk. In particular, men who spent most of the decade prior to retirement in formal unemployment have a postretirement mortality risk that is 13% higher than those who transitioned from full-time private employment into retirement. Going from full-time employment to unemployment is associated with an increase in postretirement mortality risk of 10% if unemployment is covered by allowances and by 8% if not.7 Results for women are reported in columns 3 and 4 of Table 3. When controlling for the baseline set of potential confounders (column 3), retirement trajectories featuring unemployment spells not covered by allowances are strongly associated with higher postretirement mortality risk. Increased postretirement mortality risk emerges also in the case of trajectories dominated by self-employment and those characterized by transition from full-time to unemployment, with and without social allowances. To address reverse causality concerns, in column 4, I include controls for the reception of allowances related to physical or mental impairment prior to retirement and for the number of episodes/weeks spent in sickness/injury leave. Unlike for men, the retirement trajectory associated with the greatest increase in postretirement mortality risk is the one dominated by self-employment spells (21%), followed by those characterized by transition from full-time private employment to unemployment covered by allowances (19%) and by prolonged unemployment (12%). Holding part-time employment or transitioning from full-time employment into unemployment not covered by allowances has no appreciable association with postretirement mortality risk. In fact, the hazard ratio of women who transition from full-time employment to unemployment without benefits prior to retirement falls below 1 when controlling for the reception of allowances related to physical and mental impairment. It is possible that women who leave full-time employment and enter formal unemployment do so voluntarily, even if they have not reached the requirements for accessing pension benefits, possibly upon their partner's retirement (Bloemen et al. 2019; Pozzebon and Mitchell 1989), and this may be beneficial for their health (Zang 2020). Labor market dynamics in Italy are characterized by strong gender stratification, with women being more likely to experience employment instability over the life course, mostly because of difficulties involved in reconciling work and family/caring responsibilities (Saraceno 2018). One may, therefore, expect late-career trajectories to differ in the way they shape postretirement survival across sexes. To directly test this hypothesis, I run a model, based on the full sample, in which late-career trajectories are interacted with a dummy variable taking a value of 1 for female individuals. Results are reported in column 5 of Table 3. None of the coefficients of the interaction terms are statistically significant at conventional levels, except for the part-time employment × woman term. The latter suggests that late-career trajectories dominated by part-time employment spells yield less harmful consequences for women than men. A plausible explanation is that greater social stigma is attached to men opting for part-time employment, which is a more frequent and acceptable career choice for women. Thus, apart from part-time employment, late-career patterns deviating from full-time employment are associated with worse postretirement survival chances irrespective of gender. To further investigate whether deviations from full-time employment yield particularly harmful consequences across specific socioeconomic population strata, in Table 4, I allow for heterogeneity in the association between late-career trajectories and postretirement mortality based on prevalent occupation and region of residence. Columns 1 and 2 report results for men. In column 1, clusters are interacted with dummy variables taking a value of 1 if the prevalent occupation is white collar or manager. Results suggest that the association between retirement trajectories and postretirement mortality risk does not significantly differ across occupational groups, broadly defined. In column 2, I interact clusters with a dummy variable taking a value of 1 if the region of residence is either North-East or North-West. I find that the positive association between postretirement mortality risk and trajectories marked by unemployment spells not covered by allowances is stronger for men living in the northern regions, where deviations from the full-time private employment for mature workers are less frequent than in the rest of Italy. In the case of women, the relationship between retirement trajectories and postretirement mortality differs along the occupational dimension only. Column 3 in Table 4 shows that having a white-collar background (but not a managerial one) mitigates the adverse consequences of going through trajectories deviating from full-time employment, as compared with having a blue-collar background. For instance, white-collar women who go through prolonged unemployment prior to retirement have a 13% (1.213 × 1.179 × 0.789) higher mortality risk than the reference group of blue-collar women in full-time employment. In contrast, blue-collar women who go through prolonged unemployment prior to retirement have a 21% higher mortality risk than blue-collar women in full-time employment. Likewise, white-collar and blue-collar women who transition from full-time employment to unemployment not covered by allowances prior to retirement have a postretirement mortality risk that is 6% (1.143 × 1.189 × 0.689) lower and 14% higher, respectively, than women with a blue-collar background in full-time employment. A possible interpretation of these findings is that, while leaving full-time employment prior to retirement could be a personal choice for white-collar women, it could be the result of involuntary circumstances for blue-collar women. Finally, column 4 documents that the relationship between late-career trajectories and postretirement survival among women does not vary significantly by region. Overall, results presented in this section suggest that late-career deviations from full-time employment tend to come with worse postretirement survival chances. A policy-relevant question could then be what is the human cost implied by such increased postretirement mortality risk? To answer this question, I estimate cluster-specific survival rates using the parameters from sex-specific complementary log-log survival models, which control for late-career employment trajectory and year of birth, setting year of birth at sex-specific mean values. Estimates of cluster-sex-specific survival rates at 5, 10, and 15 years from retirement are reported in Table E5 in the online appendix. Upon retirement, the 10-year survival rate of a man belonging to the average birth cohort falling in the “Full-time employment” cluster is about 93%. It drops to about 92.5% for the “Self-employment” and the “Full-time employment/unemployment with benefits” clusters, and to about 90% for the remaining clusters. Turning to women, the 10-year survival rate of a woman belonging to the average birth cohort ranges from about 95.6% if she falls in the “Unemployment without benefits” cluster to 96.5% if she falls in the “Full-time employment” cluster. Assuming all individuals in the sample belong to the average birth cohort and applying sex-specific cluster weights reported in Table 2, under differential mortality, we would observe 11,194 and 3,011 deaths in the first 10 years after retirement for men and women, respectively. If all individuals in this hypothetical sample belonged to the “Full-time employment” cluster, the expected number of deaths over the same period would be 9,965 men and 2,682 women. In both cases, shifting all individuals to the full-time employment trajectory would reduce the number of deaths in the first decade after retirement by about 11%. ### Sensitivity Analyses Column 1 of Tables E6 and E7 in the online appendix report results from specifications in which I control for cohort-sex-specific quintiles of average inflation-adjusted gross income in the 10 years prior to retirement, observable in the Estratti Conto, in addition to the full set of baseline controls, for men and women. While potentially endogenous to the type of late-career employment trajectory, preretirement average gross income serves as a proxy for life-time income and socioeconomic status, which may plausibly correlate with both retirement trajectories and health. Results remain qualitatively and quantitatively unchanged. It is worth stressing that, in the case of men, there is an inverse relationship between high income levels and mortality; this is not the case for women, however. In fact, women with higher income are exposed to higher mortality risk than those at the bottom of the income distribution, consistent with evidence of an inverse socioeconomic gradient reported in previous studies focusing on Italian women (Costa et al. 2017). Columns 2–6 of Tables E6 and E7 report results from specifications in which, in addition to full baseline controls, I control for the total number of transitions across employment states in the decade prior to retirement, the number of transitions to unemployment with and without unemployment allowances, and the number of yearly spells of unemployment with and without unemployment allowances. The purpose is to assess whether retirement trajectories matter on top of the simple characterization of single (un)employment events. Overall, results are robust to this check, except for the retirement trajectory characterized by transition from full-time employment to unemployment covered by unemployment allowances: when controlling for the number of spells of unemployment covered by unemployment allowances, its association with postretirement mortality risk loses statistical significance. Table E8 displays the results of a model in which I interact ideal-type, late-career trajectories with a dummy variable for the reception of pension allowances related to physical or mental health impairment. The purpose of this model is to test whether individuals who deviate from full-time employment trajectories are exposed to a higher postretirement mortality rate, even if they do not receive any allowance related to physical or mental health impairment (i.e., they are presumably in good health upon retirement). Results suggest that, indeed, for both men and women, healthy individuals who go through trajectories marked by deviations from full-time employment face higher postretirement mortality than healthy individuals in the full-time employment cluster. In addition, results suggest that health issues—proxied by the reception of health-related pension allowances—magnify men's postretirement mortality risk of going through trajectories deviating from full-time employment, but not women's. Finally, I carry out sequence and cluster analysis using semesters, rather than years, as the time unit for identifying employment trajectories. This is meant to alleviate concerns that yearly spells may mask important heterogeneities in late-career employment patterns. I compare the semester-based approach with the baseline one by looking at the adequacy of different cluster solutions, clusters' composition, and cluster assignment, as well as the results from survival analysis in which semester-based clusters are the predictors of interest. Overall, as further documented in online appendix F, the two approaches yield similar results. ## Discussion The relationship between employment and retirement in advanced economies has deeply changed in recent decades. The traditional life course paradigm of a smooth transition from paid work to pension income has given way to late-career trajectories that have become differentiated and unstandardized. Scholars have started to investigate the socioeconomic consequences of these changing patterns, whereby senior workers experience different employment conditions, along heterogeneous paths. Still, while there is already evidence that heterogeneity of retirement patterns may have important implications for income inequality of older people, little attention has been paid to the implications that these very same patterns may have for health inequality and, in particular, mortality and survival chances in old age. The present work, which examines the relationship between late-career employment trajectories and postretirement mortality for a large sample of Italian retirees formerly employed in the private sector, is a first attempt to address this gap. The main findings suggest that late-career trajectories marked by periods of unemployment—especially if prolonged and not covered by social allowances—are related to lower postretirement survival chances. Heterogeneity analysis further suggests that the scarring effect of prolonged unemployment for senior workers in Italy is particularly accentuated for individuals belonging to disadvantaged occupational categories, at least in the case of women. For disadvantaged women, prolonged unemployment in later life could be particularly harmful, as it may add to the consequences of weak labor market attachment over the life course, jeopardizing their ability to secure adequate retirement income in old age, which ultimately impinges on health and survival chances (Leombruni et al. 2010). Heterogeneity analysis also suggests that the scarring effect of prolonged unemployment in later life is particularly harmful in areas where deviations from full-time employment trajectories are less frequent. This result complements studies that showed that unemployment has greater detrimental effect on well-being when the rate of unemployment is low (Clark 2003). Previous research suggests that, in general, there may be multiple mechanisms through which employment instability leads to higher postretirement mortality risk (Benach et al. 2014), including exposure to unhealthy working conditions over the life course (Quinlan et al. 2001), psychosocial stress (Muntaner et al. 2010), and material deprivation (Siegrist and Theorell 2006). The INPS data, however, do not provide enough information to allow direct testing of the roles of such alternative channels. While my work refers to a specific empirical context, these results could be of interest to countries facing the challenge of stretching the length of working life to alleviate the pressures of increased longevity on their social security systems. First, the results highlight the importance of policies aimed at improving the employment opportunities of displaced senior workers and at ensuring adequate welfare assistance in cases of prolonged unemployment. They also point to the need for policy solutions that provide alternatives to stepping out of the labor market before meeting pension requirements for senior workers who may struggle with full-time employment commitments. More specifically, these findings call for life course–oriented labor market policies whereby workloads can be calibrated to life phase–specific skills, abilities, and needs. Facilitating shorter working hours, for instance, may not only encourage people to keep working, but may actually enable them to do so (Eurofound 2016). While part-time work has been historically less common in Italy than in other European countries, the incidence of late-career trajectories marked by part-time employment among Italian senior workers has increased over time, especially among women. Reassuringly, I find that, after adjusting for potential confounders, late-career trajectories characterized by part-time employment are not significantly associated with higher postretirement mortality risk relative to full-time employment trajectories. This aspect is particularly relevant for senior female workers, who may opt for part-time work to deal with caring commitments in a context where caring responsibilities—particularly toward the elderly—continue to reflect a gendered division of labor (Saraceno 2018). Some caveats and limitations apply. First, lack of information concerning relevant socioeconomic characteristics, such as education and marital/family status, limits the ability to control for potential confounders. In addition, although I try to attenuate reverse causality concerns by dropping individuals who experienced prolonged sickness- or injury-related leaves in any of the 10 years prior to retirement and by controlling for the reception of pension benefits related to mental and physical impairment, health selection dynamics might still be at work. Notably, the empirical strategy I adopt does not allow me to rule out endogeneity concerns completely. For this reason, the results cannot and should not be read in terms of causality. Second, lack of detailed information about individual lifestyle habits, postretirement health, and financial condition reduces the scope for uncovering mechanisms whereby specific employment trajectories channel into lower survival. Third, the analysis is based on a sample that is representative of individuals formerly and formally employed in the private sector in Italy, which limits the generalizability to the Italian population as a whole. Despite its limitations, this study has a number of strengths. First, it uses ideal-type, late-career trajectories identified through sequence and cluster analysis to explain differences in postretirement mortality risk, rather than individual features determining such trajectories (such as the number and duration of unemployment spells). In doing so, it tackles a limitation of most existing studies that investigate the relationship between health and labor market events, characterizing the latter in static terms. Second, it makes use of longitudinal register data to track employment patterns. In contrast to survey data based on retrospective information, register data are not affected by recall bias. Hence, they ensure greater reliability and precision in the reconstruction of employment trajectories. Moreover, the data used here allow me to exploit information, such as the reception of unemployment benefits and allowances alike, that adds to the completeness of employment biographies, but that is rarely accounted for in studies of this type. Third, while most studies employed subjective measures of health and well-being, I adopt an objective measure of health—mortality—that is not exposed to self-reporting issues. Future research may seek to provide further insights by means of more fine-grained analyses. For instance, one may also account for transitions into lower paid or lower status jobs. Information about previous firm type (e.g., small to medium vs. large) or industry of employment could also be used to build more accurate measures of occupational history and allow for fuller investigation of drivers and consequences of late-career employment trajectories. ## Acknowledgments I am grateful to F. C. Billari, C. Devillanova, S. Ghislandi, E. Struffolino, the DisCont research group at Bocconi University, and three anonymous Demography referees for useful comments and suggestions. I am grateful to the Italian Ministry of Labour for providing access to the data. The article was written while I was a Ph.D. student at Bocconi University, Department of Social and Political Sciences. Opinions expressed in this article are solely my own, and they do not purport to reflect the opinions or views of Cassa Depositi e Prestiti or of its members. ## Notes 1 The imbalance in observations across sexes is consistent with women’s traditionally low participation in the Italian labor market. 2 A particular type of worker category covered by INPS data is that of parasubordinate workers—that is, workers who fall formally under nonsubordinate contractual arrangements while working, de facto, as dependent employees with reduced access to social welfare benefits. 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This is an open access article distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).	2023-01-30T18:56:50	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 9, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4319872558116913, "perplexity": 5022.430347631573}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499826.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130165437-20230130195437-00294.warc.gz"}
https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/beginning-a-new-era-k-laueas-1952-summit-eruption	# The Beginning of a New Era—Kīlauea's 1952 Summit Eruption Release Date: The HVO Web site was recently revamped to make access to our increasing number of Webcams easier. A single low lava fountain emitted a steady stream of gas when photographed by Fred Rackle on July 21, 1952, when Halemaumau Crater was more than twice as deep as it is at present. View is to the southwest. (Public domain.) About 20 minutes before midnight on June 27, 1952, almost exactly 57 years ago, Mrs. John Fox walked from the living room of her home on the east rim of Kīlauea caldera into an adjoining room. She was instantly startled by a loud, whistling roar coming through an open window. Running back into her living room, she saw a bright orange glow lighting the night sky. At about the same time, just down the road at Kīlauea Military Camp (KMC), Colonel B.W. Rushton pointed out the bright glow to Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) staff member John Forbes, who quickly called Gordon Macdonald, then Scientist-in-Charge of HVO. When John Forbes arrived minutes later at HVO, on the edge of Kīlauea caldera, he was greeted by the top of a huge lava fountain rising above the rim of Halemaumau. The crater was then nearly 245 m (800 ft) deep—more than twice its current depth from the rim to the crater's floor. By the time Gordon Macdonald arrived at HVO some 10 minutes later, the fountain was no longer visible, but incandescent fragments could still be seen arcing out of the crater. Quickly grabbing the necessary equipment, Macdonald and Forbes set out by car for Halemaumau Crater to make detailed observations. As they followed Crater Rim Drive down onto the western floor of Kīlauea caldera—the section of road that is closed today due to ongoing summit activity—they encountered a choking, sulfurous fume cloud so thick that they could barely see the road. The fall of tephra onto the road was so heavy that they were hard-pressed to keep the car moving forward as it plowed through the drifts of pumice. The hail of tephra onto the car, with pieces reaching up to 10 cm (4 inches) across, sand-blasted the car's exterior to the point that it later had to be repainted and have its windshield replaced. Pressing onward, Macdonald and Forbes passed through the tephra fall and quickly walked to the southeast rim of Halemaumau, reaching it about 10 minutes past midnight. When they peered into the crater, they saw a continuous line of lava fountains, 790 m (2,600 ft) in length, crossing the entire crater floor from southwest to northeast and extending part-way up the northeastern crater wall. For the most part, the individual fountains were 15 to 30 m (50 to 100 ft) in height, but a fountain 120 m (400 ft) high jetted up near the bottom of the southwestern wall of the crater—probably a diminished version of the same fountain, at more than 245 m (800 ft) in height, seen minutes earlier from HVO. Though views were poor due to the heavy fume, brief glimpses of the crater floor showed that older spatter cones on the floor of Halemaumau had already been buried beneath a rising lava lake. This suggested that more than 3 million cubic meters (4 million cubic yards) of lava were erupted in the first half-hour of the eruption. It would take about six days for Kīlauea's current east rift zone eruption to pump out that much lava today. The eruption rate quickly declined after the initial outbreak, but lava fountains continued to play on the surface of the lava lake over the following weeks. By late summer 1952, activity had begun to decline, but the eruption persisted until November 10, when the last fountaining activity was observed. Having erupted for 136 days, the 1952 summit eruption brought to an end, in grand fashion, any doubts as to whether or not Kīlauea was still alive. Prior to 1952, Kīlauea had been quiescent since October 1934, when the previous summit eruption had ended, and some had begun to think that Kīlauea was dead. But frequent earthquakes and the occasional swelling and shrinking of the volcano over the intervening years told volcanologists otherwise. It was no great surprise, then, when the eruption finally occurred. Followed by dozens of eruptions in the years since, the 1952 eruption undoubtedly ushered in the current era of volcanic activity at Kīlauea. Today's ongoing summit and east rift zone eruptions are just the most recent in the string of eruptions that have followed since Mrs. Fox was surprised by the glow outside her living room window. ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— ### Volcano Activity Update Surface flows in the Royal Gardens subdivision may have stagnated early this past week in response to a deflation-inflation (DI) event at Kīlauea's summit. Smoke continues to rise, however, from forested kipuka in the subdivision, indicating that at least some burning continues. At the coast, the Waikupanaha and Kupapau ocean entries remain active and continue to produce prominent plumes, accompanied by small littoral explosions, as lava spills into the ocean. At Kīlauea's summit, the vent within Halemaumau Crater is still emitting elevated amounts of volcanic gas, resulting in high concentrations of sulfur dioxide downwind. Glow from the vent was visible at night through the past week, and rare views into the vent by HVO scientists found that the lava surface is still present about 205 m (675 feet) below the floor of Halemaumau Crater. No earthquakes beneath Hawaii Island were reported felt this past week. Visit our Web site for detailed Kīlauea and Mauna Loa activity updates, recent volcano photos, recent earthquakes, and more; call (808) 967-8862 for a Kīlauea activity summary; email questions to [email protected]. Volcano Watch is a weekly article and activity update written by scientists at the U.S. Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory.	2020-04-02T08:29:32	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.19469912350177765, "perplexity": 3595.6848520320987}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506870.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402080824-20200402110824-00068.warc.gz"}
https://pos.sissa.it/396/578/	Volume 396 - The 38th International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory (LATTICE2021) - Oral presentation Higher partial wave contamination in finite-volume formulae for 1-to-2 transitions T. Peterken* and M. Hansen Full text: pdf Supplementary files Pre-published on: May 16, 2022 Published on: Abstract It is common practice to truncate the finite-volume formula for $K\to\pi\pi$, and other one-to-two transitions, to only include the lowest partial wave, as in the original derivation by Lellouch and Lüscher. However, as the precision of lattice calculations increases, it may become important to assess the systematic uncertainty of this approximation. With this motivation, we compare the $S$-wave-only ($\ell=0$) results with those truncated at the next lowest value of angular momentum that can contribute. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22323/1.396.0578 How to cite Metadata are provided both in "article" format (very similar to INSPIRE) as this helps creating very compact bibliographies which can be beneficial to authors and readers, and in "proceeding" format which is more detailed and complete. Open Access Copyright owned by the author(s) under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.	2022-06-26T20:26:44	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4083656072616577, "perplexity": 2401.051216891467}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103271864.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626192142-20220626222142-00495.warc.gz"}
https://lammps.sandia.gov/doc/fix_phonon.html	# fix phonon command ## Syntax fix ID group-ID phonon N Noutput Nwait map_file prefix keyword values ... • ID, group-ID are documented in fix command • phonon = style name of this fix command • N = measure the Green’s function every this many timesteps • Noutput = output the dynamical matrix every this many measurements • Nwait = wait this many timesteps before measuring • map_file = file or GAMMA file is the file that contains the mapping info between atom ID and the lattice indices. GAMMA flags to treate the whole simulation box as a unit cell, so that the mapping info can be generated internally. In this case, dynamical matrix at only the gamma-point will/can be evaluated. • prefix = prefix for output files • one or none keyword/value pairs may be appended • keyword = sysdim or nasr sysdim value = d d = dimension of the system, usually the same as the MD model dimension nasr value = n n = number of iterations to enforce the acoustic sum rule ## Examples fix 1 all phonon 20 5000 200000 map.in LJ1D sysdim 1 fix 1 all phonon 20 5000 200000 map.in EAM3D fix 1 all phonon 10 5000 500000 GAMMA EAM0D nasr 100 ## Description Calculate the dynamical matrix from molecular dynamics simulations based on fluctuation-dissipation theory for a group of atoms. Consider a crystal with $$N$$ unit cells in three dimensions labeled $$l = (l_1, l_2, l_3)$$ where $$l_i$$ are integers. Each unit cell is defined by three linearly independent vectors $$\mathbf{a}_1$$, $$\mathbf{a}_2$$, $$\mathbf{a}_3$$ forming a parallelepiped, containing $$K$$ basis atoms labeled $$k$$. Based on fluctuation-dissipation theory, the force constant coefficients of the system in reciprocal space are given by (Campana , Kong) $\mathbf{\Phi}_{k\alpha,k^\prime \beta}(\mathbf{q}) = k_B T \mathbf{G}^{-1}_{k\alpha,k^\prime \beta}(\mathbf{q})$ where $$\mathbf{G}$$ is the Green’s functions coefficients given by $\mathbf{G}_{k\alpha,k^\prime \beta}(\mathbf{q}) = \left< \mathbf{u}_{k\alpha}(\mathbf{q}) \bullet \mathbf{u}_{k^\prime \beta}^(\mathbf{q}) \right>$ where $$\left< \ldots \right>$$ denotes the ensemble average, and $\mathbf{u}_{k\alpha}(\mathbf{q}) = \sum_l \mathbf{u}_{l k \alpha} \exp{(i\mathbf{qr}_l)}$ is the $$\alpha$$ component of the atomic displacement for the $$k$$ th atom in the unit cell in reciprocal space at $$\mathbf{q}$$. In practice, the Green’s functions coefficients can also be measured according to the following formula, $\mathbf{G}_{k\alpha,k^\prime \beta}(\mathbf{q}) = \left< \mathbf{R}_{k \alpha}(\mathbf{q}) \bullet \mathbf{R}^_{k^\prime \beta}(\mathbf{q}) \right> - \left<\mathbf{R}\right>_{k \alpha}(\mathbf{q}) \bullet \left<\mathbf{R}\right>^*_{k^\prime \beta}(\mathbf{q})$ where $$\mathbf{R}$$ is the instantaneous positions of atoms, and $$\left<\mathbf{R}\right>$$ is the averaged atomic positions. It gives essentially the same results as the displacement method and is easier to implement in an MD code. Once the force constant matrix is known, the dynamical matrix $$\mathbf{D}$$ can then be obtained by $\mathbf{D}_{k\alpha, k^\prime\beta}(\mathbf{q}) = (m_k m_{k^\prime})^{-\frac{1}{2}} \mathbf{\Phi}_{k \alpha, k^\prime \beta}(\mathbf{q})$ whose eigenvalues are exactly the phonon frequencies at $$\mathbf{q}$$. This fix uses positions of atoms in the specified group and calculates two-point correlations. To achieve this. the positions of the atoms are examined every Nevery steps and are Fourier-transformed into reciprocal space, where the averaging process and correlation computation is then done. After every Noutput measurements, the matrix $$\mathbf{G}(\mathbf{q})$$ is calculated and inverted to obtain the elastic stiffness coefficients. The dynamical matrices are then constructed and written to prefix.bin.timestep files in binary format and to the file prefix.log for each wave-vector $$\mathbf{q}$$. A detailed description of this method can be found in (Kong2011). The sysdim keyword is optional. If specified with a value smaller than the dimensionality of the LAMMPS simulation, its value is used for the dynamical matrix calculation. For example, using LAMMPS ot model a 2D or 3D system, the phonon dispersion of a 1D atomic chain can be computed using sysdim = 1. The nasr keyword is optional. An iterative procedure is employed to enforce the acoustic sum rule on $$\Phi$$ at $$\Gamma$$, and the number provided by keyword nasr gives the total number of iterations. For a system whose unit cell has only one atom, nasr = 1 is sufficient; for other systems, nasr = 10 is typically sufficient. The map_file contains the mapping information between the lattice indices and the atom IDs, which tells the code which atom sits at which lattice point; the lattice indices start from 0. An auxiliary code, latgen, can be employed to generate the compatible map file for various crystals. In case one simulates a non-periodic system, where the whole simulation box is treated as a unit cell, one can set map_file as GAMMA, so that the mapping info will be generated internally and a file is not needed. In this case, the dynamical matrix at only the gamma-point will/can be evaluated. Please keep in mind that fix-phonon is designed for cyrstals, it will be inefficient and even degrade the performance of lammps in case the unit cell is too large. The calculated dynamical matrix elements are written out in energy/distance^2/mass units. The coordinates for q points in the log file is in the units of the basis vectors of the corresponding reciprocal lattice. Restart, fix_modify, output, run start/stop, minimize info: No information about this fix is written to binary restart files. The fix_modify temp option is supported by this fix. You can use it to change the temperature compute from thermo_temp to the one that reflects the true temperature of atoms in the group. No global scalar or vector or per-atom quantities are stored by this fix for access by various output commands. Instead, this fix outputs its initialization information (including mapping information) and the calculated dynamical matrices to the file prefix.log, with the specified prefix. The dynamical matrices are also written to files prefix.bin.timestep in binary format. These can be read by the post-processing tool in tools/phonon to compute the phonon density of states and/or phonon dispersion curves. No parameter of this fix can be used with the start/stop keywords of the run command. This fix is not invoked during energy minimization. ## Restrictions This fix assumes a crystalline system with periodical lattice. The temperature of the system should not exceed the melting temperature to keep the system in its solid state. This fix is part of the USER-PHONON package. It is only enabled if LAMMPS was built with that package. See the Build package doc page for more info. This fix requires LAMMPS be built with an FFT library. See the Build settings doc page for details. ## Default The option defaults are sysdim = the same dimension as specified by the dimension command, and nasr = 20. (Campana) C. Campana and M. H. Muser, Practical Green’s function approach to the simulation of elastic semi-infinite solids, Phys. Rev. B [74], 075420 (2006) (Kong) L.T. Kong, G. Bartels, C. Campana, C. Denniston, and Martin H. Muser, Implementation of Green’s function molecular dynamics: An extension to LAMMPS, Computer Physics Communications [180](6):1004-1010 (2009). L.T. Kong, C. Denniston, and Martin H. Muser, An improved version of the Green’s function molecular dynamics method, Computer Physics Communications [182](2):540-541 (2011). (Kong2011) L.T. Kong, Phonon dispersion measured directly from molecular dynamics simulations, Computer Physics Communications [182](10):2201-2207, (2011).	2020-06-01T17:28:45	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7306424975395203, "perplexity": 2041.9958359279517}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347419056.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200601145025-20200601175025-00053.warc.gz"}
http://ocw.usu.edu/Electrical_and_Computer_Engineering/Information_Theory/lecture13_1.htm	##### Personal tools • You are here: Home Maximum Entropy Estimation # Maximum Entropy Estimation ##### Document Actions Entropy Estimation :: Spectrum Estimation ## Spectrum estimation A problem of ongoing interest in signal processing is to estimate the spectrum of a signal, given its samples (which are often noisy). A large variety of techniques have been developed for this purpose. If the autocorrelation function R ( k ) = EX i X i + k is known for all k , then the spectrum (more strictly, the power spectral density) can be computed as the Fourier transform of the autocorrelation function: In practice, we observe only n samples and can only estimate the autocorrelation values by an estimator such as This is the periodogram method, and it does not converge to the true power spectrum for large n . At large values of k (lags), the estimate has only a few samples to deal with. The inaccuracies can be covered by setting autocorrelations at large lag to zero. However, this abrupt change introduces spectral artifacts. The autocorrelation function could also be windowed, but that can lead to negative power spectrum estimates. Instead of setting the values to zero, one suggested approach is to set them to values that make the fewest assumptions about the data , i.e., which maximize the entropy rate of the process. If the data are assumed to be stationary and Gaussian, this corresponds (as we will see) to an AR process. This approach (due originally to Burg) is of wide application. The model-estimation approach that arises is commonly used, for example, for efficient coding of speech parameters. We first need to look at the entropy rate of a Gaussian process. For a stationary Gaussian process with covariance K we have where K ( n ) is the Toeplitz covariance matrix with entries along the top row, and K ij ( n ) = R (\|i- j \|). As the density of the eigenvalues of the matrix tends to a limit (Szego's theorem), which is the spectrum of the stochastic process. It has been shown (Kolmogorov) that the entropy rate of a stationary Gaussian stochastic process can be expressed as Using the formulation , and the fact that a Gaussian conditioned on Gaussians is Gaussian, we have that must be the entropy of some Gaussian distribution with entropy , where is the variance in the error of the best estimate of X n given the infinite past. We can now present Burg's result. Note: we have not assumed that X i is Gaussian, zero-mean, nor stationary. Summary: the entropy of a finite segment of a stochastic process is bounded above by the entropy of a Gaussian process with the same covariance, which in turn is bounded above by the variance of a minimal order Gausss-Markov process with the given covariance constraints. Now, how do we select the parameters and . Multiply the X i - l and take expectations: This gives rise to the Yule-Walker equations. Having determined the values of a i the spectrum is Show this! Copyright 2008, by the Contributing Authors. Cite/attribute Resource . admin. (2006, May 17). Maximum Entropy Estimation. Retrieved January 07, 2011, from Free Online Course Materials — USU OpenCourseWare Web site: http://ocw.usu.edu/Electrical_and_Computer_Engineering/Information_Theory/lecture13_1.htm. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License	2017-09-23T16:14:11	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8938269019126892, "perplexity": 606.1770691138579}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689752.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923160736-20170923180736-00139.warc.gz"}
https://lammps.sandia.gov/doc/fix_imd.html	fix imd command Syntax fix ID group-ID imd trate port keyword values ... • ID, group-ID are documented in fix command • imd = style name of this fix command • port = port number on which the fix listens for an IMD client • keyword = unwrap or fscale or trate unwrap arg = on or off off = coordinates are wrapped back into the principal unit cell (default) on = "unwrapped" coordinates using the image flags used fscale arg = factor factor = floating point number to scale IMD forces (default: 1.0) trate arg = transmission rate of coordinate data sets (default: 1) nowait arg = on or off off = LAMMPS waits to be connected to an IMD client before continuing (default) on = LAMMPS listens for an IMD client, but continues with the run Examples fix vmd all imd 5678 fix comm all imd 8888 trate 5 unwrap on fscale 10.0 Description This fix implements the “Interactive MD” (IMD) protocol which allows realtime visualization and manipulation of MD simulations through the IMD protocol, as initially implemented in VMD and NAMD. Specifically it allows LAMMPS to connect an IMD client, for example the VMD visualization program, so that it can monitor the progress of the simulation and interactively apply forces to selected atoms. If LAMMPS is compiled with the pre-processor flag -DLAMMPS_ASYNC_IMD then fix imd will use POSIX threads to spawn a IMD communication thread on MPI rank 0 in order to offload data reading and writing from the main execution thread and potentially lower the inferred latencies for slow communication links. This feature has only been tested under linux. There are example scripts for using this package with LAMMPS in examples/USER/imd. Additional examples and a driver for use with the Novint Falcon game controller as haptic device can be found at: http://sites.google.com/site/akohlmey/software/vrpn-icms. The source code for this fix includes code developed by the Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. We thank them for providing a software interface that allows codes like LAMMPS to hook to VMD. Upon initialization of the fix, it will open a communication port on the node with MPI task 0 and wait for an incoming connection. As soon as an IMD client is connected, the simulation will continue and the fix will send the current coordinates of the fix’s group to the IMD client at every trate MD step. When using r-RESPA, trate applies to the steps of the outmost RESPA level. During a run with an active IMD connection also the IMD client can request to apply forces to selected atoms of the fix group. The port number selected must be an available network port number. On many machines, port numbers < 1024 are reserved for accounts with system manager privilege and specific applications. If multiple imd fixes would be active at the same time, each needs to use a different port number. The nowait keyword controls the behavior of the fix when no IMD client is connected. With the default setting of off, LAMMPS will wait until a connection is made before continuing with the execution. Setting nowait to on will have the LAMMPS code be ready to connect to a client, but continue with the simulation. This can for example be used to monitor the progress of an ongoing calculation without the need to be permanently connected or having to download a trajectory file. The trate keyword allows to select how often the coordinate data is sent to the IMD client. It can also be changed on request of the IMD client through an IMD protocol message. The unwrap keyword allows to send “unwrapped” coordinates to the IMD client that undo the wrapping back of coordinates into the principle unit cell, as done by default in LAMMPS. The fscale keyword allows to apply a scaling factor to forces transmitted by the IMD client. The IMD protocols stipulates that forces are transferred in kcal/mol/angstrom under the assumption that coordinates are given in angstrom. For LAMMPS runs with different units or as a measure to tweak the forces generated by the manipulation of the IMD client, this option allows to make adjustments. To connect VMD to a listening LAMMPS simulation on the same machine with fix imd enabled, one needs to start VMD and load a coordinate or topology file that matches the fix group. When the VMD command prompts appears, one types the command line: imd connect localhost 5678 This assumes that fix imd was started with 5678 as a port number for the IMD protocol. The steps to do interactive manipulation of a running simulation in VMD are the following: In the Mouse menu of the VMD Main window, select “Mouse -> Force -> Atom”. You may alternately select “Residue”, or “Fragment” to apply forces to whole residues or fragments. Your mouse can now be used to apply forces to your simulation. Click on an atom, residue, or fragment and drag to apply a force. Click quickly without moving the mouse to turn the force off. You can also use a variety of 3D position trackers to apply forces to your simulation. Game controllers or haptic devices with force-feedback such as the Novint Falcon or Sensable PHANTOM allow you to feel the resistance due to inertia or interactions with neighbors that the atoms experience you are trying to move, as if they were real objects. See the VMD IMD Homepage and the VRPN-ICMS Homepage for more details. If IMD control messages are received, a line of text describing the message and its effect will be printed to the LAMMPS output screen, if screen output is active. Restart, fix_modify, output, run start/stop, minimize info: No information about this fix is written to binary restart files. None of the fix_modify options are relevant to this fix. No global scalar or vector or per-atom quantities are stored by this fix for access by various output commands. No parameter of this fix can be used with the start/stop keywords of the run command. This fix is not invoked during energy minimization. Restrictions This fix is part of the USER-MISC package. It is only enabled if LAMMPS was built with that package. See the Build package doc page for more info. When used in combination with VMD, a topology or coordinate file has to be loaded, which matches (in number and ordering of atoms) the group the fix is applied to. The fix internally sorts atom IDs by ascending integer value; in VMD (and thus the IMD protocol) those will be assigned 0-based consecutive index numbers. When using multiple active IMD connections at the same time, each needs to use a different port number. Related commands: none Default: none	2019-05-26T14:03:57	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2501280605792999, "perplexity": 3997.3143669572146}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232259177.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20190526125236-20190526151236-00103.warc.gz"}
https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/volcano-watch-diving-deeply-k-laueas-early-history	# Volcano Watch — Diving deeply into Kīlauea's early history Release Date: Kīlauea wasn't always like it is today. Two hundred thousand years and the change from a seamount to an island can do a lot to a volcano. The trick is to determine what those changes were. You can't do it on land. No erosion has bitten deeply enough into Kīlauea to expose its pre-island days. You have to look in deep bore holes or on the sea floor to see back to Kīlauea's early history. Even then it isn't easy. Recently a breakthrough was made. For the first time, the deep sea floor south of Kīlauea and east of the submarine volcano, Loihi, was explored and sampled by submersibles. The dives, some manned and some with a remotely operated vehicle, took place in 1998 and 1999, supported by the Japan Marine Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC). The sea-floor observations and samples have been analyzed and interpreted in a startling scientific paper recently published by Pete Lipman (former HVO staff member), his USGS colleague Tom Sisson, and two Japanese scientists, Tadahide Ui and Jiro Naka in the December issue of the research journal, Geology. The deepest dive went 5 km (3 miles) down to the old sea floor on which the island is built. Most of the dives were along a steep scarp or underwater pali 20-40 km (12-24 miles) offshore. The scarp faces away from the island at depths between about 3 km and 4.5 km (1.8 and 2.7 miles). Before the dives, the scarp was hypothesized to contain lava flows erupted from Mauna Loa and Kīlauea, perhaps carried away from the island by a large underwater slump. Not true! Every rock sampled from the scarp, and all views of the scarp, show that it consists of sandstone and broken rocks, not lava flows! Imagine a pali 1,500 m (5,000 feet) high in Hawaii consisting only of sand and broken rocks. Nothing like that exists above sea level anywhere in the islands. What's going on? That's what Lipman and colleagues wondered. So, they determined the chemical compositions of the sand and broken rocks and found many of them to be unlike anything found above sea level on either Kīlauea or Mauna Loa. Many of the samples are exceptionally rich in sodium and potassium (alkalies). One of the rocks is even so alkalic that it contains the mineral mica. Some of the chemical compositions resemble those found on Loihi, but the range of compositions is much greater. The data provide solid evidence that Kīlauea started out by erupting diverse alkalic rocks. They also found evidence for a range of eruption depths by looking at the amount of sulfur in glassy samples. High amounts (more than 800 ppm) indicate eruption underwater; low amounts mean that the sulfur boiled off and suggest very shallow or on-land eruptions. Putting all this together, Lipman and colleagues suggest that early Kīlauea was a large submarine volcano, at times growing to or above sea level. It was made of alkalic lava flows and was subject to numerous slope failures, such as landslides. The slides broke up the lava flows and, with marine currents, carried the debris onto the flanks of the volcano and beyond. Eventually the compositions changed to the more common basalt (tholeiite) found today, and pillowed basalt flows encroached on, and covered, the flanks of the early volcano. Such flows occur on a large bench between the top of the scarp and the island. The old alkalic volcano can be inferred today only from its eroded debris exposed in the scarp; nearer the island, it is covered completely by the tholeiitic flows. The early history of Kīlauea starts to come into focus. For greater clarity, though, it needs a lot more sampling, geophysical profiling, and thinking. But the general picture is there, thanks to the JAMSTEC dives and the work by Lipman and colleagues. ### Volcano Activity Update Eruptive activity of Kīlauea Volcano persisted at the Puu Oo vent during the past week. Lava moves away from the vent area toward the ocean in a network of tubes and descends Pulama pali in two separate areas. The eastern flow near the Royal Gardens subdivision continues to be active and supplies the ocean entry east of Kupapau. Another flow travels down the pali about 1.5 km (0.9 mi) to the west of the boundary of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Lava from this western flow is now ponding in the coastal flats and not going into the ocean. The ocean entry observed west of Kamokuna last week stopped during the weekend. One earthquake was reported felt during the week ending on June 7. A resident of Hawaiian Ocean View Estates subdivision felt an earthquake at 8:16 p.m. on June 1. The magnitude-3.8 earthquake was located 6 km (3.6 mi) northeast of Pahala at a depth of 10.95 km (6.6 mi). skip past bottom navigational bar	2019-12-09T16:23:07	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2534114122390747, "perplexity": 5193.172160915594}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540519149.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20191209145254-20191209173254-00169.warc.gz"}
https://firas.moosvi.com/oer/physics_bank/content/public/009.Work/Topic%20Outcome/animal_in_elevator/animal_in_elevator.html	# A $$\rm{kg}$$ sits inside of a $$\rm{kg}$$ elevator. The elevator is connected to a motor by a wire. The maximum power that can be produced by the motor is $$\rm{W}$$. Part 1# Suppose that the elevator is accelerating upwards at $$\rm{\frac{m}{s^2}}$$. Treating the and elevator as separate systems, draw a free-body diagram for the and another for the elevator. Upload your diagrams as a single PDF. Answer Section# File upload box will be shown here. Part 2# Consider the acceleration in Part 1. What is the normal force from the floor on the ? Answer Section# Please enter in a numeric value in . Part 3# Consider the acceleration in Part 1. What is the tension in the wire? Answer Section# Please enter in a numeric value in . Part 4# Assume that the elevator is going upwards at a constant speed. Now consider the system composed of the elevator and the together. Draw the free-body diagram for this system. Upload your diagram as a single PDF. Answer Section# File upload box will be shown here. Part 5# If the elevator is going upwards at a constant speed, with what speed is the elevator moving if the motor is delivering the maximum possible power? Answer Section# Please enter in a numeric value in . Attribution# Problem is licensed under the CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0 license.	2023-03-30T18:07:13	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5600722432136536, "perplexity": 819.105689206549}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949355.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330163823-20230330193823-00758.warc.gz"}
http://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess119_2011-2012/SJ12/20120131.htm	South Carolina General Assembly 119th Session, 2011-2012 Journal of the Senate Tuesday, January 31, 2012 (Statewide Session) Indicates Matter Stricken Indicates New Matter The Senate assembled at 12:00 Noon, the hour to which it stood adjourned, and was called to order by the PRESIDENT. A quorum being present, the proceedings were opened with a devotion by the Chaplain as follows: The Psalmist wrote: "With my whole heart I seek you; do not let me stray from your commandments." (Psalm 119:10) Please, friends, bow in prayer with me: Holy God, we thank You that by Your Spirit's grace You keep us focused. Without Your guidance we might all find ourselves straying from the direction that You want us to go. We pray, Lord, that each Senator who serves You in this Chamber will choose to trust in You, to follow You, and to remain oriented in ways that ultimately benefit the people of South Carolina. And we ask, O God, that You continue to embrace Senator McCONNELL in Your loving care during his illness. In Your name we pray, Lord. Amen. The PRESIDENT called for Petitions, Memorials, Presentments of Grand Juries and such like papers. The following were received and referred to the appropriate committees for consideration: Document No. 4212 Agency: Department of Health and Environmental Control Chapter: 61 Statutory Authority: 1976 Code Sections 48-1-10 et seq. SUBJECT: Water Classifications and Standards; and Classified Waters Received by Lieutenant Governor January 30, 2012 Referred to Agriculture and Natural Resources Committee Legislative Review Expiration May 29, 2012 Document No. 4256 Agency: Department of Employment and Workforce Chapter: 47 Statutory Authority: 1976 Code Section 41-29-110 SUBJECT: Offers of Work Received by Lieutenant Governor January 26, 2012 Referred to Labor, Commerce and Industry Committee Legislative Review Expiration May 25, 2012 Doctor of the Day Senators COURSON, LOURIE and SCOTT introduced Drs. Patricia Witherspoon, Stephanie Sharperson and Ashley Wilson of Columbia, S.C., Doctors of the Day. Leave of Absence On motion of Senator CROMER, at 12:05 P.M., Senator CLEARY was granted a leave of absence for the week. Leave of Absence On motion of Senators LEATHERMAN and FORD, at 12:05 P.M., Senator McCONNELL was granted a leave of absence for today. Leave of Absence At 12:20 P.M., Senator HAYES requested a leave of absence until 12:45 P.M. Leave of Absence At 12:30 P.M., Senator SCOTT requested a leave of absence beginning at 5:00 P.M. this evening and lasting until 9:00 A.M. Thursday morning. S. 1031 (Word version) Sen. Alexander S. 1071 (Word version) Sen. Rose S. 1086 (Word version) Sen. Rose S. 1089 (Word version) Sen. Rose S. 1107 (Word version) Sen. Rose S. 1114 (Word version) Sen. Alexander S. 1121 (Word version) Sen. Rose S. 1126 (Word version) Sen. Rose S. 1133 (Word version) Sen. Rose S. 1143 (Word version) Sen. Rose S. 1148 (Word version) Sen. Rose S. 1151 (Word version) Sens. Rose, Leventis S. 1152 (Word version) Sens. Rose, Setzler Expression of Personal Interest Senator HUTTO rose for an Expression of Personal Interest. Expression of Personal Interest Senator DAVIS rose for an Expression of Personal Interest. Expression of Personal Interest Senator LEVENTIS rose for an Expression of Personal Interest. S. 1095 (Word version) -- Senators Lourie, Davis, Campsen, Hutto, Sheheen, Land, Knotts, Coleman, Elliott, Rose and Courson: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION RELATING TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL BOARD'S VOTE TO APPROVE THE UNITED STATES CORPS OF ENGINEER'S APPLICATION TO DREDGE THE SAVANNAH RIVER, TO RESOLVE THAT THE BOARD ACTED WITHOUT ANY INDEPENDENT CONSIDERATION AND ANALYSIS AND NEGLECTED ITS DUTY TO PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT IN SOUTH CAROLINA, AND TO CALL UPON THE BOARD TO RECONSIDER THE MATTER AND OVERTURN THE BOARD'S APPLICATION APPROVAL. Senator PEELER asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Concurrent Resolution from the Committee on Medical Affairs. The Concurrent Resolution was recalled from the Committee on Medical Affairs. Senator THOMAS asked unanimous consent to take the Concurrent Resolution up for immediate consideration. There was no objection. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Concurrent Resolution, the question being the adoption of the Resolution. The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House. Statement by Senator HAYES Having been out of the Chamber at the time the vote was taken, I would have voted in favor of the adoption of the Concurrent Resolution, H. 3630. RECALLED AND READ THE SECOND TIME S. 1115 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell, Malloy, Leventis, Lourie, Alexander, Anderson, Bright, Bryant, Campbell, Campsen, Cleary, Coleman, Courson, Cromer, Elliott, Fair, Ford, Gregory, Grooms, Hayes, Hutto, Jackson, Knotts, Land, Leatherman, L. Martin, S. Martin, Massey, Matthews, McGill, Nicholson, O'Dell, Peeler, Pinckney, Rankin, Reese, Rose, Scott, Setzler, Sheheen, Shoopman, Thomas, Verdin and Williams: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO SUSPEND THE AUTHORITY OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL FOR ALL DECISIONS SUBSEQUENT TO 2007 PERTAINING TO THE NAVIGABILITY, DEPTH, DREDGING, WASTEWATER AND SLUDGE DISPOSAL, AND RELATED COLLATERAL ISSUES OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA PORTION OF THE SAVANNAH RIVER BECAUSE THE AUTHORITY OF THE SAVANNAH RIVER MARITIME COMMISSION SUPERSEDES AND REPLACES THE AUTHORITY OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL WITH REGARD TO ALL ACTIONS CONCERNING THE SOUTH CAROLINA PORTION OF THE SAVANNAH RIVER BY ENACTMENT OF ACT NO. 56 OF 2007, EFFECTIVE MAY 1, 2007. Senator PEELER asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Joint Resolution from the Committee on Medical Affairs. The Joint Resolution was recalled from the Committee on Medical Affairs. Senator THOMAS asked unanimous consent to take the Joint Resolution up for immediate consideration. There was no objection. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Joint Resolution, the question being the second reading of the Joint Resolution. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 35; Nays 0 AYES Alexander Anderson Bright Bryant Campbell Campsen Coleman Courson Cromer Davis Elliott Ford Gregory Grooms Hutto Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey McGill Nicholson O'Dell Peeler Pinckney Reese Rose Ryberg Scott Setzler Thomas Verdin Williams Total--35 NAYS Total--0 The Joint Resolution was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading. Statement by Senator HAYES Having been out of the Chamber at the time the vote was taken, I would have voted in favor of the second reading of the Resolution, S. 1115. RECALLED AND READ THE SECOND TIME H. 4627 (Word version) -- Reps. Merrill, Stavrinakis, Harrison, King, Knight, Williams, Jefferson, Johnson, Sabb, Munnerlyn, Anderson, G.A. Brown, Allison, Horne, Agnew, Gambrell, McCoy, Ryan, Mack, Gilliard, Sottile, Hardwick, Hearn, Weeks, Simrill, Pope, Delleney, Dillard, Sandifer, Erickson, Herbkersman, Brantley, Crosby, Daning, Brady, Quinn, Spires, Frye, Pitts, Southard, Butler Garrick, Pinson, Tallon, Long, Parker, Hodges, Whitmire, Anthony, Bannister, Putnam, Edge, Allen, Thayer, Funderburk, Lucas, Cobb-Hunter, Howard, Harrell, Bowers, Patrick, Whipper, Bowen, White, Murphy and R.L. Brown: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO SUSPEND THE AUTHORITY OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL FOR ALL DECISIONS SUBSEQUENT TO 2007 PERTAINING TO THE NAVIGABILITY, DEPTH, DREDGING, WASTEWATER AND SLUDGE DISPOSAL, AND RELATED COLLATERAL ISSUES OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA PORTION OF THE SAVANNAH RIVER BECAUSE THE AUTHORITY OF THE SAVANNAH RIVER MARITIME COMMISSION SUPERSEDES AND REPLACES THE AUTHORITY OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL WITH REGARD TO ALL ACTIONS CONCERNING THE SOUTH CAROLINA PORTION OF THE SAVANNAH RIVER BY ENACTMENT OF ACT 56 OF 2007, EFFECTIVE MAY 1, 2007. Senator PEELER asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Joint Resolution from the Committee on Medical Affairs. The Joint Resolution was recalled from the Committee on Medical Affairs. Senator THOMAS asked unanimous consent to take the Joint Resolution up for immediate consideration. There was no objection. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Joint Resolution, the question being the second reading of the Joint Resolution. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 37; Nays 0 AYES Alexander Anderson Bright Bryant Campbell Campsen Coleman Courson Cromer Davis Elliott Fair Ford Gregory Grooms Hutto Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey McGill Nicholson O'Dell Peeler Pinckney Reese Rose Ryberg Scott Setzler Shoopman Thomas Verdin Williams Total--37 NAYS Total--0 The Joint Resolution was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading. Statement by Senator HAYES Having been out of the Chamber at the time the vote was taken, I would have voted in favor of second reading of the Resolution, H. 4627. INTRODUCTION OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS The following were introduced: S. 1154 (Word version) -- Senator Bryant: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE THE WREN HIGH SCHOOL "LADY HURRICANES" GOLF TEAM UPON WINNING THE 2011 CLASS AAAA STATE CHAMPIONSHIP TITLE. l:\s-res\klb\012golf.mrh.klb.docx S. 1155 (Word version) -- Senator Scott: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND CONGRATULATE THE REVEREND DR. ANTHONY A. MCCALLUM ON THE OCCASION OF HIS TENTH ANNIVERSARY AS MINISTER OF BETHLEHEM BAPTIST CHURCH AT COLLEGE PLACE IN COLUMBIA. l:\council\bills\gm\29445ab12.docx S. 1156 (Word version) -- Senator Scott: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND COMMEND AMIKIDS FOR GUIDING TROUBLED YOUTH INTO POSITIVE, PRODUCTIVE ALTERNATIVES TO PAST BEHAVIOR AND ENABLING THEM TO BECOME SUCCESSFUL CITIZENS OF THIS GREAT STATE. l:\council\bills\rm\1374htc12.docx S. 1157 (Word version) -- Senator Pinckney: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR JOHN H. MARTIN OF HAMPTON COUNTY, UPON HIS SELECTION AS THE 2011 PROFESSIONAL OF THE YEAR BY THE SOUTH CAROLINA MORTICIANS ASSOCIATION, INC. l:\council\bills\gm\29422zw12.docx S. 1158 (Word version) -- Senator Verdin: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 6-19-30 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO WATER AND SEWER AUTHORITIES, DISTRICTS, OR SYSTEMS, TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF MEMBERS ON THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE TO REFLECT THE ADDITION OF THE NEW CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT; TO AMEND SECTION 48-39-40, RELATING TO THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT APPELLATE PANEL, TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF MEMBERS TO REFLECT THE ADDITION OF THE NEW CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT; TO AMEND SECTION 48-59-40, RELATING TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA CONSERVATION BANK, TO ADD TWO SEATS TO THE BANK'S BOARD, ONE MEMBER TO REPRESENT THE SEVENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT APPOINTED BY THE PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE OF THE SENATE, AND ONE MEMBER FROM THE STATE AT LARGE APPOINTED BY THE SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES; AND TO AMEND SECTION 40-69-10, RELATING TO THE STATE BOARD OF VETERINARY EXAMINERS, TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF MEMBERS TO REFLECT THE ADDITION OF THE NEW CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT. l:\s-res\dbv\010boar.kmm.dbv.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Agriculture and Natural Resources. S. 1159 (Word version) -- Senator Knotts: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 15-75-30 SO AS TO CREATE A CIVIL CAUSE OF ACTION FOR ALIENATION OF AFFECTION. l:\council\bills\ms\7657ahb12.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. S. 1160 (Word version) -- Senator Campsen: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 58-27-665, TO PERMIT AN OWNER, DEVELOPER, OR GOVERNING BODY OF ANY MULTI-TENANT BUSINESS OR RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY TO METER ELECTRICITY. l:\s-jud\bills\campsen\jud0162.hla.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. S. 1161 (Word version) -- Senator Knotts: A JOINT RESOLUTION PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO SECTION 1, ARTICLE VI OF THE CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1895, RELATING TO ELIGIBILITY TO HOLD ELECTIVE OFFICE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT EXCEPT DURING THE FINAL YEAR OF THE TERM BEING SERVED, NO INCUMBENT ELECTIVE OFFICEHOLDER MAY OFFER FOR NOMINATION OR ELECTION TO ANOTHER LOCAL, STATE, OR FEDERAL ELECTIVE OFFICE. l:\council\bills\agm\19072zw11.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. S. 1162 (Word version) -- Senators Grooms and Gregory: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 57-1-10 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS CONCERNING THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, TO REMOVE THE DEFINITION FOR "COMMISSION"; TO AMEND SECTION 57-1-20, RELATING TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, TO PROVIDE THAT THE SECRETARY MAY ESTABLISH OTHER DEPARTMENTAL DIVISIONS RATHER THAN THE COMMISSION; TO AMEND SECTION 57-1-40, RELATING TO PROHIBITED ACTS, TO REMOVE REFERENCES TO DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION COMMISSIONERS; TO AMEND SECTION 57-1-410, TO ADD QUALIFICATIONS TO SERVE AS SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION, AND TO PROVIDE THAT A SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION APPOINTEE MAY NOT SERVE IN OFFICE UNTIL SCREENED BY THE JOINT TRANSPORTATION SCREENING AND OVERSIGHT COMMISSION; TO REPEAL ARTICLE 3, CHAPTER 1 OF TITLE 7 RELATING TO THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION COMMISSION; TO AMEND SECTION 57-1-430, RELATING TO THE DUTIES AND POWERS OF THE SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION, TO REMOVE REFERENCES TO THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION COMMISSION, AND TO VEST THE POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE COMMISSION IN THE SECRETARY; TO AMEND SECTION 57-1-460, RELATING TO THE EVALUATION AND APPROVAL OF ROUTINE OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE, TO DELETE THE CURRENT PROVISIONS AND TO PROVIDE THAT CONSULTING CONTRACTS AND SALES OF SURPLUS PROPERTY MUST BE CONDUCTED PURSUANT TO THE CONSOLIDATED PROCUREMENT CODE; TO AMEND SECTION 57-1-470, RELATING TO COMMISSION REVIEW OF ROUTINE MAINTENANCE AND EMERGENCY REPAIR REQUESTS, TO DELETE THE CURRENT PROVISIONS AND TO VEST IN THE SECRETARY THE DUTY TO DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT THE STATEWIDE TRANSPORTATION PLAN AND THE STATEWIDE TRANSPORTATION IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM; TO AMEND SECTION 57-1-490, RELATING TO ANNUAL AUDITS, TO REMOVE REFERENCES TO THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION COMMISSION, AND TO PROVIDE FOR INTERNAL AUDITS PERFORMED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION OFFICE OF INTERNAL AUDIT ESTABLISHED WITHIN THE LEGISLATIVE AUDIT COUNCIL; TO AMEND ARTICLE 7, CHAPTER 1 OF TITLE 57, RELATING TO THE JOINT TRANSPORTATION REVIEW COMMITTEE, TO PROVIDE THAT THE COMMITTEE MAY CONDUCT OVERSIGHT INVESTIGATIONS, TO PROVIDE THAT THE COMMITTEE MUST SCREEN SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION APPOINTEES, AND TO DELETE PROVISIONS RELATED TO SCREENING DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION COMMISSION CANDIDATES; TO AMEND CHAPTER 1, TITLE 57, RELATING TO THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, BY ADDING ARTICLE 9 TO ESTABLISH THE JOINT TRANSPORTATION PLANNING REVIEW COMMITTEE AND TO PROVIDE FOR ITS MEMBERSHIP, POWERS, DUTIES, AND OBLIGATIONS; TO AMEND CHAPTER 15 OF TITLE 2, RELATING TO THE LEGISLATIVE AUDIT COUNCIL, BY ADDING SECTION 2-15-130, TO ESTABLISH THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION INTERNAL AUDIT OFFICE WITH THE LEGISLATIVE AUDIT COUNCIL, AND TO PRESCRIBE THE INTERNAL AUDIT OFFICE'S POWERS, DUTIES, AND RESPONSIBILITIES; AND TO AMEND CHAPTER 1, TITLE 57, RELATING TO THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, BY ADDING SECTION 57-1-45 TO PROHIBIT CERTAIN ENGINEERS FROM PARTICIPATING IN DEPARTMENTAL CONTRACTING FOR THREE YEARS AFTER THEY LEAVE THE EMPLOYMENT OF THE DEPARTMENT. l:\s-res\lkg\001nodo.kmm.lkg.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Transportation. S. 1163 (Word version) -- Senators Knotts and Land: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 40-56-3 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE RETAIL SALE OF FIREWORKS IS SOLELY SUBJECT TO STATE REGULATION AND, EXCEPT FOR AN ORDINANCE IMPOSING A BUSINESS LICENSE TAX, IS NOT SUBJECT TO REGULATION BY ORDINANCES OF POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONS, INCLUDING ZONING ORDINANCES IF THE FIREWORKS RETAILER HAS A VALID STATE RETAIL LICENSE, COMPLIES WITH STATE SAFETY AND BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS, AND HAS A VALID FIREWORKS LICENSE ISSUED BY THE STATE BOARD OF PYROTECHNIC SAFETY. l:\council\bills\bbm\10495htc12.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Labor, Commerce and Industry. S. 1164 (Word version) -- Senators O'Dell and Nicholson: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR THE ABBEVILLE HIGH SCHOOL VARSITY FOOTBALL TEAM, COACHES, AND SCHOOL OFFICIALS FOR AN OUTSTANDING SEASON, AND TO CONGRATULATE THEM FOR WINNING THE 2011 CLASS A STATE CHAMPIONSHIP TITLE. l:\council\bills\gm\29450htc12.docx S. 1165 (Word version) -- Senator Lourie: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR LIZZIE PADGET UPON THE OCCASION OF HER RETIREMENT AFTER THIRTY-EIGHT YEARS AS AN EDUCATOR IN RICHLAND SCHOOL DISTRICT TWO, AND TO WISH HER MANY YEARS OF CONTINUED HEALTH AND HAPPINESS IN ALL HER FUTURE ENDEAVORS. l:\council\bills\gm\29444cm12.docx H. 4434 (Word version) -- Reps. White, Gambrell and Thayer: A BILL TO AMEND ACT 794 OF 1966, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE PENDLETON DISTRICT HISTORICAL AND RECREATIONAL COMMISSION OF ANDERSON, OCONEE, AND PICKENS COUNTIES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT EFFECTIVE MARCH 1, 2012, THE NAME OF THE PENDLETON DISTRICT AGRICULTURAL MUSEUM MUST BE THE "BART GARRISON AGRICULTURAL MUSEUM OF SOUTH CAROLINA". Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Agriculture and Natural Resources. H. 4475 (Word version) -- Reps. Young, Clyburn, Taylor, Hixon, Frye, Southard, Clemmons and Hardwick: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 47-9-710, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS FOR PURPOSES OF EQUINE LIABILITY IMMUNITY, SO AS TO INCLUDE TRAIL RIDING IN THE DEFINITION OF "EQUINE ACTIVITY"; AND TO AMEND SECTION 47-9-730, RELATING TO WARNING SIGNS REQUIRED TO BE POSTED BY EQUINE PROFESSIONALS AND EQUINE ACTIVITY SPONSORS, SO AS TO INCLUDE A REQUIREMENT THAT WARNING SIGNS ARE TO BE POSTED AT THE ENTRANCE TO RIDING TRAILS. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Agriculture and Natural Resources. H. 4665 (Word version) -- Reps. Hixon, Clyburn, J. R. Smith, Spires, Taylor and Young: A BILL TO AMEND ACT 571 OF 1967, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE EDGEFIELD COUNTY WATER AND SEWER AUTHORITY, THE BOUNDARIES OF WHICH PURSUANT TO THIS ACT INCLUDE AREAS IN EDGEFIELD AND AIKEN COUNTIES, SO AS TO REVISE THE MANNER IN WHICH THE EXISTING MEMBERS OF THE GOVERNING BODY OF THE AUTHORITY ARE APPOINTED, AND TO ADD TWO MEMBERS TO THE GOVERNING BODY OF THE AUTHORITY FROM THE AREAS IN AIKEN COUNTY SERVED BY THE AUTHORITY. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. REPORTS OF STANDING COMMITTEES Invitations Accepted The following invitations were polled favorably from the Invitations Committee and the members voting as follows: Poll of the Invitations Committee Polled 11; Ayes 11; Nays 0; Not Voting 0 AYES Alexander Campsen Cromer Elliott Ford Knotts Malloy McGill O'Dell Reese Verdin Total--11 NAYS Total--0 Wednesday, February 1, 2012 - 8:00 a.m. - 10:00 a.m. Members of the Senate, Breakfast, Room 112 of the Blatt Building, by SC ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS Wednesday, February 1, 2012 - 12:00 - 2:00 p.m. Members of the Senate and Staff, Luncheon, Room 112 of the Blatt Building, by CAROLINA RECYCLING ASSOCIATION Wednesday, February 1, 2012 - 6:00 p.m. - 8:00 p.m. Members of the Senate and Staff, Lexington County Night Reception, Columbia Metropolitan Convention Center, by LEXINGTON COUNTY NIGHT Thursday, February 2, 2012 - 8:00 a.m. - 10:00 a.m. Members of the Senate and Staff, Breakfast, Room 112 of the Blatt Building, by the SC CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL COLLABORATIVE Tuesday, February 7, 2012 - 1:00 p.m. - 2:30 p.m. Members of the Senate, Luncheon, Capital City Club, by the SC ARTS ALLIANCE Tuesday, February 7, 2012 - 6:00 p.m. - 8:00 p.m. Members of the Senate, Reception, Clarion Hotel Downtown, by Members of the SC SUPREME COURT, THE COURT OF APPEALS, THE CIRCUIT COURT, THE FAMILY AND MASTERS-IN-EQUITY OF SC Tuesday, February 7, 2012 - 6:00 p.m. - 8:00 p.m. Members of the Senate and Staff, Reception, Capital City Club, by the SC FUNERAL DIRECTORS ASSOCIATION Wednesday, February 8, 2012 - 8:00 a.m. - 10:00 a.m. Members of the Senate and Staff, Breakfast, Room 112 of the Blatt Building, by the SC PRIMARY HEALTH CARE ASSOCIATION Wednesday, February 8, 2012 - 12:00 - 2:00 p.m. Members of the Senate, Luncheon, Room 112 of the Blatt Building, by the WIL LOU GRAY OPPORTUNITY SCHOOL Wednesday, February 8, 2012 - 6:00 p.m. - 8:00 p.m. Members of the Senate and Staff, York County Night Reception, Columbia Marriott, by the YORK COUNTY REGIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE Wednesday, February 8, 2012 - 7:00 p.m. - 9:00 p.m. Members of the Senate and Staff, Reception, Clarion Hotel Downtown, by the SC OPTOMETRIC PHYSICIANS ASSOCIATION Thursday, February 9, 2012 - 8:00 a.m. - 10:00 a.m. Members of the Senate and Staff, Breakfast, Room 112 of the Blatt Building, by the AMI KIDS, INC. Tuesday, February 14, 2012 - 6:00 p.m. - 7:00 p.m. Members of the Senate, Reception, Capital City Club, by the AMERICAN RED CROSS Wednesday, February 15, 2012 - 6:00 p.m. - 7:00 p.m. Members of the Senate, Reception, Columbia Marriott, by the MUNICIPAL ASSOCIATION OF SC Tuesday, February 21, 2012 - 12:30 p.m. - 2:00 p.m. Members of the Senate, Luncheon, Epworth Children's Home, by the SC CONFERENCE UNITED METHODIST WOMEN Tuesday, February 21, 2012 - 6:00 p.m. - 8:00 p.m. Members of the Senate and Staff, Reception, Columbia Metropolitan Convention Center, by the ELECTRIC COOPERATIVES OF SC, INC. Wednesday, February 22, 2012 - 8:00 a.m. - 10:00 a.m. Members of the Senate and Staff, Breakfast, Room 112 of the Blatt Building, by the SC ASSOCIATION OF HEATING AND AC CONTRACTORS Wednesday, February 22, 2012 - 12:00 - 2:00 p.m. Members of the Senate, Luncheon, Room 112 of the Blatt Building, by the SC PUBLIC DEFENDER ASSOCIATION Wednesday, February 22, 2012 - 6:00 p.m. - 7:00 p .m. Members of the Senate and Staff, Reception, Embassy Suites Hotel, by the SC ASSOCIATION OF COUNTIES Wednesday, February 22, 2012 - 6:00 p.m. - 8:00 p.m. Members of the Senate and Staff, Reception, The Summit Club, by CAROLINAS AGC Thursday, February 23, 2012 - 8:00 a.m. - 10:00 a.m. Members of the Senate, Breakfast, Room 112 of the Blatt Building, by the SC NURSERY AND LANDSCAPE ASSOCIATION AND SC GREENHOUSE GROWERS ASSOCIATION Tuesday, February 28, 2012 - 6:00 p.m. Members of the Senate, Reception and Dinner, Seawell's, by the SC ASSOCIATION OF CONSERVATION DISTRICTS Tuesday, February 28, 2012 - 6:30 p.m. - 8:30 p.m. Members of the Senate, Reception, Clarion Hotel Downtown, by the SC CREDIT UNION LEAGUE Wednesday, February 29, 2012 - 8:00 a.m. - 10:00 a.m. Members of the Senate and Staff, Breakfast, Room 112 of the Blatt Building, by the SC COALTION AGAINST DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND SEXUAL ASSAULT Wednesday, February 29, 2012 - 12:00 - 2:00 p.m. Members of the Senate, Luncheon, Room 112 of the Blatt Building, by the CHARLES LEA CENTER Wednesday, February 29, 2012 - 6:00 p.m. - 8:00 p.m. Members of the Senate and Staff, Inn at USC, by the INN AT USC Wednesday, February 29, 2012 - 7:00 p.m. - 9:00 p.m. Members of the Senate and Staff, Hilton Downtown, by the ASSOCIATED BUILDERS AND CONTRACTORS Senator KNOTTS from the Committee on Invitations polled out S. 1114 favorable: S. 1114 (Word version) -- Senators Knotts, Grooms, Leventis, Ford, Bryant, Verdin, Setzler, Rose, Fair, McGill, Cleary, Land, Hayes, Matthews, Pinckney, Reese, Coleman, Malloy, Cromer, Sheheen, McConnell, Bright and Alexander: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO INVITE THE NATIONAL COMMANDER OF THE AMERICAN LEGION, THE HONORABLE FANG WONG, TO ADDRESS THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY IN JOINT SESSION IN THE CHAMBER OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AT 12:30 P.M. ON TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 21, 2012. Poll of the Invitations Committee Polled 11; Ayes 11; Nays 0; Not Voting 0 AYES Alexander Campsen Cromer Elliott Ford Knotts Malloy McGill O'Dell Reese Verdin Total--11 NAYS Total--0 S. 1114--Adopted, Sent to the House S. 1114 (Word version) -- Senators Knotts, Grooms, Leventis, Ford, Bryant, Verdin, Setzler, Rose, Fair, McGill, Cleary, Land, Hayes, Matthews, Pinckney, Reese, Coleman, Malloy, Cromer, Sheheen, McConnell, Bright and Alexander: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO INVITE THE NATIONAL COMMANDER OF THE AMERICAN LEGION, THE HONORABLE FANG WONG, TO ADDRESS THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY IN JOINT SESSION IN THE CHAMBER OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AT 12:30 P.M. ON TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 21, 2012. Senator KNOTTS asked unanimous consent to take the Concurrent Resolution up for immediate consideration. There was no objection. The Concurrent Resolution was adopted and ordered sent to the House. Senator KNOTTS from the Committee on Invitations polled out H. 4552 favorable: H. 4552 (Word version) -- Reps. Gilliard, Anderson, King, Cobb-Hunter, Howard, McEachern and J.E. Smith: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO INVITE THE HONORABLE BARACK H. OBAMA, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, TO ADDRESS THE SOUTH CAROLINA GENERAL ASSEMBLY IN JOINT ASSEMBLY IN THE CHAMBER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AT A TIME TO BE DETERMINED BY THE SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AND THE PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE OF THE SENATE. Poll of the Invitations Committee Polled 11; Ayes 11; Nays 0; Not Voting 0 AYES Alexander Campsen Cromer Elliott Ford Knotts Malloy McGill O'Dell Reese Verdin Total--11 NAYS Total--0 H. 4552--Adopted, Returned to the House H. 4552 (Word version) -- Reps. Gilliard, Anderson, King, Cobb-Hunter, Howard, McEachern and J.E. Smith: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO INVITE THE HONORABLE BARACK H. OBAMA, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, TO ADDRESS THE SOUTH CAROLINA GENERAL ASSEMBLY IN JOINT ASSEMBLY IN THE CHAMBER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AT A TIME TO BE DETERMINED BY THE SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AND THE PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE OF THE SENATE. Senator FORD asked unanimous consent to take the Concurrent Resolution up for immediate consideration. There was no objection. The Concurrent Resolution was adopted and ordered returned to the House. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., January 31, 2012 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has returned the following Bill to the Senate with amendments: Respectfully submitted, Speaker of the House On motion of Senator GROOMS, the Bill was ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow. THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED LOCAL AND STATEWIDE CALENDAR. ORDERED ENROLLED FOR RATIFICATION The following Bill was read the third time and, having received three readings in both Houses, it was ordered that the title be changed to that of an Act and enrolled for Ratification: H. 3470 (Word version) -- Reps. Pitts, Knight, Loftis and Toole: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 44-53-50, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE PROHIBITION AGAINST USING, SELLING, OR MANUFACTURING CLEANING AGENTS CONTAINING PHOSPHATES, SO AS TO INCLUDE HOUSEHOLD DISHWASHING DETERGENTS IN THIS PROHIBITION; TO FURTHER SPECIFY CRITERIA FOR AND TYPES OF CLEANING AGENTS EXEMPT FROM THIS PROHIBITION; TO PROVIDE A CRIMINAL OFFENSE FOR SECOND AND SUBSEQUENT VIOLATIONS; TO AUTHORIZE THE SALE OF PROHIBITED CLEANING AGENTS THAT ARE IN A RETAILER'S INVENTORY ON JULY 1, 2011; AND TO REQUIRE THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL TO REPORT ON THE AVAILABILITY, EFFECTIVENESS, AND COST OF NONPHOSPHATE COMMERCIAL DISHWASHING DETERGENT. PREVIOUSLY PROPOSED AMENDMENT WITHDRAWN RETURNED TO THE HOUSE H. 3630 (Word version) -- Reps. Bedingfield, Loftis, Hardwick and McLeod: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 61-4-720, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE SALE OF WINE BY A LICENSED WINERY LOCATED IN SOUTH CAROLINA, SO AS TO ELIMINATE THE REQUIREMENT THAT A MAJORITY OF THE JUICE USED IN THE WINE BE DERIVED FROM FRUIT OR BERRIES GROWN IN THIS STATE; AND TO AMEND SECTION 61-4-730, RELATING TO THE SALE OF WINE BY PERMITTED WINERIES, SO AS TO ELIMINATE THE REQUIREMENT THAT A MAJORITY OF THE JUICE USED IN THE WINE BE DERIVED FROM FRUIT OR BERRIES GROWN IN THIS STATE. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the previously proposed amendment. Senator VERDIN asked unanimous consent to withdraw the previously proposed amendment. There was no objection and the amendment was withdrawn. Motion Under Rule 26B Senator VERDIN asked unanimous consent to make a motion to take up further amendments pursuant to the provisions of Rule 26B. There was no objection. Senator VERDIN proposed the following amendment (JUD3630.001), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking SECTION 2 in its entirety and inserting the following: / "Section 61-4-730. (A) Permitted wineries which produce and sell wine produced on its premises with a majority at least sixty percent of the juice from fruit and berries which are grown in this State may sell the wine at retail, wholesale, or both, and deliver or ship the wine to licensed retailers in this State or to the purchaser consumer homes in and outside the State. Wine must be delivered between 7:00 a.m. and 7:00 p.m. (B) Permitted wineries that produce and sell wine produced on their premises with less than sixty percent of the juice from fruit and berries which are grown in this State may retail from the winery and ship the wine directly to consumer homes in and outside the State, but these wineries are not wholesalers of the wine. These wineries shall use a licensed South Carolina wholesaler to deliver or ship the wine to licensed retailers in this State. (C) The South Carolina Department of Agriculture shall periodically inspect the records of permitted wineries for verification of the percentage of juice from fruit and berries grown in this State used in the manufacturing of the wineries' products. Within ten days of conducting an inspection, the South Carolina Department of Agriculture shall report its findings to the South Carolina Department of Revenue. If a winery is found to be in violation of this statute, the owner of the winery is subject to the penalties set forth in Section 61-4-780." / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator VERDIN explained the amendment. The question then was third reading of the Bill, as amended. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 30; Nays 0 AYES Alexander Anderson Bright Bryant Campbell Campsen Courson Cromer Davis Elliott Ford Gregory Grooms Hutto Knotts Leatherman Leventis Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey Nicholson Peeler Pinckney Rose Ryberg Scott Setzler Thomas Verdin Williams Total--30 NAYS Total--0 There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the third time, passed and ordered returned to the House of Representatives with amendments. S. 1151 (Word version) -- Senators Cleary, Rose and Leventis: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO DECLARE WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 1, 2012, AS "SOUTH CAROLINA RECYCLERS DAY" AND TO COMMEND AND RECOGNIZE SOUTH CAROLINA'S RECYCLERS FOR THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR STATE'S ECONOMY, FOR THEIR EFFORTS TO PROMOTE ENERGY EFFICIENCY, AND FOR THEIR LEADERSHIP IN PROVIDING SUSTAINABLE MATERIAL-MANAGEMENT OPTIONS. S. 1152 (Word version) -- Senators Cleary, Rose and Setzler: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO DECLARE FEBRUARY 2012 AS NATIONAL CHILDREN'S DENTAL HEALTH MONTH, AND TO THANK SOUTH CAROLINA DENTAL HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS FOR MAKING FEBRUARY 3, 2012, "GIVE KIDS A SMILE DAY" THAT PROMOTES ORAL HEALTH AND JOINS IN THE EFFORTS THROUGHOUT THE NATION TO ADVOCATE FOR ORAL HEALTH AWARENESS AND OPTIMAL ORAL HEALTH IN CHILDREN. The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House. CARRIED OVER H. 3583 (Word version) -- Rep. Cooper: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-6-40, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE APPLICATION OF THE INTERNAL REVENUE CODE TO STATE INCOME TAX LAWS, SO AS TO UPDATE THE REFERENCE TO THE INTERNAL REVENUE CODE TO THE YEAR 2010. On motion of Senator PEELER, the Bill was carried over. THE CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED CALENDAR HAVING BEEN COMPLETED, THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE MOTION PERIOD. Senator LARRY MARTIN asked unanimous consent to make a motion that, when the Senate adjourns today, it stand adjourned to meet tomorrow at 11:45 A.M. for the purpose of attending the Joint Assembly, and at the conclusion of the Joint Assembly, the Senate would stand in recess until 2:00 P.M. There was no objection and the motion was adopted. On motion of Senator LARRY MARTIN, the Senate agreed to dispense with the Motion Period. THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE INTERRUPTED DEBATE. AMENDED, AMENDMENT PROPOSED DEBATE INTERRUPTED H. 3066 (Word version) -- Reps. G.R. Smith, Daning, Ballentine, Harrison, Allison, Hamilton, G.M. Smith, Bingham, Long, Henderson, Erickson, Horne, Willis, Weeks, McLeod, Pope, Simrill, Lucas, Norman, D.C. Moss, Clemmons, Harrell, Atwater, Bedingfield, Funderburk and Edge: A BILL TO ENACT THE "SOUTH CAROLINA RESTRUCTURING ACT OF 2011" INCLUDING PROVISIONS TO AMEND SECTION 1-30-10, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE AGENCIES OF THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH OF STATE GOVERNMENT BY ADDING THE DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION; BY ADDING SECTION 1-30-125 SO AS TO ESTABLISH THE DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION AS AN AGENCY OF THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH OF STATE GOVERNMENT TO BE HEADED BY A DIRECTOR APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR UPON THE ADVICE AND CONSENT OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, AND TO TRANSFER TO THIS NEWLY CREATED DEPARTMENT CERTAIN OFFICES AND DIVISIONS OF THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD, OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR, AND OTHER AGENCIES, AND TO PROVIDE FOR TRANSITIONAL AND OTHER PROVISIONS NECESSARY TO ACCOMPLISH THE ABOVE; BY ADDING CHAPTER 2 TO TITLE 2 SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR LEGISLATIVE OVERSIGHT OF EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS AND THE PROCESSES AND PROCEDURES TO BE FOLLOWED IN CONNECTION WITH THIS OVERSIGHT; TO AMEND SECTIONS 1-11-20, AS AMENDED, 1-11-22, 1-11-55, 1-11-56, 1-11-58, 1-11-65, 1-11-67, 1-11-70, 1-11-80, 1-11-90, 1-11-100, 1-11-110, 1-11-180, 1-11-220, 1-11-225, 1-11-250, 1-11-260, 1-11-270, 1-11-280, 1-11-290, 1-11-300, 1-11-310, AS AMENDED, 1-11-315, 1-11-320, 1-11-335, 1-11-340, 1-11-435, 2-13-240, CHAPTER 9, TITLE 3; 10-1-10, 10-1-30, AS AMENDED, 10-1-40, 10-1-130, 10-1-190, CHAPTER 9, TITLE 10, 10-11-50, AS AMENDED, 10-11-90, 10-11-110, 10-11-140, 10-11-330; 11-9-610, 11-9-620, 11-9-630, 11-35-3810, AS AMENDED, 11-35-3820, AS AMENDED, 11-35-3830, AS AMENDED, 11-35-3840, AS AMENDED, 13-7-30, AS AMENDED, 13-7-830, AS AMENDED, 44-53-530, AS AMENDED, AND 44-96-140; 48-46-30, 48-46-40, 48-46-50, 48-46-60, 48-46-90, 48-52-410, 48-52-440, AND 48-52-460; AND BY ADDING SECTION 1-11-185 RELATING TO VARIOUS AGENCY OR DEPARTMENT PROVISIONS SO AS TO CONFORM THEM TO THE ABOVE PROVISIONS PERTAINING TO THE NEW DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION OR TO SUPPLEMENT SUCH PROVISIONS. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of Amendment No. 11 (3066R046.cbh) proposed by Senators HUTTO and FORD and published in the Journal of Wednesday, January 25, 2012. On motion of Senator HUTTO, with unanimous consent, Amendment No. 11 was withdrawn. Senator ELLIOTT asked unanimous consent to make a motion to take up Amendment No. 20 for immediate consideration. Amendment No. 20 Senators ELLIOTT and FORD proposed the following Amendment No. 20 (AGM\19397AB12), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, Section 1-30-125, as contained in Part III, SECTION 4, by adding an appropriately lettered subsection: / ( ) The divisions of government transferred or incorporated into the Department of Administration shall publish each expenditure exceeding one hundred dollars on the department's website within one week of making each expenditure. / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator ELLIOTT explained the amendment. Amendment No. 77 Senators SHEHEEN, DAVIS, MASSEY, SETZLER, CAMPSEN and THOMAS proposed the following Amendment No. 77 (3066R055.VAS): Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking Part II in its entirety and inserting: / Part II and the Bond Review Authority SECTION 2. A. Section 1-11-10 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 1-11-10. The State Budget and Control Board shall be comprised of the Governor, ex officio, who shall be chairman, the State Treasurer, ex officio, the Comptroller General, ex officio, and the chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, ex officio, and the chairman of the Ways and Means Committee of the House of Representatives, ex officio. (A) Effective January 1, 2013, the following offices, divisions, or components of the State Budget and Control Board are transferred to, and incorporated into, the Department of Administration: (1) Division of General Services including Business Operations, Facilities Management, State Building and Property Services, and Agency Services including surplus property, intra state mail, parking, state fleet management, except that this division shall not be transferred to the Department of Administration until the director of the Department of Administration enters into a memorandum of agreement with appropriate officials of applicable legislative and judicial agencies or departments as provided in Section 1-11-20; (2) Division of State Information Technology including the Data Center, Telecommunications and Information Technology Services, and South Carolina Enterprise Information System, but not including support of the Joint Strategic Technology Committee; (3) the Office of Human Resources; (4) the Procurement Services Division, including the State Engineers Office; (5) the Insurance Reserve Fund; (6) that portion of the Office of Research and Statistics required to support the Governor's executive budget writing duties; and (7) the Office of State Budget, except for the employees required to provide fiscal impact statements and revenue impact statements on proposed legislation and to support the General Assembly's budget writing duties who are transferred to the Legislative Fiscal Office. (B) All functions, powers, duties, responsibilities, and authority vested in the agencies and authorities, including their governing boards, if any, named in this subsection are devolved upon the Department of Administration and the department shall constitute the agencies and authorities, including their governing boards, if any, named in this subsection. (1) State Educational Assistance Authority; (2) Educational Facilities Authority for Private, Non-Profit Institutions of Higher Learning; and (3) South Carolina Resources Authority. (C) Effective January 1, 2013, the offices, divisions, or components of the State Budget and Control Board named in this subsection are transferred to, and incorporated into, the South Carolina Rural Infrastructure Authority as established in Section 11-50-30. All functions, powers, duties, responsibilities, and authority vested the agencies and authorities, including their governing boards, if any, named in this subsection are devolved upon the South Carolina Rural Infrastructure Authority and the authority shall constitute the agencies and authorities, including their governing boards, if any, named in this subsection. (1) South Carolina Infrastructure Facilities Authority; (2) Local Government Division in support of the local government loan program; and (3) South Carolina Water Quality Revolving Fund Authority in support of water quality projects and federal loan program; and (4) Tobacco Settlement Revenue Management Authority Board. (D) Effective January 1, 2013, the South Carolina Confederate Relic Room and Military Museum is transferred from the State Budget and Control Board and is governed by the South Carolina Confederate Relic Room and Military Museum Commission, as established in Section 60-17-10. (E) Effective January 1, 2013, the Office of State Auditor is abolished and all of the functions, duties, and responsibilities of the office are transferred to, and incorporated into, the Office of Inspector General. The employees, authorized appropriations, and assets and liabilities of the transferred office are also transferred to and become part of the Office of Inspector General. All classified or unclassified personnel employed by the office on the effective date of this section, either by contract or by employment at will, shall become employees of the Office of Inspector General to which the transfer was made, with the same compensation, classification, and grade level, as applicable. (F) Effective November 1, 2012, the Board of Economic Advisors shall be an independent agency, which shall maintain the organizational and procedural framework under which it is operating, and exercise its powers, duties, and responsibilities, as of the effective date of Act ___ of 2012, R. ___, H. 3066. (G) Effective November 1, 2012, the Office of Research and Statistics, except for the employees required to support the Governor's executive budget writing duties, is transferred to, and incorporated into, the Legislative Fiscal Office. (H) Effective January 1, 2013, there is devolved upon the Bond Review Authority all functions, powers, duties, responsibilities, and authority vested in the Budget and Control Board prior to the effective date of A. ___ of 2012, R. ___, H. 3066 related to the issuance of bonds and bonding authority, generally found in Title 11 of the 1976 Code but also contained in certain other provisions of South Carolina law. The authority shall establish criteria, upon consultation with the Joint Bond Review Committee, to apply to the review and approval process. (I) Effective January 1, 2013, the State Energy Office is transferred from the State Budget and Control Board to the Office of Regulatory Staff. (J) Effective January 1, 2013, and until July 1, 2015, the State Budget and Control Board consists of the: (1) Employee Insurance Program; and (2) Retirement Division. Effective July 1, 2015, the State Budget and Control Board is abolished. (L)(1) Effective July 1, 2015, the following offices, divisions, or components of the State Budget and Control Board and the Department of Administration are transferred to, and incorporated into, an independent agency of state government to be known as the Public Employee Benefit Agency: (a) the Employee Insurance Program; (b) the Retirement Division. Effective July 1, 2011, and until June 30, 2013, any additions or amendments to the State Employee Insurance Plan or the retirement system may not be adopted without the unanimous consent of the State Budget and Control Board. Effective July 1, 2013, the State Budget and Control Board is abolished. (2) The agency shall be comprised of the Employee Insurance Division, the Retirement Systems Division, the Insurance Reserve Fund Division, and the Administration Division. A board of trustees must be appointed to manage and make policy decisions for the Employee Insurance Division and the Retirement Systems Division. The daily office functions and other administrative tasks for all divisions shall be managed through the Administration Division by an executive director. (3)(a) On the effective date of this section, there is established a transition committee to provide the expertise necessary to facilitate the transfer of operations from the Budget and Control Board to the Public Employee Benefit Agency. (b) The transition committee is authorized to study and evaluate all actions necessary, both legislative and executive, for an orderly transition of the related trust funds and their operations to the trustee-based system to be administered by the Public Employee Benefit Agency. The transition committee must conduct a comprehensive survey of the structure, trustee governance, and operations of other similar systems throughout the United States and make recommendations to the General Assembly concerning the legislative actions that are needed to implement the most efficient, effective system. (c) The transition committee shall be comprised of eight voting members and the State Treasurer, ex officio, who shall serve as its chairman and may only vote when the committee is equally divided on any question. The eight voting members must be appointed by the State Budget and Control Board as follows: (i) one member representing municipal employees; (ii) one member representing county employees; (iii) three members representing state employees, one of whom must be retired and one of whom must be an active or retired law enforcement officer who is contributing to or receiving benefits from the Police Officers Retirement System. If this law enforcement member is retired, the other two members representing state employees do not have to be retired; (iv) two members representing public school teachers, one of whom must be retired; (v) one member representing the Retirement Investment Commission. The Budget and Control Board shall invite the appropriate associations, groups, and individuals to recommend persons to serve on the board. The Budget and Control Board must appoint members from among the recommendations. Members must be appointed within sixty days of the effective date of this section. Members of the General Assembly may not be appointed to the transition committee. Members of the transition committee must have substantial academic or professional experience or specialization in one or more areas of public finance, government budgeting and administration, insurance, retirement investment, economics, accounting, or related legal fields. (d) The members of the committee: (i) must meet as soon as practicable after appointment to organize itself by electing officers as the committee may consider necessary. Thereafter, the committee must meet as necessary to fulfill the duties required in this subsection at the call of the chairman or by a majority of the members. A quorum exists of seven members. The committee must engage or employ staff or consultants as may be necessary or prudent to assist the committee in the performance of its duties and responsibilities. Any staff or consultants must possess an academic background or substantial career experience of such a nature as to assist the committee in fulfilling its duties, including, but not limited to, being credentialed in structure and board governance policy; (ii) shall serve without compensation but may receive the usual mileage, subsistence, and per diem allowed by law for members of state boards, committee, or commissions; and (iii) expenses incurred by the commission shall be paid by the Employee Insurance Program and the Retirement Division. (e) No later than January 1, 2013, the committee must prepare and deliver a report to the President Pro Tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives containing the committee's recommendations concerning agency governance structure, statutory changes relative to the transition, and any other actions that must be taken to transition public employee insurance and retirement operations to the Public Employee Benefit Agency." B. Section 1-11-20 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 1-11-20. The functions of the State Budget and Control Board must be performed, exercised, and discharged under the supervision and direction of the board through three divisions, the Finance Division (embracing the work of the State Auditor, the former State Budget Commission, the former State Finance Committee and the former Board of Claims for the State of South Carolina), the Purchasing and Property Division (embracing the work of the former Commissioners of the Sinking Fund, the former Board of Phosphate Commissioners, the State Electrician and Engineer, the former Commission on State House and State House Grounds, the central purchasing functions, the former Surplus Procurement Division of the State Research, Planning and Development Board and the Property Custodian) and the Division of Personnel Administration (embracing the work of the former retirement board known as the South Carolina Retirement System and the administration of all laws relating to personnel), each division to consist of a director and clerical, stenographic and technical employees necessary, to be employed by the respective directors with the approval of the board. The directors of the divisions must be employed by the State Budget and Control Board for that time and compensation as may be fixed by the board in its judgment. (A) Effective January 1, 2013, the offices, divisions, or components of the State Budget and Control Board, Office of the Governor, or other agencies named in this subsection are transferred to, and incorporated into, the Department of Administration, a department of the executive branch of state government headed by a director appointed by the Governor with the advice and consent of the Senate as provided in Section 1-30-10(B)(1)(i). The director shall have the authority to act on behalf of and administer the department: (1) Division of General Services including Business Operations, Facilities Management, State Building and Property Services, and Agency Services including surplus property, intrastate mail, parking, state fleet management, except that this division shall not be transferred to the Department of Administration until the director of the Department of Administration enters into a memorandum of agreement with appropriate officials of applicable legislative and judicial agencies or departments meeting the requirements of this subsection. (a) The memorandum of agreement shall provide for: (i) continued use of existing office space; (ii) a method for the allocation of new, additional, or different office space; (iv) a method for the allocation of new, additional, or different parking; (v) the provision of appropriate levels of electrical, mechanical, maintenance, energy management, fire protection, custodial, project management, safety and building renovation, and other services currently provided by the General Services Division of the State Budget and Control Board; (vi) the provision of water, electricity, steam and chill water to the offices, areas, and facilities occupied by the applicable agencies; (vii) the ability for each agency or department to maintain building access control for its allocated office space; and (viii) access control for the Senate and House chambers and courtrooms as appropriate. (b) The parties may modify the memorandum of understanding by mutual consent at any time. (c) The General Services Division must provide the services described in subsection (a) and any other maintenance and support, at a level that is greater than or equal to what is provided prior to the effective date of this act, to each building on the Capitol Complex, including the Supreme Court, without charge. The General Services Division must coordinate with the appropriate officials of applicable legislative and judicial agencies or departments when providing these services to the buildings and areas controlled by those agencies. (d) In the fiscal year succeeding implementation of this act, the Department of Administration must include in its annual budget request to the Governor, the House Ways & Means Committee, and the Senate Finance Committee a specific line item for maintenance and support of the Capitol Complex, including the Supreme Court; (2) Division of State Information Technology including the Data Center, Information Technology Services, and South Carolina Enterprise Information System, but not including, support of the Joint Strategic Technology Committee; (3) that portion of the Office of Research and Statistics required to support the Governor's executive budget writing duties; (4) the Office of State Budget, except for the employees required to provide fiscal impact statements and revenue impact statements on proposed legislation and to support the General Assembly's budget writing duties who are transferred to the Legislative Fiscal Office; (5) the Procurement Services Division, including the State Engineer's Office; (6) the Insurance Reserve Fund; (7) the Office of Human Resources; (8) the Office of Executive Policy and Programs, except for the State Ombudsman and Children's Services Programs that are contained within this office; (9) the Guardian ad Litem program as established in Section 63-11-500; (10) the Office of Economic Opportunity; (11) the Developmental Disabilities Council; (12) the Continuum of Care for Emotionally Disturbed Children Division as established by Section 63-11-1310; (13) the Division for Review of the Foster Care of Children as established by Section 63-11-700; (14) the Division of Veterans Affairs as established by Section 25-11-10; (15) the Commission on Women as established by Section 1-15-10; (16) the South Carolina Victim's Advisory Board, as established pursuant to Article 13, Chapter 13 of Title 16; (17) the Small and Minority Business Assistance Office, as established pursuant to Section 11-35-5270; (18) the State Educational Assistance Authority; (19) the Educational Facilities Authority for Private, Non-Profit Institutions of Higher Learning; and (20) the South Carolina Resources Authority. (B) The Office of State Budget shall support the Governor's budget writing duties, as contained in Section 11-11-70. The office shall use the existing resources of the organizations transferred to the Department of Administration including, but not limited to, funding, personnel, equipment, and supplies. Vacant FTE's at the State Budget and Control Board also may be used to fill needed positions for the office. (C)(1) There is established, within the Department of Administration, the Executive Budget Office which shall support the Office of the Governor by conducting analysis, coordinating executive agency requests for funding, and evaluating program performance. (2) The Executive Budget Office shall use the existing resources of the organizations transferred to the Department of Administration including, but not limited to, funding, personnel, equipment, and supplies. Vacant FTE's at the State Budget and Control Board also may be used to fill needed positions for the office. (D)(1) The Division of State Information Technology must submit the Statewide Strategic Information Technology Plan to the director of the Department of Administration by September 1, 2013, and biennially thereafter. The director shall review the Statewide Strategic Information Technology Plan and recommend to the Governor priorities for state government enterprise information technology projects and resource requirements. The director shall also review information technology spending by state agencies and evaluate whether greater efficiencies, more effective services, and cost savings can be achieved through streamlining, standardizing, and consolidating agency information technology; (2) All oversight concerning the South Carolina Enterprise Information System is devolved to the director of the Department of Administration. (E)(1) Each agency, office, authority, function, power, duty, or responsibility transferred to or devolved up the Department of Administration by Act ___ of 2012, R. ___, H. 3066, must be maintained as a distinct component, function, power, duty, or responsibility of the Department of Administration unless a reorganization plan is approved by the General Assembly pursuant to item (3). Any funds appropriated to a distinct component of the department must not be transferred to another component. Any funds appropriated for a distinct function, power, duty, or responsibility must be exercised by the distinct component to which that function, power, duty, or responsibility was vested. Any funds appropriated to the department, and not to a distinct component of the department or for a distinct function, power, duty, or responsibility, may be used at the discretion of the director. (2) No later than December 31, 2013, the department's director shall submit a report to the President Pro Tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives that contains an analysis of and recommendations regarding the most appropriate organizational placement for each current component of the Office of Executive Policy and Programs. The department shall solicit input from and consider the recommendation of affected constituencies while developing its report. (3) To change the organizational structure of the department the director must promulgate the reorganized structure as a regulation and submit it to the General Assembly for approval. (F) No later than December 31, 2013, the Office of Human Resources, in coordination with the Department of Archives and History, shall develop policies and procedures related to providing agency public records officers with annual training concerning records retention laws, regulations, and guidelines. (F)(1) Where the provisions of Act ___ of 2012, R. ___, H. 3066 transfer offices, or portions of offices, of the Budget and Control Board, Office of the Governor, or other agencies to the Department of Administration or the Office of Inspector General, the employees, authorized appropriations, and assets and liabilities of the transferred offices are also transferred to and become part of the Department of Administration. All classified or unclassified personnel employed by these offices on the effective date of this section, either by contract or by employment at will, shall become employees of the Department of Administration or the Office of Inspector General, as appropriate, with the same compensation, classification, and grade level, as applicable. The Executive Director of the Budget and Control Board and the Inspector General shall cause all necessary actions to be taken to accomplish this transfer in accordance with state laws and regulations. (2) The Department of Administration and the Office of Inspector General shall use the existing resources of each division, insofar as it promotes efficiency and effectiveness, transferred to the department including, but not limited to, funding, personnel, equipment, and supplies from the board's administrative support units, including, but not limited to, the Office of the Executive Director, Office of General Counsel, and the Office of Internal Operations. 'Funding' means state, federal, and other funds. Vacant FTE's at the State Budget and Control Board also may be used to fill needed positions at the department. No new FTE's may be assigned to the department without authorization from the General Assembly. (G) Regulations promulgated by these transferred offices as they formerly existed under the Budget and Control Board, Office of the Governor, or other agencies are continued and are considered to be promulgated by these offices under the Department of Administration. (H) The Department of Administration shall, during the absence of the Governor from Columbia, be placed in charge of the records and papers in the executive chamber kept pursuant to Section 1-3-30. (I) Any duties to approve statewide policies, procedures, regulations, rates, and fees, or other specific actions must be acted upon by the Department of Administration in a timely manner. The Department of Administration must post its decisions on its website within sixty days of the day approval was sought." C. Chapter 11, Title 1 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 1-11-30. (A) There is established the Bond Review Authority comprised of the Governor, ex officio, who shall be chairman, the State Treasurer, ex officio, the Comptroller General, ex officio, one Senator selected by a majority of the Senate who shall serve ex officio, and one member of the House of Representatives selected by a majority of the House of Representatives who shall serve ex officio. (B)(1) The Bond Review Authority shall exercise all functions, powers, duties, responsibilities, and authority related to the issuance of bonds and bonding authority, generally found in Title 11 of the 1976 Code but also contained in certain other provisions of South Carolina law, except for the functions, powers, duties, responsibilities, and authority vested in the Joint Bond Review Committee. (2) Bonded indebtedness issued by the South Carolina Jobs - Economic Development Authority and political subdivisions do not require approval by the Bond Review Authority. The authority and political subdivisions shall submit a report to the Bond Review Authority of any bonds the entity issues. Bonded indebtedness issued pursuant to this item does not constitute nor give rise to a pecuniary liability to the State or a charge against the credit or taxing powers of the State. (C) The authority may employ and organize its staff as it deems most appropriate to carry out the various functions, powers, duties, responsibilities, and authority assigned to it. (D) The authority shall establish criteria, upon consultation with the Joint Bond Review Committee, to apply to the review and approval process." D. Chapter 11, Title 1 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 1- 11-40. (A) For the purposes of this section: (1) 'Economic interest' has the same meaning as provided in Section 8-13-100(11); (2) 'Family member' has the same meaning as provided in Section 8-13-100(15); (3) 'Procurement' has the same meaning as provided in Section 11-35-310(24); (4) 'Public employee' has the same meaning as provided in Section 8-13-100(25); (5) 'Public member' has the same meaning as provided in Section 8-13-100(26).and (6) 'Public official' has the same meaning as provided in Section 8-13-100(27). (B) It is unlawful for a public official, public officer, or public employee who is not directly associated with procurement as provided by law or regulation to attempt to influence a public official, public officer, or public employee who is directly associated with procurement as provided by law or regulation in the exercise of his duties or responsibilities. (C) A person who violates this section is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction, must be fined no more than ten thousand dollars or imprisoned for not more than ten years, or both." E. Section 1-11-440 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 1-11-440. (A) The State must defend the members of the State Budget and Control Board Bond Review Authority and the director of the Department of Administration against a claim or suit that arises out of or by virtue of their performance of official duties on behalf of the board authority or the department and must indemnify these members them for a loss or judgment incurred by them as a result of the claim or suit, without regard to whether the claim or suit is brought against them in their individual or official capacities, or both. The State must defend officers and management employees of the board authority, and legislative employees performing duties for board authority members, and management employees of the department against a claim or suit that arises out of or by virtue of the performance of official duties unless the officer, management employee, or legislative employee was acting in bad faith and must indemnify these officers, management employees, and legislative employees for a loss or judgment incurred by them as a result of such claim or suit, without regard to whether the claim or suit is brought against them in their individual or official capacities, or both. This commitment to defend and indemnify extends to members, officers, the director and management employees of the department, and legislative employees after they have left their employment with the board authority, or the General Assembly, as applicable, or the department, as applicable, if the claim or suit arises out of or by virtue of their performance of official duties on behalf of the board authority or the department. (B) The State must defend the members of the Retirement Systems Investment Panel established pursuant to Section 16, Article X of the Constitution of this State and Section 9-16-310 against a claim or suit that arises out of or by virtue of their performance of official duties on behalf of the panel and must indemnify these members for a loss or judgment incurred by them as a result of the claim or suit, without regard to whether the claim or suit is brought against them in their individual or official capacities, or both. This commitment to defend and indemnify extends to members of the panel after they have left their service with the panel if the claim or suit arises out of or by virtue of their performance of official duties on behalf of the panel." / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, by adding new parts to read: / Part ___ SECTION ___. Section 11-9-820(A), (B), and (C) of the 1976 Code are amended to read: "(A)(1)There is created the Board of Economic Advisors, an independent agency of state government, as follows: (1)(a) One member, appointed by, and serving at the pleasure of, the Governor, who shall serve as chairman and shall receive annual compensation of ten thousand dollars; (2)(b) One member appointed by, and serving at the pleasure of, the Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, who shall receive annual compensation of eight thousand dollars; (3)(c) One member appointed by, and serving at the pleasure of, the Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee of the House of Representatives, who shall receive annual compensation of eight thousand dollars; (4)(d) The Director of the Department of Revenue, who shall serve ex officio, with no voting rights. (2) The board shall unanimously select an executive director who shall serve a four-year term and who may only be removed for malfeasance, misfeasance, incompetency, absenteeism, conflicts of interest, misconduct, persistent neglect of duty in office, or incapacity as found by the board. The executive director shall have the authority and perform the duties prescribed by law and as may be directed by the board. (B) The Chairman of the Board of Economic Advisors shall report directly to the Budget and Control Board the Governor, the Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, and the Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee to establish policy governing economic trend analysis. The Board of Economic Advisors shall provide for its staffing and administrative support from funds appropriated by the General Assembly. (C) The Executive Director of the Budget and Control Board Board of Economic Advisors shall assist the Governor, Chairman of the Board of Economic Advisors, Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, and Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee of the House of Representatives in providing an effective system for compiling and maintaining current and reliable economic data. The Board of Economic Advisors may establish an advisory board to assist in carrying out its duties and responsibilities. All state agencies, departments, institutions and divisions shall provide the information and data the advisory board requires. The Board of Economic Advisors is considered a public body for purposes of the Freedom of Information Act, pursuant to Section 30-4-20(a)." SECTION ___. Sections 11-9-825 and 11-9-830 of the 1976 Code are amended to read: / Section 11-9-825. The staff of the Board of Economic Advisors must be supplemented by the following officials who each shall designate one professional from their individual staffs to assist the BEA staff on a regular basis: the Governor, the Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, the Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, the State Department of Revenue Chairman, and the Director of the Budget Division of the Budget and Control Board. The BEA staff shall meet monthly with these designees in order to solicit their input. / Section 11-9-830. In order to provide a more effective system of providing advice to the Budget and Control Board Governor and the General Assembly on economic trends, the Board of Economic Advisors shall: (1) compile and maintain in a unified, concise, and orderly form information about total revenues and expenditures which involve the funding of state government operations, revenues received by the state which comprise general revenue sources of all receipts to include amounts borrowed, federal grants, earnings, and the various activities accounted for in other funds; (2) continuously review and evaluate total revenues and expenditures to determine the extent to which they meet fiscal plan forecasts/projections; (3) evaluate federal revenues in terms of impact on state programs; (4) compile economic, social, and demographic data for use in the publishing of economic scenarios for incorporation into the development of the state budget; (5) bring to the attention of the Governor and the General Assembly the effectiveness, or lack thereof, of the economic trends and the impact on statewide policies and priorities; (6) establish liaison with the Congressional Budget Office and the Office of Management and Budget at the national level." SECTION ___. Section 1-9-880(C) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "(C) All forecasts, adjusted forecasts, and reports of the Board of Economic Advisors, including the synopsis of the current year's review as required by subsection (B), must be published and reported to the Governor, the members of the Budget and Control Board, the members of the General Assembly, and made available to the news media." SECTION ___. Section 11-9-890(B) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: / (B) If at the end of the first, second, or third quarter of any fiscal year quarterly revenue collections are two percent or more below the amount projected for that quarter by the Board of Economic Advisors, the State Budget and Control Board General Assembly, within seven twenty days of that determination, shall take action to avoid a year-end deficit. If the quarterly revenue projections at the end of the first and second quarter are two percent or less below the amount projected, the President Pro Tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives may call each respective house into session to take action to avoid a year-end deficit. If revenue projections are more than two percent below the amount projected, each house of the General Assembly shall convene in statewide session at twelve noon on the first Tuesday following the announcement of the deficit to take action to avoid a year-end deficit, if not called into session earlier by the President Pro Tempore and the Speaker of the House. Notwithstanding Section 1-11-495, if the State Budget and Control Board If the General Assembly does not take unanimous action within seven fifteen days, the Director of the Office of State Budget must reduce general fund appropriations by the requisite amount in the manner prescribed by law. Upon making the reduction, the Director of the Office of State Budget immediately must notify the State Treasurer and the Comptroller General of the reduction, and upon notification, the appropriations are considered reduced. No agencies, departments, institutions, activity, program, item, special appropriation, or allocation for which the General Assembly has provided funding in any part of this section may be discontinued, deleted, or deferred by the Director of the Office of State Budget. A reduction of rate of expenditure by the Director of the Office of State Budget, under authority of this section, must be applied as uniformly as shall be practicable, except that no reduction must be applied to funds encumbered by a written contract with the agency, department, or institution not connected with state government. / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, beginning on page 7, by striking SECTION 4 in its entirety and inserting: / SECTION 4. Chapter 3, Title 2 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 2-3-250. Effective November 1, 2012, the Office of Precinct Demographics is established under the joint direction and management of the Clerk of the Senate and the Clerk of the House of Representatives as a division of the Legislative Services Agency. The Clerk of the Senate, the Clerk of the House of Representatives, and the executive director of the Budget and Control Board, in consultation with the President Pro Tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives, shall determine the employees, authorized appropriations, and assets and liabilities to be transferred to the Office of Precinct Demographics. The Office Precinct Demographics shall: (1) review existing precinct boundaries and maps for accuracy and develop and rewrite descriptions of precincts for submission to the legislative process; (2) consult with members of the General Assembly or their designees on matters related to precinct construction or discrepancies that may exist or occur in precinct boundary development in the counties they represent; (3) develop a system for originating and maintaining precinct maps and related data for the State; (4) represent the General Assembly at public meetings, meetings with members of the General Assembly, and meetings with other state, county, or local governmental entities on matters related to precincts; (5) assist the appropriate county officials in the drawing of maps and writing of descriptions or precincts preliminary to these maps and descriptions being filed in this office for submission to the United States Department of Justice; (6) coordinate with the Census Bureau in the use of precinct boundaries in constructing census boundaries and the identification of effective uses of precinct and census information for planning purposes; and (7) serve as a focal point for verifying official precinct information for the counties of South Carolina." / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, beginning on page 11 by striking SECTION 5 in its entirety and inserting: / SECTION 5. Chapter 3, Title 2 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 2-3-240. (A) Effective November 1, 2012, the Legislative Fiscal Office is established under the joint direction and management of the Clerk of the Senate and the Clerk of the House of Representatives as a division of the Legislative Services Agency. The following personnel of the State Budget and Control Board are transferred to the Legislative Fiscal Office, organized as recommended by the Clerk of the Senate and the Clerk of the House of Representatives: (1) the employees of the Office of State Budget required to provide fiscal impact statements on proposed legislation and to support the General Assembly's budget writing duties; and (2) the employees of the Office of Research and Statistics required to provide revenue impact statements on proposed legislation and to support the General Assembly's budget writing duties. (B) The Legislative Fiscal Office must support the work of the General Assembly through the provision of data, fiscal impact statements and revenue impact statements, as appropriate, on proposed legislation, forecast of economic conditions pursuant to Section 11-9-880, and support the General Assembly's budget writing duties without regard to political or other considerations beyond technical accuracy and professionalism required to perform the duties of the office. (C) The Clerk of the Senate, the Clerk of the House of Representatives, and the executive director of the Budget and Control Board, in consultation with the Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee and the Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, shall determine the employees, authorized appropriations, and assets and liabilities to be transferred pursuant to items (1), (2), and (3) of subsection (A)." / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, beginning on page 15, by striking PART V, relating to the State Financial Affairs Authority, in its entirety. Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 33, by striking lines 1 - 9 and inserting: / Committee, before any new lease for space is entered into; and requiring prior review by the Joint Bond Review Committee and the requirement of Budget and Control Board departmental approval before the adoption of any new lease that commits more than one million dollars in a five-year period; and (7) requiring prior review by the Joint Bond Review Committee and the requirement of Budget and Control Board departmental approval before the adoption of any new lease that commits more than one million dollars in a five-year period. / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, in Part VI, by striking SECTION 13A in its entirety. Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 32, by striking lines 9 - 12. Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 33, by striking lines 42 and 43, and on page 34, by striking line 1 and 2. Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 34, by striking lines 10 - 20 and inserting: / the State Budget and Control Board Department of Administration. Upon approval of the transaction by the Budget and Control Board, there must be recorded simultaneously with the deed, a certificate of acceptance, which acknowledges the board's department's approval of the transaction. The county recording authority cannot accept for recording any deed not accompanied by a certificate of acceptance. The board department may exempt a governmental body from the provisions of this subsection. / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 35, by striking line 10 and inserting: / Section 1-11-20. / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 35, by striking lines 31 - 33 and inserting: / affected thereby. / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 36, by striking lines 12 - 15 and inserting: / condemnation or otherwise. (2) The State Budget and Control Board Department of Administration shall make use of the / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 37 by striking lines 12 - 20 and inserting: / Department of Administration pursuant to this chapter or another provision of law, the department may require submission and approval of plans and specifications for permanent improvements by a state department, agency, or institution before a contract is awarded for the permanent improvement. (B) The Department of Administration may promulgate regulations necessary to carry out its duties. (C) The respective divisions of the Department of Administration are authorized to provide to / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 43, by striking lines 7 and 8 and inserting: / Section 1-11-335. The respective divisions of the Budget and Control Board Department of Administration are / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 43, by striking lines 35 and 36 and inserting: / the Office Division of the State Chief Information Officer Technology in the Department of Administration (CIO) should / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 46, by striking lines 17 - 19. Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 47, by striking lines 13 - 35 and inserting: / Section 10-1-30. (A) The Director of the Division of General Services of the State Budget and Control Board may authorize the use of the State House lobbies, areas of State House except for those provided in subsection (B), the State House steps and grounds, and other public buildings and grounds except for those provided in subsection (B) in accordance with regulations promulgated by the board department. (B) The Clerk of the Senate and the Clerk of the House of Representatives must provide joint approval for access to or the use of the second and third floors of the State House. The director shall obtain the approval of the Clerk of the Senate before authorizing must provide prior authorization for any access to or use of the Gressette Building and shall obtain the approval of the Clerk of the House of Representatives before authorizing must provide prior authorization for any access to or use of the Blatt Building. (C) The regulations promulgated pursuant to subsection (A) must contain provisions to insure ensure that the public health, safety, and welfare will be are protected in the use of the areas including reasonable time, place, and manner restrictions and application periods before use. If sufficient measures cannot be are not taken to protect the public health, safety, and welfare, the director shall deny the requested use. Other restrictions may be imposed on the use of the areas as are necessary for the conduct of business in those areas and the maintenance of the dignity, decorum, and aesthetics of the areas. / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 54, by striking line 34 and inserting: / exclusive agent for the board department in selecting lands to be leased, / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 56, by striking lines 3 and 4 and inserting: / be construed to abridge the authority of the State Budget and Control Board Department of Administration to grant / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 56, by striking lines 13 - 15 and inserting: / authorized by law or by rules of the House or Senate or of the State Budget and Control Board or the Department of Administration, respectively, when such entry is done for the purpose of uttering / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 56, by striking lines 32 and 33 and inserting: / the State. The department must report annually on the financial status of the Sinking Fund to the General Assembly. / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 57, by striking lines 11 - 13. Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 58, by striking lines 42 and 43 and inserting: / the Governor, and the Budget and Control Board Department of Administration." / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 64, by striking lines 34 and 35 and inserting: / provided by the State Energy Office Department of Administration. / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 68, by striking line 17 and inserting: / be in writing to the board department. In approving such special / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, by striking Part IX in its entirety. Amend the bill further, as and if amended, by adding an appropriately numbered new SECTION to read: / SECTION ___. A. Section 1-6-20(B) of the 1976 Code, as added by A. __ of 2012, R. __, S. 258, is amended to read: "(B) The State Inspector General is responsible for investigating and addressing allegations of fraud, waste, abuse, mismanagement, misconduct, violations of state or federal law, and wrongdoing in agencies and must conduct annual audits of state agencies pursuant to Section 1-6-110." B. Section 1-6-20(D)(3) of the 1976 Code, as added by A. __ of 2012, R. __, S. 258, is amended to read: "(3) is entitled to receive compensation set by the Governor and approved by the Budget and Control Board. C. Chapter 6, Title 1 of the 1976 Code, as added by A. __ of 2012, R. __, S. 258, is amended by adding: "Section 1-6-110. (A)(1) All State agencies and entities supported partially or entirely by public funds are subject to audit by or under the oversight of the State Inspector General, except as otherwise specifically provided by law. The State Inspector General, to the extent practicable and consistent with his overall responsibility, shall audit or cause to be audited each State agency and entity annually. (2) Annually the State Auditor shall audit or cause to be audited the State's basic financial statements prepared by the Comptroller General of South Carolina. (3) Annually the State Auditor shall audit or cause to be audited the compliance of the State of South Carolina with the U. S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-133 Compliance Supplement as applicable to major Federal programs. (4) Audits must be conducted in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America; the standards applicable to financial audits contained in Government Auditing Standards, issued by the Comptroller General of the United States; and OMB Circular A-133, Audits of States, Local Governments, and Nonprofit Organizations. (B) To the extent practicable and consistent with his overall responsibility, the State Inspector General periodically shall audit or cause to be audited the financial records of the county treasurers, municipal treasurers, county clerks of court, magistrates, and municipal courts to report if fines and assessments imposed pursuant to Sections 14-1-205 through 14-1-208 are collected properly and remitted to the State Treasurer. Upon the issuance of an audit report, the State Inspector General immediately shall notify the State Treasurer, Division of Court Administration, and the chief administrator of the affected agency, department, county, or municipality. (C) Reports of audit findings must be available to the Governor, the Department of Administration, General Assembly, and the general public. The State Inspector General shall notify the Governor, the Department of Administration, and the General Assembly immediately upon the issuance of an audit report. (D) In order to carry out his duties, the State Inspector General and his assistants or designees must have access to all records and facilities of every state agency during normal operating hours. The State Inspector General and his assistants or designees shall have access to all relevant records and facilities of a private organization receiving appropriated state monies, relating to the management and expenditures of these state monies, during the organization's normal operating hours. In the performance of his official duties, the State Inspector General and his assistants or designees are subject to the statutory provisions and penalties regarding the confidentiality of records of the agency or organization under review. All audit working papers and memoranda of the State Inspector General, except final audit reports, are confidential and not subject to public disclosure. (E) The State Inspector General shall bill the South Carolina Department of Health and Human Services monthly for fifty percent of the costs incurred by the State Inspector General in conducting the medical assistance audit. The amount billed by the State Inspector General must include those appropriated salary adjustments and employer contributions allowable under the Medicaid program. The Department of Health and Human Services shall remit the amount billed to the credit of the general fund of the State. (F) As required by professional auditing standards, the State Inspector General shall maintain independence in the performance of his authorized duties. Neither the Governor nor an agency or entity of the executive or judicial branches of State government has the authority to limit the scope, direction, or report content of an audit undertaken by the State Inspector General. (G)(1) To preserve the independence and objectivity of the audit function, the State Inspector General or his employees may not serve in any capacity on an administrative board, commission, or other organization that they have the responsibility or authority to audit, and they may not have a material, direct or indirect, financial or other economic interest in the transactions of a state agency. (2) The State Inspector General or a member of his staff may not conduct an audit of a program, activity, or agency for which he had management responsibility or by which he has been employed during the last two years. (H) The State Inspector General may obtain the services of independent public accountants as he considers necessary to carry out his duties and responsibilities. The State Inspector General may use funds appropriated for personal services to contract with private firms, using a request for proposals, to perform audits. (I) Each state agency shall remit to the State Inspector General an amount representing an equitable portion of the expense of contracting with a certified public accounting firm to conduct a portion of the audit of the State's Comprehensive Annual Financial Report prepared by the Comptroller General's Office. Each state agency's equitable portion of the expense must be determined by a schedule developed by the State Inspector General. The remittance must be based upon invoices provided by the State Inspector General upon completion of the annual audit. The audit must be rebid using a request for proposals no less frequently than every five years." D. This SECTION takes effect on July 1, 2012. / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, by striking SECTION 29 in its entirety. Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 92, by striking lines 31 - 43, and on page 93, by striking lines 1 - 7 and inserting: / (C) The Naval Base Museum Authority shall become operative upon the signing of a Memorandum Of Understanding between the RDA and the Hunley Commission. With respect to the Hunley project, the MOU must provide for the Naval Base Museum Authority division of the RDA to undertake and comply with the duties, responsibilities, powers, and functions of the Hunley Commission as specified in Sections 54-7-100 and 54-7-110 of the 1976 Code, and as otherwise provided by law. The Navy Base Museum Authority shall possess and may exercise all powers and authority granted to the Hunley Commission by specific statutory reference in Sections 54-7-100 and 54-7-110. / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, in SECTION 31, page 93, by adding: / "(C) The board of directors also constitute the governing board of the Tobacco Settlement Revenue Management Authority. / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, beginning on page 106 by striking Part XII, relating to the Performance Audit and Effective Date, in its entirety and inserting: / Part ____ Miscellaneous SECTION ___. A. Title 2 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "CHAPTER 79 State Agency Deficit Prevention and Recognition Section 2-79-10. This chapter may be cited as the 'State Agency Deficit Prevention and Recognition Act'. Section 2-79-20. It is the responsibility of each state agency, department, and institution to operate within the limits of appropriations set forth in the annual general appropriations act, appropriation acts, or joint resolution supplemental thereto, and any other approved expenditures of monies. A state agency, department, or institution shall not operate in a manner that results in a year-end deficit except as provided in this chapter. Section 2-79-30. If at the end of each quarterly deficit monitoring review by the Office of State Budget, it is determined by either the Office of State Budget or a state agency, department, or institution that the likelihood of a deficit for the current fiscal year exists, the state agency shall submit to the Office of State Budget and the General Assembly within fourteen days, a plan to eliminate the projected deficit. After submission of the plan, if it is determined that the deficit cannot be eliminated by the state agency, department, or institution on its own, the state agency is required to officially notify the General Assembly within fifteen days of the determination that the state agency is requesting that a deficit be recognized. Section 2-79-40. (A) Upon notification from the state agency, department, or institution, as provided in Section 2-79-30, the General Assembly, by joint resolution, may make a finding that the cause of, or likelihood of, a deficit is unavoidable due to factors which are outside the control of the state agency, department, or institution, and recognize the deficit. Any legislation to recognize a deficit must be in a separate joint resolution enacted for the sole purpose of recognizing the deficit of a particular state agency, department, or institution. A deficit only may be recognized by an affirmative vote of each branch of the General Assembly. (B) If the General Assembly recognizes the deficit, then the actual deficit at the close of the fiscal year must be reduced as necessary from surplus revenues or surplus funds available at the close of the fiscal year in which the deficit occurs and from funds available in the General Reserve Fund and the Capital Reserve Fund, as required by the Constitution of this State. Section 2-79-50. Once a deficit has been recognized by the General Assembly, the state agency, department, or institution shall limit travel and conference attendance to the minimum required to perform its core mission. In addition, the General Assembly, when recognizing a deficit may direct that any pay increases and purchases of equipment and vehicles must be approved by the Office of State Budget. Section 2-79-60. Section 2-79-60. (A)(1) An officer or employee of this State may not: (a) except following the enactment of a joint resolution pursuant to Section 2-79-40, make or authorize an expenditure or obligation exceeding the amount available in an existing state appropriation or existing state fund for the expenditure or obligation; or (b) unless otherwise authorized by law, involve the state government in a contract or obligation for the payment of money before an appropriation to fund the contract or obligation is made. (B)(1) An officer or employee of this State may not employ personal services exceeding that authorized by law except for emergencies involving the safety of human life or the protection of property. (2) As used in this subsection, 'emergencies involving the safety of human life or the protection of property' do not include ongoing, regular functions of state government the suspension of which would not imminently threaten the safety of human life or the protection of property. (C)(1) If an employee of this State covered by the State Employee Grievance Protection Act is determined by his employing authority knowingly and wilfully to have violated a provision of this section, the officer may be suspended with or without pay, as appropriate, and, pending final action pursuant to that act, dismissed, demoted, or otherwise disciplined. (2) If an 'at will' employee or an officer of this State is determined by his employing or appointing authority knowingly and wilfully to have violated a provision of this section, the officer or employee may be dismissed, demoted, or otherwise disciplined. An 'at will' employee subject to a personnel action pursuant to this section is nevertheless entitled to appeal that action to his employing or appointing authority at a hearing at which the officer or employee may be represented by a person of his choosing. The decision of the hearing body or officer is final with respect to the disposition of this personnel action. (D) The provisions of Subsection (C) of this section are in addition to and not in lieu of any other administrative or criminal penalties provided by law for violating similar provisions of law, including, specifically, the criminal penalties provided for violations pursuant to Section 11-1-40." B. Section 1-11-495 of the 1976 Code, as last amended by Act 152 of 2010, is repealed. SECTION ___. Chapter 47 of Title 2 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Chapter 47 Joint Bond Review Committee Section 2-47-10. The General Assembly finds that a need exists for careful planning of permanent improvements and of the utilization of State general obligation and institutional bond authority in order to ensure the continued favorable bond credit rating our State has historically enjoyed. It further finds that the responsibility for proper management of these matters is properly placed upon the General Assembly by our State Constitution legislative and executive branches of government. It is the purpose of this resolution act to further ensure the proper legislative and executive response in the fulfillment of this responsibility. Section 2-47-15. (A) Subject to the conditions and limitations set forth in Article X, Section 13 of the South Carolina Constitution, the General Assembly shall establish annually in a joint resolution monetary limitations for the issuance of State general obligation and institutional bonds for specific categories of bonded indebtedness based on the capability of the State to fulfill such obligations considering current and projected revenues. The State Treasurer shall not initiate incurring of State general obligation and institutional bonds above the limitations established annually by the General Assembly. Unless otherwise specifically accounted for in A. ___ of 2012, R. ___, H. 3066, there is devolved upon the Bond Review Authority all functions, powers, duties, responsibilities, and authority vested in the Budget and Control Board prior to the effective date of this A. ___ of 2012, R. ___, H. 3066 related to the issuance of bonds and bonding authority, generally found in Title 11 of the 1976 Code but also contained in certain other provisions of South Carolina law. The authority shall establish criteria, upon consultation with the Joint Bond Review Committee, to apply to the review and approval process. (B) Bonded indebtedness issued by the South Carolina Jobs - Economic Development Authority and political subdivisions do not require approval by the Bond Review Authority. The South Carolina Jobs - Economic Development Authority and political subdivisions shall submit a report to the Bond Review Authority of any bonds the entity issues. Bonded indebtedness issued pursuant to this subsection does not constitute nor give rise to a pecuniary liability to the State or a charge against the credit or taxing powers of the State. Section 2-47-20. There is hereby created a six member joint committee of the General Assembly to be known as the Joint Bond Review Committee to study and monitor policies and procedures relating to the approval of permanent improvement projects and to the issuance of State general obligation and institutional bonds; to evaluate the effect of current and past policies on the bond credit rating of the State; and provide advisory assistance in the establishment of future capital management policies. Three members shall be appointed from the Senate Finance Committee by the chairman thereof and three from the Ways and Means Committee of the House of Representatives by the chairman of that committee correspond to the terms for which they are elected to the General Assembly. The committee shall elect officers of the committee, but any person so elected may succeed himself if elected to do so. The expenses of the committee shall be paid from approved accounts of both houses. The Legislative Council and all other legislative staff organizations shall provide such assistance as the joint committee may request. Section 2-47-25. In addition to the members provided for by Section 2-47-20, two additional members shall be appointed by the Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee of the House of Representatives from the membership of that body. Two additional members shall be appointed by the Chairman of the Finance Committee of the Senate from the membership of the Senate. Members shall serve the same terms as the members of the committee provided for in Section 2-47-20. Section 2-47-30. The committee is specifically charged with, but not limited to, the following responsibilities: (1) To review, prior to approval by the Budget and Control Board Bond Review Authority, the establishment of any permanent improvement project and the source of funds for any such project not previously authorized specifically by the General Assembly. (2) To study the amount and nature of existing general obligation and institutional bond obligations and the capability of the State to fulfill such obligations based on current and projected revenues. (3) To recommend priorities of future bond issuance based on the social and economic needs of the State. (4) To recommend prudent limitations of bond obligations related to present and future revenue estimates. (5) To consult with independent bond counsel and other nonlegislative authorities on such matters and with fiscal officials of other states to gain in-depth knowledge of capital management and assist in the formulation of short and long-term recommendations for the General Assembly. (6) To carry out all of the above assigned responsibilities in consultation and cooperation with the executive branch of government and the Budget and Control Board Bond Review Authority. (7) To report its findings and recommendations to the General Assembly annually or more frequently if deemed advisable by the committee. Section 2-47-35. No project authorized in whole or in part for capital improvement bond funding under the provisions of Act 1377 of 1968, as amended, may be implemented until funds can be made available and until the Joint Bond Review Committee, in consultation with the Budget and Control Board Bond Review Authority, establishes priorities for the funding of the projects. The Joint Bond Review Committee shall report its priorities to the members of the General Assembly within thirty days of the establishment of the funding priorities. Section 2-47-40. (A) To assist the State Budget and Control Board (the Board) Bond Review Authority and the Joint Bond Review Committee (the Committee) in carrying out their respective responsibilities, any agency or institution requesting or receiving funds from any source for use in the financing of any permanent improvement project, as a minimum, shall provide to the Board authority, in such form and at such times as the Board authority, after review by the Committee, may prescribe: (a)(1) a complete description of the proposed project; (b)(2) a statement of justification for the proposed project; (c)(3) a statement of the purposes and intended uses of the proposed project; (d)(4) the estimated total cost of the proposed project; (e)(5) an estimate of the additional future annual operating costs associated with the proposed project; (f) a statement of the expected impact of the proposed project on the five-year operating plan of the agency or institution proposing the project; (g)(6) a proposed plan of financing the project, specifically identifying funds proposed from sources other than capital improvement bond authorizations; and (h)(7) the specification of the priority of each project among those proposed. (B) All institutions of higher learning shall submit permanent improvement project proposal and justification statements to the Board authority through the Commission on Higher Education which shall forward all such statements and all supporting documentation received to the Board authority together with its comments and recommendations. The recommendations of the Commission on Higher Education, among other things, shall include all of the permanent improvement projects requested by the several institutions listed in the order of priority deemed appropriate by the Commission on Higher Education without regard to the sources of funds proposed for the financing of the projects requested. The Board authority shall forward a copy of each project proposal and justification statement and supporting documentation received together with the Board's authority's recommendations on such projects to the Committee for its review and action. The recommendations of the Commission on Higher Education shall be included in the materials forwarded to the Committee by the Board authority. (C) No provision in this section or elsewhere in this chapter, shall be construed to limit in any manner the prerogatives of the Committee and the General Assembly with regard to recommending or authorizing permanent improvement projects and the funding such projects may require. Section 2-47-50. (A) The board Bond Review Authority shall establish formally each permanent improvement project before actions of any sort which implement the project in any way may be undertaken and no expenditure of any funds for any services or for any other project purpose contracted for, delivered, or otherwise provided prior to the date of the formal action of the board authority to establish the project shall be approved. State agencies and institutions may advertise and interview for project architectural and engineering services for a pending project so long as the architectural and engineering contract is not awarded until after a state project number is assigned. After the committee has reviewed the form to be used to request the establishment of permanent improvement projects and has reviewed the time schedule for considering such requests as proposed by the board authority, requests to establish permanent improvement projects shall be made in such form and at such times as the board authority may require. (B) Any proposal to finance all or any part of any project using any funds not previously authorized specifically for the project by the General Assembly or using any funds not previously approved for the project by the board authority and reviewed by the committee shall be referred to the committee for review prior to approval by the board authority. (C) Any proposed revision of the scope or of the budget of an established permanent improvement project deemed by the board authority to be substantial shall be referred to the committee for its review prior to any final action by the board. In making their determinations regarding changes in project scope, the board authority and the committee shall utilize the permanent improvement project proposal and justification statements, together with any supporting documentation, considered at the time the project was authorized or established originally. Any proposal to increase the budget of a previously approved project using any funds not previously approved for the project by the board authority and reviewed by the committee shall in all cases be deemed to be a substantial revision of a project budget which shall be referred to the committee for review. The committee shall be advised promptly of all actions taken by the board authority which approve revisions in the scope of or the budget of any previously established permanent improvement project not deemed substantial by the board authority. (C) For purposes of this chapter, with regard to all institutions of higher learning, permanent improvement project is defined as: (1) acquisition of land, regardless of cost, with staff level review of the committee and the Budget and Control Board Bond Review Authority, Capital Budget Office, up to two hundred fifty thousand dollars; (2) acquisition, as opposed to the construction, of buildings or other structures, regardless of cost, with staff level review of the committee and the Budget and Control Board Bond Review Authority, Capital Budget Office, up to two hundred fifty thousand dollars; (3) work on existing facilities for any given project including their renovation, repair, maintenance, alteration, or demolition in those instances in which the total cost of all work involved is one million dollars or more; (4) architectural and engineering and other types of planning and design work, regardless of cost, which is intended to result in a permanent improvement project. Master plans and feasibility studies are not permanent improvement projects and are not to be included; (5) capital lease purchase of a facility acquisition or construction in which the total cost is one million dollars or more; (6) equipment that either becomes a permanent fixture of a facility or does not become permanent but is included in the construction contract shall be included as a part of a project in which the total cost is one million dollars or more; and (7) new construction of a facility that exceeds a total cost of five hundred thousand dollars. (D) Any permanent improvement project that meets the above definition must become a project, regardless of the source of funds. However, an institution of higher learning that has been authorized or appropriated capital improvement bond funds, capital reserve funds or state appropriated funds, or state infrastructure bond funds by the General Assembly for capital improvements shall process a permanent improvement project, regardless of the amount. (E) For purposes of establishing permanent improvement projects, Clemson University Public Service Activities (Clemson-PSA) and South Carolina State University Public Service Activities (SC State-PSA) are subject to the provisions of this chapter. Section 2-47-55. (A) All state agencies responsible for providing and maintaining physical facilities are required to submit a Comprehensive Permanent Improvement Plan (CPIP) to the Joint Bond Review Committee and the Budget and Control Board Bond Review Authority. The CPIP must include all of the agency's permanent improvement projects anticipated and proposed over the next five years beginning with the fiscal year starting July 1 after submission. The purpose of the CPIP process is to provide the board authority and the committee with an outline of each agency's permanent improvement activities for the next five years. Agencies must submit a CPIP to the committee and the board authority on or before a date to be determined by the committee and the board authority. The CPIP for each higher education agency, including the technical colleges, must be submitted through the Commission on Higher Education which must review the CPIP and provide its recommendations to the board authority and the committee. The board authority and the committee must approve the CPIP after submission and may develop policies and procedures to implement and accomplish the purposes of this section. (B) The State shall define a permanent improvement only in terms of capital improvements, as defined by generally accepted accounting principles, for reporting purposes to the State. Section 2-47-56. Each state agency and institution may accept gifts-in-kind for architectural and engineering services and construction of a value less than two hundred fifty thousand dollars with the approval of the Commission of Higher Education or its designated staff, the Director of the Division of General Services, and the Joint Bond Review Committee or its designated staff. No other approvals or procedural requirements, including the provisions of Section 11-35-10, may be imposed on the acceptance of such gifts. Section 2-47-60. The Joint Bond Review Committee is hereby authorized and directed to regulate the starting date of the various projects approved for funding through the issuance of state highway bonds so as to ensure that the sources of revenue for debt service on such bonds shall be sufficient during the current fiscal year. Section 2-47-70. (A) To ensure the integrity and the effectiveness of the procurement process, the Joint Bond Review Committee shall receive a monthly report from the Department of Administration identifying each contract newly executed, against which the department expects that at least five million dollars will be expended over the life of the agreement, inclusive of any available extensions or renewals. The department's monthly report must also provide notice of any renewals or extensions approved for such contracts during the relevant period. (B) Each governmental body, as defined in Section 11-35-310, shall, by the fifteenth day of each month, furnish the department with records the department shall require in order to satisfy the reporting requirements established in this section. The department's monthly reports must provide information on contracts executed, extended, or renewed during the period concluding one month prior to the date on which the report is transmitted to the Joint Bond Review Committee. (C) The Joint Bond Review Committee may also, when deemed necessary, refer matters to the Legislative Audit Council or other appropriate investigative or prosecutorial entities for further review. Whenever the Joint Bond Review Committee identifies deficiencies in procurement policies or procedures, the committee shall notify and make recommendations to the Director of the Department of Administration. Section 2-47-80. (A) To ensure the integrity and the effectiveness of the Insurance Reserve Fund, the Joint Bond Review Committee shall receive a monthly report from the Department of Administration. The department's monthly reports must provide information concerning each policy issued, the premiums collected, each claim paid, attorney fees, and financial management data during the period concluding one month prior to the date on which the report is transmitted to the Joint Bond Review Committee. (B) The Joint Bond Review Committee may also, when deemed necessary, refer matters to the Legislative Audit Council or other appropriate investigative or prosecutorial entities for further review. Whenever the Joint Bond Review Committee identifies deficiencies in Insurance Reserve Fund policies or procedures, the committee shall notify and make recommendations to the Director of the Department of Administration." SECTION ___. Section 2-15-50(b)(2) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "(2) the effectiveness of organizations, programs, activities or functions; and whether these organization, programs, activities, or functions should be continued, revised, or eliminated;" SECTION ___. Chapter 17, Title 60 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "CHAPTER 17. SOUTH CAROLINA CONFEDERATE RELIC ROOM AND MILITARY MUSEUM COMMISSION Section 60-17-10. (A) Effective January 1, 2013, the South Carolina Confederate Relic Room and Military Museum Commission is established and must be composed of nine voting members who shall be appointed for terms of four years and until their successors are appointed and qualify, except as specified in Subsection (B) for initial terms. The members of the board shall be appointed as follows: (1) three members appointed by the Governor; (2) two members appointed by the President Pro Tempore of the Senate; (3) one member appointed by the President Pro Tempore of the Senate upon the recommendation of the South Carolina Division Commander of the Sons of Confederate Veterans; (4) two members appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives; and (5) one member appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives upon the recommendation of the President of the South Carolina Division of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. (B) Initially, in order to stagger terms: (1) one member appointed by the Governor shall serve a term of one year; (2) one member appointed by the Governor shall serve a term of two years; (3) one member appointed by the Governor shall serve for three years; (4) one member appointed by the President Pro Tempore of the Senate shall serve for one year' (5) one member appointed by the President Pro Tempore of the Senate shall serve for two years; (6) one member appointed by the President Pro Tempore of the Senate shall serve for three years; (7) one member appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall serve for one year; (8) one member appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall serve for two years; and (9) one member appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall serve for three years. At the expiration of these initial terms, successors must be appointed for terms of four years. Section 60-17-20. (A) The South Carolina Confederate Relic Room and Military Museum is authorized to supplement its state appropriations by receiving donations of funds and artifacts and admission fees and to expend these donations and fees to support its operations and for the acquisition, restoration, preservation, and display of its collection. (B) The South Carolina Confederate Relic Room and Military Museum is authorized to collect, retain, and expend fees from research and photographic processing requests and from the sale of promotional items. Section 60-17-30. No artifacts owned by the State in the permanent collections of the South Carolina Confederate Relic Room and Military Museum may be permanently removed or disposed of except by a Concurrent Resolution of the General Assembly. Section 60-17-40. The Director of the South Carolina Confederate Relic Room and Military Museum must be selected by the South Carolina Confederate Relic Room and Military Museum Commission after consultation with the South Carolina Division Commander of the Sons of the Confederate Veterans and the President of the South Carolina Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. The director shall serve at the pleasure of the commission." B. Article 7, Chapter 11, Title 1 is repealed. Part ___ Performance Audit and Effective Date SECTION ___. (A) All functions, powers, duties, responsibilities, and authority vested in the Budget and Control Board, including board officials and board programs, prior to the effective date of this act that are not otherwise specifically accounted for in this act are devolved upon the Department of Administration along with funding, staff, facilities, and other items necessary to carry out the devolved functions, powers, duties, responsibilities or authority. The code commissioner is directed to make appropriate changes in the South Carolina Code to reflect this devolution. The code commissioner is directed to make appropriate conforming changes in the South Carolina Code to reflect this devolution and report the changes made to the General Assembly. (B) Unless otherwise specifically accounted for in this act, there is devolved upon the Department of Administration all functions, powers, duties, responsibilities, and authority vested in the Budget and Control Board prior to the effective date of this act related to the issuance of bonds and bonding authority, generally found in Title 11 of the 1976 Code but also contained in certain other provisions of South Carolina law. The code commissioner is directed to make appropriate conforming changes in the South Carolina Code to reflect this devolution. (C) All functions, powers, duties, responsibilities, and authority vested in the Budget and Control Board prior to the effective date of this act relating to the Employee Insurance Program and the Retirement Division that are not otherwise specifically accounted for in this act are devolved upon the Public Employee Benefits Agency along with funding, staff, facilities, and other items necessary to carry out the devolved functions, powers, duties, responsibilities, or authority. The code commissioner is directed to make appropriate conforming changes in the South Carolina Code to reflect this devolution. (D) The name of the Office Legislative Printing, Information and Technology Systems is changed to the Legislative Services Agency. References in the 1976 Code to the "Office of Legislative Printing, Information and Technology Systems" or "LPITS" mean the "Legislative Services Agency" or "LSA", as appropriate. The Code Commissioner is directed to change references in the 1976 Code to conform to this name change, and such changes must be included in the next printing of replacement volumes of or cumulative supplements to the 1976 Code. (E) All functions, powers, duties, responsibilities, and authority related to the preparation of estimated revenue impact statements, fiscal impact statements, financial impact statements, or other similar impact statements required by law to be produced in conjunction with certain legislation that are vested in the Board of Economic Advisors, the State Budget Division of the State Budget and Control Board, the Division of Research and Statistical Services, the Office of State Budget, or any other agency, division, office, board, or other instrumentality of state government that are not otherwise specifically accounted for in this act are devolved upon the Legislative Fiscal Office along with funding, staff, facilities, and other items necessary to carry out the devolved functions, powers, duties, responsibilities, or authority. The code commission is directed to make appropriate conforming changes in the South Carolina Code to reflect this devolution. SECTION ___. The State Budget and Control Board, as constituted in Chapter 11, Title 1 of the 1976 Code, is abolished (1) upon the completion of the Executive Director of the Budget and Control Board completing all necessary actions to accomplish the transfers of functions, powers, duties, responsibilities, and authority in accordance with this act, state laws, and regulations, (2) after the Memorandum of Agreement required by SECTION 4 of this act is executed, and (3) upon the transfer of the Employee Insurance Program and the Retirement Division to the Public Employee Benefit Agency. The employees, authorized appropriations, and assets and liabilities of the transferred offices are also transferred to and become part of the agency, department, or institution to which the transfer was made. All classified or unclassified personnel employed by these offices on the effective date of this act, either by contract or by employment at will, shall become employees of the agency, department or institution to which the transfer was made, with the same compensation, classification, and grade level, as applicable. SECTION ___. References in the 1976 Code to the "Budget and Control Board", or the "board", that refer to functions, powers, duties, responsibilities, and authority vested in the Budget and Control Board prior to the effective date of this act related to the issuance of bonds and bonding authority, generally found in Title 11 of the 1976 Code but also contained in certain other provisions of South Carolina law, mean the "Bond Review Authority" or "authority", as appropriate. The Code Commissioner shall change references in the 1976 Code to conform to this act, and such changes must be included in the next printing of replacement volumes or cumulative supplements. SECTION ___. Section 11-35-4410, Section 11-35-4420, Section 1-11-90, and Section 11-49-40(A) of the 1976 Code are repealed. SECTION ___. Chapter 7, Title 11 of the 1976 Code is repealed. SECTION ___. During the year 2018, the Legislative Audit Council shall conduct a performance review of the provisions of this act to determine its effectiveness and achievements with regard to the more efficient performance of the functions and duties of the various agencies provided for herein and the cost savings and benefits to the State. SECTION ___. On or before September 1, 2012, the Code Commissioner shall prepare and deliver a report to the President Pro Tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives of all code references and cross-references which he considers in need of correction or modification insofar as the 1976 Code has been affected by this act. SECTION ___. Unless otherwise provided, this act takes effect July 1, 2012. The General Assembly shall undertake a joint oversight review investigation of the Department of Administration during the department's fifth year of operation. / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator SHEHEEN explained the amendment. Expression of Personal Interest Senator RANKIN rose for an Expression of Personal Interest. On motion of Senator LARRY MARTIN, debate was interrupted by adjournment. On motion of Senator McGILL, with unanimous consent, the Senate stood adjourned out of respect to the memory of Mrs. Alma Smith Fulton of Kingstree, S.C. She was the beloved wife of Raymond Fulton and was employed with Baxter Laboratory for 28 years.	2014-03-11T16:02:40	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2881767153739929, "perplexity": 7292.995335646426}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011220528/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305092020-00099-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://scaron.info/robotics/capture-point.html	# Capture point The capture point is a characteristic point of the linear inverted pendulum model. It was coined by Pratt et al. (2006) to address a question of push recovery: where should the robot step (instantaneously) to eliminate linear momentum $$m \bfpd_G$$ and come (asymptotically) to a stop? ## Derivation Let us start from the equation of motion of the system: \begin{equation} \bfpdd_G = \omega^2 (\bfp_G - \bfp_Z) \end{equation} We assume that the robot steps instantly at time $$t=0$$ and maintains its ZMP at a constant location in its new foothold, so that $$\bfp_Z$$ is stationary. Given that the natural frequency $$\omega$$ of the pendulum is also a constant, we can solve this second-order linear differential equation as: \begin{equation} \bfp_G(t) = \displaystyle \bfp_Z + \frac{e^{\omega t}}{2} \left[\bfp_G(0) + \frac{\bfpd_G(0)}{\omega} - \bfp_Z\right] + \frac{e^{-\omega t}}{2} \left[\bfp_G(0) - \frac{\bfpd_G(0)}{\omega} - \bfp_Z\right] \end{equation} This function is the sum of a stationary term $$\bfp_Z$$, a convergent term factored by $$e^{-\omega t}$$ that vanishes as $$t \to \infty$$, and a term factored by $$e^{\omega t}$$ that diverges as $$t \to \infty$$. Let us define the capture point as: \begin{equation} \bfp_C \defeq \bfp_G + \frac{\bfpd_G}{\omega} \end{equation} The divergent term in $$\bfp_G(t)$$ is then $$e^{\omega t}/2 (\bfp_C(0) - \bfp_Z)$$. In particular, the only way for the center of mass trajectory to be bounded is for the stationary ZMP to be equal to the instantaneous capture point: \begin{equation} \bfp_Z = \bfp_C(0) \ \Longrightarrow \ \bfp_G(t) \underset{t \to \infty}{\longrightarrow} \bfp_C(0) \end{equation} We can thus interpret the capture point as a point where the robot should step (shift its ZMP) in order to come (asymptotically) to a stop. ## Discussion The capture point is a divergent component of motion of the linear inverted pendulum. Shifting the ZMP to the capture point prevents divergence from the unstable dynamics of the model, but does not control the other (stable) component. In effect, the system comes to a stop following its natural dynamics: \begin{equation} \bfpd_G = \omega (\bfp_C - \bfp_G) \end{equation} This phenomenon is noticable in balance controllers based on capture point feedback such as Englsberger et al. (2011) and Morisawa et al. (2012). Take the robot standing, push it in a given direction and sustain your push, then suddenly release it: the robot will come back to its reference standing position following its natural dynamics (which only depend on $$\omega$$, i.e. gravity and the height of the center of mass), regardless of the values of the various feedback gains used in the balance controller. You can for instance test this behavior in dynamic simulations with the lipm_walking_controller. This behavior highlights how balance controllers based on capture-point feedback are not trying to come to a stop as fast as possible. Rather, they focus on preventing divergence, and leverage passive dynamics to absorb undesired linear momentum. When using linear feedback, Sugihara (2009) showed that this approach maximizes the basin of attraction of the resulting controller. ## Boundedness condition The derivation above can be generalized to the case where $$\bfp_Z(t)$$ is time-varying rather than time-invariant. Consider the equation of motion split as follows into divergent and convergent components: \begin{equation} \begin{array}{rcl} \bfpd_C & = & \omega (\bfp_C - \bfp_Z) \\ \bfpd_G & = & \omega (\bfp_C - \bfp_G) \end{array} \end{equation} The capture point diverges away from the ZMP while the center of mass is attracted to the capture point: As the center-of-mass dynamics are convergent, the system diverges if and only if its capture point diverges. We can therefore focus on the capture point dynamics alone. The solution to a first-order linear time-varying differential equation is: \begin{equation} \dot{\bfy}(t) - a(t) \bfy(t) = \bfb(t) \ \Longrightarrow \ \bfy(t) = e^{A(t)} \left(\bfy(0) + \int_{\tau=0}^t \bfb(\tau) e^{-A(\tau)} {\rm d} \tau \right) \end{equation} where $$A$$ is the antiderivative of $$a$$ such that $$A(0)=0$$. Applied to capture point dynamics, this formula becomes: \begin{equation} \bfp_C(t) = e^{\omega t} \left(\bfp_C(0) - \omega \int_{\tau=0}^t \bfp_Z(t) e^{-\omega \tau} {\rm d}\tau\right) \end{equation} We can check how, in the previous case where $$\bfp_Z$$ is stationary, this formula becomes: \begin{equation} \bfp_C(t) = \bfp_Z + e^{\omega t} (\bfp_C(0) - \bfp_Z) \end{equation} The capture point trajectory is then bounded if and only if $$\bfp_Z = \bfp_C(0)$$, which is indeed the result we obtained above. In the general case, the capture point stays bounded if and only if: \begin{equation} \bfp_C(0) = \omega \int_{\tau=0}^t \bfp_Z(t) e^{-\omega \tau} {\rm d}\tau \end{equation} This condition was coined boundedness condition by Lanari et al. (2014). It relates future system inputs to the present state, and characterizes the subset of these inputs that will actually stabilize the system in the long run. The boundedness condition is, for instance, a core component of the walking pattern generator from Scianca et al. (2019). It can also be applied to more general reduced models such as the variable-height inverted pendulum. ## To go further The notion of divergent component of motion behind the capture point reaches beyond the linear inverted pendulum model. Check it out for extensions to more advanced balance control. © Stéphane Caron — Pages of this website are under the Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license.	2021-07-31T03:37:12	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8713248372077942, "perplexity": 1488.5907191569215}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154042.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731011529-20210731041529-00045.warc.gz"}
https://www.wipp.energy.gov/library/CRA/2009_CRA/CRA/Section_53/Section_53.htm	Title 40 CFR Part 191 Subparts B and C Compliance Recertification Application for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Consideration of Underground Sources of Drinking Water (40 CFR § 194.53) United States Department of Energy Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Consideration of Underground Sources of Drinking Water (40 CFR § 194.53) Acronyms and Abbreviations CARD Compliance Application Review Document CCA Compliance Certification Application CRA Compliance Recertification Application DOE U.S. Department of Energy EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency gpm gallons per minute l liters MCL maximum contamination level mg/L milligrams per liter ppm parts per million TDS total dissolved solids USDW Underground Source of Drinking Water WIPP Waste Isolation Pilot Plant 53.0 Consideration of Underground Sources of Drinking Water (40 CFR § 194.53) 53.1 Requirements §194.53 Consideration of Underground Sources of Drinking Water In compliance assessments that analyze compliance with part 191, subpart C of this chapter, all underground sources of drinking water in the accessible environment that are expected to be affected by the disposal system over the regulatory time frame shall be considered. In determining whether underground sources of drinking water are expected to be affected by the disposal system, underground interconnections among bodies of surface water, groundwater, and underground sources of drinking water shall be considered. 53.2 Background 40 CFR § 194.53 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1996) requires the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to consider, in compliance assessments, underground sources of drinking water (USDWs) near the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) and their interconnections. A USDW is defined in 40 CFR §191.22 (2000) as “an aquifer or its portion that supplies a public water system, or contains a sufficient quantity of ground water to do so and (i) currently supplies drinking water for human consumption or (ii) contains fewer than 10,000 milligrams per liter (mg/L) of total dissolved solids.” The groundwater protection requirements limit releases to the maximum contamination level (MCL) established in the Safe Drinking Water Act Regulations at 40 CFR Part 141 (2003) as they existed on January 19, 1994. 53.3 1998 Certification Decision The Compliance Certification Application (CCA) (U.S. Department of Energy 1996), Chapter 8.0, discusses the assumptions and approaches used to consider USDWs and the uncertainty associated with the analyses. The DOE provided detailed information on the location and nature of the USDWs, indicated the estimated concentrations of radionuclides in a hypothetical USDW in the accessible environment, and showed that the MCLs for radionuclides will not be exceeded during the regulatory time period. In the CCA, the DOE presented an evaluation of the USDWs near the WIPP that could potentially be affected by the disposal system over the regulatory time frame. This information was included in the CCA, Chapter 8.0, Section 8.2, and Appendix USDW, Section USDW.3. Based on the definitions in section 191.22, the DOE identified three subcriteria to determine whether a water-bearing horizon located within the WIPP-controlled area would qualify as a USDW: 1. A minimum pumping rate of five gallons per minute (gpm) 2. A supply of water at a rate of five gpm for a 40-year period 3. A maximum of 10,000 mg/L (10,000 parts per million [ppm]) of total dissolved solids (TDS) These requirements characterize the capacity and quality of a public water system. A public water system is defined in section 191.22 as a system providing piped water for human consumption to 25 individuals, or one that has at least 15 service connections. Applying these criteria, the DOE identified the Culebra Dolomite Member of the Rustler Formation (hereafter referred to as Culebra), the Dewey Lake Formation, and the Santa Rosa Formation as potential USDWs. The DOE conducted a bounding analysis of the contaminants’ concentrations to assess compliance with 40 CFR Part 191 Subpart C. In this analysis, the DOE assumed 10,000 ppm TDS, which is much less than the observed concentration of brine derived from the Salado anhydrite marker beds. A USDW was also assumed to be present at and beyond the WIPP Land Withdrawal Boundary. The DOE indicated in the CCA, Chapter 8.0, Section 8.3, that the bounding analysis showed that the resulting radionuclide concentrations in the USDWs would be less than half the maximum limit specified in Part 141 (the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s [EPA’s] National Primary Drinking Water Standards), and the dose to a receptor drinking from the USDW would be a factor of 10 less than the individual protection standard. The DOE believed the assumption that all contaminants reaching the accessible environment are directly available to the receptor is not realistic but conservative, because this results in overestimating potential doses to an individual. The DOE’s findings indicated that even with this conservative approach, the estimated potential dose to an individual was below the Part 191 requirements. The CCA analysis also assumed that all contaminants reaching the accessible environment were directly available to the receptor so that the interconnections of surface, ground, and underground drinking water were all considered and treated as a single source. The EPA examined the DOE’s approach and assumptions associated with the USDW determination in the CCA. The EPA found the analyses to be well supported and accurate, including the uncertainty associated with these analyses. In addition, the EPA assessed all possible aquifers to determine how USDWs were identified and discussed in the CCA. The EPA also examined whether the flow rates and directions were included in the description. The modeling assumptions and specifications for the bounding analysis were examined to assess reliability and assurance of safety. The EPA reviewed the estimated concentrations of radionuclides to determine if they complied with the groundwater protection standard (see the CCA Compliance Application Review Document [CARD] 53, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1998, for details of the EPA’s CCA review). The EPA found that the DOE’s determination of the USDWs was in accordance with definitions contained in section 191.22 and with the compliance criteria in section 194.53. The bounding analysis was performed with conservative assumptions for a hypothetical USDW to estimate contamination and potential doses to a receptor. A complete description of the EPA’s 1998 Certification Decision for section 194.53 is provided in EPA CARD 53 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1998). 53.4 Changes in the CRA-2004 In the 2004 Compliance Recertification Application (CRA-2004) (U.S. Department of Energy 2004), Chapter 8.0, the DOE updated some aspects of the USDW analysis. The DOE updated the data for groundwater quantity determination to define a USDW. In the CCA, the DOE used 1990 census data to determine the average water usage per person per day of 282 gallons (1067 L). In the CRA-2004, the DOE used 2000 census data to determine that the average water usage per person per day had increased to 305 gallons (1154 L). The DOE did not believe it was necessary to change the subcriterion of a 5 gpm rate of production from a well to define a USDW (see the CRA-2004, Chapter 8.0, Section 8.2.1.1). The DOE monitored and evaluated new wells drilled in the area since the completion of the CCA. A new well, C-2737, was drilled to replace H-1 in 2001. Water sampled from the Dewey Lake Formation showed 2,590 ppm TDS. Additional wells were drilled at the WIPP site to investigate the extent of groundwater at the contact of the Santa Rosa and Dewey Lake Formations. The groundwater samples indicate TDS at both below and above 10,000 ppm TDS. The DOE was unable to pump water from any one of these boreholes at a rate of 5 gpm or more. The updates and changes made by the DOE in the CRA-2004 did not significantly impact the conclusions regarding USDWs in the CCA. In the CRA-2004, the DOE continued to identify the Culebra, Dewey Lake, and Santa Rosa as the only potential USDWs. The DOE stated that the conservative bounding analysis used for the 1998 Certification Decision compliance assessment was still applicable (see the CRA-2004, Chapter 8.0, Section 8.2.1.1). 53.5 EPA’s Evaluation of Compliance for the 2004 Recertification The EPA evaluated the information on the USDWs contained in the CRA-2004, Chapter 8.0 and examined data from the new wells drilled within the study area since the 1998 Certification Decision. The EPA determined that the DOE applied adequately conservative assumptions to the data for a hypothetical USDW to determine compliance with section 194.53. Because of the lack of significant changes to the parameters for the protected individual, the potential exposure pathways, and the USDWs, the EPA agreed that the bounding analysis performed for the dose calculation in the CCA still applied. See CRA-2004 CARD 55 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2006) for more information on the results of the compliance assessment. The EPA received no public comments on the DOE’s continued compliance with the consideration of USDW requirements in section 194.53. Based on a review and evaluation of the CRA-2004 and supplemental information provided by the DOE, the EPA determined that the DOE continued to comply with the requirements of section 194.53. 53.6 Changes or New Information Since the 2004 Recertification In support of the CRA-2009, the DOE has reviewed and updated information provided in the CCA and the CRA-2004, Chapter 8.0, Individual and Groundwater Protection Requirements. The updated material is provided as Appendix IGP-2009. Changes or new information pertaining to the update are as follows: 1. Updated information regarding average household water consumption in communities near the WIPP has been obtained from the New Mexico Office of the State Engineer to assess the continued appropriateness of criteria for making USDW determinations. The updated information is included in Appendix IGP-2009, Section IGP-3.1.1. A review of these new data indicates that no change in the criteria for making USDW determinations is warranted. 2. Several new boreholes have been drilled near the WIPP since the CRA-2004. These include wells to further characterize flow characteristics in the Culebra and to better understand shallow groundwater flow near the WIPP salt storage piles. Detail regarding these new wells is included in Appendix IGP-2009, Section IGP-3.2. Data from these wells indicate that no changes to the previous USDW determinations are warranted. 3. Based on the review of available data in support of the CRA-2009, the DOE concludes that no modification of the USDW determinations reported in the CCA, Chapter 8.0 and Appendix USDW is warranted (see Appendix IGP-2009, Section IGP-3.2). The DOE continues to conclude that USDWs are present in the Culebra, and potential USDWs are present in the Dewey Lake and the Santa Rosa. Based on this, the DOE concludes that all USDWs in the accessible environment expected to be affected by the disposal system over the regulatory time frame have been considered. In addition, the DOE approach ensures that underground interconnections among bodies of surface water, groundwater, and USDWs are considered. Based on these considerations, the DOE believes that continued compliance with the provisions of section 194.53 is demonstrated. 53.7 References U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). 1996. Title 40 CFR Part 191 Compliance Certification Application for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (October). 21 vols. DOE/CAO 1996-2184. Carlsbad, NM: Carlsbad Area Office. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). 2004. Title 40 CFR Part 191 Compliance Recertification Application for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (March). 10 vols. DOE/WIPP 2004-3231. Carlsbad, NM: Carlsbad Field Office. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1996. “40 CFR Part 194: Criteria for the Certification and Recertification of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant’s Compliance with the 40 CFR Part 191 Disposal Regulations; Final Rule.” Federal Register, vol. 61 (February 9, 1996): 5223–45. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1998. “CARD No. 53: Consideration of Underground Sources of Drinking Water.” Compliance Application Review Documents for the Criteria for the Certification and Recertification of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant’s Compliance with the 40 CFR 191 Disposal Regulations: Final Certification Decision (May) (pp. 53-1 through 53-6). Washington, DC: Office of Radiation and Indoor Air. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2006. “Recertification CARD No. 55: Results of Compliance Assessments.” Compliance Application Review Documents for the Criteria for the Certification and Recertification of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant’s Compliance with the 40 CFR Part 191 Disposal Regulations: Final Recertification Decision (March) (pp. 55-1 through 55-6). Washington, DC: Office of Radiation and Indoor Air...\..\references\Others\EPA_CRA_CARD_55.pdf	2022-10-01T05:56:56	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8007473945617676, "perplexity": 6118.517564351119}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335530.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001035148-20221001065148-00051.warc.gz"}
https://www.zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Acharnes.abraham	# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics ## Charnes, Abraham Compute Distance To: Author ID: charnes.abraham Published as: Charnes, A.; Charnes, Abraham External Links: MGP · Wikidata · dblp · GND Documents Indexed: 191 Publications since 1951, including 6 Books Biographic References: 5 Publications all top 5 #### Co-Authors 7 single-authored 74 Cooper, William Wager 20 Kortanek, Kenneth O. 15 Kirby, Michael J. L. 13 Ben-Israel, Adi 10 Seiford, Lawrence M. 9 Raike, William M. 8 Granot, Daniel 8 Granot, Frieda 8 Rousseau, John J. 7 Ben-Tal, Aharon 7 Huang, Zhimin 6 Brockett, Patrick L. 6 Neralić, Luka 6 Semple, John H. 5 Duffuaa, Salih O. 5 Golany, Boaz 5 Song, Tiantai 4 Armstrong, Ronald D. 4 Klingman, Darwin D. 4 Lewin, Arie Y. 4 Niehaus, R. J. 4 Thompson, Gerald L. 3 Ali, Imran 3 Banker, Rajiv D. 3 Learner, D. B. 3 Miller, Merton H. 3 Phillips, Fred Y. 3 Schinnar, Arie P. 3 Stutz, J. D. 3 Sun, D. Bruce 3 Wei, Quanling 3 Yu, Peilong 2 Bergstresser, K. 2 Devoe, J. K. 2 Gribik, Paul R. 2 Haksever, Cengiz 2 Kress, Moshe 2 Lemke, C. E. 2 Paick, Kwang H. 2 Rhodes, Ed 2 Robers, P. D. 2 Ryan, Malcolm 2 Stedry, Andrew C. 2 Teboulle, Marc 2 Walters, A. S. 2 Zlobec, Sanjo 1 Barzilai, A. 1 Bres, E. 1 Chang, Yuanchen 1 Clarke, Raymond 1 Clower, R. W. 1 Cole Eckels, D. 1 Drèze, Jacques H. 1 Eisner, Mark J. 1 Farr, Donald 1 Frome, Edward L. 1 Gallegos, Armando 1 García, Catalina B. 1 Glover, Fred W. 1 Godfrey, James P. 1 Gong, Liutang 1 Granet, P. 1 Haag, Stefan 1 Haynes, Kingsley E. 1 Hazleton, Jared E. 1 Henderson, Alexander 1 Hitt, S. 1 Hurter, Arthur P. jun. 1 Intriligator, Michael D. 1 Jaska, P. 1 Karwan, Kirk R. 1 Keane, Mark 1 Kirby, J. L. 1 Learner, David 1 Levy, David M. 1 Lewis, Kenneth A. 1 Li, Hongyu 1 Littlechild, S. C. 1 Lovegren, V. 1 Lyders, R. 1 Lynn, W. R. 1 Masters, Joseph D. 1 Mellon, B. 1 Osterle, Fletcher 1 Russell, K. Peter 1 Ryan, Michael J. 1 Saibel, Edward A. 1 Schoeman, M. S. 1 Schroeder, Roger G. 1 Sears, Michael 1 Sorensen, Stephen E. 1 Sun, Le 1 Terleckyj, N. E. 1 Thomas, David A. 1 Thrall, Robert McDowell 1 Wallace, William Alan 1 Wolfe, Matthew 1 Yafi, A. 1 Zhang, Dai 1 Zienkiewicz, Olgierd Cecil all top 5 #### Serials 14 Operations Research 11 Management Science 10 European Journal of Operational Research 10 Naval Research Logistics Quarterly 9 International Journal of Systems Science 9 Cahiers du Centre d’Études de Recherche Opérationnelle 8 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 6 Econometrica 6 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 6 Management Science. Ser. A, Theory Series 5 Glasnik Matematički. Serija III 4 Journal of Information & Optimization Sciences 4 Zeitschrift für Operations Research. Serie A: Theorie 3 International Journal of Game Theory 3 Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 3 Operations Research Letters 3 Optimization 3 Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Serie Ottava. Rendiconti. Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali 3 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 3 Management Science. Ser. B, Application Series 2 IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 2 Teoriya Veroyatnosteĭ i eë Primeneniya 2 Journal of the American Statistical Association 2 Journal of Econometrics 2 Annals of Operations Research 2 Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences 1 Discrete Applied Mathematics 1 Discrete Mathematics 1 Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics 1 Aplikace Matematiky 1 The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 1 Bulletin of the Calcutta Mathematical Society 1 INFOR. 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Serie 1 Journal of Mathematics and Physics 1 Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 1 Methods of Operations Research all top 5 #### Fields 110 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 51 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 12 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 8 Statistics (62-XX) 5 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 4 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 4 Computer science (68-XX) 3 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 3 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 2 Real functions (26-XX) 2 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 2 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 2 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 1 Number theory (11-XX) 1 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 1 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) #### Citations contained in zbMATH Open 166 Publications have been cited 5,914 times in 3,511 Documents Cited by Year Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. Zbl 0416.90080 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Rhodes, E. 1978 Some models for estimating technical and scale inefficiencies in data envelopment analysis. Zbl 0552.90055 Banker, R. D.; Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W. 1984 Programming with linear fractional functionals. Zbl 0127.36901 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. 1962 Management models and industrial applications of linear programming. Vol. I, II. Zbl 0107.37004 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W. 1961 Chance-constrained programming. Zbl 0995.90600 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W. 1959 Foundations of data envelopment analysis for Pareto-Koopmans efficient empirical production functions. Zbl 0582.90007 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Golany, B.; Seiford, L.; Stutz, J. 1985 Deterministic equivalents for optimizing and satisfying under chance constraints. Zbl 0117.15403 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W. 1963 Goal programming and multiple objective optimizations. Part I. Zbl 0375.90079 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W. 1977 Optimal estimation of executive compensation by linear programming. Zbl 0995.90590 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W. 1955 Polyhedral cone-ratio DEA models with an illustrative application to large commercials banks. Zbl 0712.90015 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Huang, Z. M.; Sun, D. B. 1990 Data envelopment analysis: theory, methodology and applications. Based on a conference on new uses of DEA in management and public policy, Austin, TX, USA, September 27–29, 1989. Zbl 0858.00049 Charnes, Abraham (ed.); Cooper, William W. (ed.); Lewin, Arie Y. (ed.); Seiford, Lawrence M. (ed.) 1994 Cone ratio data envelopment analysis and multiobjective programming. Zbl 0678.90083 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Wei, Q. L.; Huang, Z. M. 1989 Contributions to the theory of generalized inverses. Zbl 0116.32202 Ben-Israel, A.; Charnes, A. 1963 Measuring the efficiency of decision-making units. Correction. Zbl 0425.90086 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Rhodes, E. 1979 Optimality and degeneracy in linear programming. Zbl 0049.37903 Charnes, A. 1952 Duality in semi-infinite programs and some works of Haar and Carathéodory. Zbl 0995.90615 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Kortanek, K. 1963 On representations of semi-infinite programs which have no duality gaps. Zbl 0143.42304 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Kortanek, K. 1965 Classifying and characterizing efficiencies and inefficiencies in data development analysis. Zbl 0605.90082 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Thrall, R. M. 1986 Chance constraints and normal deviates. Zbl 0158.38304 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W. 1962 Duality, Haar programs, and finite sequence spaces. Zbl 0105.12804 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Kortanek, K. 1962 Sensitivity analysis of the additive model in data envelopment analysis. Zbl 0724.90001 Charnes, A.; Neralić, L. 1990 Sensitivity of efficiency classifications in the additive model of data envelopment analysis. Zbl 0749.90002 Charnes, A.; Haag, S.; Jaska, P.; Semple, J. 1992 Invariant multiplicative efficiency and piecewise Cobb-Douglas envelopments. Zbl 0521.90066 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Seiford, L.; Stutz, J. 1983 Critical path analyses via chance constrained and stochastic programming. Zbl 0125.09602 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Thompson, G. L. 1964 An introduction to linear programming. Zbl 0050.36806 Charnes, Abraham; Cooper, William Wager; Henderson, Alexander 1953 On the theory of semi-infinite programming and a generalization of the Kuhn-Tucker saddle point theorem for arbitrary convex functions. Zbl 0169.22201 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Kortanek, K. O. 1969 The stepping stone method of explaining linear programming calculations in transportation problems. Zbl 0995.90512 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W. 1954 Duality and asymptotic solvability over cones. Zbl 0187.17504 Ben-Israel, A.; Charnes, A.; Kortanek, K. O. 1969 An explicit solution of a special class of linear programming problems. Zbl 0165.53901 Ben-Israel, A.; Charnes, A. 1968 Management models and industrial applications of linear programming. Zbl 0995.90552 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W. 1957 Cone extremal solutions of multi-payoff games with cross-constrained strategy sets. Zbl 0726.90099 Charnes, A.; Huang, Z. M.; Rousseau, J. J.; Wei, Q. L. 1990 Generalization of domination structures and nondominated solutions in multicriteria decision making. Zbl 0298.90003 Bergstresser, K.; Charnes, A.; Yu, P. L. 1976 The theory of search: optimum distribution of search effort. Zbl 0995.90543 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W. 1958 Constrained games and linear programming. Zbl 0050.14101 Charnes, A. 1953 Necessary and sufficient conditions for a Pareto optimum in convex programming. Zbl 0367.90093 Ben-Israel, A.; Ben-Tal, A.; Charnes, A. 1977 Constrained generalized medians and hypermedians as deterministic equivalents for two-stage linear programs under uncertainty. Zbl 0142.16702 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Thompson, G. L. 1965 Relations between half-space and finitely generated cones in polyhedral cone-ratio DEA models. Zbl 0747.93007 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Huang, Z. M.; Sun, D. B. 1991 Fundamental theorems of nondominated solutions associated with cones in normed linear spaces. Zbl 0711.90068 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Wei, Q. L.; Huang, Z. M. 1990 Complements, mollifiers and the propensity to disrupt. Zbl 0373.90094 Charnes, A.; Rousseau, J.; Seiford, L. 1978 An explicit general solution in linear fractional programming. Zbl 0267.90087 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W. 1973 Zero-zero chance-constrained games. Zbl 0206.23201 Charnes, A.; Kirby, M. J. L.; Raike, W. M. 1968 The strong Minkowski r-Farkas-Weyl theorem for vector spaces over ordered fields. Zbl 0202.03501 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W. 1958 Robustly efficient parametric frontiers via multiplicative DEA for domestic and international operations of the Latin American airline industry. Zbl 0913.90026 Charnes, Abraham; Gallegos, Armando; Li, Hongyu 1996 The role of duality in optimization problems involving entropy functionals with applications to information theory. Zbl 0631.49007 Ben-Tal, A.; Teboulle, M.; Charnes, A. 1988 A bi-extremal principle for frontier estimation and efficiency evaluations. Zbl 0473.90001 Banker, R. D.; Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Schinnar, A. P. 1981 On the intersections of cones and subspaces. Zbl 0159.41501 Ben-Israel, A.; Charnes, A. 1968 Some properties of redundant constraints and extraneous variables in direct and dual linear programming problems. Zbl 0122.15302 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Thompson, G. L. 1962 Virtual work, linear programming and plastic limit analysis. Zbl 0095.19701 Charnes, A.; Lemke, C. E.; Zienkiewicz, O. C. 1959 An effective non-Archimedean anti-degeneracy/cycling linear programming method especially for data envelopment analysis and like models. Zbl 0786.90035 Charnes, A.; Rousseau, J.; Semple, J. 1993 Constrained game formulations and interpretations for data envelopment analysis. Zbl 0669.90061 Banker, R. D.; Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Clarke, R. 1989 Extremal principle solutions of games in characteristic function form: Core, Chebychev and Shapley value generalizations. Zbl 0631.90095 Charnes, A.; Golany, B.; Keane, M.; Rousseau, J. 1988 The more-for-less paradox in linear programming. Zbl 0616.90043 Charnes, A.; Duffuaa, S.; Ryan, M. 1987 An algorithm for solving interval linear programming problems. Zbl 0384.90081 Charnes, A.; Granot, Frieda; Phillips, F. 1977 The ’more for less’ paradox in the distribution model. Zbl 0212.51201 Charnes, A.; Klingman, D. 1971 Data transformations in DEA cone ratio envelopment approaches for monitoring bank performances. Zbl 0923.90019 Brockett, P. L.; Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Huang, Z. M.; Sun, D. B. 1997 M.D.I. estimation via unconstrained convex programming. Zbl 0437.62005 Brockett, P. L.; Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W. 1980 Asymptotic duality over closed convex sets. Zbl 0198.24603 Ben-Israel, A.; Charnes, A.; Kortanek, K. O. 1971 On classes of convex and preemptive nuclei for $$n$$-person games. Zbl 0224.90079 Charnes, A.; Kortanek, K. 1970 Static and dynamic assignment models with multiple objectives, and some remarks on organization design. Zbl 0175.17702 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Niehaus, R. J.; Stedry, A. 1969 A duality theory for convex programs with convex constraints. Zbl 0131.36502 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Kortanek, K. 1962 Sensitivity analysis of the proportionate change of inputs (or outputs) in data envelopment analysis. Zbl 0774.90002 Charnes, A.; Neralić, L. 1992 Sensitivity analysis in data envelopment analysis. III. Zbl 0776.90004 Charnes, A.; Neralić, L. 1992 Entropic means. Zbl 0675.26007 Ben-Tal, Aharon; Charnes, Abraham; Teboulle, Marc 1989 Constrained information theoretic characterizations in consumer purchase behaviour. Zbl 0385.90008 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Learner, D. B. 1978 A theorem on homogeneous functions and extended Cobb-Douglas forms. Zbl 0339.90029 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Schinnar, A. P. 1976 Structural sensitivity analysis in linear programming and an exact product form left inverse. Zbl 0177.48102 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W. 1968 Chance-constrained games with partially controllable strategies. Zbl 0157.51105 Charnes, A.; Kirby, M.; Raike, W. 1968 Decision and horizon rules for stochastic planning problems. A linear example. Zbl 0202.49501 Charnes, Abraham; Drèze, Jacques; Miller, Merton 1966 Degeneracy and the more-for-less paradox. Zbl 0462.90058 Charnes, A.; Duffuaa, S.; Ryan, M. 1980 A chance-constrained goal programming model to evaluate response resources for marine pollution disasters. Zbl 0418.90027 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Karwan, K. R.; Wallace, W. A. 1979 Extremal principles and optimization dualities for Khinchin-Kullback- Leibler estimation. Zbl 0399.90084 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Seiford, L. 1978 Constructive proofs of theorems relating to: F(x)=y, with applications. Zbl 0363.65042 Charnes, A.; Garcia, C. B.; Lemke, C. E. 1977 Constrained Kullback-Leibler estimation; generalized Cobb-Douglas balance, and unconstrained convex programming. Zbl 0349.90089 Charnes, Abraham; Cooper, William W. 1975 An extremal principle for accounting balance of a resource value-transfer economy: Existence, uniqueness and computation. Zbl 0322.90014 Charnes, Abraham; Cooper, William W. 1974 Some special p-models in chance-constrained programming. Zbl 0157.50206 Charnes, A.; Kirby, J. L. 1967 Stability of efficiency evaluations in data envelopment analysis. Zbl 0671.90080 Charnes, A.; Zlobec, S. 1989 Coalitional and chance-constrained solutions to $$n$$-person games. I: The prior satisficing nucleolus. Zbl 0353.90101 Charnes, A.; Granot, Daniel 1976 Constrained $$n$$-person games. Zbl 0304.90133 Charnes, A.; Sorensen, S. 1974 Zero-zero chance-constrained games. Zbl 0209.52008 Charnes, A.; Kirby, M. J. L.; Raike, W. M. 1968 Optimal decision rules for the E-model of chance-constrained programming. Zbl 0151.25002 Charnes, A.; Kirby, M. 1966 Modular design, generalized inverses, and convex programming. Zbl 0136.14003 Charnes, A.; Kirby, M. 1965 A model for optimizing production by reference to cost surrogates. Zbl 0064.39601 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Mellon, B. 1955 Coalitional and chance-constrained solutions to $$n$$-person games. II: Two-stage solutions. Zbl 0387.90117 Charnes, A.; Granot, Daniel 1978 Chance-constrained programming: An extension of statistical method. Zbl 0268.90051 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Kirby, M. J. L. 1971 Effective control through coherent decentralization with preemptive goals. Zbl 0164.50403 Charnes, A.; Clower, R. W.; Kortanek, K. O. 1967 On balanced sets, cores, and linear programming. Zbl 0158.19205 Charnes, A.; Kortanek, K. 1967 Solution theorems in probabilistic programming: A linear programming approach. Zbl 0155.28102 Charnes, A.; Kirby, M. J. L.; Raike, W. M. 1967 A chance-constrained model for realtime control in research and development management. Zbl 0135.20604 Charnes, A.; Stedry, A. C. 1966 On some problems of diophantine programming. Zbl 0135.19906 Ben-Israel, A.; Charnes, A. 1962 Information theory as a unifying statistical approach for use in marketing research. Zbl 0909.90196 Brockett, Patrick L.; Charnes, Abraham; Cooper, William W.; Learner, David; Phillips, Fred Y. 1995 Basic DEA models. Zbl 0862.90003 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Lewin, A. Y.; Seiford, L. M. 1994 Non-archimedean infinitesimals, transcendentals and categorical inputs in linear programming and data envelopment analysis. Zbl 0765.90001 Charnes, A.; Rousseau, J. J.; Semple, J. H. 1992 Sensitivity analysis in data envelopment analysis. Zbl 0676.90034 Charnes, A.; Neralić, L. 1989 Optimal design modifications by geometric programming and constrained stochastic network models. Zbl 0646.90035 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Golany, B.; Masters, J. 1988 Successive linear programming for ratio goal problems. Zbl 0637.90086 Armstrong, R.; Charnes, A.; Haksever, C. 1987 Complexity and computability of solutions to linear programming systems. Zbl 0451.68036 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Duffuaa, S.; Kress, M. 1980 A dual optimization framework for some problems of information theory and statistics. Zbl 0437.90078 Ben-Tal, A.; Charnes, A. 1979 An algorithm for solving general fractional interval programming problems. Zbl 0362.90085 Charnes, A.; Granot, Daniel; Granot, Frieda 1976 On the formation of unions in $$n$$-person games. Zbl 0315.90079 Charnes, A.; Littlechild, S. C. 1975 On generation of test problems for linear programming codes. Zbl 0293.65045 Charnes, A.; Raike, W. M.; Stutz, J. D.; Walters, A. S. 1974 Data transformations in DEA cone ratio envelopment approaches for monitoring bank performances. Zbl 0923.90019 Brockett, P. L.; Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Huang, Z. M.; Sun, D. B. 1997 Robustly efficient parametric frontiers via multiplicative DEA for domestic and international operations of the Latin American airline industry. Zbl 0913.90026 Charnes, Abraham; Gallegos, Armando; Li, Hongyu 1996 Information theory as a unifying statistical approach for use in marketing research. Zbl 0909.90196 Brockett, Patrick L.; Charnes, Abraham; Cooper, William W.; Learner, David; Phillips, Fred Y. 1995 Sensitivity analysis in data envelopment analysis for the case of non-discretionary inputs and outputs. Zbl 0843.90002 Charnes, A.; Neralić, L. 1995 Information-theoretic approach to unimodal density estimation. Zbl 0820.94012 Brockett, Patrick L.; Charnes, A.; Paick, Kwang H. 1995 Data envelopment analysis: theory, methodology and applications. Based on a conference on new uses of DEA in management and public policy, Austin, TX, USA, September 27–29, 1989. Zbl 0858.00049 Charnes, Abraham (ed.); Cooper, William W. (ed.); Lewin, Arie Y. (ed.); Seiford, Lawrence M. (ed.) 1994 Basic DEA models. Zbl 0862.90003 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Lewin, A. Y.; Seiford, L. M. 1994 An effective non-Archimedean anti-degeneracy/cycling linear programming method especially for data envelopment analysis and like models. Zbl 0786.90035 Charnes, A.; Rousseau, J.; Semple, J. 1993 Two simple applications of the unmodularity property. Zbl 0801.90081 Charnes, A.; Kress, Moshe 1993 Sensitivity of efficiency classifications in the additive model of data envelopment analysis. Zbl 0749.90002 Charnes, A.; Haag, S.; Jaska, P.; Semple, J. 1992 Sensitivity analysis of the proportionate change of inputs (or outputs) in data envelopment analysis. Zbl 0774.90002 Charnes, A.; Neralić, L. 1992 Sensitivity analysis in data envelopment analysis. III. Zbl 0776.90004 Charnes, A.; Neralić, L. 1992 Non-archimedean infinitesimals, transcendentals and categorical inputs in linear programming and data envelopment analysis. Zbl 0765.90001 Charnes, A.; Rousseau, J. J.; Semple, J. H. 1992 Semi-infinite relaxation of joint constraints in chance-constrained programming. I: Zero-order stochastic decision rules. Zbl 0767.90056 Charnes, A.; Chang, Y. C.; Semple, J. 1992 Relations between half-space and finitely generated cones in polyhedral cone-ratio DEA models. Zbl 0747.93007 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Huang, Z. M.; Sun, D. B. 1991 Efficiency evaluations in perturbed data envelopment analysis. Zbl 0741.90072 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Sears, M.; Zlobec, S. 1991 Polyhedral cone-ratio DEA models with an illustrative application to large commercials banks. Zbl 0712.90015 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Huang, Z. M.; Sun, D. B. 1990 Sensitivity analysis of the additive model in data envelopment analysis. Zbl 0724.90001 Charnes, A.; Neralić, L. 1990 Cone extremal solutions of multi-payoff games with cross-constrained strategy sets. Zbl 0726.90099 Charnes, A.; Huang, Z. M.; Rousseau, J. J.; Wei, Q. L. 1990 Fundamental theorems of nondominated solutions associated with cones in normed linear spaces. Zbl 0711.90068 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Wei, Q. L.; Huang, Z. M. 1990 Cone ratio data envelopment analysis and multiobjective programming. Zbl 0678.90083 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Wei, Q. L.; Huang, Z. M. 1989 Constrained game formulations and interpretations for data envelopment analysis. Zbl 0669.90061 Banker, R. D.; Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Clarke, R. 1989 Entropic means. Zbl 0675.26007 Ben-Tal, Aharon; Charnes, Abraham; Teboulle, Marc 1989 Stability of efficiency evaluations in data envelopment analysis. Zbl 0671.90080 Charnes, A.; Zlobec, S. 1989 Sensitivity analysis in data envelopment analysis. Zbl 0676.90034 Charnes, A.; Neralić, L. 1989 Sensitivity analysis in data envelopment analysis. II. Zbl 0703.90060 Charnes, A.; Neralić, L. 1989 A nonliner congestion network model for planning internal movement in the Hajj. Zbl 0668.90022 Charnes, A.; Duffuaa, S.; Yafi, A. 1989 Extended Pincus theorems and convergence of simulated annealing. Zbl 0685.93081 Charnes, A.; Wolfe, M. 1989 The role of duality in optimization problems involving entropy functionals with applications to information theory. Zbl 0631.49007 Ben-Tal, A.; Teboulle, M.; Charnes, A. 1988 Extremal principle solutions of games in characteristic function form: Core, Chebychev and Shapley value generalizations. Zbl 0631.90095 Charnes, A.; Golany, B.; Keane, M.; Rousseau, J. 1988 Optimal design modifications by geometric programming and constrained stochastic network models. Zbl 0646.90035 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Golany, B.; Masters, J. 1988 Implementation of successive linear programming algorithms for non-convex goal programming. Zbl 0628.90047 Armstrong, R.; Charnes, A.; Haksever, C. 1988 The more-for-less paradox in linear programming. Zbl 0616.90043 Charnes, A.; Duffuaa, S.; Ryan, M. 1987 Successive linear programming for ratio goal problems. Zbl 0637.90086 Armstrong, R.; Charnes, A.; Haksever, C. 1987 Classifying and characterizing efficiencies and inefficiencies in data development analysis. Zbl 0605.90082 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Thrall, R. M. 1986 A goal-focusing approach to analysis of intergenerational transfers of income. Zbl 0584.90048 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Rousseau, J. J.; Schinnar, A.; Terleckyj, N. E.; Levy, D. 1986 Design and implementation of data structures for generalized networks. Zbl 0601.90100 Ali, I.; Charnes, A.; Song, T. 1986 A two-segment approximation algorithm for separable convex programming with linear constraints. Zbl 0593.90067 Ali, I.; Charnes, A.; Song, T. 1986 Computation of minimum cross entropy spectral estimates: An unconstrained dual convex programming method. Zbl 0585.62161 Brockett, Patrick L.; Charnes, Abraham; Paick, Kwang H. 1986 Foundations of data envelopment analysis for Pareto-Koopmans efficient empirical production functions. Zbl 0582.90007 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Golany, B.; Seiford, L.; Stutz, J. 1985 Some models for estimating technical and scale inefficiencies in data envelopment analysis. Zbl 0552.90055 Banker, R. D.; Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W. 1984 The extreme point characterization of semi-infinite dual non-Archimedean balls. Zbl 0539.90102 Charnes, A.; Song, T. 1984 Invariant multiplicative efficiency and piecewise Cobb-Douglas envelopments. Zbl 0521.90066 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Seiford, L.; Stutz, J. 1983 A duality theory for a class of problems with essentially unconstrained duals. Zbl 0513.90067 Ben-Tal, A.; Barzilai, A.; Charnes, A. 1983 Handling artificial variables in a simplex method: A commentary. Zbl 0509.90057 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W. 1983 Mollifiers for games in normal form and the Harsanyi-Selten valuation function. Zbl 0512.90097 Charnes, A.; Rousseau, J.; Seiford, L. 1982 A bi-extremal principle for frontier estimation and efficiency evaluations. Zbl 0473.90001 Banker, R. D.; Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Schinnar, A. P. 1981 M.D.I. estimation via unconstrained convex programming. Zbl 0437.62005 Brockett, P. L.; Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W. 1980 Degeneracy and the more-for-less paradox. Zbl 0462.90058 Charnes, A.; Duffuaa, S.; Ryan, M. 1980 Complexity and computability of solutions to linear programming systems. Zbl 0451.68036 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Duffuaa, S.; Kress, M. 1980 Separably-infinite programs. Zbl 0426.90055 Charnes, A.; Gribik, P. R.; Kortanek, K. O. 1980 Measuring the efficiency of decision-making units. Correction. Zbl 0425.90086 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Rhodes, E. 1979 A chance-constrained goal programming model to evaluate response resources for marine pollution disasters. Zbl 0418.90027 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Karwan, K. R.; Wallace, W. A. 1979 A dual optimization framework for some problems of information theory and statistics. Zbl 0437.90078 Ben-Tal, A.; Charnes, A. 1979 Page cuts for integer interval linear programming. Zbl 0416.90051 Armstrong, R.; Charnes, A.; Phillips, F. 1979 Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. Zbl 0416.90080 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Rhodes, E. 1978 Complements, mollifiers and the propensity to disrupt. Zbl 0373.90094 Charnes, A.; Rousseau, J.; Seiford, L. 1978 Constrained information theoretic characterizations in consumer purchase behaviour. Zbl 0385.90008 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Learner, D. B. 1978 Extremal principles and optimization dualities for Khinchin-Kullback- Leibler estimation. Zbl 0399.90084 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Seiford, L. 1978 Coalitional and chance-constrained solutions to $$n$$-person games. II: Two-stage solutions. Zbl 0387.90117 Charnes, A.; Granot, Daniel 1978 A multi-level coherence model for EEO planning. Zbl 0379.90062 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Lewis, K. A.; Niehaus, R. J. 1978 Management science approaches to manpower planning and organization design. Zbl 0367.00028 Charnes, A. (ed.); Cooper, W. W. (ed.); Niehaus, R. J. (ed.) 1978 On solving linear fractional interval programming problems. Zbl 0371.90116 Charnes, A.; Granot, Daniel; Granot, Frieda 1978 Goal programming and multiple objective optimizations. Part I. Zbl 0375.90079 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W. 1977 Necessary and sufficient conditions for a Pareto optimum in convex programming. Zbl 0367.90093 Ben-Israel, A.; Ben-Tal, A.; Charnes, A. 1977 An algorithm for solving interval linear programming problems. Zbl 0384.90081 Charnes, A.; Granot, Frieda; Phillips, F. 1977 Constructive proofs of theorems relating to: F(x)=y, with applications. Zbl 0363.65042 Charnes, A.; Garcia, C. B.; Lemke, C. E. 1977 A primal algorithm for interval linear-programming problems. Zbl 0382.90055 Charnes, A.; Granot, Daniel; Granot, Frieda 1977 Generalization of domination structures and nondominated solutions in multicriteria decision making. Zbl 0298.90003 Bergstresser, K.; Charnes, A.; Yu, P. L. 1976 A theorem on homogeneous functions and extended Cobb-Douglas forms. Zbl 0339.90029 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Schinnar, A. P. 1976 Coalitional and chance-constrained solutions to $$n$$-person games. I: The prior satisficing nucleolus. Zbl 0353.90101 Charnes, A.; Granot, Daniel 1976 An algorithm for solving general fractional interval programming problems. Zbl 0362.90085 Charnes, A.; Granot, Daniel; Granot, Frieda 1976 Generalization of domination structures and nondominated solutions in multicriteria decision making. Zbl 0382.90003 Bergstresser, K.; Charnes, A.; Yu, P. L. 1976 Explicit solutions in convex goal programming. Zbl 0328.90050 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Klingman, D.; Niehaus, R. J. 1976 The equivalence of generalized least squares and maximum likelihood estimates in the exponential family. Zbl 0328.62044 Charnes, A.; Frome, E. L.; Yu, P. L. 1976 A note on explicit solution in linear fractional programming. Zbl 0358.90064 Charnes, A.; Granot, Daniel; Granot, Frieda 1976 A modified algorithm for solving interval linear programming problems. Zbl 0345.90027 Charnes, A.; Granot, Frieda 1976 Constrained Kullback-Leibler estimation; generalized Cobb-Douglas balance, and unconstrained convex programming. Zbl 0349.90089 Charnes, Abraham; Cooper, William W. 1975 On the formation of unions in $$n$$-person games. Zbl 0315.90079 Charnes, A.; Littlechild, S. C. 1975 An hierarchical goal programming approach to environmental-land use management. Zbl 0304.90124 Charnes, Abraham; Haynes, Kingsley E.; Hazleton, Jared E.; Ryan, Michael J. 1975 An extremal principle for accounting balance of a resource value-transfer economy: Existence, uniqueness and computation. Zbl 0322.90014 Charnes, Abraham; Cooper, William W. 1974 Constrained $$n$$-person games. Zbl 0304.90133 Charnes, A.; Sorensen, S. 1974 On generation of test problems for linear programming codes. Zbl 0293.65045 Charnes, A.; Raike, W. M.; Stutz, J. D.; Walters, A. S. 1974 Semi-infinite programming, differentiability and geometric programming. I: With examples and applications in economics and management science. Zbl 0317.90051 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Kortanek, K. 1974 An explicit general solution in linear fractional programming. Zbl 0267.90087 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W. 1973 Erratum: Asymptotic duality over closed convex sets. Zbl 0231.90038 Ben-Israel, A.; Charnes, A.; Kortanek, K. O. 1972 Asymptotic duality in semi-infinite programming and the convex core topology. Zbl 0237.90041 Ben Israel, A.; Charnes, A.; Kortanek, K. O. 1972 The ’more for less’ paradox in the distribution model. Zbl 0212.51201 Charnes, A.; Klingman, D. 1971 Asymptotic duality over closed convex sets. Zbl 0198.24603 Ben-Israel, A.; Charnes, A.; Kortanek, K. O. 1971 Chance-constrained programming: An extension of statistical method. Zbl 0268.90051 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Kirby, M. J. L. 1971 The lower bounded and partial upper bounded distribution model. Zbl 0226.90025 Charnes, A.; Glover, Fred; Klingman, D. 1971 On classes of convex and preemptive nuclei for $$n$$-person games. Zbl 0224.90079 Charnes, A.; Kortanek, K. 1970 On weakly balanced games and duality theory. Zbl 0359.90081 Charnes, A.; Eisner, M.; Kortanek, K. O. 1970 On the explicit solution of a special class of linear economic models. Zbl 0234.90006 Ben-Israel, A.; Charnes, A.; Hurter, A. P.; Robers, P. D. 1970 An acceptance region theory for chance-constrained programming. Zbl 0225.90033 Charnes, A.; Kirby, M. J. L.; Raike, W. M. 1970 The distribution problem with upper and lower bounds on the node requirements. Zbl 0194.19901 Charnes, A.; Klingman, D. 1970 On stochastic linear approximation problems. Zbl 0193.19201 Ben-Israel, A.; Charnes, A.; Kirby, M. J. L. 1970 On the theory of semi-infinite programming and a generalization of the Kuhn-Tucker saddle point theorem for arbitrary convex functions. Zbl 0169.22201 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Kortanek, K. O. 1969 Duality and asymptotic solvability over cones. Zbl 0187.17504 Ben-Israel, A.; Charnes, A.; Kortanek, K. O. 1969 Static and dynamic assignment models with multiple objectives, and some remarks on organization design. Zbl 0175.17702 Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. W.; Niehaus, R. J.; Stedry, A. 1969 ...and 66 more Documents all top 5 all top 5 #### Cited in 287 Serials 1,003 European Journal of Operational Research 228 Annals of Operations Research 133 Computers & Operations Research 131 Applied Mathematics and Computation 97 Applied Mathematical Modelling 91 Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 63 Optimization 55 Opsearch 54 Fuzzy Sets and Systems 53 Mathematical Programming 52 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 47 Operations Research Letters 46 Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 44 Mathematical and Computer Modelling 42 CEJOR. Central European Journal of Operations Research 41 International Journal of Systems Science 39 Mathematical Problems in Engineering 38 Journal of Information & Optimization Sciences 36 RAIRO. Operations Research 35 Mathematical Programming. Series A. Series B 34 Journal of Global Optimization 33 International Transactions in Operational Research 29 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 29 International Journal of Production Research 29 Linear Algebra and its Applications 28 Information Sciences 23 Zeitschrift für Operations Research. 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Zeitschrift für Operations Research 11 Journal of Interdisciplinary Mathematics 9 International Journal of Game Theory 9 Economics Letters 9 Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis 9 Doklady Mathematics 9 Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems 8 Numerical Functional Analysis and Optimization 8 Trabajos de Estadistica y de Investigacion Operativa 8 International Journal of Computer Mathematics 8 Journal of Inequalities and Applications 8 Optimization and Engineering 8 Discrete Optimization 8 International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 7 Israel Journal of Mathematics 7 Metrika 7 Naval Research Logistics 7 Theory and Decision 7 Optimization Methods & Software 7 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computing 7 Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization 6 Artificial Intelligence 6 Communications in Statistics. Simulation and Computation 6 Communications in Statistics. Theory and Methods 6 Cybernetics and Systems Analysis 6 Journal of Applied Statistics 6 International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 6 Journal of Systems Science and Complexity 6 Pesquisa Operacional 6 Advances in Operations Research 5 Applicable Analysis 5 Aplikace Matematiky 5 Journal of Economic Theory 5 Journal of Mathematical Economics 5 Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 5 Kybernetes 5 Zeitschrift für Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und Verwandte Gebiete 5 Games and Economic Behavior 5 Automation and Remote Control 5 Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation 5 SIAM Journal on Optimization 5 Computational Management Science 5 Operational Research. An International Journal 5 Discrete Mathematics, Algorithms and Applications 5 Mathematical Sciences 5 Journal of Linear and Topological Algebra 5 International Journal of Systems Science. Principles and Applications of Systems and Integration 4 Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 4 International Journal of General Systems 4 Journal of Computational Physics 4 Ukrainian Mathematical Journal 4 Applied Mathematics and Optimization 4 Automatica 4 Journal of Multivariate Analysis 4 Meccanica ...and 187 more Serials all top 5 #### Cited in 45 Fields 2,962 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 835 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 334 Statistics (62-XX) 227 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 80 Computer science (68-XX) 79 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 52 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 42 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 30 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 27 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 24 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 21 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 19 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 18 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 15 Combinatorics (05-XX) 15 Real functions (26-XX) 15 Operator theory (47-XX) 13 History and biography (01-XX) 8 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 8 Functional analysis (46-XX) 8 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 5 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 4 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 4 Measure and integration (28-XX) 4 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 4 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 3 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 3 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 3 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 2 Number theory (11-XX) 2 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 2 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 2 Geometry (51-XX) 2 General topology (54-XX) 2 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 2 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 1 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 1 Category theory; homological algebra (18-XX) 1 Potential theory (31-XX) 1 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 1 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 1 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 1 Differential geometry (53-XX) 1 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 1 Geophysics (86-XX) #### Wikidata Timeline The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.	2021-06-17T17:33:53	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8347999453544617, "perplexity": 13195.117014250993}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487630518.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20210617162149-20210617192149-00595.warc.gz"}
http://dlmf.nist.gov/11.13	# §11.13 Methods of Computation ## §11.13(i) Introduction Subsequent subsections treat the computation of Struve functions. The treatment of Lommel and Anger–Weber functions is similar. For a review of methods for the computation of $\mathop{\mathbf{H}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$ see Zanovello (1975). ## §11.13(ii) Series Expansions Although the power-series expansions (11.2.1) and (11.2.2), and the Bessel-function expansions of §11.4(iv) converge for all finite values of $z$, they are cumbersome to use when $\|z\|$ is large owing to slowness of convergence and cancellation. For large $\|z\|$ and/or $\|\nu\|$ the asymptotic expansions given in §11.6 should be used instead. For numerical purposes the most convenient of the representations given in §11.5, at least for real variables, include the integrals (11.5.2)–(11.5.5) for $\mathop{\mathbf{K}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$ and $\mathop{\mathbf{M}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$. Subsequently $\mathop{\mathbf{H}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$ and $\mathop{\mathbf{L}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$ are obtainable via (11.2.5) and (11.2.6). Other integrals that appear in §11.5(i) have highly oscillatory integrands unless $z$ is small. For complex variables the methods described in §§3.5(viii) and 3.5(ix) are available. ## §11.13(iv) Differential Equations A comprehensive approach is to integrate the defining inhomogeneous differential equations (11.2.7) and (11.2.9) numerically, using methods described in §3.7. To insure stability the integration path must be chosen so that as we proceed along it the wanted solution grows in magnitude at least as rapidly as the complementary solutions. Suppose $\nu\geq 0$ and $x$ is real and positive. Then from the limiting forms for small argument (§§11.2(i), 10.7(i), 10.30(i)), limiting forms for large argument (§§11.6(i), 10.7(ii), 10.30(ii)), and the connection formulas (11.2.5) and (11.2.6), it is seen that $\mathop{\mathbf{H}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ and $\mathop{\mathbf{L}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ can be computed in a stable manner by integrating forwards, that is, from the origin toward infinity. The solution $\mathop{\mathbf{K}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ needs to be integrated backwards for small $x$, and either forwards or backwards for large $x$ depending whether or not $\nu$ exceeds $\tfrac{1}{2}$. For $\mathop{\mathbf{M}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ both forward and backward integration are unstable, and boundary-value methods are required (§3.7(iii)). ## §11.13(v) Difference Equations Sequences of values of $\mathop{\mathbf{H}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$ and $\mathop{\mathbf{L}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$, with $z$ fixed, can be computed by application of the inhomogeneous difference equations (11.4.23) and (11.4.25). There are similar problems to those described in §11.13(iv) concerning stability. In consequence forward recurrence, backward recurrence, or boundary-value methods may be necessary. See §3.6 for implementation of these methods, and with the Weber function $\mathop{\mathbf{E}_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ as an example.	2016-09-26T20:46:53	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 24, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8614479899406433, "perplexity": 1041.507562373356}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660887.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00116-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/volcano-watch-lava-consolidates-flow-remains-steady	# Volcano Watch — Lava consolidates but flow remains steady Release Date: The 10-year-long eruption on Kīlauea's East Rift Zone continues with little change. During the week, the lavaentries into the ocean consolidated to three main entries on the east and west edges of the Kamoamoa flow and near the west edge of the Laeapuki flow. The 10-year-long eruption on Kīlauea's East Rift Zone continues with little change. During the week, the lavaentries into the ocean consolidated to three main entries on the east and west edges of the Kamoamoa flow and near the west edge of the Laeapuki flow. Late in the week, the amount of lava discharged into the ocean declined as the tube system became blocked near the ocean. However, this decreased discharge was not caused by reduced magma flux from the vents but by new breakouts of surface lava flows near the Chain of Craters Road. The lava pond inside the Puu Oo cone was about 260 feet below the lowest point on the rim of the cone, compared to levels of about 240 feet observed in previous weeks. The pond was very active, with low lava fountaining at the west end and spattering at the east end, where the lava flowed into the pond. The flow of lava and cooled crust across the pond from west to east was more rapid than we have seen recently. Volcanic fume is now emitted from the Puu Oo lava pond, from the 51 and 53 vents on the south and west sides of the cone, and from the two collapse pits on the western flank of Puu Oo. In the past, most of the fume was emitted from the Puu Oo cone and did not hug the ground. With the numerous sites where fume is now emitted, much of the fume is concentrated close to the ground, where it poses a hazard to people in the area. The volcanic fume is mainly water vapor (steam) and sulfur dioxide. Following heavy rains, the fume cloud appears white because of the additional water vapor, whereas the fume appears bluish when there is little water vapor in the plume. In either case, the fume contains abundant sulfur dioxide which can cause respiratory problems. The fume emitted from skylights in the tube system is mainly sulfur dioxide as well. Our field personnel carry and use gas masks to protect themselves from the fume. As this fume is blown away from the vent area, water and sulfur dioxide react to form sulfuric acid and minute particles, mainly of sulfate, that become the vog that reduces visibility and causes health problems, particularly on the Kona side of the island. During times when Kona winds blow, the eastern side of the island may experience vog, as well. The plume near the vent is distinct from that formed where lava flows into the ocean. The plume at the ocean is also mainly water vapor, but also contains hydochloric acid, which irritates both skin and lungs. Some sulfur dioxide is also emitted by the lava at the ocean as gas bubbles within the lava break and release gas. However, the amount is small compared to the amount that is emitted from the Puu Oo area. The fume, and sometimes the glow from the lava pond within Puu Oo, can be seen from Glenwood at South Glenwood Road and from the top of Puu Huluhulu on the trail to Mauna Ulu in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. The active lava flows can be viewed at the end of Chain of Craters Road. Depending on the activity, all the lava may be pouring into the ocean or surface flows of pahoehoe lava may be observed. The Visitor Center in Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park provides activity updates and directions to the lava flows for visitors.	2021-09-20T12:45:40	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.18583419919013977, "perplexity": 3425.987194146833}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057036.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20210920101029-20210920131029-00486.warc.gz"}
https://zims-en.kiwix.campusafrica.gos.orange.com/wikipedia_en_all_nopic/A/Angular_frequency	Angular frequency In physics, angular frequency ω (also referred to by the terms angular speed, radial frequency, circular frequency, orbital frequency, radian frequency, and pulsatance) is a scalar measure of rotation rate. It refers to the angular displacement per unit time (e.g., in rotation) or the rate of change of the phase of a sinusoidal waveform (e.g., in oscillations and waves), or as the rate of change of the argument of the sine function. Angular frequency (or angular speed) is the magnitude of the vector quantity angular velocity. The term angular frequency vector ${\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}}$ is sometimes used as a synonym for the vector quantity angular velocity.[1] One revolution is equal to 2π radians, hence[1][2] ${\displaystyle \omega ={{2\pi } \over T}={2\pi f},}$ where: ω is the angular frequency or angular speed (measured in radians per second), T is the period (measured in seconds), f is the ordinary frequency (measured in hertz) (sometimes symbolised with ν). Units In SI units, angular frequency is normally presented in radians per second, even when it does not express a rotational value or it does. From the perspective of dimensional analysis, the unit Hertz (Hz) is also correct, but in practice it is only used for ordinary frequency f, and almost never for ω. This convention helps avoid confusion.[3] In digital signal processing, the angular frequency may be normalized by the sampling rate, yielding the normalized frequency. Examples of Angular Frequency Circular Motion In a rotating or orbiting object, there is a relation between distance from the axis, ${\displaystyle r}$, tangential speed,${\displaystyle v}$, and the angular frequency of the rotation. During one period, ${\displaystyle T}$, a body in circular motion travels a distance ${\displaystyle vT}$. This distance is also equal to the circumference of the path traced out by the body, ${\displaystyle 2\pi r}$. Setting these two quantities equal, and recalling the link between period and angular frequency we obtain: ${\displaystyle \omega =v/r.}$ Oscillations of a spring An object attached to a spring can oscillate. If the spring is assumed to be ideal and massless with no damping, then the motion is simple and harmonic with an angular frequency given by[4] ${\displaystyle \omega ={\sqrt {\frac {k}{m}}},}$ where k is the spring constant, m is the mass of the object. ω is referred to as the natural frequency (which can sometimes be denoted as ω0). As the object oscillates, its acceleration can be calculated by ${\displaystyle a=-\omega ^{2}x,}$ where x is displacement from an equilibrium position. Using "ordinary" revolutions-per-second frequency, this equation would be ${\displaystyle a=-4\pi ^{2}f^{2}x.}$ LC circuits The resonant angular frequency in a series LC circuit equals the square root of the reciprocal of the product of the capacitance (C measured in farads) and the inductance of the circuit (L, with SI unit henry):[5] ${\displaystyle \omega ={\sqrt {\frac {1}{LC}}}.}$ Adding series resistance (for example, due to the resistance of the wire in a coil) does not change the resonant frequency of the series LC circuit. For a parallel tuned circuit, the above equation is often a useful approximation, but the resonant frequency does depend on the losses of parallel elements. Terminology Angular frequency is often loosely referred to as frequency, although in a strict sense these two quantities differ by a factor of ${\displaystyle 2\pi }$. References and notes 1. Cummings, Karen; Halliday, David (2007). Understanding physics. New Delhi: John Wiley & Sons Inc., authorized reprint to Wiley – India. pp. 449, 484, 485, 487. ISBN 978-81-265-0882-2.(UP1) 2. Holzner, Steven (2006). Physics for Dummies. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley Publishing Inc. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-7645-5433-9. 3. Lerner, Lawrence S. (1996-01-01). Physics for scientists and engineers. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-86720-479-7. 4. Serway, Raymond A.; Jewett, John W. (2006). Principles of physics (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks / Cole – Thomson Learning. pp. 375, 376, 385, 397. ISBN 978-0-534-46479-0. 5. Nahvi, Mahmood; Edminister, Joseph (2003). Schaum's outline of theory and problems of electric circuits. McGraw-Hill Companies (McGraw-Hill Professional). pp. 214, 216. ISBN 0-07-139307-2.(LC1) Related Reading: • Olenick, Richard P.; Apostol, Tom M.; Goodstein, David L. (2007). The Mechanical Universe. New York City: Cambridge University Press. pp. 383–385, 391–395. ISBN 978-0-521-71592-8. This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.	2020-09-22T01:02:24	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 14, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9375278949737549, "perplexity": 1096.5367885413082}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400202686.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922000730-20200922030730-00440.warc.gz"}
https://mooseframework.inl.gov/docs/doxygen/modules/classContactLineSearchBase.html	ContactLineSearchBase Class Reference This class implements a custom line search for use with mechanical contact. More... #include <ContactLineSearchBase.h> Inheritance diagram for ContactLineSearchBase: [legend] ## Public Member Functions ContactLineSearchBase (const InputParameters &parameters) void printContactInfo (const std::set< dof_id_type > &contact_set) Method for printing the contact information. More... void insertSet (const std::set< dof_id_type > &mech_set) Unionize sets from different constraints. More... virtual void reset () Reset the line search data. More... ## Protected Attributes std::set< dof_id_type > _current_contact_state The current contact set. More... std::set< dof_id_type > _old_contact_state The old contact set. More... Real _user_ksp_rtol the linear tolerance set by the user in the input file More... bool _user_ksp_rtol_set Whether the user linear tolerance has been set yet in this object. More... Real _contact_lambda The multiplier of the newton step. More... unsigned _allowed_lambda_cuts How many times the linsearch is allowed to cut lambda. More... Real _contact_ltol What the linear tolerance should be while the contact state is changing. More... bool _affect_ltol Whether to modify the linear tolerance. More... ## Detailed Description This class implements a custom line search for use with mechanical contact. The line search is not fancy. It takes two parameters, set in the MOOSE Executioner block: contact_line_search_ltol and contact_line_search_allowed_lambda_cuts. The allowed_lambda_cuts parameter specifies the number of times the line search is allowed to cut lambda. If allowed to be cut, lambda will be reduced by half, and a new residual will be evaluated. If the residual is smaller with a smaller lambda, then cuts will continue until reaching allowed_lambda_cuts. If the residual is larger with a smaller lambda, then the line search is curtailed and the smaller residual is used. It's recommended that allowed_lambda_cuts be <= 3, with smaller values being used for smaller contact problems. This is to allow necessary residual increases when the transient problem requires significant changes in the contact state. When the contact set is changing, the user may optionally use a looser linear tolerance set by the contact_line_search_ltol parameter. Then when the contact set is changing during the beginning of the Newton solve, unnecessary computational expense is avoided. Then when the contact set is resolved late in the Newton solve, the linear tolerance will return to the finer tolerance set through the traditional l_tol parameter. Definition at line 39 of file ContactLineSearchBase.h. ## ◆ ContactLineSearchBase() ContactLineSearchBase::ContactLineSearchBase ( const InputParameters & parameters ) Definition at line 35 of file ContactLineSearchBase.C. 36 : LineSearch(parameters), 37 _user_ksp_rtol_set(false), 38 _allowed_lambda_cuts(getParam<unsigned>("allowed_lambda_cuts")), 39 _contact_ltol(getParam<Real>("contact_ltol")), 40 _affect_ltol(getParam<bool>("affect_ltol")) 41 { 42 } bool _affect_ltol Whether to modify the linear tolerance. Real _contact_ltol What the linear tolerance should be while the contact state is changing. unsigned _allowed_lambda_cuts How many times the linsearch is allowed to cut lambda. bool _user_ksp_rtol_set Whether the user linear tolerance has been set yet in this object. ## ◆ insertSet() void ContactLineSearchBase::insertSet ( const std::set< dof_id_type > & mech_set ) Unionize sets from different constraints. Definition at line 54 of file ContactLineSearchBase.C. 55 { 56 if (_current_contact_state.empty()) 57 _current_contact_state = mech_set; 58 else 59 for (auto & node : mech_set) 60 _current_contact_state.insert(node); 61 } std::set< dof_id_type > _current_contact_state The current contact set. ## ◆ printContactInfo() void ContactLineSearchBase::printContactInfo ( const std::set< dof_id_type > & contact_set ) Method for printing the contact information. Definition at line 45 of file ContactLineSearchBase.C. Referenced by PetscContactLineSearch::lineSearch(). 46 { 47 if (!contact_set.empty()) 48 _console << contact_set.size() << " nodes in contact\n"; 49 else 50 _console << "No nodes in contact\n"; 51 } ## ◆ reset() void ContactLineSearchBase::reset ( ) virtual Reset the line search data. Definition at line 64 of file ContactLineSearchBase.C. 65 { 66 _current_contact_state.clear(); 67 zeroIts(); 68 } std::set< dof_id_type > _current_contact_state The current contact set. ## ◆ _affect_ltol bool ContactLineSearchBase::_affect_ltol protected Whether to modify the linear tolerance. Definition at line 80 of file ContactLineSearchBase.h. Referenced by PetscContactLineSearch::lineSearch(). ## ◆ _allowed_lambda_cuts unsigned ContactLineSearchBase::_allowed_lambda_cuts protected How many times the linsearch is allowed to cut lambda. Definition at line 74 of file ContactLineSearchBase.h. Referenced by PetscContactLineSearch::lineSearch(). ## ◆ _contact_lambda Real ContactLineSearchBase::_contact_lambda protected The multiplier of the newton step. Definition at line 71 of file ContactLineSearchBase.h. Referenced by PetscContactLineSearch::lineSearch(). ## ◆ _contact_ltol Real ContactLineSearchBase::_contact_ltol protected What the linear tolerance should be while the contact state is changing. Definition at line 77 of file ContactLineSearchBase.h. Referenced by PetscContactLineSearch::lineSearch(). ## ◆ _current_contact_state std::set ContactLineSearchBase::_current_contact_state protected The current contact set. Definition at line 61 of file ContactLineSearchBase.h. Referenced by insertSet(), PetscContactLineSearch::lineSearch(), and reset(). ## ◆ _old_contact_state std::set ContactLineSearchBase::_old_contact_state protected The old contact set. Definition at line 63 of file ContactLineSearchBase.h. Referenced by PetscContactLineSearch::lineSearch(). ## ◆ _user_ksp_rtol Real ContactLineSearchBase::_user_ksp_rtol protected the linear tolerance set by the user in the input file Definition at line 66 of file ContactLineSearchBase.h. Referenced by PetscContactLineSearch::lineSearch(). ## ◆ _user_ksp_rtol_set bool ContactLineSearchBase::_user_ksp_rtol_set protected Whether the user linear tolerance has been set yet in this object. Definition at line 68 of file ContactLineSearchBase.h. Referenced by PetscContactLineSearch::lineSearch(). The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:	2019-04-24T14:13:53	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2676005959510803, "perplexity": 7989.502129712439}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578643556.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20190424134457-20190424160457-00164.warc.gz"}
https://dlmf.nist.gov/10.65	§10.65 Power Series §10.65(i) $\operatorname{ber}_{\nu}x$ and $\operatorname{bei}_{\nu}x$ 10.65.1 $\displaystyle\operatorname{ber}_{\nu}x$ $\displaystyle=(\tfrac{1}{2}x)^{\nu}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{\cos\left(\frac{3}% {4}\nu\pi+\frac{1}{2}k\pi\right)}{k!\Gamma\left(\nu+k+1\right)}(\tfrac{1}{4}x^% {2})^{k},$ $\displaystyle\operatorname{bei}_{\nu}x$ $\displaystyle=(\tfrac{1}{2}x)^{\nu}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{\sin\left(\frac{3}% {4}\nu\pi+\frac{1}{2}k\pi\right)}{k!\Gamma\left(\nu+k+1\right)}(\tfrac{1}{4}x^% {2})^{k}.$ 10.65.2 $\displaystyle\operatorname{ber}x$ $\displaystyle=1-\frac{(\frac{1}{4}x^{2})^{2}}{(2!)^{2}}+\frac{(\frac{1}{4}x^{2% })^{4}}{(4!)^{2}}-\cdots,$ $\displaystyle\operatorname{bei}x$ $\displaystyle=\tfrac{1}{4}x^{2}-\frac{(\frac{1}{4}x^{2})^{3}}{(3!)^{2}}+\frac{% (\frac{1}{4}x^{2})^{5}}{(5!)^{2}}-\cdots.$ ⓘ Symbols: $\operatorname{bei}_{\NVar{\nu}}\left(\NVar{x}\right)$: Kelvin function, $\operatorname{ber}_{\NVar{\nu}}\left(\NVar{x}\right)$: Kelvin function, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$) and $x$: real variable A&S Ref: 9.9.10 Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/10.65.E2 Encodings: TeX, TeX, pMML, pMML, png, png See also: Annotations for §10.65(i), §10.65 and Ch.10 §10.65(ii) $\operatorname{ker}_{\nu}x$ and $\operatorname{kei}_{\nu}x$ When $\nu$ is not an integer combine (10.65.1) with (10.61.6). Also, with $\psi\left(x\right)=\Gamma'\left(x\right)/\Gamma\left(x\right)$, 10.65.3 $\displaystyle\operatorname{ker}_{n}x$ $\displaystyle=\tfrac{1}{2}(\tfrac{1}{2}x)^{-n}\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\frac{(n-k-1)!}{% k!}\cos\left(\tfrac{3}{4}n\pi+\tfrac{1}{2}k\pi\right)(\tfrac{1}{4}x^{2})^{k}-% \ln\left(\tfrac{1}{2}x\right)\operatorname{ber}_{n}x+\tfrac{1}{4}\pi% \operatorname{bei}_{n}x+\tfrac{1}{2}(\tfrac{1}{2}x)^{n}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}% \frac{\psi\left(k+1\right)+\psi\left(n+k+1\right)}{k!(n+k)!}\cos\left(\tfrac{3% }{4}n\pi+\tfrac{1}{2}k\pi\right)(\tfrac{1}{4}x^{2})^{k},$ 10.65.4 $\displaystyle\operatorname{kei}_{n}x$ $\displaystyle=-\tfrac{1}{2}(\tfrac{1}{2}x)^{-n}\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\frac{(n-k-1)!}% {k!}\sin\left(\tfrac{3}{4}n\pi+\tfrac{1}{2}k\pi\right)(\tfrac{1}{4}x^{2})^{k}-% \ln\left(\tfrac{1}{2}x\right)\operatorname{bei}_{n}x-\tfrac{1}{4}\pi% \operatorname{ber}_{n}x+\tfrac{1}{2}(\tfrac{1}{2}x)^{n}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}% \frac{\psi\left(k+1\right)+\psi\left(n+k+1\right)}{k!(n+k)!}\sin\left(\tfrac{3% }{4}n\pi+\tfrac{1}{2}k\pi\right)(\tfrac{1}{4}x^{2})^{k}.$ 10.65.5 $\displaystyle\operatorname{ker}x$ $\displaystyle=-\ln\left(\tfrac{1}{2}x\right)\operatorname{ber}x+\tfrac{1}{4}% \pi\operatorname{bei}x+\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{k}\frac{\psi\left(2k+1\right)}% {((2k)!)^{2}}(\tfrac{1}{4}x^{2})^{2k},$ $\displaystyle\operatorname{kei}x$ $\displaystyle=-\ln\left(\tfrac{1}{2}x\right)\operatorname{bei}x-\tfrac{1}{4}% \pi\operatorname{ber}x+\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{k}\frac{\psi\left(2k+2\right)}% {((2k+1)!)^{2}}(\tfrac{1}{4}x^{2})^{2k+1}.$ §10.65(iii) Cross-Products and Sums of Squares 10.65.6 ${\operatorname{ber}_{\nu}^{2}}x+{\operatorname{bei}_{\nu}^{2}}x=(\tfrac{1}{2}x% )^{2\nu}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{\Gamma\left(\nu+k+1\right)\Gamma\left(\nu+% 2k+1\right)}\frac{(\frac{1}{4}x^{2})^{2k}}{k!},$ 10.65.7 $\operatorname{ber}_{\nu}x\operatorname{bei}_{\nu}'x-\operatorname{ber}_{\nu}'x% \operatorname{bei}_{\nu}x=(\tfrac{1}{2}x)^{2\nu+1}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{% \Gamma\left(\nu+k+1\right)\Gamma\left(\nu+2k+2\right)}\frac{(\frac{1}{4}x^{2})% ^{2k}}{k!},$ 10.65.8 $\operatorname{ber}_{\nu}x\operatorname{ber}_{\nu}'x+\operatorname{bei}_{\nu}x% \operatorname{bei}_{\nu}'x=\tfrac{1}{2}(\tfrac{1}{2}x)^{2\nu-1}\sum_{k=0}^{% \infty}\frac{1}{\Gamma\left(\nu+k+1\right)\Gamma\left(\nu+2k\right)}\frac{(% \frac{1}{4}x^{2})^{2k}}{k!},$ 10.65.9 $\left(\operatorname{ber}_{\nu}'x\right)^{2}+\left(\operatorname{bei}_{\nu}'x% \right)^{2}=(\tfrac{1}{2}x)^{2\nu-2}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{2k^{2}+2\nu k+% \frac{1}{4}\nu^{2}}{\Gamma\left(\nu+k+1\right)\Gamma\left(\nu+2k+1\right)}% \frac{(\frac{1}{4}x^{2})^{2k}}{k!}.$ §10.65(iv) Compendia For further power series summable in terms of Kelvin functions and their derivatives see Hansen (1975).	2018-12-17T11:14:44	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 113, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.956828236579895, "perplexity": 12508.720754412909}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376828501.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20181217091227-20181217113227-00056.warc.gz"}
https://de.overleaf.com/latex/templates/university-of-idaho-thesis-and-dissertation-template/vsbrhrybkthx	Zum Inhalt springen Autor Matthew Singer Letzte Aktualisierung 3 years ago Lizenz Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 AbstraktThis template satisfies the formatting requirements for Masters and Doctoral theses and dissertations from the College of Graduate Studies at the University of Idaho. It's easy to use and allows you to write each chapter as a separate tex document.	2023-03-24T16:26:29	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 1, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7672283053398132, "perplexity": 4018.006362504754}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945287.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324144746-20230324174746-00724.warc.gz"}
https://pos.sissa.it/326/052/	Volume 326 - The International Conference on B-Physics at Frontier Machines (BEAUTY2018) - Session: Heavy-hadrons properties Measurement of b hadron lifetimes in pp collisions at CMS J.A. Mejía Guisao* on behalf of the CMS collaboration corresponding author Full text: pdf Pre-published on: 2018 July 31 Published on: 2018 October 30 Abstract Precise measurements of the lifetimes of the $B^0$, $B_s^0$, $\Lambda_b^0$, and $B_c^+$ hadrons using the decay channels $B^0 \to J/\psi K^{}(892)^0$, $B^0 \to J/\psi K_s^{0}$, $B_s^0 \to J/\psi \pi^+ \pi^-$, $B_s^0 \to J/\psi \phi(1020)$, $\Lambda_b^0 \to J/\psi \Lambda^0$, and $B_c^+ \to J/\psi \pi^+$ were performed. The data sample, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb$^{-1}$, was collected by the CMS detector at the LHC in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=8$ $\textrm{TeV}$. The $B^0$ lifetime is measured to be $453.0 \pm 1.6\textrm{(stat)} \pm 1.5\textrm{(syst)}$ $\mu\textrm{m}$ in $J/\psi K^{*}(892)^0$ and $457.8 \pm 2.7\textrm{(stat)} \pm 2.7\textrm{(syst)}$ $\mu\textrm{m}$ in $J/\psi K_s^{0}$. The effective lifetime of the $B_s^0$ meson is measured in two decay modes, with contributions from different amounts of the heavy and light eigenstates. This results in two different measured lifetimes: $c\tau_{B_s^0 \to J/\psi \pi^+ \pi^-} = 502.7 \pm 10.2\textrm{(stat)} \pm 3.2\textrm{(syst)}$ $\mu\textrm{m}$ and $c\tau_{B_s^0 \to J/\psi \phi(1020)} = 443.9 \pm 2.0\textrm{(stat)} \pm1.2\textrm{(syst)}$ $\mu\textrm{m}$. The $\Lambda_b^0$ lifetime is found to be $442.9 \pm 8.2\textrm{(stat)} \pm 2.7\textrm{(syst)}$ $\mu\textrm{m}$. The precision from each of these channels is as good as or better than previous measurements. The $B_c^+$ lifetime, measured with respect to the $B^+$ to reduce the systematic uncertainty, is $162.3 \pm 8.2\textrm{(stat)} \pm 4.7\textrm{(syst)} \pm 0.1\,(\tau_{B^+})$ $\mu\textrm{m}$. All results are in agreement with current world-average values. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22323/1.326.0052 Open Access Copyright owned by the author(s) under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.	2020-05-25T08:37:30	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7721180319786072, "perplexity": 819.5739181182774}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347388012.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200525063708-20200525093708-00009.warc.gz"}
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10330326-combined-searches-production-supersymmetric-top-quark-partners-protonproton-collisions-sqrt-text-te-text	This content will become publicly available on November 1, 2022 Combined searches for the production of supersymmetric top quark partners in proton–proton collisions at $$\sqrt{s} = 13\,\text {Te}\text {V}$$ Abstract A combination of searches for top squark pair production using proton–proton collision data at a center-of-mass energy of 13 $$\,\text {Te}\text {V}$$ Te at the CERN LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 $$\,\text {fb}^{-1}$$ fb - 1 collected by the CMS experiment, is presented. Signatures with at least 2 jets and large missing transverse momentum are categorized into events with 0, 1, or 2 leptons. New results for regions of parameter space where the kinematical properties of top squark pair production and top quark pair production are very similar are presented. Depending on the model, the combined result excludes a top squark mass up to 1325 $$\,\text {Ge}\text {V}$$ Ge for a massless neutralino, and a neutralino mass up to 700 $$\,\text {Ge}\text {V}$$ Ge for a top squark mass of 1150 $$\,\text {Ge}\text {V}$$ Ge . Top squarks with masses from 145 to 295 $$\,\text {Ge}\text {V}$$ Ge , for neutralino masses from 0 to 100 $$\,\text {Ge}\text {V}$$ Ge , with a mass difference between the top squark and the neutralino in a window of 30 $$\,\text {Ge}\text {V}$$ Ge around the mass of the top quark, are excluded for the first time with CMS more » Authors: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more » Award ID(s): Publication Date: NSF-PAR ID: 10330326 Journal Name: The European Physical Journal C Volume: 81 Issue: 11 ISSN: 1434-6044 1. Abstract A search for direct pair production of scalar partners of the top quark (top squarks or scalar third-generation up-type leptoquarks) in the all-hadronic $$t{\bar{t}}$$ t t ¯ plus missing transverse momentum final state is presented. The analysis of 139 $$\hbox {fb}^{-1}$$ fb - 1 of $${\sqrt{s}=13}$$ s = 13 TeV proton–proton collision data collected using the ATLAS detector at the LHC yields no significant excess over the Standard Model background expectation. To interpret the results, a supersymmetric model is used where the top squark decays via $${\tilde{t}} \rightarrow t^{(*)} {\tilde{\chi }}^0_1$$ t ~ → t ( ∗ ) χmore » 2. A bstract A search for phenomena beyond the standard model in final states with two oppositely charged same-flavor leptons and missing transverse momentum is presented. The search uses a data sample of proton-proton collisions at $$\sqrt{s}$$ s = 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb − 1 , collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC. Three potential signatures of physics beyond the standard model are explored: an excess of events with a lepton pair, whose invariant mass is consistent with the Z boson mass; a kinematic edge in the invariant mass distribution of themore » 3. A bstract The results of a search for new phenomena in final states with b -jets and missing transverse momentum using 139 fb − 1 of proton-proton data collected at a centre-of-mass energy $$\sqrt{s}$$ s = 13 TeV by the ATLAS detector at the LHC are reported. The analysis targets final states produced by the decay of a pair-produced supersymmetric bottom squark into a bottom quark and a stable neutralino. The analysis also seeks evidence for models of pair production of dark matter particles produced through the decay of a generic scalar or pseudoscalar mediator state in associationmore » Abstract Production cross sections of the Higgs boson are measured in the $${\mathrm{H}} \rightarrow {\mathrm{Z}} {\mathrm{Z}} \rightarrow 4\ell$$ H → Z Z → 4 ℓ ( $$\ell ={\mathrm{e}},{{{\upmu }}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}$$ ℓ = e , μ ) decay channel. A data sample of proton–proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 $$\,\text {Te}\text {V}$$ Te , collected by the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 $$\,\text {fb}^{-1}$$ fb - 1 is used. The signal strength modifier $$\mu$$ μ , defined as the ratio of the Higgs boson production rate in the $$4\ellmore » 5. Abstract A search for dark matter particles is performed using events with a Z boson candidate and large missing transverse momentum. The analysis is based on proton–proton collision data at a center-of-mass energy of 13$$\,\text {Te}\text {V}$$Te , collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC in 2016–2018, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137$$\,\text {fb}^{-1}$$fb - 1 . The search uses the decay channels$${\mathrm{Z}} \rightarrow {\mathrm{e}} {\mathrm{e}} $$Z → e e and$${\mathrm{Z}} \rightarrow {{\upmu }{}{}} {{\upmu }{}{}} Z → μ μ . No significant excess of events is observed over themore »	2022-08-14T04:09:13	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8600085377693176, "perplexity": 1214.3883392886235}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00670.warc.gz"}
https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Asimon.barry.1	# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics ## Simon, Barry Compute Distance To: Author ID: simon.barry.1 Published as: Simon; Simon, B.; Simon, Barry Homepage: http://math.caltech.edu/simon/simon.html External Links: MGP · Math-Net.Ru · Wikidata · ResearchGate · dblp · GND Documents Indexed: 356 Publications since 1968, including 34 Books Biographic References: 7 Publications all top 5 #### Co-Authors 150 single-authored 32 Gesztesy, Fritz 16 Avron, Joseph E. 12 Last, Yoram 10 Reed, Michael C. 9 Davies, Edward Brian 9 Holden, Helge 9 Zinchenko, Maxim 8 Christiansen, Jacob Stordal 8 Damanik, David 8 Kirsch, Werner 7 Breuer, Jonathan 7 del Río Castillo, Rafael René 6 Hundertmark, Dirk 6 Killip, Rowan 5 Jitomirskaya, Svetlana Ya. 4 Deift, Percy A. 4 Frank, Rupert L. 4 Herbst, Ira W. 4 Kiselev, Alexander A. 4 Teschl, Gerald 4 Zhao, Zhongxin 3 Carmona, René A. 3 Craig, Walter 3 Harrell, Evans M. II 3 Hoffmann-Ostenhof, Maria 3 Hoffmann-Ostenhof, Thomas 3 Klaus, Martin 3 Kotani, Shinichi 3 Kurasov, Pavel B. 3 Laptev, Ari 3 Lieb, Elliott H. 3 Molchanov, Stanislav Alekseevich 3 Naboko, Serguei N. 3 Souillard, Bernard 2 Alonso, Alberto 2 Bollé, D. 2 Delyon, François 2 Enss, Volker 2 Gordon, Alexander Ya. 2 Graf, Gian Michele 2 Grosse, Harald 2 Guerra, Francesco 2 Jakšić, Vojkan 2 Makarov, Nikolai Georgievich 2 Martínez-Finkelshtein, Andrei 2 Perry, Peter A. 2 Pushnitski, Alexander B. 2 Rosen, Jay S. 2 Rosen, Lon M. 2 Sadun, L. 2 Schweiger, Wolfgang 2 Seiler, Ruedi 2 Sigal, Israel Michael 2 Stolz, Gunter 2 Taylor, Michael Eugene 2 Zeitouni, Ofer 2 Zlatoš, Andrej 1 Aizenman, Michael 1 Avila Cordeiro de Melo, Artur 1 Avni, Nir 1 Bellissard, Jean V. 1 Bentosela, François 1 Böttcher, Albrecht 1 Bulla, W. 1 Cantero, María José 1 Cordes, Heinz Otto 1 Corngold, Noel 1 Cycon, Hans L. 1 Davies, Ian M. 1 Denisov, Sergey A. 1 Duclos, Pierre 1 Englisch, Harald 1 Faris, William G. 1 Friedland, Shmuel 1 Froese, Richard 1 Fröhling, Jüerg 1 Graffi, Sandro 1 Grecchi, Vincenzo 1 Gross, Leonard 1 Gurarie, David 1 Hempel, Rainer 1 Hepp, Klaus 1 Høegh-Krohn, Raphael J. 1 Hof, A. L. 1 Howland, James S. 1 Hunziker, Willi 1 Jaffe, Arthur 1 Jensen, Arne 1 Knill, Oliver 1 Kreimer, Yury 1 Krüger, Helge 1 Kuroda, Shige Toshi 1 Lemm, Marius 1 Masters, Wen Chen 1 Miller, Keith D. 1 Nappi, Chiara R. 1 Nelson, Joseph Edward 1 Poltoratski, Alexei G. 1 Ponce, Gustavo 1 Radin, Charles ...and 34 more Co-Authors all top 5 #### Serials 52 Communications in Mathematical Physics 39 Journal of Functional Analysis 20 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 11 Duke Mathematical Journal 11 Journal of Approximation Theory 9 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 8 Journal d’Analyse Mathématique 8 Advances in Mathematics 8 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 8 Annals of Physics 8 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 6 Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 6 IMRN. International Mathematics Research Notices 5 Journal of Statistical Physics 5 Constructive Approximation 5 Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General 4 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 4 Journal of Spectral Theory 4 Princeton Series in Physics 3 American Mathematical Monthly 3 Journal of Mathematical Physics 3 Acta Mathematica 3 Inventiones Mathematicae 3 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 3 Pacific Journal of Mathematics 3 Journal of Operator Theory 3 Notices of the American Mathematical Society 3 Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré. Physique Théorique 3 Physical Review Letters 2 Reviews in Mathematical Physics 2 Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré. Nouvelle Série. Section A. Physique Théorique 2 Indiana University Mathematics Journal 2 Journal of Differential Equations 2 Mathematische Annalen 2 Mathematische Zeitschrift 2 Advances in Applied Mathematics 2 Linear Algebra and its Applications 2 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 2 Colloquium Publications. American Mathematical Society 2 The IMA Volumes in Mathematics and its Applications 2 Inverse Problems and Imaging 1 Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 1 Helvetica Physica Acta 1 Letters in Mathematical Physics 1 American Journal of Mathematics 1 The Annals of Probability 1 Functional Analysis and its Applications 1 Integral Equations and Operator Theory 1 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 1 Mathematische Nachrichten 1 Geometric and Functional Analysis. GAFA 1 Pokroky Matematiky, Fyziky & Astronomie 1 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1 Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section A. Mathematics 1 Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations 1 ETNA. Electronic Transactions on Numerical Analysis 1 Mathematical Research Letters 1 Methods of Functional Analysis and Topology 1 Journal of Evolution Equations 1 Surveys in Approximation Theory (SAT) 1 Journal of Mathematical Physics, Analysis, Geometry 1 Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics 1 Graduate Studies in Mathematics 1 Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften 1 London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series 1 Mathematical Surveys and Monographs 1 Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics 1 Analysis & PDE 1 Bulletin of Mathematical Sciences 1 Operator Theory: Advances and Applications all top 5 #### Fields 163 Operator theory (47-XX) 115 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 88 Quantum theory (81-XX) 68 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 47 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 36 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 34 Functional analysis (46-XX) 25 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 18 Special functions (33-XX) 15 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 14 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 13 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 12 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 11 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 10 History and biography (01-XX) 10 Real functions (26-XX) 6 Combinatorics (05-XX) 6 Measure and integration (28-XX) 6 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 5 Potential theory (31-XX) 5 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 4 General topology (54-XX) 3 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 3 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 3 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 3 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) 2 Number theory (11-XX) 2 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 2 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 2 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 2 Differential geometry (53-XX) 2 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 1 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 1 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 1 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 1 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 1 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 1 Systems theory; control (93-XX) #### Citations contained in zbMATH 327 Publications have been cited 19,244 times in 11,901 Documents Cited by Year Methods of modern mathematical physics. IV: Analysis of operators. Zbl 0401.47001 Reed, Michael; Simon, Barry 1978 Methods of modern mathematical physics. II: Fourier analysis, self- adjointness. Zbl 0308.47002 Reed, Michael; Simon, Barry 1975 Methods of modern mathematical physics. 1: Functional analysis. Zbl 0242.46001 Reed, Michael; Simon, Barry 1972 Methods of modern mathematical physics. I: Functional analysis. Rev. and enl. ed. Zbl 0459.46001 Reed, Michael; Simon, Barry 1980 Methods of modern mathematical physics. III: Scattering theory. Zbl 0405.47007 Reed, Michael; Simon, Barry 1979 Schrödinger operators, with application to quantum mechanics and global geometry. Zbl 0619.47005 Cycon, H. L.; Froese, R. G.; Kirsch, W.; Simon, B. 1987 Schrödinger semigroups. Zbl 0524.35002 Simon, Barry 1982 Trace ideals and their applications. Zbl 0423.47001 Simon, Barry 1979 Functional integration and quantum physics. Zbl 0434.28013 Simon, Barry 1979 Trace ideals and their applications. 2nd ed. Zbl 1074.47001 Simon, Barry 2005 Orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle. Part 1: Classical theory. Zbl 1082.42020 Simon, Barry 2005 The $$P(\phi )_{2}$$ Euclidean (quantum) field theory. Zbl 1175.81146 Simon, Barry 1974 Schrödinger operators with magnetic fields. I: General interactions. Zbl 0399.35029 Avron, J.; Herbst, I.; Simon, B. 1978 Brownian motion and Harnack inequality for Schrödinger operators. Zbl 0459.60069 Aizenman, M.; Simon, B. 1982 Ultracontractivity and the heat kernel for Schrödinger operators and Dirichlet Laplacians. Zbl 0568.47034 Davies, E. B.; Simon, B. 1984 The classical moment problem as a self-adjoint finite difference operator. Zbl 0910.44004 Simon, Barry 1998 The Thomas-Fermi theory of atoms, molecules and solids. Zbl 0938.81568 Lieb, Elliott H.; Simon, Barry 1977 Orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle. Part 2: Spectral theory. Zbl 1082.42021 Simon, Barry 2005 Quantum mechanics for Hamiltonians defined as quadratic forms. Zbl 0232.47053 Simon, Barry 1971 Spectral analysis of N-body Schrödinger operators. Zbl 0477.35069 Perry, P.; Sigal, I. M.; Simon, B. 1981 The bound state of weakly coupled Schrödinger operators in one and two dimensions. Zbl 0325.35029 Simon, Barry 1976 Singular continuous spectrum under rank one perturbations and localization for random Hamiltonians. Zbl 0609.47001 Simon, Barry; Wolff, Tom 1986 Resonances in n-body quantum systems with dilatation analytic potentials and the foundations of time-dependent perturbation theory. Zbl 0252.47009 Simon, Barry 1973 Almost periodic Schrödinger operators. II: The integrated density of states. Zbl 0544.35030 Avron, Joseph; Simon, Barry 1983 Sum rules for Jacobi matrices and their applications to spectral theory. Zbl 1050.47025 Killip, Rowan; Simon, Barry 2003 Inverse spectral analysis with partial information on the potential. II: The case of discrete spectrum. Zbl 0948.34060 Gesztesy, Fritz; Simon, Barry 2000 Hypercontra ctive semigroups and two dimensional self-coupled Bose fields. Zbl 0241.47029 Simon, Barry; Høegh-Krohn, Raphael 1972 Relativistic Schrödinger operators: Asymptotic behavior of the eigenfunctions. Zbl 0716.35006 Carmona, René; Masters, Wen Chen; Simon, Barry 1990 Szegő’s theorem and its descendants. Spectral theory for $$L^2$$ perturbations of orthogonal polynomials. Zbl 1230.33001 Simon, Barry 2011 A canonical decomposition for quadratic forms with applications to monotone convergence theorems. Zbl 0413.47029 Simon, Barry 1978 Eigenfunctions, transfer matrices, and absolutely continuous spectrum of one-dimensional Schrödinger operators. Zbl 0931.34066 Last, Yoram; Simon, Barry 1999 The statistical mechanics of lattice gases. Vol. I. Zbl 0804.60093 Simon, Barry 1993 Operators with singular continuous spectrum. IV: Hausdorff dimensions, rank one perturbations, and localization. Zbl 0908.47002 del Rio, Rafael; Jitomirskaya, S.; Last, Y.; Simon, Barry 1996 The index of a pair of projections. Zbl 0822.47033 Avron, Joseph E.; Seiler, Ruedi; Simon, Barry 1994 Notes on infinite determinants of Hilbert space operators. Zbl 0353.47008 Simon, Barry 1977 Semiclassical analysis of low lying eigenvalues. II: Tunneling. Zbl 0626.35070 Simon, Barry 1984 Semiclassical analysis of low lying eigenvalues. I: Non-degenerate minima: Asymptotic expansions. Zbl 0526.35027 Simon, Barry 1983 Methods of modern mathematical physics. Vol. 3. Scattering theory. (Metody sovremennoj matematicheskoj fiziki. Tom 3. Teoriya rasseyaniya). Transl. from the English. Zbl 0517.47006 Reed, M.; Simon, B. 1982 The analytic theory of matrix orthogonal polynomials. Zbl 1193.42097 Damanik, David; Pushnitski, Alexander; Simon, Barry 2008 Modified Prüfer and EFGP transforms and the spectral analysis of one-dimensional Schrödinger operators. Zbl 0912.34074 Kiselev, Alexander; Last, Yoram; Simon, Barry 1998 Spectral analysis of rank one perturbations and applications. Zbl 0824.47019 Simon, Barry 1995 Almost periodic Schrödinger operators: A review. Zbl 0545.34023 Simon, Barry 1982 Functional integration and quantum physics. 2nd ed. Zbl 1061.28010 Simon, Barry 2005 Kotani theory for one dimensional stochastic Jacobi matrices. Zbl 0534.60057 Simon, Barry 1983 Coupling constant thresholds in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. I. Short-range two-body case. Zbl 0455.35112 Klaus, M.; Simon, Barry 1980 Representations of finite and compact groups. Zbl 0840.22001 Simon, Barry 1996 The classical limit of quantum partition functions. Zbl 0436.22012 Simon, Barry 1980 CMV matrices: Five years after. Zbl 1125.15027 Simon, Barry 2007 Phase space analysis of simple scattering systems: extensions of some work of Enss. Zbl 0402.35076 Simon, Barry 1979 Weakly coupled bound states in quantum waveguides. Zbl 0868.35080 Bulla, W.; Gesztesy, F.; Renger, W.; Simon, B. 1997 Scattering theory for systems with different spatial asymptotics on the left and right. Zbl 0393.34015 Davies, E. B.; Simon, B. 1978 Almost periodic Schrödinger operators. III: The absolutely continuous spectrum in one dimension. Zbl 0562.35026 Deift, P.; Simon, B. 1983 Maximal and minimal Schrödinger forms. Zbl 0446.35035 Simon, Barry 1979 Cantor spectrum for the almost Mathieu equation. Zbl 0516.47018 Bellissard, J.; Simon, B. 1982 The Birman-Krein-Vishik theory of self-adjoint extensions of semibounded operators. Zbl 0467.47017 Alonso, Alberto; Simon, Barry 1980 Singular continuous spectrum for palindromic Schrödinger operators. Zbl 0839.11009 Hof, A.; Knill, Oliver; Simon, Barry 1995 Almost periodic Schrödinger operators. I: Limit periodic potentials. Zbl 0484.35069 Avron, Joseph; Simon, Barry 1981 Subharmonicity of the Lyapunov index. Zbl 0518.35027 Craig, W.; Simon, B. 1983 Large time behavior of the $$L^ p$$ norm of Schrödinger semigroups. Zbl 0478.47024 Simon, Barry 1981 A new approach to inverse spectral theory. I: Fundamental formalism. Zbl 0945.34013 Simon, Barry 1999 Comparison theorems for the gap of Schrödinger operators. Zbl 0661.35062 Kirsch, Werner; Simon, Barry 1987 Schrödinger operators with magnetic fields. III: Atoms in homogeneous magnetic field. Zbl 0464.35086 Avron, J. E.; Herbst, I. W.; Simon, B. 1981 Perturbations of orthogonal polynomials with periodic recursion coefficients. Zbl 1194.47031 Damanik, David; Killip, Rowan; Simon, Barry 2010 On the measure of the spectrum for the almost Mathieu operator. Zbl 0724.47002 Avron, J.; von Mouche, P. H. M.; Simon, B. 1990 Operators with singular continuous spectrum. I: General operators. Zbl 0851.47003 Simon, Barry 1995 Operators with singular continuous spectrum. III: Almost periodic Schrödinger operators. Zbl 0830.34074 Jitomirskaya, Svetlana Ya.; Simon, Barry 1994 Resonances in one dimension and Fredholm determinants. Zbl 0977.34075 Simon, Barry 2000 A new approach to inverse spectral theory. II: General real potentials and the connection to the spectral measure. Zbl 0983.34013 Gesztesy, Fritz; Simon, Barry 2000 Localization in general one-dimensional random systems. II: Continuum Schrödinger operators. Zbl 0637.60080 Kotani, S.; Simon, B. 1987 On positive eigenvalues of one body Schrödinger operators. Zbl 0167.11003 Simon, B. 1969 $$m$$-functions and inverse spectral analysis for finite and semi-infinite Jacobi matrices. Zbl 0924.15005 Gesztesy, Fritz; Simon, Barry 1997 Charge deficiency, charge transport and comparison of dimensions. Zbl 0822.47056 Avron, Joseph E.; Seiler, Ruedi; Simon, Barry 1994 Some quantum operators with discrete spectrum but classically continuous spectrum. Zbl 0547.35039 Simon, Barry 1983 Nonclassical eigenvalue asymptotics. Zbl 0529.35064 Simon, Barry 1983 Brownian motion, $$L^p$$ properties of Schrödinger operators and the localization of binding. Zbl 0446.47041 Simon, Barry 1980 Convexity. An analytic viewpoint. Zbl 1229.26003 Simon, Barry 2011 The essential spectrum of Schrödinger, Jacobi, and CMV operators. Zbl 1145.34052 Last, Yoram; Simon, Barry 2006 Distributions and their Hermite expansions. Zbl 0205.12901 Simon, B. 1971 Schrödinger operators in the twentieth century. Zbl 0981.81025 Simon, Barry 2000 Log Hölder continuity of the integrated density of states for stochastic Jacobi matrices. Zbl 0532.60057 Craig, Walter; Simon, Barry 1983 Separation of center of mass in homogeneous magnetic fields. Zbl 0409.35027 Avron, J. E.; Herbst, I. W.; Simon, B. 1978 Equilibrium measures and capacities in spectral theory. Zbl 1149.31004 Simon, Barry 2007 Trace class perturbations and the absence of absolutely continuous spectra. Zbl 0684.47010 Simon, Barry; Spencer, Thomas 1989 Essential self-adjointness of Schrödinger operators with positive potentials. Zbl 0234.47027 Simon, Barry 1973 The $$\xi$$ function. Zbl 0885.34070 Gesztesy, Fritz; Simon, Barry 1996 Two extensions of Lubinsky’s universality theorem. Zbl 1168.42304 Simon, Barry 2008 Operators with singular continuous spectrum. II: Rank one operators. Zbl 1055.47500 del Río Castillo, Rafael René; Makarov, Nikolai G.; Simon, Barry 1994 Geometric methods in multiparticle quantum systems. Zbl 0413.47008 Simon, Barry 1977 The mathematical theory of resonances whose widths are exponentially small. Zbl 0455.35091 Harrell, E.; Simon, B. 1980 Pointwise bounds on eigenfunctions and wave packets in N-body quantum systems. IV. Zbl 0419.35079 Deift, P.; Hunziker, W.; Simon, B.; Vock, E. 1978 An abstract Kato’s inequality for generators of positivity preserving semigroups. Zbl 0389.47021 Simon, Barry 1977 On the decoupling of finite singularities from the question of asymptotic completeness in two body quantum systems. Zbl 0344.47007 Deift, P.; Simon, B. 1976 The Christoffel-Darboux kernel. Zbl 1159.42020 Simon, Barry 2008 OPUC on one foot. Zbl 1108.42005 Simon, Barry 2005 Rank one perturbations at infinite coupling. Zbl 0828.47009 Gesztesy, Fritz; Simon, Barry 1995 The essential spectrum of Neumann Laplacians on some bounded singular domains. Zbl 0741.35043 Hempel, Rainer; Seco, Luis A.; Simon, Barry 1991 $$L^ p$$ norms of non-critical Schrödinger semigroups. Zbl 0743.47047 Davies, E. B.; Simon, B. 1991 Singular continuous spectrum for a class of almost periodic Jacobi matrices. Zbl 0491.47014 Avron, Joseph; Simon, Barry 1982 Harmonic analysis on SL(2,R) and smoothness of the density of states in the one-dimensional Anderson model. Zbl 0577.60067 Simon, Barry; Taylor, Michael 1985 Pointwise bounds on eigenfunctions and wave packets in N-body quantum systems. V: Lower bounds and path integrals. Zbl 0464.35085 Carmona, R.; Simon, B. 1981 Asymptotics of Chebyshev polynomials. III: Sets saturating Szegő, Schiefermayr, and Totik-Widom bounds. Zbl 1448.41026 Christiansen, Jacob S.; Simon, Barry; Zinchenko, Maxim 2020 Asymptotics of Chebyshev polynomials. II: DCT subsets of $$\mathbb{R}$$. Zbl 1426.41035 Christiansen, Jacob S.; Simon, Barry; Yuditskii, Peter; Zinchenko, Maxim 2019 Loewner’s theorem on monotone matrix functions. Zbl 1428.26002 Simon, Barry 2019 Poncelet’s theorem, paraorthogonal polynomials and the numerical range of compressed multiplication operators. Zbl 07060783 Martínez-Finkelshtein, Andrei; Simanek, Brian; Simon, Barry 2019 Large deviations and the Lukic conjecture. Zbl 1426.60032 Breuer, Jonathan; Simon, Barry; Zeitouni, Ofer 2018 Large deviations and sum rules for spectral theory: a pedagogical approach. Zbl 1402.60029 Breuer, Jonathan; Simon, Barry; Zeitouni, Ofer 2018 Tosio Kato’s work on non-relativistic quantum mechanics. I. Zbl 1416.81063 Simon, Barry 2018 Eigenvalue bounds for Schrödinger operators with complex potentials II. Zbl 1386.35061 Frank, Rupert L.; Simon, Barry 2017 Asymptotics of Chebyshev polynomials. I: Subsets of $${\mathbb {R}}$$. Zbl 1369.41031 Christiansen, Jacob S.; Simon, Barry; Zinchenko, Maxim 2017 Unitaries permuting two orthogonal projections. Zbl 06950136 Simon, Barry 2017 Similarity between two projections. Zbl 06832763 Böttcher, Albrecht; Simon, Barry; Spitkovsky, Ilya 2017 A Cayley-Hamiltonian theorem for periodic finite band matrices. Zbl 1376.15008 Simon, Barry 2017 Condensation of fermion pairs in a domain. Zbl 1372.82044 Frank, Rupert L.; Lemm, Marius; Simon, Barry 2017 Operator theory. A comprehensive course in analysis, part 4. Zbl 1334.00003 Simon, Barry 2015 Basic complex analysis. A comprehensive course in analysis, part 2A. Zbl 1332.00004 Simon, Barry 2015 Harmonic analysis. A comprehensive course in analysis, part 3. Zbl 1334.00002 Simon, Barry 2015 Real analysis. A comprehensive course in analysis, part 1. Zbl 1332.00003 Simon, Barry 2015 Cantor polynomials and some related classes of OPRL. Zbl 1309.42034 Krüger, Helge; Simon, Barry 2015 Advanced complex analysis. A comprehensive course in analysis, part 2B. Zbl 1332.00005 Simon, Barry 2015 Stability of asymptotics of Christoffel-Darboux kernels. Zbl 1412.60053 Breuer, Jonathan; Last, Yoram; Simon, Barry 2014 Spectral theory of orthogonal polynomials. Zbl 1301.31003 Simon, B. 2014 Finite gap Jacobi matrices: a review. Zbl 1319.47028 Christiansen, Jacob S.; Simon, Barry; Zinchenko, Maxim 2013 Finite gap Jacobi matrices. III: Beyond the Szegő class. Zbl 1238.42009 Christiansen, Jacob S.; Simon, Barry; Zinchenko, Maxim 2012 Szegő’s theorem and its descendants. Spectral theory for $$L^2$$ perturbations of orthogonal polynomials. Zbl 1230.33001 Simon, Barry 2011 Convexity. An analytic viewpoint. Zbl 1229.26003 Simon, Barry 2011 Finite gap Jacobi matrices. II: The Szegő class. Zbl 1236.42021 Christiansen, Jacob S.; Simon, Barry; Zinchenko, Maxim 2011 Critical Lieb-Thirring bounds in gaps and the generalized Nevai conjecture for finite gap Jacobi matrices. Zbl 1229.35157 Frank, Rupert L.; Simon, Barry 2011 Natural boundaries and spectral theory. Zbl 1219.30001 Breuer, Jonathan; Simon, Barry 2011 Asymptotics of the $$L^2$$ norm of derivatives of OPUC. Zbl 1220.42019 Martínez-Finkelshtein, Andrei; Simon, Barry 2011 On the removal of finite discrete spectrum by coefficient stripping. Zbl 1277.47046 Simon, Barry 2011 Perturbations of orthogonal polynomials with periodic recursion coefficients. Zbl 1194.47031 Damanik, David; Killip, Rowan; Simon, Barry 2010 Bulk universality and clock spacing of zeros for ergodic Jacobi matrices with absolutely continuous spectrum. Zbl 1225.26031 Avila, Artur; Last, Yoram; Simon, Barry 2010 Finite gap Jacobi matrices. I: The isospectral torus. Zbl 1200.42012 Christiansen, Jacob S.; Simon, Barry; Zinchenko, Maxim 2010 Equality of the spectral and dynamical definitions of reflection. Zbl 1190.47032 Breuer, Jonathan; Ryckman, Eric; Simon, Barry 2010 The Nevai condition. Zbl 1198.42021 Breuer, Jonathan; Last, Yoram; Simon, Barry 2010 The Hilbert transform of a measure. Zbl 1211.30052 Poltoratski, Alexei; Simon, Barry; Zinchenko, Maxim 2010 Weak convergence of CD kernels and applications. Zbl 1158.33003 Simon, Barry 2009 Sum rules and spectral measures of Schrödinger operators with $$L^2$$ potentials. Zbl 1185.34131 Killip, Rowan; Simon, Barry 2009 Schrödinger operators with purely discrete spectrum. Zbl 1199.47198 Simon, Barry 2009 Regularity and the Cesàro-Nevai class. Zbl 1167.42010 Simon, Barry 2009 Finite gap Jacobi matrices: An announcement. Zbl 1174.42028 Christiansen, Jacob S.; Simon, Barry; Zinchenko, Maxim 2009 Monotone Jacobi parameters and non-Szegő weights. Zbl 1185.42027 Kreimer, Yury; Last, Yoram; Simon, Barry 2009 Poisson brackets of orthogonal polynomials. Zbl 1200.41040 Cantero, María José; Simon, Barry 2009 A celebration of Jürg and Tom. Zbl 1166.82300 Simon, Barry 2009 The analytic theory of matrix orthogonal polynomials. Zbl 1193.42097 Damanik, David; Pushnitski, Alexander; Simon, Barry 2008 Two extensions of Lubinsky’s universality theorem. Zbl 1168.42304 Simon, Barry 2008 The Christoffel-Darboux kernel. Zbl 1159.42020 Simon, Barry 2008 Fine structure of the zeros of orthogonal polynomials. IV: A priori bounds and clock behavior. Zbl 1214.42044 Last, Yoram; Simon, Barry 2008 On the Koplienko spectral shift function. I: Basics. Zbl 1190.47016 Gesztesy, F.; Pushnitski, A.; Simon, B. 2008 Eigenvalue bounds for perturbations of Schrödinger operators and Jacobi matrices with regular ground states. Zbl 1158.35021 Frank, Rupert L.; Simon, Barry; Weidl, Timo 2008 Eigenvalue bounds in the gaps of Schrödinger operators and Jacobi matrices. Zbl 1135.47026 Hundertmark, Dirk; Simon, Barry 2008 CMV matrices: Five years after. Zbl 1125.15027 Simon, Barry 2007 Equilibrium measures and capacities in spectral theory. Zbl 1149.31004 Simon, Barry 2007 Rank one perturbations and the zeros of paraorthogonal polynomials on the unit circle. Zbl 1110.33004 Simon, Barry 2007 Orthogonal polynomials with exponentially decaying recursion coefficients. Zbl 1143.42306 Simon, Barry 2007 Zeros of OPUC and long time asymptotics of Schur and related flows. Zbl 1125.35098 Simon, Barry 2007 Meromorphic Jost functions and asymptotic expansions for Jacobi parameters. Zbl 1255.47031 Simon, Barry 2007 The essential spectrum of Schrödinger, Jacobi, and CMV operators. Zbl 1145.34052 Last, Yoram; Simon, Barry 2006 Fine structure of the zeros of orthogonal polynomials. I: A tale of two pictures. Zbl 1129.42011 Simon, Barry 2006 Jost functions and Jost solutions for Jacobi matrices. I: A necessary and sufficient condition for Szegő asymptotics. Zbl 1122.47029 Damanik, David; Simon, Barry 2006 Jost functions and Jost solutions for Jacobi matrices. II: Decay and analyticity. Zbl 1122.47030 Damanik, David; Simon, Barry 2006 Aizenman’s theorem for orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle. Zbl 1104.42014 Simon, Barry 2006 Eigenvalue estimates for non-normal matrices and the zeros of random orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle. Zbl 1127.47037 Davies, E. B.; Simon, B. 2006 Fine structure of the zeros of orthogonal polynomials. III: Periodic recursion coefficients. Zbl 1129.42013 Simon, Barry 2006 Trace ideals and their applications. 2nd ed. Zbl 1074.47001 Simon, Barry 2005 Orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle. Part 1: Classical theory. Zbl 1082.42020 Simon, Barry 2005 Orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle. Part 2: Spectral theory. Zbl 1082.42021 Simon, Barry 2005 Functional integration and quantum physics. 2nd ed. Zbl 1061.28010 Simon, Barry 2005 OPUC on one foot. Zbl 1108.42005 Simon, Barry 2005 Sturm oscillation and comparison theorems. Zbl 1117.39013 Simon, Barry 2005 Schrödinger operators with few bound states. Zbl 1082.47029 Damanik, David; Killip, Rowan; Simon, Barry 2005 On a theorem of Kac and Gilbert. Zbl 1071.47027 Simon, Barry 2005 Higher-order Szegő theorems with two singular points. Zbl 1067.30075 Simon, Barry; Zlatoš, Andrej 2005 Fine structure of the zeros of orthogonal polynomials. II: OPUC with competing exponential decay. Zbl 1129.42012 Simon, Barry 2005 Meromorphic Szegő functions and asymptotic series for Verblunsky coefficients. Zbl 1117.42005 Simon, Barry 2005 The sharp form of the strong Szegő theorem. Zbl 1093.47032 Simon, Barry 2005 Limits of zeros of orthogonal polynomials on the circle. Zbl 1077.42017 Simon, Barry; Totik, Vilmos 2005 Orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle: new results. Zbl 1086.42501 Simon, Barry 2004 A diamagnetic inequality for semigroup differences. Zbl 1068.47052 Hundertmark, Dirk; Simon, Barry 2004 Analogs of the $$m$$-function in the theory of orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle. Zbl 1055.33010 Simon, Barry 2004 A canonical factorization for meromorphic Herglotz functions on the unit disk and sum rules for Jacobi matrices. Zbl 1064.30030 Simon, Barry 2004 Ratio asymptotics and weak asymptotic measures for orthogonal polynomials on the real line. Zbl 1043.42017 Simon, Barry 2004 Necessary and sufficient conditions in the spectral theory of Jacobi matrices and Schrödinger operators. Zbl 1084.34075 Damanik, David; Killip, Rowan; Simon, Barry 2004 Connectedness of the isospectral manifold for one-dimensional half-line Schrödinger operators. Zbl 1138.81019 Gesztesy, Fritz; Simon, Barry 2004 Sum rules for Jacobi matrices and their applications to spectral theory. Zbl 1050.47025 Killip, Rowan; Simon, Barry 2003 Sum rules and the Szegő condition for orthogonal polynomials on the real line. Zbl 1046.42017 Simon, Barry; Zlatoš, Andrej 2003 Variational estimates for discrete Schrödinger operators with potentials of indefinite sign. Zbl 1052.47027 Damanik, D.; Hundertmark, D.; Killip, R.; Simon, B. 2003 Bound states and the Szegő condition for Jacobi matrices and Schrödinger operators. Zbl 1049.47032 Damanik, David; Hundertmark, Dirk; Simon, Barry 2003 Stability of singular spectral types under decaying perturbations. Zbl 1029.34073 Kiselev, Alexander; Last, Yoram; Simon, Barry 2003 Zeros of orthogonal polynomials on the real line. Zbl 1031.42022 Denisov, Sergey A.; Simon, Barry 2003 The Golinskii-Ibragimov method and a theorem of Damanik and Killip. Zbl 1042.42019 Simon, Barry 2003 Lieb-Thirring inequalities for Jacobi matrices. Zbl 1019.39013 Hundertmark, Dirk; Simon, Barry 2002 An optimal $$L^p$$-bound on the Krein spectral shift function. Zbl 1054.47020 Hundertmark, Dirk; Simon, Barry 2002 Approach to equilibrium for a forced Burgers equation. Zbl 0996.35010 Kirsch, Werner; Simon, Barry 2001 Inverse spectral analysis with partial information on the potential. II: The case of discrete spectrum. Zbl 0948.34060 Gesztesy, Fritz; Simon, Barry 2000 Resonances in one dimension and Fredholm determinants. Zbl 0977.34075 Simon, Barry 2000 A new approach to inverse spectral theory. II: General real potentials and the connection to the spectral measure. Zbl 0983.34013 Gesztesy, Fritz; Simon, Barry 2000 Schrödinger operators in the twentieth century. Zbl 0981.81025 Simon, Barry 2000 Schrödinger operators in the twenty-first century. Zbl 1074.81521 Simon, Barry 2000 On local Borg-Marchenko uniqueness results. Zbl 0985.34077 Gesztesy, Fritz; Simon, Barry 2000 ...and 227 more Documents all top 5 #### Cited by 9,095 Authors 191 Simon, Barry 114 Albeverio, Sergio A. 103 Gesztesy, Fritz 74 Damanik, David 60 Exner, Pavel 55 Davies, Edward Brian 54 Helffer, Bernard 53 Fröhlich, Jürg Martin 50 Sukochev, Fedor Anatol’evich 47 Sigal, Israel Michael 43 Arai, Asao 43 Frank, Rupert L. 41 Lewin, Mathieu 41 Lieb, Elliott H. 40 Klein, Abel 39 Jitomirskaya, Svetlana Ya. 39 Korotyaev, Evgeny L. 38 Herbst, Ira W. 37 Gérard, Christian 37 Yang, Chuanfu 34 Solovej, Jan Philip 33 Stolz, Gunter 32 Kirsch, Werner 32 Marcellán Español, Francisco 31 Ding, Yanheng 31 Lenz, Daniel H. 31 Lubinsky, Doron S. 31 Raikov, Georgi D. 31 Song, Renming 29 Chen, Zhen-Qing 29 Fournais, Søren 29 Hiroshima, Fumio 29 Wei, Guangsheng 28 Last, Yoram 27 Borisov, Denis Ivanovich 27 Jakšić, Vojkan 27 Nakamura, Shu 27 Röckner, Michael 26 de Oliveira, César R. 26 Klopp, Frédéric 26 Seiringer, Robert 26 Sobolev, Alexander V. 26 Weinstein, Michael I. 25 Harrell, Evans M. 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https://publications.drdo.gov.in/ojs/index.php/dsj/article/download/3770/4593	Combined Effect of Diaphragm and Oxidizer Swirl on Regression Rate in Hybrid Rocket Motors The present numerical work investigates the effect of a combination of two known regression rate enhancement techniques, namely diaphragm located in the port and swirling oxidizer flow at the inlet. Diaphragm enhances regression rate by heat transfer enhancement due to recirculation zone whereas swirling flow enhances regression rate by enhancement in radial diffusive transport. The use of diaphragm in combination with swirl was found to be more effective in enhancing regression rate compared with the individual enhancements by the two techniques. However, the net enhancement in regression rate using combined techniques was less than the arithmetic sum of enhancement from two individual techniques. Interestingly, the characteristic exhaust velocity C* is enhanced only if diaphragms are sufficiently tall. Keywords: Hybrid rocket, regression rate, diaphragm, swirling flow, numerical study, One of the most significant design parameters in hybrid rocket motor is the regression rate, defined as the rate at which the solid fuel regresses normal to the surface. Decades of research has contributed greatly towards understanding of fundamental operation of hybrid rocket motors. A theoretical explanation of processes inside the hybrid motor was first proposed by Marxman1, where a regression rate model based on the turbulent boundary layer theory for heat transfer was described. In a hybrid rocket motor, the fuel and the oxidizer react forming a diffusion flame front inside the combustion chamber. A part of the heat released in the reaction is used in the pyrolysis of solid fuel. Therefore, the attempts to enhance regression rate are primarily focused on increasing the heat feed back to the solid fuel. Some of the methods for increasing the regression rate of the solid fuel include addition of energetic additives to solid fuel grain2, introduction of swirl in the oxidizer flow34 or provision of turbulence generators5 or diaphragms in the port67. Extensive numerical studies had already been performed to assess the effect of diaphragms8 and inlet swirl9 on the regression rate and performance of hybrid rocket motor. However, the effect of these two techniques in combination has not yet been investigated. In the present work reported here, a systematic parametric study is performed to investigate numerically the effect of diaphragms and swirling inlet oxidizer flow in combination. The numerical model used in the present study is explained in detail in recent works by the authors89. Hence, only the aspects of model relevant to this study are briefly discussed here. 2.1 Geometrical Configuration and Computational Domain A laboratory scale motor with a single port grain is chosen for carrying out simulations as this configuration is amenable to experiments. Fig 1(a). presents the schematic of a generic single port hybrid rocket motor with the following grain dimensions; the outer diameter - Do, the initial inner diameter - Di, the port diameter at an arbitrary instant of burning of grain - D, the length of the motor - L, the nozzle throat diameter - Dt, and the nozzle exit diameter - De. The computational domain is assumed to be axially symmetric for numerical simplicity. Hence the numerical model is presented in 2-D axi-symmetric configuration. In Fig 1(a).the region shaded by inclined stripes represents the computational domain which comprises of the grain port at an arbitrary instant of burning and the nozzle. The grain port diameter (D) is taken as 30 mm and the port length (L) is 150 mm. The nozzle throat diameter (Dt) is 14 mm and nozzle exit diameter (De) is 30 mm. Mesh is constructed in the computation domain with quadrilateral cells. Fine mesh is used near boundaries is shown in Fig 1(b). to resolve the gradients accurately. Grid independence study was conducted by reducing the size of smallest grid by an order till the difference between predicted average regression rates for two finest meshes was within 5%. The grid size used in the computation domain reported in the present work is 176 x 111. Figure 1. Schematic diagram of a hybrid rocket motor with boundary types used in computation and (b) Grid used in the computation (with a diaphragm). 2.2 Governing Equations The transport processes occurring in a hybrid rocket combustion chamber are described adequately by the basic flow equations of continuity, momentum, energy and species. The turbulence in the flow is modeled using Menter’s two-equation SST k-ω model10. The governing equations in 2-D cylindrical co-ordinates are described89. 2.3 Gas Phase and Solid Phase Chemistry Models A global one step chemistry is used to model the oxidation of butadiene (monomer of HTPB) to final products CO2 and H2O. The gas phase kinetics is adopted from work of Cheng11, et al. Although detailed chemistry is desired for accurate predictions, such a reaction mechanism and related kinetics are not yet available in the literature. Nevertheless, the thermodynamic effect of product disassociation is incorporated by tuning the heat of combustion to match the temperature with one obtained accounting for product dissociation at thermodynamic equilibrium12. The solid fuel (HTPB) pyrolysis is modeled13 by a zeroth order Arrhenius equation. 2.4 Boundary Conditions The boundary types are illustrated inFig 1(a). The boundary condition at gas-fuel interface is implemented by applying mass and energy balance. The energy balance at the interface is given below89. ${\lambda }_{eff}{\left(\frac{\partial T}{\partial y}\right)}_{g}-{\lambda }_{s}{\left(\frac{\partial T}{\partial y}\right)}_{s}+{\rho }_{s}{r}_{b}\left({H}_{p}\right)=0$ (1) The terms on the left hand side represent the heat convected from reaction zone and conducted to the fuel surface (qconvection), heat conduction into the solid fuel (qconduction-loss) and the heat of solid fuel pyrolysis (qpyrolysis). The oxidizer mass flux at the inlet is set to 132 kg/(m2.s) for both swirling and non-swirling flow simulations. The inlet swirl is quantified by a non-dimensional parameter called swirl number, Sw. Sw is defined14 as the ratio of the axial flux of angular momentum to the axial flux of axial momentum, non-dimensionalised by inlet radius. ${S}_{w}=\frac{\int \rho {\upsilon }_{x}{\upsilon }_{z}{r}^{2}dr}{{R}_{0}\int \rho {\upsilon }_{x}^{2}rdr}$ (2) The profiles for axial and swirl velocities14 are also prescribed at the oxidizer inlet. The nozzle wall is defined as an adiabatic wall and ambient pressure is specified at the outlet. 2.5 Numerical Method of Solution The governing equations and the models for solid and gas phases along with the boundary conditions discussed above are solved numerically using a pressure based, double precision, unsteady solver15. Unsteady solver is used to predict any transient phenomena like vortex shedding that might occur in the combustion chamber. Second order upwind scheme is used for spatial discretisation of the convective terms whereas second order central scheme is used for all other terms in the transport equations. The second order implicit formulation is used for temporal discretisation. The discretised governing equations are iterated with the time step of 0.0002 s and with 50 iterations for every time step. The converged solution is typically attained in about 1000 time steps. The model was validated8 for the prediction of regression rate against the experimental results16. The ability of the numerical model to predict swirl flow in a pipe was also demonstrated9 against experimental results17. The following methodology is adopted in the present work to investigate the effect of diaphragm and swirling oxidizer inlet flow in combination. First, the base motor (one without any enhancement technique) is discussed. This is followed by a brief discussion on a motor with any one regression rate enhancement technique (diaphragm or swirl). With the basic understanding obtained from the above studies simulations with a combination of diaphragm and swirl were carried out in two sets. In the first set, a representative inlet swirl was chosen (inlet Sw = 1) and the diaphragm height is varied from 1 mm to 7 mm. In the second set of simulations a representative diaphragm (7 mm tall) was chosen and the inlet Sw is varied from 0 to 2.5. The results obtained are discussed below. 3.1 Base Case Motor Figure 2 presents the components of heat flux at the interface Eqn. (1), local regression rate and fuel surface temperature along the axial length of the fuel grain. It can be noticed that the heat flux component qconvection is the only source of heat feedback to the fuel surface. Thus the regression rate and the surface temperature follow the trend of qconvection. Figure 2. Components of heat flux, local regression rate and surface temperature of solid fuel, along the axial length of the hybrid rocket motor for base case. The heat flux components and the local regression rate decrease along the axial length of the grain up to a certain distance (here, about 30 mm) and then increase. This is caused by two competing phenomena occurring in the combustion chamber. Near the head end (< 5 mm) the flame is very close to the fuel surface and the regression rate is high. Downstream, the flame is pushed away from the fuel surface due to fresh fuel addition. Hence, the heat transfer and thereby the regression rate decreases. However, due to progressive addition of fuel vapour, the local mass flux increases along the axial length. This increases heat transfer and consequently the regression rate. The effect of flame being pushed away is dominant near the head end (X < 30 mm) and the effect of increasing mass flux is dominant downstream (X > 30 mm). 3.2 Effect of Individual Regression Rate Enhancement Techniques The effect of diaphragms on regression rate is explored8. To describe the effects of diaphragm here we only discuss a single diaphragm of height 4 mm located at 0.25 L (37.5 mm) from the head end of the base motor. Figure 3 shows the convective heat flux and local regression rate for representative cases to demonstrate the effect of a single diaphragm or inlet swirling oxidizer flow. For the case with diaphragm it can be noted that the heat feedback reduces and thus regression rate decreases considerably upstream of the diaphragm. This is because the diaphragm diverts the flow (and the flame) away from the fuel surface there by reducing the heat transfer upstream of diaphragm. Downstream of the diaphragm, the regression rate recovers and increases sharply over a short distance. This is because of a recirculation zone formed downstream of the diaphragm that entrains the hot gases from the reaction zone towards the fuel surface. Therefore, the local regression rate is enhanced attaining a peak value at the tip of the recirculation zone (here, about 60 mm). Further downstream of the recirculation zone, the hot products are progressively cooled by addition of fuel vapour and consequently the regression rate decreases. Figure 3. Effect of a single diaphragm located at x = 37.5 mm or swirling oxidizer flow at inlet on convective heat flux along the axial length of the hybrid rocket motor. For the case with swirl (inlet Sw=1) it can be noted that the local regression rate follows the decreasing-increasing trend similar to the base case. However, the local minimum in the regression rate attained is higher and much closer to the head end. The presence of swirl velocity in the flow results in higher velocity magnitude in the combustion chamber. This enhances the radial heat and momentum transport in the combustion chamber. Thus the heat flux components at the interface are enhanced thereby enhancing the regression rate. 3.3 Effect of Regression Rate Enhancement Techniques in Combination Now we look at the combined effect of the two enhancement techniques to the base motor. Figure 4 illustrates the effect of diaphragm height on the local regression rate for simulations in the presence and absence of inlet swirl. One may note that in both the cases (i.e. with or without swirl in the flow), the local regression rate increases significantly downstream of the diaphragm, attains a local peak value and then decreases. However, in the presence of swirling flow the peak in the local regression rate increases and location at which the peak value occurs shifts closer to the diaphragm. The diaphragm in the port diverts the flow towards the core. However, the enhanced radial transport associated with swirling flow expands the flow steeply downstream of the diaphragm resulting in a smaller recirculation zone (inferred from peak regression rate location which is also the tip of the recirculation zone). One can also note that the regression rate attained with both the techniques in combination is higher than the regression rate attained with individual enhancement techniques indicating that both diaphragm and swirl complement each other in regression rate enhancement. However, it is also to be noted that cumulative enhancement (2.00 mm/s – 0.68 mm/s = 1.32 mm/s) over the base motor value (0.68 mm/s) is less than the sum of the enhancements with the individual techniques (0.82 mm/s enhancement for swirl and 0.79 mm/s enhancement for diaphragm). This is because while the diaphragm enhances regression rate by forming recirculation zone behind the diaphragm, the flame downstream of diaphragm is pushed farther from the fuel surface. Similarly the swirl in the flow increases velocity magnitude and radial transport, however, the centrifugal force causes the low density flame to move towards the axis away from fuel surface. Thus the negative effects of the two techniques also complement each other. Figure 4. Effect of diaphragm height on the local regression rate along the axial length of the fuel grain for simulations in the presence (a) and absence (b) of swirling oxidizer flow at the inlet. Figure 5 presents variation of average regression rate, overall O/F ratio and characteristic exhaust velocity C* for the case with a single diaphragm. The solid lines show the variation of parameters in the presence of swirling flow and the dashed lines show those in the absence of swirling flow in the combustion chamber. The average regression rate and C* for any diaphragm height is higher in the presence of swirling flow compared to that in the absence of swirling flow. The average regression rate increases with diaphragm height in the presence or absence of swirling inlet oxidizer flow. However, for the case with swirling flow, the enhancement in average regression rate is not significant for shorter diaphragms (here, < 4 mm). In both cases C* is seen to show a decreasing-increasing trend with increase in diaphragm height. The diaphragm increases mixing of reactants in the recirculation zone at the same time it also holds the flame farther from the fuel surface. This leads to progressive addition of un-reacted fuel vapor between reaction zone and fuel surface. While the former effect (mixing) increases C* the later effect (unreacted fuel vapor) decreases C. For short diaphragms addition of un-reacted fuel vapor is dominant causing a reduction in C, whereas for tall diaphragms (≥ 4 mm), mixing in the recirculation zone becomes dominant due to larger recirculation zones resulting in enhanced C. It is to be noted that the motor considered in the present study contains a short grain with L/D ratio of 5. One can note that the O/F values are far from the stoichiometric value of 3.25 indicating fuel lean operation. Thus all the oxidizer is not consumed at the end of combustion chamber. With the increasing regression rate in the presence of taller diaphragms the O/F ratio is seen to decrease. Figure 5. Effect of diaphragm height on performance parameters of the motor with inlet Sw= 1(solid lines) and inlet Sw= 0 (dashed lines). The swirl number was kept constant in the simulations discussed in Fig. 5. Next we look at effect of inlet Sw on the regression rate, overall O/F ratio and C in the presence or absence of a diaphragm of fixed height (here, 7 mm) as shown in Fig. 6. Both in the presence and absence of a diaphragm, the average regression rate is seen to increase monotonically with increase in inlet Sw. This is because, larger inlet Sw results in larger velocity magnitude and thus increased radial transport. This increases the heat flux at the interface and as a consequence the regression rate increases. With increased regression rate for the same inlet oxidizer flow, the O/F ratio decreases. Increase in swirl also enhances C* owing to increased radial mixing9. Figure 6. Effect of inlet Sw on performance parameters of the motor in the presence (solid lines) and the absence (dashed lines) of a 7 mm diaphragm located at 0.25 L from the head end. The average regression rate is higher in the presence of diaphragm than that in the absence of diaphragm at any inlet Sw. Consequently the O/F ratio is always lower in the presence of diaphragm compared to no diaphragm case. One can note that the stoichiometric O/F is achievable here with this short motor for Sw2. Strong recirculation zone behind the diaphragm promotes mixing gases in the recirculation zone thereby result in higher C* compared to no diaphragm cases at all inlet Sw. A numerical study was carried out on single port laboratory scale hybrid rocket motor to understand the combined effect of diaphragm and swirl in flow in enhancing regression rate and the performance of the rocket motor. A systematic study was first carried out to assess the effect of a single diaphragm of various heights in the presence and absence of swirling oxidizer flow at the inlet. Further study was carried out to assess the effect of inlet swirl strength (characterized by swirl number, Sw) in the presence and absence of a diaphragm. Based on the above discussions, the following conclusions may be drawn. The local regression rate along the fuel grain length in a hybrid rocket motor is seen to follow the heat transferred from the gas phase to the fuel surface. Presence of diaphragm in the port causes a recirculation zone downstream of diaphragm. This recirculation zone transports hot gases from the flame closer to the fuel surface and enhances heat feedback to the fuel. Mixing in the recirculation zone also promotes C. Swirling oxidizer flow at the inlet contributes an additional swirl component to the velocity thereby increasing velocity magnitude in the combustion chamber. Thus the radial gradients are higher and the radial diffusive transport and mixing of gases are enhanced. The positive effect of both diaphragm and swirl (enhanced heat transfer at the fuel surface) complement each other. Therefore, the combination of the two techniques is seen to enhance the regression rate better compared to the individual contribution of the techniques. For a given inlet Sw, the average regression rate is enhanced with increase in diaphragm height. The enhanced mixing in the recirculation zone promotes C enhancement and is dominant for taller diaphragms. The flame that is held farther from fuel surface by diaphragm demotes C* enhancement and is dominant for shorter diaphragms. Hence C* has a decreasing-increasing trend with increase in diaphragm height. On the other hand for a given diaphragm height, the average regression rate as well as the C* are enhanced with increase in inlet Sw. The negative effect of both diaphragm and swirl (flame held farther from the fuel surface) also complement each other. Therefore, the combined enhancement of regression rate by diaphragm and swirl in combination is lesser than the arithmetic sum of the regression rate enhancement contributed by diaphragm and swirl individually. 1. Marxman, G. A. Combustion in turbulent boundary layer on a vaporizing surface. In the 10th International Symposium on Combustion, Combustion Inst., Pittsburgh, PA, 1965, pp.1337-1349.[Full text via CrossRef] 2. George, P. & Krishnan, S. Fuel regression rate in hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene/gaseous oxygen hybrid rocket motors. J. Prop. Power, 2001, 17(1), 35-42.[Full text via CrossRef] 3. Knuth, W.H.; Chiaverini, M.J.; Sauer, A. & Gramer, D.J. Solid-fuel regression rate behavior of vortex hybrid rocket engines. J. Prop. Power, 2002, 18(3), 600-609.[Full text via CrossRef] 4. Lee, C.; Na, Y. & Lee, G. The enhancement of regression rate of hybrid rocket fuel by helical grain configuration and swirl flow. In the Proceedings of 41st AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, Tucson, AZ, 2005. AIAA Paper 2005-3906.[Full text via CrossRef] 5. Altman, D. & Holzman, A. Overview and history of hybrid rocket propulsion. Fundamentals of Hybrid Rocket Combustion and Propulsion, Edited by, Chiaverini M.J. & Kuo, K.K.218, In the Progress in Aeronautics and Astronautics, AIAA, Reston, Virginia, 2007, pp. 1-36.[Full text via CrossRef] 6. Matthias Grosse. Effect of a diaphragm on performance and fuel regression of a laboratory scale hybrid rocket motor using nitrous oxide and paraffin. In the Proceedings of 45th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, Denver, CO, 2009. AIAA Paper 2009-5113.[Full text via CrossRef] 7. Bellomo, N; Lazzarin, M.; Barato, F. & Grosse, M. Numerical investigation of the effect of diaphragm on the performance of a hybrid rocket motor. In the Proceedings of 46th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, Nashville, TN, 2010. AIAA Paper 2010-7033.[Full text via CrossRef] 8. Kumar, C.P. & Kumar. A. Numerical investigation on the effect of diaphragms on regression rate in hybrid rocket motors. J. Propulsion Power, 2012, 29(3), 559-572.[Full text via CrossRef] 9. Kumar. C.P. & Kumar, A. Effect of swirl on the regression rate in hybrid rocket motors. Aerospace Sci. Techno., 2013, 29(1), 92-99.[Full text via CrossRef] 10. Menter, F.R. Two equation Eddy-viscosity turbulence models for engineering applications. AIAA Journal, 1994, 32(8), 1598-1605.[Full text via CrossRef] 11. Cheng, G.C.; Farmer, R.C.; Jones H.S. & McFarlane, J.S. Numerical simulation of internal ballistics of a hybrid rocket motor. In Proceedings of 32nd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, AIAA Paper 1994-0554, Reno, NV, 1994.[Full text via CrossRef] 12. Gordon, S. & McBride, B.J. Computer program for calculation of complex chemical equilibrium compositions and applications. NASA Reference Publication 1311, 1996. 13. Ramakrishna, P.A.; Paul P.J. & Mukunda, H.S. Sandwich propellant combustion: Modeling and experimental comparison. In the Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 29, The Combustion Institute, 2002, 29(2), 2963-2973.[Full text via CrossRef] 14. Jiang, X; Siamas, G.A. & Wrobel, L.C. Analytical equilibrium swirling inflow conditions for computational fluid dynamics. Technical notes, AIAA Journal, 2008, 46(4), 1015-1019.[Full text via CrossRef] 15. ANSYS-Fluent Software. Version No. 6.3.26, 2006. 16. Kuo, K.K; Lu, Y-C; Chiaverini, M.J; Johnson, D.K; Serin, N; Risha, G.A; Merkle, C.L. & Venkateshwaran, S. Fundamental phenomena on fuel decomposition and boundary layer combustion processes with applications to hybrid rocket motors. Semi-Annual Progress Report, NASA-CR-201843, June 1996. 17. Steenbergen, W. & Voskamp, J. The rate of decay of swirl in turbulent pipe flow. Flow Measurement Instrumen., 1998, 9(2), 67-78.[Full text via CrossRef] Mr Palani Kumar C Mr Palani Kumar C obtained his BE (Mechanical Engineering) from Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore in 2004. He is currently pursuing his PhD (Aerospace Engineering) in IIT Madras. His research and work experience includes hybrid rockets, computational combustion and propulsion. Dr Amit Kumar Dr Amit Kumar obtained his PhD (Mechanical & Aerospace) from Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio in 2004. He is currently working as Associate professor in the department of Aerospace Engineering, IIT Madras. His research work and area of expertise includes hybrid propulsion, computational combustion, fire safety (microgravity to terrestrial environments), electric propulsion and DDT.	2021-12-04T06:52:53	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 2, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5669845938682556, "perplexity": 2479.2107697963447}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362952.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204063651-20211204093651-00617.warc.gz"}
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10311169-gravitational-footprints-black-holes-microstate-geometries	Gravitational footprints of black holes and their microstate geometries A bstract We construct a family of non-supersymmetric extremal black holes and their horizonless microstate geometries in four dimensions. The black holes can have finite angular momentum and an arbitrary charge-to-mass ratio, unlike their supersymmetric cousins. These features make them and their microstate geometries astrophysically relevant. Thus, they provide interesting prototypes to study deviations from Kerr solutions caused by new horizon-scale physics. In this paper, we compute the gravitational multipole structure of these solutions and compare them to Kerr black holes. The multipoles of the black hole differ significantly from Kerr as they depend non-trivially on the charge-to-mass ratio. The horizonless microstate geometries (that are comparable in size to a black hole) have a similar multipole structure as their corresponding black hole, with deviations to the black hole multipole values set by the scale of their microstructure. Authors: ; ; ; ; Award ID(s): Publication Date: NSF-PAR ID: 10311169 Journal Name: Journal of High Energy Physics Volume: 2021 Issue: 10 ISSN: 1029-8479	2022-11-27T09:31:48	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8038566708564758, "perplexity": 1701.7716247670119}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710218.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127073607-20221127103607-00311.warc.gz"}
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10112888-towards-testing-monotonicity-distributions-over-general-posets	Towards Testing Monotonicity of Distributions Over General Posets In this work, we consider the sample complexity required for testing the monotonicity of distributions over partial orders. A distribution p over a poset is monotone if, for any pair of domain elements x and y such that x ⪯ y, p(x) ≤ p(y). To understand the sample complexity of this problem, we introduce a new property called bigness over a finite domain, where the distribution is T-big if the minimum probability for any domain element is at least T. We establish a lower bound of Ω(n/ log n) for testing bigness of distributions on domains of size n. We then build on these lower bounds to give Ω(n/ log n) lower bounds for testing monotonicity over a matching poset of size n and significantly improved lower bounds over the hypercube poset. We give sublinear sample complexity bounds for testing bigness and for testing monotonicity over the matching poset. We then give a number of tools for analyzing upper bounds on the sample complexity of the monotonicity testing problem. The previous lower bound for testing Monotonicity of Authors: ; ; ; ; Award ID(s): Publication Date: NSF-PAR ID: 10112888 Journal Name: Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Conference on Learning Theory (COLT 2019) 4. A Boolean {\em $k$-monotone} function defined over a finite poset domain ${\cal D}$ alternates between the values $0$ and $1$ at most $k$ times on any ascending chain in ${\cal D}$. Therefore, $k$-monotone functions are natural generalizations of the classical {\em monotone} functions, which are the {\em $1$-monotone} functions. Motivated by the recent interest in $k$-monotone functions in the context of circuit complexity and learning theory, and by the central role that monotonicity testing plays in the context of property testing, we initiate a systematic study of $k$-monotone functions, in the property testing model. In this model, the goal is to distinguish functions that are $k$-monotone (or are close to being $k$-monotone) from functions that are far from being $k$-monotone. Our results include the following: \begin{enumerate} \item We demonstrate a separation between testing $k$-monotonicity and testing monotonicity, on the hypercube domain $\{0,1\}^d$, for $k\geq 3$; \item We demonstrate a separation between testing and learning on $\{0,1\}^d$, for $k=\omega(\log d)$: testing $k$-monotonicity can be performed with $2^{O(\sqrt d \cdot \log d\cdot \log{1/\eps})}$ queries, while learning $k$-monotone functions requires $2^{\Omega(k\cdot \sqrt d\cdot{1/\eps})}$ queries (Blais et al. (RANDOM 2015)). \item We present a tolerant test for functions $f\colon[n]^d\to \{0,1\}$ with complexity independent ofmore »	2022-11-29T11:35:09	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9596918821334839, "perplexity": 529.8743192796525}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710691.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129100233-20221129130233-00208.warc.gz"}
https://pos.sissa.it/414/459/	Volume 414 - 41st International Conference on High Energy physics (ICHEP2022) - Heavy Ions Searching for jet quenching effect using high-multiplicity inclusive jet and h+jet semi-inclusive jet in pp collisions with ALICE A. Kotliarov Full text: pdf Pre-published on: November 21, 2022 Published on: Abstract Several unforeseen collective phenomena have been observed in high-multiplicity small collision systems that resemble the well-established signatures of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) formation in heavy-ion collisions. However, jet quenching effects have not been observed in small collision systems. Quantification or setting limits on the magnitude of jet quenching in small systems is essential for understanding the limits of the QGP formation. These proceedings present the outcomes of a search for jet quenching effects performed by the ALICE collaboration in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV as a function of charged-particle multiplicity, measured in forward rapidity. Two jet observables are studied: inclusive $p_{\text{T}}$-differential jet cross section, and the semi-inclusive yield of jets recoiling from a high-$p_{\text{T}}$ trigger-hadron. Jets are reconstructed from charged-particle tracks using the anti-$k_{\text{T}}$ algorithm with resolution parameter $R$ in the range $0.2 - 0.6$. To search for jet quenching effects, both analyses compare jet yields measured in different multiplicity intervals. The analysis of inclusive jets reveals that the rise of event activity leads to an increase in jet production with a weak impact on the spectra slope for high-$p_{\text{T}}$ jets. In the semi-inclusive analysis, the acoplanarity distribution of recoil jets measured in high-multiplicity events exhibits a substantial suppression and broadening when compared to the corresponding spectrum obtained from minimum-bias events. These peculiar features are also seen in pp events simulated by the PYTHIA 8 Monte Carlo event generator. Further studies of the PYTHIA 8 data suggest that the observed suppression and broadening arise from a bias posed by the ALICE high-multiplicity trigger. This bias leads to a growth of the probability to measure high-$p_{\text{T}}$ recoil jets in the acceptance of the forward V0 detector. Furthermore, the high-multiplicity trigger biases toward final states with multi-jet topology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22323/1.414.0459 How to cite Metadata are provided both in "article" format (very similar to INSPIRE) as this helps creating very compact bibliographies which can be beneficial to authors and readers, and in "proceeding" format which is more detailed and complete. Open Access Copyright owned by the author(s) under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.	2023-01-30T20:43:32	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6514134407043457, "perplexity": 3284.6681884367267}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499829.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130201044-20230130231044-00214.warc.gz"}
https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Aneuman.frantisek	## Neuman, František Compute Distance To: Author ID: neuman.frantisek Published as: Neuman, František; Neuman, F. External Links: MGP · Wikidata · IdRef Documents Indexed: 110 Publications since 1962, including 1 Book Reviewing Activity: 69 Reviews Biographic References: 1 Publication Co-Authors: 8 Co-Authors with 9 Joint Publications 345 Co-Co-Authors all top 5 ### Co-Authors 100 single-authored 2 Elbert, Árpád 2 Vosmansky, Jaromir 1 Agarwal, Ravi P. 1 Arscott, F. M. 1 Everitt, William Norrie 1 Kiguradze, Ivan Tarielovich 1 Kiguradze, Tariel I. 1 Krasovskii, S. G. 1 Kusano, Takaŝi 1 Kvinikadze, G. G. 1 Maksimov, Vladimir Petrovich 1 Muldoon, Martin E. 1 Partsvania, Nino 1 Perestyuk, Mykola Oleksiĭovych 1 Rassias, Themistocles Michael 1 Rozov, Nikolaĭ Khristovich 1 Samoĭlenko, Anatoliĭ Mykhaĭlovych 1 Sekanina, Milan 1 Staněk, Svatoslav all top 5 ### Serials 14 Archivum Mathematicum 11 Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal 10 Aequationes Mathematicae 7 Časopis Pro Pěstování Matematiky 4 Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section A. Mathematics 4 Rendiconti di Matematica, VI. Serie 3 Journal of Differential Equations 3 Mathematica Bohemica 2 Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata. Serie Quarta 2 Differential Equations 2 Applied Mathematics Letters 2 Memoirs on Differential Equations and Mathematical Physics 1 Acta Mathematica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 1 Analele Științifice ale Universității Al. I. Cuza din Iași. (Serie Nouă.) Secțiunea Ia. Matematică-Informatică 1 Annales Scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure. Quatrième Série 1 Commentationes Mathematicae Universitatis Carolinae 1 Demonstratio Mathematica 1 Differentsial’nye Uravneniya 1 Journal of the London Mathematical Society. Second Series 1 Mathematische Nachrichten 1 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications. Series A: Theory and Methods 1 Results in Mathematics 1 Studia Scientiarum Mathematicarum Hungarica 1 Revista. Serie A. Matematica y Fisica Teorica 1 Comptes Rendus Mathématiques de l’Académie des Sciences 1 Acta Mathematica Universitatis Comenianae 1 Mathematical and Computer Modelling 1 Differential and Integral Equations 1 Doklady, Akademiya Nauk Azerbaĭdzhanskoĭ SSR 1 Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Serie Ottava. Rendiconti. Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali 1 Buletinul Institutului Politehnic din Iași. Secția I 1 Linear Algebra and its Applications 1 Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences. Série I 1 Proceedings of the Georgian Academy of Sciences. Mathematics 1 Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Górniczo-Hutniczej Im. Stanisława Staszica. Opuscula Mathematica 1 Georgian Mathematical Journal 1 Studies of the University of Žilina. Mathematical Series 1 Advances in Difference Equations 1 Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis Comenianae. Mathematica 1 Buletinul Institutului Politehnic din Iași, New Series 1 Mathematics and its Applications. East European Series 1 Annales Academiae Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Mathematica 1 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications all top 5 ### Fields 79 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 12 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 11 History and biography (01-XX) 5 Real functions (26-XX) 4 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 4 Differential geometry (53-XX) 3 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 3 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 2 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 2 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 1 Combinatorics (05-XX) 1 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 1 Category theory; homological algebra (18-XX) 1 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 1 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 1 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 1 General topology (54-XX) 1 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) ### Citations contained in zbMATH Open 83 Publications have been cited 335 times in 154 Documents Cited by Year Three-point boundary value problems in differential equations. Zbl 0226.34010 Greguš, M.; Neuman, František; Arscott, F. M. 1971 Global properties of linear ordinary differential equations. Zbl 0784.34009 Neuman, František 1991 On transformations of differential equations and systems with deviating argument. Zbl 0463.34051 Neuman, František 1981 Transformation and canonical forms of functional-differential equations. Zbl 0714.34108 Neuman, František 1990 Simultaneous solutions of a system of Abel equations and differential equations with several deviations. Zbl 0524.34070 Neuman, František 1982 On a certain ordering of the vertices of a tree. Zbl 0131.20901 Neuman, František 1964 Geometrical approach to linear differential equations of the $$n$$-th order. Zbl 0257.34029 Neuman, František 1972 On equivalence of linear functional-differential equations. Zbl 0829.34054 Neuman, František 1994 Factorizations of matrices and functions of two variables. Zbl 0517.15012 Neuman, František 1982 Criterion of global equivalence of linear differential equations. Zbl 0552.34009 Neuman, František 1984 Linear differential equations of the second order and their applications. Zbl 0227.34005 Neuman, František 1971 On solutions of the vector functional equation $$y(\xi(X))=f(X)\cdot A\cdot y(X)$$. Zbl 0375.34013 Neuman, František 1977 Note on bounded non-periodic solutions of second-order linear differential equations with periodic coefficients. Zbl 0169.41703 Neuman, František 1969 Functions of two variables and matrices involving factorizations. Zbl 0449.15009 Neuman, František 1981 Finite sums of products of functions in single variables. Zbl 0714.26007 Neuman, František 1990 Distribution of zeros of solutions of $$y''=q(t)y$$ in relation to their behaviour in large. Zbl 0286.34050 Neuman, František 1974 Criterion of periodicity of solutions of a certain differential equation with a periodic coefficient. Zbl 0148.07104 Neuman, František 1967 On two problems on oscillations of linear differential equations of the third order. Zbl 0287.34029 Neuman, František 1974 A role of Abel’s equation in the stability theory of differential equations. Zbl 0215.43803 Neuman, František 1971 Limit circle classification and boundedness of solutions. Zbl 0411.34040 Neuman, František 1978 Global theory of ordinary linear homogeneous differential equations in the real domain. I. Zbl 0643.34011 Neuman, František 1987 Stationary groups of linear differential equations. Zbl 0573.34028 Neuman, František 1984 Sur les équations différentielles linéaires oscillatoires du deuxième ordre avec la dispersion fondamentale $$\varphi(t) = t+\pi$$. (On linear oscillatory differential equations of second order with fundamental dispersion $$\varphi(t) = t+\pi$$). Zbl 0151.12202 Neuman, František 1964 Note on the second phase of the differential equation $$y'' = q(t)y$$. Zbl 0217.40201 Neuman, František 1966 Centroaffine invariants of plane curves in connection with the theory of the second-order linear differential equations. Zbl 0218.34007 Neuman, František 1968 Second order linear differential systems. Zbl 0453.34006 Neuman, František 1980 Covariant constructions in the theory of linear differential equations. Zbl 0597.34005 Neuman, František 1986 Ordinary linear differential equations – a survey of the global theory. Zbl 0633.34008 Neuman, F. 1986 $$L^2$$-solutions of $$y''= q(t)y$$ and a functional equation. Zbl 0225.34022 Neuman, František 1971 On the Liouville transformation. Zbl 0241.34005 Neuman, František 1970 Some results on geometrical approach to linear differential equations of the $$n$$-th order. Zbl 0217.12001 Neuman, František 1971 Extremal property of the equation $$y''= -k^2y$$. Zbl 0217.40202 Neuman, František 1967 Functions decomposable into finite sums of products (old and new results, problems and trends). Zbl 0738.26003 Neuman, František; Rassias, Themistocles M. 1991 On a canonical parametrization of continuous functions. Zbl 0779.39002 Neuman, František 1990 Principal pairs of solutions of linear second order oscillatory differential equations. Zbl 0755.34010 Elbert, Árpád; Neuman, František; Vosmanský, Jaromír 1992 A general construction of linear differential equations with solutions of prescribed properties. Zbl 1054.34018 Neuman, F. 2004 A concept of adjointness and symmetry of differential expressions based on the generalised Lagrange identity and Green’s formula. Zbl 0531.34002 Everitt, W. N.; Neuman, František 1983 A survey of global properties of linear differential equations of the $$n$$-th order. Zbl 0501.34003 Neuman, František 1982 Functions of the form $$\sum_ 1^ n f_ i(x) g_ i(t)$$ in $$L_ 2$$. Zbl 0506.41016 Neuman, František 1982 Smoothness as an invariant property of coefficients of linear differential equations. Zbl 0702.34034 Neuman, František 1989 On iteration groups of certain functions. Zbl 0721.39002 Neuman, František 1989 From local to global investigations of linear differential equations of the $$n$$-th order. Zbl 0548.34009 Neuman, František 1984 Oscillatory behavior of iterative linear ordinary differential equations depends on their order. Zbl 0608.34036 Neuman, František 1986 Construction of differential equations with coexisting periodic solutions. Zbl 0267.34039 Neuman, František 1970 On a problem of transformations between limit-circle and limit-point differential equations. Zbl 0334.34022 Neuman, František 1975 Categorial approach to global transformations of the $$n$$-th order linear differential equations. Zbl 0374.34028 Neuman, František 1977 On Halphen and Laguerre-Forsyth canonical forms of linear differential equations. Zbl 0729.34008 Neuman, František 1990 Solutions of Abel’s equation in relation to the asymptotic behaviour of linear differential equations. Zbl 0899.39006 Neuman, František 1998 Construction of second order linear differential equations with solutions of prescribed properties. Zbl 0199.13802 Neuman, František 1965 An explicit form of the differential equations $$y''=q(t)y$$ with periodic solutions. Zbl 0201.10603 Neuman, František 1970 Periodic curvatures and closed curves. Zbl 0201.23703 Neuman, František 1970 On the coexistence of periodic solutions. Zbl 0208.10903 Neuman, František 1970 Coordinate description of analytic relations. Zbl 1116.34006 Neuman, František 2006 Ordered groups, commuting matrices and iterations of functions in transformations of differential equations. Zbl 0737.34023 Neuman, František 1991 Algebraic aspects of transformations with an application to differential equations. Zbl 0957.34008 Neuman, František 2000 Transformation theory of linear ordinary differential equations – from local to global investigations. Zbl 0914.34012 Neuman, František 1997 Dispersions for linear differential equations of arbitrary order. Zbl 0914.34010 Neuman, František 1997 Smooth and discrete systems – algebraic, analytic, and geometrical representations. Zbl 1077.34008 Neuman, František 2004 Constructing and solving equations – inverse operations. Zbl 1086.34006 Neuman, František 2005 A generalization of Floquet theory. Zbl 0517.34035 Neuman, František 1980 Linear differential equations - global theory. Zbl 0519.34004 Neuman, František 1982 Global properties of $$n$$-th order ordinary linear differential equations. Zbl 0524.34044 Neuman, František 1983 Global theory of linear differential equations of the $$n$$-th order. Zbl 0484.34022 Neuman, František 1981 On transformation of quasilinear differential equations to canonical forms. Zbl 0832.34026 Neuman, František 1992 Another proof of Borůvka’s criterion on global equivalence of the second order ordinary linear differential equations. Zbl 0714.34055 Neuman, František 1990 On the $$n$$-th order iterative ordinary linear differential equations. Zbl 0791.34012 Neuman, František 1993 Limit behavior of solutions of ordinary linear differential equations. Zbl 0797.34008 Neuman, František 1993 A vector functional equation and linear differential equations. Zbl 0593.39006 Neuman, František 1985 Exceptional solutions of Hill equations. Zbl 0816.34019 Elbert, Á.; Neuman, F. 1995 Ordinary linear differential equations - a survey of the global theory. Zbl 0622.34008 Neuman, F. 1986 A note on Santalo’s isoperimetric theorem. Zbl 0278.52004 Neuman, F. 1971 On $$n$$-dimensional closed curves and periodic solutions of linear differential equations of the $$n$$-th order. Zbl 0286.34063 Neuman, František 1973 Linear differential equations with periodic coefficients in the critical case. Zbl 0373.34020 Neuman, František 1977 Nonextendable classes of linear differential equations. Zbl 0843.34012 Neuman, František 1995 Principal pairs for oscillatory second order linear differential equations. Zbl 0842.34035 Muldoon, Martin E.; Neuman, František 1995 Closed plane curves and differential equations. Zbl 0235.53003 Neuman, František 1970 Note on Kummer’s transformation. Zbl 0241.34006 Neuman, František 1971 A note on differential equations with periodic solutions. Zbl 0241.34028 Neuman, František 1970 Structure of solution spaces via transformation. Zbl 1154.34374 Neuman, František 2008 Sur les équations différentielles linéaires du second ordre dont les solutions ont des racines formant une suite convexe. (On differential equations of second order whose solutions form a convex sequence). Zbl 0117.30303 Neuman, František 1962 On ordering vertices of infinite trees. Zbl 0136.44801 Neuman, František 1966 Equivalent systems of sets and homeomorphic topologies. Zbl 0139.40103 Neuman, František; Sekanina, Milan 1965 On the structure of second-order periodic differential equations with given characteristic multipliers. Zbl 0384.34027 Neuman, František; Stanek, Svatoslav 1977 Structure of solution spaces via transformation. Zbl 1154.34374 Neuman, František 2008 Coordinate description of analytic relations. Zbl 1116.34006 Neuman, František 2006 Constructing and solving equations – inverse operations. Zbl 1086.34006 Neuman, František 2005 A general construction of linear differential equations with solutions of prescribed properties. Zbl 1054.34018 Neuman, F. 2004 Smooth and discrete systems – algebraic, analytic, and geometrical representations. Zbl 1077.34008 Neuman, František 2004 Algebraic aspects of transformations with an application to differential equations. Zbl 0957.34008 Neuman, František 2000 Solutions of Abel’s equation in relation to the asymptotic behaviour of linear differential equations. Zbl 0899.39006 Neuman, František 1998 Transformation theory of linear ordinary differential equations – from local to global investigations. Zbl 0914.34012 Neuman, František 1997 Dispersions for linear differential equations of arbitrary order. Zbl 0914.34010 Neuman, František 1997 Exceptional solutions of Hill equations. Zbl 0816.34019 Elbert, Á.; Neuman, F. 1995 Nonextendable classes of linear differential equations. Zbl 0843.34012 Neuman, František 1995 Principal pairs for oscillatory second order linear differential equations. Zbl 0842.34035 Muldoon, Martin E.; Neuman, František 1995 On equivalence of linear functional-differential equations. Zbl 0829.34054 Neuman, František 1994 On the $$n$$-th order iterative ordinary linear differential equations. Zbl 0791.34012 Neuman, František 1993 Limit behavior of solutions of ordinary linear differential equations. Zbl 0797.34008 Neuman, František 1993 Principal pairs of solutions of linear second order oscillatory differential equations. Zbl 0755.34010 Elbert, Árpád; Neuman, František; Vosmanský, Jaromír 1992 On transformation of quasilinear differential equations to canonical forms. Zbl 0832.34026 Neuman, František 1992 Global properties of linear ordinary differential equations. Zbl 0784.34009 Neuman, František 1991 Functions decomposable into finite sums of products (old and new results, problems and trends). Zbl 0738.26003 Neuman, František; Rassias, Themistocles M. 1991 Ordered groups, commuting matrices and iterations of functions in transformations of differential equations. Zbl 0737.34023 Neuman, František 1991 Transformation and canonical forms of functional-differential equations. Zbl 0714.34108 Neuman, František 1990 Finite sums of products of functions in single variables. Zbl 0714.26007 Neuman, František 1990 On a canonical parametrization of continuous functions. Zbl 0779.39002 Neuman, František 1990 On Halphen and Laguerre-Forsyth canonical forms of linear differential equations. Zbl 0729.34008 Neuman, František 1990 Another proof of Borůvka’s criterion on global equivalence of the second order ordinary linear differential equations. Zbl 0714.34055 Neuman, František 1990 Smoothness as an invariant property of coefficients of linear differential equations. Zbl 0702.34034 Neuman, František 1989 On iteration groups of certain functions. Zbl 0721.39002 Neuman, František 1989 Global theory of ordinary linear homogeneous differential equations in the real domain. I. Zbl 0643.34011 Neuman, František 1987 Covariant constructions in the theory of linear differential equations. Zbl 0597.34005 Neuman, František 1986 Ordinary linear differential equations – a survey of the global theory. Zbl 0633.34008 Neuman, F. 1986 Oscillatory behavior of iterative linear ordinary differential equations depends on their order. Zbl 0608.34036 Neuman, František 1986 Ordinary linear differential equations - a survey of the global theory. Zbl 0622.34008 Neuman, F. 1986 A vector functional equation and linear differential equations. Zbl 0593.39006 Neuman, František 1985 Criterion of global equivalence of linear differential equations. Zbl 0552.34009 Neuman, František 1984 Stationary groups of linear differential equations. Zbl 0573.34028 Neuman, František 1984 From local to global investigations of linear differential equations of the $$n$$-th order. Zbl 0548.34009 Neuman, František 1984 A concept of adjointness and symmetry of differential expressions based on the generalised Lagrange identity and Green’s formula. Zbl 0531.34002 Everitt, W. N.; Neuman, František 1983 Global properties of $$n$$-th order ordinary linear differential equations. Zbl 0524.34044 Neuman, František 1983 Simultaneous solutions of a system of Abel equations and differential equations with several deviations. Zbl 0524.34070 Neuman, František 1982 Factorizations of matrices and functions of two variables. Zbl 0517.15012 Neuman, František 1982 A survey of global properties of linear differential equations of the $$n$$-th order. Zbl 0501.34003 Neuman, František 1982 Functions of the form $$\sum_ 1^ n f_ i(x) g_ i(t)$$ in $$L_ 2$$. Zbl 0506.41016 Neuman, František 1982 Linear differential equations - global theory. Zbl 0519.34004 Neuman, František 1982 On transformations of differential equations and systems with deviating argument. Zbl 0463.34051 Neuman, František 1981 Functions of two variables and matrices involving factorizations. Zbl 0449.15009 Neuman, František 1981 Global theory of linear differential equations of the $$n$$-th order. Zbl 0484.34022 Neuman, František 1981 Second order linear differential systems. Zbl 0453.34006 Neuman, František 1980 A generalization of Floquet theory. Zbl 0517.34035 Neuman, František 1980 Limit circle classification and boundedness of solutions. Zbl 0411.34040 Neuman, František 1978 On solutions of the vector functional equation $$y(\xi(X))=f(X)\cdot A\cdot y(X)$$. Zbl 0375.34013 Neuman, František 1977 Categorial approach to global transformations of the $$n$$-th order linear differential equations. Zbl 0374.34028 Neuman, František 1977 Linear differential equations with periodic coefficients in the critical case. Zbl 0373.34020 Neuman, František 1977 On the structure of second-order periodic differential equations with given characteristic multipliers. Zbl 0384.34027 Neuman, František; Stanek, Svatoslav 1977 On a problem of transformations between limit-circle and limit-point differential equations. Zbl 0334.34022 Neuman, František 1975 Distribution of zeros of solutions of $$y''=q(t)y$$ in relation to their behaviour in large. Zbl 0286.34050 Neuman, František 1974 On two problems on oscillations of linear differential equations of the third order. Zbl 0287.34029 Neuman, František 1974 On $$n$$-dimensional closed curves and periodic solutions of linear differential equations of the $$n$$-th order. Zbl 0286.34063 Neuman, František 1973 Geometrical approach to linear differential equations of the $$n$$-th order. Zbl 0257.34029 Neuman, František 1972 Three-point boundary value problems in differential equations. Zbl 0226.34010 Greguš, M.; Neuman, František; Arscott, F. M. 1971 Linear differential equations of the second order and their applications. Zbl 0227.34005 Neuman, František 1971 A role of Abel’s equation in the stability theory of differential equations. Zbl 0215.43803 Neuman, František 1971 $$L^2$$-solutions of $$y''= q(t)y$$ and a functional equation. Zbl 0225.34022 Neuman, František 1971 Some results on geometrical approach to linear differential equations of the $$n$$-th order. Zbl 0217.12001 Neuman, František 1971 A note on Santalo’s isoperimetric theorem. Zbl 0278.52004 Neuman, F. 1971 Note on Kummer’s transformation. Zbl 0241.34006 Neuman, František 1971 On the Liouville transformation. Zbl 0241.34005 Neuman, František 1970 Construction of differential equations with coexisting periodic solutions. Zbl 0267.34039 Neuman, František 1970 An explicit form of the differential equations $$y''=q(t)y$$ with periodic solutions. Zbl 0201.10603 Neuman, František 1970 Periodic curvatures and closed curves. Zbl 0201.23703 Neuman, František 1970 On the coexistence of periodic solutions. Zbl 0208.10903 Neuman, František 1970 Closed plane curves and differential equations. Zbl 0235.53003 Neuman, František 1970 A note on differential equations with periodic solutions. Zbl 0241.34028 Neuman, František 1970 Note on bounded non-periodic solutions of second-order linear differential equations with periodic coefficients. Zbl 0169.41703 Neuman, František 1969 Centroaffine invariants of plane curves in connection with the theory of the second-order linear differential equations. Zbl 0218.34007 Neuman, František 1968 Criterion of periodicity of solutions of a certain differential equation with a periodic coefficient. Zbl 0148.07104 Neuman, František 1967 Extremal property of the equation $$y''= -k^2y$$. Zbl 0217.40202 Neuman, František 1967 Note on the second phase of the differential equation $$y'' = q(t)y$$. Zbl 0217.40201 Neuman, František 1966 On ordering vertices of infinite trees. Zbl 0136.44801 Neuman, František 1966 Construction of second order linear differential equations with solutions of prescribed properties. Zbl 0199.13802 Neuman, František 1965 Equivalent systems of sets and homeomorphic topologies. Zbl 0139.40103 Neuman, František; Sekanina, Milan 1965 On a certain ordering of the vertices of a tree. Zbl 0131.20901 Neuman, František 1964 Sur les équations différentielles linéaires oscillatoires du deuxième ordre avec la dispersion fondamentale $$\varphi(t) = t+\pi$$. (On linear oscillatory differential equations of second order with fundamental dispersion $$\varphi(t) = t+\pi$$). Zbl 0151.12202 Neuman, František 1964 Sur les équations différentielles linéaires du second ordre dont les solutions ont des racines formant une suite convexe. (On differential equations of second order whose solutions form a convex sequence). Zbl 0117.30303 Neuman, František 1962 all top 5 ### Cited by 120 Authors 21 Neuman, František 21 Staněk, Svatoslav 10 Tryhuk, Václav 7 Čermák, Jan 6 Bremer, James C. 4 Šimša, Jaromír 3 Binding, Paul Anthony 3 Boucherif, Abdelkader 3 Čadek, Martin 3 Diblík, Josef 3 Došlý, Ondřej 3 Fleischner, Herbert J. 3 Rokhlin, Vladimir 2 Agarwal, Ravi P. 2 Browne, Patrick J. 2 Farzadfard, Hojjat 2 Heitman, Zhu 2 Hobbs, Arthur M. 2 Kabela, Adam 2 Khani Robati, Bahram 2 Kopecek, Oldrich 2 Nebeský, Ladislav 2 Rubel, Lee Albert 2 Singh, Mandeep 2 Spigler, Renato 2 Sun, Jiong 2 Turyn, Lawrence 2 Verma, Amit Kumar 2 Wang, Yuanming 2 Zettl, Anton 1 Alavi, Yousef 1 Andres, Jan 1 Beckebanze, F. 1 Beránek, Jaroslav 1 Bliznikas, V. I. 1 Blum, Edward Kenneth 1 Bobisud, Larry E. 1 Borůvka, Otakar 1 Buică, Adriana 1 Cariñena, José F. 1 Cecchi, Mariella 1 Chanane, Bilal 1 Chartrand, Gary Theodore 1 Chvalina, Jan 1 Curtis, A. Robert 1 Davvaz, Bijan 1 Do, Tae Sug 1 Došlá, Zuzana 1 Etgen, Garret J. 1 Everitt, William Norrie 1 Fialka, Miloslav 1 Gasull, Armengol 1 Gauchman, Hillel 1 Grace, Said Rezk 1 Guggenheimer, Heinrich Walter 1 Güngör, Faruk 1 Hao, Xiaoling 1 Heil, Erhard 1 Hu, Qingwan 1 Jarlebring, Elias 1 Keady, Grant 1 Koksch, Norbert J. 1 Kronk, Hudson V. 1 Kuben, Jaromír 1 Kulenović, Mustafa R. S. 1 Laitochová, Jitka 1 Lalli, Bikkar S. 1 Leach, Peter Gavin Lawrence 1 Leoreanu-Fotea, Violeta 1 Lesniak, Linda M. 1 Lupeikis, Z. Yu. 1 Ma, Ruyun 1 Mahomed, Fazal M. 1 Marini, Mauro 1 Masatlioglu, Yusufcan 1 Matucci, Serena 1 McKiernan, Michel A. 1 Muldoon, Martin E. 1 Ndogmo, Jean-Claude 1 Neumann, Frantisek 1 Ok, Efe A. 1 O’Regan, Donal 1 Pašić, Mervan 1 Pechancová, Šárka 1 Pituk, Mihály 1 Posluszny, Jeffrey 1 Prástaro, Agostino 1 Rassias, Themistocles Michael 1 Řehák, Pavel 1 Ringh, Emil 1 Röst, Gergely 1 Sabir, Eminjan 1 Scalia, Massimo 1 Schaar, Günter 1 Šepitka, Peter 1 Shen, Jianhua 1 Šimon Hilscher, Roman 1 Singer, Michael F. 1 Tanaka, Satoshi 1 Targonski, György I. ...and 20 more Authors all top 5 ### Cited in 53 Serials 20 Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal 17 Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis. Facultas Rerum Naturalium. Mathematica 15 Aequationes Mathematicae 12 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 9 Mathematica Slovaca 6 Journal of Differential Equations 5 Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section A. Mathematics 4 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series B 3 Discrete Mathematics 3 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 3 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications. Series A: Theory and Methods 3 Applied Mathematics Letters 2 Journal of Computational Physics 2 Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 2 Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata. Serie Quarta 2 Archiv der Mathematik 2 Monatshefte für Mathematik 2 Numerische Mathematik 2 Results in Mathematics 2 Mathematical and Computer Modelling 2 Linear Algebra and its Applications 2 Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis 2 Georgian Mathematical Journal 2 Abstract and Applied Analysis 2 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computing 1 Acta Mathematica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 1 Applicable Analysis 1 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 1 Wave Motion 1 Annales Scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure. Quatrième Série 1 Applied Mathematics and Computation 1 Calcolo 1 Journal of Economic Theory 1 Journal of Soviet Mathematics 1 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 1 Acta Mathematica Hungarica 1 Graphs and Combinatorics 1 Journal of Symbolic Computation 1 Dynamics and Stability of Systems 1 SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications 1 Applications of Mathematics 1 SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing 1 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems 1 Journal of Mathematical Chemistry 1 Mathematical Problems in Engineering 1 Nonlinear Dynamics 1 Mediterranean Journal of Mathematics 1 Advances in Difference Equations 1 Boundary Value Problems 1 Matematický Časopis, Slovenskej Akadémie Vied 1 International Journal of Differential Equations 1 Mathematics for Applications 1 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications all top 5 ### Cited in 33 Fields 106 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 16 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 16 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 12 Combinatorics (05-XX) 10 Real functions (26-XX) 8 Operator theory (47-XX) 7 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 5 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 4 Special functions (33-XX) 2 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 2 General algebraic systems (08-XX) 2 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 2 Nonassociative rings and algebras (17-XX) 2 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 2 Integral equations (45-XX) 2 Functional analysis (46-XX) 2 Differential geometry (53-XX) 2 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 2 Computer science (68-XX) 2 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 1 History and biography (01-XX) 1 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 1 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 1 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 1 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 1 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 1 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 1 General topology (54-XX) 1 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 1 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) 1 Classical thermodynamics, heat transfer (80-XX) 1 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 1 Systems theory; control (93-XX) ### Wikidata Timeline The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.	2022-05-22T04:39:27	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5012723207473755, "perplexity": 3097.8453116118008}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662543797.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522032543-20220522062543-00409.warc.gz"}
https://megamitensei.fandom.com/wiki/Fusion_Theory_in_Megami_Ibunroku_Persona	## FANDOM 5,158 Pages This page is for explaining the Persona fusion in Megami Ibunroku Persona. ## BasicsEdit In order to create a Persona, the player must fuse Spell Cards acquired from demons via negotiation. The Order of the Spell Cards will determine the resulting Persona's Arcana (e.g Night x Fairy = Magician). The sequence in which the cards are fused is irrevelant, so both Snake x Drake = Priestess and Drake x Snake = Priestess. After that, the Persona itself is determined by the following formula: ${\frac{\text{(First demon's level} + \text{Second demon's level)}}{2}} + 3$ The resulting Persona is the one whose level is higher than the result of the equation. For example, should the player fuse Sumizome and Orthrus the following would happen: their races are Fairy and Brute which result in a Persona of the Priestess Arcana. Inputting Sumizome and Orthurs' levels in the formula results in 41, meaning that the Persona will be Tensen Nyannyan. Spell Cards from bosses as well as demons belonging to the Karma, Meta and Fiend Orders cannot be acquired through natural means, only via the use of cheat codes. It's still possible to use them in fusion, but it's not recommended to do so. Enemies belonging to orders that can't be normally obtained may freeze the game or worse. The player may fuse a Persona that's at most 10 levels higher than the protagonist, but the Persona can only be equipped by a character with the same Persona Level as it. Until then, the Persona will stay in the Velvet Room stock. ## Fusion Colors and AccidentsEdit Fusions can be White, Red or Blue. The color is determined by the affinity between the Spell Cards' Types and it influences fusion accidents. The fusion colors may coexist with arrows if both conditions are met. The colors' effects are: Color Effect Cause White No extra effect. All other combinations. Red Overall higher chance of fusion accident. Opposite Types (Element x Force; Light x Dark) Blue Highest stat +5 and Magic Attack +20. Overall lower chance of fusion accident. Same Type The types of fusion accident are: Effect Chance by Color White Red Blue Change to a Persona of another Arcana. $\frac{8}{256}$ $\frac{8}{256}$ $\frac{2}{256}$ Change to a Persona of the Fool Arcana. $\frac{1}{256}$ $\frac{4}{256}$ $\frac{2}{256}$ All stats -5. $\frac{7}{256}$ $\frac{32}{256}$ $\frac{0}{256}$ All stats +2. $\frac{8}{256}$ $\frac{0}{256}$ $\frac{8}{256}$ Inherits a spell from one random parent. (Inheritable spells only and still obeys inheritance rules) $\frac{8}{256}$ $\frac{20}{256}$ $\frac{4}{256}$ Fool Personas can only be created through fusion accidents. The following table is an addendum to the first accident type, "change to another Arcana." Once the 8/256 chance has been triggered, the Persona's Arcana will change according to those chances: Arcana Chance Lovers, Hermit, Temperance, Moon, Sun, World $\frac{32}{256}$ Magician, Empress, Emperor, Justice $\frac{10}{256}$ Priestess, Hierophant, Chariot, Judgement $\frac{6}{256}$ ## Fusion Arrows and InheritanceEdit Some fusion combinations may also be represented by arrows, depending on the demon's species. Those arrows indicate that the resulting Persona may inherit a spell from one of its parents. However, there are rules that govern which spells a Persona may inherit. The fusion arrows may coexist with colors if both conditions are met. Arrow Effect Cause Skill inherited from first demon in the fusion. Compatible species. Skill inherited from second demon in the fusion and all stats +1 Same species. Skill inherited from second demon in the fusion and all stats -1. Incompatible species. As stated before, the sequende in which the cards are chosen is irrelevant. Both Yoma x Fairy and Fairy x Yoma = Magician. Yoma and Fairy belong to the Demons species, so the resulting Persona will have +1 to all of its stats and will inherit a skill from the second demon used in the fusion. Furthermore, Yoma and Fairy are both Element-type, which results in a blue fusion. In the end, the fusion result will be a Magician Persona with +6 to its highest stat, +20 magic attack, +1 to the remaining stats and will inherit a spell from one of its parents. The following table is an addendum representing the affinities between species. For more details on which orders belong to which species see the List of Megami Ibunroku Persona Demons page. Species Compatible Incompatible Demons Animals Oni Winged Birds Evil Dragons Oni Birds Birds Winged Dragons Animals Demons Fouls Oni Dragons Demons Evil Fouls Winged Fouls Evil Animals ## Item FusionEdit After selecting the Persona to fuse, Igor will ask the player if they want to add an item to the fusion. Different types of item have different effects. For more specifics on the effect of items in fusion see the List of Megami Ibunroku Persona Items page. Item Type Effect Skill Tablets Spell inheritance Weapons Increase Strength St Incense Armor Increase Vitality Vi Incense Gauntlets Increase Dexterity Dx Incense Sabatons Increase Agility Ag Incense Helmets Increase Luck Lu Incense Ammo Increase Magic Attack and Defense HP Incense SP Incense Consumables Random effect Firearms Gemstones Change resulting Persona within Arcana Totems Change resulting Persona ### Random Effect FusionEdit Caused by adding consumables to the fusion. When this happens, one of the following will happen: +3 to a random stat. -3 to a random stat. Spell inheritance. The following table is an addendum representing the spells that can be inherited from Random Effect fusion. They change depending on the moon phase at the time of fusion and the chances of inheriting a spell in each category is the same. Those spells still follow the inheritance rules. Moon Phase Skills NEW Dormina, Shibaboo, Pulinpa, Hapirma, Marin Karin, Makajam, Delyte, Slumpa, Poisma, Decover, Doroid, Quikka, Balzac, Mador, Wolvaan 1/8 Agi, Agilao, Bufu, Bufula, Garu, Garula, Magna, Magnara 2/8 Frei, Freila, Zan, Zanma Gry, Gryva, Zio, Zionga 3/8 Maragi, Maragion, Mabufu, Mabufula, Magaru, Magarula, Mamagna, Mamagnara, Megido, Megidola, Mazan, Mazanma, Magry, Magryva, Mazio, Mazionga HALF Eiha, Baeiha, Mudo, Mudoon, Kouha, Baikouha, Hama, Hamaon, Dia, Diarama, Media, Mediarama, Liftoma, Alsanga 5/8 Tarunda, Rakunda, Sukunda, Dekunda, Tarukaja, Rakukaja, Sukukaja, Makakaja, Dekaja, Tetraja, Makarakarn, Tetrakarn, Dia, Diarama, Media, Mediarama 6/8 Agidyne, Bufudyne, Garudyne, Magdyne, Freidyne, Zandyne, Grydyne, Ziodyne 7/8 Patra, Pen Patra, Posumudi, Paraladi, FULL Maragidyne, Mabufudyne, Magarudyne, Mamagdyne, Megidolaon, Mazandyne, Magrydyne, Maziodyne, Maeiha, Mamudo, Makouha, Mahama, Palarama, Nervma, Diarahan, Mediarahan ### Totem FusionEdit Adding a Totem to the fusion will change the resulting Persona. Each Totem is associated with a specific Persona and will change the fusion result to that one. For most Totems, the player just needs a Persona of the same Arcana as the one associated with the item but some of them require special fusions. For more information about Totems check the Totem page. ### Gemstone FusionEdit Using gemstones in fusion has a effect similar to fusing a Element race demon in the main Shin Megami Tensei series or a Treasure Demon in Persona 5. If a gemstone is added to the fusion, the order of the Persona may be reduced or raised by one or two. For an in-depth explanation of the effect of gemstones see this page. ## Unknown PowerEdit By fusing demons of certain orders during certain moon phases, a Persona may acquire an Unknown Power. If the Persona-user has Best Affinity with the Persona and is in low health, the Unknown Power may be activated. For more information on Unknown Powers check the Unknown Power page. ## Inheritance RulesEdit A Persona's type and subtype determine which spells it cannot learn. For more information on that check the Type and Subtype page. Personas may inherit spells through many ways: Arrow fusion Fusion accident Random effect fusion Skill tablet fusion A Persona can only inherit one spell via fusion and in cases where a Persona can inherit a spell through more than one way, spells inherited through adding an item (random effect and skill tablet) take priority over spells coming from the demons themselves (accident and arrow fusion). Inherited spells are always learned at Rank 2. A Persona cannot inherit a spell it already knows. Using a skill tablet on a Persona that cannot learn that spell either because it already knows it or can't inherit it is a waste with no benefit at all. During random effect fusion, it's possible for the spell randomly chosen to be one the Persona cannot inherit, which will also result in nothing. When it comes to accidents and arrow fusion, the spells are inherited from the ingredient demons. Demons may have from zero to three inheritable spells. If a demon has inheritable spells, those will be listed first in their skill list. The order is not arbritary as the demon will try to pass the first spell to the resulting Persona. If the Persona can't learn the spell, it'll move on to the second spell and so on. Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.	2020-07-13T15:33:33	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.30880066752433777, "perplexity": 11485.342550055035}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657145436.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200713131310-20200713161310-00500.warc.gz"}
https://tjyj.stats.gov.cn/CN/10.19343/j.cnki.11-1302/c.2020.04.009	• • ### 基于协变量平衡加权的平均处理效应的稳健有效估计 • 出版日期:2020-04-25 发布日期:2020-04-15 ### A Robust and Efficient Estimation of Average Treatment Effects Based on Covariate Balance Weighting Wu Hao & Peng Fei • Online:2020-04-25 Published:2020-04-15 Abstract: Propensity score is a useful approach in estimating average treatment effects. However, the imbalance of covariate distribution between treatment group and control group usually leads to the extreme propensity score, i.e. some propensity scores will be very close to 0 or 1, which makes the ignorable assumption of causal inference near to false, and brings large bias and variance in the estimation of average treatment effects. Li et al. (2018a) advocate covariate balance weighting method to realize weighted balance of covariate distribution under the assumption of unconfoundedness, which resolves the impact by the extreme propensity scores. Based on the covariate balance weighting method, this article propose a more robust and efficient method, and reduces the trouble of model misspecification by super learner algorithm. Furthermore, we generalize the former method to model-free situations, which is also a doubly robust and efficient estimator. In Monte-Carlo simulation, the two proposed methods both have very small bias and variance when both outcome regression model and propensity score model are misspecified. We use the two methods in right heart catheterization data, and find that right heart catheterization will increase mortality by 6.3%.	2022-07-02T08:12:19	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.18735194206237793, "perplexity": 1157.9141636404545}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103989282.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220702071223-20220702101223-00645.warc.gz"}
http://mathonline.wikidot.com/the-characterization-theorem-for-intervals	The Characterization Theorem for Intervals Table of Contents # The Characterization Theorem for Intervals We have just looked at Open and Closed Intervals. The following theorem will verify that if we have an interval, then this interval contains all points in between its endpoints, for example, the interval $(2, 4)$ must contain all values of $x$ such that $2 < x < 4$, e.g., $3 \in (2, 4)$. Theorem 1 (Characterization of Intervals): Let $S \subseteq \mathbb{R}$ that contains at least two points. Then if $S$ has the property such that if $x < y$ and $[x, y] \subseteq S$, then $S$ is an interval. • Proof: We will consider four cases to this theorem. • Case 1: Suppose that the set $S$ is bounded. Since this set is nonempty and bounded, by the completeness property, this set contains an supremum (and similarly, an infimum). Let $a = \inf S$ and let $b = \sup S$. Therefore, for all $s \in S$ we have that $a \leq s \leq b$ and so $S \subseteq [a, b]$. Now we want to show that $(a, b) \subseteq S$. Let $z \in (a, b)$. Therefore $a < z < b$. Therefore $z$ is not a lower bound of the set $S$, so there exists an $x \in S$ such that $x < z$. Similarly, $z$ is not an upper bound of the set $S$ so there exists a $y \in S$ such that $z < y$. Combining these two inequalities we get that $x < z < y$. Now since $x < y$ and $[x, y] \subseteq S$, we thus have that $z \in [x, y]$. Therefore $(a, b) \subseteq S$. So $S$ is an interval. Either $S = [a, b]$, $S = [a, b)$, $S = (a, b]$ or $S = (a, b)$ depending on whether the end points $a, b$ are contained in $S$ or not. • Case 2: Suppose that $S$ is bounded above only. Then let $b = \sup S$. Therefore, $\forall s \in S$ we have that $s ≤ b$ and so $S \subseteq (-\infty, b]$. We now want to show that $(-\infty, b) \subseteq S$. Let $z \in (-\infty, b)$. Then $z < b$, so $z$ is not an upper bound to this set. So there exists a $y \in S$ such that $z < y$. Furthermore, since this set is not bounded below, then there exists an $x \in S$ such that $x < z$. Combining these inequalities we have that $x < z < y$, and so $x < y$ and $[x, y] \subseteq S$ so $z \in [x, y]$, and once again, since $z$ is arbitrary this implies that $(-\infty, b) \subseteq S$. Therefore $S = (-\infty, b]$ or $S = (-\infty, b)$ depending on whether $b \in S$. • Case 3: Suppose that $S$ is bounded below only. Then let $a = \inf S$. Therefore $\forall s \in S$ we have that $a ≤ s$ and so $S \subseteq [a, \infty)$. We now want to show that $(a, \infty) \subseteq S$. Let $z \in (a, \infty)$. Then $a < z$, so $z$ is not a lower bound to this set. So there exists an $x \in S$ such that $x < z$. Furthermore, since this set is not bounded above, then there exists a $y \in S$ such that $z < y$. Combining these inequalities we have that $x < z < y$, and so $x < y$ and $[x, y] \subseteq S$ so $z \in [x, y]$, and since $z$ is arbitrary this implies that $(a, \infty) \subseteq S$. Therefore $S = [a, \infty)$ or $S = (a, \infty)$ depending on whether $a \in S$. • Case 4: Suppose that $S$ is not bounded above and not bounded below. Then clearly $S \subseteq (-\infty, \infty)$. We now want to show that $(-\infty, \infty) \subseteq S$. Let $z \in (-\infty, \infty)$. Then since this set is unbounded there exists $x, y \in S$ such that $x < z < y$. We have that $x < y$ and $[x, y] \subset S$, so then $z \in [x, y]$. Since $z$ is arbitrary this implies that $(-\infty, \infty) \subseteq S$. Therefore $S = (-\infty, \infty)$. $\blacksquare$ Unless otherwise stated, the content of this page is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License	2020-02-28T19:04:23	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9900080561637878, "perplexity": 35.64727552716329}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875147628.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200228170007-20200228200007-00280.warc.gz"}
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10323040-deep-set-auto-encoders-anomaly-detection-particle-physics	Deep Set Auto Encoders for Anomaly Detection in Particle Physics There is an increased interest in model agnostic search strategies for physics beyond the standard model at the Large Hadron Collider.We introduce a Deep Set Variational Autoencoder and present results on the Dark Machines Anomaly Score Challenge.We find that the method attains the best anomaly detection ability when there is no decoding step for the network, and the anomaly score is based solely on the representation within the encoded latent space.This method was one of the top-performing models in the Dark Machines Challenge, both for the open data sets as well as the blinded data sets. Authors: Award ID(s): Publication Date: NSF-PAR ID: 10323040 Journal Name: SciPost Physics Volume: 12 Issue: 1 ISSN: 2542-4653 We present the Swimmy (Subaru WIde-field Machine-learning anoMalY) survey program, a deep-learning-based search for unique sources using multicolored (grizy) imaging data from the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP). This program aims to detect unexpected, novel, and rare populations and phenomena, by utilizing the deep imaging data acquired from the wide-field coverage of the HSC-SSP. This article, as the first paper in the Swimmy series, describes an anomaly detection technique to select unique populations as “outliers” from the data-set. The model was tested with known extreme emission-line galaxies (XELGs) and quasars, which consequently confirmed that the proposed method successfully selected $\sim\!\! 60\%$–$70\%$ of the quasars and $60\%$ of the XELGs without labeled training data. In reference to the spectral information of local galaxies at z = 0.05–0.2 obtained from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, we investigated the physical properties of the selected anomalies and compared them based on the significance of their outlier values. The results revealed that XELGs constitute notable fractions of the most anomalous galaxies, and certain galaxies manifest unique morphological features. In summary, deep anomaly detection is an effective tool that can search rare objects, and, ultimately, unknown unknowns with large data-sets. Further development of themore »	2023-01-27T05:35:19	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.39404287934303284, "perplexity": 2794.069103572343}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764494936.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127033656-20230127063656-00237.warc.gz"}
https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/blog_held/57-teleconnections-and-stationary-rossby-waves/	# 57. Teleconnections and stationary Rossby waves Posted on March 9th, 2015 in Isaac Held's Blog This animation is the response of a two-dimensional flow on the surface of a rotating sphere to a source that mimics stationary localized heating centered on the equator. The top panel is a north-south component of the wind — red is northward and blue southward. The bottom panel is the streamfunction of the flow –lines of constant streamfunction are the trajectories of fluid particles once the flow becomes steady. At the start of the animation the flow is purely zonal and the forcing is turned on instantaneously and then maintained. The loop covers about 40 days, but the pattern is fully set up in less than half that time. The continental outlines are just meant to help orient the viewer; the surface in this model is featureless. The setup is a classical one for generating a stationary Rossby wave propagating from the tropics into midlatitudes described by Brian Hoskins and colleagues in the late 1970’s and early 80’s (Hoskins et al 1977; Hoskins and Karoly 1981). This kind of wave is the essence of the teleconnections that atmospheric scientists talk about so frequently — patterns of flow that connect widely separated regions. Sometimes the correlations introduced into climate time series by these remotely forced responses can seem like spooky action-at-a-distance. But nothing could be further from the truth. They are just Rossby waves at heart. The characteristic spatial scale of these stationary Rossby waves (not surprisingly known as the Rossby stationary wavelength) plays an important role in a lot of problems, not just in the response to tropical heating. About half a wavelength fits into the Continental US for example. So when the conditions are such as to favor anomalously poleward flow in the western half of the country, it is not unusual for there to be anomalously equatorward flow in the other half. There are no temperatures in this model, but you can imagine superposing this flow on an equator-to-pole temperature gradient with the equatorward and poleward flows advecting in cold and warm air. (Is it advantageous for a political unit to control enough land to encompass at least half of a Rossby stationary wavelength, so that everyone is not hit simultaneously with the same kinds of weather extremes?) The role of teleconnections in the extratropical response to ENSO was clarified by the observational analysis of Horel and Wallace 1980 combined with the theoretical work of Hoskins and collaborators mentioned above– see Trenberth et al 1998 for a review. The figure below is an example of the simulation of these Rossby-wave ENSO teleconnections in an atmospheric GCM running over observed sea surface temperatures. These are polar projections of the regression of eddy geopotential at 200mb (the height of the 200mb pressure surface with the zonal mean removed) onto an ENSO sea surface temperature index — for Dec/Jan/Feb with the Northern Hemisphere on the left and the Southern on the right. Reds are highs (anticyclonic in NH) and blue lows (cyclonic in NH). The model is on the top and observations from reanalysis on the bottom. (This height of a pressure surface can also be thought of as proportional to the streamfunction.) Results are from the GFDL’s AM2.1 atmosphere/land model. The southern wavetrain gets less attention than its northern counterpart, but among other things plays a role in connecting trends in the Pacific to the pattern of temperature change around Antarctica. There are some differences but there seem to be no fundamental mysteries here — no zeroth-order missing physics in the atmospheric model. Even freely running coupled models, if their ENSO variability is good enough, can generate teleconnection patterns with realistic amplitude and phase (see Fig. 19 in this paper on GFDL’s higher resolution CM2.5 model). The animation at the top is a very idealized 2-dimensional model that is not meant to simulate the detailed pattern of response to any particular tropical heating, it is just meant to capture the essence of the underlying wave dynamics. To understand these responses you can use the geometric optics approximation which allows you to trace out the ray paths of the waves as they propagate through their inhomogeneous planetary-scale environment. To do this all you need is the local dispersion relation — the relation between the wave’s frequency $\omega$ and its wavenumber $\boldsymbol{k} \equiv (k_x, k_y)$ for solutions that locally look like $\exp(i[k_x x + k_y y - \omega t])$. ($x$ increases eastward and $y$ northward.) The remarkable dispersion relation for these simplest 2D Rossby waves propagating on a background zonal flow $U$ is $\omega = Uk_x - \beta k_x/(k_x^2 + k_y^2)$ or $c \equiv \omega/k_x = U - \beta /(k_x^2 + k_y^2)$ where $c$ is the speed with which the phase of the wave propagates eastward. Understanding $\beta$ is the key to understanding Rossby waves, but let’s not worry about it for the moment and just assume that it is a positive constant. (It is vital that $\beta$ is positive.) So the phase speed is always westward with respect to the zonal wind $U$ on which the wave is propagating; stationary ($c=0$) Rossby waves can only exist if this zonal wind is positive. This is the typical situation in the troposphere, so stationary Rossby waves do exist. In the idealized model underlying the animation, $U$ is set equal to (20m/s)$cos(\theta)$ where $\theta$ is the latitude. This is not particularly realistic, but among other things it avoids the question as to whether the wave can get out of the tropics, where $U$ is weak in reality. The wavelength of the stationary wave, $2 \pi /\sqrt{k_x^2 + k_y^2}$, is $2 \pi \sqrt {U/\beta}$ A distinctive property of this dispersion relation that colors much of meteorology is that waves longer than the stationary wavelength propagate to the west, the longer the wavelength the faster the westward propagation, while shorter waves propagate to the east with respect to the surface — but still to the west with respect to the flow $U$ that they are riding on. These shorter waves are the essence of the eastward propagating highs and lows we are all familiar with from midlatitude weather. They are more nonlinear than their larger wavelength stationary or westward propagating cousins, in part because they are destabilized by their interactions with the surface temperature field, and they roll up into vortices. One can think of the atmosphere as bathed in a spectrum of these waves of different scales, with a time average over more than a few weeks selecting out those wavelengths that are more or less stationary. For those comfortable with the concept of group velocity, you can compute the $x$-component of the group velocity by differentiating the dispersion relation with respect to $x$: $G_x = \partial \omega/\partial k_x= U - \beta/(k_x^2 + k_y^2) + 2 \beta k_x^2/(k_x^2 + k_y^2)^2 = c + 2 \beta k_x^2/(k_x^2 + k_y^2)^2$ So the zonal group velocity is always eastward with respect to the phase speed and, in particular, stationary waves always have eastward group velocities — a striking property of Rossby waves. This explains why the propagation of the wavefront in the animation is eastward and why there is a large wavelike response over North America to the rearrangement of convection in the tropical Pacific associated with ENSO. If you compute the ray paths of the stationary waves emanating from the tropic for this special case in which $U \propto \cos(\theta)$ ($\theta$ is latitude) it turns out that they are great circles. All great circles passing through the source meet again at the antipodal point, which you can sort of see in the animation. This setup is nice pedagogically because of the simplicity of the ray paths. These ray paths can be more complicated in more realistic settings, but they often retain a great circle-ish aspect. (I have added a linear damping with 10 day e-folding so that the waves don’t have enough time to go into the other hemisphere and then return to the source and interfere with themselves –there is substantial dissipation in the atmosphere and, in any case, this kind of back and forth trajectory between the hemispheres is not relevant when the waves are propagating on more realistic zonal flows.) So what is $\beta$ in the Rossby wave dispersion relation? It is the northward gradient of the radial component of the vorticity. In the special case of solid body rotation, you can show that the radial component of the vorticity is $2 \Omega \sin(\theta)$, also known as the Coriolis parameter, $f$, which increases monotonically from the south pole to the north pole. ($\Omega$ is the rotation rate and $\theta$ is latitude once again.) So the northward gradient, $\beta = 2 \Omega \cos(\theta)/a$, where $a$ is the radius of the sphere, is positive everywhere. Plugging in some values for $\Omega, a, U$ you should get a Rossby stationary wavelength consistent with the results described above. If the flow is approximately in solid body rotation (remember that the surface of the Earth in an inertial reference frame is moving eastward at over 460 m/s at the equator) this northward vorticity gradient will be dominated by the contribution from the solid body rotation of the planet and the flow will support Rossby waves by a beautiful mechanism that I would like to return to in another post. In the meantime, here are some pictures to look at. By the way, there are still a lot of open questions of climate relevance that one can begin addressing in this simple setting of two-dimensional flow on a sphere. [The views expressed on this blog are in no sense official positions of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or the Department of Commerce.]	2018-10-17T12:08:17	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 33, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6107553243637085, "perplexity": 812.2993981736066}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511173.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20181017111301-20181017132801-00381.warc.gz"}
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10294811-modeling-reduction-control-helically-actuated-inertial-soft-robotic-arm-via-koopman-operator	Modeling, Reduction, and Control of a Helically Actuated Inertial Soft Robotic Arm via the Koopman Operator Soft robots promise improved safety and capabil- ity over rigid robots when deployed in complex, delicate, and dynamic environments. However the infinite degrees of freedom and highly nonlinear dynamics of these systems severely com- plicate their modeling and control. As a step toward addressing this open challenge, we apply the data-driven, Hankel Dynamic Mode Decomposition (HDMD) with time delay observables to the model identification of a highly inertial, helical soft robotic arm with a high number of underactuated degrees of freedom. The resulting model is linear and hence amenable to control via a Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR). Using our test bed device, a dynamic, lightweight pneumatic fabric arm with an inertial mass at the tip, we show that the combination of HDMD and LQR allows us to command our robot to achieve arbitrary poses using only open loop control. We further show that Koopman spectral analysis gives us a dimensionally reduced basis of modes which decreases computational complexity without sacrificing predictive power. Authors: Award ID(s): Publication Date: NSF-PAR ID: 10294811 Journal Name: ArXivorg ISSN: 2331-8422 National Science Foundation ##### More Like this 1. Soft Continuum arms, such as trunk and tentacle robots, can be considered as the “dual” of traditional rigid-bodied robots in terms of manipulability, degrees of freedom, and compliance. Introduced two decades ago, continuum arms have not yet realized their full potential, and largely remain as laboratory curiosities. The reasons for this lag rest upon their inherent physical features such as high compliance which contribute to their complex control problems that no research has yet managed to surmount. Recently, reservoir computing has been suggested as a way to employ the body dynamics as a computational resource toward implementing compliant body control. In this paper, as a first step, we investigate the information processing capability of soft continuum arms. We apply input signals of varying amplitude and bandwidth to a soft continuum arm and generate the dynamic response for a large number of trials. These data is aggregated and used to train the readout weights to implement a reservoir computing scheme. Results demonstrate that the information processing capability varies across input signal bandwidth and amplitude. These preliminary results demonstrate that soft continuum arms have optimal bandwidth and amplitude where one can implement reservoir computing. 2. Creating soft robots with sophisticated, autonomous capabilities requires these systems to possess reliable, on-line proprioception of 3D configuration through integrated soft sensors. We present a framework for predicting a soft robot’s 3D configuration via deep learning using feedback from a soft, proprioceptive sensor skin. Our framework introduces a kirigami-enabled strategy for rapidly sensorizing soft robots using off-the-shelf materials, a general kinematic description for soft robot geometry, and an investigation of neural network designs for predicting soft robot configuration. Even with hysteretic, non-monotonic feedback from the piezoresistive sensors, recurrent neural networks show potential for predicting our new kinematic parameters and, thus, the robot’s configuration. One trained neural network closely predicts steady-state configuration during operation, though complete dynamic behavior is not fully captured. We validate our methods on a trunk-like arm with 12 discrete actuators and 12 proprioceptive sensors. As an essential advance in soft robotic perception, we anticipate our framework will open new avenues towards closed loop control in soft robotics. 3. Abstract Systems whose movement is highly dissipative provide an opportunity to both identify models easily and quickly optimize motions. Geometric mechanics provides means for reduction of the dynamics by environmental homogeneity, while the dissipative nature minimizes the role of second order (inertial) features in the dynamics. Here we extend the tools of geometric system identification to Shape-Underactuated Dissipative Systems (SUDS)'' -- systems whose motions are more dissipative than inertial, but whose actuation is restricted to a subset of the body shape coordinates. Many animal motions are SUDS, including micro-swimmers such as nematodes and flagellated bacteria, and granular locomotors such as snakes and lizards. Many soft robots are also SUDS, particularly those robots using highly damped series elastic actuators. Whether involved in locomotion or manipulation, these robots are often used to interface less rigidly with the environment. We motivate the use of SUDS models, and validate their ability to predict motion of a variety of simulated viscous swimming platforms. For a large class of SUDS, we show how the shape velocity actuation inputs can be directly converted into torque inputs suggesting that systems with soft pneumatic actuators or dielectric elastomers can be modeled with the tools presented. Based on fundamental assumptionsmore » 4. Soft isoperimetric truss robots have demonstrated an ability to grasp and manipulate objects using the members of their structure. The compliance of the members affords large contact areas with even force distribution, allowing for successful grasping even with imprecise open-loop control. In this work we present methods of analyzing and controlling isoperimetric truss robots in the context of grasping and manipulating objects. We use a direct stiffness model to characterize the structural properties of the robot and its interactions with external objects. With this approach we can estimate grasp forces and stiffnesses with limited computation compared to higher fidelity finite elements methods, which, given the many degrees-of-freedom of truss robots, are prohibitively expensive to run on-board. In conjunction with the structural model, we build upon a literature of differential kinematics for truss robots and apply it to the task of manipulating an object within the robot’s workspace. 5. A fundamental challenge in the field of modular and collective robots is balancing the trade-off between unit- level simplicity, which allows scalability, and unit-level function- ality, which allows meaningful behaviors of the collective. At the same time, a challenge in the field of soft robotics is creating untethered systems, especially at a large scale with many controlled degrees of freedom (DOF). As a contribution toward addressing these challenges, here we present an untethered, soft cellular robot unit. A single unit is simple and one DOF, yet can increase its volume by 8x and apply substantial forces to the environment, can modulate its surface friction, and can switch its unit-to-unit cohesion while agnostic to unit-to- unit orientation. As a soft robot, it is robust and can achieve untethered operation of its DOF. We present the design of the unit, a volumetric actuator with a perforated strain-limiting fabric skin embedded with magnets surrounding an elastomeric membrane, which in turn encompasses a low-cost micro-pump, battery, and control electronics. We model and test this unit and show simple demonstrations of three-unit configurations that lift, crawl, and perform plate manipulation. Our untethered, soft cellular robot unit lays the foundation for new robust soft robotic collectivesmore »	2022-12-10T08:54:10	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.39052078127861023, "perplexity": 2274.9484036992726}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710421.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20221210074242-20221210104242-00241.warc.gz"}
https://indico.fnal.gov/event/15949/contributions/34848/	# 36th Annual International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory Jul 22 – 28, 2018 Kellogg Hotel and Conference Center EST timezone ## $DK$ scattering and $D_{s0}(2317)$ Jul 26, 2018, 9:50 AM 20m 105 (Kellogg Hotel and Conference Center) ### 105 #### Kellogg Hotel and Conference Center 219 S Harrison Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824 ### Speaker Mr Gavin Cheung (University of Cambridge) ### Description I will discuss a recent lattice QCD investigation of $DK$ scattering relevant for near-threshold charm-strange mesons such as the enigmatic $D_{s0}(2317)$. By employing a range of techniques, we extracted finite-volume spectra in a number of different channels. These were used to map out the energy dependence of the scattering amplitudes. The resonance and bound state content was determined by studying the singularity structure of the amplitudes. ### Primary author Mr Gavin Cheung (University of Cambridge) Slides	2022-10-01T21:42:26	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2481786459684372, "perplexity": 6735.160898803659}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030336921.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001195125-20221001225125-00734.warc.gz"}
https://nroer.gov.in/55ab34ff81fccb4f1d806025/file/560a59db81fccb5282ea76ee	### Can we Share?: #### Next Chapter 12 of Math - Magic, the Mathematics textbook for class 03 License:[Source NCERT ] May 24, 2016, 10:30 p.m.	2020-01-29T11:26:54	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8293858766555786, "perplexity": 11829.775028110756}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251796127.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129102701-20200129132701-00420.warc.gz"}
https://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=B104D13&home=sumtabB	#### ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit \Sigma}_{{c}}{(2455)}^{++}}}–{\mathit m}_{{{\mathit \Sigma}_{{c}}{(2455)}^{0}}}$ VALUE (MeV) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT $\bf{ 0.220 \pm0.013}$ OUR FIT $\bf{ 0.221 \pm0.014}$ OUR AVERAGE $0.22$ $\pm0.01$ $\pm0.01$ 2014 BELL ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ at ${{\mathit \Upsilon}{(4S)}}$ $0.2$ $\pm0.1$ $\pm0.1$ 2002 CLE2 ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\approx{}{{\mathit \Upsilon}{(4S)}}$ $-0.03$ $\pm0.28$ $\pm0.11$ 2000 C FOCS ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ A, ${{\overline{\mathit E}}}_{\gamma }$ 180 GeV $0.38$ $\pm0.40$ $\pm0.15$ 1996 B E791 ${{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit N}}$ , 500 GeV $1.1$ $\pm0.4$ $\pm0.1$ 1993 CLE2 ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\approx{}{{\mathit \Upsilon}{(4S)}}$ $-0.1$ $\pm0.6$ $\pm0.1$ 1989 CLEO ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ 10 GeV $1.2$ $\pm0.7$ $\pm0.3$ 1988 D ARG ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\sim{}$ 10 GeV • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • $-10.8$ $\pm2.9$ 1 1987 SPEC ${{\mathit n}}{}^{}\mathrm {A}$ $\sim{}$600 GeV 1 DIESBURG 1987 is completely incompatible with the other experiments, which is surprising since it agrees with them about ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit \Sigma}_{{c}}{(2455)}^{++}}}–{\mathit m}_{{{\mathit \Lambda}_{{c}}^{+}}}$. We go with the majority here. References: LEE 2014 PR D89 091102 Measurements of the Masses and Widths of the and Baryons ARTUSO 2002 PR D65 071101 Measurement of the Masses and Widths of the ${{\mathit \Sigma}_{{c}}^{++}}$ and ${{\mathit \Sigma}_{{c}}^{0}}$ Charmed Baryons PL B488 218 Measurements of the ${{\mathit \Sigma}_{{c}}^{0}}$ and ${{\mathit \Sigma}_{{c}}^{++}}$ Mass Splittings PL B379 292 Mass Splitting and Production of ${{\mathit \Sigma}_{{c}}^{0}}$ and ${{\mathit \Sigma}_{{c}}^{++}}$ Measured in 500 GeV ${{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit N}}$ Interactions PRL 71 3259 Observation of the Charmed Baryon ${{\mathit \Sigma}_{{c}}^{+}}$ and Measurement of the Isospin Mass Splitting of the ${{\mathit \Sigma}_{{c}}}$ PRL 62 1240 ${{\mathit \Sigma}_{{c}}^{++}}$ and ${{\mathit \Sigma}_{{c}}^{0}}$ Production from ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Annihilation in the ${{\mathit \Upsilon}}$ Energy Region PL B211 489 Observation of the Charmed Baryon ${{\mathit \Sigma}_{{c}}}$ in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Annihilations PRL 59 2711 Measurement of the ${{\mathit \Sigma}_{{c}}^{0}}$ $−$ ${{\mathit \Lambda}_{{c}}^{+}}$ and ${{\mathit \Sigma}_{{c}}^{++}}$ $−$ ${{\mathit \Lambda}_{{c}}^{+}}$ Mass Differences	2023-03-22T01:03:37	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8928438425064087, "perplexity": 2958.2514766217773}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943747.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321225117-20230322015117-00418.warc.gz"}
https://dozenal.fandom.com/wiki/Self_number	## FANDOM 114 Pages A self number, Colombian number or Devlali number is an integer that cannot be written as the sum of any other integer n and the individual digits of n. This property is specific to the base used to represent the integers. 20 is a self number (in base 10), because no such combination can be found (all n < 16 give a result < 20; all other n give a result > 20). 21 is not, because it can be written as 16 + 1 + 6 using n = 16. These numbers were first described in 1165 by the Indian mathematician D. R. Kaprekar. The first few base 10 self numbers are: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, E, 20, 31, 42, 53, 64, 75, 86, 97, X8, E9, 10X, 110, 121, 132, 143, 154, 165, 176, 187, 198, 1X9, 1EX, 20E, 211, 222, 233, 244, 255, 266, 277, 288, 299, 2XX, 2EE, 310, 312, 323, 334, 345, 356, 367, 378, 389, 39X, 3XE, 400, 411, 413, 424, 435, 446, 457, 468, 479, 48X, 49E, 4E0, 501, 512, 514, 525, 536, 547, 558, 569, 57X, 58E, 5X0, 5E1, ... A search for self numbers can turn up self-descriptive numbers, which are similar to self numbers in being base-dependent, but quite different in definition and much fewer in frequency. ## PropertiesEdit In general, for even bases, all odd numbers below the base number are self numbers, since any number below such an odd number would have to also be a 1-digit number which when added to its digit would result in an even number. For odd bases, all odd numbers are self numbers.[1] The set of self numbers in a given base q is infinite and has a positive asymptotic density: when q is odd, this density is 1/2 or 60%.[2] ## Recurrent formula Edit The following recurrence relation generates some base 10 self numbers: $C_k = X \cdot 10^{k - 1} + C_{k - 1} + X$ (with C1 = E) We can generalize a recurrence relation to generate self numbers in any base b: $C_k = (b - 2)b^{k - 1} + C_{k - 1} + (b - 2)\,$ in which C1 = b − 1 for even bases and C1 = b − 2 for odd bases. The existence of these recurrence relations shows that for any base there are infinitely many self numbers. ## Self primes Edit A self prime is a self number that is prime. The first few self primes are 3, 5, 7, E, 31, 75, 255, 277, 2EE, 3XE, 435, 457, 58E, 5E1, ... Cite error: <ref> tags exist, but no <references/> tag was found Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.	2020-01-21T00:08:13	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.392309308052063, "perplexity": 724.3564966290693}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601040.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120224950-20200121013950-00319.warc.gz"}
https://www.zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Agerhold.stefan	# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics ## Gerhold, Stefan Compute Distance To: Author ID: gerhold.stefan Published as: Gerhold, S.; Gerhold, Stefan External Links: MGP · Wikidata Documents Indexed: 47 Publications since 2004 Reviewing Activity: 7 Reviews all top 5 #### Co-Authors 14 single-authored 4 Friz, Peter Karl 4 Kauers, Manuel 4 Pinter, Arpad 3 Gülüm, Ismail Cetin 3 Muhle-Karbe, Johannes 3 Salvy, Bruno 3 Schachermayer, Walter 2 Bell, Jason P. 2 Flajolet, Philippe 2 Gerstenecker, Christoph 2 Schneider, Carsten 2 Tomovski, Živorad 2 Warnung, Richard 2 Zimmermann, Burkhard 1 Altay, Sühan 1 Alzer, Horst 1 Benoit, Alexandre 1 Chyzak, Frédéric 1 Darrasse, Alexis 1 Drmota, Michael 1 Glebsky, Lev Yu. 1 Guasoni, Paolo 1 Gulisashvili, Archil 1 Haidinger, Rainer 1 Hirhager, Karin 1 Hubalek, Friedrich 1 Klazar, Martin 1 Kleinert, Max 1 Koutschan, Christoph 1 Krühner, Paul 1 Luca, Florian 1 Lupaş, Alexandru 1 Mezzarobba, Marc 1 Morgenbesser, Johannes F. 1 Paule, Peter 1 Porkert, Piet 1 Schmock, Uwe 1 Shkolnikov, Mykhaylo 1 Sturm, Stephan 1 Weiss, Howard 1 Yor, Marc 1 Zeiner, Martin 1 Zrunek, Axel all top 5 #### Serials 4 Finance and Stochastics 3 The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics 2 Mathematical Finance 2 Quantitative Finance 2 Stochastics 1 Israel Journal of Mathematics 1 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 1 Lithuanian Mathematical Journal 1 Mathematische Semesterberichte 1 Acta Arithmetica 1 Journal of Applied Probability 1 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 1 Mathematica Scandinavica 1 Statistics & Probability Letters 1 The Annals of Applied Probability 1 Communications in Statistics. Theory and Methods 1 Stochastic Processes and their Applications 1 Expositiones Mathematicae 1 Integral Transforms and Special Functions 1 Applied Mathematical Finance 1 Journal of Difference Equations and Applications 1 Electronic Communications in Probability 1 Mathematical Communications 1 Annals of Combinatorics 1 International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 1 Journal of Integer Sequences 1 Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 1 JIPAM. Journal of Inequalities in Pure & Applied Mathematics 1 Integers 1 Applied Mathematics E-Notes 1 Decisions in Economics and Finance 1 Sankhyā. Series A 1 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society. Series B all top 5 #### Fields 22 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 16 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 11 Special functions (33-XX) 9 Number theory (11-XX) 6 Statistics (62-XX) 5 Computer science (68-XX) 4 Combinatorics (05-XX) 4 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 3 Real functions (26-XX) 2 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 1 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 1 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 1 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 1 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 1 Integral equations (45-XX) 1 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 1 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 1 Mathematics education (97-XX) #### Citations contained in zbMATH 35 Publications have been cited 236 times in 176 Documents Cited by Year Transaction costs, trading volume, and the liquidity premium. Zbl 1305.91218 Gerhold, Stefan; Guasoni, Paolo; Muhle-Karbe, Johannes; Schachermayer, Walter 2014 On refined volatility smile expansion in the Heston model. Zbl 1267.91068 Friz, Peter; Gerhold, Stefan; Gulisashvili, Archil; Sturm, Stephan 2011 The dual optimizer for the growth-optimal portfolio under transaction costs. Zbl 1319.91142 Gerhold, S.; Muhle-Karbe, J.; Schachermayer, W. 2013 Asymptotics and duality for the Davis and Norman problem. Zbl 1276.91093 Gerhold, Stefan; Muhle-Karbe, Johannes; Schachermayer, Walter 2012 A procedure for proving special function inequalities involving a discrete parameter. Zbl 1360.68933 Gerhold, Stefan; Kauers, Manuel 2005 Asymptotics for a variant of the Mittag-Leffler function. Zbl 1257.33050 Gerhold, Stefan 2012 On the non-holonomic character of logarithms, powers, and the $$n$$th prime function. Zbl 1076.05004 Flajolet, Philippe; Gerhold, Stefan; Salvy, Bruno 2005 How to make Dupire’s local volatility work with jumps. Zbl 1402.91776 Friz, Peter K.; Gerhold, Stefan; Yor, Marc 2014 On Turán’s inequality for Legendre polynomials. Zbl 1155.26012 Alzer, Horst; Gerhold, Stefan; Kauers, Manuel; Lupaş, Alexandru 2007 The longstaff-Schwartz algorithm for Lévy models: results on fast and slow convergence. Zbl 1219.62161 Gerhold, Stefan 2011 On the positivity set of a linear recurrence sequence. Zbl 1139.11010 Bell, Jason P.; Gerhold, Stefan 2007 Option pricing in the moderate deviations regime. Zbl 1411.91554 Friz, Peter; Gerhold, Stefan; Pinter, Arpad 2018 Lindelöf representations and (non-)holonomic sequences. Zbl 1222.05005 Flajolet, Philippe; Gerhold, Stefan; Salvy, Bruno 2010 Non-holonomicity of sequences defined via elementary functions. Zbl 1189.11007 Bell, Jason P.; Gerhold, Stefan; Klazar, Martin; Luca, Florian 2008 Disproof of a conjecture by Rademacher on partial fractions. Zbl 1339.11087 Drmota, Michael; Gerhold, Stefan 2014 A computer proof of Turán’s inequality. Zbl 1132.26336 Gerhold, Stefan; Kauers, Manuel 2006 Moment explosions in the rough Heston model. Zbl 1432.91123 Gerhold, Stefan; Gerstenecker, Christoph; Pinter, Arpad 2019 Small-maturity asymptotics for the at-the-money implied volatility slope in Lévy models. Zbl 1396.91731 Gerhold, Stefan; Gülüm, I. Cetin; Pinter, Arpad 2016 Extrapolation analytics for Dupire’s local volatility. Zbl 1418.91511 Friz, Peter; Gerhold, Stefan 2015 A generalization of Panjer’s recursion and numerically stable risk aggregation. Zbl 1224.91060 Gerhold, Stefan; Schmock, Uwe; Warnung, Richard 2010 The dynamic dictionary of mathematical functions (DDMF). Zbl 1295.65022 Benoit, Alexandre; Chyzak, Frédéric; Darrasse, Alexis; Gerhold, Stefan; Mezzarobba, Marc; Salvy, Bruno 2010 Asymptotic estimates for some number-theoretic power series. Zbl 1206.11116 Gerhold, Stefan 2010 Point lattices and oscillating recurrence sequences. Zbl 1204.11024 Gerhold, Stefan 2005 On some non-holonomic sequences. Zbl 1063.11007 Gerhold, Stefan 2004 Asymptotic expansion of Mathieu power series and trigonometric Mathieu series. Zbl 1450.30006 Gerhold, Stefan; Tomovski, Živorad 2019 Small time central limit theorems for semimartingales with applications. Zbl 1337.60020 Gerhold, Stefan; Kleinert, Max; Porkert, Piet; Shkolnikov, Mykhaylo 2015 Refined wing asymptotics for the Merton and Kou jump diffusion models. Zbl 1312.91087 Gerhold, Stefan; Morgenbesser, Johannes F.; Zrunek, Axel 2015 Can there be an explicit formula for implied volatility? Zbl 1315.91062 Gerhold, Stefan 2013 Counting finite languages by total word length. Zbl 1234.05024 Gerhold, Stefan 2011 The Hartman-Watson distribution revisited: asymptotics for pricing Asian options. Zbl 1279.62041 Gerhold, Stefan 2011 Moment explosion in the LIBOR market model. Zbl 1208.91152 Gerhold, Stefan 2011 Finding efficient recursions for risk aggregation by computer algebra. Zbl 1153.91592 Gerhold, Stefan; Warnung, Richard 2009 Computing the complexity for Schelling segregation models. Zbl 1221.37185 Gerhold, Stefan; Glebsky, Lev; Schneider, Carsten; Weiss, Howard; Zimmermann, Burkhard 2008 Small-maturity digital options in Lévy models: an analytic approach. Zbl 1321.60093 Gerhold, Stefan 2015 Convergence properties of Kemp’s $$q$$-binomial distribution. Zbl 1213.60045 Gerhold, Stefan; Zeiner, Martin 2010 Moment explosions in the rough Heston model. Zbl 1432.91123 Gerhold, Stefan; Gerstenecker, Christoph; Pinter, Arpad 2019 Asymptotic expansion of Mathieu power series and trigonometric Mathieu series. Zbl 1450.30006 Gerhold, Stefan; Tomovski, Živorad 2019 Option pricing in the moderate deviations regime. Zbl 1411.91554 Friz, Peter; Gerhold, Stefan; Pinter, Arpad 2018 Small-maturity asymptotics for the at-the-money implied volatility slope in Lévy models. Zbl 1396.91731 Gerhold, Stefan; Gülüm, I. Cetin; Pinter, Arpad 2016 Extrapolation analytics for Dupire’s local volatility. Zbl 1418.91511 Friz, Peter; Gerhold, Stefan 2015 Small time central limit theorems for semimartingales with applications. Zbl 1337.60020 Gerhold, Stefan; Kleinert, Max; Porkert, Piet; Shkolnikov, Mykhaylo 2015 Refined wing asymptotics for the Merton and Kou jump diffusion models. Zbl 1312.91087 Gerhold, Stefan; Morgenbesser, Johannes F.; Zrunek, Axel 2015 Small-maturity digital options in Lévy models: an analytic approach. Zbl 1321.60093 Gerhold, Stefan 2015 Transaction costs, trading volume, and the liquidity premium. Zbl 1305.91218 Gerhold, Stefan; Guasoni, Paolo; Muhle-Karbe, Johannes; Schachermayer, Walter 2014 How to make Dupire’s local volatility work with jumps. Zbl 1402.91776 Friz, Peter K.; Gerhold, Stefan; Yor, Marc 2014 Disproof of a conjecture by Rademacher on partial fractions. Zbl 1339.11087 Drmota, Michael; Gerhold, Stefan 2014 The dual optimizer for the growth-optimal portfolio under transaction costs. Zbl 1319.91142 Gerhold, S.; Muhle-Karbe, J.; Schachermayer, W. 2013 Can there be an explicit formula for implied volatility? Zbl 1315.91062 Gerhold, Stefan 2013 Asymptotics and duality for the Davis and Norman problem. Zbl 1276.91093 Gerhold, Stefan; Muhle-Karbe, Johannes; Schachermayer, Walter 2012 Asymptotics for a variant of the Mittag-Leffler function. Zbl 1257.33050 Gerhold, Stefan 2012 On refined volatility smile expansion in the Heston model. Zbl 1267.91068 Friz, Peter; Gerhold, Stefan; Gulisashvili, Archil; Sturm, Stephan 2011 The longstaff-Schwartz algorithm for Lévy models: results on fast and slow convergence. Zbl 1219.62161 Gerhold, Stefan 2011 Counting finite languages by total word length. Zbl 1234.05024 Gerhold, Stefan 2011 The Hartman-Watson distribution revisited: asymptotics for pricing Asian options. Zbl 1279.62041 Gerhold, Stefan 2011 Moment explosion in the LIBOR market model. Zbl 1208.91152 Gerhold, Stefan 2011 Lindelöf representations and (non-)holonomic sequences. Zbl 1222.05005 Flajolet, Philippe; Gerhold, Stefan; Salvy, Bruno 2010 A generalization of Panjer’s recursion and numerically stable risk aggregation. Zbl 1224.91060 Gerhold, Stefan; Schmock, Uwe; Warnung, Richard 2010 The dynamic dictionary of mathematical functions (DDMF). Zbl 1295.65022 Benoit, Alexandre; Chyzak, Frédéric; Darrasse, Alexis; Gerhold, Stefan; Mezzarobba, Marc; Salvy, Bruno 2010 Asymptotic estimates for some number-theoretic power series. Zbl 1206.11116 Gerhold, Stefan 2010 Convergence properties of Kemp’s $$q$$-binomial distribution. Zbl 1213.60045 Gerhold, Stefan; Zeiner, Martin 2010 Finding efficient recursions for risk aggregation by computer algebra. Zbl 1153.91592 Gerhold, Stefan; Warnung, Richard 2009 Non-holonomicity of sequences defined via elementary functions. Zbl 1189.11007 Bell, Jason P.; Gerhold, Stefan; Klazar, Martin; Luca, Florian 2008 Computing the complexity for Schelling segregation models. Zbl 1221.37185 Gerhold, Stefan; Glebsky, Lev; Schneider, Carsten; Weiss, Howard; Zimmermann, Burkhard 2008 On Turán’s inequality for Legendre polynomials. Zbl 1155.26012 Alzer, Horst; Gerhold, Stefan; Kauers, Manuel; Lupaş, Alexandru 2007 On the positivity set of a linear recurrence sequence. Zbl 1139.11010 Bell, Jason P.; Gerhold, Stefan 2007 A computer proof of Turán’s inequality. Zbl 1132.26336 Gerhold, Stefan; Kauers, Manuel 2006 A procedure for proving special function inequalities involving a discrete parameter. Zbl 1360.68933 Gerhold, Stefan; Kauers, Manuel 2005 On the non-holonomic character of logarithms, powers, and the $$n$$th prime function. Zbl 1076.05004 Flajolet, Philippe; Gerhold, Stefan; Salvy, Bruno 2005 Point lattices and oscillating recurrence sequences. Zbl 1204.11024 Gerhold, Stefan 2005 On some non-holonomic sequences. Zbl 1063.11007 Gerhold, Stefan 2004 all top 5 #### Cited by 273 Authors 15 Gerhold, Stefan 11 Jacquier, Antoine 11 Muhle-Karbe, Johannes 8 Kauers, Manuel 7 Friz, Peter Karl 7 Guasoni, Paolo 5 Gulisashvili, Archil 5 Pillwein, Veronika 5 Schachermayer, Walter 4 Baricz, Árpád 4 Lorig, Matthew J. 4 O’Sullivan, Cormac 4 Pagliarani, Stefano 4 Pascucci, Andrea 4 Pinter, Arpad 3 De Marco, Stefano 3 Herdegen, Martin 3 Kallsen, Jan 3 Soner, Halil Mete 3 Yang, Junjian 3 Zanger, Daniel Z. 2 Altarovici, Albert 2 Alzer, Horst 2 Bayer, Christian 2 Belak, Christoph 2 Bell, Jason P. 2 Bichuch, Maxim 2 Bouchard, Bruno 2 Chen, Shaoshi 2 Czichowsky, Christoph 2 Deuschel, Jean-Dominique 2 Dolinsky, Yan 2 Forde, Martin 2 Fukasawa, Masaaki 2 Gatheral, Jim 2 Horvath, Blanka 2 Lin, Yiqing 2 Luca, Florian 2 Martini, Claude 2 Pirjol, Dan 2 Rogosin, Sergei V. 2 Roome, Patrick 2 Salvy, Bruno 2 Sass, Jörn 2 Schneider, Carsten 2 Shi, Fangwei 2 Tomovski, Živorad 2 Violante, S. 2 Weber, Marko Hans 1 Abbas-Turki, Lokman A. 1 Allaj, Erindi 1 Allouche, Jean-Paul Simon 1 Alonso, Ricardo J. 1 Andersen, Lars Nørvang 1 Asmussen, Søren 1 Atkinson, Colin 1 Balan, Raluca M. 1 Bank, Peter 1 Bansal, Manish Kumar 1 Bäuerle, Nicole 1 Baviera, Roberto 1 Bayraktar, Erhan 1 Beaton, Nicholas R. 1 Beghin, Luisa 1 Benedetti, Giuseppe 1 Berg, Christian 1 Berthomieu, Jérémy 1 Bogdan, Krzysztof 1 Bóna, Miklós 1 Bostan, Alin 1 Bruin, Nils 1 Byszewski, Jakub 1 Campi, Luciano 1 Caravenna, Francesco 1 Ceballos, Manuel 1 Cha, Yongjae 1 Chakraborty, Subrata 1 Chau, Huy N. 1 Chen, William Yong-Chuan 1 Choi, Jin Hyuk 1 Conus, Daniel 1 Coons, Michael 1 Corbetta, Jacopo 1 Cordwell, Katherine 1 Cornelissen, Gunther 1 Crepey, Stephane 1 Dastgerdi, Maryam Vahid 1 De Olivera, Federico 1 Desmettre, Sascha 1 Diallo, Babacar 1 Diao, Xundi 1 Dixit, Atul 1 Dolinskyi, Leonid 1 Dostál, Petr 1 Drmota, Michael 1 Dubickas, Artūras 1 Nguyen Tien Dung 1 Echzell, Hagen 1 El Euch, Omar 1 Ercolani, Nicholas M. ...and 173 more Authors all top 5 #### Cited in 81 Serials 16 Finance and Stochastics 13 SIAM Journal on Financial Mathematics 9 Mathematical Finance 9 International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 6 Journal of Symbolic Computation 6 Quantitative Finance 4 Advances in Applied Mathematics 4 Stochastics 3 Journal of Number Theory 3 SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization 3 The Annals of Applied Probability 3 Stochastic Processes and their Applications 3 Integral Transforms and Special Functions 3 Applied Mathematical Finance 2 Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 2 Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 2 Discrete Applied Mathematics 2 Journal of Applied Probability 2 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 2 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 2 Stochastic Analysis and Applications 2 Expositiones Mathematicae 2 Potential Analysis 2 International Journal of Number Theory 2 Frontiers of Mathematics in China 2 ACM Communications in Computer Algebra 2 European Actuarial Journal 2 Mathematics 1 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 1 Discrete Mathematics 1 Israel Journal of Mathematics 1 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 1 Mathematical Notes 1 Mathematics of Computation 1 Theory of Probability and its Applications 1 The Annals of Probability 1 Applied Mathematics and Computation 1 Applied Mathematics and Optimization 1 Journal of Approximation Theory 1 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series A 1 Journal of Computer and System Sciences 1 Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 1 Kybernetika 1 Mathematische Nachrichten 1 Mathematics of Operations Research 1 Mathematica Scandinavica 1 Mathematica Slovaca 1 Mathematika 1 Theoretical Computer Science 1 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 1 European Journal of Combinatorics 1 Insurance Mathematics & Economics 1 Statistics & Probability Letters 1 Probability Theory and Related Fields 1 Constructive Approximation 1 Journal of Theoretical Probability 1 Journal of Global Optimization 1 Aequationes Mathematicae 1 SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics 1 SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis 1 Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré. Probabilités et Statistiques 1 Cybernetics and Systems Analysis 1 Documenta Mathematica 1 The Ramanujan Journal 1 Abstract and Applied Analysis 1 Annals of Combinatorics 1 Fractional Calculus & Applied Analysis 1 Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 1 Acta Mathematica Sinica. English Series 1 Applied Stochastic Models in Business and Industry 1 Foundations of Computational Mathematics 1 Journal of Systems Science and Complexity 1 Decisions in Economics and Finance 1 Boundary Value Problems 1 Applications and Applied Mathematics 1 Mathematics and Financial Economics 1 Algebra & Number Theory 1 Journal of Statistical Distributions and Applications 1 Research in Number Theory 1 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society. Series B 1 Journal of Combinatorial Algebra all top 5 #### Cited in 38 Fields 96 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 70 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 30 Special functions (33-XX) 20 Number theory (11-XX) 16 Computer science (68-XX) 13 Combinatorics (05-XX) 12 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 11 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 11 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 8 Real functions (26-XX) 8 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 8 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 7 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 6 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 6 Statistics (62-XX) 6 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 3 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 3 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 3 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 3 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 3 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 3 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 2 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 2 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 1 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 1 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 1 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 1 Nonassociative rings and algebras (17-XX) 1 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 1 Potential theory (31-XX) 1 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 1 Integral equations (45-XX) 1 Functional analysis (46-XX) 1 Operator theory (47-XX) 1 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 1 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 1 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 1 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) #### Wikidata Timeline The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.	2021-01-19T22:42:27	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4043506383895874, "perplexity": 13148.018998726535}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703519784.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20210119201033-20210119231033-00691.warc.gz"}
https://openastronomy.org/rcsc18/chapters/02-git/04-exploring-history	# Exploring History As we saw in the previous lesson, we can refer to commits by their identifiers. You can refer to the most recent commit of the working directory by using the identifier HEAD. We’ve been adding one line at a time to mars.txt, so it’s easy to track our progress by looking, so let’s do that using our HEADs. Before we start, let’s make a change to mars.txt. nano mars.txt cat mars.txt Now, let’s see what we get. git diff HEAD mars.txt which is the same as what you would get if you leave out HEAD (try it). The real goodness in all this is when you can refer to previous commits. We do that by adding ~1 (where “~” is “tilde”, pronounced [til-duh]) to refer to the commit one before HEAD. git diff HEAD~1 mars.txt If we want to see the differences between older commits we can use git diff again, but with the notation HEAD~1, HEAD~2, and so on, to refer to them: git diff HEAD~2 mars.txt We could also use git show which shows us what changes we made at an older commit as well as the commit message, rather than the differences between a commit and our working directory that we see by using git diff. git show HEAD~2 mars.txt In this way, we can build up a chain of commits. The most recent end of the chain is referred to as HEAD; we can refer to previous commits using the ~ notation, so HEAD~1 means “the previous commit”, while HEAD~123 goes back 123 commits from where we are now. We can also refer to commits using those long strings of digits and letters that git log displays. These are unique IDs for the changes, and “unique” really does mean unique: every change to any set of files on any computer has a unique 40-character identifier. Our first commit was given the ID f22b25e3233b4645dabd0d81e651fe074bd8e73b, so let’s try this: git diff f22b25e3233b4645dabd0d81e651fe074bd8e73b mars.txt That’s the right answer, but typing out random 40-character strings is annoying, so Git lets us use just the first few characters: git diff f22b25e mars.txt All right! So we can save changes to files and see what we’ve changed—now how can we restore older versions of things? Let’s suppose we accidentally overwrite our file: nano mars.txt cat mars.txt git status now tells us that the file has been changed, but those changes haven’t been staged: git status On branch master Your branch is up to date with 'origin/master'. Changes not staged for commit: (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed) (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory) [31mmodified: 02-creating-repositories_instructor.ipynb[m [31mmodified: 03-tracking-changes_instructor.ipynb[m no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a") We can put things back the way they were by using git checkout: git checkout HEAD mars.txt cat mars.txt As you might guess from its name, git checkout checks out (i.e., restores) an old version of a file. In this case, we’re telling Git that we want to recover the version of the file recorded in HEAD, which is the last saved commit. If we want to go back even further, we can use a commit identifier instead: git checkout f22b25e mars.txt cat mars.txt git status On branch master Your branch is up to date with 'origin/master'. Changes not staged for commit: (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed) (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory) [31mmodified: 02-creating-repositories_instructor.ipynb[m [31mmodified: 03-tracking-changes_instructor.ipynb[m no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a") Notice that the changes are on the staged area. Again, we can put things back the way they were by using git checkout: git checkout HEAD mars.txt Above we used $git checkout f22b25e mars.txt to revert mars.txt to its state after the commit f22b25e. But be careful! The command checkout has other important functionalities and Git will misunderstand your intentions if you are not accurate with the typing. For example, if you forget mars.txt in the previous command. $ git checkout f22b25e Note: checking out 'f22b25e'. You are in 'detached HEAD' state. You can look around, make experimental changes and commit them, and you can discard any commits you make in this state without impacting any branches by performing another checkout. If you want to create a new branch to retain commits you create, you may do so (now or later) by using -b with the checkout command again. Example: git checkout -b <new-branch-name> HEAD is now at f22b25e Start notes on Mars as a base The “detached HEAD” is like “look, but don’t touch” here, so you shouldn’t make any changes in this state. After investigating your repo’s past state, reattach your HEAD with git checkout master. It’s important to remember that we must use the commit number that identifies the state of the repository before the change we’re trying to undo. A common mistake is to use the number of the commit in which we made the change we’re trying to get rid of. In the example below, we want to retrieve the state from before the most recent commit (HEAD~1), which is commit f22b25e: So, to put it all together, here’s how Git works in cartoon form: ## # Simplifying the Common Case If you read the output of git status carefully, you’ll see that it includes this hint: (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory) As it says, git checkout without a version identifier restores files to the state saved in HEAD. The double dash -- is needed to separate the names of the files being recovered from the command itself: without it, Git would try to use the name of the file as the commit identifier. The fact that files can be reverted one by one tends to change the way people organize their work. If everything is in one large document, it’s hard (but not impossible) to undo changes to the introduction without also undoing changes made later to the conclusion. If the introduction and conclusion are stored in separate files, on the other hand, moving backward and forward in time becomes much easier. ## # Recovering Older Versions of a File Jennifer has made changes to the Python script that she has been working on for weeks, and the modifications she made this morning “broke” the script and it no longer runs. She has spent ~ 1hr trying to fix it, with no luck… Luckily, she has been keeping track of her project’s versions using Git! Which commands below will let her recover the last committed version of her Python script called data_cruncher.py? 1. $git checkout HEAD 2. $ git checkout HEAD data_cruncher.py 3. $git checkout HEAD~1 data_cruncher.py 4. $ git checkout <unique ID of last commit> data_cruncher.py 5. Both 2 and 4 ## # Reverting a Commit Jennifer is collaborating on her Python script with her colleagues and realizes her last commit to the group repository is wrong and wants to undo it. Jennifer needs to undo correctly so everyone in the group repository gets the correct change. git revert [wrong commit ID] will make a new commit that undoes Jennifer’s previous wrong commit. Therefore git revert is different than git checkout [commit ID] because checkout is for local changes not committed to the group repository. Below are the right steps and explanations for Jennifer to use git revert, what is the missing command? 1. ________ # Look at the git history of the project to find the commit ID 2. Copy the ID (the first few characters of the ID, e.g. 0b1d055). 3. git revert [commit ID] 4. Type in the new commit message. 5. Save and close ## # Understanding Workflow and History What is the output of the last command in $cd planets$ echo "Venus is beautiful and full of love" > venus.txt $git add venus.txt$ echo "Venus is too hot to be suitable as a base" >> venus.txt $git commit -m "Comment on Venus as an unsuitable base"$ git checkout HEAD venus.txt $cat venus.txt #this will print the contents of venus.txt to the screen 1. Venus is too hot to be suitable as a base 2. Venus is beautiful and full of love 3. Venus is beautiful and full of love Venus is too hot to be suitable as a base 4. Error because you have changed venus.txt without committing the changes ## Solution The answer is 2 because git add venus.txt was used only before add the line Venus is too hot to be suitable as a base which was lost when git checkout was executed. Using the flag -a with git commit would have prevented the lost. ## # Checking Understanding of git diff Consider this command: git diff HEAD~3 mars.txt. What do you predict this command will do if you execute it? What happens when you do execute it? Why? Try another command, git diff [ID] mars.txt, where [ID] is replaced with the unique identifier for your most recent commit. What do you think will happen, and what does happen? ## # Getting Rid of Staged Changes git checkout can be used to restore a previous commit when unstaged changes have been made, but will it also work for changes that have been staged but not committed? Make a change to mars.txt, add that change, and use git checkout to see if you can remove your change. ## # Explore and Summarize Histories Exploring history is an important part of git, often it is a challenge to find the right commit ID, especially if the commit is from several months ago. Imagine the planets project has more than 50 files. You would like to find a commit with specific text in mars.txt is modified. When you type git log, a very long list appeared, How can you narrow down the search? Recall that the git diff command allow us to explore one specific file, e.g. git diff mars.txt. We can apply a similar idea here. $ git log mars.txt Unfortunately some of these commit messages are very ambiguous e.g. update files. How can you search through these files? Both git diff and git log are very useful and they summarize a different part of the history for you. Is it possible to combine both? Let’s try the following: $git log --patch mars.txt You should get a long list of output, and you should be able to see both commit messages and the difference between each commit. Question: What does the following command do? $ git log --patch HEAD~3 *.txt ## # Key Points • git diff displays differences between commits. • git checkout recovers old versions of files. The material in this notebook is derived from the Software Carpentry lessons © Software Carpentry under the terms of the CC-BY 4.0 license.	2022-01-21T08:54:23	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.25139710307121277, "perplexity": 3785.9441817864767}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320302740.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220121071203-20220121101203-00189.warc.gz"}
https://pos.sissa.it/364/284/	Volume 364 - European Physical Society Conference on High Energy Physics (EPS-HEP2019) - Heavy Ion Physics Probing heavy quark dynamics in PbPb collisions with CMS G. Veres* on behalf of the CMS collaboration *corresponding author Full text: Not available Abstract Measurements of heavy flavor hadrons in PbPb collisions provide information about the heavy quark dynamics inside the quark-gluon plasma (QGP). Heavy quarks are sensitive to the transport properties of the medium and may interact with the QCD matter differently from light quarks. At low $p_T$, heavy quarks provide a direct window on the in-medium QCD force. At high $p_T$, the comparison of results for light and heavy particles provides insights into the expected flavor dependence of in-medium parton energy loss. Recently, the CMS collaboration established a comprehensive heavy flavor program in heavy ion collisions including the detection of charm and beauty mesons. Using the large statistics heavy ion data samples collected during the LHC Run 2, high precision open charm and beauty measurements are performed over a wide transverse momentum range. In this contribution, the first measurements of the radial distributions of $D^0$ mesons in jets in PbPb and pp collisions are presented, sensitive to the energy loss and diffusion of charm quarks in the QGP. Such effects for the bottom quarks are probed with the measurement of $D_0$ mesons from b-hadron decays in pp and PbPb collisions. In addition, the hadronisation of charm quarks and the importance of coalescence are constrained with the study of $\Lambda_c$ baryons in pp and PbPb collisions. Finally, results on $D_s$ and $B_s$ production are reported and compared to $D^0$ and $B^+$ production, respectively, with implications on the importance of the recombination mechanism due to strangeness enhancement. How to cite Metadata are provided both in "article" format (very similar to INSPIRE) as this helps creating very compact bibliographies which can be beneficial to authors and readers, and in "proceeding" format which is more detailed and complete. Open Access Copyright owned by the author(s) under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.	2020-09-22T23:05:01	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5983100533485413, "perplexity": 1789.8757166293688}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400208095.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922224013-20200923014013-00662.warc.gz"}
https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/rdp/2020/2020-08/news-sentiment-and-monetary-policy.html	# RDP 2020-08: Start Spreading the News: News Sentiment and Economic Activity in Australia 6. News Sentiment and Monetary Policy Next, we study the link between news sentiment and changes in monetary policy. This research extension is motivated by a couple of factors. First, it is important for a central bank to understand how its policy actions are reported in the news media and how this might affect beliefs amongst consumers about the outlook for the economy. For example, if the RBA wants to cut interest rates and lift confidence and economic activity then it may be important to understand how the policy action is typically communicated through the media. For this, we construct a measure of news sentiment that focuses specifically on news articles about monetary policy. Second, as suggested previously, news sentiment may be a high-frequency indicator of broader sentiment in the economy. If changes in monetary policy only affect sentiment within a few days of an interest rate change, then this effect may be captured by the NSI, but not the lower-frequency survey-based measures. So it allows us to study the causal effect of interest rates on sentiment more generally. ## 6.1 Monetary Policy News Sentiment Index We first develop a monetary policy NSI for articles that mention terms specifically related to monetary policy, such as ‘monetary policy’, ‘cash rate’, and ‘RBA’. These articles account for about 15 per cent of total articles about the economy at any given time. The resulting index is quite volatile from month to month (Figure 10). Despite this, the index is significantly correlated with the stance of monetary policy as measured by ‘monetary policy shocks’ (for example, Romer and Romer (2004) for the United States, Bishop and Tulip (2017) and Beckers (2020) for Australia). These ‘shocks’ capture changes in the cash rate that are not systematically related to changes in the RBA's forecasts for economic activity and inflation.[7] This correlation suggests that in setting monetary policy the RBA takes into account additional qualitative information about the future direction of the economy (over and above what is captured in the RBA's forecasts or financial markets), that is also evident in news articles; some of this information might be taken into account in the RBA's assessment of risks around the central forecasts, but not in the central forecasts themselves. Research for the United States similarly suggests that the tone of the narrative around the Federal Reserve's forecasts predicts their forecast errors for GDP growth and unemployment (and explains monetary policy decisions over and above the forecasts) (Sharpe et al 2018). ## 6.2 The Causal Effect of Monetary Policy on News Sentiment We next look to establish direct evidence that unexpected changes in monetary policy cause changes in sentiment as expressed in the news media. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, there was extensive media coverage suggesting that lowering interest rates caused weaker sentiment amongst business and consumers (as discussed by Kirchner (2020a)). This positive co-movement of interest rates and sentiment contradicts the predictions of standard macroeconomic models. So it is important to weigh the evidence for these two competing predictions. There is systematic variation in the language used by the news media in articles about monetary policy on the day just after a monetary policy announcement (Figure 11). For instance, the news media commonly uses the term ‘strong’ when the RBA raises the cash rate and the term ‘recession’ when the RBA lowers the cash rate. The terms ‘strong’, ‘unemployment’ and ‘volatility’ appear with similar frequency when the RBA leaves the cash rate unchanged. At face value, this suggests that the news media is discussing the balance of underlying risks to the economic outlook when reporting on monetary policy decisions. However, the term ‘crisis’ appears in the news when either the cash rate is increasing or decreasing, so the differences in language are not totally clear-cut for changes in monetary policy.[8] We test the direction of the relationship between interest rates and sentiment using an event study approach, estimating the change in news sentiment around the announcement of monetary policy decisions. Here, decisions include both announced changes to monetary policy and announcements of decisions to not change policy, so long as the market knew that a policy announcement would take place. We exploit the fact we have a daily measure of news sentiment and examine how this sentiment measure changes in the days around monetary policy announcements. The identification strategy rests on the assumption that we can minimise the potential effect of any omitted variables by focusing on a narrow time window around monetary policy decisions. For instance, it is plausible that any change in news sentiment that occurs on the day after the monetary policy announcement will be due to changes in monetary policy and not to its actual effect on the economy. A similar identification strategy is developed by Lewis, Makridis and Mertens (2019) to identify the effect of monetary policy on consumer sentiment in the United States. We estimate the response of daily changes in news sentiment to monetary policy shocks in a narrow window of time around RBA board meetings through local projections. Specifically, we estimate the following equation: (2) $NS I t+h −NS I t−1 = c h + β h s t + ∈ t+h$ where NSIt+h denotes the news sentiment index on day t, NSIt−1 is the value of the index on the day prior to the announcement and st is the monetary policy shock.[9] We estimate the equation by ordinary least squares for each daily horizon h in a range of 3 days before and 10 days after the monetary policy shock. The resulting series of coefficient estimates gives us the conditional average NSI relative to the average value for the day before the monetary policy announcement. Given the daily volatility in the NSI we also consider smooth local projections: (3) $NS I t+h −NS I t−1 =c+I( h=0 ) β 0 s t +I( h>0 )( γ 1 + γ 2 h+ γ 3 h 2 ) s t + ∈ t+h$ where all variables are as before, except that an indicator function is included for whether the projection horizon is equal to zero (I(h = 0)) or greater than zero (I(h > 0)).[10] In gauging the effect on sentiment, we consider several alternative monetary policy shock estimates. First, we look at Romer and Romer-style estimates for Australia that are sourced (and updated) from Bishop and Tulip (2017) and Beckers (2020). Second, we consider monetary policy shocks that are identified in high-frequency event studies by isolating the surprise component of a change in monetary policy using changes in market interest rates (e.g. Kearns and Manners 2006). The interest rate surprise is calculated as the change in the 1-month overnight indexed swap rate (OIS) from the close of the day prior to the close of the day of the monetary surprise. The local projection estimates indicate that an unexpected tightening of monetary policy of 100 basis points is associated with news sentiment declining by about one-half of a standard deviation in the days just after the policy announcement, irrespective of the policy shock measure used (Figure 12). The effect is not particularly strong given that a typical monetary policy shock will be much smaller at around 10 to 20 basis points. The relatively small economic effects of monetary policy on economic activity indicators, such as sentiment, is common when using high-frequency shocks (Nakamura and Steinsson 2018b). The effect is consistently negative for at least two weeks after the announcement for both the Bishop and Tulip (2017) and the Beckers (2020) shock (left-hand and middle panels of Figure 12). In contrast, in the case of the 1-month OIS series, the effect of the shock on sentiment is not significantly different from zero (right-hand panel of Figure 12). At the very least, we find little evidence that falling interest rates cause lower sentiment as measured in the news media.[11] ## Footnotes The Beckers (2020) shock captures non-systematic changes in the cash rate accounting for the RBA's forecasts and credit spreads. [7] After a cash rate increase, the term ‘crisis’ often appears as a reference to the post-crisis economic recovery. Following a cash rate decrease, the term ‘crisis’ often appears in articles discussing the crises related to the Australian bushfires and COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. [8] Many news articles on the day of the monetary policy announcement are actually written the night before. Unfortunately, we are not able to separately identify these articles. [9] Unlike the fully non-parametric projections, the smooth local projections estimate the responses at all horizons simultaneously. [10] The relationship between unexpected changes in monetary policy and news sentiment is not affected by the presence of widely-reported economic releases in the week of the monetary policy decision. We find very similar effects in the weeks in which the national accounts, inflation and labour force statistics are released.[11]	2022-06-27T04:54:11	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 2, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.18931922316551208, "perplexity": 1970.0340653286723}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103328647.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627043200-20220627073200-00302.warc.gz"}
https://indico.fnal.gov/event/15949/contributions/34929/	Indico search will be reestablished in the next version upgrade of the software: https://getindico.io/roadmap/ #### This search is only for public events. Restricted events are not available. IMPORTANT! Indico has been upgraded. Please let us know as soon as possible if you find any issues and email [email protected] # 36th Annual International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory 22-28 July 2018 Kellogg Hotel and Conference Center EST timezone ## Anomalous magnetic moment of the muon with dynamical QCD+QED Jul 27, 2018, 3:20 PM 20m 106 (Kellogg Hotel and Conference Center) ### 106 #### Kellogg Hotel and Conference Center 219 S Harrison Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824 ### Speaker The QCDSF collaboration has generated an ensemble of configurations with dynamical QCD and QED fields. They are generated with the specific aim of studying flavour breaking effects arising from differences in the quark masses and charges in physical quantities. Here we study these effects in a calculation of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon $a_\mu=(g-2)/2$ around an SU(3) symmetric point. Furthermore, by performing partially quenched simulations we are able to cover a larger range of quark masses and charges on these configurations and then fit the results to an SU(3) flavour breaking expansion. Subsequently, this allows for an extrapolation to the physical point.	2021-06-23T14:36:45	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.35952308773994446, "perplexity": 1982.6634294612772}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488539480.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20210623134306-20210623164306-00474.warc.gz"}
https://www.cell.com/molecular-therapy-family/methods/authors	# Information for authors ## Aims and scope Molecular Therapy—Methods & Clinical Development is an international, open-access journal publishing top-quality, novel methods and technology development, as well as significant improvements to established research techniques in basic, translational, and clinical cell and gene therapy. Topics of particular interest within the journal's scope include those listed below: • Gene vector engineering and production • Methods for targeted genome editing and engineering • Methods and technology development for cell reprogramming and directed differentiation of pluripotent cells • Methods for gene and cell vector delivery • Development of biomaterials and nanoparticles for applications in gene and cell therapy and regenerative medicine • Analysis of gene and cell vector biodistribution and tracking • Pharmacology/toxicology studies of new and next-generation vectors • Methods for cell isolation, engineering, culture, expansion, and transplantation • Cell processing, storage, and banking for therapeutic application • Preclinical and QC/QA assay development • Translational and clinical scale-up and Good Manufacturing procedures and process development • Clinical protocol development • Computational and bioinformatic methods for analysis, modeling, or visualization of biological data • Negotiating the regulatory approval process and obtaining such approval for clinical trials. This document describes our policies and provides information that we think will be helpful to you as you prepare manuscripts for submission and publication. If you have submitted a paper and want information about the status of the paper, please log in to our online manuscript submission system. If you run into any problems or if you have specific questions, you can always email us at [email protected]. ## Editorial evaluation timeline We read and evaluate every submission, and we try our best to get back to you quickly. We are mindful of how long it can take to publish a paper, so we work with authors and reviewers to minimize that time. Here’s how long each step in the process usually takes: Initial decision to review 1–3 days after submission Time to first decision 3–4 weeks after submission Time suggested for revision 2–3 months Time to online publication of accepted manuscript 3–5 days after acceptance Time to online publication of final proofed manuscript 3–5 weeks from acceptance Time to print publication Within 3 months of acceptance ## Relationship between Molecular Therapy journals ### Co-submission If you think your paper might be suitable for two Molecular Therapy journals, you can submit the paper for joint consideration. To do this, upload your manuscript to your first choice and indicate that you are seeking co-consideration and mention the name of the other journal. ### Transfer of Papers between Molecular Therapy Journals Although each Molecular Therapy journal is editorially independent, we have a system that allows you to transfer your manuscript, along with the reviews and the reviewers’ identities, from one journal to another. If you have questions about the suitability of your paper for transfer, please contact the editor of the receiving journal. Often, the editor of the receiving journal will be able to reach a decision based on the existing reviews. Occasionally, the editor may seek comments from additional reviewers. If you use our online system to transfer your paper, you will have a chance to edit your files before they are sent to the receiving journal. You can always submit your paper to another Molecular Therapy journal without mentioning the first review process. In this case, the manuscript will be evaluated as a regular new submission. ## Editorial policies We want to publish new and exciting science, so we consider papers with the understanding that no part has been published before, electronically or in print, and that the paper is not under consideration elsewhere. ### Review process All contributions that are selected for peer review are sent to two or more independent reviewers. The identity of reviewers is confidential and manuscripts are considered private information. Papers may be rejected without external review at the discretion of the editorial board following internal review, and may be recommended for submission to one of the Molecular Therapy sibling journals based on this initial internal editorial assessment. Authors are encouraged to suggest or recommend for exclusion reviewers at the time of submissions, as this can help speed the review process. The Molecular Therapy family of journals accepts for rapid consideration papers rejected from other journals when accompanied by the reviewers’ comments from the previous review. This option can facilitate rapid turnaround and publication of papers rejected by, for example, higher- impact Cell Press journals, without the need for a lengthy additional review in cases where the paper is deemed to be of high technical quality but fails to meet the editorial priorities of the referring journal. This option is not limited to Cell Press journals; we have accepted papers previously reviewed by journals such as Blood, the Journal of Neuroscience, and Science Translational Medicine. In the latter cases, authors will need to work with the editors at the referring journals to facilitate the release of reviewers’ comments to the editors of Molecular Therapy or its siblings. ### Related manuscripts If you have any related papers submitted or in press elsewhere, please let us know and include them with your initial submission (or with your revision if they were submitted during the revision period). We ask this because having access to related papers often helps us (and reviewers) to assess the submitted work, and it can help prevent potentially difficult scenarios down the road. Failure to provide copies of related manuscripts may delay the review process and may be grounds for rejection. As a matter of publishing ethics, we cannot consider any paper that contains data that have been published or submitted for publication elsewhere. ### Preprint servers Authors sometimes prefer to post their manuscripts to preprint servers before submitting them to primary research journals. We will consider for publication manuscripts that have been posted on a reputable preprint server (but not a virtual journal) as long as the author has retained copyright of their work. During the submission process, authors will be asked if the submission, or any significant portion thereof, has been posted on a preprint server and we will ask authors to confirm that they have retained copyright. Questions related to this policy should be directed to [email protected]. ### Priority Please be aware that our final decisions are based on evaluation of the literature available on the day of the final decision, not on the day of submission. ### Declaration of interests Financial conflicts of interest can influence results and the interpretation of those results. For these reasons, we require you to declare any such interests in your cover letter and in a separate section of the manuscript, both for research manuscripts and review material. Conflicts include the following: • affiliation with a yearly financial benefit exceeding $10,000 • greater than 5% ownership of a company with related interests • research funding by a company with related interests ### Data and image processing As much as possible, please limit the amount of post-acquisition processing of data. When it is necessary, please keep it minimal and ensure that the final figures accurately reflect the original data. In general, please make all processing transparent. Here are some specific guidelines: • Any alterations should be applied to the entire image. When this is impossible (e.g., when a single color channel on a microscopy image is altered), please clearly explain the alteration in the figure legend. • If you crop images, remove lanes from gels and blots, or consolidate your data in any way, please clearly explain the alterations in the figure legend. • Only compare data that are appropriate to compare (e.g., data from the same experiment). • Individual images should not be used in multiple figures unless the figures describe different aspects of the same experiment (e.g., multiple experiments were performed simultaneously with a single control experiment). If an image is used in multiple figures, please clearly state the reason in the legend. • The editors, at their discretion, may request any or all original data files for examination by the reviewers and/or editors. 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If your manuscript reports studies on human subjects, please include a statement in the materials and methods section that (1) confirms you received informed consent from all subjects and (2) identifies the committee that approved the studies. Molecular Therapy journals subscribe to the standards set by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors in The Lancet (364, 911–912, 2004), requiring that all trials that start enrolling participants after July 1, 2005 must be registered in a suitable publicly accessible register before that date in order to be considered for publication in the journal. Those trials that started enrollment before July 1, 2005 must register before September 13, 2005 to be considered for publication. Suggested registers include Clinical Trials.Gov and Current Controlled Trials. 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We expect that, if data collected for a published paper cannot be included in the paper or made accessible in a public repository, then authors will accommodate legitimate requests for sharing of human genetics data provided that there are no IRB restrictions. Structures of biological macromolecules The atomic coordinates and related experimental data (structure factor amplitudes/intensities and/or NMR restraints) must be deposited at a member site of the Worldwide Protein Data Bank. Electron microscopy-derived density maps must be deposited into the EJPDB through one of the partner sites (Protein Data Bank in Europe or EJPDataBank). Atomic coordinates fitted to EJP maps must also be deposited to a wwPDB member site. The corresponding database IDs must be included in the manuscript. Authors must agree to release the atomic coordinates and experimental data when the associated article is published. Additionally, if your paper reports a new x-ray structure, you must include the PDB validation report as part of the Supplemental Information of your initial submission. Microarray data MIAME-Compliant Microarray Data: GEO or ArrayExpress upon submission to the journal. Data must be MIAME compliant, as described at the MGED website specifying microarray standards. Other datasets In addition to the information that must be deposited in public databases as detailed above, authors are encouraged to contribute additional information to the appropriate databases. Authors are also encouraged to deposit materials used in their studies in the appropriate repositories for distribution to researchers. Examples of repositories that facilitate sharing large datasets, including some that offer the option of anonymous referee access to data before publication, include the following: • for proteomics data: PRIDE, PeptideAtlas • for protein interaction data: IMEx consortium of databases, including DIP, IntAct, and MINT • for chemical compound screening and assay data: PubChem Where there is no public repository and the datasets are too large to submit to the journal online, authors should either consult the journal editorial office for advice or provide five separate copies of these data to the editors in an appropriate format (for example, CD or DVD) for the purposes of peer review. Database linking We encourage you to connect your article with external databases, giving readers one-click access to relevant databases that help to build a better understanding of the described research. Please refer to relevant database identifiers using the following format in your article: "Database: xxxx" for single accession numbers and "Database: xxxx, yyyy, zzzz" for multiple accession numbers (e.g., "Genbank: NM_000492"; "GEO: GSE6364"; "PDB: 1TUP, 1KW4, 3H5X"). See https://www.elsevier.com/authors/author-resources/research-data/data-base-linking for more information and a full list of supported databases. ### Rights, sharing, and embargoes An overview of the rights that Molecular Therapy authors retain, the options for sharing articles at various stages, the duration of embargo periods, as well as open access options is available at http://www.cell.com/rights-sharing-embargoes. ## Permissions If excerpts from other copyrighted works are included in your manuscript, you must obtain written permission from the copyright owners and credit the sources in the article. 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Additionally, please do not discuss in-press papers in review articles before publication. However, you can discuss your embargoed paper with other scientific journals if the paper will be covered in review or news material that is intended to coincide or follow publication of your paper. If you have any questions about our pre-publication policies, or if your institutional press office wishes to issue a press release, please contact our press officer, Joseph Caputo ([email protected]). ## Preparation and online submission of original articles You can submit your manuscript using our online submission system, Editorial Manager (EM). For assistance, please contact us at [email protected]. EM will send all communications (including the request for final approval and the confirmation of submission) to the person who is selected as corresponding author at submission or, if no name is designated, to the person whose account is used to submit the manuscript. 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In doing this, you can intersperse the figures and figure legends within the Results section to aid evaluation of your paper. If you choose the single PDF option, please keep the PDF under 20 MB, and please separately upload the cover letter and any special file types such as videos and spreadsheets. If you do not choose the single PDF option, EM will build a composite PDF file of individually uploaded items. This PDF will contain links that editors and reviewers can use to download individual high-resolution files. The composite PDF will not contain the cover letter. ### Formatting guidelines All research article formats for Molecular Therapy journals generally contain the following sections, and they must be in the following order. The text (title through legends) should be provided as one document, including any tables to be included in the main text. Figures should be provided separately. Supplemental information should be provided in one pdf file, with any additional items, such as Excel tables, and video files supplied as separate files. There is no word limit, but an article may contain no more than eight figures and/or tables. Gene symbols should be italicized; protein products of the loci are not italicized. Non-standard abbreviations should be defined when first used in the text. Use of abbreviations should be kept at a minimum. Manuscript file types that we can accept for submission include Word and LaTeX. Required items differ for each article type and are specified during the submission process. All papers should be double spaced, the pages should be numbered, and continuous line numbering is required. Do not number the headings. Title page—page 1 The title page should include the following: • brief, informative title of 120 characters or less • authors' full names, departments, and institutions (indicate affiliations numerically with numbers placed after authors' names and before the institutions; indicate the corresponding author using the format "Correspondence should be addressed to A.S. ([email protected])" • city, state, and country in which the work was done • corresponding author's address, telephone, fax, and email (email address required) • short title of 50 characters or less, including spaces Abstract—page 2 • Must be a single paragraph and not exceed 200 words • Briefly summarize the main findings of the paper without headings • Do not include abbreviations or acknowledgments and do not refer to footnotes or references— write with a general scientific audience in mind Introduction The article should begin with a brief introductory statement that places the work in perspective and explains its intent and significance. The introduction should be as concise as possible and should not be longer than two double-spaced typed pages. Results The results section should briefly present the data in text, tables, or figures. Discussion The discussion should focus on the interpretation and significance of the findings with concise objective comments that describe their relation to other work in the area. It should not repeat information from the results. The results and discussion sections should not be combined. The length of both sections in total should not exceed nine double-spaced typed pages. Materials and methods Readers should be able to reproduce the experiments from the information in the methods section, figure legends, table footnotes, and references. Please provide the manufacturer's name and location (city, state if within the United States; city, country if outside the United States) for materials purchased. Acknowledgments The acknowledgments section is mandatory. All authors are expected to disclose all funding sources—institutional and corporate—as well as any commercial affiliations or consultancies, stock or equity interests, or patent-licensing arrangements that could be considered to pose a financial conflict of interest related to the submitted manuscript. This information must be included at this stage and will be published as part of the paper. Author contributions This section is required for all papers. Please use this section to include information about each author’s contributions. Please be concise and use initials to indicate author identity. We are happy for you to use a traditional format (e.g., A.B. and C.D. conducted the experiments; E.F. designed the experiments and wrote the paper) but would encourage you to use the CRediT taxonomy. References Only articles that have been published or are in press should be included in the reference list. Unpublished results or personal communications should be cited as such in parentheses in the text. Personal communications must include the source's name and the year, e.g., "(L. Chen, personal communication, 2013)." Submitted manuscripts should be cited as follows: "(J. Smith and R. Davis, manuscript submitted)." References should be cited in the text in numerical order (1, 2, 3, ..., n), in order of appearance. The citations should be superscripted (for example, "Jones and colleagues3 found that...") and placed after all punctuation (e.g., after commas and periods). Arrange the reference list in numerical order beginning with the references cited in the text, followed by those cited only in the figure legends and tables. For references with more than ten authors, list the first ten authors followed by et al. The titles of journals should be abbreviated according to PubMed. Samples: 1. Zhong, L., Archer, E.S.J., Holmgren, A., Smith, , Taylor, N.M., Jr, Franklin B.R., III, John, B.L., Holmgren, A., Arner, E.S., Davis, R., et al. (2000). Structure of mammalian thioredoxin reductase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 1311–1319. 2. Hagag, , and Viola, M.V. (1993). Chromosome Microdissection and Cloning: A Practical Guide (San Diego, CA: Academic Press), p. 179. 3. Harley, N.H., and Vivian, L. (1974). Invading microorganisms. In Mechanisms of Disease, 4th edition, W.A. Sodeman and Smith, eds. (Philadelphia, PA: Saunders), pp 457–472. 4. US Department of Health and Human Hypertension in the United States, 2009. Report 12345, pp 445-449. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2010. 5. World Health Organization (2011). Management of severe malnutrition: a manual for http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1999/a57361.pdf. Tables Tabular presentations should be self-explanatory and not duplicate content in the text. Tables should be presented at the end of the manuscript, numbered sequentially (1, 2, 3), and cited in chronological order in the text. Each table should include an informative title. You do not need to provide a table legend, but please supply information such as the description of the experiment, definition of columns or abbreviations, etc. in footnotes to the title and table contents. Label footnotes with superscripted lowercase Arabic letters (a, b, c, etc.), not symbols. Define errors in the table by a footnote, e.g., "mean + SD" or "mean + SEM." Authors should ensure that the data in the tables are consistent with those cited in the relevant papers in the text, totals add up correctly, and percentages have been calculated correctly. When creating a table, please use the Microsoft Word table function. Tables not created with the Microsoft Word table function may need to be revised by the author. When creating tables, please adhere to the following guidelines: • Do not submit tables in Excel or PDF format. Do not paste a table into Word as an image or from another program (i.e., Excel). • Format tables with Word's Table function; do not use tabs or spaces to create a table. • Tables should be in black and white; rows and columns should not be shaded. • Do not use line breaks or spaces to separate data within a cell. Use separate cells for all discrete data elements within a table. • Number distinct tables as Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, etc., rather than as Table 1a, Table 1b, Table 1c, etc. • If bold or italic font is used within a table to indicate some feature of the data, please give an explanation of its usage in the legend. • All abbreviations within a table must be defined in the table legend or footnotes. • Footnotes should be listed with superscript lowercase letters, beginning with “a.” Footnotes may not be listed with numbers or symbols. 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We offer two Creative Commons licenses:	2022-07-02T16:40:07	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.23436681926250458, "perplexity": 2273.992935961814}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104189587.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220702162147-20220702192147-00756.warc.gz"}
https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco/wiki/Sine.html	# Sine For other uses, see Sine (disambiguation). Not to be confused with sign. Sine Basic features Parity odd Domain (−,)a Codomain [−1,1]a Period 2π Specific values At zero 0 Maxima ((2k + ½)π, 1)b Minima ((2k − ½)π, 1) Specific features Root kπ Critical point kππ/2 Inflection point kπ Fixed point 0 In mathematics, the sine is a trigonometric function of an angle. The sine of an acute angle is defined in the context of a right triangle: for the specified angle, it is the ratio of the length of the side that is opposite that angle to the length of the longest side of the triangle (the hypotenuse). More generally, the definition of sine (and other trigonometric functions) can be extended to any real value in terms of the length of a certain line segment in a unit circle. More modern definitions express the sine as an infinite series or as the solution of certain differential equations, allowing their extension to arbitrary positive and negative values and even to complex numbers. The sine function is commonly used to model periodic phenomena such as sound and light waves, the position and velocity of harmonic oscillators, sunlight intensity and day length, and average temperature variations throughout the year. The function sine can be traced to the jyā and koṭi-jyā functions used in Gupta period Indian astronomy (Aryabhatiya, Surya Siddhanta), via translation from Sanskrit to Arabic and then from Arabic to Latin.[1] The word "sine" comes from a Latin mistranslation of the Arabic jiba, which is a transliteration of the Sanskrit word for half the chord, jya-ardha.[2] ## Right-angled triangle definition For the angle α, the sine function gives the ratio of the length of the opposite side to the length of the hypotenuse, To define the trigonometric functions for an acute angle α, start with any right triangle that contains an angle of measure α; in the accompanying figure, angle A in triangle ABC has measure α. The three sides of the triangle are named as follows: • The opposite side is the side opposite to the angle of interest, in this case side a. • The hypotenuse is the side opposite the right angle, in this case side h. The hypotenuse is always the longest side of a right-angled triangle. • The adjacent side is the remaining side, in this case side b. It forms a side of (is adjacent to) both the angle of interest (angle A) and the right angle. Once such a triangle is chosen, the sine of the angle is equal to the length of the opposite side divided by the length of the hypotenuse. (The other trigonometric functions of the angle can be defined similarly; for example, the cosine of the angle is the ratio between the adjacent side and the hypotenuse, while the tangent gives the ratio between the opposite and adjacent sides.) As stated, the value sin(α) appears to depend on the choice of right triangle containing an angle of measure α. However, this is not the case: all such triangles are similar, and so the ratio is the same for each of them. ## Relation to slope Main article: Slope The trigonometric functions can be defined in terms of the rise, run, and slope of a line segment relative to some horizontal line. • When the length of the line segment is 1, sine takes an angle and tells the rise. • Sine takes an angle and tells the rise per unit length of the line segment. • Rise is equal to sin θ multiplied by the length of the line segment. In contrast, cosine is used for telling the run from the angle; and tangent is used for telling the slope from the angle. Arctan is used for telling the angle from the slope. The line segment is the equivalent of the hypotenuse in the right-triangle, and when it has a length of 1 it is also equivalent to the radius of the unit circle. ## Relation to the unit circle Illustration of a unit circle. The radius has a length of 1. The variable t is an angle measure. In trigonometry, a unit circle is the circle of radius one centered at the origin (0, 0) in the Cartesian coordinate system. Let a line through the origin, making an angle of θ with the positive half of the x-axis, intersect the unit circle. The x- and y-coordinates of this point of intersection are equal to cos θ and sin(θ), respectively. The point's distance from the origin is always 1. Unlike the definitions with the right triangle or slope, the angle can be extended to the full set of real arguments by using the unit circle. This can also be achieved by requiring certain symmetries and that sine be a periodic function. Animation showing how the sine function (in red) is graphed from the y-coordinate (red dot) of a point on the unit circle (in green) at an angle of θ in radians. ## Identities Exact identities (using radians): These apply for all values of . ### Reciprocal The reciprocal of sine is cosecant, i.e., the reciprocal of sin(A) is csc(A), or cosec(A). Cosecant gives the ratio of the length of the hypotenuse to the length of the opposite side: ### Inverse The usual principal values of the arcsin(x) function graphed on the cartesian plane. Arcsin is the inverse of sin. The inverse function of sine is arcsine (arcsin or asin) or inverse sine (sin-1). As sine is non-injective, it is not an exact inverse function but a partial inverse function. For example, sin(0) = 0, but also sin(π) = 0, sin(2π) = 0 etc. It follows that the arcsine function is multivalued: arcsin(0) = 0, but also arcsin(0) = π, arcsin(0) = 2π, etc. When only one value is desired, the function may be restricted to its principal branch. With this restriction, for each x in the domain the expression arcsin(x) will evaluate only to a single value, called its principal value. k is some integer: Or in one equation: Arcsin satisfies: and ### Calculus For the sine function: The derivative is: The antiderivative is: C denotes the constant of integration. ### Other trigonometric functions The sine and cosine functions are related in multiple ways. The two functions are out of phase by 90°: = for all angles x. Also, the derivative of the function sin(x) is cos(x). It is possible to express any trigonometric function in terms of any other (up to a plus or minus sign, or using the sign function). Sine in terms of the other common trigonometric functions: f θ Using plus/minus (±) Using sign function (sgn) f θ = ± per Quadrant f θ = I II III IV cos + + + + cot + + + + tan + + + + sec + + + + Note that for all equations which use plus/minus (±), the result is positive for angles in the first quadrant. The basic relationship between the sine and the cosine can also be expressed as the Pythagorean trigonometric identity: where sin2x means (sin(x))2. ## Properties relating to the quadrants The four quadrants of a Cartesian coordinate system. Over the four quadrants of the sine function is as follows. Quadrant Degrees Radians Value Sign Monotony Convexity 1st Quadrant increasing concave 2nd Quadrant decreasing concave 3rd Quadrant decreasing convex 4th Quadrant increasing convex Points between the quadrants. k is an integer. The quadrants of the unit circle and of sin x, using the Cartesian coordinate system. Degrees Radians Radians Point type Root, Inflection Maxima Root, Inflection Minima For arguments outside those in the table, get the value using the fact the sine function has a period of 360° (or 2π rad): , or use . Or use and . For complement of sine, we have . ## Series definition The sine function (blue) is closely approximated by its Taylor polynomial of degree 7 (pink) for a full cycle centered on the origin. This animation shows how including more and more terms in the partial sum of its Taylor series gradually builds up a sine curve. Using only geometry and properties of limits, it can be shown that the derivative of sine is cosine, and that the derivative of cosine is the negative of sine. Using the reflection from the calculated geometric derivation of the sine is with the 4n + k-th derivative at the point 0: This gives the following Taylor series expansion at x = 0. One can then use the theory of Taylor series to show that the following identities hold for all real numbers x (where x is the angle in radians) :[3] If x were expressed in degrees then the series would contain messy factors involving powers of π/180: if x is the number of degrees, the number of radians is y = πx /180, so The series formulas for the sine and cosine are uniquely determined, up to the choice of unit for angles, by the requirements that The radian is the unit that leads to the expansion with leading coefficient 1 for the sine and is determined by the additional requirement that The coefficients for both the sine and cosine series may therefore be derived by substituting their expansions into the pythagorean and double angle identities, taking the leading coefficient for the sine to be 1, and matching the remaining coefficients. In general, mathematically important relationships between the sine and cosine functions and the exponential function (see, for example, Euler's formula) are substantially simplified when angles are expressed in radians, rather than in degrees, grads or other units. Therefore, in most branches of mathematics beyond practical geometry, angles are generally assumed to be expressed in radians. A similar series is Gregory's series for arctan, which is obtained by omitting the factorials in the denominator. ### Continued fraction The sine function can also be represented as a generalized continued fraction: The continued fraction representation expresses the real number values, both rational and irrational, of the sine function. ## Fixed point The fixed point iteration xn+1 = sin xn with initial value x0 = 2 converges to 0. Zero is the only real fixed point of the sine function; in other words the only intersection of the sine function and the identity function is sin(0) = 0. ## Arc length The arc length of the sine curve between and is This integral is an elliptic integral of the second kind. The arc length for a full period is where is the Gamma function. The arc length of the sine curve from 0 to x is the above number divided by times x, plus a correction that varies periodically in x with period . The Fourier series for this correction can be written in closed form using special functions, but it is perhaps more instructive to write the decimal approximations of the Fourier coefficients. The sine curve arc length from 0 to x is ## Law of sines Main article: Law of sines The law of sines states that for an arbitrary triangle with sides a, b, and c and angles opposite those sides A, B and C: This is equivalent to the equality of the first three expressions below: where R is the triangle's circumradius. It can be proven by dividing the triangle into two right ones and using the above definition of sine. The law of sines is useful for computing the lengths of the unknown sides in a triangle if two angles and one side are known. This is a common situation occurring in triangulation, a technique to determine unknown distances by measuring two angles and an accessible enclosed distance. ## Special values Some common angles (θ) shown on the unit circle. The angles are given in degrees and radians, together with the corresponding intersection point on the unit circle, (cos θ, sin θ). For certain integral numbers x of degrees, the value of sin(x) is particularly simple. A table of some of these values is given below. x (angle) sin x Degrees Radians Gradians Turns Exact Decimal 0 0g 0 0 0 180° π 200g 1/2 15° 1/12π 16 2/3g 1/24 0.258819045102521 165° 11/12π 183 1/3g 11/24 30° 1/6π 33 1/3g 1/12 1/2 0.5 150° 5/6π 166 2/3g 5/12 45° 1/4π 50g 1/8 0.707106781186548 135° 3/4π 150g 3/8 60° 1/3π 66 2/3g 1/6 0.866025403784439 120° 2/3π 133 1/3g 1/3 75° 5/12π 83 1/3g 5/24 0.965925826289068 105° 7/12π 116 2/3g 7/24 90° 1/2π 100g 1/4 1 1 90 degree increments: x in degrees 0° 90° 180° 270° 360° x in radians 0 π/2 π 3π/2 2π x in gons 0 100g 200g 300g 400g x in turns 0 1/4 1/2 3/4 1 sin x 0 1 0 -1 0 Other values not listed above: ## Relationship to complex numbers An illustration of the complex plane. The imaginary numbers are on the vertical coordinate axis. Sine is used to determine the imaginary part of a complex number given in polar coordinates (r,φ): the imaginary part is: r and φ represent the magnitude and angle of the complex number respectively. i is the imaginary unit. z is a complex number. Although dealing with complex numbers, sine's parameter in this usage is still a real number. Sine can also take a complex number as an argument. ### Sine with a complex argument Domain coloring of sin(z) over (-π,π) on x and y axes. Brightness indicates absolute magnitude, saturation represents complex argument. sin(z) as a vector field The definition of the sine function for complex arguments z: where i 2 = −1, and sinh is hyperbolic sine. This is an entire function. Also, for purely real x, For purely imaginary numbers: It is also sometimes useful to express the complex sine function in terms of the real and imaginary parts of its argument: #### Partial fraction and product expansions of complex sine Using the partial fraction expansion technique in Complex Analysis, one can find that the infinite series both converge and are equal to . Similarly we can find Using product expansion technique, one can derive #### Usage of complex sine sin z is found in the functional equation for the Gamma function, which in turn is found in the functional equation for the Riemann zeta-function, As a holomorphic function, sin z is a 2D solution of Laplace's equation: It is also related with level curves of pendulum.[4] ### Complex graphs real component imaginary component magnitude real component imaginary component magnitude ## History While the early study of trigonometry can be traced to antiquity, the trigonometric functions as they are in use today were developed in the medieval period. The chord function was discovered by Hipparchus of Nicaea (180–125 BCE) and Ptolemy of Roman Egypt (90–165 CE). The function sine (and cosine) can be traced to the jyā and koṭi-jyā functions used in Gupta period (320 to 550 CE) Indian astronomy (Aryabhatiya, Surya Siddhanta), via translation from Sanskrit to Arabic and then from Arabic to Latin.[1] The first published use of the abbreviations 'sin', 'cos', and 'tan' is by the 16th century French mathematician Albert Girard; these were further promulgated by Euler (see below). The Opus palatinum de triangulis of Georg Joachim Rheticus, a student of Copernicus, was probably the first in Europe to define trigonometric functions directly in terms of right triangles instead of circles, with tables for all six trigonometric functions; this work was finished by Rheticus' student Valentin Otho in 1596. In a paper published in 1682, Leibniz proved that sin x is not an algebraic function of x.[5] Roger Cotes computed the derivative of sine in his Harmonia Mensurarum (1722).[6] Leonhard Euler's Introductio in analysin infinitorum (1748) was mostly responsible for establishing the analytic treatment of trigonometric functions in Europe, also defining them as infinite series and presenting "Euler's formula", as well as the near-modern abbreviations sin., cos., tang., cot., sec., and cosec.[7] ### Etymology Look up sine in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Etymologically, the word sine derives from the Sanskrit word for chord, jiva*(jya being its more popular synonym). This was transliterated in Arabic as jiba جــيــب, abbreviated jb جــــب . Since Arabic is written without short vowels, "jb" was interpreted as the word jaib جــيــب, which means "bosom", when the Arabic text was translated in the 12th century into Latin by Gerard of Cremona. The translator used the Latin equivalent for "bosom", sinus (which means "bosom" or "bay" or "fold").[8][9] The English form sine was introduced in the 1590s. ## Software implementations The sine function, along with other trigonometric functions, is widely available across programming languages and platforms. In computing, it is typically abbreviated to sin. Some CPU architectures have a built-in instruction for sine, including the Intel x87 FPUs since the 80387. In programming languages, sin is typically either a built-in function or found within the language's standard math library. For example, the C standard library defines sine functions within math.h: sin(double), sinf(float), and sinl(long double). The parameter of each is a floating point value, specifying the angle in radians. Each function returns the same data type as it accepts. Many other trigonometric functions are also defined in math.h, such as for cosine, arc sine, and hyperbolic sine (sinh). Similarly, Python defines math.sin(x) within the built-in math module. Complex sine functions are also available within the cmath module, e.g. cmath.sin(z). CPython's math functions call the C math library, and use a double-precision floating-point format. There is no standard algorithm for calculating sine. IEEE 754-2008, the most widely used standard for floating-point computation, does not address calculating trigonometric functions such as sine.[10] Algorithms for calculating sine may be balanced for such constraints as speed, accuracy, portability, or range of input values accepted. This can lead to different results for different algorithms, especially for special circumstances such as very large inputs, e.g. sin(1022). A once common programming optimization, used especially in 3D graphics, was to pre-calculate a table of sine values, for example one value per degree. This allowed results to be looked up from a table rather than being calculated in real time. With modern CPU architectures this method may offer no advantage. ## References 1. Uta C. Merzbach, Carl B. Boyer (2011), A History of Mathematics, Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 3rd ed., p. 189. 2. Victor J. Katz (2008), A History of Mathematics, Boston: Addison-Wesley, 3rd. ed., p. 253, sidebar 8.1. 3. See Ahlfors, pages 43–44. 4. math.stackexchange questions : why-are-the-phase-portrait-of-the-simple-plane-pendulum-and-a-domain-coloring-of ... 5. Nicolás Bourbaki (1994). Elements of the History of Mathematics. Springer. 6. See Merzbach, Boyer (2011). 7. Eli Maor (1998), Trigonometric Delights, Princeton: Princeton University Press, p. 35-36. 8. Victor J. Katz (2008), A History of Mathematics, Boston: Addison-Wesley, 3rd. ed., p. 253, sidebar 8.1. 9. Grand Challenges of Informatics, Paul Zimmermann. September 20, 2006 – p. 14/31 This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 12/3/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.	2022-05-28T05:26:20	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8863231539726257, "perplexity": 959.2027272817279}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663012542.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528031224-20220528061224-00676.warc.gz"}
http://hitchhikersgui.de/Rec._601	# Rec. 601 Jump to navigation Jump to search ITU-R Recommendation BT.601, more commonly known by the abbreviations Rec. 601 or BT.601 (or its former name, CCIR 601) is a standard originally issued in 1982 by the CCIR (an organization which has since been renamed as the International Telecommunication Union – Radiocommunication sector) for encoding interlaced analog video signals in digital video form.[1] It includes methods of encoding 525-line 60 Hz and 625-line 50 Hz signals, both with an active region covering 720 luminance samples and 360 chrominance samples per line. The color encoding system is known as YCbCr 4:2:2. The Rec. 601 video raster format has been re-used in a number of later standards, including the ISO/IEC MPEG and ITU-T H.26x compressed formats – although compressed formats for consumer applications usually use chroma subsampling reduced from the 4:2:2 sampling specified in Rec. 601 to 4:2:0. The standard has been revised several times in its history. Its edition 7, referred to as BT.601-7, was approved in March 2011 and was formally published in October 2011. ## Signal format The Rec. 601 signal can be regarded as if it is a digitally encoded analog component video signal, and thus the sampling includes data for the horizontal and vertical sync and blanking intervals. Regardless of the frame rate, the luminance sampling frequency is 13.5 MHz. The samples are uniformly quantized using 8 or 10 bit PCM codes in the YCbCr domain. For each 8 bit luminance sample, the nominal value to represent black is 16 and the value for white is 235. Eight-bit code values from 1 through 15 provide footroom, and can be used to accommodate transient signal content such as filter undershoots. Similarly, code values 236 through 254 provide headroom and can be used to accommodate transient signal content such as filter overshoots. The values 0 and 255 are used to encode the sync pulses and are forbidden within the visible picture area. The Cb and Cr samples are unsigned and use the value 128 to encode the neutral color difference value, as used when encoding a white, grey or black area. Rec. 709 chromaticity diagram. The three primary chromacities are similar in Rec. 601, although not quite the same. ## Primary chromaticities Slightly different primaries are specified for the 625 line and 525 line systems. Earlier versions of the standard (prior to BT.601-6, approved in January 2007) did not contain an explicit definition of the color primaries. RGB color space parameters for Rec. 601 Color space White point (D65) Primary color xW yW xR yR xG yG xB yB 625 line 0.3127 0.3290 0.640 0.330 0.290 0.600 0.150 0.060 525 line 0.3127 0.3290 0.630 0.340 0.310 0.595 0.155 0.070 ## Transfer characteristics Rec. 601 defines a nonlinear transfer function which is linear near 0 and then transfers to a gamma curve for the rest of the light intensity range. ${\displaystyle E={\begin{cases}4.500L&L<0.018\\1.099L^{0.45}-0.099&L\geq 0.018\end{cases}}}$ ## Awards The CCIR received a 1982–83 Technology and Engineering Emmy Award for its development of the Rec. 601 standard.[2] ## References 1. ^ "BT.601 : Studio encoding parameters of digital television for standard 4:3 and wide screen 16:9 aspect ratios". ITU. 2. ^ Rec. ITU-R BT.601 25th Anniversary and still "in force" - the bridge that joined the analogue and digital worlds (1982-2007), ITU-R, 2007. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rec._601&oldid=845413203" This content was retrieved from Wikipedia : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rec._601 This page is based on the copyrighted Wikipedia article "Rec. 601"; it is used under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA). You may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the CC-BY-SA	2018-07-19T19:38:34	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 1, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4087585508823395, "perplexity": 4609.008516937747}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591216.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180719183926-20180719203926-00046.warc.gz"}
https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Computer_Science/Book%3A_Web_Development_and_Programming_(Mendez)/3%3A_Scripting_Language/3.03%3A_PHP_Errors	# 3.3: PHP Errors Before starting, an understanding of errors will help you quickly recognize where problems exist (and if they are truly problems) in your code, which will lend to faster debugging and understanding where to look for problems. To start with, we can tell PHP what kind of errors we want to know about before we even run a script. While the full list of supported reporting levels (see Table 8 PHP Errors) covers a variety of concerns, there are a few (notices, errors, and warnings) that cover what we will run into most often. ### Notices Notice: Undefined index: message in /home/example.php on line 9 Notices, technically, are not errors. They will notify us of things that we may have intended or wanted, but that PHP can do without. For example, using a variable on a page without declaring it first will generate a notice. PHP will create the variable as soon as it is called, even if we did not declare it, without creating a formal error (other languages would consider this an error worthy of breaking execution). By notifying us but still continuing, if we had already declared or used the variable elsewhere, this notice would indicate a spelling error or mistyped variable name. ### Warning Warning: main(): Failed opening 'noFileHere.php' for inclusion on line 2 Warnings still will not stop our script from running but indicate that something has gone wrong during execution of a script. Attempting to use include() on a file that does not exist would create a warning. ### Errors PHP Fatal error: Undefined class constant 'MYSQL_ATTR_USE_BUFFERED_QUERY' in database.inc on line 43 Finally, errors are unrecoverable (execution will stop). Typical causes of errors are parsing errors like missing semi-colons, function, or class definitions, or other problems the engine does not know how to resolve. If we used require() on a file instead of include, an error would be triggered instead. Most errors that we will receive are parsing errors. They are typically problems caused by what we wrote in our code, like missing brackets, semi-colons, or typos. When we receive an error, the compiler will tell us what problem it discovered and where. Keep in mind that we are being told where an error was found not necessary where the source of the problem exists. For example, a missing semicolon or bracket may have occurred several lines before it created problems for the compiler. The other category of errors we will run into is logical. These are errors caused by how we wrote our code and can be much more frustrating. Logical errors are usually discovered when the script does not behave as expected. The source can be mistaken in what code we run in different parts of an if/then statement or even an error in the math used in a function that gives us the wrong solution. Resolving errors can be something of an art form. With parse errors, the engine can guide you to the area to help you begin looking for the source of the error. Logical errors can usually be resolved by adding extra, temporary outputs to follow the value of a variable or trace execution of logic statements through a script. This technique can help you find where what happens differs from what you expect. Unit testing your functions will go a long way toward preventing many of these issues, as does iterative programming. To dictate what errors we do and do not wish to see in our script output, we will use the error_reporting() function. By passing one or more of the constants below, we control what is reported. For example, maybe we want information on warnings and errors, but do not care about notices. To do this, we can call error_reporting(E_WARNING \| E_ERROR). The pipe symbol ( \| )works as an or in this case. If we want to see everything except notices we can useE_ALLbut leave out notices with the carrot ( ^ ) character to indicate an exception with error_reporting(E_ALL ^ E_NOTICE). It is good practice to set your error reporting level close to the top of your script, so you can easily find it and change settings: <?php error_reporting(E_WARNING \| E_ERROR); //This next line will trigger a notice that the variable does not exist, but we will not see it echo $test; ?> <?php error_reporting(E_ALL); //This time we will see the notice echo$test; ?> Notice: Undefined variable: test on line 3 You may be wondering why we would selectively show or hide errors; when we are developing our code, the system errors we will need to see in order to debug are different from what we would want end users to see for a system in production. Revealing, verbatim, the system generated error message is not only confusing to non-programmers but can expose sensitive information to those with malicious intent. Instead, we would provide a message we chose in the error’s place. Take a look at the full list of error reporting levels: Constant Description E_ERROR Fatal run-time errors. These indicate errors that cannot be recovered from, such as a memory allocation problem. Execution of the script is halted. E_WARNING Run-time warnings (non-fatal errors). Execution of the script is not halted. E_PARSE Compile-time parse errors. Parse errors should only be generated by the parser. E_NOTICE Run-time notices. Indicate that the script encountered something that could indicate an error, but could also happen in the normal course of running a script. E_CORE_ERROR Fatal errors that occur during PHP’s initial startup. This is like an E_ERROR, except it is generated by the core of PHP. E_CORE_WARNING Warnings (non-fatal errors) that occur during PHP’s initial startup. This is like an E_WARNING, except it is generated by the core of PHP. E_COMPILE_ERROR Fatal compile-time errors. This is like an E_ERROR, except it is generated by the Zend Scripting Engine. E_COMPILE_WARNING Compile-time warnings (non-fatal errors). This is like an E_WARNING, except it is generated by the Zend Scripting Engine. E_USER_ERROR User-generated error message. This is like an E_ERROR, except it is generated in PHP code by using the PHP function trigger_error(). E_USER_WARNING User-generated warning message. This is like an E_WARNING, except it is generated in PHP code by using the PHP function trigger_error(). E_USER_NOTICE User-generated notice message. This is like an E_NOTICE, except it is generated in PHP code by using the PHP function trigger_error(). E_STRICT Enable to have PHP suggest changes to your code which will ensure the best interoperability and forward compatibility of your code. E_RECOVERABLE_ERROR Catchable fatal error. It indicates that a probably dangerous error occurred, but did not leave the Engine in an unstable state. If the error is not caught by a user defined handle (see also set_error_handler()), the application aborts as it was an E_ERROR. E_DEPRECATED Run-time notices. Enable this to receive warnings about code that will not work in future versions. E_USER_DEPRECATED User-generated warning message. This is like an E_DEPRECATED, except it is generated in PHP code by using the PHP function trigger_error(). E_ALL All errors and warnings, as supported, except of level E_STRICT prior to PHP 5.4.0. Table 8 PHP Errors Adapted from php.net, Creative Commons 3.0 Attribution Unported	2019-04-18T16:50:23	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3734323978424072, "perplexity": 1881.2153714959575}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578517745.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20190418161426-20190418183426-00119.warc.gz"}
https://www.anl.gov/awards-and-recognition-0	# Awards and Recognition ## Filter Results • ### Argonne and Parallel Works Inc. win FLC recognition for commercializing lab’s machine learning-based design optimization software technology By embedding machine learning into the design process, ML-GA dramatically speeds up computer-aided virtual prototyping, shrinking the product development phase from a few months to a few days while also bringing down computational costs. • ### Argonne scientists receive Department of Energy funding for microelectronics research Argonne scientists Supratik Guha and Valerie Taylor will lead DOE-funded research projects in microelectronics for more efficient computing. • ### Tapping into magnets to clamp down on noise in quantum information A Department of Energy-funded project between Argonne and the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign explores coupling magnetism and microwaves for quantum discoveries. • ### August 2021 PSE Employees of the Month Jamie Hayley and Sang Soo Lee are recognized as PSE Employees of the Month • ### Shin Wins Young Author Award at model predictive control conference Sungho Shin, a postdoctoral appointee in the Mathematics and Computer Science (MCS) Division at Argonne National Laboratory, has won a Young Author Award at the International Federation of Automatic Control – Nonlinear Model Predictive Control Conference. • ### Three Argonne projects receive DOE funding for breakthroughs in quantum information science Tomorrow’s quantum sensors, computers and networks will share, process and secure exponentially more information — starting with the scientific data that will make this wave of the future possible. • ### DOE awards $1.2M to Argonne and Northwestern to maximize scientific data sent over 5G network 5G supports computing from edge devices, such as cameras and weather sensors, to the radio towers between the edge and the cloud. This new funding will help researchers extract data from every point along this digital continuum. • ### July 2021 PSE Employees of the Month Whitney Armstrong, Robin Harris, Sylvester Joosten, Russell Knaack and John Rohrer are recognized as PSE Employees of the Month • ### Argonne’s Macal named Fellow of the Society for Computer Simulation International Charles M. Chick” Macal, a modeling and simulation expert at Argonne, garnered the distinguished title of Fellow of the Society for Computer Simulation International for his 20 years in the field and his recent studies on COVID-19 spread. • ### Department of Energy awards$4.15 million to Argonne to support collaborations with industry Argonne will partner with companies from across the U.S. on eight efforts.	2021-09-22T15:41:13	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.232451394200325, "perplexity": 11953.02913615305}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057366.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20210922132653-20210922162653-00548.warc.gz"}
https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/apr/section1/apr183.htm	8. Assessing Product Reliability 8.1. Introduction 8.1.8. How can you evaluate reliability from the "bottom-up" (component failure mode to system failure rate)? ## Parallel or redundant model The parallel model assumes all n components that make up a system operate independently and the system works as long as at least one component still works The opposite of a series model, for which the first component failure causes the system to fail, is a parallel model for which all the components have to fail before the system fails. If there are $$n$$ components, any ($$n - 1$$) of them may be considered redundant to the remaining one (even if the components are all different). When the system is turned on, all the components operate until they fail. The system reaches failure at the time of the last component failure. The assumptions for a parallel model are: 1. All components operate independently of one another, as far as reliability is concerned. 2. The system operates as long as at least one component is still operating. System failure occurs at the time of the last component failure. 3. The CDF for each component is known. Multiply component CDF's to get the system CDF for a parallel model For a parallel model, the CDF $$F_S(t)$$ for the system is just the product of the CDFs $$F_i(t)$$ for the components, or $$F_S(t) = \prod_{i=1}^n F_i(t) \,\, .$$ $$R_S(t)$$ and $$h_S(t)$$ can be evaluated using basic definitions, once we have $$F_S(t)$$. The schematic below represents a parallel system with 5 components and the (reliability) equivalent 1 component system with a CDF $$F_S(t)$$ equal to the product of the 5 component CDFs.	2018-05-24T19:24:19	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 2, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7498420476913452, "perplexity": 471.77370743059333}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794866772.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524190036-20180524210036-00614.warc.gz"}
https://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=M101M&home=MXXX005	${{\boldsymbol \eta}_{{2}}{(1870)}}$ MASS INSPIRE search VALUE (MeV) EVTS DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT $\bf{ 1842 \pm8}$ OUR AVERAGE $1835$ $\pm12$ 2000 B 450 ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit p}_{{f}}}{{\mathit \eta}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit p}_{{s}}}$ $1844$ $\pm13$ 2000 C 450 ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit p}_{{f}}}$4 ${{\mathit \pi}}{{\mathit p}_{{s}}}$ $1840$ $\pm25$ 1997 B OMEG 450 ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$2( ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$) $1875$ $\pm20$ $\pm35$ 1996 CBAR 1.94 ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \eta}}$3 ${{\mathit \pi}^{0}}$ $1881$ $\pm32$ $\pm40$ $26$ 1992 CBAL ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}{{\mathit \eta}}{{\mathit \pi}^{0}}{{\mathit \pi}^{0}}$ • • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • • $1860$ $\pm5$ $\pm15$ 2000 E SPEC $0.9 - 1.94$ ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \eta}}$3 ${{\mathit \pi}^{0}}$ $1840$ $\pm15$ 1999 BES ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \eta}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ References: ANISOVICH 2000E PL B477 19 Three $\mathit I = 0$ $\mathit J{}^{PC} = 2-+$ Mesons BARBERIS 2000B PL B471 435 A Study of the ${{\mathit \eta}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ Channel Produced in Central ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ Interactions at 450 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$ BARBERIS 2000C PL B471 440 A Spin Analysis of the 4${{\mathit \pi}}$ Channels Produced in Central ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ Interactions at 450 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$ BAI 1999 PL B446 356 Partial Wave Analysis of ${{\mathit J / \psi}{(1S)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}$( ${{\mathit \eta}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$) BARBERIS 1997B PL B413 217 A Study of the Centrally Produced ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ Channel in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ Interactions at 450 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$ ZPHY C71 227 Evidence for Two Isospin Zero $\mathit J{}^{PC} = 2{}^{-+}$ Mesons at 1645 and 1875 MeV ZPHY C54 33 Analysis of the ${{\mathit \eta}}{{\mathit \pi}^{0}}{{\mathit \pi}^{0}}$ Final State in Photon Photon Collisions	2021-02-27T04:15:02	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8813640475273132, "perplexity": 6479.054367510617}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178358064.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20210227024823-20210227054823-00255.warc.gz"}
https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/volcano-watch-volcano-monitoring-lower-puna-recent-vandalism-and-a-way-help	# Volcano Watch — Volcano monitoring in lower Puna: Recent vandalism and a way to help Release Date: At the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO), we continuously strive to improve our capability to monitor the volcanoes that we live upon. This is a typical GPS monitoring station example from Hualālai Volcano. (Public domain.) We have made great improvements to our monitoring networks in recent years, both in instrumentation to measure seismicity, gas and deformation of the ground, and in the communications infrastructure that brings the data from these instruments to HVO for analysis. We are particularly concerned with monitoring areas with dense populations atop and downslope of active rift zones, such as the lower east rift zone of Kīlauea in lower Puna. The lower Puna region has been a challenge to monitor instrumentally because of the difficulties of relaying the data via traditional radio links to the observatory (due to the topography and dense vegetation) and the need for secure locations in this heavily populated area. A couple of weeks ago, we wrote in this column about the innovative and successful NetQuakes Initiative, in which homeowners volunteer to host a seismometer, allowing much more data to be collected for seismic monitoring and research. While the seismic network in lower Puna has been modestly improved through new NetQuakes instrumentation, our deformation monitoring efforts in lower Puna have suffered serious blows recently due to theft and vandalism at key sites. Within the last year, two stations that housed borehole tiltmeters—instruments that very precisely measure the slope of the ground and transmit their data to the observatory in real time—were stripped of their solar panels, batteries, and radio communication equipment. At one site, even the tiltmeter itself was lifted out of the ground and taken. This instrument would cost about $13,000 to replace (not counting installation costs) but it's hard to imagine that it's worth more than the cost of scrap metal to the thieves. The cost of the stolen materials is well over$40,000. The addition of our costs in planning, installing, and trying to protect these sites raises the cost of the thefts to the taxpayers to at least \$100,000. The thefts have been reported to Hawai‘i County Police and the FBI. More important than the monetary cost, however, is the gap left in our deformation monitoring network on the lower east rift zone. It's clear that we can't continue to maintain sites in isolated, unsupervised areas. Inspired by your willingness to take part in the NetQuakes program, we again ask for your help. Instead of installing more tiltmeters, however, which are prohibitively expensive and would require drilling boreholes, we would like to find homes, actually yards, for GPS instruments. GPS is well-suited to monitor the subtle changes of the ground, as we can process the data at the observatory to track the position of the GPS antenna to within a centimeter (less than half an inch). GPS instruments use satellites to accurately determine their position. Thus, the main requirement for a GPS installation is to have an unobstructed view of the sky. Clearly, full unobstructed views are unlikely in Puna; however; the instruments do need to be able to see the sky to at an angle of least 50 degrees down from straight overhead in most directions, and more in some directions. The site needs to be at least 30 feet from structures, like one-story houses, and in an area that will remain undisturbed under normal circumstances. In order to get the data back to HVO, we would need either a good cell phone reception or line-of-sight views to Mauna Kea or Pu‘uhonua‘ula. The whole setup fits within a 5-foot by 5-foot area with nothing higher than the 5-foot antenna. It would take us about half a day to install it, and we would need to service it, on average, about once per year. If this sounds interesting and you would like to be part of the effort to monitor and contribute to research in understanding Kīlauea Volcano, please give HVO a call at 967-8804. ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— ### Volcano Activity Update A lava lake within the Halema‘uma‘u Overlook vent produced nighttime glow that was visible from the Jaggar Museum overlook and via HVO's Webcam during the past week. The lake level over the past week fluctuated, due to deflation-inflation cycles, and was generally 50–60 m (165–200 ft) below the floor of Halema‘uma‘u. On Kīlauea's east rift zone, breakouts from the Peace Day tube remain active above the pali and on the coastal plain. Small ocean entries are active on both sides of the Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park boundary. The Kahauale‘a flow is no longer active, it's front stalling about 5 km (3 mi) northeast from Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō. There was one felt earthquake in the past week. On Thursday, April 25, 2013, at 2:21 a.m., HST, a magnitude-3.1 earthquake occurred 6 km (4 mi) north of Mountain View at a depth of 1 km (1 mi).	2021-06-19T22:46:48	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2573922872543335, "perplexity": 1861.5526306906486}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487649731.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20210619203250-20210619233250-00015.warc.gz"}
https://pos.sissa.it/335/042/	Volume 335 - 2nd World Summit: Exploring the Dark Side of the Universe (EDSU2018) - Black Holes and Gravity Primordial Black Holes J. Garcia-Bellido Full text: pdf Pre-published on: November 27, 2018 Published on: December 18, 2018 Abstract Primordial Black Holes (PBH) can form after inflation due to high peaks in the primordial curvature power spectrum that collapse gravitationally during the radiation era, to form clusters of black holes that merge and increase in mass after recombination, generating today a broad mass-spectrum of black holes with masses ranging from 0.01 to $10^3~M_\odot$. These PBH could act as seeds for galaxies and quick-start structure formation, initiating reionization, forming galaxies at redshift $z>10$ and clusters at $z>1$. They may also be the seeds on which SMBH and IMBH form, by accreting gas onto them and forming the centers of galaxies and quasars at high redshift. They form at rest with zero spin and have negligible cross-section with ordinary matter. If there are enough of these PBH, they could constitute the bulk of the Dark Matter today. Such PBH could be responsible for the observed fluctuations in the CIB and X-ray backgrounds. PBH could be directly detected by the gravitational waves emitted when they merge to form more massive black holes, as recently reported by LIGO. Their continuous merging since recombination could have generated a stochastic background of gravitational waves that could eventually be detected by LIGO, LISA and PTA. PBH may actually be responsible for the unidentified point sources seen by Fermi, Magic and Chandra. Furthermore, the ejection of stars from shallow potential wells like those of Dwarf Spheroidals (DSph), via the gravitational slingshot effect, could be due to PBH, thus alleviating the substructure and too-big-to-fail problems of standard collisionless CDM. Their mass distribution peaks at a few $M_\odot$ today, and could therefore be detected also with long-duration microlensing events, as well as by the anomalous motion of stars in the field of GAIA. Their presence as CDM in the Universe could be seen in the time-dilation of strong-lensing images of quasars. The hierarchical large-scale structure pattern of PBH as DM does not differ from that of ordinary CDM, but the small-scale structure could be very different at scales below $10^4~M_\odot$. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22323/1.335.0042 How to cite Metadata are provided both in "article" format (very similar to INSPIRE) as this helps creating very compact bibliographies which can be beneficial to authors and readers, and in "proceeding" format which is more detailed and complete. Open Access Copyright owned by the author(s) under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.	2021-12-07T09:21:17	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.38793137669563293, "perplexity": 2043.1658199826463}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363337.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20211207075308-20211207105308-00050.warc.gz"}
https://googology.wikia.org/wiki/Science-related_numbers	11,051 Pages This page contains science-related numbers which are not listed in scientific googologisms. Chemistry-related numbers • The number of possible isotopical isomers of Mirex is (2^22+2^12+2^11+2^11)/4, which amounts to 1,050,624. • Its prime factorization is 211 × 33 × 19. • The number of possible isotopical isomers of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran is (2^203+2^103)/2, which amounts to 1,574,400. • Its prime factorization is 29 × 3 × 52 × 41. • On July 10, 1976, the most poisonous chemical substance (namely, 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) was the cause of the Seveso disaster. The number of possible isotopical isomers of this substance is (2^203^2+2^103^2+2^103+2^103)/4, which amounts to 2,363,136. • Its prime factorization is 28 × 3 × 17 × 181. • The number of possible isotopical isomers of DDT is ((2^11+2^7)/2)^2(2^6+2^4+2^4)/3, which amounts to 37,879,808. • Its prime factorization is 217 × 172. • The number of possible isotopical isomers of o,p' -DDT is 22^11(2^11+2^7)/2(2^6+2^4+2^4)/3, which amounts to 142,606,336. • Its prime factorization is 223 × 17. Approximations of these numbers Approximations of 299,792,458 Notation Approximation Scientific notation $$2.99792458*10^8$$ (exact) Arrow notation $$7 \uparrow 10<n<26 \uparrow 6$$ Arrow notation (more precise) $$669 \uparrow 3<n<670 \uparrow 3$$ Arrow notation (more precise) $$17,314 \uparrow 2<n<17,315 \uparrow 2$$ Hyper-E notation $$3E8$$ Factorial $$12!$$ Fast-growing hierarchy $$f_2(27)$$ Hardy hierarchy $$H_{\omega 18}(24)$$ Slow-growing hierarchy $$g_{\omega^8 3}(10)$$ Notation Array Notation $$(10\{1,3\}8)$$ Sources Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.	2021-06-15T10:21:00	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9001842141151428, "perplexity": 7378.442960308419}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487620971.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20210615084235-20210615114235-00080.warc.gz"}
https://gallery.usgs.gov/centers/wetland-and-aquatic-research-center-warc/science/critical-coastal-habitats-sustainability	# Critical Coastal Habitats: Sustainability, Restoration and Forecasting ## Science Center Objects USGS WARC scientists are monitoring both the long- and short-term effects of coastal restoration efforts on ecosystem health in coastal habitats of Louisiana’s Barataria Basin. The Science Issue and Relevance: TAKING STOCK OF COASTAL RESTORATION The Mississippi River Deltaic Plain (MRDP) contains 40% of the contiguous U.S. wetlands and provides critical habitat for waterfowl and fisheries, as well as many other benefits, such as storm surge protection for coastal communities. In terms of ecosystem services, biologic productivity, and infrastructural investments, the value of the MDRP’s coastal wetlands exceeds $100 billion. However, the loss rates of MRDP wetlands are among the highest in the world, with nearly 1.2 million acres lost since the 1930s, an area three-fourths the size of Delaware. In response, extensive wetland restoration efforts are ongoing in the MRDP, which have the potential to impact multiple stakeholders, including commercial fisheries, which are valued at$426 million per year. USGS WARC scientists operate two eddy covariance (EC) sites in coastal habitats of Louisiana’s Barataria Basin (Map 1, US-LA2 and US-LA3). EC is a method that uses high frequency measurements of wind speed and direction, and gas concentrations to estimate exchange between land surfaces and the atmosphere (Picture 1). USGS is monitoring both the long- and short-term effects of coastal restoration efforts on ecosystem health at these sites. US-LA2 is located in a freshwater marsh near the Davis Pond Freshwater Diversion, which began operation in 2002 to combat marsh loss and salinity intrusion. US-LA3 is located in a saltwater marsh in the receiving area for the Mid-Barataria Sediment Diversion project, which is slated to begin in 2022 in an effort to reverse loss of critical coastal habitat. The pretreatment data currently being collected will provide a critical reference point when comparing conditions after the diversion becomes operational. Map 1. Two eddy covariance (EC) sites in Louisiana’s Barataria Basin operated by USGS WARC scientists. (Public domain.) TOOLS FOR MONITORING AND FORECASTING Picture 1. USGS WARC scientists operate two eddy covariance (EC) sites in coastal habitats of Louisiana’s Barataria Basin. EC is a method that uses high frequency measurements of wind speed and direction, and gas concentrations to estimate exchange between land surfaces and the atmosphere. (Public domain.) EC can be used as a real time monitor of ecosystem growth and health, producing estimates of whole ecosystem photosynthesis, respiration, evaporation, and transpiration every half hour. EC sites integrate information from an entire ecosystem at high temporal resolution, making them an ideal data source for many applications, including: • Monitoring ecosystem resilience to stressors such as sea level rise, changing salinity, storm surges, frost, heat waves, and droughts. • Forecasting models of ecosystem productivity and habitat sustainability in a changing world. • Linking marsh biogeochemistry to tidal exchanges in aquatic ecosystems (Picture 2). Future Steps: Data from these EC sites have already contributed to regional and national efforts in modeling primary productivity and methane emissions of wetlands in the U.S.1,2,3. These sites provide the only source of high-frequency, continuous data on wetland ecosystem carbon and water fluxes in coastal Louisiana. We expect that they will serve a critical role in calibrating the type of process-based models necessary for forecasting the sustainability, resilience, and restoration of these critical coastal habitats. Integration with the regional Ameriflux network and the international FLUXNET network of EC sites ensures the availability and visibility of these data to the global research community for many decades to come. Picture 2. USGS WARC scientists operate tidal exchange stations in coastal habitats of Louisiana’s Barataria Basin. (Public domain.)	2021-12-01T02:58:03	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4771941304206848, "perplexity": 14071.793121226014}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964359082.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201022332-20211201052332-00272.warc.gz"}
https://ftp.aimsciences.org/article/doi/10.3934/proc.2011.2011.1404	Article Contents Article Contents # Wavelet analysis of phase clusters in a distributed biochemical system • The spatio-temporal dynamics of glycolysis in distributed medium have been studied both theoretically and experimentally. Different patterns such as travelling waves, standing waves and clusters have been observed in experiment. We describe pattern formation using distributed Selkov model that describes kinetics of phosphofructokinase which is a key enzyme of glycolytic reactions. We have found in numerical simulations that the varying the diffusion coefficient values within the range of 0−10$^$−$^$3 shows a large variety of phase patterns: from the birth of a hierarchy of phase clusters to their complete phase synchronization. In order to understand the mechanism phase clusters emergence and their dynamics we are using continuous wavelet transform. Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 58F15, 58F17; Secondary: 53C35. Citation: Open Access Under a Creative Commons license	2023-02-03T04:44:16	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 1, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.23995693027973175, "perplexity": 1260.8416191664828}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500042.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203024018-20230203054018-00571.warc.gz"}
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10352424-keck-nires-spectral-standards-dwarfs	This content will become publicly available on July 27, 2023 Keck NIRES Spectral Standards for L, T, and Y Dwarfs Abstract We present medium-resolution ( λ /Δ λ = 2700), near-infrared spectral standards for field L0–L2, L4, and L7–Y0 dwarfs obtained with the Near-Infrared Echellette Spectrometer on the Keck II 10 m telescope. These standards allow for detailed spectral comparative analysis of cold brown dwarfs discovered through ongoing ground-based projects such as Backyard Worlds: Planet 9, and forthcoming space-based spectral surveys such as the James Webb Space Telescope, SPHEREx, Euclid, and the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope. Authors: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Award ID(s): Publication Date: NSF-PAR ID: 10352424 Journal Name: Research Notes of the AAS Volume: 6 Issue: 7 Page Range or eLocation-ID: 151 ISSN: 2515-5172 National Science Foundation ##### More Like this 1. Aims . We present a comprehensive dataset of optical and near-infrared photometry and spectroscopy of type Ia supernova (SN) 2016hnk, combined with integral field spectroscopy (IFS) of its host galaxy, MCG -01-06-070, and nearby environment. Our goal with this complete dataset is to understand the nature of this peculiar object. Methods . Properties of the SN local environment are characterized by means of single stellar population synthesis applied to IFS observations taken two years after the SN exploded. We performed detailed analyses of SN photometric data by studying its peculiar light and color curves. SN 2016hnk spectra were compared to other 1991bg-like SNe Ia, 2002es-like SNe Ia, and Ca-rich transients. In addition, we used abundance stratification modeling to identify the various spectral features in the early phase spectral sequence and also compared the dataset to a modified non-LTE model previously produced for the sublumnious SN 1999by. Results . SN 2016hnk is consistent with being a subluminous ( M B = −16.7 mag, s B V =0.43 ± 0.03), highly reddened object. The IFS of its host galaxy reveals both a significant amount of dust at the SN location, residual star formation, and a high proportion of old stellar populations in themore » 2. Abstract We present the characterization of the low-gravity M6 dwarf 2MASS J06195260-2903592, previously identified as an unusual field object based on its strong IR excess and variable near-IR spectrum. Multiple epochs of low-resolution (R≈ 150) near-IR spectra show large-amplitude (≈0.1–0.5 mag) continuum variations on timescales of days to 12 yr, unlike the small-amplitude variability typical for field ultracool dwarfs. The variations between epochs are well-modeled as changes in the relative extinction (ΔAV≈ 2 mag). Similarly, Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System 1 optical photometry varies on timescales as long as 11 yr (and possibly as short as an hour) and implies comparableAVchanges. Near Earth Object Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer mid-IR light curves also suggest changes on 6 month timescales, with amplitudes consistent with the optical/near-IR extinction variations. However, near-IR spectra, near-IR photometry, and optical photometry obtained in the past year indicate that the source can also be stable on hourly and monthly timescales. From comparison to objects of similar spectral type, the total extinction of 2MASS J0619-2903 seems to beAV≈ 4–6 mag, with perhaps epochs of lower extinction. Gaia Early Data Release 3 (EDR3) finds that 2MASS J0619-2903 has a wide-separation (1.′2 = 10,450 au) stellar companion, with anmore » 3. Abstract We present high-resolution observations of a flaring event in the M8 dwarf vB 10 using the near-infrared Habitable-zone Planet Finder (HPF) spectrograph on the Hobby-Eberly Telescope. The high stability of HPF enables us to accurately subtract a vB 10 quiescent spectrum from the flare spectrum to isolate the flare contributions and study the changes in the relative energy of the Caiiinfrared triplet, several Paschen lines, the Heλ10830 triplet lines, and to select iron and magnesium lines in HPF's bandpass. Our analysis reveals the presence of a red asymmetry in the Heλ10830 triplet, which is similar to signatures of coronal rain in the Sun. Photometry of the flare derived from an acquisition camera before spectroscopic observations and the ability to extract spectra from up-the-ramp observations with the HPF infrared detector enable us to perform time-series analysis of part of the flare and provide coarse constraints on the energy and frequency of such flares. We compare this flare with historical observations of flares around vB 10 and other ultracool M dwarfs and attempt to place limits on flare-induced atmospheric mass loss for hypothetical planets around vB 10. 4. Abstract We present the validation of two planets orbiting M dwarfs, TOI-1696b and TOI-2136b. Both planets are mini-Neptunes orbiting nearby stars, making them promising prospects for atmospheric characterization with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). We validated the planetary nature of both candidates using high-contrast imaging, ground-based photometry, and near-infrared radial velocities. Adaptive optics images were taken using the ShARCS camera on the 3 m Shane Telescope. Speckle images were taken using the NN-Explore Exoplanet Stellar Speckle Imager on the WIYN 3.5 m telescope. Radii and orbital ephemerides were refined using a combination of the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, the diffuser-assisted Astrophysical Research Consortium (ARC) Telescope Imaging Camera (ARCTIC) imager on the 3.5 m ARC telescope at Apache Point Observatory, and the 0.6 m telescope at Red Buttes Observatory. We obtained radial velocities using the Habitable-Zone Planet Finder on the 10 m Hobby–Eberly Telescope, which enabled us to place upper limits on the masses of both transiting planets. TOI-1696b (P= 2.5 days;Rp= 3.24R;Mp< 56.6M) falls into a sparsely populated region of parameter space considering its host star’s temperature (Teff= 3168 K, M4.5), as planets of its size are quite rare around mid- to late-M dwarfs. On the other hand, TOI-2136bmore » 5. We present a new prospective analysis of deep multi-band imaging with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). In this work, we investigate the recovery of high-redshift 5 < z < 12 galaxies through extensive image simulations of accepted JWST programs, including the Early Release Science in the EGS field and the Guaranteed Time Observations in the HUDF. We introduced complete samples of ∼300 000 galaxies with stellar masses of log( M * / M ⊙ ) > 6 and redshifts of 0 < z < 15, as well as galactic stars, into realistic mock NIRCam, MIRI, and HST images to properly describe the impact of source blending. We extracted the photometry of the detected sources, as in real images, and estimated the physical properties of galaxies through spectral energy distribution fitting. We find that the photometric redshifts are primarily limited by the availability of blue-band and near-infrared medium-band imaging. The stellar masses and star formation rates are recovered within 0.25 and 0.3 dex, respectively, for galaxies with accurate photometric redshifts. Brown dwarfs contaminating the z > 5 galaxy samples can be reduced to < 0.01 arcmin −2 with a limited impact on galaxy completeness. We investigate multiple high-redshift galaxy selectionmore »	2023-03-31T06:10:00	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 2, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.45989078283309937, "perplexity": 7220.090523113647}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949573.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331051439-20230331081439-00153.warc.gz"}
https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/volcano-watch-lava-flow-continues-starts-and-stops	# Volcano Watch — Lava flow continues in starts and stops Release Date: Last week we noted that, based on the activity in the pond inside Puu Oo cone, the lull in activity at the episode 51 vent was probably just another pause in episode 51. Sure enough, the vent again began erupting Sunday morning about 9:30 a.m., or about the time you were reading about the eruption in last Sunday's paper. Lava flow continues in starts and stops (Public domain.) Last week we noted that, based on the activity in the pond inside Puu Oo cone, the lull in activity at the episode 51 vent was probably just another pause in episode 51. Sure enough, the vent again began erupting Sunday morning about 9:30 a.m., or about the time you were reading about the eruption in last Sunday's paper. The week has continued with several starts and stops at the episode 51 vent. By midnight on Monday, the vent was again inactive, but by Tuesday at 12:30 p.m., activity was slowly resuming. Since that time, the vent has been continuously active, although the erupted volume of lava has been only moderate. The level of the summit tilt throughout the week indicated that the volume of lava erupted is equal to the amount of new magma moving up into the summit magma reservoir from deep beneath Kīlauea. The flows have advanced toward the west, northwest, southwest, or in all these directions at different times during the week. On Friday around noon, the most active flow was moving west, and a smaller, less active flow was moving south. Both flows were on top of flows emplaced earlier during episode 51. Much of the lava has formed a pond just uprift from the vent, and the flows are generally overflows or breakouts from that pond. The eruption has now built a spatter cone about 60 feet tall, and the pond and its overflows are constructing a low lava shield. When activity is low to moderate, the lava flows through the base of the spatter cone, but when activity is high, lava spills over the top of the cone. The eruption site is extremely inaccessible. The Napau trail starting at the Mauna Ulu parking lot in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park is the best approach, but the hike is a long and rough 19 miles round trip. On clear days, when the activity is high, the new spatter cone, lava shield, fume cloud, and sometimes, red lava can be seen with binoculars from the top of Puu Huluhulu, about one mile along the Napau trail mentioned above. The Puu Oo cone and the glow from the episode 51 vent can be seen at night from Highway 11 in Glenwood near Glenwood Road. When the vent is active there are two distinct sources of glow: the eastern one is from the lava pond inside the Puu Oo cone and the western one is from the episode 51 vent and flows just uprift and outside the cone. The pond inside Puu O`o is still about 125 feet below the lowest rim of the cone, but is fairly active. At 4:51 p.m. Tuesday, an earthquake with a magnitude of 3.3 occurred two miles below the Devil's Throat area along Chain of Craters Road. This earthquake occurred in an area of recurrent seismicity near the location of the intense seismic swarm that occurred on March 3. That earlier swarm of earthquakes was caused by intrusion of magma into the upper East Rift Zone of Kīlauea Volcano.	2020-01-19T07:01:21	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2591068744659424, "perplexity": 3953.280399551121}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594333.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119064802-20200119092802-00317.warc.gz"}
https://drupal.star.bnl.gov/STAR/presentations/dnp-2020/transverse-spin-dependent-azimuthal-correlations-charged-pion-pairs-puparro-3	Transverse Spin Dependent Azimuthal Correlations of Charged Pion Pairs in $p^{\uparrow}+p$ Collisions at $\sqrt s = 200$ GeV. Under: Author : Babu Pokhrel Meeting : 2020 Fall Meeting of the Division of Nuclear Physics of the American Physical Society - New Orleans , LA, Oct. 29 - Nov. 1, 2020 Format : talk File(s) : PDF	2021-03-02T08:40:15	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5766199827194214, "perplexity": 7420.079726794218}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178363782.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20210302065019-20210302095019-00166.warc.gz"}
http://www-spires.fnal.gov/spires/find/books/www?keyword=Data+transmission+systems	Fermilab Core Computing Division Library Home \| Ask a Librarian [email protected] \| Book Catalog \| Library Journals \| Requests \| SPIRES \| Fermilab Documents \| Fermilab Library SPIRES-BOOKS: FIND KEYWORD DATA TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS ENDINIT* use /tmp/qspiwww.webspi1/32273.98 QRY 131.225.70.96 . find keyword data transmission systems ( in books using www Call number: 9783662497258:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Quantum Information Theory Mathematical Foundation Author(s): Masahito Hayashi Date: 2017 Edition: 2nd ed. 2017 Size: 1 online resource (XLIII, 636 p. 24 illus., 1 illus. in color p.) Contents: Invitation to Quantum Information Theory -- History of Quantum Information Theory -- The Structure of this Text -- Mathematical Formulation of Quantum Systems -- Information Quantities and Parameter Estimation in Classical Systems -- Quantum Hypothesis Testing and Discrimination of Quantum States -- Classical-Quantum Channel Coding (Message Transmission) -- State Evolution and Trace-Preserving Completely Positive Maps -- Quantum Information Geometry and Quantum Estimation -- Quantum Measurements and State Reduction -- Entanglement and Locality Restrictions -- Analysis of Quantum Communication Protocols ISBN: 9783662497258 Series: eBooks Series: Springer eBooks Series: Springer 2017 package Keywords: Physics , Data structures (Computer science) , Information theory , Quantum computers , Spintronics , Physics , Quantum Information Technology, Spintronics , Quantum Computing , Mathematical Methods in Physics , Data Structures, Cryptology and Information Theory , Information and Communication, Circuits Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE Call number: 9783319463315:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Agent-Based Modeling of Sustainable Behaviors Author(s): Date: 2017 Size: 1 online resource (XVII, 257 p. 86 illus., 67 illus. in color p.) Contents: Psychologically Plausible Models in Agent-Based Simulations of Sustainable Behavior -- Modelling Everyday Pro-Environmental Norm Transmission and Diffusion in Workplace Networks -- Empirically-Derived Behavioral Rules in Agent-Based Models Using Decision Trees Learned From Questionnaire Data -- The Implementation of the Theory of Planned Behavior in an Agent-Based Model for Waste Recycling: A Review and a Proposal -- Social Simulations Through an Agent-Based Platform, Location Data and 3D Models -- An Intersection-Centric Auction-Based Traffic Signal Control Framework -- Agentdrive: Agent-Based Simulator for Intelligent Cars and its Application for Development of a Lane-Changing Assistant -- City Parking Allocations as a Bundle of Society-Aware Deals -- Sustainable Farming Behaviours: an Agent Based Modelling and LCA Perspective -- Agent-Based Simulation of Electricity Markets: Risk Management and Contracts for Difference -- Energy Management in the Smart Grids via Intelligent Storage Systems ISBN: 9783319463315 Series: eBooks Series: Springer eBooks Series: Springer 2017 package Keywords: Physics , Artificial intelligence , Game theory , Sustainable development , Economic sociology , Physics , Data-driven Science, Modeling and Theory Building , Game Theory, Economics, Social and Behav. Sciences , Organizational Studies, Economic Sociology , Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics) , Sustainable Development Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE Call number: TK7876.P69::2005 Show nearby items on shelf Title: Microwave engineering Author(s): David M. Pozar Date: 2005 Publisher: J. Wiley Contents: Electromagnetic Theory electromagnetic Theory Transmission Line Theory Transmission Lines and Waveguides Microwave Network Analysis Impedance Matching and Tuning Microwave Rsonators Power Dividers and Directional Couplers Microwave Filters Theory and Design of Ferrimagnetic Components Noise and Active RF Components Microwave Amplifier Design Oscillators and Mixers Introduction to Microwave Systems Prefixes Vector Analysis Bessel Functions Other Mathematical Results Physical Constants Conductivities for Some Materials Dielectic Constants and Loss Tangents for Some Materials Properties of Some Microwave Ferrite Materials Standard Rectangular Waveguide Data Standard Coaxial Cable Data ISBN: 0471448788 Keywords: Microwaves , Microwave devices , Microwave circuits Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com Location: MAIN Call number: TK5105.S732::1987 Show nearby items on shelf Title: Handbook of computer-communications standards Author(s): William Stallings Date: 1987 Publisher: Macmillan, New York Size: 13 ISBN: 002948071X Series: The Macmillan database/data communications series v. 39 Keywords: Data transmission systems Standards. Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com Location: MAIN Call number: TK5105.M37::1965 Show nearby items on shelf Title: A data link between two computers Author(s): F. Marciano Date: 1965 Publisher: CERN, Geneva Size: 154 Keywords: Data transmission systems. Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. Location: MAIN Call number: TK5105.C547::1977 Show nearby items on shelf Title: Principles of digital data transmission Author(s): A.P. Clark Date: 1976 Publisher: Wiley, New York Size: 246 ISBN: 0470989130 Keywords: Data transmission systems. Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com Location: MAIN This book is only available through interlibrary loan. (email [email protected] if you would like this title added to the Library collection.) Call number: TK5105.B478::1992 Show nearby items on shelf Title: Data networks Author(s): Dimitri P. Bertsekas Robert G. Gallager Date: 1992 Edition: 2nd ed. Publisher: Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J ISBN: 0132009161 Keywords: Data transmission systems. Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com Location: ILL Call number: TK5105.B37 Show nearby items on shelf Title: Basics of data communications Author(s): Harry R. Karp Date: 1976 Publisher: McGraw-Hill, New York Size: 303 ISBN: 007019159X Series: Electronics book series v. 13 Keywords: Data transmission systems. Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com Location: MAIN Call number: SPRINGER-1987-9781461309635:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Atomic Physics with Positrons Author(s): Date: 1987 Size: 1 online resource (456p p.) Note: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0963-5 Contents: Invited Papers -- Positron-Impact Ionization and Positronium Formation -- Inelastic Positron Collisions in Gases -- Positron-Atom Differential Scattering Measurements -- Total and Inelastic Positron Scattering Cross Sections -- Studies of Inelastic Positron Scattering Using 2.3 and 3 M Spectrometers -- Recent Developments in the Theory of Fast Positron-Atom Collisions -- New Understanding of Atomic Physics Using High Velocity Positrons -- Calculations of Scattering Cross Sections and Annihilation Rates in Low Energy Collisions of Positrons with Molecular Hydrogen -- The AB Initio Inclusion of Polarisation Effects in Low-Energy Positron-Molecule Collisions Using the R-Matrix Method -- Positron-Molecule Collisions: Elastic, Inelastic and Differential Cross Section Calculations -- Field Theory of Electron and Positron Scattering from Atomic and Molecular Systems -- The High Brightness Beam at Brandeis -- A High Intensity Positron Beam at the Brookhaven Reactor -- Field Assisted Moderators -- Production of Short-Lived Positron Sources -- Electrostatic Lenses: How to Roll Your Own -- Theoretical Aspects of Positronium Collisions -- Electron Capture from Solids by Positrons -- On the Production of a Timed Positronium Beam by Positron-Gas Scattering -- A Positronium Beam and Positronium Reflection from LiF -- Monoenergetic Ps Created in a Gas and Ps-He Collision Cross Section Measurements -- Positron- (and Electron-)Alkali Atom Total Scattering Measurements -- Theoretical Studies of Low-Energy Positron-Alkali Atom Scattering -- Precision Measurement of the Triplet Positronium Decay Rate in Gases -- The Brookhaven Positron-Hydrogen Scattering Experiment: Motivation and General Scope -- The Brookhaven Positron-Hydrogen Scattering Experiment: Experimental Setup -- Synthesis of Antihydrogen -- Antihydrogen: Production and Applications -- On Antihydrogen Production -- ?+ Charge Exchange, Muonium Formation and Depolarization in Gases -- Slow Muon Physics -- Contributed Papers -- The Inclusion of the Contributions to Low Energy e +H2 Scattering and Annihilation from the Lowest ?u+ and ?u Waves -- Positronium Formation in Positron-Hydrogen Scattering at Intermediate Energies -- Epithermal Positron Effects in Surface Measurements -- A Proposed Source of Atomic Hydrogen Suitable for the Measurement of Total and Partial Scattering Cross Sections -- Angular Correlation Studies of Positron and Positronium Annihilation in Gases -- Formation of Antihydrogen in Excited States in Antiproton-Positronium Collisions -- The Effect of an Electric Field on Free Positron Annihilation in Atomic and Molecular Gases -- Slow Positron Setup at the Giessen 65 MeV Linac -- Interactions between p and H at Intermediate Antiproton Energies -- Formation of Antihydrogen and Destruction of Positronium in $$\bar p$$ + Ps Collisions in the Antiproton Energy Range 2–100 keV -- Comparison of Impact-Ionisation and Charge-Transfer Cross Sections for Positron and Proton Scattering on Helium -- Measurement of the Impact Ionisation and Positronium Formation Cross Sections for Positron Scattering on Molecular Hydrogen -- Auto-Dissociating Resonant States of Positronium Molecules -- Positron-Hydrogen Resonances Associated with the n = 4 Hydrogen and n = 3 Positronium Thresholds -- Calculation of Ps Distribution from Solid Surfaces -- Elastic Scattering of Fast Positrons by Sodium and Potassium Atoms -- Excitation of Helium by Positron Impact and a Comparison with Electron Data -- Differential Cross Sections for Electron and Positron Scattering from Argon -- Ionization of Positronium by Electrons -- Positronium Formation at Condensed Atomic Semilayers of Krypton and Carbon -- Positron-Na Scattering Using CCA -- Elastic Differential Positron Scattering from Argon -- Angular Differential Cross Sections and Moderation Effects -- Positronium Formation in the Excited States (2s, 2p) in Positron-Hydrogen Atom Collisions -- Ionisation of Atomic Hydrogen by Positron Impact -- Cross Sections for .$${e^ + } + {H^ - } \to Ps\left( {n\ell } \right) + H\left( {ls} \right)$$. in Fock-Tani Representation -- Elastic Scattering of Positrons from argon -- Positronium Formation from Atomic Hydrogen -- Positron-Atomic Hydrogen Scattering at Medium to High Energies -- Low Energy Positron Transmission Measurement from Thin Single-Crystal W Foil ISBN: 9781461309635 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Series: NATO ASI Series, Series B: Physics: 169 Keywords: Physics , Physics , Physics, general Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE Call number: QC793.46.L46::1994 Show nearby items on shelf Title: Techniques for nuclear and particle physics experiments: A How-to approach Author(s): William R. Leo 1948- Date: 1994 Edition: 2nd rev. ed. Publisher: Springer-Verlag: New York Size: 378 pgs. Contents: 1. Basic Nuclear Processes in Radioactive Sources, 2. Passage of Radiation Through Matter, 3. Radiation Protection: Biological Effects of Radiation, 4. Statistics and the Treatment of Experimental Data, 5. General Characteristics of Detectors, 6. Ionization Detectors, 7. Scintillaiton Detectors, 8. Photomultipliers, 9. Scintillaiton Detector Mounting and Operation, 10. Semiconductor Detectors, 11. Pulse Signals in Nuclear Electronics, 12. The NIM Standard, 13. Signal Transmission, 14. Electronics for Pulse Signal Processing, 15. Pulse Height Selection and Coincidence Technique, 16. Electronic Logic for Experiments, 17. Timing Methods and Systems, 18. Computer Controlled Electronics: CAMAC Appendices: A. A Review of Oscilloscope Functions, B. Physical and Numerical Constants, C. Resistor Color Code ISBN: 3540572805 Keywords: Particles (Nuclear physics) - Technique , Particles (Nuclear physics) - Experiments , Nuclear Counters Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com Location: MAIN Call number: QA76.58.K37::2003 Show nearby items on shelf Title: Parallel scientific computing in C++ and MPI : a seamless approach to parallel algorithms and their implementation Author(s): George Karniadakis Date: 2003 Publisher: Cambridge University Press Note: 1 CD-ROM in back of book Contents: 1. Introduction 2. Basic concepts 3. Polynomial approximations 4. Application: root finding and numerical integration 5. Explicit discretizations 6. Implicit discretizations 7. Relaxation: discretization and solvers 8. Propagation: numerical diffusion and dispersion 9. Fast solvers 10. Fast transformations ISBN: 0521520800 Keywords: Parallel processing (Electronic computers), C++ (Computer program language), Dat Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com Location: MAIN	2019-03-25T23:47:26	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3789733052253723, "perplexity": 11348.000715980215}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912204736.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325234449-20190326020449-00457.warc.gz"}
https://www.bts.gov/archive/publications/state_transportation_statistics/minnesota/table_04_10	# Table 4-10: Incoming Pedestrians, U.S.-Canadian Border (Thousands) Excel \| CSV State/port 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Alaska 1 1 1 1 <1 <1 Idaho 3 2 4 3 3 3 Maine 120 113 112 122 121 122 Michigan 35 33 15 NA NA NA Minnesota 39 36 38 45 26 28 Baudette 1 1 2 1 1 1 Grand Portage <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 International Falls 37 34 36 44 25 26 Noyes <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 Pinecreek <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 Roseau <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 Warroad <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 Montana 13 18 16 16 21 14 New York 361 267 225 306 313 287 North Dakota 10 11 10 10 8 7 Vermont 23 22 23 22 29 22 Washington 93 105 105 74 67 102 United States, total 698 608 550 598 588 585 KEY: NA = data are not applicable. SOURCE FOR DATA ON THIS PAGE: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, special tabulation, August 2001. Based on the following primary data source: U.S. Department of Treasury, U.S. Customs Service, Office of Field Operations, Operations Management Database, special tabulation, Washington, DC: 2001. Updated: Saturday, May 20, 2017	2020-03-30T01:21:47	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8627704977989197, "perplexity": 8063.501148247323}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370496330.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329232328-20200330022328-00271.warc.gz"}
https://zbmath.org/authors/levinson.norman	## Levinson, Norman Compute Distance To: Author ID: levinson.norman Published as: Levinson, Norman; Levinson, N. External Links: MacTutor · MGP · Wikidata · GND · IdRef Documents Indexed: 147 Publications since 1934, including 5 Books 3 Further Contributions Co-Authors: 16 Co-Authors with 22 Joint Publications 235 Co-Co-Authors all top 5 ### Co-Authors 125 single-authored 5 Coddington, Earl A. 3 Hardy, Godfrey Harold 3 Redheffer, Raymond M. 2 Kac, Mark 2 McKean, Henry P. jun. 1 Abbott, James C. 1 Bliss, Gilbert Ames 1 Boas, Mary L. 1 Boas, Ralph Philip jun. 1 Bogert, B. P. 1 Brelot, Marcel 1 Browder, Felix Earl 1 Davis, Martin David 1 Davis, Philip J. 1 Doob, Joseph Leonard 1 Duff, George Francis Denton 1 Farnell, A. B. 1 Flatto, Leopold 1 Gerstenhaber, Murray 1 Hale-La Salle 1 Henkin, Leon Albert 1 Hersh, Reuben 1 Hurewicz, Witold 1 Jackson, Dunham 1 Kahane, Jean-Pierre 1 Kemp, R. R. D. 1 Lanczos, Cornelius 1 Langenhop, Carl Eric 1 Lax, Peter David 1 Lefschetz, Solomon 1 Levin, Jacob J. 1 Mac Lane, Leslie Saunders 1 Mandelbrojt, Szolem 1 Masani, Pesi Rustom 1 McShane, Edward James 1 Montgomery, Hugh Lowell 1 Olds, C. D. 1 Root, William L. 1 Rosenblith, W. 1 Sherman, Thomas Oakley 1 Smith, Oliver K. 1 Spanier, Edwin Henry 1 Trèves, François 1 Whyburn, Gordon Thomas 1 Wiesner, Jan 1 Zalcman, Lawrence Allen all top 5 ### Serials 25 Duke Mathematical Journal 14 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 13 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 13 Journal of Mathematics and Physics 11 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 9 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 6 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 4 Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Second Series 3 American Mathematical Monthly 3 Acta Mathematica 3 American Journal of Mathematics 3 Illinois Journal of Mathematics 2 Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 2 Advances in Mathematics 2 Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2 Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 2 Journal of the London Mathematical Society 2 Matematisk Tidsskrift, B 2 Colloquium Publications. American Mathematical Society 2 Journal of Rational Mechanics and Analysis 1 Acta Arithmetica 1 Canadian Journal of Mathematics 1 Colloquium Mathematicum 1 Journal of Differential Equations 1 The Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society. New Series 1 Journal of Number Theory 1 Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society. Series II 1 Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Third Series 1 Studies in Applied Mathematics 1 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 1 SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis 1 SIAM Review 1 Journal of Combinatorial Theory 1 Journal of Mathematics and Mechanics 1 Journal of the Society for Industrial & Applied Mathematics 1 Physical Review, II. Series 1 Časopis Pro Pěstování Matematiky a Fysiky all top 5 ### Fields 21 Number theory (11-XX) 3 History and biography (01-XX) 3 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 3 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 2 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 2 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 2 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 1 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 1 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 1 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 1 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 1 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 1 Integral equations (45-XX) ### Citations contained in zbMATH Open 103 Publications have been cited 4,582 times in 4,361 Documents Cited by Year Theory of ordinary differential equations. Zbl 0064.33002 Coddington, Earl A.; Levinson, Norman 1955 On the nature of the spectrum of singular second order linear differential equations. Zbl 0042.32602 Coddington, E. A.; Levinson, N. 1951 Gap and density theorems. JFM 66.0332.01 Levinson, N. 1940 The asymptotic nature of solutions of linear systems of differential equations. Zbl 0040.19402 Levinson, Norman 1948 Gap and density theorems. Zbl 0145.08003 Levinson, Norman 1940 A general equation for relaxation oscillations. Zbl 0061.18908 Levinson, Norman; Smith, Oliver K. 1942 More than one third of zeros of Riemann’s zeta-function are on $$\sigma=1/2$$. Zbl 0281.10017 Levinson, Norman 1974 The inverse Sturm-Liouville problem. Zbl 0041.42310 Levinson, Norman 1949 The first boundary value problem for $$\epsilon\Delta u+A(x,y)u_x+B(x,y)u_y+C(x,y)u =D(x,y)$$ for small $$\epsilon$$. Zbl 0036.06801 Levinson, Norman 1950 Linear programming in complex space. Zbl 0136.13802 Levinson, N. 1966 A class of continuous linear programming problems. Zbl 0141.35601 Levinson, N. 1966 Transformation theory of non-linear differential equations of the second order. Zbl 0061.18910 Levinson, Norman 1944 Periodic solutions of singularly perturbed systems. Zbl 0066.07302 Flatto, L.; Levinson, N. 1955 A second order differential equation with singular solutions. Zbl 0041.42311 Levinson, Norman 1949 Zeros of the derivatives of the Riemann zeta-function. Zbl 0287.10025 Levinson, Norman; Montgomery, Hugh L. 1974 Generalization of an inequality of Ky Fan. Zbl 0128.05803 Levinson, N. 1964 A nonlinear Volterra equation arising in the theory of superfluidity. Zbl 0094.08501 Levinson, N. 1960 Generalizations of an inequality of Hardy. Zbl 0126.28101 Levinson, N. 1964 Singular perturbations of non-linear systems of differential equations and an associated boundary layer equation. Zbl 0055.08204 Levin, J. J.; Levinson, Norman 1954 On the existence of periodic solutions for second order differential equations with a forcing term. Zbl 0061.18909 Levinson, Norman 1943 The asymptotic behaviour of a system of linear differential equations. Zbl 0061.19706 Levinson, Norman 1946 Complex variables. Zbl 0201.40202 Levinson, N.; Redheffer, R. M. 1970 Weighted trigonometrical approximation on $$R^ 1$$ with application to the germ field of a stationary Gaussian noise. Zbl 0126.13901 Levinson, N.; McKean, H. jun. 1964 The inverse Sturm-Liouville problem. Zbl 0045.36402 Levinson, Norman 1949 A boundary value problem for a nonlinear differential equation with a small parameter. Zbl 0046.09503 Coddington, Earl A.; Levinson, Norman 1952 On the uniqueness of the potential in a Schrödinger equation for a given asymptotic phase. Zbl 0032.20702 Levinson, N. 1949 Almost all roots of $$\zeta(s)=a$$ are arbitrarily close to $$\sigma=1/2$$. Zbl 0301.10033 Levinson, Norman 1975 Small periodic perturbations of an autonomous system with a stable orbit. Zbl 0038.24903 Levinson, Norman 1950 A second order differential equation with singular solutions. Zbl 0045.36501 Levinson, Norman 1949 A simplified proof of the expansion theorem for singular second order linear differential equations. Zbl 0044.31302 Levinson, Norman 1951 Criteria for the limit-point case for second order linear differential operators. Zbl 0033.18102 Levinson, Norman 1949 Positive eigenfunctions for $$\Delta u+\lambda f(u) = 0$$. Zbl 0108.28902 Levinson, N. 1962 Certain explicit relationships between phase shift and scattering potential. Zbl 0050.22704 Levinson, Norman 1953 On a non-linear differential equation of the second order. Zbl 0061.18912 Levinson, Norman 1943 On an inequality of Opial and Beesack. Zbl 0134.27902 Levinson, N. 1964 Perturbations of discontinuous solutions of non-linear systems of differential equations. Zbl 0039.31404 Levinson, Norman 1950 A boundary value problem for a singulary perturbed differential equation. Zbl 0066.06503 Haber, S.; Levinson, N. 1955 Minimax, Liapunov and ’bang-bang’. Zbl 0201.48002 Levinson, N. 1966 Dirichlet problem for $$\Delta u = f(P,u)$$. Zbl 0124.30901 Levinson, N. 1963 On a class of non-vanishing functions. JFM 62.0278.02 Levinson, N. 1936 Limiting theorems for age-dependent branching processes. Zbl 0109.36101 Levinson, N. 1960 Simplified treatment of integrals of Cauchy type, the Hilbert problem and singular integral equations. Appendix: Poincaré-Bertrand formula. Zbl 0158.08001 Levinson, N. 1965 The growth of solutions of a differential equation. Zbl 0061.18605 Boas, Mary L.; Boas, R. P. jun.; Levinson, Norman 1942 A canonical form for an analytic function of several variables at a critical point. Zbl 0192.18201 Levinson, N. 1960 A heuristic exposition of Wiener’s mathematical theory of prediction and filtering. Zbl 0036.21502 Levinson, Norman 1947 The Gontcharoff polynomials. Zbl 0060.22403 Levinson, Norman 1944 Transformation of an analytic function of several variables to a canonical form. Zbl 0100.29002 Levinson, N. 1961 A polynomial canonical form for certain analytic functions of two variables at a critical point. Zbl 0192.18202 Levinson, N. 1960 $$\Omega$$-theorems for the Riemann zeta-function. Zbl 0213.06402 Levinson, Norman 1972 Limiting theorems for Galton-Watson branching process. Zbl 0229.60057 Levinson, Norman 1959 On the non-uniqueness of periodic solutions for an asymmetric Liénard equation. Zbl 0046.31701 Duff, G. F. D.; Levinson, N. 1952 The growth of the solutions of a differential equation. Zbl 0024.39903 Levinson, N. 1941 A theorem of Boas. Zbl 0024.42001 Levinson, Norman 1941 A boundary value problem for a singularly perturbed differential equation. Zbl 0173.35301 Levinson, N. 1958 A simple second order differential equation with singular motions. Zbl 0038.24904 Levinson, N. 1948 Perturbations of linear systems with constant coefficients possessing periodic solutions. Zbl 0047.08701 Coddington, E. A.; Levinson, N. 1952 On the asymptotic shape of the cavity behind an axially symmetric nose moving through an ideal fluid. I. Zbl 0061.44506 Levinson, N. 1946 On theorems of Berlowitz and Berndt. Zbl 0224.10042 Levinson, N. 1971 On stability of non-linear systems of differential equations. Zbl 0039.31501 Levinson, Norman 1949 Separation of Laplace’s equation. Zbl 0041.22304 Levinson, N.; Bogert, B.; Redheffer, R. M. 1949 Uniqueness and the convergence of successive approximations. Zbl 0047.08305 Coddington, E. A.; Levinson, N. 1952 On the Poisson summability of Fourier series. Zbl 0013.35003 Levinson, Norman 1936 Forced periodic solutions of a stable non-linear system of differential equations. Zbl 0042.09901 Farnell, A. B.; Langenhop, C. E.; Levinson, N. 1951 The stability of linear, real, periodic self-adjoint systems of differential equations. Zbl 0122.32504 Levinson, N. 1963 Summing certain number theoretic series arising in the sieve. Zbl 0157.09501 Levinson, N. 1968 On non-harmonic Fourier series. Zbl 0015.20804 Levinson, Norman 1936 Asymptotic formula for the coordinates of the zeros of sections of the zeta function, $$\zeta_n$$(s), near s = 1. Zbl 0253.10030 Levinson, Norman 1973 At least one-third of zeros of Riemann’s zeta-function are on $$\sigma = 1/2$$. Zbl 0277.10032 Levinson, Norman 1974 Deduction of semi-optimal mollifier for obtaining lower bound for N$$_0$$(T) for Riemann’s zeta-function. Zbl 0294.10027 Levinson, Norman 1975 On the Szasz-Müntz theorem. Zbl 0294.41020 Levinson, Norman 1974 Lectures on ordinary differential equations. With a preface by Norman Levinson. With an obituary of Hurewicz by Solomon Lefschetz. Reprint of the 1964 edition. Zbl 0734.34002 Hurewicz, Witold 1990 A motivated account of an elementary proof of the prime number theorem. Zbl 0172.06001 Levinson, N. 1969 A theorem of Boas. JFM 67.0270.03 Levinson, N. 1941 On non-harmonic Fourier series. JFM 62.0279.01 Levinson, N. 1936 On the closure of $$\left\{e^{i \lambda_n x}\right\}$$ and integral functions. JFM 61.0268.02 Levinson, N. 1935 Addendum to “A simplified proof of the expansion theorem for singular second order linear differential equations”. Zbl 0045.04602 Levinson, Norman 1951 Corrections to ’The Gontcharoff polynomials’. Zbl 0061.15110 Levinson, Norman 1945 On a problem of Polya. Zbl 0015.30802 Levinson, Norman 1936 General gap Tauberian theorems: I. Zbl 0019.16102 Levinson, Norman 1938 Remarks on a formula of Riemann for his zeta-function. Zbl 0252.10042 Levinson, Norman 1973 On the elementary character of Wiener’s general Tauberian theorem. Zbl 0256.40007 Levinson, Norman 1973 Generalization of recent method giving lower bound for $$N_0(T)$$ of Riemann’s zeta-function. Zbl 0287.10024 Levinson, Norman 1974 Zeros of derivative of Riemann’s $$\xi$$-function. Zbl 0289.10027 Levinson, Norman 1974 A simplification in the proof that $$N_0\;(T)>(1/3)$$ $$N(T)$$ for Riemann’s zeta-function. Zbl 0321.10035 Levinson, Norman 1975 An integral inequality of the Phragmen-Lindelöf type. Zbl 0024.21902 Levinson, Norman 1941 Norbert Wiener 1894–1964. Reprint. Zbl 0209.00101 1966 Restrictions imposed by certain functions on their Fourier transforms. JFM 66.0513.02 Levinson, N. 1940 On the closure of $$\{e^{i\lambda _n x}\}$$. JFM 62.0277.02 Levinson, N. 1936 On certain theorems of Pólya and Bernstein. JFM 62.0321.01 Levinson, N. 1936 On a problem of Pólya. JFM 62.0354.02 Levinson, N. 1936 The expansion theorem for singular self-adjoint linear differential operators. Zbl 0055.31605 Levinson, Norman 1954 Transform and inverse transform expansions for singular self-adjoint differential operators. Zbl 0081.07903 Levinson, N. 1958 Remark about Wintner’s comparison theorem. Zbl 0083.07704 Levinson, Norman 1958 On $$u''+(1+\lambda g(x))u=0$$ for $$\int_0^\infty \| g(x) \| dx < \infty$$. Zbl 0090.05802 Kemp, R. R. D.; Levinson, Norman 1959 Weighted trigonometrical approximation on $$R^1$$ with application to the germ field of a stationary Gaussian process. Zbl 0119.14103 Levinson, N.; McKean, H. P. jun. 1964 One-sided inequalities for elliptic differential operators. Zbl 0135.15502 Levinson, N. 1965 A variant of the Selberg inequality. Zbl 0141.04601 Levinson, N. 1965 The sum of the intersections of a cone with a linear subspace and of dual cone with orthogonal complementary subspace. Zbl 0158.19801 Levinson, N.; Sherman, T. O. 1966 On the non-vanishing of certain functions. Zbl 0014.06905 Levinson, Norman 1936 On a theorem of Ingham. Zbl 0013.25802 Levinson, Norman 1936 Lectures on ordinary differential equations. With a preface by Norman Levinson. With an obituary of Hurewicz by Solomon Lefschetz. Reprint of the 1964 edition. Zbl 0734.34002 Hurewicz, Witold 1990 The Chauvenet papers. A collection of prize-winning expository papers in mathematics. Vols. I and II. Zbl 0384.01013 1978 Almost all roots of $$\zeta(s)=a$$ are arbitrarily close to $$\sigma=1/2$$. Zbl 0301.10033 Levinson, Norman 1975 Deduction of semi-optimal mollifier for obtaining lower bound for N$$_0$$(T) for Riemann’s zeta-function. Zbl 0294.10027 Levinson, Norman 1975 A simplification in the proof that $$N_0\;(T)>(1/3)$$ $$N(T)$$ for Riemann’s zeta-function. Zbl 0321.10035 Levinson, Norman 1975 More than one third of zeros of Riemann’s zeta-function are on $$\sigma=1/2$$. Zbl 0281.10017 Levinson, Norman 1974 Zeros of the derivatives of the Riemann zeta-function. Zbl 0287.10025 Levinson, Norman; Montgomery, Hugh L. 1974 At least one-third of zeros of Riemann’s zeta-function are on $$\sigma = 1/2$$. Zbl 0277.10032 Levinson, Norman 1974 On the Szasz-Müntz theorem. Zbl 0294.41020 Levinson, Norman 1974 Generalization of recent method giving lower bound for $$N_0(T)$$ of Riemann’s zeta-function. Zbl 0287.10024 Levinson, Norman 1974 Zeros of derivative of Riemann’s $$\xi$$-function. Zbl 0289.10027 Levinson, Norman 1974 Asymptotic formula for the coordinates of the zeros of sections of the zeta function, $$\zeta_n$$(s), near s = 1. Zbl 0253.10030 Levinson, Norman 1973 Remarks on a formula of Riemann for his zeta-function. Zbl 0252.10042 Levinson, Norman 1973 On the elementary character of Wiener’s general Tauberian theorem. Zbl 0256.40007 Levinson, Norman 1973 $$\Omega$$-theorems for the Riemann zeta-function. Zbl 0213.06402 Levinson, Norman 1972 $$\Omega$$-theorems for quotients of zeta-functions at combinations of points. Zbl 0238.10024 Levinson, Norman 1972 On theorems of Berlowitz and Berndt. Zbl 0224.10042 Levinson, N. 1971 Complex variables. Zbl 0201.40202 Levinson, N.; Redheffer, R. M. 1970 A motivated account of an elementary proof of the prime number theorem. Zbl 0172.06001 Levinson, N. 1969 Summing certain number theoretic series arising in the sieve. Zbl 0157.09501 Levinson, N. 1968 Linear programming in complex space. Zbl 0136.13802 Levinson, N. 1966 A class of continuous linear programming problems. Zbl 0141.35601 Levinson, N. 1966 Minimax, Liapunov and ’bang-bang’. Zbl 0201.48002 Levinson, N. 1966 Norbert Wiener 1894–1964. Reprint. Zbl 0209.00101 1966 The sum of the intersections of a cone with a linear subspace and of dual cone with orthogonal complementary subspace. Zbl 0158.19801 Levinson, N.; Sherman, T. O. 1966 Simplified treatment of integrals of Cauchy type, the Hilbert problem and singular integral equations. Appendix: Poincaré-Bertrand formula. Zbl 0158.08001 Levinson, N. 1965 One-sided inequalities for elliptic differential operators. Zbl 0135.15502 Levinson, N. 1965 A variant of the Selberg inequality. Zbl 0141.04601 Levinson, N. 1965 Generalization of an inequality of Ky Fan. Zbl 0128.05803 Levinson, N. 1964 Generalizations of an inequality of Hardy. Zbl 0126.28101 Levinson, N. 1964 Weighted trigonometrical approximation on $$R^ 1$$ with application to the germ field of a stationary Gaussian noise. Zbl 0126.13901 Levinson, N.; McKean, H. jun. 1964 On an inequality of Opial and Beesack. Zbl 0134.27902 Levinson, N. 1964 Weighted trigonometrical approximation on $$R^1$$ with application to the germ field of a stationary Gaussian process. Zbl 0119.14103 Levinson, N.; McKean, H. P. jun. 1964 Dirichlet problem for $$\Delta u = f(P,u)$$. Zbl 0124.30901 Levinson, N. 1963 The stability of linear, real, periodic self-adjoint systems of differential equations. Zbl 0122.32504 Levinson, N. 1963 Positive eigenfunctions for $$\Delta u+\lambda f(u) = 0$$. Zbl 0108.28902 Levinson, N. 1962 Transformation of an analytic function of several variables to a canonical form. Zbl 0100.29002 Levinson, N. 1961 A nonlinear Volterra equation arising in the theory of superfluidity. Zbl 0094.08501 Levinson, N. 1960 Limiting theorems for age-dependent branching processes. Zbl 0109.36101 Levinson, N. 1960 A canonical form for an analytic function of several variables at a critical point. Zbl 0192.18201 Levinson, N. 1960 A polynomial canonical form for certain analytic functions of two variables at a critical point. Zbl 0192.18202 Levinson, N. 1960 Limiting theorems for Galton-Watson branching process. Zbl 0229.60057 Levinson, Norman 1959 On $$u''+(1+\lambda g(x))u=0$$ for $$\int_0^\infty \| g(x) \| dx < \infty$$. Zbl 0090.05802 Kemp, R. R. D.; Levinson, Norman 1959 A boundary value problem for a singularly perturbed differential equation. Zbl 0173.35301 Levinson, N. 1958 Transform and inverse transform expansions for singular self-adjoint differential operators. Zbl 0081.07903 Levinson, N. 1958 Remark about Wintner’s comparison theorem. Zbl 0083.07704 Levinson, Norman 1958 Theory of ordinary differential equations. Zbl 0064.33002 Coddington, Earl A.; Levinson, Norman 1955 Periodic solutions of singularly perturbed systems. Zbl 0066.07302 Flatto, L.; Levinson, N. 1955 A boundary value problem for a singulary perturbed differential equation. Zbl 0066.06503 Haber, S.; Levinson, N. 1955 Singular perturbations of non-linear systems of differential equations and an associated boundary layer equation. Zbl 0055.08204 Levin, J. J.; Levinson, Norman 1954 The expansion theorem for singular self-adjoint linear differential operators. Zbl 0055.31605 Levinson, Norman 1954 Certain explicit relationships between phase shift and scattering potential. Zbl 0050.22704 Levinson, Norman 1953 A boundary value problem for a nonlinear differential equation with a small parameter. Zbl 0046.09503 Coddington, Earl A.; Levinson, Norman 1952 On the non-uniqueness of periodic solutions for an asymmetric Liénard equation. Zbl 0046.31701 Duff, G. F. D.; Levinson, N. 1952 Perturbations of linear systems with constant coefficients possessing periodic solutions. Zbl 0047.08701 Coddington, E. A.; Levinson, N. 1952 Uniqueness and the convergence of successive approximations. Zbl 0047.08305 Coddington, E. A.; Levinson, N. 1952 On the nature of the spectrum of singular second order linear differential equations. Zbl 0042.32602 Coddington, E. A.; Levinson, N. 1951 A simplified proof of the expansion theorem for singular second order linear differential equations. Zbl 0044.31302 Levinson, Norman 1951 Forced periodic solutions of a stable non-linear system of differential equations. Zbl 0042.09901 Farnell, A. B.; Langenhop, C. E.; Levinson, N. 1951 Addendum to “A simplified proof of the expansion theorem for singular second order linear differential equations”. Zbl 0045.04602 Levinson, Norman 1951 The first boundary value problem for $$\epsilon\Delta u+A(x,y)u_x+B(x,y)u_y+C(x,y)u =D(x,y)$$ for small $$\epsilon$$. Zbl 0036.06801 Levinson, Norman 1950 Small periodic perturbations of an autonomous system with a stable orbit. Zbl 0038.24903 Levinson, Norman 1950 Perturbations of discontinuous solutions of non-linear systems of differential equations. Zbl 0039.31404 Levinson, Norman 1950 The inverse Sturm-Liouville problem. Zbl 0041.42310 Levinson, Norman 1949 A second order differential equation with singular solutions. Zbl 0041.42311 Levinson, Norman 1949 The inverse Sturm-Liouville problem. Zbl 0045.36402 Levinson, Norman 1949 On the uniqueness of the potential in a Schrödinger equation for a given asymptotic phase. Zbl 0032.20702 Levinson, N. 1949 A second order differential equation with singular solutions. Zbl 0045.36501 Levinson, Norman 1949 Criteria for the limit-point case for second order linear differential operators. Zbl 0033.18102 Levinson, Norman 1949 On stability of non-linear systems of differential equations. Zbl 0039.31501 Levinson, Norman 1949 Separation of Laplace’s equation. Zbl 0041.22304 Levinson, N.; Bogert, B.; Redheffer, R. M. 1949 The asymptotic nature of solutions of linear systems of differential equations. Zbl 0040.19402 Levinson, Norman 1948 A simple second order differential equation with singular motions. Zbl 0038.24904 Levinson, N. 1948 A heuristic exposition of Wiener’s mathematical theory of prediction and filtering. Zbl 0036.21502 Levinson, Norman 1947 The asymptotic behaviour of a system of linear differential equations. Zbl 0061.19706 Levinson, Norman 1946 On the asymptotic shape of the cavity behind an axially symmetric nose moving through an ideal fluid. I. Zbl 0061.44506 Levinson, N. 1946 Corrections to ’The Gontcharoff polynomials’. Zbl 0061.15110 Levinson, Norman 1945 Transformation theory of non-linear differential equations of the second order. Zbl 0061.18910 Levinson, Norman 1944 The Gontcharoff polynomials. Zbl 0060.22403 Levinson, Norman 1944 On the existence of periodic solutions for second order differential equations with a forcing term. Zbl 0061.18909 Levinson, Norman 1943 On a non-linear differential equation of the second order. Zbl 0061.18912 Levinson, Norman 1943 A general equation for relaxation oscillations. Zbl 0061.18908 Levinson, Norman; Smith, Oliver K. 1942 The growth of solutions of a differential equation. Zbl 0061.18605 Boas, Mary L.; Boas, R. P. jun.; Levinson, Norman 1942 The growth of the solutions of a differential equation. Zbl 0024.39903 Levinson, N. 1941 A theorem of Boas. Zbl 0024.42001 Levinson, Norman 1941 A theorem of Boas. JFM 67.0270.03 Levinson, N. 1941 An integral inequality of the Phragmen-Lindelöf type. Zbl 0024.21902 Levinson, Norman 1941 Gap and density theorems. JFM 66.0332.01 Levinson, N. 1940 Gap and density theorems. Zbl 0145.08003 Levinson, Norman 1940 Restrictions imposed by certain functions on their Fourier transforms. JFM 66.0513.02 Levinson, N. 1940 General gap Tauberian theorems: I. Zbl 0019.16102 Levinson, Norman 1938 On a class of non-vanishing functions. JFM 62.0278.02 Levinson, N. 1936 On the Poisson summability of Fourier series. Zbl 0013.35003 Levinson, Norman 1936 On non-harmonic Fourier series. Zbl 0015.20804 Levinson, Norman 1936 On non-harmonic Fourier series. JFM 62.0279.01 Levinson, N. 1936 On a problem of Polya. Zbl 0015.30802 Levinson, Norman 1936 On the closure of $$\{e^{i\lambda _n x}\}$$. JFM 62.0277.02 Levinson, N. 1936 On certain theorems of Pólya and Bernstein. JFM 62.0321.01 Levinson, N. 1936 On a problem of Pólya. JFM 62.0354.02 Levinson, N. 1936 On the non-vanishing of certain functions. Zbl 0014.06905 Levinson, Norman 1936 ...and 3 more Documents all top 5 ### Cited by 4,774 Authors 23 Pečarić, Josip 23 Simon, Barry 20 Rynne, Bryan P. 17 Howes, Frederick A. 15 Brauer, Fred 15 Gesztesy, Fritz 14 Eastham, Michael S. P. 14 Johnson, Russell Allan 14 Villari, Gabriele 13 Cronin-Scanlon, Jane Smiley 13 Hinton, Don Barker 13 Hochstadt, Harry 13 Krall, Allan M. 13 Lutz, Donald A. 13 Mond, Bertram 13 Nesterov, Pavel Nikolaevich 13 Pinto, Manuel 12 Annaby, Mahmoud H. 12 Brown, B. Malcolm 12 Everitt, William Norrie 12 Franca, Matteo 12 Hanson, Morgan A. 12 Sedletskiĭ, Anatoliĭ Mechislavovich 12 Waltman, Paul Elvis 12 Zayed, Ahmed I. 11 Binding, Paul Anthony 11 Burton, Theodore Allen 11 Freedman, Herbert Irving 11 Remling, Christian 11 Shi, Yuming 11 Steuding, Jörn 10 Ugurlu, Ekin 10 Zettl, Anton 9 Harris, William A. jun. 9 Jódar Sanchez, Lucas Antonio 9 Levinson, Norman 9 Young, Robert M. 9 Zanolin, Fabio 8 Adeel, Muhammad 8 Agarwal, Ravi P. 8 Antman, Stuart S. 8 Conrey, John Brian 8 Eloe, Paul W. 8 Friedman, Charles N. 8 Hale, Jack Kenneth 8 Hastings, Stuart P. 8 Khan, Khuram Ali 8 Lai, Hang-Chin 8 Mirzoev, Karakhan Agakhan 8 Pečaric, Đilda 8 Shaw, J. K. 8 Sun, Jiong 7 Allahverdiev, Bilender Paşaoğlu 7 Andres, Jan 7 Aslanov, Afgan 7 Bailey, Paul B. 7 Bainov, Drumi Dimitrov 7 Barton, Paul I. 7 Bodine, Sigrun I. 7 Chen, Hebai 7 Christ, Michael 7 Kan-on, Yukio 7 Killip, Rowan 7 Lafitte, Olivier D. 7 Medina, Rigoberto 7 Naulin, Raúl M. 7 Nieto Roig, Juan Jose 7 O’Malley, Robert E. jun. 7 O’Regan, Donal 7 Ortega, Rafael 7 Pachpatte, Baburao Govindrao 7 Papanicolaou, Vassilis G. 7 Pearson, David B. 7 Peherstorfer, Franz 7 Robles, Nicolas 7 Russell, David L. 7 Saker, Samir H. 7 Sandstede, Björn 7 Sattinger, David H. 7 Strauss, Aaron 7 Troy, William C. 7 Weikard, Rudi 7 Wen, Chingfeng 7 Wu, Hsien-Chung 7 Yorke, James Alan 7 Zaharescu, Alexandru 7 Zumbrun, Kevin R. 6 Akhmet, Marat Ubaydulla 6 Al-Hammadi, Abdulaziz Sultan Ali 6 Atkinson, Frederick Valentine 6 Ben-Israel, Adi 6 Bhowmik, Mithun 6 Bingham, Nicholas Hugh 6 Cicogna, Giampaolo 6 Dickey, R. W. 6 Dolezal, Vaclav 6 Elaydi, Saber Nasr 6 Evans, William Desmond 6 Faierman, Melvin 6 Fulton, Charles T. ...and 4,674 more Authors all top 5 ### Cited in 580 Serials 450 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 285 Journal of Differential Equations 111 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 108 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 79 Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 60 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 58 Physica D 55 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications. Series A: Theory and Methods 54 Communications in Mathematical Physics 53 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications 50 Applied Mathematics and Computation 50 Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section A. Mathematics 49 Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata. 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Real World Applications 12 Proceedings of the Steklov Institute of Mathematics 11 International Journal of Engineering Science 11 Journal of Statistical Physics 11 Arkiv för Matematik 11 Publications of the Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Kyoto University 11 The Journal of Geometric Analysis 11 Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations 11 Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 11 Journal of Dynamical and Control Systems 10 International Journal of Systems Science 10 Letters in Mathematical Physics 10 Lithuanian Mathematical Journal 10 Applied Mathematics and Optimization 10 Mathematika 10 Tôhoku Mathematical Journal. Second Series 10 Qualitative Theory of Dynamical Systems 10 SIAM Journal on Applied Dynamical Systems 10 Boundary Value Problems 9 Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 9 Theoretical and Mathematical Physics 9 Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Classe di Scienze. Serie IV ...and 480 more Serials all top 5 ### Cited in 61 Fields 1,665 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 689 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 398 Operator theory (47-XX) 375 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 268 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 252 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 236 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 182 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 180 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 166 Number theory (11-XX) 163 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 147 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 136 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 129 Quantum theory (81-XX) 126 Real functions (26-XX) 124 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 121 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 102 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 100 Functional analysis (46-XX) 95 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 89 Integral equations (45-XX) 89 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 85 Differential geometry (53-XX) 78 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 71 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 66 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 61 Special functions (33-XX) 58 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 47 Statistics (62-XX) 32 Computer science (68-XX) 31 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 30 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 30 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) 27 Classical thermodynamics, heat transfer (80-XX) 26 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 26 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 25 Relativity and gravitational theory (83-XX) 23 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 19 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 18 General topology (54-XX) 17 Combinatorics (05-XX) 13 Measure and integration (28-XX) 13 Potential theory (31-XX) 12 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 11 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 11 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 11 Astronomy and astrophysics (85-XX) 9 History and biography (01-XX) 8 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 8 Geophysics (86-XX) 7 Nonassociative rings and algebras (17-XX) 7 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 7 Geometry (51-XX) 6 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 4 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 3 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 3 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 3 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 1 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 1 Category theory; homological algebra (18-XX) 1 $$K$$-theory (19-XX) ### Wikidata Timeline The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.	2023-01-27T08:51:13	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5583048462867737, "perplexity": 2658.1856009832363}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764494974.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127065356-20230127095356-00103.warc.gz"}
https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/volcano-watch-eruption-status-and-shoreline-hazards	Volcano Watch — Eruption status and shoreline hazards Release Date: The current Kīlauea East Rift Zone eruption, which began in January 1983, continues without significant changes. Map of lava-flow field of Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō and recent surface flows. (Public domain.) The current Kīlauea East Rift Zone eruption, which began in January 1983, continues without significant changes. The flow field now covers 23,475 acres, and 540 acres of new land have been added to the island since lava began entering the ocean in late 1986. Since early 1992, the eruption has been fed by vents, 10 miles from the summit, on the southwest flank of the Puu Oo cone. The current vent feeds directly into lava tubes, which transport lava to the ocean in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. A total of approximately 820 acres of the flow field have been resurfaced by new lava since the beginning of June, when the eruption restarted after a five-day pause. Over the last four months, the tube feeding an ocean entry at Laeapuki has matured into the sole pipeline to the coast. This tube survived a short eruptive pause on August 21. Since then, there have been no surface flows, and lava has been confined to the tube system. As has been the case with other long-lived ocean entries, bench collapses of various extent at Laeapuki have increased in frequency and are now occurring about once every two weeks. After each collapse, a severed lava tube or incandescent fault scarp is exposed to the surf, and violent explosions ensue. Types of explosive events observed at Laeapuki since mid-august include sudden rock blasts, sustained and powerful steam jets, lava fountains and "bubble-bursts" from holes in the tube above the entry. These events often provide visitors to the end of the Chain of Craters road a spectacular view. However, the road will be closed to the end of September, and visitors must wait until resurfacing work is completed to view the lava. Volcano Activity Update There were two felt earthquakes during the past week. Both temblors occurred on Wednesday morning, September 11. The first shaker at 3:34 a.m. was felt in Kurtistown, Hilo, and Orchidland Estates. It had a magnitude of 3.5 and was located 17 miles east of Hilo at a depth of 25 miles. The second at 8:18 a.m. had a magnitude of 3.7 and was felt in Leilani Estates and the Volcano area. The epicenter was 14 miles south of Kīlauea summit at a depth of 18 miles. There was no damage reported.	2019-12-15T12:55:22	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2419274002313614, "perplexity": 5163.8923313404775}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541308149.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20191215122056-20191215150056-00490.warc.gz"}
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10358357-very-massive-star-winds-sources-short-lived-radioactive-isotope-al	This content will become publicly available on August 1, 2023 Very massive star winds as sources of the short-lived radioactive isotope 26 Al Context. The 26 Al short-lived radioactive nuclide is the source of the observed galactic diffuse γ -ray emission at 1.8 MeV. While different sources of 26 Al have been explored, such as asymptotic giant branch stars, massive stellar winds, and supernovae, the contribution of very massive stars has not been studied so far. Aims. We study the contribution of the stellar wind of very massive stars, here, stars with initial masses between 150 and 300 M ⊙ , to the enrichment in 26 Al of the galactic interstellar medium. Methods. We studied the production of 26 Al by studying rotating and non-rotating very massive stellar models with initial masses between 150 and 300 M ⊙ for metallicities Z = 0.006, 0.014, and 0.020. We compared this result to a simple Milky Way model and took the metallicity and the star formation rate gradients into account. Results. We obtain that very massive stars in the Z = 0.006 − 0.020 metallicity range might be very significant contributors to the 26 Al enrichment of the interstellar medium. Typically, the contribution of the winds of massive stars to the total quantity of 26 Al in the Galaxy increases by 150% when very massive stars are considered. Conclusions. more » Authors: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Award ID(s): Publication Date: NSF-PAR ID: 10358357 Journal Name: Astronomy & Astrophysics Volume: 664 Page Range or eLocation-ID: A181 ISSN: 0004-6361 We present a grid of stellar models at supersolar metallicity (Z = 0.020) extending the previous grids of Geneva models at solar and sub-solar metallicities. A metallicity of Z = 0.020 was chosen to match that of the inner Galactic disc. A modest increase of 43 per cent (= 0.02/0.014) in metallicity compared to solar models means that the models evolve similarly to solar models but with slightly larger mass-loss. Mass-loss limits the final total masses of the supersolar models to 35 M⊙ even for stars with initial masses much larger than 100 M⊙. Mass-loss is strong enough in stars above 20 M⊙ for rotating stars (25 M⊙ for non-rotating stars) to remove the entire hydrogen-rich envelope. Our models thus predict SNII below 20 M⊙ for rotating stars (25 M⊙ for non-rotating stars) and SNIb (possibly SNIc) above that. We computed both isochrones and synthetic clusters to compare our supersolar models to the Westerlund 1 (Wd1) massive young cluster. A synthetic cluster combining rotating and non-rotating models with an age spread between log10(age/yr) = 6.7 and 7.0 is able to reproduce qualitatively the observed populations of WR, RSG, and YSG stars in Wd1, in particular their simultaneous presence at $\log _{10}(L/\mathit {\mathrm{ L}}_{\odot })$ = 5–5.5. The quantitative agreement is imperfect and wemore » 4. ABSTRACT We test the hypothesis that the observed first-peak (Sr, Y, Zr) and second-peak (Ba) s-process elemental abundances in low-metallicity Milky Way stars, and the abundances of the elements Mo and Ru, can be explained by a pervasive r-process contribution originating in neutrino-driven winds from highly magnetic and rapidly rotating proto-neutron stars (proto-NSs). We construct chemical evolution models that incorporate recent calculations of proto-NS yields in addition to contributions from asymptotic giant branch stars, Type Ia supernovae, and two alternative sets of yields for massive star winds and core-collapse supernovae. For non-rotating massive star yields from either set, models without proto-NS winds underpredict the observed s-process peak abundances by 0.3–$1\, \text{dex}$ at low metallicity, and they severely underpredict Mo and Ru at all metallicities. Models incorporating wind yields from proto-NSs with spin periods P ∼ 2–$5\, \text{ms}$ fit the observed trends for all these elements well. Alternatively, models omitting proto-NS winds but adopting yields of rapidly rotating massive stars, with vrot between 150 and $300\, \text{km}\, \text{s}^{-1}$, can explain the observed abundance levels reasonably well for [Fe/H] < −2. These models overpredict [Sr/Fe] and [Mo/Fe] at higher metallicities, but with a tuned dependence of vrot on stellar metallicity they mightmore »	2023-02-08T21:00:27	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6775361895561218, "perplexity": 3710.3430255184285}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500904.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208191211-20230208221211-00409.warc.gz"}
https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Akajiwara.joji	# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics ## Kajiwara, Joji Compute Distance To: Author ID: kajiwara.joji Published as: Kajiwara, J.; Kajiwara, Joji External Links: Wikidata Documents Indexed: 96 Publications since 1958, including 6 Books Reviewing Activity: 84 Reviews Biographic References: 1 Publication all top 5 #### Co-Authors 44 single-authored 12 Shon, Kwangho 10 Li, Xiaodong 7 Li, Lin 6 Ohgai, Seiko 6 Tsuji, Miki 4 Gilbert, Robert Pertsch 4 Nishihara, Masaru 3 Kazama, Hideaki 3 Sugawara, Noriko 2 Begehr, Heinrich 2 Honda, Tatsuhiro 2 Kim, Jongjin 2 Koyanagi, Ryohei 2 Kwang Ho Shon 2 Watanabe, Hideharu 2 Watanabe, Kiyoshi 2 Xu, Yongzhi Steve 2 Yoshida, Mamoru 2 Zhou, Dong Guo 1 Fujimoto, Henrique Shuiti 1 Fukushima, Yukio 1 Hamada, Hidetaka 1 Li, Zhong 1 Mori, Yasuko 1 Noguchi, Junjiro 1 Ohsawa, Takeo 1 Parihar, Champa Lal 1 Raffee, Vadla Mohammad 1 Sakai, Eiichi 1 Sakanishi, Fumitoshi 1 Sibagaki, Wasao 1 Suzuki, Masaaki 1 Takase, Masahito all top 5 #### Serials 33 Memoirs of the Faculty of Science. Series A. Mathematics 7 Kodai Mathematical Seminar Reports 4 Far East Journal of Mathematical Sciences 3 Mathematica Balkanica 3 Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal 3 Mathematical Reports of College of General Education 2 Journal of the Mathematical Society of Japan 2 The Science Reports of Kanazawa University 1 Periodica Mathematica Hungarica 1 Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France 1 Funkcialaj Ekvacioj. Serio Internacia 1 Japanese Journal of Mathematics. New Series 1 Mathematische Annalen 1 Nagoya Mathematical Journal 1 Portugaliae Mathematica 1 Rivista di Matematica della Università di Parma. Serie IV 1 Complex Variables. Theory and Application 1 Chinese Annals of Mathematics. Series B 1 Sūgaku 1 Fukuoka University Science Reports 1 Mathematics Journal of Toyama University 1 Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences, Série A 1 Rendiconti di Matematica, VI. Serie 1 Lecture Notes in Pure and Applied Mathematics 1 Publications of the Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Series A all top 5 #### Fields 47 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 25 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 14 Functional analysis (46-XX) 12 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 7 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 6 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 6 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 4 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 2 Potential theory (31-XX) 2 Computer science (68-XX) 1 History and biography (01-XX) 1 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 1 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 1 Measure and integration (28-XX) 1 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 1 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 1 Differential geometry (53-XX) 1 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 1 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 1 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) #### Citations contained in zbMATH Open 35 Publications have been cited 86 times in 43 Documents Cited by Year Generalization of Levi-Oka’s theorem concerning meromorphic functions. Zbl 0186.14001 Kajiwara, Joji; Sakai, Eiichi 1967 Two dimensional complex manifold with vanishing cohomology set. Zbl 0259.32005 Kajiwara, J.; Kazama, H. 1973 Regeneration in complex, quaternion and Clifford analysis. Zbl 1060.30062 Kajiwara, Joji; Li, Xiaodong; Shon, Kwang Ho 2004 On the limit of a monotonous sequence of Cousin’s domains. Zbl 0146.11002 Kajiwara, Joji 1965 On Thullen’s example of a Cousin-II domain. Zbl 0200.00064 Kajiwara, Joji 1964 Some extensions of Cartan-Behnke-Stein’s theorem. Zbl 0175.09002 Kajiwara, Joji 1966 Relations between domains of holomorphy and multiple Cousin’s problems. Zbl 0146.11001 Kajiwara, Joji 1965 Some characterizations of Stein manifold through the notion of locally regular boundary points. Zbl 0146.10902 Kajiwara, Joji 1964 On an application of L. Ehrenpreis’ method to ordinary differential equations. Zbl 0113.29405 Kajiwara, Joji 1963 Inhomogeneous Cauchy-Riemann system of quaternion and Clifford analysis. Zbl 1159.30031 Kajiwara, Joji; Li, Xiaodong; Shon, Kwang Ho 2008 Validity of Oka’s principle and holomorphy of domains with smooth boundaries in separable Hilbert spaces. Zbl 1082.58003 Kajiwara, Joji; Li, Xiaodong; Shon, Kwang Ho 2005 Inverse formula for Laplace transform. Zbl 0842.65087 Kajiwara, Joji; Tsuji, Miki 1995 Equivalence of Steinness and validity of Oka’s principle for subdomains with continuous boundaries of a Stein manifold. Zbl 0404.32007 Kajiwara, Joji 1979 Charakterisierung der Steinschen Teilgebiete durch Okasches Prinzip in zwei-dimensionaler Steinscher Mannigfaltigkeit. Zbl 0404.32006 Kajiwara, Joji; Nishihara, Masaru 1979 Some systems of partial differential equations in complex domains. Zbl 0221.35018 Kajiwara, Joji 1971 Continuation and quotient representation of meromorphic functions. Zbl 0216.35901 Kajiwara, J.; Kazama, H. 1971 Some systems of partial differential equations in the theory of soil mechanics. Zbl 0204.41604 Kajiwara, J. 1970 Note on Cauchy-Riemann equation. Zbl 0177.13501 Kajiwara, Joji; Yoshida, Mamoru 1968 On weak Poincaré problem. Zbl 0177.11401 Kajiwara, Joji 1968 Note on the Levi problem. Zbl 0200.00062 Kajiwara, Joji 1963 Inhomogeneous Cauchy Riemann system in quaternion analysis. Zbl 1095.30041 Kajiwara, Joji; Li, Xiaodong; Shon, Kwang Ho 2005 Localization of global existence of holomorphic solutions of differential equations with complex parameters. Zbl 0856.35003 Kajiwara, Joji 1994 Domain with a vanishing cohomology set in two dimensional complex projective space. Zbl 0382.32020 Kajiwara, Joji; Watanabe, Kiyoshi 1978 Les espaces projectifs complexes de dimension infinie. Zbl 0322.32003 Kajiwara, Joji 1976 Le principe d’Oka pour espaces vectoriels munis de la topologie f-ouverte. Zbl 0333.32026 Kajiwara, Joji 1975 Le principe d’Oka pour certains espaces de dimension infinie. Zbl 0313.32038 Kajiwara, Joji 1975 Domain with many vanishing cohomology sets. Zbl 0305.32009 Kajiwara, Joji 1975 On the existence of global holomorphic solutions of differential equations with complex parameters. Zbl 0309.35019 Kajiwara, Joji; Mori, Yasuko 1974 Holomorphic solutions of a partial differential equation of mixed type. Zbl 0247.35090 Kajiwara, Joji 1972 Oka’s principle for extension of holomorphic mappings. II. Zbl 0181.08903 Kajiwara, Joji 1967 On the equivalence of local holomorphy and local holomorphic convexity in two-dimensional normal complex spaces. Zbl 0158.08501 Kajiwara, Joji 1966 Oka’s principle for the extension of holomorphic mappings. Zbl 0154.33306 Kajiwara, Joji 1966 Note on holomorphically convex complex spaces. Zbl 0129.29702 Kajiwara, Joji 1963 On the envelope of holomorphy of a generalized tube in $$C^ n$$. Zbl 0125.04104 Kajiwara, Joji 1963 On the equivalence of Hitotumatu’s conjecture and the decomposition theorem. Zbl 0096.06201 Kajiwara, Joji 1958 Inhomogeneous Cauchy-Riemann system of quaternion and Clifford analysis. Zbl 1159.30031 Kajiwara, Joji; Li, Xiaodong; Shon, Kwang Ho 2008 Validity of Oka’s principle and holomorphy of domains with smooth boundaries in separable Hilbert spaces. Zbl 1082.58003 Kajiwara, Joji; Li, Xiaodong; Shon, Kwang Ho 2005 Inhomogeneous Cauchy Riemann system in quaternion analysis. Zbl 1095.30041 Kajiwara, Joji; Li, Xiaodong; Shon, Kwang Ho 2005 Regeneration in complex, quaternion and Clifford analysis. Zbl 1060.30062 Kajiwara, Joji; Li, Xiaodong; Shon, Kwang Ho 2004 Inverse formula for Laplace transform. Zbl 0842.65087 Kajiwara, Joji; Tsuji, Miki 1995 Localization of global existence of holomorphic solutions of differential equations with complex parameters. Zbl 0856.35003 Kajiwara, Joji 1994 Equivalence of Steinness and validity of Oka’s principle for subdomains with continuous boundaries of a Stein manifold. Zbl 0404.32007 Kajiwara, Joji 1979 Charakterisierung der Steinschen Teilgebiete durch Okasches Prinzip in zwei-dimensionaler Steinscher Mannigfaltigkeit. Zbl 0404.32006 Kajiwara, Joji; Nishihara, Masaru 1979 Domain with a vanishing cohomology set in two dimensional complex projective space. Zbl 0382.32020 Kajiwara, Joji; Watanabe, Kiyoshi 1978 Les espaces projectifs complexes de dimension infinie. Zbl 0322.32003 Kajiwara, Joji 1976 Le principe d’Oka pour espaces vectoriels munis de la topologie f-ouverte. Zbl 0333.32026 Kajiwara, Joji 1975 Le principe d’Oka pour certains espaces de dimension infinie. Zbl 0313.32038 Kajiwara, Joji 1975 Domain with many vanishing cohomology sets. Zbl 0305.32009 Kajiwara, Joji 1975 On the existence of global holomorphic solutions of differential equations with complex parameters. Zbl 0309.35019 Kajiwara, Joji; Mori, Yasuko 1974 Two dimensional complex manifold with vanishing cohomology set. Zbl 0259.32005 Kajiwara, J.; Kazama, H. 1973 Holomorphic solutions of a partial differential equation of mixed type. Zbl 0247.35090 Kajiwara, Joji 1972 Some systems of partial differential equations in complex domains. Zbl 0221.35018 Kajiwara, Joji 1971 Continuation and quotient representation of meromorphic functions. Zbl 0216.35901 Kajiwara, J.; Kazama, H. 1971 Some systems of partial differential equations in the theory of soil mechanics. Zbl 0204.41604 Kajiwara, J. 1970 Note on Cauchy-Riemann equation. Zbl 0177.13501 Kajiwara, Joji; Yoshida, Mamoru 1968 On weak Poincaré problem. Zbl 0177.11401 Kajiwara, Joji 1968 Generalization of Levi-Oka’s theorem concerning meromorphic functions. Zbl 0186.14001 Kajiwara, Joji; Sakai, Eiichi 1967 Oka’s principle for extension of holomorphic mappings. II. Zbl 0181.08903 Kajiwara, Joji 1967 Some extensions of Cartan-Behnke-Stein’s theorem. Zbl 0175.09002 Kajiwara, Joji 1966 On the equivalence of local holomorphy and local holomorphic convexity in two-dimensional normal complex spaces. Zbl 0158.08501 Kajiwara, Joji 1966 Oka’s principle for the extension of holomorphic mappings. Zbl 0154.33306 Kajiwara, Joji 1966 On the limit of a monotonous sequence of Cousin’s domains. Zbl 0146.11002 Kajiwara, Joji 1965 Relations between domains of holomorphy and multiple Cousin’s problems. Zbl 0146.11001 Kajiwara, Joji 1965 On Thullen’s example of a Cousin-II domain. Zbl 0200.00064 Kajiwara, Joji 1964 Some characterizations of Stein manifold through the notion of locally regular boundary points. Zbl 0146.10902 Kajiwara, Joji 1964 On an application of L. Ehrenpreis’ method to ordinary differential equations. Zbl 0113.29405 Kajiwara, Joji 1963 Note on the Levi problem. Zbl 0200.00062 Kajiwara, Joji 1963 Note on holomorphically convex complex spaces. Zbl 0129.29702 Kajiwara, Joji 1963 On the envelope of holomorphy of a generalized tube in $$C^ n$$. Zbl 0125.04104 Kajiwara, Joji 1963 On the equivalence of Hitotumatu’s conjecture and the decomposition theorem. Zbl 0096.06201 Kajiwara, Joji 1958 all top 5 #### Cited by 42 Authors 11 Kajiwara, Joji 7 Kim, Ji Eun 5 Shon, Kwangho 2 Onishchik, Arkadiĭ L’vovich 2 Vâjâitu, Viorel 1 Abe, Makoto 1 Abreu-Blaya, Ricardo 1 Amano, Kazuo 1 Baier, Thomas 1 Barth, Wolf Paul 1 Berg, Gunnar 1 Bory Reyes, Juan 1 Brinkschulte, Judith 1 Coen, Salvatore 1 Hill, C. Denson 1 Hirschowitz, André 1 Kajiwara, R. 1 Kazama, Hideaki 1 Khenkin, Gennadiĭ Markovich 1 Lam, Lien Vuong 1 Le Mâu Hai 1 Lim, Su Jin 1 Merker, Joël 1 Messelmi, Farid 1 Michel, Vincent 1 Mori, Yasuko 1 Mourão, José M. 1 Nacinovich, Mauro 1 Nguyen van Khue 1 Nunes, João Pedro Vidal 1 Patyi, Imre 1 Petropoulou, Eugenia N. 1 Pflug, Peter 1 Quang, Thai Thuan 1 Saitoh, Saburou 1 Sakai, Eiichi 1 Siafarikas, Panayiotis D. 1 Silva, Alessandro 1 Stout, Edgar Lee 1 Tomassini, Giuseppe 1 Tsuji, Miki 1 Yamamoto, Masahiro all top 5 #### Cited in 30 Serials 5 Kodai Mathematical Seminar Reports 3 Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal 2 Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata. Serie Quarta 2 Journal of Soviet Mathematics 2 Mathematische Annalen 2 Integral Transforms and Special Functions 2 Abstract and Applied Analysis 2 Complex Variables and Elliptic Equations 2 Problemy Analiza. Issues of Analysis 1 Periodica Mathematica Hungarica 1 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 1 Archiv der Mathematik 1 Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France 1 Inventiones Mathematicae 1 Journal of Functional Analysis 1 Manuscripta Mathematica 1 Mathematische Zeitschrift 1 Nagoya Mathematical Journal 1 Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. Neuvième Série 1 Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section A. Mathematics 1 Indagationes Mathematicae. New Series 1 Advances in Applied Clifford Algebras 1 Bulletin des Sciences Mathématiques 1 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems 1 Honam Mathematical Journal 1 Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Scienze Fisiche e Matematiche. III. Ser 1 Complex Analysis and Operator Theory 1 Journal of Nonlinear Science and Applications 1 Publications of the Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Series A 1 Electronic Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications EJMAA all top 5 #### Cited in 13 Fields 25 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 8 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 5 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 3 Special functions (33-XX) 2 Number theory (11-XX) 2 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 2 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 1 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 1 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 1 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 1 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 1 Functional analysis (46-XX) 1 Differential geometry (53-XX) #### Wikidata Timeline The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.	2021-05-18T07:46:09	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4911951422691345, "perplexity": 7692.206469599805}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989756.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20210518063944-20210518093944-00164.warc.gz"}
http://pavpanchekha.com/esp/set-theory.html	By Pavel Panchekha Share under CC-BY-SA. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. Note This is just a quick sketch of the class, and will be filled in likely only if the class it taught again. Intuitive Set Theory We want to axiomatize this notion of "set" that encompasses all of the properties we want these objects to have. So our first go at this might look like the following: 1. Two sets are the same if an element is in one if and only if it is in the other. 2. There exists a set with no elements, and for any object $$x$$ there exist the sets $$\{x\}$$ and $$\{x, y\}$$. 3. For any predicate $$\phi(x)$$, there exists the set consisting of all objects that satisfy that predicate. 4. There exists the power set of any set. 5. There exists the union of any set of sets. 6. For any set $$A$$, there exists a set containing exactly one element of each of its subsets. (That is, we can pick one element each out of any number of sets) This is quite a good theory of sets, but suffers from a few problems. First of all, we still fall prey to Russel's paradox, for there is nothing in our theory preventing its application. So the first thing we have to do is to fix that. If you think about the paradox, the problem is that we are testing our predicate, $$x \not\in x$$, on sets that we do not yet know exist. So what we're going to do is only allow us to test our predicate in Axiom 3 on sets we know exist. Here's one way of doing that: 1. For any predicate $$\phi(x)$$ and set $$S$$, there exists the subset of $$S$$ consisting of all objects that satisfy that predicate. Thus, when we try to apply our Russel's predicate to all sets, we fail, because we cannot prove the existence of the set of all sets first (in fact, we can disprove it). So now we have a nice and consistent theory (there is a beautiful theorem stating that we cannot use this system to prove its own consistency, unless of course it is not consistent and everything is provable). But there is a glaring flaw when we try to use this system for all of math! The thing is, any proof in mathematics has to be finite — it's a bit cheap, after all, to prove something in an infinite number of steps. But the only methods we have of creating bigger sets are by taking power sets and unions. We start with sets of size 0, 1, and 2, and both power sets and unions take finite sets to finite sets. So our theory cannot ever construct an infinite sets. Not, of course, that infinite sets cannot exist. But neither can we prove that they do. And how can we have a mathematics if we can only ever have a finite number of elements?! So we want to make a further improvement to our theory, another axiom, giving us an infinite set: 1. There exists a set, $$I$$, that has the null set as an element and also contains, for any element $$x$$, the element $$x \cup \{x\}$$. This is the classic recursive definition: we have a base case (the null set) and the inductive step, wherein we form, from the largest element, a yet larger element. Let's prove that $$I$$ contains infinitely many elements. Suppose it did not, and instead it has elements $$\emptyset, x_1, x_2, \dots$$, and let's use the abbreviation $$S x$$ for $$x \cup \{x\}$$. Consider $$S \emptyset, S x_1, S x_2, \dots$$. All of these, by our definition of $$I$$, are elements of $$I$$, and there are as many of these as in our set. Thus, each $$x_i$$ must be some $$S x_j$$. But this is false, since $$x_j\cup\{x_j\}$$ contains at least one element ($$x_j$$), and thus is not the empty set. Thus, we cannot have a finite number of elements. There's a few more aesthetic elements that we'd like to fix in our set theory. One is that, thanks to Russel's paradox, we're a bit scared of sets that contain themselves. So, we're just going to ban it. We're going to slightly generalize that a bit: 1. Every (nonempty) set has an element disjoint from it. You can see how this forces there not be sets that are members of themselves: suppose $$A$$ were a member of itself. Then $$B = \{A\}$$ would have an element disjoint from it. But its only element is $$A$$, and since $$A$$ is its own element, it is not disjoint from $$B$$ and our axiom fails. Now, with this axiom, we can go back to the point about the set of all sets. That set would (obviously) contain itself, so it cannot exist. But then how do we talk about "all sets"? Later, if we have time, we'll talk about "classes", which allow us to answer this question. Finally, we want to talk functions. But as we saw before, we can't just claim to make a set by gathering a bunch of things; after all, we gathered all sets together, but it turned out not to be a set. This upsets our intuitive notion of what a set is, but it is necessary to avoid Russel's paradox (and friends). So to talk about functions, we're going to add another axiom: 1. Given a "function" $$f$$ and a domain set $$A$$, there exists a set containing $$f x$$ for all $$x$$ in $$A$$. Note that this set is not the image, but perhaps its superset. We can use our axiom 3 to restrict it to only the image if we need too. Finally, we are done. We have constructed a set theory just how we like it, sufficient for all of math. This is called Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory; the axioms we'll list in a second are somewhat different from what we made above, but they are how the axioms were originally stated. Zermelo-Fraenkel Set Theory Zermelo-Fraenkel Set Theory (often abbreviated ZFC) is the standard axiomatization of set theory in mathematics. Its axioms: Extensionality Two sets are equal if they contain the same elements Regularity Every nonempty set has an element disjoint from it. Specification Given a predicate and a set, there exists the subset of elements that satisfy that predicate. Pairing Given two sets, there exists the set containing them. Union There exists the union of any set of sets. Replacement For any set and a function on it, the image of the set under that function exists. Infinity Let $$S x$$ abbreviate $$x \cup \{x\}$$. Then there exists a set containing the null set and, for any element, its successor $$S x$$. Power Set There exists the power set of any set. Well-ordering There exists some "order" for any set. That is, there exists some predicate $$R$$ that orders our set (there is a very simple definition of order) and that gives any subset a minimal element. This is equivalent to our axiom 6 above. Now, these may seem simple and obvious, but they all contain some interesting subtleties. Look, for example, at the axiom of Extensionality. Simple, right? Just defines equality. But it tells us something crucial: everything is a set. For suppose we had something that was not a set, some $$x$$. Then it contains no elements, so it contains the same elements as the null set; and thus it is the null set. In this way, we know that everything we talk about must be a set. Or look at the axiom of Pairing. Not that, unlike in our system, we didn't axiomatically require the existence of the set $$\{a\}$$. Why not? Because the axiom of extensionality tells us that the pair $$\{a, a\}$$ is the same thing. Or consider ordered pairs. How can we represent $$(a, b)$$? Well, we can't just use $$\{a, b\}$$, because that doesn't give us order. So what we do is, we make one set $$\{a, b\}$$, and another to tell use which is first: $$\{a\}$$. So our final representation is $$\{\{a\}, \{a, b\}\}$$ (note: the axiom of regularity actually allows us to simplify this to $$\{a, \{a, b\}\}$$. Think about why.). There are also so many cool things in the well-ordering, or power-set, or infinity axioms. The axioms look trivial. They are not. There's another thing to note, that the axioms of replacement and specification are given in terms of a predicate. This makes them statements of "second order logic". This is generally bad (at least, aesthetically unpleasing), so you will hear them called the axiom schema of replacement and specification — we think of them as a template for an infinite number of axioms, one for each predicate. More on the Axiom of Choice or Well-Ordering The Axiom of Choice is what we called axiom 6 in our set theory that we made. ZFC is commonly stated as requiring a different axiom, the Well-ordering axiom; the two are equivalent, as we will prove later. Some Basic Proofs First, can we show that the intersection of two sets is a set? Sure! Suppose we have two sets, $$A$$ and $$B$$. Then, the predicate $$\phi x = x \in B$$ can be used in the axiom of specification on $$A$$. This will give all elements of $$A$$ that are also elements of $$B$$, which is what we want. What about that whole well-ordering being equivalent to our axiom 6 above? Well, if we can well-order any set, then we can well-order the union of all of the sets we want to draw elements from. And then we can, from each set, pick the minimal element (according to our order). So this shows that well-ordering implies our axiom 6. To get the other direction, consider a set where the first element is our original set, and then for every set, that set minus the element we choose from it is the next element (of course, the elements are unordered, the words "next" and "first" are there simply to aid intuition). Clearly, our choices will define an order on the elements, and we can always find a minimal element by taking the union of the sets each element was chosen from, and then the element chosen from that. So we have that well-ordering is equivalent to our axiom 6. Now for a very beautiful results that is based on the axiom of the Power Set: Cantor's diagonalization. We should note that there are three theorems which go by this name: this one, this one but less general, and then another proof also attributable to Cantor which has nothing to do with these two. So we warned when someone is talking about Cantor's daigonalization that they may mean something entirely different. So, the basic question Cantor asked is, what does it mean for two sets to have the same size? I mean, we can count finite sets, sure, you know, a set of seven elements is the same size as a set of seven elements. No problem. But Cantor was brilliant enough to see that this silly question actually needed asking, and actually contained beautiful, beautiful mathematics behind it. His attempt at an answer was, two sets are the same size if they can be paired up. So you know how you lay out forks and knives at dinner; how do you make sure you didn't miss one? It's probably not by counting both and ensuring that there are the same number; instead, you just check that each fork has an associated knife nearby. Now, this pretty clearly is the same as our idea for finite sets, but Cantor had yet another moment of genius: what happens if we apply this to infinite sets. At this point things get crazy, because if you consider the even integers, and all of the integers, you can pair them one to one: pair $$n$$ with $$2n$$. So there are as many integers as even integers… But this is clearly bollocks, as there are obviously more integers than just the even ones! This is actually a defining characteristic of infinite sets: they are the same size as some of their subsets. So now Cantor set about to prove that all infinite sets are the same size, which would be rather pretty, since that would give us a very nice set of "sizes" for sets: 0, 1, etc., infinity. And this is where the plot thickens, because as it turned out, there are different sizes of infinite sets! For example, it is provable that the integers and the reals have different "cardinality", or size! We'll prove a more general variant of that now. Theorem: A set and its power set are never of the same cardinality. This is clearly true for finite sets, since the power set of a set of $$n$$ elements has $$2^n$$ elements, and that is always bigger. But for an infinite set? Well, what we want to do is to suppose that they are of the same size. Then, we can define some mapping $$f : S \to 2^S$$ (where $$2^S$$ represents the power set of the set $$S$$) which establishes this pairing; we claim that $$f(S) = 2^S$$, that we don't "miss" any element. What we will do now is to construct an element that $$f(S)$$ cannot contain that is in $$2^S$$; this would be an element that we "miss", demonstrating that we have not actually paired off the elements. That element will be constructed very simply. Remember that this is an element of $$2^S$$, so we have to pick which elements of $$S$$ to include. What we will do is, we will include an element $$x$$ if and only if it is not included in $$f(x)$$. This new set $$y$$ we constructed thus differs from any $$f(x)$$ in that the two disagree on the inclusion of $$x$$! This didn't use any knowledge of the mapping though! This works for any mapping! So that means that no mapping can pair $$S$$ and $$2^S$$, and so we must have different sizes of infinity. And now to specialize to the case of the natural numbers and the real numbers, we can consider a subset of the integers to be a real number just by considering it to represent which binary bits are "on". So $$\{1, 4, 7\}$$ would correspond to $$\frac12 + \frac1{16} + \frac1{128}$$. This shows that there are more reals between 0 and 1 than integers; you can show (pretty easily; do it) that there are as many reals as there are reals between 0 and 1. Note If you want more on Cantor's theory, cardinality, and things of that nature, hit up your friendly neighborhood wikipedia for topics like "Cantor's diagonalization", "Cardinal numbers", or "Ordinal numbers" and follow the links from there. Constructing the Rest of Math, Natural Numbers First We originally came here to construct all of math out of set theory. So let's begin. First, we will construct the natural numbers. Now, the natural numbers are defined by this set of axioms called the Peano axioms; we will have to find a way of calling some sets "numbers" so that these sets satisfy these axioms. The axioms: 1. There exists an equivalence relation, $$a = b$$, on numbers. 2. There exists a successor function, $$S n$$, so that for any number $$n$$, $$S n$$ is also a number. 3. There is a number $$0$$, and it is not the successor of any number; every number will be it's $n$-th successor, for some $$n$$. 4. The successor function is one-to-one; that is, if $$S n = S m$$, then $$n = m$$. 5. Finally, the most crucial of the properties: any set $$K$$ that contains $$0$$ and contains, for every number $$n$$, $$S n$$, contains all numbers. The last axiom is so crucial because it allows us to do proofs by induction; in fact, it is usually called the inductive axiom. So, how are we going to construct these numbers? Well, since we want an infinite set, we know that we are going to use the axiom of infinity, so let's adopt the same function $$S$$ as there: $$S n = n \cup \{n\}$$, and $$0 = \emptyset$$. Since we want the successor function to correspond to addition of one, we have $$0 = \{\}$$, $$1 = \{0\}$$, $$2 = \{0, 1\}$$, and so one, each integer being the set of smaller integers. Now, let's go through the axioms. The first, of equality, is satisfied by that observation above: a number is the set of smaller numbers. This means that we can use normal set equality to compare numbers. The axiom of infinity gives us a set that is a superset of the integers; but some subset of the set it constructs will have the properties of axioms 2 and 3. Axiom 4 is satisfied, because if $$S n = S m$$ for different $$m$$ and $$n$$, $$S n$$ would have to contain both $$m$$ and $$n$$ as elements; thus, both $$m \subseteq n$$ and $$n \subseteq m$$, and the sets have to be equal. Finally, the induction axiom. To prove this, we need to get a bit more hands on with the axiom of infinity. First, we'll call a set "inductive" if it contains the null set and the successor $$S x$$ for every member $$x$$. Now, an inductive set need not just be the integers; it could also contain other "garbage" along with the integers. What we want is the intersection of all inductive sets (since they all must contain the integers). We will write this, to stay entirely within our system, as "a set $$n$$ is in the set of natural numbers if there does not exist an inductive set of which it is not a member". There can only be one of these sets, since if there were two, each would have to be a subset of the other (and thus they would be equal). Finally, this gives us induction. The set $$K$$ the axiom requires is a subset of the natural numbers, but the naturals are very clearly a subset of them, so the two sets must be the same. The Complex Our final bootstrap into a nice, complete mathematical field is to create the complex numbers; this is done rather simply, defining a complex number $$z$$ to be the ordered pair $$(a, b)$$, where addition is defined by $$(a, b) + (a', b') = (a + a', b + b')$$ and multiplication by $$(a, b)(a', b') = (aa' - bb', ab' + a'b)$$. It is tedious but completely trivial to check that all of the properties we would like of these operations to have (commutativity, associativity, having inverses, distributing) they indeed do. To show that we can solve any polynomial equation (which is our ultimate goal for complex numbers) can be done in many ways; this is the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra. The proof of this on Wikipedia is actually rather technical (and beautiful. But technical). If you want a better one, email me and I'd be glad to provide one, but I don't know what the interest is. Finish! Now we are done! We have our mathematics! Well… sort of. We certainly have enough math to start actually discovering new and exciting things: analysis lays just at our fingertips. With the same techniques as demonstrated here, we can just as easily continue to modern group theory, algebra in general, topology, or any of an infinite number of other field. Just about all of math is definable with the axioms made here. (Some fields, like category theory, require a notion called a "class", which informally is a set that's too big to be a set; we'll discuss those below, and they require a different, but very very similar, axiom system such as NBG.) So what follows are some other interesting set-theoretic topics.	2018-12-11T13:15:00	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8849031329154968, "perplexity": 199.4246590578862}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823621.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20181211125831-20181211151331-00621.warc.gz"}
https://natural-language-understanding.fandom.com/wiki/Models_of_relation_classification	313 Pages ## (Generalized) siamese architecture Edit Bordes et al. (2011)[1] generalized siamese architecture to learn relations in knowledge bases. This approach is also called distance model. The main problem with this model is that the parameters of the two entity vectors do not interact with each other, they are independently mapped to a common space.[2] ## Single Layer Model Edit The second model tries to alleviate the problems of the distance model by connecting the entity vectors implicitly through the nonlinearity of a standard, single layer neural network. The scoring function has the following form: $g(e_1, R, e_2) = u^\intercal_Rf (W_{R,1}e_1 + W_{R,2} e_2) = u^\intercal_R f \left([W_{R,1}W_{R,2}]\begin{bmatrix}e_1\\e_2\end{bmatrix}\right),$ where $f = \tanh, W_{R,1},W_{R,2} \in R^{k \times d}$ and $u_R \in R^{k \times 1}$ are the parameters of relation R’s scoring function. While this is an improvement over the distance model, the non-linearity only provides a weak interaction between the two entity vectors at the expense of a harder optimization problem. Collobert andWeston [20] trained a similar model to learn word vector representations using words in their context. This model is a special case of the tensor neural network if the tensor is set to 0. This model was introduced by Bordes et al. [10] and tackles the issue of weak entity vector interaction through multiple matrix products followed by Hadamard products. It is different to the other models in our comparison in that it represents each relation simply as a single vector that interacts with the entity vectors through several linear products all of which are parame- terized by the same parameters. The scoring function is as follows: $g(e_1,R, e_2) = (W_1 e_1 \otimes W_{rel,1} e_R + b_1)^\intercal (W_2 e_2 \otimes W_{rel,2} e_R + b_2)$ where $W_1, W_{rel,1}, W_2,W_{rel,2} \in R^{d \times d}$ and $b_1, b_2 \in R^{d \times 1}$ are parameters that are shared by all relations. The only relation specific parameter is $e_R$. While this allows the model to treat relational words and entity words the same way, we show in our experiments that giving each relationship its own matrix operators results in improved performance. However, the bilinear form between entity vectors is by itself desirable. ## Bilinear Model Edit Jenatton et al. (2012)[3], Sutskever et al. (2009)[4] fixes the issue of weak entity vector interaction through a relation-specific bilinear form. The scoring function is as follows: $g(e_1, R, e_2) = e^\intercal_1 W_R e_2,$ where $W_R \in R^{d \times d}$ are the only parameters of relation R’s scoring function. This is a big improvement over the two previous models as it incorporates the interaction of two entity vectors in a simple and efficient way. However, the model is now restricted in terms of expressive power and number of parameters by the word vectors. The bilinear form can only model linear interactions and is not able to fit more complex scoring functions. This model is a special case of neural tensor network with $V_R = 0, b_R = 0, k = 1, f =$ identity. In comparison to bilinear models, the neural tensor has much more expressive power which will be useful especially for larger databases. For smaller datasets the number of slices could be reduced or even vary between relations. ## Neural tensor network Edit Socher et al. (2013)[2] ## References Edit 1. Bordes, A., Weston, J., Collobert, R., & Bengio, Y. (2011, April). Learning Structured Embeddings of Knowledge Bases. In AAAI. 2. 2.0 2.1 Socher, R., Chen, D., Manning, C. D., & Ng, A. Y. (2013). Reasoning With Neural Tensor Networks for Knowledge Base Completion. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 926–934. 3. R. Jenatton, N. Le Roux, A. Bordes, and G. Obozinski. A latent factor model for highly multi-relational data. In NIPS, 2012. 4. I. Sutskever, R. Salakhutdinov, and J. B. Tenenbaum. Modelling relational data using Bayesian clustered tensor factorization. In NIPS, 2009. Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.	2020-08-10T22:44:43	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6216384768486023, "perplexity": 1025.7110606478377}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738699.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810205824-20200810235824-00529.warc.gz"}
http://www.maa.org/programs/faculty-and-departments/course-communities/combinations-product-and-quotient?device=mobile	# Combinations: Product and Quotient Three adjacent windows display graphs of (1) a function $$f$$ and its derivative, (2) a function $$g$$ and its derivative, and (3) a function $$h$$ and its derivative. From a drop-down menu, $$h$$ is defined to be the sum, product, or quotient of $$f$$ and $$g$$. The functions $$f$$ and $$g$$ can be freely defined by user. Identifier: http://calculusapplets.com/prodquot.html Rating: Creator(s): Thomas S. Downey Cataloger: Bruce Yoshiwara Publisher: CalculusApplets.com Rights: Thomas S. Downey, Creative Commons	2015-03-02T01:02:30	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5838431715965271, "perplexity": 740.992873658227}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462577.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00007-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://mooseframework.inl.gov/source/materials/LinearViscoelasticStressUpdate.html	# Linear Viscoelastic Stress Update Calculates an admissible state (stress that lies on or within the yield surface, plastic strains, internal parameters, etc). This class is intended to be a parent class for classes with specific constitutive models. ## Description This computes the inelastic strain increment resulting from a linear viscoelastic material such as a GeneralizedKelvinVoigtModel or a GeneralizedMaxwellModel material. It uses an incremental strain approximation (either incremental small strains, or finite strains), and needs to be used in conjunction with ComputeMultipleInelasticStress or a similar stress calculator. ## Example Input File Syntax [./creep] type = LinearViscoelasticStressUpdate [../] (modules/tensor_mechanics/test/tests/visco/gen_maxwell_driving.i) LinearViscoelasticStressUpdate must be run in conjunction with the inelastic strain return mapping stress calculator as shown below: [./stress] type = ComputeMultipleInelasticStress inelastic_models = 'creep' [../] (modules/tensor_mechanics/test/tests/visco/gen_maxwell_driving.i) ## Input Parameters • base_nameOptional parameter that defines a prefix for all material properties related to this stress update model. This allows for multiple models of the same type to be used without naming conflicts. C++ Type:std::string Options: Description:Optional parameter that defines a prefix for all material properties related to this stress update model. This allows for multiple models of the same type to be used without naming conflicts. • apparent_creep_strainapparent_creep_strainname of the apparent creep strain (defined by a LinearViscoelasticityBase material) Default:apparent_creep_strain C++ Type:std::string Options: Description:name of the apparent creep strain (defined by a LinearViscoelasticityBase material) • elasticity_tensor_invelasticity_tensor_invname of the real compliance tensor (defined by a LinearViscoelasticityBase material) Default:elasticity_tensor_inv C++ Type:std::string Options: Description:name of the real compliance tensor (defined by a LinearViscoelasticityBase material) • apparent_elasticity_tensorapparent_elasticity_tensorname of the apparent elasticity tensor (defined by a LinearViscoelasticityBase material) Default:apparent_elasticity_tensor C++ Type:std::string Options: Description:name of the apparent elasticity tensor (defined by a LinearViscoelasticityBase material) • boundaryThe list of boundary IDs from the mesh where this boundary condition applies C++ Type:std::vector Options: Description:The list of boundary IDs from the mesh where this boundary condition applies • blockThe list of block ids (SubdomainID) that this object will be applied C++ Type:std::vector Options: Description:The list of block ids (SubdomainID) that this object will be applied ### Optional Parameters • output_propertiesList of material properties, from this material, to output (outputs must also be defined to an output type) C++ Type:std::vector Options: Description:List of material properties, from this material, to output (outputs must also be defined to an output type) • outputsnone Vector of output names were you would like to restrict the output of variables(s) associated with this object Default:none C++ Type:std::vector Options: Description:Vector of output names were you would like to restrict the output of variables(s) associated with this object ### Outputs Parameters • enableTrueSet the enabled status of the MooseObject. Default:True C++ Type:bool Options: Description:Set the enabled status of the MooseObject. • use_displaced_meshFalseWhether or not this object should use the displaced mesh for computation. Note that in the case this is true but no displacements are provided in the Mesh block the undisplaced mesh will still be used. Default:False C++ Type:bool Options: Description:Whether or not this object should use the displaced mesh for computation. Note that in the case this is true but no displacements are provided in the Mesh block the undisplaced mesh will still be used. • control_tagsAdds user-defined labels for accessing object parameters via control logic. C++ Type:std::vector Options: Description:Adds user-defined labels for accessing object parameters via control logic. • seed0The seed for the master random number generator Default:0 C++ Type:unsigned int Options: Description:The seed for the master random number generator • implicitTrueDetermines whether this object is calculated using an implicit or explicit form Default:True C++ Type:bool Options: Description:Determines whether this object is calculated using an implicit or explicit form • constant_onNONEWhen ELEMENT, MOOSE will only call computeQpProperties() for the 0th quadrature point, and then copy that value to the other qps.When SUBDOMAIN, MOOSE will only call computeSubdomainProperties() for the 0th quadrature point, and then copy that value to the other qps. Evaluations on element qps will be skipped Default:NONE C++ Type:MooseEnum Options:NONE ELEMENT SUBDOMAIN Description:When ELEMENT, MOOSE will only call computeQpProperties() for the 0th quadrature point, and then copy that value to the other qps.When SUBDOMAIN, MOOSE will only call computeSubdomainProperties() for the 0th quadrature point, and then copy that value to the other qps. 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http://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess118_2009-2010/sj10/20100302.htm	South Carolina General Assembly 118th Session, 2009-2010 Journal of the Senate Tuesday, March 2, 2010 (Statewide Session) Indicates Matter Stricken Indicates New Matter The Senate assembled at 12:00 Noon, the hour to which it stood adjourned, and was called to order by the PRESIDENT. A quorum being present, the proceedings were opened with a devotion by the Chaplain as follows: The prophet, Isaiah, reminds us that: "... those who hope in the Lord will renew their strength." (Isaiah 40:31a) Let us pray: Holy God, scientists tell us that last Saturday "the Nazca and the South American tectonic plates subducted." The plain talk result was the 8.8 tremblor which brought devastation and death to Chile. Our hearts reach out again, Lord, to sisters and brothers who share our hemisphere. All of us in the Senate of South Carolina pray for their well-being, for those Chileans who have lost loved ones, for those whose homes and lives have been turned upside-down. May they truly trust in Your love and care, Lord, and may great hope be in their future. Bless them, and bless these leaders gathered here. In Your name we pray, loving Lord. Amen. The PRESIDENT called for Petitions, Memorials, Presentments of Grand Juries and such like papers. Doctor of the Day Senators COURSON and LOURIE introduced Dr. March Seabrook of West Columbia, S.C., Doctor of the Day. S. 1030 (Word version) Sen. Bryant S. 1097 (Word version) Sen. Mulvaney INTRODUCTION OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS The following were introduced: S. 1232 (Word version) -- Senators L. Martin, O'Dell, Alexander and Bryant: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO EXPRESS THE PROFOUND SORROW OF THE MEMBERS OF THE SENATE UPON THE DEATH OF DR. DON C. GARRISON OF EASLEY AND TO EXTEND THEIR DEEPEST SYMPATHY TO HIS FAMILY AND MANY FRIENDS. l:\s-res\lam\013dgar.mrh.lam.docx S. 1233 (Word version) -- Senator Alexander: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND COMMEND MR. THOMAS STOWE MULLIKIN OF CAMDEN, SOUTH CAROLINA, FOR HIS TIRELESS EFFORTS FOR SOUND POLICY AND THE PROMOTION OF GLOBAL SOLUTIONS REGARDING CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE PREMIER OF HIS CRITICALLY ACCLAIMED DOCUMENTARY "THE WHOLE TRUTH" AND SELECTION OF THE DOCUMENTARY FOR SHOWING AT THE CHARLESTON FILM FESTIVAL. l:\s-gen\drafting\tca\018mull.jd.tca.docx S. 1234 (Word version) -- Senator Fair: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 21, TITLE 24, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE CREATION AND OPERATION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PROBATION, PAROLE AND PARDON SERVICES AND THE BOARD OF PROBATION, PAROLE AND PARDON SERVICES, SO AS TO TRANSFER ALL FUNCTIONS, POWERS, DUTIES, RESPONSIBILITIES, AND AUTHORITY STATUTORILY EXERCISED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF PROBATION, PAROLE AND PARDON SERVICES TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, DIVISION OF PROBATION, PAROLE AND PARDON SERVICES. l:\council\bills\bbm\9610cm10.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Corrections and Penology. S. 1235 (Word version) -- Senator Land: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-37-220 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO GENERAL EXEMPTIONS FROM TAXES, TO ADD TOTALLY BLIND PEOPLE TO THOSE QUALIFYING FOR PROPERTY TAX EXEMPTION FOR THEIR DWELLING HOUSE, AND TO ADD TOTALLY BLIND PEOPLE TO THOSE QUALIFYING FOR PROPERTY TAX EXEMPTION FOR TWO PERSONAL MOTOR VEHICLES. l:\s-resmin\drafting\jcl\014blin.tcm.jcl.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance. S. 1236 (Word version) -- Senators Malloy and Knotts: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 22-3-10 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE CIVIL JURISDICTION OF MAGISTRATES, TO INCREASE THE CIVIL JURISDICTION TO TWENTY-FIVE THOUSAND DOLLARS. l:\council\bills\nbd\20826sd10.docx Senator MALLOY spoke on the Bill. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. S. 1237 (Word version) -- Senator Setzler: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 40-18-140 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO EXEMPTIONS FROM CHAPTER 18 OF TITLE 40 PROVIDING FOR THE LICENSURE AND REGULATION OF PRIVATE SECURITY AND INVESTIGATION AGENCIES, TO PROVIDE THAT THE CHAPTER MUST NOT APPLY TO ANY PERSON BASED SOLELY ON BEING ENGAGED IN COMPUTER OR DIGITAL FORENSIC SERVICES OR THE ACQUISITION, REVIEW, OR ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL OR COMPUTER-BASED INFORMATION OR SYSTEM VULNERABILITY TESTING. l:\s-resmin\drafting\ns\010comp.tcm.ns.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Labor, Commerce and Industry. S. 1238 (Word version) -- Senator Rose: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 57-5-1140 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE INSTALLATION OF RESIDENTIAL RIGHTS-OF-WAY ENTRANCES AND APRONS TO STATE HIGHWAYS, TO PROVIDE THAT THE OWNER OF THE PROPERTY CONNECTED TO THE STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM MAY INSTALL THE ENTRANCE OR MUST BEAR THE COST OF INSTALLATION IF THE ENTRANCE IS INSTALLED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION; AND TO AMEND ARTICLE 7, CHAPTER 5, TITLE 57 BY ADDING SECTION 57-5-1150 TO PROVIDE FOR ENCROACHMENT PERMIT APPLICATIONS FOR CERTAIN ENCROACHMENTS AND ASSOCIATED APPLICATION FEES. l:\s-res\mtr\058dotp.kmm.mtr.docx Senator ROSE spoke on the Bill. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Transportation. S. 1239 (Word version) -- Senator Alexander: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO CREATE THE SUZANNE KIRSH TASK FORCE ON LONG TERM CARE IN SOUTH CAROLINA. l:\s-res\tca\012long.mrh.tca.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance. S. 1240 (Word version) -- Senator Reese: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 17-1-40, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO EXPUNGEMENT OF CRIMINAL RECORDS WHEN A CHARGE IS DISMISSED OR A PERSON IS FOUND NOT GUILTY OF A CHARGE, SO AS TO INCLUDE A PERSON WHO RECEIVED A PARDON IN THE PURVIEW OF THE STATUTE. l:\council\bills\ms\7685ahb10.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. S. 1241 (Word version) -- Senator Cleary: A BILL TO AMEND SECTIONS 6-11-410, 6-11-420, 6-11-435, AS AMENDED, AND 6-11-1610, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DEFINITIONS USED REGARDING THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNING BODY OF A COUNTY TO ENLARGE, DIMINISH, OR CONSOLIDATE THE BOUNDARIES OF A SPECIAL PURPOSE DISTRICT; THE POWERS OF A COUNTY REGARDING A DISTRICT; THE ALTERATION OF A DISTRICT RESULTING IN OVERLAP, ALL SO AS TO ENLARGE THE SCOPE OF THE POWERS OF A COUNTY TO AFFECT A CHANGE IN THE BOUNDARIES OF A DISTRICT. l:\council\bills\dka\3888dw10.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. S. 1242 (Word version) -- Senator Shoopman: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO ESTABLISH THE SELF-DIRECTED SEMI-INDEPENDENT AGENCY PILOT PROJECT SO AS TO CREATE CERTAIN PROFESSIONAL AND OCCUPATIONAL LICENSING BOARDS AS SEPARATE AND DISTINCT INDIVIDUAL STATE AGENCIES TO THE EXTENT PROVIDED FOR IN THIS JOINT RESOLUTION AS OF JANUARY 1, 2011, TO PROVIDE FOR THEIR POWERS AND DUTIES WITH REGARD TO THEIR FISCAL, REGULATORY, AND OPERATIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THIS JOINT RESOLUTION IS REPEALED SEPTEMBER 1, 2015, UNLESS EXTENDED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY. l:\council\bills\nbd\11988ac10.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Labor, Commerce and Industry. S. 1243 (Word version) -- Senator Knotts: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 8-13-320, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO DUTIES AND POWERS OF THE STATE ETHICS COMMISSION, SO AS TO DELETE THE PROHIBITION OF THE RELEASE OF INFORMATION UNTIL FINAL DISPOSITION OF AN ETHICS INVESTIGATION AND REQUIRE THAT THE INFORMATION MAY NOT BE RELEASED UNTIL A FINDING OF PROBABLE CAUSE HAS BEEN MADE. l:\council\bills\agm\19895ab10.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. S. 1244 (Word version) -- Senator Elliott: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND COMMEND THE HONORABLE GARY ALLEN QUICK, SR. OF MARLBORO COUNTY FOR HIS DEDICATED SERVICE AS MAYOR OF MCCOLL AND HIS COMMITMENT TO THE CITIZENS OF THAT TOWN. l:\council\bills\rm\1111ac10.docx S. 1245 (Word version) -- Senator Elliott: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND COMMEND THE HONORABLE JACK D. GRAHAM OF MARLBORO COUNTY FOR HIS SEVENTEEN YEARS OF DEDICATED SERVICE AS A MCCOLL TOWN COUNCIL MEMBER AND HIS COMMITMENT TO THE CITIZENS OF THAT TOWN. l:\council\bills\rm\1113sd10.docx S. 1246 (Word version) -- Senators Lourie, Alexander, Anderson, Bright, Bryant, Campbell, Campsen, Cleary, Coleman, Courson, Cromer, Davis, Elliott, Fair, Ford, Grooms, Hayes, Hutto, Jackson, Knotts, Land, Leatherman, Leventis, Malloy, L. Martin, S. Martin, Massey, Matthews, McConnell, McGill, Mulvaney, Nicholson, O'Dell, Peeler, Pinckney, Rankin, Reese, Rose, Ryberg, Scott, Setzler, Sheheen, Shoopman, Thomas, Verdin and Williams: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE THE GROWING INTERNATIONAL PROBLEM OF TUBERCULOSIS, INCLUDING ITS IMPACT ON SOUTH CAROLINA, TO AFFIRM THE IMPORTANCE OF WORLD TUBERCULOSIS DAY, AND TO DECLARE WEDNESDAY, MARCH 24, 2010, "TUBERCULOSIS DAY" IN SOUTH CAROLINA. l:\council\bills\rm\1109cm10.docx H. 3192 (Word version) -- Reps. Rice, Allison, Stringer, Harrison, Merrill, E. H. Pitts, Millwood, McLeod, Haley, Loftis and Bedingfield: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 24 TO TITLE 1 SO AS TO ESTABLISH THE SOUTH CAROLINA SUNSET COMMISSION AND A SUNSET REVIEW DIVISION OF THE LEGISLATIVE AUDIT COUNCIL, TO ESTABLISH PROCEDURES PROVIDING FOR THE MANNER IN WHICH THE PROGRAMS OF CERTAIN AGENCIES AND DEPARTMENTS OF STATE GOVERNMENT MUST BE EVALUATED TO DETERMINE IF THEY SHOULD BE CONTINUED IN EXISTENCE, MODIFIED, OR TERMINATED, AND TO ESTABLISH THE PROCEDURES BY WHICH THESE PROGRAMS MUST BE CONTINUED, MODIFIED, OR TERMINATED. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. H. 3779 (Word version) -- Reps. Hearn, Weeks, Bannister, Erickson, Clemmons and Viers: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 63-7-1620, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE LEGAL REPRESENTATION OF CHILDREN AND THE APPOINTMENT OF GUARDIANS AD LITEM, SO AS TO CLARIFY WHEN AN ATTORNEY MAY BE APPOINTED TO REPRESENT A GUARDIAN AD LITEM IN A CHILD ABUSE OR NEGLECT PROCEEDING AND TO CLARIFY WHO THE COURT MAY APPOINT TO REPRESENT A CHILD IN SUCH A PROCEEDING. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. H. 3964 (Word version) -- Reps. Duncan, Ott, Vick, Loftis and Bales: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING ARTICLE 13 TO CHAPTER 21, TITLE 46 SO AS TO UPDATE AND CLARIFY SEED ARBITRATION PROCEDURES; TO AMEND ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 21, TITLE 46, RELATING TO GENERAL PROVISIONS OF SEED AND PLANT CERTIFICATION, SO AS TO REPLACE OBSOLETE DEFINITIONS, TO REVISE ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS, TO CLARIFY LICENSING PROCEDURES, AND TO PROVIDE EXEMPTIONS; TO AMEND ARTICLE 3, CHAPTER 21, TITLE 46, RELATING TO LABELS AND TAGS REGARDING SEEDS AND PLANTS, SO AS TO REVISE THE LABELING REQUIREMENTS FOR SEED PRODUCTS, AND TO IMPOSE ADDITIONAL PROHIBITIONS; TO AMEND ARTICLE 5, CHAPTER 21, TITLE 46, RELATING TO ANALYSES AND TESTS REGARDING SEEDS AND PLANTS, SO AS TO DELETE REDUNDANT PROVISIONS, TO PROVIDE THAT DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICIALS SHALL HAVE ACCESS TO SEED RECORDS AND SAMPLES, TO PROVIDE THAT SEED RECORDS SHALL BE MAINTAINED FOR TWO YEARS, AND TO CLARIFY WHO IS ENTITLED TO FREE SEED TESTING AT THE STATE SEED LABORATORY; TO AMEND ARTICLE 7, CHAPTER 21, TITLE 46, RELATING TO WITHDRAWAL, CONFISCATION, AND SALE OF SEEDS REGARDING SEEDS AND PLANTS, SO AS TO INCREASE PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS FROM A MAXIMUM OF ONE HUNDRED DOLLARS FOR EACH VIOLATION TO ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS FOR EACH VIOLATION, TO CLARIFY THE ROLE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL IN PROSECUTING VIOLATIONS, AND TO PROVIDE FOR INJUNCTIVE RELIEF TO PREVENT VIOLATIONS; TO AMEND ARTICLE 9, CHAPTER 21, TITLE 46, RELATING TO SEED AND PLANT CERTIFICATION, SO AS TO CLARIFY CLEMSON UNIVERSITY'S SEED AND PLANT CERTIFICATION AUTHORITY; AND TO REPEAL ARTICLE 11, CHAPTER 21, TITLE 46 RELATING TO SEED IRISH POTATOES IN CHARLESTON COUNTY. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Agriculture and Natural Resources. H. 4129 (Word version) -- Reps. Funderburk, Umphlett, Hodges, Clemmons, Whipper, R. L. Brown and Weeks: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 16-11-780 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT IT IS UNLAWFUL TO WILFULLY, KNOWINGLY, OR MALICIOUSLY ENTER UPON THE POSTED LANDS OF ANOTHER OR THE STATE AND INVESTIGATE, DISTURB, OR EXCAVATE A PREHISTORIC OR HISTORIC SITE FOR THE PURPOSE OF DISCOVERING, UNCOVERING, MOVING, REMOVING, OR ATTEMPTING TO REMOVE AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE; TO PROVIDE PENALTIES AND CIVIL REMEDIES; AND TO PROVIDE EXCEPTIONS. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. H. 4340 (Word version) -- Reps. Whitmire and Sandifer: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING ARTICLE 19 TO CHAPTER 23, TITLE 57 SO AS TO DESIGNATE CERTAIN HIGHWAYS IN OCONEE COUNTY AS THE FALLING WATERS SCENIC BYWAY, AND TO MAKE IT SUBJECT TO THE REGULATIONS OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AND THE SOUTH CAROLINA SCENIC HIGHWAYS COMMITTEE. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Transportation. H. 4343 (Word version) -- Reps. Wylie, Harrell, Cooper, Stringer, Merrill, Allen, Allison, Ballentine, Bannister, Bedingfield, Bowen, Cato, Cole, Daning, Dillard, Erickson, Forrester, Gunn, Hamilton, Hardwick, Hearn, Hiott, Horne, Huggins, Kelly, Kirsh, Littlejohn, Loftis, Millwood, Mitchell, Nanney, Norman, Owens, Parker, Scott, G. R. Smith, Sottile, Umphlett, White, Willis, T. R. Young, Lucas, Neilson, Bales, Clemmons, Weeks, Stavrinakis, Hutto and Viers: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 19 TO TITLE 55 SO AS TO ESTABLISH THE SOUTH CAROLINA AIR SERVICE INCENTIVE AND DEVELOPMENT FUND UNDER THE SOUTH CAROLINA AERONAUTICS COMMISSION TO PROVIDE GRANTS TO REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENTITIES OR AIR SERVICE DEVELOPMENT TASK FORCES TO PROVIDE MORE FLIGHT OPTIONS, MORE COMPETITION FOR AIR TRAVEL AND MORE AFFORDABLE AIR FARES FOR THE CITIZENS OF THE REGION AND THIS STATE, AND TO PROVIDE THE SELECTION CRITERIA AND SELECTION PROCESS FOR THESE GRANTS TO BE MADE FROM FUNDS PROVIDED TO OR APPROPRIATED FOR THE FUND BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Transportation. H. 4444 (Word version) -- Rep. Umphlett: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 50-5-1705, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO CATCH LIMITS FOR ESTUARINE AND SALTWATER FINFISH, INCLUDING WEAKFISH CYNOSCION, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON ONLY MAY TAKE OR POSSESS ONE, RATHER THAN TEN, SUCH WEAKFISH IN ANY ONE DAY. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Fish, Game and Forestry. H. 4445 (Word version) -- Reps. Loftis, Norman, Merrill, Hardwick, Erickson, Wylie, Chalk, Stewart, Pinson, Bedingfield, Huggins, Frye, Clemmons, Rice, Parker, G. R. Smith, Lowe, Hiott, Allison, Allen, Anthony, Bales, Ballentine, Bannister, Barfield, Bingham, Bowen, Cato, Cole, Cooper, Crawford, Daning, Delleney, Duncan, Edge, Gambrell, Hamilton, Harrell, Hearn, Horne, Kelly, Limehouse, Littlejohn, Long, Lucas, D. C. Moss, V. S. Moss, Nanney, Owens, M. A. Pitts, Sandifer, Scott, Simrill, D. C. Smith, G. M. Smith, Spires, Stringer, Thompson, Toole, Umphlett, Viers, White, Whitmire, Willis, A. D. Young, T. R. Young and Weeks: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO EXTEND CERTAIN GOVERNMENT APPROVALS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF REAL PROPERTY WITHIN THE STATE. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. H. 4448 (Word version) -- Reps. Sandifer, Agnew, Duncan, M. A. Pitts, Neilson, Brady, Gunn, Lowe, Funderburk, Hardwick, Mitchell, Hearn, Pinson, Bales, Clemmons, Toole, D. C. Moss, Ballentine, Willis, Huggins, Long, Simrill, H. B. Brown, Kirsh, Forrester, Rice, Anderson, D. C. Smith, Nanney, Vick, Stewart, T. R. Young, Bowers, Allen, V. S. Moss, Whitmire, Littlejohn, G. R. Smith, Hayes, Cobb-Hunter, J. R. Smith, Brantley, Gambrell, King, Viers, Bannister, Dillard, Ott, Jefferson, Herbkersman, Allison, Wylie, R. L. Brown, Whipper, Weeks and Hodges: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 58-37-50 SO AS TO AUTHORIZE ELECTRIC COOPERATIVES AND MUNICIPAL ELECTRIC SYSTEMS TO IMPLEMENT FINANCING SYSTEMS FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS, TO GIVE THEM THE AUTHORITY TO FINANCE THE PURCHASE PRICE AND INSTALLATION COST OF ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES, TO PROVIDE FOR THE RECOVERY OF THIS FINANCING THROUGH CHARGES PAID FOR BY THE CUSTOMERS BENEFITTING FROM THE INSTALLATION OF THE ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES, TO PROTECT THE ENTITIES FROM LIABILITY FOR THE INSTALLATION, OPERATION, AND MAINTENANCE OF THESE MEASURES, TO PROVIDE FOR THE INSTALLATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND CONSERVATION MEASURES IN RENTAL PROPERTIES, AND TO PROVIDE A MECHANISM FOR RECOVERY OF THE COSTS OF THESE MEASURES INSTALLED IN RENTAL PROPERTIES; AND TO AMEND SECTION 8-21-310, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE SCHEDULE OF FEES AND COSTS TO BE COLLECTED IN EACH COUNTY BY A CLERK OF COURT, REGISTER OF DEEDS, OR COUNTY TREASURER, SO AS TO ALLOW A FEE BE CHARGED FOR FILING A NOTICE OF A METER CONSERVATION CHARGE. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. H. 4514 (Word version) -- Rep. Cooper: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-44-30, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE FEE IN LIEU OF TAX SIMPLIFICATION ACT, SO AS TO REVISE THE DEFINITION OF "TERMINATION DATE"; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-6-590, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO TREATMENT OF "S" CORPORATIONS FOR TAX PURPOSES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A SPECIFIED AMOUNT OF INCOME TAXES PAID BY RESIDENT AND NONRESIDENT SHAREHOLDERS OF CERTAIN "S" CORPORATIONS MUST BE DEPOSITED INTO A SPECIAL FUND AND DISTRIBUTED BY THE COORDINATING COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AS GRANTS FOR PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE IMPROVEMENTS, WHICH DIRECTLY SUPPORT THE PROJECTS, AND TO PROVIDE FOR GUIDELINES TO ADMINISTER THE FUND AND APPLICATIONS FOR THE GRANTS. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance. H. 4541 (Word version) -- Reps. Whipper, Bowen, Brantley, Hodges, Alexander, Gilliard, Frye, Ott, Spires, Jefferson, Anderson, Govan, Bales, Knight, Chalk, Stavrinakis, Cato, Hutto, Erickson, Allen, Dillard, Harrison, Limehouse, Branham, Harrell, Herbkersman, Hosey, Kennedy, Mack, Miller, V. S. Moss, Rutherford, J. E. Smith, Sottile, Umphlett, Weeks and R. L. Brown: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 1-1-714 SO AS TO DESIGNATE SWEETGRASS AS THE OFFICIAL CRAFT GRASS OF THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. H. 4570 (Word version) -- Reps. Clemmons, Hardwick and Viers: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NAME THE INTERCHANGE LOCATED AT THE INTERSECTION OF UNITED STATES HIGHWAY 17 BYPASS AND SOUTH CAROLINA HIGHWAY 544 IN HORRY COUNTY THE "NELSON JACKSON MEMORIAL INTERCHANGE" AND ERECT APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS AT THIS INTERCHANGE THAT CONTAIN THE WORDS "NELSON JACKSON MEMORIAL INTERCHANGE". The Concurrent Resolution was introduced and referred to the Committee on Transportation. H. 4579 (Word version) -- Rep. Bales: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NAME THE INTERSECTION OF UNITED STATES HIGHWAYS 76 AND 378 WITH LOWER RICHLAND BOULEVARD IN RICHLAND COUNTY "BETTY AND SAM MCGREGOR INTERSECTION" AND ERECT APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS AT THIS INTERSECTION THAT CONTAIN THE WORDS "BETTY AND SAM MCGREGOR INTERSECTION BETTY - 2009 SOUTH CAROLINA AND NATIONAL MOTHER OF THE YEAR". The Concurrent Resolution was introduced and referred to the Committee on Transportation. H. 4585 (Word version) -- Reps. Cooper, Harrell, Hardwick, Hearn, T. R. Young, Horne, Parker, Allison, Umphlett, Wylie, Erickson, Viers, Clemmons, Gunn and Barfield: A JOINT RESOLUTION EXTENDING THE DEADLINE FOR THE DATE OF THE REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA TAXATION REALIGNMENT COMMISSION (TRAC) FROM MARCH 15, 2010, TO NOVEMBER 15, 2010, AND PROVIDING THAT THE COMMISSION'S REPORT WITH REGARD TO AD VALOREM TAXES MAY EXTEND TO ALL CONSTITUTIONAL AND STATUTORY PROVISIONS PERTINENT TO THE IMPOSITION OF AD VALOREM TAXES. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance. H. 4605 (Word version) -- Rep. Huggins: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO DECLARE TUESDAY, MARCH 2, 2010, SOUTH CAROLINA REALTOR DAY IN ORDER TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR THE MANY OUTSTANDING REALTORS AND REAL ESTATE PROFESSIONALS IN OUR STATE. The Concurrent Resolution was introduced and referred to the Committee on Invitations. REPORTS OF STANDING COMMITTEES Senator COURSON from the Committee on Education submitted a majority favorable with amendment and Senator MATTHEWS a minority unfavorable report on: S. 812 (Word version) -- Senators S. Martin, Shoopman, Grooms, Bryant, Bright, Davis and Rose: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 59-63-480 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO ATTENDANCE IN SCHOOLS OF AN ADJACENT COUNTY, TO PROVIDE THAT THE PARENT OR LEGAL GUARDIAN OF THE STUDENT MUST ARRANGE FOR THE STUDENT TO ATTEND THE SCHOOL IN THE ADJACENT COUNTY RATHER THAN THE SCHOOL AUTHORITIES IN THE CHILD'S COUNTY OF RESIDENCE; TO AMEND SECTION 59-63-490, TO PROVIDE THAT THE SCHOOL BOARD OF TRUSTEES FOR THE SCHOOL DISTRICT IN WHICH A CHILD RESIDES MAY NOT PREVENT A STUDENT FROM TRANSFERRING TO AN ADJACENT SCHOOL DISTRICT IF THE RECEIVING SCHOOL DISTRICT APPROVES THE TRANSFER; AND TO REPEAL SECTIONS 59-63-500 AND 59-63-510. Ordered for consideration tomorrow. Senator COURSON from the Committee on Education submitted a favorable report on: S. 1140 (Word version) -- Senator Alexander: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 59-25-480, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO TEACHER DISMISSAL APPEALS, SO AS TO REQUIRE AN APPEAL TO BE MADE TO AN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW COURT; AND TO AMEND SECTION 59-25-520, RELATING TO POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE COURT IN TEACHER DISMISSAL APPEALS, SO AS TO ESTABLISH THE COURT AS THE ADMINISTRATIVE LAW COURT. Ordered for consideration tomorrow. Senator KNOTTS from the Committee on Invitations polled out S. 1209 favorable: S. 1209 (Word version) -- Senator Courson: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO AUTHORIZE PALMETTO GIRLS STATE TO USE THE CHAMBERS OF THE SENATE AND THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ON FRIDAY, JUNE 18, 2010. Poll of the Invitations Committee Polled 11; Ayes 11; Nays 0; Not Voting 0 AYES Alexander Campsen Cromer Elliott Ford Knotts Malloy McGill O'Dell Reese Verdin Total--11 NAYS Total--0 Ordered for consideration tomorrow. Senator COURSON from the Committee on Education submitted a favorable report on: H. 3254 (Word version) -- Reps. Edge, Sellers, Barfield, Kelly, G.M. Smith and Branham: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 59-26-87 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT CERTAIN SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGISTS WHO HAVE RECEIVED NATIONAL CERTIFICATION FROM THE AMERICAN SPEECH-LANGUAGE-HEARING ASSOCIATION AND WHO ARE EMPLOYED IN A SOUTH CAROLINA PUBLIC SCHOOL DISTRICT SHALL RECEIVE A YEARLY INCENTIVE FOR THE LIFE OF THE CERTIFICATION, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THESE INCENTIVES MUST BE PAID FROM FUNDS APPROPRIATED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY FOR THIS PURPOSE IF AVAILABLE. Ordered for consideration tomorrow. Senator COURSON from the Committee on Education polled out H. 4580 favorable: H. 4580 (Word version) -- Rep. Crawford: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO AUTHORIZE PALMETTO BOYS STATE TO USE THE CHAMBERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AND THE SENATE ON FRIDAY, JUNE 18, 2010, FROM 11:30 A.M. TO 1:00 P.M. FOR ITS ANNUAL STATE HOUSE MEETING. Poll of the Invitations Committee Polled 11; Ayes 11; Nays 0; Not Voting 0 AYES Alexander Campsen Cromer Elliott Ford Knotts Malloy McGill O'Dell Reese Verdin Total--11 NAYS Total--0 Ordered for consideration tomorrow. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., March 2, 2010 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has returned the following Bill to the Senate with amendments: S. 19 (Word version) -- Senator Fair: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 59-116-45 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT EVERY POLICE/SECURITY DEPARTMENT SHALL IMPLEMENT POLICIES AND PROCEDURES TO GOVERN THEIR OPERATIONS; TO AMEND SECTIONS 59-116-10, 59-116-20, 59-116-30, 59-116-50, 59-116-60, 59-116-80, 59-116-100, AND 59-116-120, RELATING TO THE ESTABLISHMENT, POWERS, AND OPERATION OF CAMPUS SECURITY DEPARTMENTS, SO AS TO REVISE THE DEFINITION OF THE TERMS "CAMPUS" AND "CAMPUS POLICE OFFICER", AND TO DEFINE THE TERM "CAMPUS SECURITY OFFICER", TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, TO REVISE THE JURISDICTIONAL BOUNDARY OF A CONSTABLE AND SECURITY OFFICER, AND TO REVISE THE MARKINGS THAT MAY APPEAR ON A CAMPUS POLICE OFFICER'S VEHICLE AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE USE OF CAMPUS UNMARKED VEHICLES; AND TO REPEAL SECTION 59-116-70, RELATING TO THE POSTING OF A BOND BY A CAMPUS POLICE OFFICER BEFORE THE ASSUMPTION OF THEIR DUTIES. Respectfully submitted, Speaker of the House The Bill was ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., March 2, 2010 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has returned the following Bill to the Senate with amendments: S. 191 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell, Malloy, Campsen, Sheheen, Rose, Campbell and Knotts: A BILL TO ENACT THE SOUTH CAROLINA REDUCTION OF RECIDIVISM ACT OF 2009, SO AS TO PROVIDE LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS WITH THE STATUTORY AUTHORITY TO REDUCE RECIDIVISM RATES, APPREHEND CRIMINALS AND PROTECT POTENTIAL VICTIMS FROM CRIMINAL ENTERPRISES BY AUTHORIZING WARRANTLESS SEARCHES AND SEIZURES OF PROBATIONERS AND PAROLEES; TO AMEND SECTION 20-7-8305, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE BOARD OF JUVENILE PAROLE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT BEFORE A JUVENILE MAY BE CONDITIONALLY RELEASED, THE JUVENILE MUST AGREE TO BE SUBJECT TO SEARCH OR SEIZURE WITH OR WITHOUT A SEARCH WARRANT AND WITH OR WITHOUT CAUSE; TO AMEND SECTION 20-7-8320, RELATING TO CONDITIONAL RELEASE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE JUVENILE MUST BE SUBJECT TO SEARCH OR SEIZURE WITH OR WITHOUT A SEARCH WARRANT AND WITH OR WITHOUT CAUSE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-19-110, RELATING TO THE PROCEDURE FOR CONDITIONAL RELEASE OF YOUTHFUL OFFENDERS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT BEFORE A YOUTHFUL OFFENDER MAY BE CONDITIONALLY RELEASED, THE YOUTHFUL OFFENDER MUST AGREE TO BE SUBJECT TO SEARCH OR SEIZURE WITH OR WITHOUT A SEARCH WARRANT AND WITH OR WITHOUT CAUSE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-13-710, RELATING TO THE GUIDELINES, ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA, AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A SUPERVISED FURLOUGH PROGRAM, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT BEFORE AN INMATE MAY BE RELEASED ON SUPERVISED FURLOUGH, THE INMATE MUST AGREE TO BE SUBJECT TO SEARCH OR SEIZURE WITH OR WITHOUT A SEARCH WARRANT AND WITH OR WITHOUT CAUSE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-13-720, RELATING TO INMATES WHO MAY BE PLACED WITHIN CERTAIN PROGRAMS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT BEFORE AN INMATE MAY BE RELEASED ON SUPERVISED FURLOUGH, THE INMATE MUST AGREE TO BE SUBJECT TO SEARCH OR SEIZURE WITH OR WITHOUT A SEARCH WARRANT AND WITH OR WITHOUT CAUSE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-13-1330, RELATING TO A COURT INMATE'S AGREEMENT TO TERMS AND CONDITIONS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT BEFORE AN INMATE MAY BE RELEASED ON PAROLE, THE INMATE MUST AGREE TO BE SUBJECT TO SEARCH OR SEIZURE WITH OR WITHOUT A SEARCH WARRANT AND WITH OR WITHOUT CAUSE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-21-410, RELATING TO THE COURT BEING AUTHORIZED TO SUSPEND IMPOSITION OF SENTENCE FOR PROBATION AFTER CONVICTION, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT BEFORE A DEFENDANT MAY BE PLACED ON PROBATION, THE DEFENDANT MUST AGREE TO BE SUBJECT TO SEARCH OR SEIZURE WITH OR WITHOUT A SEARCH WARRANT BASED ON REASONABLE SUSPICIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 24-21-430, RELATING TO THE CONDITIONS OF PROBATION, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE CONDITIONS IMPOSED MUST INCLUDE THE REQUIREMENT THAT THE PROBATIONER MUST PERMIT SEARCH OR SEIZURE WITH OR WITHOUT A SEARCH WARRANT BASED ON REASONABLE SUSPICIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 24-21-560, RELATING TO COMMUNITY SUPERVISION PROGRAMS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE CONDITIONS OF PARTICIPATION MUST INCLUDE THE REQUIREMENT THAT THE OFFENDER MUST PERMIT SEARCH OR SEIZURE WITH OR WITHOUT A SEARCH WARRANT BASED ON REASONABLE SUSPICIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 24-21-640, RELATING TO THE CIRCUMSTANCES WARRANTING PAROLE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT BEFORE AN INMATE MAY BE RELEASED ON PAROLE, THE INMATE MUST AGREE TO SEARCH AND SEIZURE WITH OR WITHOUT A SEARCH WARRANT AND WITH OR WITHOUT CAUSE; AND TO AMEND SECTION 24-21-645, RELATING TO THE ORDER AUTHORIZING PAROLE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE CONDITIONS OF PAROLE MUST INCLUDE THE REQUIREMENT THAT THE PAROLEE MUST PERMIT SEARCH OR SEIZURE WITH OR WITHOUT A SEARCH WARRANT AND WITH OR WITHOUT CAUSE. Respectfully submitted, Speaker of the House The Bill was ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow. THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED LOCAL AND STATEWIDE CALENDAR. The following Bills were read the third time and ordered sent to the House of Representatives: S. 1131 (Word version) -- Senators Peeler and Coleman: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 4-29-67, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS REQUIRING A FEE IN LIEU OF PROPERTY TAXES AGREEMENT, SO AS TO ADD CERTAIN DEFINITIONS, TO FURTHER PROVIDE FOR THE MINIMUM LEVEL OF INVESTMENT FOR A QUALIFIED NUCLEAR PLANT FACILITY, TO PROVIDE FOR THE TIMELINE WHEN THE SPONSOR MUST ENTER INTO AN INITIAL LEASE AGREEMENT WITH THE COUNTY IN REGARD TO A QUALIFIED NUCLEAR PLANT FACILITY, AND THE TIMELINES WHEN THE SPONSOR MUST MEET MINIMUM INVESTMENT REQUIREMENTS IN THE CASE OF A QUALIFIED NUCLEAR PLANT FACILITY AND PLACE THE PROJECT INTO SERVICE; TO AMEND SECTION 12-44-30, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS IN REGARD TO THE FEE IN LIEU OF TAX SIMPLIFICATION ACT, SO AS TO REVISE CERTAIN DEFINITIONS AND ADD CERTAIN DEFINITIONS; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-44-40, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE REQUIRED FEE AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE SPONSOR AND THE COUNTY UNDER THE FEE IN LIEU OF TAX SIMPLIFICATION ACT, SO AS TO PROVIDE THE TIME WITHIN WHICH A SPONSOR HAS TO ENTER INTO A FEE AGREEMENT IN REGARD TO A QUALIFIED NUCLEAR PLANT FACILITY. Senator O'DELL explained the Bill. S. 1131--Recorded Vote Senators RYBERG and BRYANT desired to be recorded as voting in favor of the third reading of the Bill. S. 948 (Word version) -- Senator Verdin: A BILL TO REPEAL SECTION 47-9-65 OF THE 1976 CODE, AS ADDED BY ACT 75 OF 2009, RELATING TO POLO HORSE DRUG COMPOUNDS. S. 948--Recorded Vote Senators RYBERG and BRYANT desired to be recorded as voting in favor of the third reading of the Bill. S. 1023 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell, Rose and Knotts: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 27, TITLE 46 OF THE 1976 CODE OF LAWS, BY ADDING SECTION 46-27-55 TO PERMIT A VENISON PROCESSOR THAT IS AN OFFICIAL ESTABLISHMENT CERTIFIED BY THE STATE LIVESTOCK-POULTRY HEALTH COMMISSION OR THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TO SELL OR UTILIZE CERTAIN DEER PARTS FOR PET FOOD; AND TO AMEND SECTION 50-11-1910(A) TO PERMIT A VENISON PROCESSOR TO SELL CERTAIN DEER PARTS TO BE UTILIZED AS PET FOOD. S. 1023--Recorded Vote Senators RYBERG and BRYANT desired to be recorded as voting in favor of the third reading of the Bill. The following Bill, having been read the second time, was ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar: S. 964 (Word version) -- Senator Pinckney: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 59-53-2410, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO TECHNICAL COLLEGE ENTERPRISE CAMPUS AUTHORITIES, SO AS TO CREATE THE TECHNICAL COLLEGE OF THE LOWCOUNTRY ENTERPRISE CAMPUS AUTHORITY. S. 1116 (Word version) -- Senators Fair and Anderson: A BILL TO EXPAND THE AUTHORITY OF THE RENEWABLE WATER RESOURCES OF GREENVILLE COUNTY, ORIGINALLY CREATED AS THE GREATER GREENVILLE SEWER DISTRICT PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ACT 362 OF 1925, TO USE THE BY-PRODUCTS OF WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES FOR ALTERNATE ENERGY PRODUCTION. Senator THOMAS asked unanimous consent to take the Bill up for immediate consideration. There was no objection. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill. Senator THOMAS proposed the following amendment (AGM\19893AB10), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, SECTION 2, page 1, line 37, by inserting / wholesale / after / sell /. Amend the bill further, SECTION 2, page 1, line 37, by inserting / wholesale / after / electricity, /. Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator THOMAS explained the amendment. There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading. S. 1116--Ordered to a Third Reading On motion of Senator THOMAS, S. 1116 was ordered to receive a third reading on Wednesday, March 3, 2010. OBJECTIONS S. 913 (Word version) -- Senators Land and Elliott: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 47-5-60 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO PET INOCULATION AGAINST RABIES, TO RAISE THE MAXIMUM FEE ALLOWED TO BE CHARGED FROM THREE TO SIX DOLLARS. Senator KNOTTS objected to further consideration of the Bill. S. 642 (Word version) -- Senators Alexander and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND ARTICLE 31, CHAPTER 5, TITLE 56, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 56-5-3890 TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON UNDER THE AGE OF EIGHTEEN MAY NOT OPERATE A MOTOR VEHICLE WHILE USING A CELL PHONE OR OTHER WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS DEVICE AND TO PROVIDE FOR PENALTIES AND EXCEPTIONS. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the previously proposed amendment. Senator MALLOY spoke on the amendment. Senator SHANE MARTIN objected to further consideration of the Bill. CARRIED OVER On motion of Senator THOMAS, the Bill was carried over. H. 3841 (Word version)--Reps. Owens, Cooper, Skelton, Sottile, J.M. Neal, R.L. Brown, Simrill, Battle, Govan, Barfield, Gullick, Stavrinakis, Hutto, Jefferson, Umphlett, Daning, Kirsh, Knight, Williams, Merrill, Weeks, Whipper, Mack, G.M. Smith, Lowe, Clemmons, Gilliard, Sellers, Erickson, Willis, Wylie, Mitchell, Stewart, Gunn, Vick, Harrell and J.R. Smith: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ENACTING THE "TECHNICAL COLLEGE ADMINISTRATIVE EFFICIENCIES ACT OF 2009" TO REQUIRE THE STATE BOARD FOR TECHNICAL AND COMPREHENSIVE EDUCATION TO ESTABLISH A TIERED SYSTEM FOR CATEGORIZING TECHNICAL COLLEGES; BY ADDING SECTION 2-47-70, TO ALLOW TECHNICAL COLLEGES TO ENTER INTO ONE OR MORE LEASE AGREEMENTS; BY ADDING SECTION 6-1-137 TO ALLOW TECHNICAL COLLEGES TO BE A PART OF CERTAIN CONTRACTS MADE BY COUNTIES, MUNICIPALITIES, OR SCHOOL DISTRICTS; TO AMEND SECTION 2-47-50, RELATING TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PERMANENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS BY THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD, TO PROVIDE FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT AND AUTHORIZATION OF PERMANENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS, AND TO PROVIDE THAT A TECHNICAL COLLEGE MAY NOT ADVERTISE AND INTERVIEW FOR PROJECT ARCHITECTURAL AND ENGINEERING SERVICES WITHOUT PRIOR APPROVAL OF THE ARCHITECTURAL AND ENGINEERING PHASE OF A PERMANENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT; TO AMEND SECTION 2-65-30, RELATING TO RECEIPT AND EXPENDITURE OF UNANTICIPATED FUNDS, TO EXCLUDE TECHNICAL COLLEGES FROM STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD REVIEW OF EXPENDITURE PROPOSALS; AND TO AMEND SECTION 8-11-35, RELATING TO SALARY PAYMENT SCHEDULES, TO PROVIDE THAT THE STATE BOARD FOR TECHNICAL AND COMPREHENSIVE EDUCATION MAY APPROVE ALTERNATIVE SALARY PAYMENT SCHEDULES FOR TECHNICAL COLLEGE EMPLOYEES. (ABBREVIATED TITLE) On motion of Senator COURSON, the Bill was carried over. THE CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED CALENDAR HAVING BEEN COMPLETED, THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE MOTION PERIOD. On motion of Senator McCONNELL, with unanimous consent, the Senate agreed to go into Executive Session prior to adjournment. On motion of Senator LARRY MARTIN, the Senate agreed to dispense with the Motion Period. EXECUTIVE SESSION On motion of Senator McCONNELL, with unanimous consent, the Senate agreed to go into Executive Session and, upon lifting of the veil of secrecy, stand in recess. On motion of Senator McCONNELL, the seal of secrecy was removed, and the Senate stood adjourned. On motion of Senators LARRY MARTIN, O'DELL, ALEXANDER and BRYANT, with unanimous consent, the Senate stood adjourned out of respect to the memory of Dr. Don Garrison of Pickens County, S.C., who passed away Saturday, February 27, 2010. Dr. Garrison served as the distinguished former President of Tri-County Technical College for over 30 years and was a leader of the development of the technical college system in South Carolina.	2014-09-22T22:32:48	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4169234335422516, "perplexity": 10344.164738451609}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657137698.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011217-00181-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10316647-modelling-effect-rain-aerodynamic-performance-ahmed-body	Modelling Effect of Rain on Aerodynamic Performance of the Ahmed Body Flow around the Ahmed body is a well-recognized benchmark test case used by the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) community for model validation of automobiles. Even though the geometry of the Ahmed body is simple, the flow field around the object is complex due to flow separation and vortex shedding. In this paper, a Discrete Phase Model (DPM) based computational methodology is presented to estimate the effect of rain on aerodynamic performance and is validated with the experimental data that is available in the literature for the NACA64-210 wing section under different rain intensities. With this validated model, we have investigated the Ahmed body under low and high rain intensities for base slant angles of 25 and 35 degrees. The computed drag coefficient for the Ahmed body under rain conditions, are compared with the experimental data from aerodynamic analysis of the Ahmed body without rain, to evaluate the rain effect. Authors: ; ; ; Award ID(s): Publication Date: NSF-PAR ID: 10316647 Journal Name: AIAA SCITECH 2022 Forum 2. Characterization of the thermal gradients within supersonic and hypersonic flows is essential for understanding transition, turbulence, and aerodynamic heating. Developments in novel, impactful non-intrusive techniques are key for enabling flow characterizations of sufficient detail that provide experimental validation datasets for computational simulations. In this work, Resonantly Ionized Photoemission Thermometry (RIPT) signals are directly imaged using an ICCD camera to realize the techniques 1D measurement capability for the first time. The direct imaging scheme presented for oxygen-based RIPT (O2RIPT) uses the previously established calibration data to direct excite various resonant rotational peaks within the S-branch of theC3Π, (v = 2) ← X3Σ(v = 0) absorption band of O2. The efficient ionization of O2liberates electrons that induce electron avalanche ionization of local N2molecules generating N2+, which primarily deexcites via photoemissions of the first negative band of$N2+(B2Σ<#comment/>u+−<#comment/>X2Σ<#comment/>g+)$. When sufficient lasing energy is used, the ionization region and subsequent photoemission signal is achieved along a 1D line thus, if directly imaged can allow for gas temperature assignments along said line; demonstrated here of up to five centimeters in length. The temperature gradients present within the ensuing shock train of a supersonic under expanded free jet serves as a basis of characterizationmore »	2023-03-23T17:10:08	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 1, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.44765615463256836, "perplexity": 2559.7454989963894}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945182.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323163125-20230323193125-00513.warc.gz"}
https://www.peertechzpublications.com/articles/JSSR-7-231.php	ISSN: 2455-2968 ##### Journal of Surgery and Surgical Research Research article Open Access Peer-Reviewed # The medical liability litigation industry and how to defeat it - A challenge for management science ### Howard N Smith* University of Maryland, USA *Corresponding author:Howard N Smith, MD, MHA, University of Maryland, USA, Tel: 301-530-5113; E-mail: [email protected] Received: 19 February, 2021 \|Accepted: 24 February, 2021 \| Published: 25 February, 2021 Cite this as Smith HN (2021) The medical liability litigation industry and how to defeat it - A challenge for management science. J Surg Surgical Res 7(1): 026-031. DOI: 10.17352/2455-2968.000131 Suspicion of fault is toxic to a trusting relationship between physicians and patients. It is even more toxic to the interest of justice. A medical liability litigation industry rises from this suspicion of fault and prospers at the expense of physicians, patients and justice. Lawyers are part of the medical liability litigation industry; so, too, are expert witnesses, who are also physicians. Byrom vs. Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center is illustrative of the impact of suspicion of fault. Inductive reasoning is the conventional way lawsuits are argued. It is the critical success factor used by lawyers and expert witnesses on both sides to showcase their most favorable evidence. However, deductive reasoning is also an acceptable form of legal reasoning. It is completely consistent with the ethical requirement of doctors acting in the capacity of medical experts to remain objective. It analyzes all evidence, favorable or not. Although organized medicine has authority over doctors who are expert witnesses, until now, it does nothing to hold expert witnesses accountable to ethical obligations. The consequences are verdicts like that of Byrom vs Johns Hopkins. Healthcare management science offers a solution to this dilemma. A methodology of deductive reasoning, which is used as a best practice for medical experts, is a means to hold experts accountable to the highest principles of jurisprudence and professional ethics and separates experts from the interests of the medical liability litigation industry. ##### Suspicion of fault and the medical liablity litigation industry Medical interventions are not without adverse outcomes. Some may be random; however, some are medical errors. Whether motivated by actual negligence or the suspicion of it, there are 46,000 malpractice suits filed every year [1]. Twice as many claims are opened but not filed. As a result, a medical liability litigation industry evolves in the United States. There are 600 plaintiff firms [2], 700 defense firms [3], 60 medical professional liability companiesm [4], 50 expert witness referral services [5], thousands of medical expert witnesses, 80 special interest groups [6], the American Rule [7], and over 100 tort reforms [8], state and federal. Commerce from the suspicion of fault is at the expense of the patient/doctor relationship. It increases the costs of defensive medicine and liability insurance [9]. It, also, is costly to the interest of justice. Fundamental to justice is the burden of proof [10]. The burden of proof does not prove cause and effect; rather, it is the means to provide sufficient confidence as to warrant a probability relating cause and effect. In a malpractice case, it is a preponderance of evidence, which corresponds to more likely than not and has a threshold for probability of 50% plus an ill-defined quantum. For some lawyers, the burden of proof is only 50.01% probability. However, it could be 95% probability depending on how the threshold for quantum is set. When quantum is a low bar, exploiting the suspicion of fault is more likely. ##### Byrom Vs Bayview medical center – A case presentation Byrom vs. Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center [11], a malpractice case decided on July 1, 2019, illustrates this phenomenon. In October 2014, 16-year-old Erica Byrom starts prenatal care when 23 weeks pregnant. Two weeks later, when 25 weeks, she is admitted to Bayview Hospital for severe pre-eclampsia. Aside from her life being endangered, there are concerns about a poor fetal prognosis. Labor is induced. There is a vaginal delivery of a 670-gram female infant. In the following days, the mother recovers from pre-eclampsia and the very low birth-weight premature infant survives. Later, it is diagnosed with brain damage, microcephaly and cerebral palsy. ### Inductive reasoning The suspicion of fault inevitably leads to a legal action. To proceed, attorneys need medical experts to review the claim and prepare a report or affidavit of merit, which serves as the bases of pleadings. Inductive reasoning is how experts proof their hypothesis of a case. It is equivalent to pulling a coin out of a bag and generalizing that all coins in the bag are the same. In a malpractice lawsuit, the bag is the general principle that, except for the background risk, the standard of care always results in a favorable outcome. (Figure 1) The coin the plaintiff pulls is an observation that the fetus is normal before admission to Bayview Hospital. Plaintiff attorneys [12] retain several expert witnesses. From medical records, they conclude that, before admission to Bayview Hospital, all evidence points to a normal fetus. Defendant doctors misinterpret sonograms obtained at Bayview Hospital as consistent with a poor prognosis for the fetus, disregarding that, 2 weeks earlier, a sonogram is normal. These experts do not dispute the findings of sonograms at Bayview, but explain them as common in pre-eclampsia. The pre-eclampsia is only a problem for few days, not nearly long enough to cause the brain damage occurring before admission as alleged by the defense. Those sonographic findings are, in fact, fetal indications for cesarean section. Doctors misinform Erica Byrom when she agrees to discontinue electronic fetal monitoring. The tipping point is fetal distress during induction, which is undiagnosed. Because the standard of care for preeclampsia at 25 weeks is induction of labor and cesarean section for maternal and fetal indications, more likely than not, these doctors depart from the standard of care and, if not for them, this child would be normal today. (Figure 2) The coin the defense pulls is an observation that the fetus is not normal before admission. Defense attorneys [13] retain several expert witnesses. From medical records, they conclude that, before admission to Bayview Hospital, all evidence points to an abnormal fetus. No prenatal care for 23 weeks, low amniotic fluid indices, placental insufficiency, fetal growth restriction, absent end-diastolic umbilical artery blood flow and chlamydia, are all caused by circumstances occurring before October 19, 2014, when admitted to Bayview Hospital. Assertions that the fetus is normal until 25 weeks, never address these circumstances. Erica Byrom understands there is between 65% and 100% probability that brain damage already exists and decisions are completely informed. Therefore, more likely than not, there is no departure from the standard of care. If not for these circumstances, this child would be normal today. Neither argument stands out in stark contrast. Because a threshold for the burden of proof is no greater than more likely than not and because inductive reasoning does not test confidence in either hypothesis, the chance of accepting the wrong hypothesis is high. On July 1, 2019, the jury returns a verdict in favor of the plaintiff [14] — $229-million, the largest ever recorded in the United States. ##### Lessons learned from Byrom Vs Bayview medical center Two question remain. First, what does inductive reasoning miss? Logic requires that, if sonographic findings relate to brain damage before admission to Bayview Hospital, there must be some cause before admission. That cause, however, is missing. Looking closer, eleven words appear in medical records and even in the pleadings [15] “Ms. Byron had recently arrived in the United States from Liberia.” These words are the missing link, and, except for oblique references to circumstances occurring before admission to the hospital, jurors remain in the dark about these 11 words when they render their verdict. Without reconciling these 11 words, Byrom vs Bayview Hospital may be a miscarriage of justice and the$229-million verdict is the economic consequence of the suspicion of fault. Second, if inductive reasoning does not silence these words, what does? Undoubtedly, Erica Byron knows about these words. She is the source. Two perinatologists and a neonatologist at Bayview Hospital know about these words. They hear them from Erica Byrom. Medical experts know about these words. They see them in the medical record. Both plaintiff and defense lawyers know about these words. They hire the experts. Oddly, Erica Byrom is never called to testify. The defendants are never questioned about these words during trial. Except for a report by Dr. Corrine Leach, no expert ever refers to these words. Oddly still, plaintiff attorneys include these words in pleadings. The words contradict the merits of the claim and the judge hears the pleadings. The judge has the discretion to enforce Rule 11 of Federal Rules for Civil Procedures [16], which deals with claims that have no merit, but does nothing. It is as if these words do not exist. After trial, in a press conference, a spokesperson for Johns Hopkins reveals that discussion of some details is limited by federal law [17]. Because Erica Byrom’s immigration status is, arguably, prejudicial, Rule 403 of Federal Rules of Evidence is the likely candidate [18]. Evoking rule 403 in a pretrial proceeding would suppress discussion of details that are unfair and prejudicial. A legal maneuver silences these words. This bates a third question. Can anything defeat this maneuver? The answer is yes. However, the problem with a motion sustained by a judge is the judge has final authority. A mistrial is denied; a new trial is denied and all parties are bound to the judge’s ruling. ##### Deductive reasoning While this maneuver can be defeated, a better strategy is to preempt it. Deductive reasoning preempts this maneuver. Deductive reasoning is a carefully designed method of management science. It is analogous to submitting all the contents of the bag to a methodical quantitative analysis, dismissing nothing. By following the rules, two different conclusions are still possible, but the rules are transparent and any distortion is exposed. It also provides the means to warrant a probability relating cause and effect, but, by maximizing the threshold for quantum in preponderance of evidence, there is greater confidence and a wrong conclusion is less likely (Figure 3). In step one, the treatment in question and the standard of care are divided into 10 phases corresponding to duties that arise between a patient’s first and last encounters with Bayview Hospital. Each phase of the treatment in question is compared to its counterpart in the standard of care, which is the benchmark. The Presentation Phase is the duty to disclose all risk factors relevant to the initial encounter at Bayview Hospital. The 11 words are the key to risk factors. These risk factors are: (1) Erica Byrom arrives from Liberia in August 2014, when already 17 weeks pregnant. (2) In Liberia [19], substandard prenatal care and teen pregnancies are public health crises. (3) Endemic in Liberia are certain sexually transmitted diseases associated with fetal brain damage. It is indisputable that Erica Byrom is a teenager. While in Liberia, she receives no prenatal care. After arriving from Liberia, she is diagnosed with a sexually transmitted disease. When considering other observation, these give credence to warrant a 65% to 100% probability that fetal brain damage exists before admission. Step 2 is the essence of deductive reasoning. Both types of reasoning affirm that even the standard of care results in an adverse outcome. This is the background risk. Unlike inductive reasoning, deductive reasoning directly employs the background risk in the methodology. The background risk for brain damage in a premature newborn less than 1000 grams is 15.2% [20]. This 15.2% is absolutely unpreventable. Because the standard of care cannot exceed the background risk of 15.2%, the risk in any phase in the standard of care is always 15.2%. This corresponds to a relative risk of 1.0, which serves as the benchmark to which any increase in risk is added. The correlation between cause and effect depends on the difference between each of the 10 phases in the treatment in question and their counterparts in the standard of care. Any difference results in a Risk of Harm (ROH), which is a calculation of the increase in risk that could have been avoided had the standard care for that phase been implemented instead. How risk of harm is determined depends on each individual case. In Byrom vs Bayview Hospital, all phase of both the standard of care and treatment in question are impacted by those 11 words. The only variance is between the Technical Phases. The Technical phase in treatment in question is the discontinuation of electronic fetal monitoring and the exclusion of fetal indications for cesarean section. Because the likelihood of brain damage is determined to be, at least, 65%, there is a 35% likelihood of averting brain damage by continuous electronic fetal monitoring and a cesarean section for fetal indications, which is the Technical phase in the standard of care. Risk of harm=35%÷65%=0.53 8, which corresponds to a 53.8% increase in the relative risk. The nine other phases of the treatment in question have risks of harm of 0 (Figure 4). Risk of harm for any phase in the treatment in question incrementally increases the relative risk over the benchmark (1.0). Therefore, the relative risk for any phase in the treatment in question equals 1.0 plus the risk of harm of that phase. Nine phases in the treatment in question have relative risks of 1.0 and the Technical Phase, has a relative risk of 1.538. Step 2 concludes with the observed risk. The product of the relative risk for any phase in the treatment in question and the background risk is the observed risk of that phase. Nine phases in the treatment in question have observed risks of 15.2% and the Technical phase has an observed risk of 23.38%. These are the dependent variables that show how closely related the entire treatment in question is to the brain damage. In step 3, the null hypothesis, which is the treatment in question comports with the standard of care, is tested with the one sample t-test [21]. The one sample t-test is best suited for analysis in medical malpractice because there is only one sample to be tested against a known population. In Byrom vs. Bayview Hospital, all ten observed risks for the treatment in question are the sample being tested against the standard of care which represents the background risk for brain damage in the general population of all premature infant under 1000 grams. Testing the null hypothesis shows, with 95% confidence (level of significance or α=0.05), whether the brain damage is more closely related to the standard of care or more closely related to the treatment in question. The result is the p-value. If greater than or equal to α, 0.05, the null hypothesis is retained; if less than 0.05, the null hypothesis is rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis, which is the treatment in question departs from the standard of care. In Byrom vs. Bayview Hospital the p-value=0.171718. The treatment in question comports with the standard of care and the brain damage would have occurred in any event. The null hypothesis is retained. Step 4 is the final report. Ultimately, this is the most important evidence in a malpractice case. Using deductive reasoning, the report either affirms or rejects the null hypothesis and certifies that the opinion has been tested for validity with a specified level of significance of 0.05, which corresponds to 95% confidence in the results and only a 5% risk of rejecting a true null hypothesis. This report is prepared even before pleadings are filed and answered; therefore if a judge later rules that certain details cannot be discussed, the cat is out of the bag and cannot be put back. This is how the maneuver is preempted. ### Conclusions – What gets measured gets managed In Byrom vs Bayview Hospital, the maneuver is a victory for plaintiff attorneys. For the judge, however, the maneuver is a mistake. The purpose of a Court of Appeals is to remedy such mistakes. On February 2, 2021, in a unanimous decision, the Maryland Court of Special Appeals overturns Byrom vs. Bayview Hospital [22]. Overturning this case on an appeal affirms everything thus far discussed. This is how the maneuver is defeated but it takes 16 months and the harm has been done. The medical liability litigation industry, including attorneys and expert witnesses, remains untouched. It is widely acknowledged that there is a problem in medical malpractice litigation. Tort reforms seek to lessen the impact of suspicion of fault and, thereby, address the problem. They do so by measuring and managing financial incentives in lawsuits, such as, punitive damages, the incomes doctors earn as expert witnesses, contingency fees, collateral sources and joint and severable liability, but they do little else. However, management science would pinpoint a focus more critical than these. That critical focus is the expert witness. As physicians, they have the most influence on the suspicion of fault. The law requires of experts onus probandi, a burden of proof having no less than 50% probability plus a quantum. There is another requirement - primum non nocere. Above all else, do no harm. As yet, the significance of this dictum is unappreciated in medical malpractice; however, it effectually raises the threshold of quantum for medical experts. It does so because of two indisputable facts: (1) Ethical standards expressly require medical experts to be objective [23]. (2) As physicians, medical experts are accountable to this dictum. The ethical obligation of medical experts would supersede any legal maneuver. Yet, in the Byrom case, experts cooperate. This cannot happen with deductive reasoning. It is not that deductive reasoning is infallible. but its greatest asset is it is objective. As shown in the aforementioned model, these 11 words are necessarily examined as a matter of process. When an expert uses this model of deductive reasoning, the Presentation phase precludes intentionally dismissing these 11 words. An effort to deny any association with Liberia would require an inconceivable distortion of the Presentation phase in the standard of care. Attempting to do so is inexcusable misconduct and causes immeasurable harm. Given a requirement to be objective and given deductive reasoning is objective, it follows that, to prevent another verdict like Byrom vs. Bayview Hospital, organized medicine needs only to adopt deductive reasoning as a best practice for all medical experts. Once a standard, unlike experts in Byrom vs Bayview Hospital, if experts are again faced with a choice between a legal maneuver and an ethical duty, they will recuse themselves because cooperating with the maneuver is answerable to the medical profession. Any resulting disciplinary action has profound consequences. Essentially, deductive reasoning measures and manages quantum in the burden of proof and, by so doing, it manages medical experts. There is no legislation, no political posturing, no Court of Special Appeals and no need to seek the agreement or approval of the medical liability litigation industry. 1. Belk D (2020) True cost of healthcare . Malpractice Statistics. Link: http://bit.ly/3dINeTY 2. Best Lawyers for Medical Malpractice Law -Plainfiffs in America (2020) Best Lawyers. Best Legal Malpractice Law - Plaintiffs Lawyers in America. Best Lawyers. Link: http://bit.ly/2P9XASN 3. Best Lawfirms for Medical Malpractice Law – Defendants (2020) US News. Best Law Firms for Medical Malpractice Law – Defendants. (usnews.com). Link: http://bit.ly/3utLoMM 4. Member Directory (2020) Medical Professional Liability Association. Member Directory (mplassociation.org). Link: http://bit.ly/3dLls9I 5. Ryskamp DA (2020) Why you should work with an expert witness referral service. Expert Institute. Why You Should Work With An Expert Witness Referral Service (expertinstitute.com). Link: http://bit.ly/3pSXmw7 6. Doroshow J (2017) Over 80 national and state organizations ask US House to reject bill limiting patient’s rights. Center for Justice and Democracy. Group Letter to U.S. House of Representatives Opposing Med Mal Nursing Home Drug Bill centerjd.org. link: http://bit.ly/3pTT1IK 7. Luebsdorf J (2019) Does the American Rule promote access to justice? Duke Law Journal. Does The American Rule Promote Access to Justice? Was That Why It Was Adopted? \| Duke Law Journal. Link: http://bit.ly/3kky88s 8. The American Tort Reform Association American Tort Reform Association - ATRA. Link: http://bit.ly/2ZOKFI8 9. Hauser MJ, Commons ML, Bursztajn HJ, Gutheil TG (2020) Fear of malpractice liability and its role in clinical decision making. PIPATI. Fear of Malpractice Liability and its Role in Clinical Decision Making (pipatl.org). Link: http://bit.ly/37K0Cnb 10. Crisler R (2020) The burden of proof in medical liability cases: a preponderance of evidence. AAOS Bulletin. Link: http://bit.ly/2NBOP3q 11. Ep 032, Great Trial Podcast. Link: http://bit.ly/3r59hrK 12. Plaintiff closing argument. Transcripts of official proceedings. Static 1 SquareSpace. Com. 5 -20 and 52-70. Link: https://bit.ly/3qSVrbT 13. Defense closing argument. Transcripts of official proceedings. Static 1 SquareSpace. Com. 20-52. Link: https://bit.ly/3qSVrbT 14. Verdict sheet. Static 1 Square Space. Com 48-49. Link: https://bit.ly/3kn3vzo 15. Complaint and demand for jury trial. Static 1 Square Space.Com. 5 ln. 27. Link: https://bit.ly/3kkwVhq 16. Federal rules of civil procedure. The Committee on the Judiciary House of Representatives. Link: https://bit.ly/3uu9Sp3 17. Murphy J (2020) Mind-boggling medical malpractice claims. MDLinx. Link: https://bit.ly/3sCZNVp 18. Federal rules of evidence. The Committee on the Judiciary House of Representatives. Link: https://bit.ly/3uuiOuO 19. Blackstone SR (2020) Evaluating antenatal care in Liberia: evidence from demographic and health survey. Women Health 59: 1141-1154. Link: http://bit.ly/3pPIz51 20. Robertson MTC, Watt MJ, Yasui Y (2007) Changes in the prevalence of cerebral palsy for children born very prematurely within a population-bases program over 30 years. JAMA 297: 2733-2740. Link: http://bit.ly/3bBjCoT 21. Single sample t-test calculator. Social Science Statistics (2020). Link: http://bit.ly/3klFicI 22. McKenna O (2021) Maryland Court of Special Appeals overturns \$205 million birth injury verdict against Johns Hopkins Bayview - Baltimore Sun. Link: http://bit.ly/2NW0yJW 23. Guidelines on the ethical conduct of the expert witness. ACLM. Link: https://bit.ly/3qWEbCW © 2021 Smith HN. et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. ## Article Alerts Subscribe to our articles alerts and stay tuned. 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https://phys.libretexts.org/TextBooks_and_TextMaps/College_Physics/Book%3A_Conceptual_Physics_(Crowell)/10%3A_Fields/10.5%3A_LRC_Circuits	$$\require{cancel}$$ # 10.5: LRC Circuits The long road leading from the light bulb to the computer started with one very important step: the introduction of feedback into electronic circuits. Although the principle of feedback has been understood and and applied to mechanical systems for centuries, and to electrical ones since the early twentieth century, for most of us the word evokes an image of Jimi Hendrix (or some more recent guitar hero) intentionally creating earsplitting screeches, or of the school principal doing the same inadvertently in the auditorium. In the guitar example, the musician stands in front of the amp and turns it up so high that the sound waves coming from the speaker come back to the guitar string and make it shake harder. This is an example of positive feedback: the harder the string vibrates, the stronger the sound waves, and the stronger the sound waves, the harder the string vibrates. The only limit is the power-handling ability of the amplifier. Negative feedback is equally important. Your thermostat, for example, provides negative feedback by kicking the heater off when the house gets warm enough, and by firing it up again when it gets too cold. This causes the house's temperature to oscillate back and forth within a certain range. Just as out-of-control exponential freak-outs are a characteristic behavior of positive-feedback systems, oscillation is typical in cases of negative feedback. You have already studied negative feedback extensively in section 3.3 in the case of a mechanical system, although we didn't call it that. ### 10.5.1 Capacitance and inductance In a mechanical oscillation, energy is exchanged repetitively between potential and kinetic forms, and may also be siphoned off in the form of heat dissipated by friction. In an electrical circuit, resistors are the circuit elements that dissipate heat. What are the electrical analogs of storing and releasing the potential and kinetic energy of a vibrating object? When you think of energy storage in an electrical circuit, you are likely to imagine a battery, but even rechargeable batteries can only go through 10 or 100 cycles before they wear out. In addition, batteries are not able to exchange energy on a short enough time scale for most applications. The circuit in a musical synthesizer may be called upon to oscillate thousands of times a second, and your microwave oven operates at gigahertz frequencies. Instead of batteries, we generally use capacitors and inductors to store energy in oscillating circuits. Capacitors, which you've already encountered, store energy in electric fields. An inductor does the same with magnetic fields. #### Capacitors A capacitor's energy exists in its surrounding electric fields. It is proportional to the square of the field strength, which is proportional to the charges on the plates. If we assume the plates carry charges that are the same in magnitude, $$+q$$ and $$-q$$, then the energy stored in the capacitor must be proportional to $$q^2$$. For historical reasons, we write the constant of proportionality as $$1/2C$$, $\begin{equation} U_C = \frac{1}{2C}q^2 . \end{equation}$ The constant $$C$$ is a geometrical property of the capacitor, called its capacitance. a / The symbol for a capacitor. b / Some capacitors. Based on this definition, the units of capacitance must be coulombs squared per joule, and this combination is more conveniently abbreviated as the farad, $$1\ \text{F}=1\ \text{C}^2/\text{J}$$. “Condenser” is a less formal term for a capacitor. Note that the labels printed on capacitors often use MF to mean $$\mu\text{F}$$, even though MF should really be the symbol for megafarads, not microfarads. Confusion doesn't result from this nonstandard notation, since picofarad and microfarad values are the most common, and it wasn't until the 1990's that even millifarad and farad values became available in practical physical sizes. Figure a shows the symbol used in schematics to represent a capacitor. Example 18: A parallel-plate capacitor $$\triangleright$$ Suppose a capacitor consists of two parallel metal plates with area $$A$$, and the gap between them is $$h$$. The gap is small compared to the dimensions of the plates. What is the capacitance? $$\triangleright$$ Since the plates are metal, the charges on each plate are free to move, and will tend to cluster themselves more densely near the edges due to the mutual repulsion of the other charges in the same plate. However, it turns out that if the gap is small, this is a small effect, so we can get away with assuming uniform charge density on each plate. The result of example 14 then applies, and for the region between the plates, we have $$E=4\pi k\sigma=4\pi kq/ A$$ and $$U_{e} = (1/8\pi k) E^2 Ah$$. Substituting the first expression into the second, we find $$U_{e}=2\pi kq^2 h/ A$$. Comparing this to the definition of capacitance, we end up with $$C= A/4\pi kh$$. #### Inductors c / Two common geometries for inductors. The cylindrical shape on the left is called a solenoid. Any current will create a magnetic field, so in fact every current-carrying wire in a circuit acts as an inductor! However, this type of “stray” inductance is typically negligible, just as we can usually ignore the stray resistance of our wires and only take into account the actual resistors. To store any appreciable amount of magnetic energy, one usually uses a coil of wire designed specifically to be an inductor. All the loops' contribution to the magnetic field add together to make a stronger field. Unlike capacitors and resistors, practical inductors are easy to make by hand. One can for instance spool some wire around a short wooden dowel. An inductor like this, in the form cylindrical coil of wire, is called a solenoid, c, and a stylized solenoid, d, is the symbol used to represent an inductor in a circuit regardless of its actual geometry. d / The symbol for an inductor. e / Some inductors. How much energy does an inductor store? The energy density is proportional to the square of the magnetic field strength, which is in turn proportional to the current flowing through the coiled wire, so the energy stored in the inductor must be proportional to $$I^2$$. We write $$L/2$$ for the constant of proportionality, giving $\begin{equation} U_L = \frac{L}{2}I^2 . \end{equation}$ As in the definition of capacitance, we have a factor of 1/2, which is purely a matter of definition. The quantity $$L$$ is called the inductance of the inductor, and we see that its units must be joules per ampere squared. This clumsy combination of units is more commonly abbreviated as the henry, 1 henry = 1 $$\text{J}/\text{A}^2$$. Rather than memorizing this definition, it makes more sense to derive it when needed from the definition of inductance. Many people know inductors simply as “coils,” or “chokes,” and will not understand you if you refer to an “inductor,” but they will still refer to $$L$$ as the “inductance,” not the “coilance” or “chokeance!” There is a lumped circuit approximation for inductors, just like the one for capacitors (p. 578). For a capacitor, this means assuming that the electric fields are completely internal, so that components only interact via currents that flow through wires, not due to the physical overlapping of their fields in space. Similarly for an inductor, the lumped circuit approximation is the assumption that the magnetic fields are completely internal. Example 19: Identical inductances in series f / Inductances in series add. If two inductors are placed in series, any current that passes through the combined double inductor must pass through both its parts. If we assume the lumped circuit approximation, the two inductors' fields don't interfere with each other, so the energy is doubled for a given current. Thus by the definition of inductance, the inductance is doubled as well. In general, inductances in series add, just like resistances. The same kind of reasoning also shows that the inductance of a solenoid is approximately proportional to its length, assuming the number of turns per unit length is kept constant. (This is only approximately true, because putting two solenoids end-to-end causes the fields just outside their mouths to overlap and add together in a complicated manner. In other words, the lumped-circuit approximation may not be very good.) Example 20: Identical capacitances in parallel g / Capacitances in parallel add. When two identical capacitances are placed in parallel, any charge deposited at the terminals of the combined double capacitor will divide itself evenly between the two parts. The electric fields surrounding each capacitor will be half the intensity, and therefore store one quarter the energy. Two capacitors, each storing one quarter the energy, give half the total energy storage. Since capacitance is inversely related to energy storage, this implies that identical capacitances in parallel give double the capacitance. In general, capacitances in parallel add. This is unlike the behavior of inductors and resistors, for which series configurations give addition. This is consistent with the result of example 18, which had the capacitance of a single parallel-plate capacitor proportional to the area of the plates. If we have two parallel-plate capacitors, and we combine them in parallel and bring them very close together side by side, we have produced a single capacitor with plates of double the area, and it has approximately double the capacitance, subject to any violation of the lumped-circuit approximation due to the interaction of the fields where the edges of the capacitors are joined together. Inductances in parallel and capacitances in series are explored in homework problems 36 and 33. Example 21: A variable capacitor h / A variable capacitor. Figure h/1 shows the construction of a variable capacitor out of two parallel semicircles of metal. One plate is fixed, while the other can be rotated about their common axis with a knob. The opposite charges on the two plates are attracted to one another, and therefore tend to gather in the overlapping area. This overlapping area, then, is the only area that effectively contributes to the capacitance, and turning the knob changes the capacitance. The simple design can only provide very small capacitance values, so in practice one usually uses a bank of capacitors, wired in parallel, with all the moving parts on the same shaft. ##### Discussion Questions ◊ Suppose that two parallel-plate capacitors are wired in parallel, and are placed very close together, side by side, so that the lumped circuit approximation is not very accurate. Will the resulting capacitance be too small, or too big? Could you twist the circuit into a different shape and make the effect be the other way around, or make the effect vanish? How about the case of two inductors in series? ◊ Most practical capacitors do not have an air gap or vacuum gap between the plates; instead, they have an insulating substance called a dielectric. We can think of the molecules in this substance as dipoles that are free to rotate (at least a little), but that are not free to move around, since it is a solid. i / Discussion question B. The figure shows a highly stylized and unrealistic way of visualizing this. We imagine that all the dipoles are intially turned sideways, (1), and that as the capacitor is charged, they all respond by turning through a certain angle, (2). (In reality, the scene might be much more random, and the alignment effect much weaker.) For simplicity, imagine inserting just one electric dipole into the vacuum gap. For a given amount of charge on the plates, how does this affect the amount of energy stored in the electric field? How does this affect the capacitance? Now redo the analysis in terms of the mechanical work needed in order to charge up the plates. ### 10.5.2 Oscillations j / A series LRC circuit. Figure j shows the simplest possible oscillating circuit. For any useful application it would actually need to include more components. For example, if it was a radio tuner, it would need to be connected to an antenna and an amplifier. Nevertheless, all the essential physics is there. k / A mechanical analogy for the LRC circuit. We can analyze it without any sweat or tears whatsoever, simply by constructing an analogy with a mechanical system. In a mechanical oscillator, k, we have two forms of stored energy, \begin{align} U_{spring} &= \frac{1}{2}kx^2 &(1) \\ K &= \frac{1}{2}mv^2 . &(2) \end{align} In the case of a mechanical oscillator, we have usually assumed a friction force of the form that turns out to give the nicest mathematical results, $$F=-bv$$. In the circuit, the dissipation of energy into heat occurs via the resistor, with no mechanical force involved, so in order to make the analogy, we need to restate the role of the friction force in terms of energy. The power dissipated by friction equals the mechanical work it does in a time interval $$dt$$, divided by $$dt$$, $$P=W/dt=Fdx/dt=Fv=-bv^2$$, so $\begin{equation} \text{rate of heat dissipation} = -bv^2 . (3) \end{equation}$ self-check: Equation (1) has $$x$$ squared, and equations (2) and (3) have $$v$$ squared. Because they're squared, the results don't depend on whether these variables are positive or negative. Does this make physical sense? (answer in the back of the PDF version of the book) In the circuit, the stored forms of energy are \begin{align} U_C &= \frac{1}{2C}q^2 &(1') \\ U_L &= \frac{1}{2}LI^2 , &(2') \end{align} and the rate of heat dissipation in the resistor is $\begin{equation} \text{rate of heat dissipation} = -RI^2 . (3') \end{equation}$ Comparing the two sets of equations, we first form analogies between quantities that represent the state of the system at some moment in time: \begin{align} x &\leftrightarrow q\\ v &\leftrightarrow I\\ \end{align} self-check: How is $$v$$ related mathematically to $$x$$? How is $$I$$ connected to $$q$$? Are the two relationships analogous? (answer in the back of the PDF version of the book) Next we relate the ones that describe the system's permanent characteristics: \begin{align} k &\leftrightarrow 1/C\\ m &\leftrightarrow L\\ b &\leftrightarrow R\\ \end{align} Since the mechanical system naturally oscillates with a frequency3 $$\omega\approx\sqrt{k/m}$$ , we can immediately solve the electrical version by analogy, giving $\begin{equation} \omega \approx \frac{1}{\sqrt{LC}} . \end{equation}$ Since the resistance $$R$$ is analogous to $$b$$ in the mechanical case, we find that the $$Q$$ (quality factor, not charge) of the resonance is inversely proportional to $$R$$, and the width of the resonance is directly proportional to $$R$$. A radio receiver uses this kind of circuit to pick out the desired station. Since the receiver resonates at a particular frequency, stations whose frequencies are far off will not excite any response in the circuit. The value of $$R$$ has to be small enough so that only one station at a time is picked up, but big enough so that the tuner isn't too touchy. The resonant frequency can be tuned by adjusting either $$L$$ or $$C$$, but variable capacitors are easier to build than variable inductors. Example 23: A numerical calculation The phone company sends more than one conversation at a time over the same wire, which is accomplished by shifting each voice signal into different range of frequencies during transmission. The number of signals per wire can be maximized by making each range of frequencies (known as a bandwidth) as small as possible. It turns out that only a relatively narrow range of frequencies is necessary in order to make a human voice intelligible, so the phone company filters out all the extreme highs and lows. (This is why your phone voice sounds different from your normal voice.) $$\triangleright$$ If the filter consists of an LRC circuit with a broad resonance centered around 1.0 kHz, and the capacitor is 1 $$\mu\text{F}$$ (microfarad), what inductance value must be used? $$\triangleright$$ Solving for $$L$$, we have \begin{align} L &= \frac{1}{ C\omega^2} \\ &= \frac{1}{(10^{-6}\ \text{F})(2\pi\times10^3\ \text{s}^{-1})^2} \\ &= 2.5\times10^{-3}\ \text{F}^{-1}\text{s}^2 \end{align} Checking that these really are the same units as henries is a little tedious, but it builds character: \begin{align} \text{F}^{-1}\text{s}^2 &= (\text{C}^2/\text{J})^{-1}\text{s}^2 \\ &= \text{J}\cdot\text{C}^{-2}\text{s}^2 \\ &= \text{J}/\text{A}^2 \\ &= \text{H} \end{align} The result is 25 mH (millihenries). This is actually quite a large inductance value, and would require a big, heavy, expensive coil. In fact, there is a trick for making this kind of circuit small and cheap. There is a kind of silicon chip called an op-amp, which, among other things, can be used to simulate the behavior of an inductor. The main limitation of the op-amp is that it is restricted to low-power applications. ## 10.5.3 Voltage and current What is physically happening in one of these oscillating circuits? Let's first look at the mechanical case, and then draw the analogy to the circuit. For simplicity, let's ignore the existence of damping, so there is no friction in the mechanical oscillator, and no resistance in the electrical one. Suppose we take the mechanical oscillator and pull the mass away from equilibrium, then release it. Since friction tends to resist the spring's force, we might naively expect that having zero friction would allow the mass to leap instantaneously to the equilibrium position. This can't happen, however, because the mass would have to have infinite velocity in order to make such an instantaneous leap. Infinite velocity would require infinite kinetic energy, but the only kind of energy that is available for conversion to kinetic is the energy stored in the spring, and that is finite, not infinite. At each step on its way back to equilibrium, the mass's velocity is controlled exactly by the amount of the spring's energy that has so far been converted into kinetic energy. After the mass reaches equilibrium, it overshoots due to its own momentum. It performs identical oscillations on both sides of equilibrium, and it never loses amplitude because friction is not available to convert mechanical energy into heat. Now with the electrical oscillator, the analog of position is charge. Pulling the mass away from equilibrium is like depositing charges $$+q$$ and $$-q$$ on the plates of the capacitor. Since resistance tends to resist the flow of charge, we might imagine that with no friction present, the charge would instantly flow through the inductor (which is, after all, just a piece of wire), and the capacitor would discharge instantly. However, such an instant discharge is impossible, because it would require infinite current for one instant. Infinite current would create infinite magnetic fields surrounding the inductor, and these fields would have infinite energy. Instead, the rate of flow of current is controlled at each instant by the relationship between the amount of energy stored in the magnetic field and the amount of current that must exist in order to have that strong a field. After the capacitor reaches $$q=0$$, it overshoots. The circuit has its own kind of electrical “inertia,” because if charge was to stop flowing, there would have to be zero current through the inductor. But the current in the inductor must be related to the amount of energy stored in its magnetic fields. When the capacitor is at $$q=0$$, all the circuit's energy is in the inductor, so it must therefore have strong magnetic fields surrounding it and quite a bit of current going through it. The only thing that might seem spooky here is that we used to speak as if the current in the inductor caused the magnetic field, but now it sounds as if the field causes the current. Actually this is symptomatic of the elusive nature of cause and effect in physics. It's equally valid to think of the cause and effect relationship in either way. This may seem unsatisfying, however, and for example does not really get at the question of what brings about a voltage difference across the resistor (in the case where the resistance is finite); there must be such a voltage difference, because without one, Ohm's law would predict zero current through the resistor. Voltage, then, is what is really missing from our story so far. Let's start by studying the voltage across a capacitor. Voltage is electrical potential energy per unit charge, so the voltage difference between the two plates of the capacitor is related to the amount by which its energy would increase if we increased the absolute values of the charges on the plates from $$q$$ to $$q+dq$$: \begin{align} V_C &= (U_{q+dq}-U_q)/dq \\ &= \frac{dU_C}{dq} \\ &= \frac{d}{dq}\left(\frac{1}{2C}q^2\right) \\ &= \frac{q}{C} \end{align} Many books use this as the definition of capacitance. This equation, by the way, probably explains the historical reason why $$C$$ was defined so that the energy was inversely proportional to $$C$$ for a given value of $$C$$: the people who invented the definition were thinking of a capacitor as a device for storing charge rather than energy, and the amount of charge stored for a fixed voltage (the charge “capacity”) is proportional to $$C$$. l / The inductor releases energy and gives it to the black box. In the case of an inductor, we know that if there is a steady, constant current flowing through it, then the magnetic field is constant, and so is the amount of energy stored; no energy is being exchanged between the inductor and any other circuit element. But what if the current is changing? The magnetic field is proportional to the current, so a change in one implies a change in the other. For concreteness, let's imagine that the magnetic field and the current are both decreasing. The energy stored in the magnetic field is therefore decreasing, and by conservation of energy, this energy can't just go away --- some other circuit element must be taking energy from the inductor. The simplest example, shown in figure l, is a series circuit consisting of the inductor plus one other circuit element. It doesn't matter what this other circuit element is, so we just call it a black box, but if you like, we can think of it as a resistor, in which case the energy lost by the inductor is being turned into heat by the resistor. The junction rule tells us that both circuit elements have the same current through them, so $$I$$ could refer to either one, and likewise the loop rule tells us $$V_{inductor}+V_{black\ box}=0$$, so the two voltage drops have the same absolute value, which we can refer to as $$V$$. Whatever the black box is, the rate at which it is taking energy from the inductor is given by $$\|P\|=\|IV\|$$, so \begin{align} \|IV\| &= \left\|\frac{dU_L}{dt}\right\| \\ &= \left\|\frac{d}{dt}\left( \frac{1}{2}LI^2\right) \right\| \\ &= \left\|LI\frac{dI}{dt}\right\| ,\\ \text{or} \|V\| &= \left\|L\frac{dI}{dt}\right\| , \\ \end{align} which in many books is taken to be the definition of inductance. The direction of the voltage drop (plus or minus sign) is such that the inductor resists the change in current. There's one very intriguing thing about this result. Suppose, for concreteness, that the black box in figure l is a resistor, and that the inductor's energy is decreasing, and being converted into heat in the resistor. The voltage drop across the resistor indicates that it has an electric field across it, which is driving the current. But where is this electric field coming from? There are no charges anywhere that could be creating it! What we've discovered is one special case of a more general principle, the principle of induction: a changing magnetic field creates an electric field, which is in addition to any electric field created by charges. (The reverse is also true: any electric field that changes over time creates a magnetic field.) Induction forms the basis for such technologies as the generator and the transformer, and ultimately it leads to the existence of light, which is a wave pattern in the electric and magnetic fields. These are all topics for chapter 11, but it's truly remarkable that we could come to this conclusion without yet having learned any details about magnetism. m / Electric fields made by charges, 1, and by changing magnetic fields, 2 and 3. The cartoons in figure m compares electric fields made by charges, 1, to electric fields made by changing magnetic fields, 2-3. In m/1, two physicists are in a room whose ceiling is positively charged and whose floor is negatively charged. The physicist on the bottom throws a positively charged bowling ball into the curved pipe. The physicist at the top uses a radar gun to measure the speed of the ball as it comes out of the pipe. They find that the ball has slowed down by the time it gets to the top. By measuring the change in the ball's kinetic energy, the two physicists are acting just like a voltmeter. They conclude that the top of the tube is at a higher voltage than the bottom of the pipe. A difference in voltage indicates an electric field, and this field is clearly being caused by the charges in the floor and ceiling. In m/2, there are no charges anywhere in the room except for the charged bowling ball. Moving charges make magnetic fields, so there is a magnetic field surrounding the helical pipe while the ball is moving through it. A magnetic field has been created where there was none before, and that field has energy. Where could the energy have come from? It can only have come from the ball itself, so the ball must be losing kinetic energy. The two physicists working together are again acting as a voltmeter, and again they conclude that there is a voltage difference between the top and bottom of the pipe. This indicates an electric field, but this electric field can't have been created by any charges, because there aren't any in the room. This electric field was created by the change in the magnetic field. The bottom physicist keeps on throwing balls into the pipe, until the pipe is full of balls, m/3, and finally a steady current is established. While the pipe was filling up with balls, the energy in the magnetic field was steadily increasing, and that energy was being stolen from the balls' kinetic energy. But once a steady current is established, the energy in the magnetic field is no longer changing. The balls no longer have to give up energy in order to build up the field, and the physicist at the top finds that the balls are exiting the pipe at full speed again. There is no voltage difference any more. Although there is a current, $$dI/dt$$ is zero. Example 24: Ballasts In a gas discharge tube, such as a neon sign, enough voltage is applied to a tube full of gas to ionize some of the atoms in the gas. Once ions have been created, the voltage accelerates them, and they strike other atoms, ionizing them as well and resulting in a chain reaction. This is a spark, like a bolt of lightning. But once the spark starts up, the device begins to act as though it has no resistance: more and more current flows, without the need to apply any more voltage. The power, $$P=IV$$, would grow without limit, and the tube would burn itself out. n / Ballasts for fluorescent lights. Top: a big, heavy inductor used as a ballast in an old-fashioned fluorescent bulb. Bottom: a small solid-state ballast, built into the base of a modern compact fluorescent bulb. The simplest solution is to connect an inductor, known as the “ballast,” in series with the tube, and run the whole thing on an AC voltage. During each cycle, as the voltage reaches the point where the chain reaction begins, there is a surge of current, but the inductor resists such a sudden change of current, and the energy that would otherwise have burned out the bulb is instead channeled into building a magnetic field. A common household fluorescent lightbulb consists of a gas discharge tube in which the glass is coated with a fluorescent material. The gas in the tube emits ultraviolet light, which is absorbed by the coating, and the coating then glows in the visible spectrum. Until recently, it was common for a fluroescent light's ballast to be a simple inductor, and for the whole device to be operated at the 60 Hz frequency of the electrical power lines. This caused the lights to flicker annoyingly at 120 Hz, and could also cause an audible hum, since the magnetic field surrounding the inductor could exert mechanical forces on things. These days, the trend is toward using a solid-state circuit that mimics the behavior of an inductor, but at a frequency in the kilohertz range, eliminating the flicker and hum. Modern compact fluorescent bulbs electronic have ballasts built into their bases, so they can be used as plug-in replacements for incandescent bulbs. A compact fluorescent bulb uses about 1/4 the electricity of an incandescent bulb, lasts ten times longer, and saves \$30 worth of electricity over its lifetime. ##### Discussion Question ◊ What happens when the physicist at the bottom in figure m/3 starts getting tired, and decreases the current? ### 10.5.4 Decay Up until now I've soft-pedaled the fact that by changing the characteristics of an oscillator, it is possible to produce non-oscillatory behavior. For example, imagine taking the mass-on-a-spring system and making the spring weaker and weaker. In the limit of small $$k$$, it's as though there was no spring whatsoever, and the behavior of the system is that if you kick the mass, it simply starts slowing down. For friction proportional to $$v$$, as we've been assuming, the result is that the velocity approaches zero, but never actually reaches zero. This is unrealistic for the mechanical oscillator, which will not have vanishing friction at low velocities, but it is quite realistic in the case of an electrical circuit, for which the voltage drop across the resistor really does approach zero as the current approaches zero. We do not even have to reduce $$k$$ to exactly zero in order to get non-oscillatory behavior. There is actually a finite, critical value below which the behavior changes, so that the mass never even makes it through one cycle. This is the case of overdamping, discussed on page 186. Electrical circuits can exhibit all the same behavior. For simplicity we will analyze only the cases of LRC circuits with $$L=0$$ or $$C=0$$. #### The RC circuit o / An RC circuit. We first analyze the RC circuit, o. In reality one would have to “kick” the circuit, for example by briefly inserting a battery, in order to get any interesting behavior. We start with Ohm's law and the equation for the voltage across a capacitor: \begin{align} V_R &= IR \\ V_C &= q/C \end{align} The loop rule tells us $\begin{equation} V_R + V_C = 0 , \end{equation}$ and combining the three equations results in a relationship between $$q$$ and $$I$$: $\begin{equation} I = -\frac{1}{RC}q \end{equation}$ The negative sign tells us that the current tends to reduce the charge on the capacitor, i.e., to discharge it. It makes sense that the current is proportional to $$q$$ : if $$q$$ is large, then the attractive forces between the $$+q$$ and $$-q$$ charges on the plates of the capacitor are large, and charges will flow more quickly through the resistor in order to reunite. If there was zero charge on the capacitor plates, there would be no reason for current to flow. Since amperes, the unit of current, are the same as coulombs per second, it appears that the quantity $$RC$$ must have units of seconds, and you can check for yourself that this is correct. $$RC$$ is therefore referred to as the time constant of the circuit. How exactly do $$I$$ and $$q$$ vary with time? Rewriting $$I$$ as $$dq/dt$$, we have $\begin{equation} \frac{dq}{dt} = -\frac{1}{RC}q . \end{equation}$ We need a function $$q(t)$$ whose derivative equals itself, but multiplied by a negative constant. A function of the form $$ae^t$$, where $$e=2.718...$$ is the base of natural logarithms, is the only one that has its derivative equal to itself, and $$ae^{bt}$$ has its derivative equal to itself multiplied by $$b$$. Thus our solution is $\begin{equation} q = q_\text{o}\exp\left(-\frac{t}{RC}\right) . \end{equation}$ p / Over a time interval $$RC$$, the charge on the capacitor is reduced by a factor of $$e$$. #### The RL circuit q / An RL circuit. The RL circuit, q, can be attacked by similar methods, and it can easily be shown that it gives $\begin{equation} I = I_\text{o}\exp\left(-\frac{R}{L}t\right) . \end{equation}$ The RL time constant equals $$L/R$$. Example 25 Death by solenoid; spark plugs When we suddenly break an RL circuit, what will happen? It might seem that we're faced with a paradox, since we only have two forms of energy, magnetic energy and heat, and if the current stops suddenly, the magnetic field must collapse suddenly. But where does the lost magnetic energy go? It can't go into resistive heating of the resistor, because the circuit has now been broken, and current can't flow! The way out of this conundrum is to recognize that the open gap in the circuit has a resistance which is large, but not infinite. This large resistance causes the RL time constant $$L/ R$$ to be very small. The current thus continues to flow for a very brief time, and flows straight across the air gap where the circuit has been opened. In other words, there is a spark! We can determine based on several different lines of reasoning that the voltage drop from one end of the spark to the other must be very large. First, the air's resistance is large, so $$V= IR$$ requires a large voltage. We can also reason that all the energy in the magnetic field is being dissipated in a short time, so the power dissipated in the spark, $$P= IV$$, is large, and this requires a large value of $$V$$. ($$I$$ isn't large --- it is decreasing from its initial value.) Yet a third way to reach the same result is to consider the equation $$V_{L}=dI/dt$$ : since the time constant is short, the time derivative $$dI/dt$$ is large. This is exactly how a car's spark plugs work. Another application is to electrical safety: it can be dangerous to break an inductive circuit suddenly, because so much energy is released in a short time. There is also no guarantee that the spark will discharge across the air gap; it might go through your body instead, since your body might have a lower resistance. Example 26: A spark-gap radio transmitter r / Example 26. Figure r shows a primitive type of radio transmitter, called a spark gap transmitter, used to send Morse code around the turn of the twentieth century. The high voltage source, V, is typically about 10,000 volts. When the telegraph switch, S, is closed, the RC circuit on the left starts charging up. An increasing voltage difference develops between the electrodes of the spark gap, G. When this voltage difference gets large enough, the electric field in the air between the electrodes causes a spark, partially discharging the RC circuit, but charging the LC circuit on the right. The LC circuit then oscillates at its resonant frequency (typically about 1 MHz), but the energy of these oscillations is rapidly radiated away by the antenna, A, which sends out radio waves (chapter 11). ##### Discussion Questions ◊ A gopher gnaws through one of the wires in the DC lighting system in your front yard, and the lights turn off. At the instant when the circuit becomes open, we can consider the bare ends of the wire to be like the plates of a capacitor, with an air gap (or gopher gap) between them. What kind of capacitance value are we talking about here? What would this tell you about the $$RC$$ time constant? ### 10.5.5 Review of complex numbers s / Visualizing complex numbers as points in a plane. For a more detailed treatment of complex numbers, see ch. 3 of James Nearing's free book at http://www.physics.miami.edu/nearing/mathmethods/. We assume there is a number, $$i$$, such that $$i^2=-1$$. The square roots of $$-1$$ are then $$i$$ and $$-i$$. (In electrical engineering work, where $$i$$ stands for current, $$j$$ is sometimes used instead.) This gives rise to a number system, called the complex numbers, containing the real numbers as a subset. Any complex number $$z$$ can be written in the form $$z=a+bi$$, where $$a$$ and $$b$$ are real, and $$a$$ and $$b$$ are then referred to as the real and imaginary parts of $$z$$. A number with a zero real part is called an imaginary number. The complex numbers can be visualized as a plane, with the real number line placed horizontally like the $$x$$ axis of the familiar $$x-y$$ plane, and the imaginary numbers running along the $$y$$ axis. The complex numbers are complete in a way that the real numbers aren't: every nonzero complex number has two square roots. For example, 1 is a real number, so it is also a member of the complex numbers, and its square roots are $$-1$$ and 1. Likewise, $$-1$$ has square roots $$i$$ and $$-i$$, and the number $$i$$ has square roots $$1/\sqrt{2}+i/\sqrt{2}$$ and $$-1/\sqrt{2}-i/\sqrt{2}$$. Complex numbers can be added and subtracted by adding or subtracting their real and imaginary parts. Geometrically, this is the same as vector addition. t / Addition of complex numbers is just like addition of vectors, although the real and imaginary axes don't actually represent directions in space. The complex numbers $$a+bi$$ and $$a-bi$$, lying at equal distances above and below the real axis, are called complex conjugates. The results of the quadratic formula are either both real, or complex conjugates of each other. The complex conjugate of a number $$z$$ is notated as $$\bar{z}$$ or $$z^$$. u / A complex number and its conjugate. The complex numbers obey all the same rules of arithmetic as the reals, except that they can't be ordered along a single line. That is, it's not possible to say whether one complex number is greater than another. We can compare them in terms of their magnitudes (their distances from the origin), but two distinct complex numbers may have the same magnitude, so, for example, we can't say whether $$1$$ is greater than $$i$$ or $$i$$ is greater than $$1$$. Example 27: A square root of $$i$$ $$\triangleright$$ Prove that $$1/\sqrt{2}+i/\sqrt{2}$$ is a square root of $$i$$. $$\triangleright$$ Our proof can use any ordinary rules of arithmetic, except for ordering. \begin{align} (\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}+\frac{i}{\sqrt{2}})^2 & = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\cdot\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} +\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\cdot\frac{i}{\sqrt{2}} +\frac{i}{\sqrt{2}}\cdot\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} +\frac{i}{\sqrt{2}}\cdot\frac{i}{\sqrt{2}} \\ &= \frac{1}{2}(1+i+i-1) \\ &= i \end{align} Example 27 showed one method of multiplying complex numbers. However, there is another nice interpretation of complex multiplication. We define the argument of a complex number as its angle in the complex plane, measured counterclockwise from the positive real axis. Multiplying two complex numbers then corresponds to multiplying their magnitudes, and adding their arguments. v / A complex number can be described in terms of its magnitude and argument. w / The argument of $$uv$$ is the sum of the arguments of $$u$$ and $$v$$. self-check: Using this interpretation of multiplication, how could you find the square roots of a complex number? (answer in the back of the PDF version of the book) Example 28: An identity The magnitude $$\|z\|$$ of a complex number $$z$$ obeys the identity $$\|z\|^2=z\bar{z}$$. To prove this, we first note that $$\bar{z}$$ has the same magnitude as $$z$$, since flipping it to the other side of the real axis doesn't change its distance from the origin. Multiplying $$z$$ by $$\bar{z}$$ gives a result whose magnitude is found by multiplying their magnitudes, so the magnitude of $$z\bar{z}$$ must therefore equal $$\|z\|^2$$. Now we just have to prove that $$z\bar{z}$$ is a positive real number. But if, for example, $$z$$ lies counterclockwise from the real axis, then $$\bar{z}$$ lies clockwise from it. If $$z$$ has a positive argument, then $$\bar{z}$$ has a negative one, or vice-versa. The sum of their arguments is therefore zero, so the result has an argument of zero, and is on the positive real axis. 4 This whole system was built up in order to make every number have square roots. What about cube roots, fourth roots, and so on? Does it get even more weird when you want to do those as well? No. The complex number system we've already discussed is sufficient to handle all of them. The nicest way of thinking about it is in terms of roots of polynomials. In the real number system, the polynomial $$x^2-1$$ has two roots, i.e., two values of $$x$$ (plus and minus one) that we can plug in to the polynomial and get zero. Because it has these two real roots, we can rewrite the polynomial as $$(x-1)(x+1)$$. However, the polynomial $$x^2+1$$ has no real roots. It's ugly that in the real number system, some second-order polynomials have two roots, and can be factored, while others can't. In the complex number system, they all can. For instance, $$x^2+1$$ has roots $$i$$ and $$-i$$, and can be factored as $$(x-i)(x+i)$$. In general, the fundamental theorem of algebra states that in the complex number system, any nth-order polynomial can be factored completely into $$n$$ linear factors, and we can also say that it has $$n$$ complex roots, with the understanding that some of the roots may be the same. For instance, the fourth-order polynomial $$x^4+x^2$$ can be factored as $$(x-i)(x+i)(x-0)(x-0)$$, and we say that it has four roots, $$i$$, $$-i$$, 0, and 0, two of which happen to be the same. This is a sensible way to think about it, because in real life, numbers are always approximations anyway, and if we make tiny, random changes to the coefficients of this polynomial, it will have four distinct roots, of which two just happen to be very close to zero. ##### Discussion Questions ◊ Find $$\arg i$$, $$\arg(-i)$$, and $$\arg 37$$, where $$\arg z$$ denotes the argument of the complex number $$z$$. ◊ Visualize the following multiplications in the complex plane using the interpretation of multiplication in terms of multiplying magnitudes and adding arguments: $$(i)(i)=-1$$, $$(i)(-i)=1$$, $$(-i)(-i)=-1$$. ◊ If we visualize $$z$$ as a point in the complex plane, how should we visualize $$-z$$? What does this mean in terms of arguments? Give similar interpretations for $$z^2$$ and $$\sqrt{z}$$. ◊ Find four different complex numbers $$z$$ such that $$z^4=1$$. ◊ Compute the following. Use the magnitude and argument, not the real and imaginary parts. $\begin{equation} \|1+i\| , \arg(1+i) , \left\|\frac{1}{1+i}\right\| , \arg\left(\frac{1}{1+i}\right) , \end{equation}$ Based on the results above, compute the real and imaginary parts of $$1/(1+i)$$. ### 10.5.6 Euler's formula y / Leonhard Euler (1707-1783). Having expanded our horizons to include the complex numbers, it's natural to want to extend functions we knew and loved from the world of real numbers so that they can also operate on complex numbers. The only really natural way to do this in general is to use Taylor series. A particularly beautiful thing happens with the functions $$e^x$$, $$\sin x$$, and $$\cos x$$: \begin{align} e^x &= 1 + \frac{1}{2!}x^2 + \frac{1}{3!}x^3 + ... \\ \cos x &= 1 - \frac{1}{2!}x^2 + \frac{1}{4!}x^4 - ... \\ \sin x &= x - \frac{1}{3!}x^3 + \frac{1}{5!}x^5 - ... \end{align} If $$x=i\phi$$ is an imaginary number, we have $\begin{equation} e^{i\phi} = \cos \phi + i \sin \phi , \end{equation}$ a result known as Euler's formula. The geometrical interpretation in the complex plane is shown in figure x. x / The complex number $$e^{i\phi}$$ lies on the unit circle. Although the result may seem like something out of a freak show at first, applying the definition of the exponential function makes it clear how natural it is: \begin{align} e^x = \lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} \left(1+\frac{x}{n}\right)^n . \end{align} When $$x=i\phi$$ is imaginary, the quantity $$(1+i\phi/n)$$ represents a number lying just above 1 in the complex plane. For large $$n$$, $$(1+i\phi/n)$$ becomes very close to the unit circle, and its argument is the small angle $$\phi/n$$. Raising this number to the nth power multiplies its argument by $$n$$, giving a number with an argument of $$\phi$$. Euler's formula is used frequently in physics and engineering. Example 29: Trig functions in terms of complex exponentials $$\triangleright$$ Write the sine and cosine functions in terms of exponentials. $$\triangleright$$ Euler's formula for $$x=-i\phi$$ gives $$\cos \phi - i \sin \phi$$, since $$\cos(-\theta)=\cos\theta$$, and $$\sin(-\theta)=-\sin\theta$$. \begin{align} \cos x &= \frac{e^{ix}+e^{-ix}}{2} \\ \sin x &= \frac{e^{ix}-e^{-ix}}{2i} \end{align} Example 30: A hard integral made easy $$\triangleright$$ Evaluate $\begin{equation} \int e^x \cos x dx \end{equation}$ $$\triangleright$$ This seemingly impossible integral becomes easy if we rewrite the cosine in terms of exponentials: \begin{align} \int e^x & \cos x dx \\ &= \int e^x \left(\frac{e^{ix}+e^{-ix}}{2}\right) dx \\ &= \frac{1}{2} \int (e^{(1+i)x}+e^{(1-i)x})dx \\ &= \frac{1}{2} \left( \frac{e^{(1+i)x}}{1+i}+\frac{e^{(1-i)x}}{1-i} \right)+ c \end{align} Since this result is the integral of a real-valued function, we'd like it to be real, and in fact it is, since the first and second terms are complex conjugates of one another. If we wanted to, we could use Euler's theorem to convert it back to a manifestly real result.5 ### 10.5.7 Impedance So far we have been thinking in terms of the free oscillations of a circuit. This is like a mechanical oscillator that has been kicked but then left to oscillate on its own without any external force to keep the vibrations from dying out. Suppose an LRC circuit is driven with a sinusoidally varying voltage, such as will occur when a radio tuner is hooked up to a receiving antenna. We know that a current will flow in the circuit, and we know that there will be resonant behavior, but it is not necessarily simple to relate current to voltage in the most general case. Let's start instead with the special cases of LRC circuits consisting of only a resistance, only a capacitance, or only an inductance. We are interested only in the steady-state response. The purely resistive case is easy. Ohm's law gives $\begin{equation} I = \frac{V}{R} . \end{equation}$ In the purely capacitive case, the relation $$V=q/C$$ lets us calculate \begin{align} I &= \frac{dq}{dt} \\ &= C \frac{dV}{dt} . \end{align} This is partly analogous to Ohm's law. For example, if we double the amplitude of a sinusoidally varying AC voltage, the derivative $$dV/dt$$ will also double, and the amplitude of the sinusoidally varying current will also double. However, it is not true that $$I=V/R$$, because taking the derivative of a sinusoidal function shifts its phase by 90 degrees. If the voltage varies as, for example, $$V(t)=V_\text{o}\sin (\omega t)$$, then the current will be $$I(t)=\omega C V_\text{o}\cos (\omega t)$$. The amplitude of the current is $$\omega C V_\text{o}$$, which is proportional to $$V_\text{o}$$, but it's not true that $$I(t)=V(t)/R$$ for some constant $$R$$. z / In a capacitor, the current is $$90°$$ ahead of the voltage in phase. A second problem that crops up is that our entire analysis of DC resistive circuits was built on the foundation of the loop rule and the junction rule, both of which are statements about sums. To apply the junction rule to an AC circuit, for exampe, we would say that the sum of the sine waves describing the currents coming into the junction is equal (at every moment in time) to the sum of the sine waves going out. Now sinusoidal functions have a remarkable property, which is that if you add two different sinusoidal functions having the same frequency, the result is also a sinusoid with that frequency. For example, $$\cos\omega t+\sin\omega t=\sqrt{2}\sin(\omega t+\pi/4)$$, which can be proved using trig identities. The trig identities can get very cumbersome, however, and there is a much easier technique involving complex numbers. aa / Representing functions with points in polar coordinates. Figure aa shows a useful way to visualize what's going on. When a circuit is oscillating at a frequency $$\omega$$, we use points in the plane to represent sinusoidal functions with various phases and amplitudes. self-check: Which of the following functions can be represented in this way? $$\cos(6t-4)$$, $$\cos^2t$$, $$\tan t$$ (answer in the back of the PDF version of the book) The simplest examples of how to visualize this in polar coordinates are ones like $$\cos \omega t+\cos \omega t=2\cos \omega t$$, where everything has the same phase, so all the points lie along a single line in the polar plot, and addition is just like adding numbers on the number line. The less trivial example $$\cos\omega t+\sin\omega t=\sqrt{2}\sin(\omega t+\pi/4)$$, can be visualized as in figure ab. ab / Adding two sinusoidal functions. Figure ab suggests that all of this can be tied together nicely if we identify our plane with the plane of complex numbers. For example, the complex numbers 1 and $$i$$ represent the functions $$\sin\omega t$$ and $$\cos\omega t$$. In figure z, for example, the voltage across the capacitor is a sine wave multiplied by a number that gives its amplitude, so we associate that function with a number $$\tilde{V}$$ lying on the real axis. Its magnitude, $$\|\tilde{V}\|$$, gives the amplitude in units of volts, while its argument $$\arg \tilde{V}$$, gives its phase angle, which is zero. The current is a multiple of a sine wave, so we identify it with a number $$\tilde{I}$$ lying on the imaginary axis. We have $$\arg\tilde{I}=90°$$, and $$\|\tilde{I}\|$$ is the amplitude of the current, in units of amperes. But comparing with our result above, we have $$\|\tilde{I}\|=\omega C\|\tilde{V}\|$$. Bringing together the phase and magnitude information, we have $$\tilde{I}=i\omega C\tilde{V}$$. This looks very much like Ohm's law, so we write $\begin{equation} \tilde{I} = \frac{\tilde{V}}{Z_C} , \end{equation}$ where the quantity $\begin{equation} Z_C = -\frac{i}{\omega C} , \text{[impedance of a capacitor]} \end{equation}$ having units of ohms, is called the impedance of the capacitor at this frequency. It makes sense that the impedance becomes infinite at zero frequency. Zero frequency means that it would take an infinite time before the voltage would change by any amount. In other words, this is like a situation where the capacitor has been connected across the terminals of a battery and been allowed to settle down to a state where there is constant charge on both terminals. Since the electric fields between the plates are constant, there is no energy being added to or taken out of the field. A capacitor that can't exchange energy with any other circuit component is nothing more than a broken (open) circuit. Note that we have two types of complex numbers: those that represent sinusoidal functions of time, and those that represent impedances. The ones that represent sinusoidal functions have tildes on top, which look like little sine waves. self-check: Why can't a capacitor have its impedance printed on it along with its capacitance? (answer in the back of the PDF version of the book) Similar math (but this time with an integral instead of a derivative) gives $\begin{equation} Z_L = i\omega L \text{[impedance of an inductor]} \end{equation}$ for an inductor. It makes sense that the inductor has lower impedance at lower frequencies, since at zero frequency there is no change in the magnetic field over time. No energy is added to or released from the magnetic field, so there are no induction effects, and the inductor acts just like a piece of wire with negligible resistance. The term “choke” for an inductor refers to its ability to “choke out” high frequencies. ac / The current through an inductor lags behind the voltage by a phase angle of $$90°$$. The phase relationships shown in figures z and ac can be remembered using my own mnemonic, “eVIL,” which shows that the voltage (V) leads the current (I) in an inductive circuit, while the opposite is true in a capacitive one. A more traditional mnemonic is “ELI the ICE man,” which uses the notation E for emf, a concept closely related to voltage (see p. 686). Summarizing, the impedances of resistors, capacitors, and inductors are \begin{align} Z_R &= R\\ Z_C &= -\frac{i}{\omega C}\\ Z_L &= i\omega L . \end{align} Example 31: Low-pass and high-pass filters An LRC circuit only responds to a certain range (band) of frequencies centered around its resonant frequency. As a filter, this is known as a bandpass filter. If you turn down both the bass and the treble on your stereo, you have created a bandpass filter. To create a high-pass or low-pass filter, we only need to insert a capacitor or inductor, respectively, in series. For instance, a very basic surge protector for a computer could be constructed by inserting an inductor in series with the computer. The desired 60 Hz power from the wall is relatively low in frequency, while the surges that can damage your computer show much more rapid time variation. Even if the surges are not sinusoidal signals, we can think of a rapid “spike” qualitatively as if it was very high in frequency --- like a high-frequency sine wave, it changes very rapidly. Inductors tend to be big, heavy, expensive circuit elements, so a simple surge protector would be more likely to consist of a capacitor in parallel with the computer. (In fact one would normally just connect one side of the power circuit to ground via a capacitor.) The capacitor has a very high impedance at the low frequency of the desired 60 Hz signal, so it siphons off very little of the current. But for a high-frequency signal, the capacitor's impedance is very small, and it acts like a zero-impedance, easy path into which the current is diverted. The main things to be careful about with impedance are that (1) the concept only applies to a circuit that is being driven sinusoidally, (2) the impedance of an inductor or capacitor is frequency-dependent. ##### Discussion Question ◊ Figure z on page 607 shows the voltage and current for a capacitor. Sketch the $$q$$-$$t$$ graph, and use it to give a physical explanation of the phase relationship between the voltage and current. For example, why is the current zero when the voltage is at a maximum or minimum? ◊ Figure ac on page 609 shows the voltage and current for an inductor. The power is considered to be positive when energy is being put into the inductor's magnetic field. Sketch the graph of the power, and then the graph of $$U$$, the energy stored in the magnetic field, and use it to give a physical explanation of the $$P$$-$$t$$ graph. In particular, discuss why the frequency is doubled on the $$P$$-$$t$$ graph. ◊ Relate the features of the graph in figure ac on page 609 to the story told in cartoons in figure m/2-3 on page 598. ### 10.5.8 Power How much power is delivered when an oscillating voltage is applied to an impedance? The equation $$P=IV$$ is generally true, since voltage is defined as energy per unit charge, and current is defined as charge per unit time: multiplying them gives energy per unit time. In a DC circuit, all three quantities were constant, but in an oscillating (AC) circuit, all three display time variation. #### A resistor First let's examine the case of a resistor. For instance, you're probably reading this book from a piece of paper illuminated by a glowing lightbulb, which is driven by an oscillating voltage with amplitude $$V_\text{o}$$. In the special case of a resistor, we know that $$I$$ and $$V$$ are in phase. For example, if $$V$$ varies as $$V_\text{o}\cos \omega t$$, then $$I$$ will be a cosine as well, $$I_\text{o}\cos \omega t$$. The power is then $$I_\text{o}V_\text{o}\cos^2\omega t$$, which is always positive,6 and varies between 0 and $$I_\text{o}V_\text{o}$$. Even if the time variation was $$\cos\omega t$$ or $$\sin(\omega t+\pi/4)$$, we would still have a maximum power of $$I_\text{o}V_\text{o}$$, because both the voltage and the current would reach their maxima at the same time. In a lightbulb, the moment of maximum power is when the circuit is most rapidly heating the filament. At the instant when $$P=0$$, a quarter of a cycle later, no current is flowing, and no electrical energy is being turned into heat. Throughout the whole cycle, the filament is getting rid of energy by radiating light.7 Since the circuit oscillates at a frequency8 of $$60\ \text{Hz}$$, the temperature doesn't really have time to cycle up or down very much over the 1/60 s period of the oscillation, and we don't notice any significant variation in the brightness of the light, even with a short-exposure photograph. ad / Power in a resistor: the rate at which electrical energy is being converted into heat. Thus, what we really want to know is the average power, “average” meaning the average over one full cycle. Since we're covering a whole cycle with our average, it doesn't matter what phase we assume. Let's use a cosine. The total amount of energy transferred over one cycle is \begin{align} E &= \int dE \\ &= \int_0^T \frac{dE}{dt} dt , \\ \text{where T=2\pi/\omega is the period.} E &= \int_0^T P dt \\ &= \int_0^T P dt \\ &= \int_0^T I_\text{o}V_\text{o} \cos^2\omega t dt \\ &= I_\text{o}V_\text{o} \int_0^T \cos^2\omega t dt \\ &= I_\text{o}V_\text{o} \int_0^T \frac{1}{2} \left(1+\cos 2\omega t\right) dt \\ \text{The reason for using the trig identity \cos^2 x=(1+\cos 2 x)/2 in the last step is that it lets us get the answer without doing a hard integral. Over the course of one full cycle, the quantity \cos 2\omega t goes positive, negative, positive, and negative again, so the integral of it is zero. We then have} E &= I_\text{o}V_\text{o} \int_0^T \frac{1}{2} dt \\ &= \frac{I_\text{o}V_\text{o}T}{2} \end{align} The average power is \begin{align} P_{av} &= \frac{\text{energy transferred in one full cycle}}{\text{time for one full cycle}} \\ &= \frac{I_\text{o}V_\text{o}T/2}{T} \\ &= \frac{I_\text{o}V_\text{o}}{2} ,\\ \end{align} i.e., the average is half the maximum. The power varies from $$0$$ to $$I_\text{o}V_\text{o}$$, and it spends equal amounts of time above and below the maximum, so it isn't surprising that the average power is half-way in between zero and the maximum. Summarizing, we have \begin{align} P_{av} &= \frac{I_\text{o}V_\text{o}}{2} \text{[average power in a resistor]}\\ \end{align} for a resistor. #### RMS quantities Suppose one day the electric company decided to start supplying your electricity as DC rather than AC. How would the DC voltage have to be related to the amplitude $$V_\text{o}$$ of the AC voltage previously used if they wanted your lightbulbs to have the same brightness as before? The resistance of the bulb, $$R$$, is a fixed value, so we need to relate the power to the voltage and the resistance, eliminating the current. In the DC case, this gives $$P=IV=(V/R)V=V^2/R$$. (For DC, $$P$$ and $$P_{av}$$ are the same.) In the AC case, $$P_{av} = I_\text{o}V_\text{o}/2=V_\text{o}^2/2R$$. Since there is no factor of 1/2 in the DC case, the same power could be provided with a DC voltage that was smaller by a factor of $$1/\sqrt{2}$$. Although you will hear people say that household voltage in the U.S. is 110 V, its amplitude is actually $$(110\ \text{V})\times\sqrt{2}\approx160\ \text{V}$$. The reason for referring to $$V_\text{o}/\sqrt{2}$$ as “the” voltage is that people who are naive about AC circuits can plug $$V_\text{o}/\sqrt{2}$$ into a familiar DC equation like $$P=V^2/R$$ and get the right average answer. The quantity $$V_\text{o}/\sqrt{2}$$ is called the “RMS” voltage, which stands for “root mean square.” The idea is that if you square the function $$V(t)$$, take its average (mean) over one cycle, and then take the square root of that average, you get $$V_\text{o}/\sqrt{2}$$. Many digital meters provide RMS readouts for measuring AC voltages and currents. #### A capacitor For a capacitor, the calculation starts out the same, but ends up with a twist. If the voltage varies as a cosine, $$V_\text{o}\cos \omega t$$, then the relation $$I=CdV/dt$$ tells us that the current will be some constant multiplied by minus the sine, $$-V_\text{o}\sin \omega t$$. The integral we did in the case of a resistor now becomes $\begin{equation} E = \int_0^T -I_\text{o}V_\text{o} \sin \omega t \cos \omega t dt ,\\ \end{equation}$ and based on figure ae, you can easily convince yourself that over the course of one full cycle, the power spends two quarter-cycles being negative and two being positive. In other words, the average power is zero! ae / Power in a capacitor: the rate at which energy is being stored in (+) or removed from (-) the electric field. Why is this? It makes sense if you think in terms of energy. A resistor converts electrical energy to heat, never the other way around. A capacitor, however, merely stores electrical energy in an electric field and then gives it back. For a capacitor, \begin{align} P_{av} &= 0 \text{[average power in a capacitor]}\\ \end{align} Notice that although the average power is zero, the power at any given instant is not typically zero, as shown in figure ae. The capacitor does transfer energy: it's just that after borrowing some energy, it always pays it back in the next quarter-cycle. #### An inductor The analysis for an inductor is similar to that for a capacitor: the power averaged over one cycle is zero. Again, we're merely storing energy temporarily in a field (this time a magnetic field) and getting it back later. ### 10.5.9 Impedance matching af / We wish to maximize the power delivered to the load, $$Z_\text{o}$$, by adjusting its impedance. Figure af shows a commonly encountered situation: we wish to maximize the average power, $$P_{av}$$, delivered to the load for a fixed value of $$V_\text{o}$$, the amplitude of the oscillating driving voltage. We assume that the impedance of the transmission line, $$Z_T$$ is a fixed value, over which we have no control, but we are able to design the load, $$Z_\text{o}$$, with any impedance we like. For now, we'll also assume that both impedances are resistive. For example, $$Z_T$$ could be the resistance of a long extension cord, and $$Z_\text{o}$$ could be a lamp at the end of it. The result generalizes immediately, however, to any kind of impedance. For example, the load could be a stereo speaker's magnet coil, which is displays both inductance and resistance. (For a purely inductive or capacitive load, $$P_{av}$$ equals zero, so the problem isn't very interesting!) Since we're assuming both the load and the transmission line are resistive, their impedances add in series, and the amplitude of the current is given by \begin{align} I_\text{o} &= \frac{V_\text{o}}{Z_\text{o}+Z_T} ,\\ \text{so} P_{av} &= I_\text{o}V_\text{o}/2 \\ &= I_\text{o}^2Z_\text{o}/2 \\ &= \frac{V_\text{o}^2Z_\text{o}}{\left(Z_\text{o}+Z_T\right)^2}/2 . \text{The maximum of this expression occurs where the derivative is zero,} 0 &= \frac{1}{2}\frac{d}{dZ_\text{o}}\left[\frac{V_\text{o}^2Z_\text{o}}{\left(Z_\text{o}+Z_T\right)^2}\right] \\ 0 &= \frac{1}{2}\frac{d}{dZ_\text{o}}\left[\frac{Z_\text{o}}{\left(Z_\text{o}+Z_T\right)^2}\right] \\ 0 &= \left(Z_\text{o}+Z_T\right)^{-2}-2Z_\text{o}\left(Z_\text{o}+Z_T\right)^{-3} \\ 0 &= \left(Z_\text{o}+Z_T\right)-2Z_\text{o} \\ Z_\text{o} &= Z_T \end{align} In other words, to maximize the power delivered to the load, we should make the load's impedance the same as the transmission line's. This result may seem surprising at first, but it makes sense if you think about it. If the load's impedance is too high, it's like opening a switch and breaking the circuit; no power is delivered. On the other hand, it doesn't pay to make the load's impedance too small. Making it smaller does give more current, but no matter how small we make it, the current will still be limited by the transmission line's impedance. As the load's impedance approaches zero, the current approaches this fixed value, and the the power delivered, $$I_\text{o}^2Z_\text{o}$$, decreases in proportion to $$Z_\text{o}$$. Maximizing the power transmission by matching $$Z_T$$ to $$Z_\text{o}$$ is called impedance matching. For example, an 8-ohm home stereo speaker will be correctly matched to a home stereo amplifier with an internal impedance of 8 ohms, and 4-ohm car speakers will be correctly matched to a car stereo with a 4-ohm internal impedance. You might think impedance matching would be unimportant because even if, for example, we used a car stereo to drive 8-ohm speakers, we could compensate for the mismatch simply by turning the volume knob higher. This is indeed one way to compensate for any impedance mismatch, but there is always a price to pay. When the impedances are matched, half the power is dissipated in the transmission line and half in the load. By connecting a 4-ohm amplifier to an 8-ohm speaker, however, you would be setting up a situation in two watts were being dissipated as heat inside the amp for every amp being delivered to the speaker. In other words, you would be wasting energy, and perhaps burning out your amp when you turned up the volume to compensate for the mismatch. ### 10.5.10 Impedances in series and parallel How do impedances combine in series and parallel? The beauty of treating them as complex numbers is that they simply combine according to the same rules you've already learned as resistances. Example 32: Series impedance $$\triangleright$$ A capacitor and an inductor in series with each other are driven by a sinusoidally oscillating voltage. At what frequency is the current maximized? $$\triangleright$$ Impedances in series, like resistances in series, add. The capacitor and inductor act as if they were a single circuit element with an impedance \begin{align} Z &= Z_{L}+ Z_{C}\\ &= i\omega L-\frac{ i}{\omega C} .\\ \text{The current is then} \tilde{ I} = \frac{\tilde{ V}}{ i\omega L- i/\omega C} . \end{align} We don't care about the phase of the current, only its amplitude, which is represented by the absolute value of the complex number $$\tilde{ I}$$, and this can be maximized by making $$\| i\omega L- i/\omega C\|$$ as small as possible. But there is some frequency at which this quantity is zero --- $\begin{gather} 0 = i\omega L-\frac{ i}{\omega C}\\ \frac{1}{\omega C} = \omega L\\ \omega = \frac{1}{\sqrt{ LC}} \end{gather}$ At this frequency, the current is infinite! What is going on physically? This is an LRC circuit with $$R=0$$. It has a resonance at this frequency, and because there is no damping, the response at resonance is infinite. Of course, any real LRC circuit will have some damping, however small (cf. figure j on page 181). Example 33: Resonance with damping $$\triangleright$$ What is the amplitude of the current in a series LRC circuit? $$\triangleright$$ Generalizing from example 32, we add a third, real impedance: \begin{align} \|\tilde{ I}\| &= \frac{\|\tilde{ V}\|}{\| Z\|} \\ &= \frac{\|\tilde{ V}\|}{\| R+ i\omega L- i/\omega C\|} \\ &= \frac{\|\tilde{ V}\|}{\sqrt{ R^2+(\omega L-1/\omega C)^2}} \end{align} This result would have taken pages of algebra without the complex number technique! Example 34: A second-order stereo crossover filter A stereo crossover filter ensures that the high frequencies go to the tweeter and the lows to the woofer. This can be accomplished simply by putting a single capacitor in series with the tweeter and a single inductor in series with the woofer. However, such a filter does not cut off very sharply. Suppose we model the speakers as resistors. (They really have inductance as well, since they have coils in them that serve as electromagnets to move the diaphragm that makes the sound.) Then the power they draw is $$I^2 R$$. Putting an inductor in series with the woofer, ag/1, gives a total impedance that at high frequencies is dominated by the inductor's, so the current is proportional to $$\omega^{-1}$$, and the power drawn by the woofer is proportional to $$\omega^{-2}$$. ag / Example 34. A second-order filter, like ag/2, is one that cuts off more sharply: at high frequencies, the power goes like $$\omega^{-4}$$. To analyze this circuit, we first calculate the total impedance: $\begin{equation} Z = Z_{L}+( Z_{C}^{-1}+ Z_R^{-1})^{-1} \end{equation}$ All the current passes through the inductor, so if the driving voltage being supplied on the left is $$\tilde{ V}_d$$, we have $\begin{equation} \tilde{ V}_d = \tilde{ I}_{L} Z , \end{equation}$ and we also have $\begin{equation} \tilde{ V}_{L} = \tilde{ I}_{L} Z_L . \end{equation}$ The loop rule, applied to the outer perimeter of the circuit, gives $\begin{equation} \tilde{ V}_{d} = \tilde{ V}_{L}+\tilde{ V}_R . \end{equation}$ Straightforward algebra now results in $\begin{equation} \tilde{ V}_{R} = \frac{\tilde{ V}_{d}}{1+ Z_L/ Z_{C}+ Z_{L}/ Z_R} . \end{equation*}$ At high frequencies, the $$Z_{L}/ Z_C$$ term, which varies as $$\omega^2$$, dominates, so $$\tilde{ V}_R$$ and $$\tilde{ I}_R$$ are proportional to $$\omega^{-2}$$, and the power is proportional to $$\omega^{-4}$$. ### Contributors Benjamin Crowell (Fullerton College). 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Aluminum Aluminium, 13Al General properties Pronunciation Alternative name aluminum (U.S., Canada) Appearance silvery gray metallic Standard atomic weight (Ar, standard) [1] Aluminium in the periodic table Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson B ? Al ? Ga 13 Group Period period 3 Element category post-transition metal, sometimes considered a metalloid Block p-block Electron configuration [Ne] 3s2 3p1 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 3 Physical properties Phase at STP solid Melting point 933.47 K (660.32 °C, 1220.58 °F) Boiling point 2743 K (2470 °C, 4478 °F) Density (near r.t.) 2.70 g/cm3 when liquid (at m.p.) 2.375 g/cm3 Heat of fusion 10.71 kJ/mol Heat of vaporization 284 kJ/mol Molar heat capacity 24.20 J/(mol·K) Vapor pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1482 1632 1817 2054 2364 2790 Atomic properties Oxidation states +3, +2,[2] +1,[3] -1, -2 (an amphoteric oxide) Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.61 Ionization energies • 1st: 577.5 kJ/mol • 2nd: 1816.7 kJ/mol • 3rd: 2744.8 kJ/mol • (more) Atomic radius empirical: 143 pm Covalent radius 121±4 pm Van der Waals radius 184 pm Spectral lines Miscellanea Crystal structureface-centered cubic (fcc) Speed of sound thin rod (rolled) 5000 m/s (at r.t.) Thermal expansion 23.1 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C) Thermal conductivity 237 W/(m·K) Electrical resistivity 28.2 n?·m (at 20 °C) Magnetic ordering paramagnetic[4] Magnetic susceptibility +16.5·10-6 cm3/mol Young's modulus 70 GPa Shear modulus 26 GPa Bulk modulus 76 GPa Poisson ratio 0.35 Mohs hardness 2.75 Vickers hardness 160-350 MPa Brinell hardness 160-550 MPa CAS Number 7429-90-5 History Naming after alumina (aluminium oxide), itself named after mineral alum Prediction Antoine Lavoisier Discovery and first isolation Hans Christian Ørsted (1824) Named by Humphry Davy Main isotopes of aluminium Isotope Abundance Half-life (t1/2) Decay mode Product 26Al trace 7.17×105 y ?+ 26Mg ? 26Mg ? - 27Al 100% stable \| references \| in Wikidata Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic and ductile metal in the boron group. By mass, aluminium makes up about 8% of the Earth's crust; it is the third most abundant element after oxygen and silicon and the most abundant metal in the crust, though it is less common in the mantle below. The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite. Aluminium metal is so chemically reactive that native specimens are rare and limited to extreme reducing environments. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different minerals.[5] Aluminium is remarkable for its low density and its ability to resist corrosion through the phenomenon of passivation. Aluminium and its alloys are vital to the aerospace industry[6] and important in transportation and building industries, such as building facades and window frames.[7] The oxides and sulfates are the most useful compounds of aluminium.[6] Despite its prevalence in the environment, no known form of life uses aluminium salts metabolically, but aluminium is well tolerated by plants and animals.[8] Because of these salts' abundance, the potential for a biological role for them is of continuing interest, and studies continue. ## Physical characteristics ### Nuclei and isotopes Aluminium's atomic number is 13. Of aluminium isotopes, only one is stable: 27Al. This is consistent with the fact aluminium's atomic number is odd.[a] It is the only isotope that has existed on Earth in its current form since the creation of the planet. It is essentially the only isotope representing the element on Earth, which makes aluminium a mononuclidic element and practically equates its standard atomic weight to that of the isotope. Such a low standard atomic weight of aluminium[b] has some effects on the properties of the element (see below). All other isotopes are radioactive and could not have survived; the most stable isotope of these is 26Al (half-life 720,000 years). 26Al is produced from argon in the atmosphere by spallation caused by cosmic ray protons and used in radiodating. The ratio of 26Al to 10Be has been used to study transport, deposition, sediment storage, burial times, and erosion on 105 to 106 year time scales.[10] Most meteorite scientists believe that the energy released by the decay of 26Al was responsible for the melting and differentiation of some asteroids after their formation 4.55 billion years ago.[11] The remaining isotopes of aluminium, with mass numbers ranging from 21 to 43, all have half-lives well under an hour. Three metastable states are known, all with half-lives under a minute.[9] ### Electron shell An aluminium atom has 13 electrons, arranged in an electron configuration of [Ne]3s23p1,[12] with three electrons beyond a stable noble gas configuration. Accordingly, the combined first three ionization energies of aluminium are far lower than the fourth ionization energy alone.[13] Aluminium can relatively easily surrender its three outermost electrons in many chemical reactions (see below). The electronegativity of aluminium is 1.61 (Pauling scale).[14] A free aluminium atom has a radius of 143 pm.[15] With the three outermost electrons removed, the radius shrinks to 39 pm for a 4-coordinated atom or 53.5 pm for a 6-coordinated atom.[15] At standard temperature and pressure, aluminium atoms (when not affected by atoms of other elements) form a face-centered cubic crystal system bound by metallic bonding provided by atoms' outermost electrons; hence aluminium (at these conditions) is a metal. This crystal system is shared by some other metals, such as lead and copper; the size of a unit cell of aluminium is comparable to that of those.[16] ### Bulk Etched surface from a high purity (99.9998%) aluminium bar, size 55×37 mm Aluminium metal, when in quantity, is very shiny and resembles silver because it preferentially absorbs far ultraviolet radiation while reflecting all visible light so it does not impart any color to reflected light, unlike the reflectance spectra of copper and gold. Another important characteristic of aluminium is its low density, 2.70 g/cm3.[17][c] Aluminium is a relatively soft, durable, lightweight, ductile, and malleable with appearance ranging from silvery to dull gray, depending on the surface roughness. It is nonmagnetic and does not easily ignite. A fresh film of aluminium serves as a good reflector (approximately 92%) of visible light and an excellent reflector (as much as 98%) of medium and far infrared radiation. The yield strength of pure aluminium is 7-11 MPa, while aluminium alloys have yield strengths ranging from 200 MPa to 600 MPa.[18] Aluminium has about one-third the density and stiffness of steel. It is easily machined, cast, drawn and extruded. Aluminium atoms are arranged in a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure. Aluminium has a stacking-fault energy of approximately 200 mJ/m2.[19] Aluminium is a good thermal and electrical conductor, having 59% the conductivity of copper, both thermal and electrical, while having only 30% of copper's density. Aluminium is capable of superconductivity, with a superconducting critical temperature of 1.2 kelvin and a critical magnetic field of about 100 gauss (10 milliteslas).[20] Aluminium is the most common material for the fabrication of superconducting qubits.[21] ## Chemistry Corrosion resistance can be excellent because a thin surface layer of aluminium oxide forms when the bare metal is exposed to air, effectively preventing further oxidation,[22] in a process termed passivation. The strongest aluminium alloys are less corrosion resistant due to galvanic reactions with alloyed copper.[18] This corrosion resistance is greatly reduced by aqueous salts, particularly in the presence of dissimilar metals. In highly acidic solutions, aluminium reacts with water to form hydrogen, and in highly alkaline ones to form aluminates-- protective passivation under these conditions is negligible. Primarily because it is corroded by dissolved chlorides, such as common sodium chloride, household plumbing is never made from aluminium.[23] However, because of its general resistance to corrosion, aluminium is one of the few metals that retains silvery reflectance in finely powdered form, making it an important component of silver-colored paints. Aluminium mirror finish has the highest reflectance of any metal in the 200-400 nm (UV) and the 3,000-10,000 nm (far IR) regions; in the 400-700 nm visible range it is slightly outperformed by tin and silver and in the 700-3000 nm (near IR) by silver, gold, and copper.[24] Aluminium is oxidized by water at temperatures below 280 °C to produce hydrogen, aluminium hydroxide and heat: 2 Al + 6 H2O -> 2 Al(OH)3 + 3 H2 This conversion is of interest for the production of hydrogen. However, commercial application of this fact has challenges in circumventing the passivating oxide layer, which inhibits the reaction, and in storing the energy required to regenerate the aluminium metal.[25] ### Inorganic compounds The vast majority of compounds, including all Al-containing minerals and all commercially significant aluminium compounds, feature aluminium in the oxidation state 3+. The coordination number of such compounds varies, but generally Al3+ is six-coordinate or tetracoordinate. Almost all compounds of aluminium(III) are colorless.[26] All four trihalides are well known. Unlike the structures of the three heavier trihalides, aluminium fluoride (AlF3) features six-coordinate Al. The octahedral coordination environment for AlF3 is related to the compactness of the fluoride ion, six of which can fit around the small Al3+ center. AlF3 sublimes (with cracking) at 1,291 °C (2,356 °F). With heavier halides, the coordination numbers are lower. The other trihalides are dimeric or polymeric with tetrahedral Al centers. These materials are prepared by treating aluminium metal with the halogen, although other methods exist. Acidification of the oxides or hydroxides affords hydrates. In aqueous solution, the halides often form mixtures, generally containing six-coordinate Al centers that feature both halide and aquo ligands. When aluminium and fluoride are together in aqueous solution, they readily form complex ions such as , , and . In the case of chloride, polyaluminium clusters are formed such as [Al13O4(OH)24(H2O)12]7+. Aluminium hydrolysis as a function of pH.[] Coordinated water molecules are omitted. Aluminium forms one stable oxide with the chemical formula Al2O3. It can be found in nature in the mineral corundum.[27] Aluminium oxide is also commonly called alumina.[28]Sapphire and ruby are impure corundum contaminated with trace amounts of other metals. The two oxide-hydroxides, AlO(OH), are boehmite and diaspore. There are three trihydroxides: bayerite, gibbsite, and nordstrandite, which differ in their crystalline structure (polymorphs). Most are produced from ores by a variety of wet processes using acid and base. Heating the hydroxides leads to formation of corundum. These materials are of central importance to the production of aluminium and are themselves extremely useful. Aluminium carbide (Al4C3) is made by heating a mixture of the elements above 1,000 °C (1,832 °F). The pale yellow crystals consist of tetrahedral aluminium centers. It reacts with water or dilute acids to give methane. The acetylide, Al2(C2)3, is made by passing acetylene over heated aluminium. Aluminium nitride (AlN) is the only nitride known for aluminium. Unlike the oxides, it features tetrahedral Al centers. It can be made from the elements at 800 °C (1,472 °F). It is air-stable material with a usefully high thermal conductivity. Aluminium phosphide (AlP) is made similarly; it hydrolyses to give phosphine: AlP + 3 H2O -> Al(OH)3 + PH3 #### Rarer oxidation states Although the great majority of aluminium compounds feature Al3+ centers, compounds with lower oxidation states are known and sometime of significance as precursors to the Al3+ species. ##### Aluminium(I) AlF, AlCl and AlBr exist in the gaseous phase when the trihalide is heated with aluminium. The composition AlI is unstable at room temperature, converting to triiodide:[29] ${\displaystyle {\ce {3 AlI -> AlI3 + 2 Al}}}$ A stable derivative of aluminium monoiodide is the cyclic adduct formed with triethylamine, Al4I4(NEt3)4. Also of theoretical interest but only of fleeting existence are Al2O and Al2S. Al2O is made by heating the normal oxide, Al2O3, with silicon at 1,800 °C (3,272 °F) in a vacuum.[29] Such materials quickly disproportionate to the starting materials. ##### Aluminium(II) Very simple Al(II) compounds are invoked or observed in the reactions of Al metal with oxidants. For example, aluminium monoxide, AlO, has been detected in the gas phase after explosion[30] and in stellar absorption spectra.[31] More thoroughly investigated are compounds of the formula R4Al2 which contain an Al-Al bond and where R is a large organic ligand.[32] ### Organoaluminium compounds and related hydrides Structure of trimethylaluminium, a compound that features five-coordinate carbon. A variety of compounds of empirical formula AlR3 and AlR1.5Cl1.5 exist.[33] These species usually feature tetrahedral Al centers formed by dimerization with some R or Cl bridging between both Al atoms, e.g. "trimethylaluminium" has the formula Al2(CH3)6 (see figure). With large organic groups, triorganoaluminium compounds exist as three-coordinate monomers, such as triisobutylaluminium. Such compounds[which?] are widely used in industrial chemistry, despite the fact that they are often highly pyrophoric. Few analogues exist between organoaluminium and organoboron compounds other than[clarification needed] large organic groups. The important[clarification needed] aluminium hydride is lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4), which is used in as a reducing agent in organic chemistry. It can be produced from lithium hydride and aluminium trichloride: 4 LiH + AlCl3 -> LiAlH4 + 3 LiCl Several useful derivatives of LiAlH4 are known, e.g. sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)dihydridoaluminate. The simplest hydride, aluminium hydride or alane, remains a laboratory curiosity. It is a polymer with the formula (AlH3)n, in contrast to the corresponding boron hydride that is a dimer with the formula (BH3)2. ## Natural occurrence ### In space Aluminium's per-particle abundance in the Solar System is 3.15 ppm (parts per million).[34][d] It is the twelfth most abundant of all elements and third most abundant among the elements that have odd atomic numbers, after hydrogen and nitrogen.[34] The only stable isotope of aluminium, 27Al, is the eighteenth most abundant nucleus in the Universe. It is created almost entirely after fusion of carbon in massive stars that will later become Type II supernovae: this fusion creates 26Mg, which, upon capturing free protons and neutrons becomes aluminium. Some smaller quantities of 27Al are created in hydrogen burning shells of evolved stars, where 26Mg can capture free protons.[35] Essentially all aluminium now in existence is 27Al; 26Al was present in the early Solar System but is currently extinct. However, the trace quantities of 26Al that do exist are the most common gamma ray emitter in the interstellar gas.[35] ### On Earth Bauxite, a major aluminium ore. The red-brown color is due to the presence of iron minerals. Overall, the Earth is about 1.59% aluminium by mass (seventh in abundance by mass).[36] Aluminium occurs in greater proportion in the Earth than in the Universe because aluminium easily forms the oxide and becomes bound into rocks and aluminium stays in the Earth's crust while less reactive metals sunk to the core.[35] In the Earth's crust, aluminium is the most abundant (8.3% by mass) metallic element and the third most abundant of all elements (after oxygen and silicon).[26] A large number of silicates in the Earth's crust contain aluminium.[37] In contrast, the Earth's mantle is only 2.38% aluminium by mass.[38] Because of its strong affinity for oxygen, aluminium is almost never found in the elemental state; instead it is found in oxides or silicates. Feldspars, the most common group of minerals in the Earth's crust, are aluminosilicates. Aluminium also occurs in the minerals beryl, cryolite, garnet, spinel, and turquoise.[39] Impurities in Al2O3, such as chromium and iron, yield the gemstones ruby and sapphire, respectively.[40] Native aluminium metal can only be found as a minor phase in low oxygen fugacity environments, such as the interiors of certain volcanoes.[41] Native aluminium has been reported in cold seeps in the northeastern continental slope of the South China Sea. It is possible that these deposits resulted from bacterial reduction of tetrahydroxoaluminate Al(OH)4-.[42] Although aluminium is a common and widespread element, not all aluminium minerals are economically viable sources of the metal. Almost all metallic aluminium is produced from the ore bauxite (AlOx(OH)3-2x). Bauxite occurs as a weathering product of low iron and silica bedrock in tropical climatic conditions.[43] In 2017, most bauxite was mined in Australia, China, Guinea, and India.[44] ## History Friedrich Wöhler, the chemist who first thoroughly described the aluminium metal The history of aluminium has been shaped by usage of alum. The first written record of alum, made by Greek historian Herodotus, dates back to the 5th century BCE.[45] The ancients are known to have used alum as dyeing mordants and for city defense.[45] After the Crusades, alum, a good indispensable in European fabric industry,[46] was a subject of international commerce;[47] it was imported to Europe from the eastern Mediterranean until the mid-15th century.[48] The nature of alum remained unknown. Around 1530, Swiss physician Paracelsus suggested alum was a salt of an earth of alum.[49] In 1595, German doctor and chemist Andreas Libavius experimentally confirmed this;[50] In 1722, German chemist Friedrich Hoffmann announced his belief that the base of alum was a distinct earth.[51] In 1754, German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf synthesized alumina by boiling clay in sulfuric acid and subsequently adding potash.[51] Attempts to produce aluminium metal date back to 1760.[52] The first successful attempt, however, was completed in 1824 by Danish physicist and chemist Hans Christian Ørsted. He reacted anhydrous aluminium chloride with potassium amalgam, yielding a lump of metal looking similar to tin.[53][54] He presented his results and demonstrated a sample of the new metal in 1825.[55][56] In 1827, German chemist Friedrich Wöhler repeated Ørsted's experiments but did not identify any aluminium.[57] (The reason for this inconsistency was only discovered in 1921.)[58] He conducted a similar experiment in 1827 by mixing anhydrous aluminium chloride with potassium and produced a powder of aluminium.[54] In 1845, he was able to produce small pieces of the metal and described some physical properties of this metal.[58] For many years thereafter, Wöhler was credited as the discoverer of aluminium following the success and descriptive details of his 1845 experiment.[59] As Wöhler's method could not yield great quantities of aluminium, the metal remained rare; its cost exceeded that of gold.[57] The statue of Anteros in Piccadilly Circus, London, was made in 1893 and is one of the first statues cast in aluminium. French chemist Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville announced an industrial method of aluminium production in 1854 at the Paris Academy of Sciences.[60] Aluminium trichloride could be reduced by sodium, which was more convenient and less expensive than potassium, which Wöhler had used.[61] In 1856, Deville along with companions established the world's first industrial production of aluminium.[60] From 1855 to 1859, the price of aluminium dropped by an order of magnitude, from US\$500 to \$40 per pound.[62] Even then, aluminium was still not of great purity and produced aluminium differed in properties by sample.[63] The first industrial large-scale production method was independently developed in 1886 by French engineer Paul Héroult and American engineer Charles Martin Hall; it is now known as the Hall-Héroult process.[64] The Hall-Héroult process converts alumina into the metal. Austrian chemist Carl Joseph Bayer discovered a way of purifying bauxite to yield alumina, now known as the Bayer process, in 1889.[65] Modern production of the aluminium metal is based on the Bayer and Hall-Héroult processes. The Hall-Héroult process was further improved in 1920 by a team led by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Söderberg; this improvement greatly increased the world output of aluminium.[66] Prices of aluminium dropped and aluminium became widely used in jewelry, everyday items, eyeglass frames, optical instruments, tableware, and foil in the 1890s and early 20th century. Aluminium's ability to form hard yet light alloys with other metals provided the metal many uses at the time.[67] During World War I, major governments demanded large shipments of aluminium for light strong airframes.[68] By the mid-20th century, aluminium had become a part of everyday lives, also becoming an essential component of houseware.[69] During the mid-20th century, aluminium emerged as a civil engineering material, with buildings using for both basic construction and interior,[70] and advanced its use in military engineering, for both airplanes and land armor vehicle engines.[71]Earth's first artificial satellite, launched in 1957, consisted of two separate aluminium semi-spheres joined together and all subsequent space vehicles have been made of aluminium.[66] The aluminium can was invented in 1956 and employed as a storage for drinks in 1958.[72] World production of aluminium since 1900 Throughout the 20th century, the production of aluminium rose rapidly: while the world production of aluminium in 1900 was 6,800 metric tons, the annual production first exceeded 100,000 metric tons in 1916; 1,000,000 tons in 1941; 10,000,000 tons in 1971.[73] In the 1970s, the increased demand for aluminium made it an exchange commodity; it entered the London Metal Exchange, the oldest industrial metal exchange in the world, in 1978.[66] The output continued to grow: the annual production of aluminium exceeded 50,000,000 metric tons in 2013.[73] The real price for aluminium declined from \$14,000 per metric ton in 1900 to \$2,340 in 1948 (in 1998 United States dollars).[73] Extraction and processing costs were lowered over technological progress and the scale of the economies. However, the need to exploit lower-grade poorer quality deposits and the use of fast increasing input costs (above all, energy) increased the net cost of aluminium;[74] the real price began to grow in the 1970s with the rise of energy cost.[75] Production moved from the industrialized countries to countries where production was cheaper.[76] Production costs in the late 20th century changed because of advances in technology, lower energy prices, exchange rates of the United States dollar, and alumina prices.[77] The BRIC countries' combined share grew in the first decade of the 21st century from 32.6% to 56.5% in primary production and 21.4% to 47.8% in primary consumption.[78] China is accumulating an especially large share of world's production thanks to abundance of resources, cheap energy, and governmental stimuli;[79] it also increased its consumption share from 2% in 1972 to 40% in 2010.[80] In the United States, Western Europe, and Japan, most aluminium was consumed in transportation, engineering, construction, and packaging.[81] ## Etymology Aluminium is named after alumina, or aluminium oxide in modern nomenclature. The word "alumina" comes from "alum", the mineral from which it was collected. The word "alum" comes from alumen, a Latin word meaning "bitter salt".[82] The word alumen stems from the Proto-Indo-European root *alu- meaning "bitter" or "beer".[83] 1897 American advertisement featuring the aluminum spelling British chemist Humphry Davy, who performed a number of experiments aimed to synthesize the metal, is credited as the person who named aluminium. In 1808, he suggested the metal be named alumium.[84] This suggestion was criticized by contemporary chemists from France, Germany, and Sweden, who insisted the metal should be named for the oxide, alumina, from which it would be isolated.[85] In 1812, Davy chose aluminum, thus producing the modern name.[86] However, it is spelled and pronounced differently outside of North America: aluminum is in use in the U.S. and Canada while aluminium is in use elsewhere.[87] ### Spelling The suffix followed the precedent set in other newly discovered elements of the time: potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, and strontium (all of which Davy isolated himself). Nevertheless, element names ending in were not unknown at the time; for example, platinum (known to Europeans since the 16th century), molybdenum (discovered in 1778), and tantalum (discovered in 1802). The suffix is consistent with the universal spelling alumina for the oxide (as opposed to aluminia); compare to lanthana, the oxide of lanthanum, and magnesia, ceria, and thoria, the oxides of magnesium, cerium, and thorium, respectively. In 1812, British scientist Thomas Young[88] wrote an anonymous review of Davy's book, in which he objected to aluminum and proposed the name aluminium: "for so we shall take the liberty of writing the word, in preference to aluminum, which has a less classical sound."[89] This name did catch on: while the spelling was occasionally used in Britain, the American scientific language used from the start.[90] Most scientists used throughout the world in the 19th century;[91] it still remains the standard in most other languages.[87] In 1828, American lexicographer Noah Webster used exclusively the aluminum spelling in his American Dictionary of the English Language.[92] In the 1830s, the spelling started to gain usage in the United States; by the 1860s, it had become the more common spelling there outside science.[90] In 1892, Hall used the spelling in his advertising handbill for his new electrolytic method of producing the metal, despite his constant use of the spelling in all the patents he filed between 1886 and 1903. It was subsequently suggested this was a typo rather than intended.[87] By 1890, both spellings had been common in the U.S. overall, the spelling being slightly more common; by 1895, the situation had reversed; by 1900, aluminum had been twice as common as aluminium; during the following decade, the spelling dominated American usage.[93] In 1925, the American Chemical Society adopted this spelling.[93] The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) adopted aluminium as the standard international name for the element in 1990.[94] In 1993, they recognized aluminum as an acceptable variant;[94] the same is true for the most recent 2005 edition of the IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry.[95] IUPAC official publications use the spelling as primary but list both where appropriate.[e]English Wikipedia follows this standard by adopting the "aluminium" spelling as the sole spelling in chemistry-related articles. ## Production and refinement World's top producers of primary aluminium, 2016[97] Country Output (thousand tons) China 31,873 Russia 3,561 Canada 3,208 India 2,896 United Arab Emirates 2,471 Australia 1,635 Norway 1,247 Bahrain 971 Saudi Arabia 869 United States 818 Brazil 793 South Africa 701 Iceland 700 World total 58,800 Aluminium production is highly energy-consuming, and so the producers tend to locate smelters in places where electric power is both plentiful and inexpensive.[98] As of 2012, the world's largest smelters of aluminium are located in China, Russia, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, and South Africa.[99] In 2016, China was the top producer of aluminium with a world share of fifty-five percent; the next largest producing countries were Russia, Canada, India, and the United Arab Emirates.[97] According to the International Resource Panel's Metal Stocks in Society report, the global per capita stock of aluminium in use in society (i.e. in cars, buildings, electronics etc.) is 80 kg (180 lb). Much of this is in more-developed countries (350-500 kg (770-1,100 lb) per capita) rather than less-developed countries (35 kg (77 lb) per capita).[100] ### Bayer process Bauxite is converted to aluminium oxide by the Bayer process. Bauxite is blended for uniform composition and grinded. The resulting slurry is mixed with a hot solution of sodium hydroxide; the mixture is then treated in a digester vessel at a pressure well above atmospheric, dissolving the aluminium hydroxide in bauxite while converting impurities into a relatively insoluble compounds:[101] Al(OH)3 + Na+ + OH- -> Na+ + [Al(OH)4]- After this reaction, the slurry is at a temperature above its atmospheric boiling point. It is cooled by removing steam as pressure is reduced. The bauxite residue is separated from the solution and discarded. The solution, free of solids, is seeded with small crystals of aluminium hydroxide; this causes decomposition of the [Al(OH)4]- ions to aluminium hydroxide. After about half of aluminium has precipitated, the mixture is sent to classifiers. Small crystals of aluminium hydroxide are collected to serve as seeding agents; coarse particles are reduced to aluminium oxide; excess solution is removed by evaporation, (if needed) purified, and recycled.[101] ### Hall-Héroult process The conversion of alumina to aluminium metal is achieved by the Hall-Héroult process. In this energy-intensive process, a solution of alumina in a molten (950 and 980 °C (1,740 and 1,800 °F)) mixture of cryolite (Na3AlF6) with calcium fluoride is electrolyzed to produce metallic aluminium. The liquid aluminium metal sinks to the bottom of the solution and is tapped off, and usually cast into large blocks called aluminium billets for further processing.[8] Extrusion billets of aluminium Anodes of the electrolysis cell are made of carbon--the most resistant material against fluoride corrosion--and either bake at the process or are prebaked. The former, also called Söderberg anodes, are less power-efficient and fumes released during baking are costly to collect, which is why they are being replaced by prebaked anodes even though they save the power, energy, and labor to prebake the cathodes. Carbon for anodes should be preferably pure so that neither aluminium nor the electrolyte is contaminated with ash. Despite carbon's resistivity against corrosion, it is still consumed at a rate of 0.4-0.5 kg per each kilogram of produced aluminium. Cathodes are made of anthracite; high purity for them is not required because impurities leach only very slowly. Cathode is consumed at a rate of 0.02-0.04 kg per each kilogram of produced aluminium. A cell is usually a terminated after 2-6 years following a failure of the cathode.[8] The Hall-Heroult process produces aluminium with a purity of above 99%. Further purification can be done by the Hoopes process. This process involves the electrolysis of molten aluminium with a sodium, barium and aluminium fluoride electrolyte. The resulting aluminium has a purity of 99.99%.[8][102] Electric power represents about 20 to 40% of the cost of producing aluminium, depending on the location of the smelter. Aluminium production consumes roughly 5% of electricity generated in the United States.[94] Because of this, alternatives to the Hall-Héroult process have been researched, but none has turned out to be economically feasible.[8] Aluminium recycling code ### Recycling Recovery of the metal through recycling has become an important task of the aluminium industry. Recycling was a low-profile activity until the late 1960s, when the growing use of aluminium beverage cans brought it to public awareness.[103] Recycling involves melting the scrap, a process that requires only 5% of the energy used to produce aluminium from ore, though a significant part (up to 15% of the input material) is lost as dross (ash-like oxide).[104] An aluminium stack melter produces significantly less dross, with values reported below 1%.[105] White dross from primary aluminium production and from secondary recycling operations still contains useful quantities of aluminium that can be extracted industrially.[106] The process produces aluminium billets, together with a highly complex waste material. This waste is difficult to manage. It reacts with water, releasing a mixture of gases (including, among others, hydrogen, acetylene, and ammonia), which spontaneously ignites on contact with air;[107] contact with damp air results in the release of copious quantities of ammonia gas. Despite these difficulties, the waste is used as a filler in asphalt and concrete.[108] ## Applications Aluminium-bodied Austin A40 Sports (ca. 1951) ### Metal Aluminium is the most widely used non-ferrous metal.[109] The global production of aluminium in 2016 was 58.8 million metric tons. It exceeded that of any other metal except iron (1,231 million metric tons).[97] Aluminium is almost always alloyed, which markedly improves its mechanical properties, especially when tempered. For example, the common aluminium foils and beverage cans are alloys of 92% to 99% aluminium.[110] The main alloying agents are copper, zinc, magnesium, manganese, and silicon (e.g., duralumin) with the levels of other metals in a few percent by weight.[111] The major uses for aluminium metal are in:[112] • Transportation (automobiles, aircraft, trucks, railway cars, marine vessels, bicycles, spacecraft, etc.). Aluminium is used because of its low density; • Packaging (cans, foil, frame etc.). Aluminium is used because it is non-toxic, non-adsorptive, and splinter-proof; • Building and construction (windows, doors, siding, building wire, sheathing, roofing, etc.). Since steel is cheaper, aluminium is used when lightness, corrosion resistance, or engineering features are important; • Electricity-related uses (conductor alloys, motors and generators, transformers, capacitors, etc.). Aluminium is used because it is relatively cheap, highly conductive, has adequate mechanical strength and low density, and resists corrosion; • A wide range of household items, from cooking utensils to furniture. Low density, good appearance, ease of fabrication, and durability are the key factors of aluminium usage; • Machinery and equipment (processing equipment, pipes, tools). Aluminium is used because of its corrosion resistance, non-pyrophoricity, and mechanical strength. ### Compounds The great majority (about 90%) of aluminium oxide is converted to metallic aluminium.[101] Being a very hard material (Mohs hardness 9),[113] alumina is widely used as an abrasive;[114] being extraordinarily chemically inert, it is useful in highly reactive environments such as high pressure sodium lamps.[115] Aluminium oxide is commonly used as a catalyst for industrial processes;[101] e.g. the Claus process to convert hydrogen sulfide to sulfur in refineries and to alkylate amines.[116][117] Many industrial catalysts are supported by alumina, meaning that the expensive catalyst material is dispersed over a surface of the inert alumina.[118] Another principal use is as a drying agent or absorbent.[101][119] Laser deposition of alumina on a substrate Several sulfates of aluminium have industrial and commercial application. Aluminium sulfate (in its hydrate form) is produced on the annual scale of several millions of metric tons.[120] About two thirds is consumed in water treatment.[120] The next major application is in the manufacture of paper.[120] It is also used as a mordant in dyeing, in pickling seeds, deodorizing of mineral oils, in leather tanning, and in production of other aluminium compounds.[120] Two kinds of alum, ammonium alum and potassium alum, were formerly used as mordants and in leather tanning, but their use has significantly declined following availability of high-purity aluminium sulfate.[120] Anydrous aluminium chloride as a catalyst in chemical and petrochemical industries, the dyeing industry, and in synthesis of various inorganic and organic compounds.[120] Aluminium hydroxychlorides are used in purifying water, in the paper industry, and as antipersperants.[120] Sodium aluminate is used in treating water and as an accelerator of solidification of cement.[120] Many aluminium compounds have niche applications, for example: ## Biology Schematic of Al absorption by human skin.[131] Despite its widespread occurrence in the Earth crust, aluminium has no known function in biology. Aluminium salts are remarkably nontoxic, aluminium sulfate having an LD50 of 6207 mg/kg (oral, mouse), which corresponds to 500 grams for an 80 kg (180 lb) person.[8] ### Toxicity In most people, aluminium is not as toxic as heavy metals. Aluminium is classified as a non-carcinogen by the United States Department of Health and Human Services.[132] There is little evidence that normal exposure to aluminium presents a risk to healthy adult,[133] but there is evidence of some toxicity if it is consumed in amounts greater than 40 mg/day per kg of body mass.[132] Most aluminium consumed will leave the body in feces; the small part of it that enters the body, will be excreted via urine.[134] Aluminium that does stay in the body is accumulated in, above all, bone; and apart from that, in brain, liver, and kidney.[135] Aluminium metal cannot pass the blood-brain barrier and natural filters before the brain, but some compounds, such as the fluoride, can.[136] ### Effects Aluminium, although rarely, can cause vitamin D-resistant osteomalacia, erythropoietin-resistant microcytic anemia, and central nervous system alterations.[132] Aluminium increases estrogen-related gene expression in human breast cancer cells cultured in the laboratory.[137] The estrogen-like effects of these salts have led to their classification as metalloestrogens.[] In very high doses, aluminium is associated with altered function of the blood-brain barrier.[138] A small percentage of people are allergic to aluminium and experience contact dermatitis, digestive disorders, vomiting, or other symptoms upon contact or ingestion of products containing aluminium, such as antiperspirants and antacids.[] Chronic ingestion of aluminium may cause disturbances in iron and zinc balance as a result of aluminium binding to intestinal contents and increased elimination of other metals with the stools.[132] Since aluminium is excreted by kidneys, their function may be impaired by toxic amounts of aluminium.[136] There are five major Al forms absorbed by human body: the free solvated trivalent cation (Al3+(aq)); low-molecular-weight, neutral, soluble complexes (LMW-Al0(aq)); high-molecular-weight, neutral, soluble complexes (HMW-Al0(aq)); low-molecular-weight, charged, soluble complexes (LMW-Al(L)n+/-(aq)); nano and micro-particulates (Al(L)n(s)). They are transported across cell membranes or cell epi-/endothelia through five major routes: (1) paracellular; (2) transcellular; (3) active transport; (4) channels; (5) adsorptive or receptor-mediated endocytosis.[131] There is little evidence that aluminium in antiperspirants causes skin irritation.[8] Aluminium has controversially been implicated as a factor in Alzheimer's disease.[139] According to the Alzheimer's Society, the medical and scientific opinion is that studies have not convincingly demonstrated a causal relationship between aluminium and Alzheimer's disease.[140] Research in this area has been inconclusive; aluminium accumulation may be a consequence of the disease rather than a causal agent.[141][142] ### Exposure routes Acidic precipitation is the main natural factor to mobilize aluminium from natural sources; however, the main factor of presence of aluminium in salt and freshwater are the industrial processes that also release aluminium into air.[132] The use of aluminium cookware is the main factor of presence of aluminium in food.[132] Food is the main source of aluminium. Drinking water contains more aluminium than solid food;[132] however, aluminium in food may be absorbed more than aluminium from water.[143] Dietary exposure in Europeans averages to 0.2-1.5 mg/kg/week but can be as high as 2.3 mg/kg/week in those highly exposed to aluminium.[132] Excessive consumption of antacids containing aluminium compounds and excessive use of aluminium-containing antiperspirants provide significant exposure levels.[] Consumption of acidic foods or liquids with aluminium enhances aluminium absorption,[144] and maltol has been shown to increase the accumulation of aluminium in nerve and bone tissues.[145] ### Treatment In case of suspected sudden intake of a large amount of aluminium, deferoxamine mesylate may be given to help eliminate it from the body by chelation.[146] ## Environmental effects "Bauxite tailings" storage facility in Stade, Germany. The aluminium industry generates about 70 million tons of this waste annually. Aluminium is primary among the factors that reduce plant growth on acidic soils. Although it is generally harmless to plant growth in pH-neutral soils, the concentration in acid soils of toxic Al3+cations increases and disturbs root growth and function.[147][148][149][150] Most acid soils are saturated with aluminium rather than hydrogen ions. The acidity of the soil is therefore, a result of hydrolysis of aluminium compounds.[151] The concept of "corrected lime potential"[152] is now used to define the degree of base saturation in soil testing to determine the "lime requirement".[153][154] Wheat has developed a tolerance to aluminium, releasing organic compounds that bind to harmful aluminium cations. Sorghum is believed to have the same tolerance mechanism. The first gene for aluminium tolerance has been identified in wheat. It was shown that sorghum's aluminium tolerance is controlled by a single gene, as for wheat.[155] This adaptation is not found in all plants. ## Occupational safety Exposure to powdered aluminium or aluminium welding fumes can cause pulmonary fibrosis. The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set a permissible exposure limit of 15 mg/m3 time weighted average (TWA) for total exposure and 5 mg/m3 TWA for respiratory exposure. The United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommended exposure limit is the same for respiratory exposure but is 10 mg/m3 for total exposure, and 5 mg/m3 for fumes and powder. Fine aluminium powder can ignite or explode, posing another workplace hazard.[156][157] ### Biodegradation A Spanish scientific report from 2001 claimed that the fungus Geotrichum candidum consumes the aluminium in compact discs.[158][159] Other reports all refer back to the 2001 Spanish report and there is no supporting original research. Better documented, the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the fungus Cladosporium resinae are commonly detected in aircraft fuel tanks that use kerosene-based fuels (not AV gas), and laboratory cultures can degrade aluminium.[160] However, these life forms do not directly attack or consume the aluminium; rather, the metal is corroded by microbe waste products.[161] ## Notes 1. ^ No elements with odd atomic numbers have more than two stable isotopes; even-numbered elements have multiple stable isotopes, with tin (element 50) having the highest number of isotopes of all elements, ten.[9] See Even and odd atomic nuclei for more details. 2. ^ Most other metals have greater standard atomic weights: for instance, that of iron is 55.8; copper 63.5; lead 207.2.[1] 3. ^ Aluminium's low density (compared to the other metals) arises from the fact that its nuclei are much lighter, while difference in the unit cell size does not compensate for this difference. 4. ^ Abundances in the source are listed relative to silicon rather than in per-particle notation. 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Retrieved 2015. 158. ^ "Fungus 'eats' CDs". BBC. 22 June 2001. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. 159. ^ Bosch, Xavier (27 June 2001). "Fungus eats CD". Nature. doi:10.1038/news010628-11 (inactive 2017-01-28). Archived from the original on 31 December 2010. 160. ^ Sheridan, J. E.; Nelson, Jan; Tan, Y. L. "Studies on the 'Kerosene Fungus' Cladosporium resinae (Lindau) De Vries: Part I. The Problem of Microbial Contamination of Aviation Fuels". Tuatara. 19 (1): 29. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. 161. ^ "Fuel System Contamination & Starvation". Duncan Aviation. 2011. Archived from the original on 25 February 2015. ## Further reading • Mimi Sheller, Aluminum Dream: The Making of Light Modernity. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 2014. This article uses material from the Wikipedia page available here. 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https://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess121_2015-2016/sj16/20160420.htm	South Carolina General Assembly 121st Session, 2015-2016 Journal of the Senate Wednesday, April 20, 2016 (Statewide Session) Indicates Matter Stricken Indicates New Matter The Senate assembled at 11:00 A.M., the hour to which it stood adjourned, and was called to order by the ACTING PRESIDENT, Senator SETZLER. (This is a Statewide Session day established under the provisions of Senate Rule 1B. Members not having scheduled committee or subcommittee meetings may be in their home districts without effect on their session attendance record.) S. 684 (Word version) Sen. Shealy INTRODUCTION OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS The following were introduced: S. 1252 (Word version) -- Senator S. Martin: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 23-9-195 SO AS TO REQUIRE THE STATE FIRE MARSHAL TO ISSUE A LICENSE FOR A COMMUNITY FIREWORKS DISPLAY IF CERTAIN SAFETY CONDITIONS AND OTHER REQUIREMENTS ARE MET. l:\council\bills\bbm\9476dg16.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. S. 1253 (Word version) -- Senator L. Martin: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND COMMEND THE SOUTH CAROLINA POULTRY FEDERATION AND THE POULTRY INDUSTRY IT REPRESENTS FOR THEIR OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ECONOMY OF THIS GREAT STATE AND TO DECLARE WEDNESDAY, APRIL 20, 2016, AS SOUTH CAROLINA POULTRY DAY. l:\council\bills\rm\1589ahb16.docx S. 1254 (Word version) -- Senator Nicholson: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND CONGRATULATE FLAT ROCK AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL (AME) CHURCH OF ABBEVILLE ON THE OCCASION OF ITS HISTORIC ONE HUNDRED FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY AND TO COMMEND THE CHURCH FOR A CENTURY AND A HALF OF SERVICE TO GOD AND THE COMMUNITY. l:\council\bills\rm\1597dg16.docx S. 1255 (Word version) -- Senator Grooms: A BILL TO AMEND ARTICLE 3, CHAPTER 11 OF TITLE 11 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE GENERAL FUND AND THE CAPITAL RESERVE FUND, BY ADDING SECTION 11-11-315, TO ESTABLISH THE TRANSPORTATION MAINTENANCE FUND, TO PROVIDE THAT TWO PERCENT OF THE GENERAL FUND REVENUE OF THE LATEST COMPLETED FISCAL YEAR BE DEPOSITED INTO THE TRANSPORTATION MAINTENANCE FUND, AND TO PROVIDE THAT MONIES IN THE FUND MUST BE USED TO OFFSET REVENUE SHORTFALLS. l:\s-res\lkg\040tran.dmr.lkg.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance. S. 1256 (Word version) -- Senator Cleary: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 50-11-870, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO AREAS THAT ARE DECLARED TO BE BIRD SANCTUARIES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT CERTAIN CREEKS, TRIBUTARIES, AND MARSHES NEAR MURRELLS INLET AND LITCHFIELD INLET ARE DECLARED TO BE BIRD SANCTUARIES. l:\council\bills\gt\5108cm16.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Fish, Game and Forestry. S. 1257 (Word version) -- Senator Cleary: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 7-7-140, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DESIGNATION OF VOTING PRECINCTS IN CHARLESTON COUNTY, SO AS TO REDESIGNATE THE MAP NUMBER ON WHICH THE NAMES OF THE CHARLESTON COUNTY VOTING PRECINCTS MAY BE FOUND AND MAINTAINED BY THE REVENUE AND FISCAL AFFAIRS OFFICE, AND TO STRIKE OBSOLETE REFERENCES TO THE OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND STATISTICS. l:\council\bills\ggs\22843zw16.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. S. 1258 (Word version) -- Finance Committee: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 43, TITLE 11 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE BANK, TO PROVIDE FOR THE DISTRIBUTION BY THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AND THE SOUTH CAROLINA TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE BANK OF CERTAIN FEES AND FINES COLLECTED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES TRANSFERRED TO THE STATE HIGHWAY FUND; TO AMEND SECTIONS 12-37-2740(D), 38-73-470, 56-1-170(B)(3), 56-1-200, 56-1-286(K)(1), 56-1-390(2), 56-1-400(A), 56-1-460(A)(1)(e)(iii), 56-1-550, 56-1-740(B)(3), 56-1-746(D)(3), 56-1-2080, 56-3-355, 56-3-1335, 56-5-750(G)(3), 56-5-2951(B)(1), 56-5-2951(H)(3), 56-9-330, 56-10-240(C), 56-10-245, 56-10-552, 56-19-420(C) AND 56-19-520(A)(4), ALL OF THE 1976 CODE, ALL RELATING TO FEES OR FINES COLLECTED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES, TO PROVIDE THAT ALL OR A PORTION OF THE FEES SHALL BE CREDITED TO THE STATE HIGHWAY FUND, AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF THOSE FUNDS BY THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AND THE SOUTH CAROLINA TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE BANK; TO AMEND SECTION 12-36-2647 OF THE 1976 CODE, AS ENACTED IN ACT 98 OF 2013 AND RELATED TO SOURCES OF REVENUE USED FOR HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE, TO PROVIDE THAT THE REVENUES OF SALES, USE, AND CASUAL EXCISE TAXES DERIVED PURSUANT TO SECTIONS 12-36-2620(1) AND 12-36-2640(1) ON THE SALE, USE, OR TITLING OF A MOTOR VEHICLE MUST BE CREDITED TO THE STATE HIGHWAY FUND, AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF THOSE FUNDS BY THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AND THE SOUTH CAROLINA TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE BANK. l:\s-res\hkl\017fee .kmm.hkl.docx Read the first time and ordered placed on the Calendar without reference. H. 4398 (Word version) -- Reps. Clemmons, Yow, Burns, Pitts, McCoy and Hicks: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 15-41-30, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO PROPERTY EXEMPT FROM BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS OR ATTACHMENT, LEVY, AND SALE, SO AS TO EXEMPT THREE FIREARMS OF ANY VALUE AND ONE THOUSAND ROUNDS OF AMMUNITION FOR EACH FIREARM OWNED BY THE DEBTOR. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. H. 4492 (Word version) -- Reps. Putnam, Clyburn, Collins, Clary, Erickson, Long, Ryhal, Herbkersman, Newton, Tinkler, Jordan, Hicks, McCoy, M. S. McLeod, Douglas, Henegan, Allison, G. M. Smith, Funderburk, Finlay and Pitts: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 63-7-1630, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO NOTICE OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT HEARINGS, SO AS TO REQUIRE THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES TO PROVIDE TEN DAYS NOTICE OF A HEARING TO, AMONG OTHERS, FOSTER PARENTS AND TO REQUIRE THE NOTICE TO INFORM FOSTER PARENTS OF THE RIGHT TO SUBMIT A REPORT TO THE COURT; TO AMEND SECTION 63-7-1700, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO PERMANENCY PLANNING FOR CHILDREN IN FOSTER CARE, SO AS TO REQUIRE THE DEPARTMENT TO PROVIDE NOTICE OF A PERMANENCY PLANNING HEARING TO FOSTER PARENTS AND OTHER PERSONS PROVIDING CARE FOR A CHILD; AND TO AMEND SECTION 63-11-720, RELATING TO FUNCTIONS OF THE FOSTER CARE REVIEW BOARD, SO AS TO REQUIRE THE FOSTER CARE REVIEW BOARD TO ADVISE FOSTER PARENTS ABOUT THE RIGHT TO SUBMIT A REPORT TO AND BE HEARD BY THE COURT AT A HEARING CONCERNING THE CHILD. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. H. 4574 (Word version) -- Reps. Spires, Herbkersman and Long: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, TO ENACT THE "ELECTROLOGY PRACTICE ACT" BY ADDING ARTICLE 3 TO CHAPTER 13, TITLE 40 SO AS TO PROVIDE A CITATION, TO PROVIDE PURPOSES, TO PROVIDE NECESSARY DEFINITIONS, TO PROHIBIT CERTAIN CONDUCT CONCERNING THE PRACTICE AND TEACHING OF ELECTROLOGY WITHOUT LICENSURE, TO CREATE THE ELECTROLOGY LICENSURE COMMITTEE AS AN ADVISORY BOARD UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE COSMETOLOGY BOARD, TO PROVIDE FOR THE COMPOSITION AND ORGANIZATION OF THE COMMITTEE, TO PROVIDE THE POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE COMMITTEE, TO PROVIDE REQUIREMENTS FOR LICENSURE AS AN ELECTROLOGIST AND REQUIREMENTS FOR LICENSURE AS AN ELECTROLOGY INSTRUCTOR, TO PROVIDE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE CONDUCT OF LICENSEES, TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES FOR VOLUNTARY SURRENDER OF A LICENSE AND SUBSEQUENT REINSTATEMENT, TO PROVIDE PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS, AND TO PROVIDE DISCIPLINARY PROCEDURES FOR VIOLATIONS, AMONG OTHER THINGS; TO AMEND SECTION 40-13-5, RELATING TO APPLICABILITY OF THE CHAPTER, SO AS TO MAKE A CONFORMING CHANGE; TO DESIGNATE EXISTING SECTIONS OF THE CHAPTER AS ARTICLE 1, ENTITLED "COSMETOLOGISTS, NAIL TECHNICIANS, AND ESTHETICIANS"; AND TO REDESIGNATE THE CHAPTER AS "COSMETOLOGY AND MISCELLANEOUS RELATED OCCUPATIONS". Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Medical Affairs. H. 4763 (Word version) -- Reps. Pope, D. C. Moss, Yow, Hardee, Duckworth, Johnson, Goldfinch, Southard, Long, Felder, Taylor, George, Simrill, Jordan, Chumley, Clemmons, Sandifer, Wells, Whitmire, Funderburk and Tallon: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 1-7-180 SO AS TO CREATE THE INTERNET CRIMES AGAINST CHILDREN FUND TO INVESTIGATE, PROSECUTE, AND PREVENT INTERNET CRIMES AGAINST CHILDREN; AND TO AMEND SECTIONS 14-1-206, 14-1-207, AND 14-1-208, ALL AS AMENDED, ALL RELATING TO ADDITIONAL ASSESSMENTS IMPOSED BY CERTAIN COURTS, SO AS TO REVISE THE AMOUNT OF AN ASSESSMENT THAT A PERSON MUST PAY. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. REPORTS OF STANDING COMMITTEES Senator RANKIN from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable with amendment report on: S. 356 (Word version) -- Senator Rankin: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 1-31-60, SO AS TO REQUIRE THAT ON THE EFFECTIVE DATE OF THIS ACT RECOGNIZED NATIVE AMERICAN INDIAN GROUPS CONTINUE TO BE RECOGNIZED AND ELIGIBLE TO EXERCISE PRIVILEGES AND OBLIGATIONS AUTHORIZED BY THAT DESIGNATION, THAT THE COMMISSION FOR MINORITY AFFAIRS CEASE TO RECOGNIZE ADDITIONAL NATIVE AMERICAN INDIAN GROUPS, THAT ANY REGULATIONS PROVIDING FOR RECOGNITION AS A NATIVE AMERICAN INDIAN GROUP ARE REPEALED, AND THAT THE COMMISSION REVISE ITS REGULATIONS TO PROVIDE FOR THE PRIVILEGES AND OBLIGATIONS OF NATIVE AMERICAN INDIAN GROUPS THAT CONTINUE TO BE RECOGNIZED. Ordered for consideration tomorrow. Senator COLEMAN from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable with amendment report on: S. 1041 (Word version) -- Senators Shealy and Young: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING ARTICLE 7 TO CHAPTER 15, TITLE 63 SO AS TO ENACT THE "SUPPORTING AND STRENGTHENING FAMILIES ACT", TO ALLOW PARENTS AND PERSONS WITH LEGAL CUSTODY OF A CHILD TO DELEGATE CAREGIVING AUTHORITY FOR THE CHILD TEMPORARILY TO AN ADULT BY EXECUTION OF A POWER OF ATTORNEY, TO PROVIDE FOR THE REQUIREMENTS AND LIMITATIONS OF THE DELEGATION OF CAREGIVING AUTHORITY AND THE RIGHT TO REVOKE THE POWER OF ATTORNEY, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES; TO AMEND SECTION 63-7-920, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO INVESTIGATIONS OF SUSPECTED CHILD ABUSE OR NEGLECT, SO AS TO REQUIRE THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES TO PROVIDE CERTAIN INFORMATION ABOUT COMMUNITY SUPPORTIVE SERVICES TO A PARENT WHEN THE INVESTIGATION DOES NOT RESULT IN PLACEMENT OF THE CHILD OUTSIDE OF THE HOME; AND TO AMEND SECTION 63-13-20, RELATING TO THE DEFINITION OF A CHILDCARE FACILITY, SO AS TO EXCLUDE AN ADULT DESIGNATED AS AN ATTORNEY-IN-FACT FOR A CHILD IN A POWER OF ATTORNEY EXECUTED PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 7, CHAPTER 15, TITLE 63. Ordered for consideration tomorrow. Senator MALLOY from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable report on: S. 1127 (Word version) -- Senator Cleary: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 15-41-30, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO AN INDIVIDUAL RETIREMENT ACCOUNT BEING EXEMPT FROM ATTACHMENT, LEVY, AND SALE, SO AS TO DELETE THE PROVISION THAT THE EXEMPTION APPLIES ONLY TO THE EXTENT THAT IS PERMITTED IN SECTION 522(d) OF THE FEDERAL BANKRUPTCY CODE. Ordered for consideration tomorrow. Senator RANKIN from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable with amendment report on: S. 1139 (Word version) -- Senator Allen: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 23-3-85 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE SOUTH CAROLINA LAW ENFORCEMENT DIVISION SHALL FURNISH TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE DOCUMENTATION OF ALL CRIMINAL CONVICTIONS, GUILTY PLEAS, AND NOLO CONTENDERE PLEAS WHICH RESULT FROM EVENTS OCCURRING ON THE PREMISES OF BUSINESS ESTABLISHMENTS HOLDING LICENSES TO SELL BEER, WINE, OR LIQUOR. Ordered for consideration tomorrow. Senator RANKIN from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a majority favorable with amendment and Senator BRIGHT a minority unfavorable report on: S. 1176 (Word version) -- Senators Gregory, Rankin and Johnson: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 27-1-80, SO AS TO REQUIRE THE DEVELOPER OF A COMMON INTEREST COMMUNITY TO TRANSFER CONTROL OF THE HOMEOWNERS' ASSOCIATION BY PHASING UNIT OWNERS ONTO THE EXECUTIVE BOARD OF THE ASSOCIATION AFTER A CERTAIN PERCENTAGE OF THE UNITS ARE CONVEYED. Ordered for consideration tomorrow. Senator HUTTO from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable report on: H. 3036 (Word version) -- Reps. Cobb-Hunter, Bamberg and McKnight: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 53-3-75 SO AS TO DECLARE JANUARY SEVENTEENTH OF EACH YEAR AS "EARTHA KITT DAY" IN SOUTH CAROLINA IN HONOR OF THE LATE EARTHA MAE KITT, NATIONALLY AND INTERNATIONALLY KNOWN ACTRESS, SINGER, AND NATIVE SOUTH CAROLINIAN AND TO PROMOTE CULTURAL TOURISM IN THE STATE IN ORDER TO ENHANCE THE ECONOMIC WELL-BEING AND IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF ALL SOUTH CAROLINIANS. Ordered for consideration tomorrow. Senator MALLOY from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable with amendment report on: H. 3653 (Word version) -- Reps. Pope, Quinn, Huggins, Allison, Spires, Hardee, Gagnon, Yow, Stavrinakis, H.A. Crawford, Kirby, McEachern, Anthony, Corley, Bales, Kennedy, Erickson, Hosey, Whitmire, Crosby, Southard, Tallon, McCoy, Burns, Atwater, Ballentine, Bannister, Bedingfield, Bernstein, R.L. Brown, Chumley, Clary, Collins, Felder, Finlay, Forrester, Funderburk, Gambrell, Hamilton, Herbkersman, Hicks, Hiott, Hixon, Hodges, Loftis, Long, V.S. Moss, Norman, Norrell, Pitts, Ridgeway, Riley, Sandifer, Simrill, G.R. Smith, Taylor, Thayer, Toole, Weeks, Wells, Willis, Mitchell, W.J. McLeod and Rivers: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 23-1-210, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE TEMPORARY TRANSFER OF A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER TO WORK IN A MULTIJURISDICTIONAL TASK FORCE, SO AS TO AUTHORIZE A LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY TO ENTER INTO MUTUAL AID AGREEMENTS OR MULTIJURISDICTIONAL TASK FORCE AGREEMENTS WITH OTHER LAW ENFORCEMENT PROVIDERS FOR ANY LENGTH OF TIME, TO PROVIDE THAT A SHERIFF MAY ENTER INTO AN AGREEMENT AS LONG AS THE AGREEMENT DOES NOT OBLIGATE HIS COUNTY'S GOVERNING BODY TO ANY ADDITIONAL RESOURCES BEYOND THOSE APPROVED WITHIN HIS ANNUAL BUDGET, TO PROVIDE THE CONDITIONS UPON WHICH AN AGREEMENT MAY BE TERMINATED, TO PROVIDE CERTAIN LIMITS PLACED UPON A LOCAL GOVERNING BODY WHEN IT ATTEMPTS TO PROHIBIT A LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY FROM TRANSFERRING OR ASSIGNING LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS TO OTHER JURISDICTIONS, AND TO SPECIFY THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AGREEMENTS ENTERED INTO PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION AND UNDER THE LAW ENFORCEMENT ASSISTANCE SUPPORT ACT; AND TO REPEAL SECTION 23-1-215, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO AGREEMENTS THAT MAY BE ENTERED INTO BETWEEN MULTIPLE LAW ENFORCEMENT JURISDICTIONS FOR THE PURPOSE OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS. Ordered for consideration tomorrow. Senator YOUNG from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable with amendment report on: H. 4510 (Word version) -- Reps. Thayer, Hosey, Nanney, Hamilton, Erickson, Long, Hicks, McCoy, McEachern and Bedingfield: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 63-7-2400 SO AS TO ESTABLISH LIMITATIONS ON THE NUMBER OF FOSTER CHILDREN WHO MAY BE PLACED IN A FOSTER HOME. Ordered for consideration tomorrow. Senator MALLOY from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable report on: H. 4877 (Word version) -- Reps. Delleney, Pitts, Lucas, Bannister and Whipper: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 63-3-40, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO FAMILY COURT JUDGES ELECTED FROM EACH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SO AS TO ADD TWO ADDITIONAL FAMILY COURT JUDGES WHO SHALL BE AT LARGE AND MUST BE ELECTED WITHOUT REGARD TO THEIR COUNTY OR CIRCUIT OF RESIDENCE. Ordered for consideration tomorrow. HOUSE CONCURRENCE S. 1144 (Word version) -- Senator Courson: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO AUTHORIZE PALMETTO GIRLS STATE TO USE THE CHAMBERS OF THE SENATE AND THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ON FRIDAY, JUNE 10, 2016. Returned with concurrence. THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED LOCAL AND STATEWIDE CALENDAR. ORDERED ENROLLED FOR RATIFICATION The following Bill was read the third time and, having received three readings in both Houses, it was ordered that the title be changed to that of an Act and enrolled for Ratification: H. 4709 (Word version) -- Reps. Hixon, Hodges, Corley, Burns, Hiott, V.S. Moss, Kirby and Newton: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 50-5-15, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO TERMS AND THEIR DEFINITIONS CONTAINED IN THE SOUTH CAROLINA MARINE RESOURCES ACT OF 2000, SO AS TO PROVIDE A DEFINITION FOR THE TERM "SOUTHERN COBIA MANAGEMENT ZONE"; AND TO AMEND SECTION 50-5-2730, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO CERTAIN FEDERAL FISHING REGULATIONS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THESE REGULATIONS DO NOT APPLY TO COBIA LOCATED IN THE SOUTHERN COBIA MANAGEMENT ZONE. REPORT JOINT LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE TO SCREEN CANDIDATES FOR COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITIES BOARD OF TRUSTEES SCREENINGS Date: Monday, March 14, 2016 Time: 9:55 a.m. Location: Gressette Senate Building 1101 Pendleton Street Room 209 Columbia, South Carolina Committee Members Present: Chairman Senator Harvey S. Peeler, Jr. Senator Thomas C. Alexander Senator Robert W. Hayes, Jr. Senator John L. Scott, Jr. Representative William R. "Bill" Whitmire Representative Phyllis J. Henderson Representative Mia S. McLeod Also Present: Martha Casto, Staff Julie Price, Staff Proceeding 10:01 a.m. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: I'd like to go ahead and get started. I'll call the meeting to order. This is the Joint Legislative Committee to Screen Candidates for College and University Boards of Trustees. I'd like to welcome everyone. We've got some members coming on in. If there's no objection, we'll go ahead and get started for the interest of time. How many candidates do we have, Martha, to screen this week? MS. CASTO: Fifty-two. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: We have 52 candidates to screen. As always, any committees that I chair, brevity is a plus. Now, if there's no objection, we have Clemson University. First up will be Ronnie Lee, Dr. Lee, from Aiken, at-large seat, expires 2020. He's an incumbent; been on the board for six years. Dr. Lee, if you would come forward. DR. LEE: (Complying.) CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Take a seat, and make sure your light is burning green. DR. LEE: It is green. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Good. Good morning. DR. LEE: Good morning. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: I need to swear you in first. DR. LEE: Okay. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? DR. LEE: I do. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Would you like to make a brief statement to the Committee on why you'd like to continue to serve on the Clemson Board of Trustees? DR. LEE: Sure. First of all, I want to thank the legislature for giving me the opportunity to serve for the last six years, probably for the same reasons you serve the state. It is a labor of love to serve Clemson. So I had a wonderful Clemson experience, you know. It was instrumental, and my professional career path prepared me well for post-Clemson degrees. It allowed me to provide for my family, and to be able to afford them an education so they didn't have to graduate with student debt, which they were appreciative of, as I was to my father who worked hard so that I could go to Clemson. So it's a fun job. It takes a good bit of time, but it also allows me to be on campus at a place that I love, and I loved her. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Members, you have a skinny in front of you. Any questions of Dr. Lee? REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I'll just make a quick statement, if that's all right. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Representative Whitmire. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Dr. Lee, I just want to thank you and the other trustee candidates here. You've got a wonderful school up in our part of the world. I've got two Clemson graduates here, and, of course, I didn't graduate from Clemson, but I've been a huge fan all my life. You know, how many applications, do you know, that are in? DR. LEE: Over 22,000. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: For what, thirty -- DR. LEE: Thirty-four hundred positions. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I was reading that you liked a 65:35 ratio in state and out of state. That's been a concern of mine for Clemson. I mean, they offer such a wonderful education. I know a lot of out-of-state students. How does the administration or the trustees go about ensuring that some of our in-state students won't be left by the wayside? DR. LEE: That's a good question, and it is a widely discussed issue. I think the benefits of the one-third being from out of state is it does help with a more diverse student population, which is, I think, also important for the educational process. Quite frankly, it also helps the business model, obviously, because out-of-state people pay more. At Clemson, our answer in recent years has been the Bridge program, which allows another 850 in this coming class to matriculate to Tri-County Tech, and then upon if they do well there -- and well is like a 2.6 -- I think. And they're guaranteed to be a sophomore at Clemson. So that's allowed us to add another 850 South Carolina students to be able to graduate from Clemson. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: How many credits transfer with the Bridge? DR. LEE: All of them. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: All of them. DR. LEE: Right. So they actually -- their on-time graduation rate is actually better than a conventional Clemson student. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: So this might be a student who doesn't necessarily score high on the ACT, SAT, but, you know, a good student otherwise. Would that -- DR. LEE: That's exactly right. It is actually quite competitive, the Bridge program, because there are 3,000 letters sent out to Bridge students, and they take 850, and it's first-come, first-served. So those letters go out, and they are paying their own line, $750 deposit immediately, to ensure a spot. So it's quite popular. And, you know, as you might expect, I'm sure there's a lot of getting the same calls from parents who are upset that Little Johnny didn't get in. And it's usually Little Johnny and Little Susie who would get in. But Little Johnny didn't get into Clemson, so the Bridge program is a good option for them, and they do quite well. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Well, thank you for your service. DR. LEE: And thank you for your loyalty to Clemson. (Representative Henderson enters the room.) CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Good morning, Representative Henderson. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Good morning. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: You're lucky. I'm doing the first ones. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Could I ask -- CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Senator Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. And good morning, Dr. Lee. I certainly appreciate your service and echo the comments from the representative about, you know, an outstanding institution for serving South Carolina so well at Clemson University. What is the biggest challenge that you see -- briefly, the biggest challenge you see facing the university today? DR. LEE: For me, it is affordability, maintaining the value of the Clemson degree and with all that goes into making a Clemson degree so valuable and yet being mindful of the financial burden it places on parents and the student. SENATOR ALEXANDER: And if I heard you correctly, roughly, it's two-thirds in-state students and one-third out. Is that -- DR. LEE: Correct. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Okay. Well, and I do also want to commend the board of trustees for the excellent selection of Dr. Jim Clements as the president of the university. I think he's doing a great job for us, so I appreciate that. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Absolutely. We're pleased with the president. He's doing a great job and has a great eye. DR. LEE: Yeah, and, you know, the hiring the trustees make is hiring the president, and I think we're pretty fortunate, and, Dr. Clements, he's doing a great job. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Dr. Lee, you know my background in agricultural, and, as a matter of fact, people asked me when I was going to college -- they said, "What are you doing going to that cow college?" And I said, "Well, I'm majoring in dairy science." But, as you know, the emphasis on the agricultural of our community is diminishing some. But thank you for your interest in trying to look into the possibility of a vet school at Clemson, and I appreciate you working with us on that. I very much think that we need one in this state, and Clemson makes -- it makes all the sense for it to be at Clemson, I think. DR. LEE: Well, I agree. You know, the will of Thomas Green Clemson talks about educating farmers and mechanics. So we've got the land. I'm not smart enough to understand, I guess, the whole business model and the economics of it, but if, you know, Mississippi can have a vet school, I think Clemson, South Carolina, should find a way to have one. I know I tell people all the time, people spend a lot more money on their dog's teeth than their own teeth. So I think there are plenty of people wanting to be veterinarians. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions or comments? Now, what's the desire of the Committee? SENATOR ALEXANDER: Favorable. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Motion is a favorable report. All in favor, say aye. ALL MEMBERS: Aye. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Opposed, no; and the ayes have it. Thank you. DR. LEE: Thank you very much. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: We appreciate your willingness to serve. And up next, Louis Lynn from Columbia, incumbent, and on the board since 1988, 28 years. MR. LYNN: Yes, sir. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Good morning, Dr. Lynn. MR. LYNN: Good morning. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MR. LYNN: I do. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Would you like to make a brief statement? MR. LYNN: Yes. As you said, I've served on the board for 28 years. And like Ronnie and everyone else, it's a labor of love, but for me, as a South Carolina citizen and a Clemson grad, it's a way for me to pay my civic grant to give back to what's given so much to me. And adultly, I'm that dad that my child -- I live here in Columbia. My child wanted to go to USC. I'm that dad that said the check is going to Clemson. So she went to Clemson. But I support all the universities in the state, but Clemson has been good for me and my family, and this is what I can pay back. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Any questions or comments? Representative Whitmire. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I see that you state the diversity of faculty is the biggest weakness. What is the percentages now, and what would you like to see it become? MR. LYNN: Diversity is about 6. It's less than 7 percent. And so I mentioned my daughter going to Clemson. And for my -- there's still classes that don't have minority students, and diversity at Clemson -- I don't know if I could get into Clemson today. We've raised our standards, and smart African-American kids can go a lot of places, and diversity is an issue because of scholarships. You know, in the circles I run in, my church for instance, black youngsters are just given scholarships to go to other schools, and, frankly, parents follow the money. So we just need more scholarships to increase that. Folks love wearing the Clemson ring. For me, as I've been around the world, the Clemson ring has been an asset, but for families, they follow the money. And we just don't have enough scholarship money to be competitive, and we have a very valuable degree. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: So you're saying that along with the lottery scholarship money, you would like to have some type of scholarship that would allow them to fully fund their education? MR. LYNN: Right, right. Because we lose a lot of those kids to other schools. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Okay. MR. LYNN: We end for South Carolina State University. We're losing them to other states. And once they go, they don't come back many times. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: You definitely would like to see minority students from the state stay in the state. MR. LYNN: Correct, yes. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Thank you. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Senator Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Good morning. MR. LYNN: Good morning, sir. SENATOR ALEXANDER: These years have gone by in a hurry. MR. LYNN: Yes, sir. Yes, sir. SENATOR ALEXANDER: What's the biggest change that you've seen at Clemson University since being on the board of trustees? MR. LYNN: In my 28 years, one is, we speak economic development as a university. You know, we bragged about our academic prowess -- which we have -- the research universities have the prowess -- but we speak economic development. So that matters a lot to the state, that we're part of the economic engine and we're part of what attracts businesses to come to Clemson. So, you know, I'm the ad guy, but -- so we sell service to cows and plows guys -- excuse me, Senator -- the cows and plows guys, but we also service industry. And we've attracted from my -- it was almost an embarrassment to talk about business 28 years ago in the university, but now we partner a lot with industry, and we take credit for bringing the BMWs -- for being a part of the BMW's decisions to come to South Carolina. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Keep up the good work. MR. LYNN: Thank you, sir. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Representative Henderson. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I appreciate being here. While I do not have -- I do have children in Carolina. I'm wearing my Carolina colors today, Clemson supporter, from Greenville. I want to ask a question -- CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: If you're going to like Clemson, you've got to be a Tiger. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Yeah, sorry. I also have a Bulldog in my family. Let me ask about the board. How many members are on the board? I should know this, but I don't. MR. LYNN: There are 13 of us, and 6 of us are elected, and 7 are part of the -- are members through like the vote of Thomas Green Clemson. But six of us are elected. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: So what about board diversity? What's the makeup of your boards as far as minorities and women and -- MR. LYNN: We have two women and I have the best tan of the men. I'm the minority, male minority. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: I ask just because it's something that I -- Clemson is actually better than some of the other boards. I'd like to see more women and minorities get involved in all of the boards, but I do appreciate your service. I just wanted to ask you about that. Thank you. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Dr. Lynn, I saw you shaking your head when I mentioned vet school. What do you think about vet school? MR. LYNN: I think it's a great idea. We're losing -- our kids are having to compete for slots through the Academic Common Market. They're having to compete for slots. And so then that applies to large animals too. I know that the pets -- but the large animals. And as Ronnie said, there's no need for -- you know, there's no need for those kids to have to compete to go to other schools. And, again, once they leave, it's tough to get them back home. And there's a big need, both large animal and small animal. We shouldn't have to try to put our kids off to other states. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Like I mentioned before, don't tell us how we can't; tell us how we can -- MR. LYNN: Yes, sir. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: -- do what we need to do. I think we need to do it. MR. LYNN: Yes, sir. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: And now, you and I and Dick Harpootlian are classmates. Do you remember that? MR. LYNN: Yes, sir. Yes, sir. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: That was a long, long way to go, but people can't believe that. MR. LYNN: All of our classmates either have gray hair or no hair. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: And I appreciate you not bringing up any of your memories. They're all good. MR. LYNN: Let's keep that between ourselves. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: What's the desire of the Committee? SENATOR ALEXANDER: Favorable. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Motion is a favorable report. All in favor, say aye. ALL MEMBERS: Aye. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Opposed, no; and the ayes have it. Thank you for your service, Doctor. MR. LYNN: Thank you. Go Tigers. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Bob Peeler, incumbent, 13 years' service on the board. MR. PEELER: Good morning. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Good morning. Does the committee want to swear me in and let me testify on his behalf? MR. PEELER: Can I say something? SENATOR ALEXANDER: I've got a -- actually, a sheet of questions. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Good morning, Bob. If you would -- do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MR. PEELER: I do. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Would you like to make a brief statement? MR. PEELER: First of all, thank you for -- back in May of 2003, after I had left office as lieutenant governor and served as chairman of my school board in Cherokee County and served as chairman of the State Board of Education and served two terms as lieutenant governor and left the office in January of 2003, and then May, within that year, that spring, Allen Wood retired as an active trustee. So we had an open seat, and I think there were 15 of us running for that open seat, and I was fortunate to be elected by you all. And first of all, I want to thank you for that. And I have served over a decade on the Clemson Board of Trustees, and I think I bring a common-sense perspective to the board. I think Ronnie and Louis will tell you maybe too much sometimes. But I graduated from Clemson, my two brothers graduated from Clemson, and my sister graduated from Clemson and my two children have. And I feel like it's a way to give back. We were raised to be involved in public service, and I can't think of a better way to serve the public, to serve the families of South Carolina, than serving my alma mater. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Any questions or comments? Representative Whitmire. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. What challenges do you think Clemson is going to be facing in the near and distant future? MR. PEELER: I think to have an affordable opportunity for a high-quality education in South Carolina, especially to the working families of South Carolina, and we have to keep an eye on that. Tuition has increased. I have probably voted against more increases in tuition over my 12, almost 13 years, than anybody. But Clemson is like a big family, and I think that's one of our attributes. But I think, frankly, sometimes we kind of forget that, and we need to focus on that and do our part to keep it affordable for working families in South Carolina. I think that was Thomas Green Clemson's intent, and I think that's what drives us today and that's what should drive us today. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: You know, I -- the one thing I think that sets -- I won't say sets them apart, but is a big part of Clemson, is the camaraderie, especially of the older graduating classes. Do we still have that with the new ones since we are so -- got such a wide range of people now coming to Clemson; do you know? You know what I'm talking about. MR. PEELER: I do. It's a good point. It's a challenge sometimes, but I think Clemson does a good job of maintaining that. You mentioned Dr. Clements, our new president. He's doing a very good job. He gets the land grant mission that is our challenge. And I grew up in an agriculture family and am proud of that. And I remind my fellow board members from time to time that we don't need to lose focus of agricultural too, and I think Dr. Clements is doing an outstanding job of focusing and refocusing on that part of our mission. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Last question. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: What was the chairman like growing up? Was he a bully to you younger guys? MS. CASTO: That was a good one. MR. PEELER: You can only imagine. With all due respect, the chairman tells people, "Well, I was here last week and somebody thought I was Senator Peeler. And told him that I will tell Senator Peeler that they paid him a compliment." And they said, "Well, how will he take it?" I said, "Not that good." And I have a twin brother, Bill, and Senator Peeler said it took two of us to make one of him. SENATOR ALEXANDER: I've heard that a few times. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Thank you for your service. MR. PEELER: Thank you. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: A true story, when Bob was lieutenant governor, the press asked me and said, "Well, what are you going to do when -- the first time he moves you out of order?" I said, "I'm going to call mama." MR. PEELER: Quickly, I can tell you -- it's off the subject, but David Wilkins and I were George W. Bush's co-chairmen in 2000 when he ran for president, and, of course, David and I take full credit for him winning the South Carolina primary. Well, later on, after I left office and president -- then-President Bush came back to address the joint assembly, Harvey was on the escort committee. And from what I understand, President Bush called me Bobby. Not that he and I called each other that often, but he asked Harvey -- he said, "What's Bobby doing?" He said, "Bobby's doing the same thing your brother Jeb's doing." He said, "What's that?" He said, "Wishing they were us." I said, "Can't you picture Harvey saying it?" I said, "I'm afraid I can." CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Well, actually what I said is, "What's your little brother been doing?" I said, "The same thing your little brother's been doing." He said, "What's that?" I said, "Wishing he was his big brother." He said, "I'm going to call mama right after this meeting." MR. PEELER: But I love serving Clemson, and it's a way to give back. And believe me, I don't take it for granted. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions? Ms. Henderson. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Thank you. Well, thank you for your service. I think I was actually thinking I probably have an old Peeler, you know, T-shirt somewhere in a drawer somewhere. I saved all those old campaign things. MR. PEELER: Well, that might be worth something one day. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: I wanted to ask a question about tuition and scholarships too related to what Dr. Lynn was saying; and that is, one of my concerns about Clemson, not only is the cost, but the fact that so few of our in-state students are actually given scholarships in Clemson. My daughter is a chemical engineering major, actually, here, and one of the reasons is that she received a significant amount of money here and not Clemson. And I remember, you know, when you take the SAT or the ACT, and you put your schools on there, when you get the scores back, on the back of the form are statistics about the universities that you had your scores sent to. And one of the statistics has to do with scholarships: the proportion of students that are awarded scholarships, the portion of students that are awarded merit scholarships. And to my dismay, Clemson is on the very, very low end of giving merit scholarships to students. And I know some of it is very competitive, and you're doing real well, you know, to get in these days, but that's a little of a concern to me because I just feel like you may be losing a lot of in-state kids who are going other places because they're getting more money. MR. PEELER: It concerns me too. We need to do an even better job of that. I know when you look at LIFE scholarships and Palmetto Fellows and others, I think over 90 percent of incoming freshmen qualify for some scholarship. But to look at, not only merit-based scholarships, but more need-based scholarships too, to have a good mixture of that, it's a challenge in the twenty-first century. We need to be very watchful of it. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: I agree. Senator Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Kind of following up in that area, are you comfortable with where we are from the standpoint of the in state/out of state? I mean, is that a good match? Is that kind of where we've been? And certainly Clemson has, I think, a better track record than many of our state institutions do, but, I mean, I guess it gets back to accepting South Carolina students. MR. PEELER: We have to be very mindful of it. And, again, I'm not a numbers person. I'm not going to sit here and make it look -- I think I'd put -- 70:30, I think would be, in my mind, a good one. SENATOR ALEXANDER: A good rule of thumb? MR. PEELER: Right now, I think, overall, it's 69:31. That is something -- one time I remember there was a study done at a major university right after I got on the board at Clemson, and I think they had paid like a-half-a-million dollars to get back a consultant study to tell them that they needed to be more human. And it reminded me, at Clemson, we need to be very mindful. We're plenty human. We need to not fall into the trap of being less human and keep Clemson what it is. And people say all the time there's just something about Clemson you can't quite put your finger on. And if you've ever been on campus, ever attended Clemson, there is something about Clemson. And when all the things that we think about and all the details that we work on, the most important thing, I think, is that we keep Clemson Clemson. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you. And one follow-up, one observation, if I would, is -- and it kind of reminds me of what you were saying there just then, the number of Carolina graduates that I hear today, that their children are now students at Clemson University. So I think that the future is bright for the state of South Carolina, that those students realize they're getting a good education at Clemson University. MR. PEELER: And that's good that they've studied real hard and made good grades so they can go to Clemson. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Good morning. MR. PEELER: Good morning, Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: If you'll help me a little bit, what's the African-American ratio? MR. PEELER: It has increased over -- that's the 7.4 percent, and I think it's about a 75 student increase this year over last year. But we have much work -- SENATOR SCOTT: Seventy-five is what you're saying? MR. PEELER: Yes. We have more work to do in that, and one of the things that we are focusing continuously on and should, and it's one thing that our president, Jim Clements, is certainly focused on, Max Allen, the chief of staff, has been working as the interim diversity officer, and we have a new diversity officer coming on board. We're looking at everything from Emerging Scholars to Call Me MISTER, some of the things we can build on and to go into the areas that we need to work on, and we're committed to do that, and we should be. SENATOR SCOTT: I noted that last year we had some real issues with some of the African-American students with some of the building names on campus, and I know that the first response from some of the members of the boards of trustees was kind of harsh. And I noticed it kind of softened up. Can you update me to where we are with that and making sure we get the student body back involved? MR. PEELER: We are. And, again, we've worked on that. We've just completed a task force report. Dr. Lynn and I served on that task force, David Wilkins chaired, with some recommendations that I think are going to make a difference. And as most things that I tend to focus on, we need to look at ways that are actually going to make a difference, not only today, but live longer than we do. And I think we're doing a good job of that. We need to do a better job of that, and I think the recommendations from the task force are going to lead that, not only in the short term and the middle term, but in the long term. And it's not something that -- it's not a book that's going to gather dust on the shelf somewhere. We're committed to doing it better. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions? Senator Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: I was just recommending that we move to favorable. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Move to a favorable report. All in favor, say aye. ALL MEMBERS: Aye. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Opposed, no; and the ayes have it. Thank you, sir. I appreciate your service. MR. PEELER: Yes, sir. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: And if someone would please go check in on Nicky McCarter and see where he is, because I can't believe we screened three trustees and he's not here. MR. PEELER: They must need him somewhere. He'll be calling in to the phone. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Okay. MR. PEELER: It's a little early yet. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Okay. MR. PEELER: Thank you. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Thank you, gentlemen. Next, College of Charleston. First up, Cherry Daniel, Charleston, Seat 2, expires 2020. She's been on the board 20 years. It's hard to believe. MS. DANIEL: I know. You make me feel old. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Good morning. MS. DANIEL: Good morning. Thank you very much. Pleasure to be here. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Let me swear you in. MS. DANIEL: Sure. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MS. DANIEL: I do. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Welcome. Would you like to make a brief statement? MS. DANIEL: Yeah. I just -- very briefly, I want to thank the support that y'all have given the College of Charleston over the years that I've served on the board. There's been a lot of tough decisions made by the General Assembly, but you've been very, very supportive of our school in the Lowcountry, and we all very much appreciate the many efforts you've gone to. I've thoroughly enjoyed serving my 20 years on the board. It's been a pleasure. Again, it's giving back. I'm an alum at the College of Charleston, and during my tenure we've added many majors that -- what I would call enhanced workforce development, economic development in our area. There are majors such as professional studies, supply chain management, accounting, literacy education, sports medicine, African-American studies. The list goes on and on. And those majors direct -- will be able to place a student, once they finish, into a very nice-paying job. And that's what it's all about, is to educate our workforce, particularly in the Tri-County area because it's booming, as y'all know, with the Boeing, with the Volvo. And really it's enhanced our community a great deal. We're now, I think, a key player in our community. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Ms. Daniel, how about the financial health of the College of Charleston? Are you financially healthy? MS. DANIEL: Yeah, very much so. As a matter of fact, we're going through and having some very serious budget second looks to make sure that we're spending their money, the taxpayers' money, wisely. And so we're going through that. As painful as it is, we want to make sure we have no fluff and that we're spending money wisely and reasonable. And so we have to keep our costs down. And I think all the gentlemen from Clemson -- well, I think it's all of -- everybody has a say in the tuition and the health of the school, and that's one way you can look at it, is to make sure that we keep that tuition down and so it's not prohibitively expensive for students to attend there. And we don't want to see the students coming to our school and walking out the door with$100,000 debt. So we are a lot more aggressive in the areas of development, the scholarships and such. But I think our school is very healthy. I really do. And it's getting healthier. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Mr. Whitmire. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Having two -- two of my children are graduates -- MS. DANIEL: Yes, sir. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: -- of the College of Charleston. I'm very aware of when we tried to move them in, there was no place to park. I mean, it's -- MS. DANIEL: And that is a challenge. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: -- really tough. Tell me something about this North Campus, where it's located and -- MS. DANIEL: There again, thank you. Thank you. I serve on the Lowcountry Graduate Center Board, which is two trustees from each school in the Tri-County area. But the College of Charleston North Campus is to serve people in the upper part of the counties, like Colleton County, Berkeley County, Beaufort, or wherever. It is conveniently located off of I-26. 526, actually. And what we aim to do is parking is not a problem. You'd be glad to hear that. And so we have a lot of programs that are being -- particularly for the adult learner, you know, being pushed and being placed on that campus so that we won't have a lot of -- well, mitigate the parking problem a little bit down in Charleston. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: How many students are at the North Campus? MS. DANIEL: Gosh, I'd say, you know, it depends. It's about maybe 300, but they're nontraditional students. So they're taking up two courses here, two courses there. So we don't have like a -- it's more for the nontraditional programs, continuing ed programs, and some are for teacher ed. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Okay. I think I'm still paying for my son's traffic tickets down there. MS. DANIEL: That is a challenge. No kidding. It's with everybody, you know, and it's tough. It's tough for us as board members to find a parking spot. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: You're in a -- just a -- I mean, you're just closed in. MS. DANIEL: I know. We're landlocked. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Yes. MS. DANIEL: And that's -- so that's why we have to, you know, push out to the north area. And I think that, you know, we've been there a couple of years, and I really believe that it's going to explode. That school is really going to help us a good bit with the -- with the grow out, continuing ed programs and these certificate programs, as well as master's degrees for teachers. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Yeah. I've sure got a soft spot in my heart. Not only did my kids graduate -- MS. DANIEL: Yeah. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: -- my relative wrote the charter, John Rutledge -- MS. DANIEL: Oh. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: -- back in the 1770s, so... MS. DANIEL: I didn't know that. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Yeah. So I'm going to vote for whatever you want. Thank you. MS. DANIEL: Thanks. Thank you. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Senator Scott. MS. DANIEL: Senator, yes, sir. SENATOR SCOTT: Dr. Daniel -- MS. DANIEL: Yes, sir. SENATOR SCOTT: -- I notice your educational career has been in many, many different settings. MS. DANIEL: Yes. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Alma mater to The Citadel to South Carolina State with your doctorate. MS. DANIEL: Yes, sir. SENATOR SCOTT: In going in and dealing with different generations of young people, what did you take away from all of that that really helps your decision-making process -- MS. DANIEL: I really think that -- SENATOR SCOTT: -- at the College of Charleston? MS. DANIEL: I think all of those institutions that you mentioned have a unique mission. SENATOR SCOTT: Correct. MS. DANIEL: And I think the big takeaway is to really get involved and to listen to the students that are enrolled, and I think we do a nice job of that, and that, I think I can say, as a result, we have improved and enhanced several majors. And we've offered some things that, you know, maybe the regular tenured professor isn't real crazy about offering, but I think we've got to better our students and better our community. MS. DANIEL: Yes, sir. SENATOR SCOTT: -- and looking at how the college can work within itself in more diversified efforts, and one of the things I picked up was a level that some of the staff was really not comfortable all the way representing; different departments really telling it like it really was on the campus. This was last year. I did not -- couldn't finish the whole process. I was way too busy. That level of comfort -- and you may want to go back and talk to some staff. That level of comfort doesn't help the school to get to where it really needs to be. People were careful in how and what they said rather than kind of laying it on the line for what it is. It's a good school. It's a great school. MS. DANIEL: It's a great school. SENATOR SCOTT: And if it's going to grow, it's got to embrace people of color and allow them to be a part of that process -- MS. DANIEL: Exactly. SENATOR SCOTT: -- in growth. What do you think can be done to improve that, and in looking at where the college is in terms of terms of its racial mix, especially with African-American students? MS. DANIEL: Thank you for asking that. Since I've been on the board for 20 years -- we were 3 or 4 percent when I got on the board. Now we're 7 or 8. What we're trying to do is, of course, get scholarship money -- you know, scholarship money for the diversity, to increase the diversity, and that is a tough thing. It's a process, not an event, so it's going to take a while. We also have a diversity department. We also have a diversity task force that's working on that right now, and it's going to bring some suggestions, some doable suggestions, to the president and to the board. And I think their report is due -- I believe it's in the summer, if not sooner. But I think that, you know, a big thing is to not only increase the diversity of the student body, which I think is improving, another issue that our president has implemented -- and we will see the fruits of that labor probably this year -- is that if you're in the Tri-County area and if you're at the top 10 percent in your graduating class as a senior, you will automatically become enrolled in the college. And I think that's a big, big step forward, and I do believe that's going to yield some very positive results in helping increase that diversity. But it's not only with students that I'm concerned, our facility, you know, I think that we -- you know, it's tough. I mean, you know, it's not like it's a -- they're millionaires down there, I mean, in Charleston. The diversity of the faculty, it's improved. And I see that we can do better, and I think our president -- well, I know our president is very committed to that, very much so. So we're making some -- a lot more progress in the last two years than we've had probably in the last eight. SENATOR SCOTT: Let me say, any kid who is in the top 10 of his class is going away; doesn't want to go to the country. And so unless you bring some numbers -- MS. DANIEL: Yeah. SENATOR SCOTT: -- within the top -- MS. DANIEL: Right. SENATOR SCOTT: -- 10 to the top 25 percent, it is almost near that of how the lottery -- MS. DANIEL: Right. SENATOR SCOTT: -- is written. When that kid walks in -- or the student walks in with $5,000 upfront in the top 10, you're coming in with 7,500. So -- MS. DANIEL: Right, right. SENATOR SCOTT: So in looking at an initiative like that, if you're serious about recruiting, the top 25, those kids are still going to have more than a 3-point. MS. DANIEL: Right, right. SENATOR SCOTT: And now, most of the schools, USC, Clemson -- see, those schools that are looking for kids who are in the top 25 who has a 3-point grade point average and has a good SAT score -- MS. DANIEL: Right. Sure. SENATOR SCOTT: -- but this letter was the fiftieth. And so to become really competitive -- MS. DANIEL: Right. SENATOR SCOTT: -- if you're really serious about that recruitment -- it still doesn't mean you're going to get those students -- MS. DANIEL: Correct. SENATOR SCOTT: -- because they can go just about anywhere they want to go. MS. DANIEL: Right. Exactly. SENATOR SCOTT: But I think if you get a little more serious about really recruiting -- MS. DANIEL: Right. Well, you know, we also have a very aggressive campaign going on, the Boundless Campaign -- SENATOR SCOTT: Right. MS. DANIEL: -- where we've raised a lot of money. But more importantly, we're very serious about raising money for scholarships to help keep them and recruit them. You have to have money to be able to offer these students or they're going to walk somewhere else. It's very competitive out there, much more so than it was 15 years ago. So, yeah, thank you. Thanks for sharing that. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Senator Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you. MS. DANIEL: Senator Alexander, what's up? SENATOR ALEXANDER: Good to see you this morning. MS. DANIEL: Good to see you too. SENATOR ALEXANDER: And we did swear you under oath. I was just wondering if you would briefly characterize the job that your president at the College of Charleston is doing for you. MS. DANIEL: Thank you very much for giving me that opportunity to brag on him. He's done a terrific job. He's just what we needed at the time we needed him. He has allowed people, staff members, faculty staff, for their input. He's very open. He helps. He has them, which is great, come before him to talk about budget. Before, they never really had a big say-so in budgets. So he's really opened the lines of communication tremendously on budget. He's a good, sound manager. He's just -- he's got a lot of common sense, and he's smart. All of his decisions are very strategic, and he listens to the board, and the board listens to him, and he's been a jewel. He's probably one of the best presidents we've had since I've been on the board. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you. MS. DANIEL: Thank you for asking that about him. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions or comments? What's the desire of the Committee? SENATOR ALEXANDER: Favorable. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: The motion is a favorable report. MS. DANIEL: Thank you very much, sir. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: All in favor, say aye. ALL MEMBERS: Aye. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Opposed no; and the ayes have it. Thank you for your willingness to serve, Cherry. MS. DANIEL: Thank you for having me, sir. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Next, Mr. Brian Stern from Columbia, running for an open seat. Good morning, sir. MR. STERN: Good morning. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Let me swear you in. MR. STERN: Certainly. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth? MR. STERN: I do. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Would you like to make a brief statement on why -- MR. STERN: I would. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: -- you would like to be on the College of Charleston Board of Trustees? MR. STERN: I'd first like to thank the -- good morning. I'd like to thank the Committee for giving me the opportunity to speak today. It's an honor to be here. Serving on the board of trustees will enable me to give back to my alma mater, which has given so much to me. My parents instilled in me the virtue of working to improve, not only my personal welfare, but also the general welfare of my community. Personally, as an alumnus of the College of Charleston, I cannot think of a form of public service more important to improving my community than to seek the opportunity to make a difference in moving the college forward in a positive direction necessary to improve the future of my state and my community. Thank you. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Any questions or comments for Mr. Stern? REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I'm still reading all this. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Mr. Chairman. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Senator Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you, if I could -- and thank you for your willingness to serve. If I read this correctly, are you currently -- and just for the record -- at Columbia Planning Commission; is that correct? MR. STERN: Yes, sir. SENATOR ALEXANDER: So if he's elected to this, would that be something -- MS. CASTO: The Columbia Planning Commission, you're appointed by whom? MR. STERN: That's -- SENATOR SCOTT: City council? MR. STERN: Yes, city council. MS. CASTO: City council. So no, it would not -- SENATOR ALEXANDER: That would be appropriate. So you would -- your job would allow you the opportunity to continue to be engaged. Do you have the time to commit as a member of the board of trustees? MR. STERN: I do. You know, I was told that it would not be a conflict. I have, I believe, a perfect attendance at the planning commission. I've enjoyed serving there, and I definitely will allow the time to serve the College of Charleston as well. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Okay. Thank you. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Mr. Whitmire. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Welcome, Mr. Stern. MR. STERN: Thank you. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I notice you say the biggest weakness is the lack of funding, and a strategic plan has been put in place. Would you expound on what that plan does or is going to be? MR. STERN: Well, sure. You know, I think the first day that, you know, when I answered that question on my application, it was tough for me to find a weakness right off the bat for the College of Charleston. It's somewhere that is dear to my heart, and I have the chance to really dive into, you know, the problems, the pros and cons of the school, to sit down and learn from the other board members and get better acquainted. So when looking at that question, I thought a weakness might be in order to raise funds would be to tap into the younger generation, such as myself, and get them more involved and also to get them more excited about the college and giving back to the college. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: That's it. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: On that same note, are you an annual giver to the institution? Of the previous board members, that's one of the biggest issues they have, that in raising the funds so they can begin to attract whether young people come to the school. Are you a giver to the institution? MR. STERN: You know, I have never -- I have not given to the College of Charleston before. SENATOR SCOTT: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Senator Hayes. SENATOR HAYES: Thank you. What involvement, if any, have you had with the school since you graduated? MR. STERN: I've been involved as an alumni, and I attend alumni events when I'm in town and able to. I make it an annual tradition that we go to the Charleston Affair, which is in May, which is welcoming the new students each year from the graduating class and then a chance to get together with all the alumni and the past students. I lived in New York City for a brief time, and I was involved with a very small alumni program up there, but, you know, other than attending alumni events, I haven't had the chance to yet, but look forward to the opportunity. SENATOR HAYES: What type of business is Stern & Stern? MR. STERN: We're commercial real estate developers. We primarily do retail development directly in the Southeast. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Okay. Do you know a fellow named Bill Stern? MR. STERN: I do. That is my father. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: He's a fellow -- a good, fine gentleman. MR. STERN: I appreciate you saying that. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions? Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: I move -- if there aren't any other questions, a favorable report. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Motion is a favorable report. All in favor, say aye. ALL MEMBERS: Aye. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Opposed, no; and the ayes have it. Thank you for your willingness to serve and -- MR. STERN: Thank you for your time. MR. PEELER: -- bringing the youth to the board. It hasn't been that long since you've graduated. MR. STERN: I appreciate your time. Thank you so much. SENATOR SCOTT: Mr. Chairman. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: And I hope that since you point out the weaknesses in the funding -- MR. STERN: Certainly. SENATOR SCOTT: -- you, along with some of your friends, will get together and change that weakness and start giving. MR. STERN: I'm looking forward to starting that initiative. SENATOR SCOTT: Okay. Thank you. MR. STERN: Thank you. Thank you very much. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Next, Edward L. Thomas Jr. from Anderson, incumbent running unopposed. They say there's only two ways to run: unopposed and scared. DR. THOMAS: Well, I still don't like to get called in front of the class. I remember that in the first grade. I'm still some nervous, but thank you all for being here. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Mr. Thomas, I'll swear you in. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? DR. THOMAS: I do. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Would you like to make a brief statement? DR. THOMAS: Yes, sir. I've enjoyed serving my one time on the board. I had a daughter that went to the college and graduated. I think a lot of the good things that have happened to me in my life are a direct result of the college experience and the education, and I'd just like to give back now and try to preserve the college as I know it. I think there's a lot of pressure on it to change in different ways, but I'd like to preserve it. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Thank you, Dr. Thomas. Any questions? Senator Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you. I want to be consistent for any of the trustees on their -- in the standpoint of giving the assessment of characterization of the job that the president at the university is doing. DR. THOMAS: I think he's doing a great job. I had a -- my term is only three years. It was short because of the -- I think the lawsuit with the 7th Congressional District. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Right. DR. THOMAS: And the two years that President McConnell has been there, it's been like night and day. When I first came on, I actually asked the board chair -- I said, "Is this the way the board is supposed to run?" And I think it's actually running a lot better now. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Mr. Whitmire. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I know when ex-Senator McConnell and Lieutenant Governor McConnell was first elected, there was a lot of -- I don't want to say animosity, but there was some anger involved. Has that kind of gone by the wayside now or -- DR. THOMAS: I think so. At one of the board meetings -- at all of the board meetings, I stay in a guesthouse, and the guy that was in charge of the guesthouse, six months after President McConnell was on the job, he said that all of the discontent has just quieted down. He does an excellent job of listening to people, and I think that -- and he really focuses on the problem and he handles it. And I can't say in words -- anything can be said, but I'll let you know how happy I am with his job. Just consider that said, because it's been great. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Well, I'm glad the trustee board chose to select him, and -- DR. THOMAS: I am too. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: -- we think a lot of him up this way. DR. THOMAS: Thank you. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: Mr. Thomas, given the makeup of African Americans on the College of Charleston's campus, what are your plans to help increase African Americans so they begin to attend the school and become a part of the balance as it relates to students remaining in South Carolina wanting to go to South Carolina schools? DR. THOMAS: Well, I don't know what else we have in the pipeline to do. When you were asking that question earlier, there are four things that came to mind that help with that. SENATOR SCOTT: Okay. DR. THOMAS: There's a Coca-Cola First Generation Scholars. There's a SPECTRA Program, which is sort of a bridge program in the summer for first-generation and minority students. There's a -- I think, it's a SCAMP program, which is for first-generation and minority students majoring in sciences. It's sort of a four-year enrichment program, as they need any help through their time there. And Cherry mentioned the Top Ten Percent Program. I think that's in seven counties. She said the Tri-County area, but I think it includes Orangeburg and Williamsburg and -- I can't think of the others. SENATOR SCOTT: I would hope in your tenure on the board, you would continue to put a little more thought into it. The top 10 students can go anywhere they want to go in the country. DR. THOMAS: Right. SENATOR SCOTT: That's not an issue. If you're a top 10 student and you've got the high SAT scores, everybody's offering you some kind of scholarship to come to their school. You're a South Carolina-based school, and our goal is to pick the best and the brightest here, especially if you plan to increase the teacher pool along with areas of math and science with doctors and others in the state, engineers and others in the state. I didn't ask whether or not that 7 or 8 percent or what percentage of that was out-of-state students. I anticipated that probably a good percent of it was out-of-state students. Or do you even know that answer? DR. THOMAS: I don't even know that one. SENATOR SCOTT: Okay. Well, I'm hoping you can, you know, begin to look at the dynamics of how we make some of those changes. When I hear -- and y'all were the second -- Clemson said the same thing. College of Charleston said the same thing. Francis Marion is a little different. Their numbers are a lot larger, but when I hear that, my question is, What are they doing different that the College of Charleston is not doing to be able to keep the students here? Is it SAT scores? Is it what the school offers in terms of curriculum? Is it the way your recruiters recruit them? Are you recruiting in the same places? Is it lack of diversification that relates to staff? I mean, what is the real issues in that we can make some changes so our students begin to look at South Carolina schools, other than athletics? DR. THOMAS: Okay. SENATOR SCOTT: Thank you. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Senator Hayes. SENATOR HAYES: Thank you. I understand you're a dentist; is that correct? DR. THOMAS: Yes, sir. SENATOR HAYES: Is there any coordination going on between the College of Charleston and the Medical University as far as doing things, activities in the college? DR. THOMAS: There is, and I can't name exactly what it is. I know when I was in school in the early to mid-'70s, the nursing students were bused over. But there's some collaboration between the research department, different programs, and I can't name what they are. But there is collaboration. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions or comments? What's the desire of the Committee? SENATOR ALEXANDER: Favorable. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Motion is a favorable report. All in favor, say aye. ALL MEMBERS: Aye. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Opposed, no; and the ayes have it. Thank you for your willingness to serve, Doctor. DR. THOMAS: Thank you for being here. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Renee Romberger from Greenville. You've been on the board for three years, it says. MS. ROMBERGER: Good morning. ALL MEMBERS: Good morning. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Let me swear you in. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MS. ROMBERGER: I do. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Did you move? I thought you lived in Spartanburg. MS. ROMBERGER: I put my head on the pillow in Greenville, and I live most of my life in Spartanburg. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Sorry to interrupt. Would you like to make a brief statement? MS. ROMBERGER: Yes, I would. I'm a proud graduate of the College of Charleston and a firm believer in the value of public service. And I believe if you're going to serve publicly, then you've got to make sure that you have a passion for the cause. And I have two passions in my life: one is health care, and one is education. And I've been very blessed to have the opportunity to spend my professional career in health care and to spend my volunteer service supporting higher education in South Carolina. I have been a loyal supporter and contributor to the college since I graduated in 1981, both in volunteering from a leadership standpoint and philanthropically in giving to the college. And so I really feel very blessed to have been given the opportunity to serve as a trustee three years ago, and it has been an extremely rewarding experience for me. It's a lot more complicated and complex than I thought it was going to be, to be quite frank, but it has been a great three years, and I look forward to serving a second term if given the opportunity. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Questions for this incumbent? Mr. Whitmire. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I notice you say that funding, obviously, is an issue, or lack of. Now, you say, "The college needs to expand its student base to attract the nontraditional student." Give me your definition of the nontraditional student. MS. ROMBERGER: Nontraditional students, to me, are students like adults who maybe didn't finish their college degree, and so now they're out in the working world, but they really want to go back and spend that two years getting that college degree. That's one I would consider a nontraditional student. I think adults who didn't go to college at all and decide that they want to get adult education, senior citizens who want to go back and get an extra degree. I think there's huge potential for the nontraditional student to be able to expand any moment at the College of Charleston without degrading the integrity of our undergraduate program downtown. You mentioned earlier that we're squeezed into the downtown city of Charleston with very little parking. And so one easy answer would be to let's grow undergraduate enrollment, and that will feed the pipeline financially. But I think we need to preserve the integrity of our school, and our school is not meant to be a 40,000-student school. I think we are a liberal arts school, and we need to preserve that, and we need make sure that we give folks the opportunity to have that close-knit relationship that they have with the faculty and the students of a smaller-type campus. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I completely agree. You've got a unique school, and I hope you keep it that way. MS. ROMBERGER: Thank you. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: How are you working to expand this nontraditional student approach? MS. ROMBERGER: We've hired an incredible dean, Godfrey Gibbison, who is the dean of our North Campus, as Cherry and others have mentioned. And he is leading our School of Professional Studies. And so his focus is really around marketing. In fact, he just introduced a new program for men and women who serve as practice managers in physician practices to go back and get an advanced certificate in practice management, which is huge in my health-care world, and it's a great opportunity. And he has a marketing mind, and I think what he's trying to do is understand what the needs are in our community and in our state and then build programs to match that. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Thank you for being open in searching for other ways to serve the people of our state. MS. ROMBERGER: Thank -- REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Thank you for your service. MS. ROMBERGER: Thank you. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Senator Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Good morning. MS. ROMBERGER: Good morning. SENATOR ALEXANDER: It's good to see you. Thank you for your work that you also do in health care. You do a fantastic job, and I appreciate your service in that regard. Again, being consistent, I know there were some -- as Representative Whitmire said earlier, I mean, the concern of a new president coming on board. Would you give me your assessment of the job that your president is doing? MS. ROMBERGER: Absolutely. I had the opportunity to chair the Institutional Advancement Committee for the college. And so I serve on the foundation board as well as on the board of trustees. And I was asked to speak to what the president was doing at the college because there was some unrest when he was elected. And the comment I made to them as to, you know, what I think about the president, I think 3 "L's." Number one, he loves the college. And when you have a president who loves the university -- he's a graduate; he's loves it -- it shows through in his work. Secondly, I think what he did when he came in day one was listen, and that was really important because we had a lot of people who had issues and concerns and fears. And what he did was spent his initial time as president of the college listening to not only staff, but students and faculty, community leaders, around what are the biggest needs for the College of Charleston. He met with each of us individually as board of trustees members and said, "You tell me what your biggest concerns are and what your biggest goals are." And he took notes, and he allowed us as long as each one of us wanted individually to express that to him, and I appreciate that. And then, lastly, I think he's been a very visible leader, and we needed a leader. I think those of you who have seen the college over the past ten years maybe have commented or sensed a little lack of direction at the college, and we needed somebody to come in and be a strong leader, and he's done exactly that. SENATOR ALEXANDER: So being a graduate of the College of Charleston, you're seen as an asset and not a liability for it. MS. ROMBERGER: Absolutely. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Okay. MS. ROMBERGER: Absolutely. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Senator Hayes. SENATOR HAYES: Well, I noted you worked with Spartanburg Regional Healthcare System. MS. ROMBERGER: Yes, sir. SENATOR HAYES: My daughter graduated from the College of Charleston, and she is now an occupational therapist. MS. ROMBERGER: Wow. SENATOR HAYES: So I have a special place for the health-care training that -- she had the undergraduate that helped her, obviously, go on to graduate school for that. What's going on in the health-care area as far as the College of Charleston? MS. ROMBERGER: One of the fastest-growing majors we have at the College of Charleston is in the School of Education, Health, and Human Performance. It's in the area of public health. I've had the opportunity to go down and speak to some of the classes down there, and it is really exciting to see kids who understand that if you're going to have a healthy South Carolina and a South Carolina that is driven by economic development, that the health very much intersects with education. And so we have a lot of kids in college right now majoring in public health and health and human performance, and our dean, Fran Welch, is doing a great job advancing that program and leading those efforts. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: Good morning. MS. ROMBERGER: Good morning. SENATOR SCOTT: I want to go back and ask you the same question I've asked the other board members. MS. ROMBERGER: I'm so glad. SENATOR SCOTT: I saw you kind of move your head in the back. It sounds like you've put a lot of thought into this question. The question again, Your plans for increasing both African-American students, as well as the staff ratio there at the college? Since you're 7 -- 7, 8 means there's about 7.4 or 7.2 when they hear the 7 or 7, 8. They always push the ratio up a little more than -- MS. ROMBERGER: Yeah. So the numbers I have show that we're at 8 percent, and that's not nearly what it needs to be. SENATOR SCOTT: Right. MS. ROMBERGER: In South Carolina, 28 percent of our population is African American, and we need -- I believe that as a public institution, the student body of the College of Charleston needs to represent the demographic in which we live, and we're not there yet. Interestingly enough, if you look at where we were with African-American students three years ago when I came on the board and where we are now, we've actually increased 32 percent in three years. Three years ago, we were at -- four years ago we were at 600 African-American students, and now we're up over 800. So I think it is because there was an understanding and a commitment, because once you identify something as being an issue and something you want to make improvement on, then I think you're going to see movement. And I think it is very much a commitment at the college, and we've got to continue to stay -- SENATOR SCOTT: What's the population of the college? MS. ROMBERGER: The population of the college, there are about 10,500 undergraduate students. SENATOR SCOTT: You know, as I indicated earlier, everybody wants the best and brightest students. MS. ROMBERGER: Yep. SENATOR SCOTT: There are some other students that are not the best and brightest -- MS. ROMBERGER: Yeah. SENATOR SCOTT: -- who can develop to be great students. What efforts are being made to recruit some of -- average students? MS. ROMBERGER: Yeah. SENATOR SCOTT: And not every student is an honor student. MS. ROMBERGER: No. SENATOR SCOTT: So what efforts are being made to do that? MS. ROMBERGER: Yeah. And I think that's -- as a public institution, I think we have a responsibility to educate people in South Carolina. SENATOR SCOTT: Right. MS. ROMBERGER: And you're right. Everybody can't be a Rhodes Scholar. And so I think -- twofold. One is, we've got to increase our recruitment efforts throughout the state. And secondly, we've got to focus on soaring retention. I'm equally concerned. I had the opportunity last year to mentor a young lady, an African-American first-generation student in business. And she was a Schottland Scholar, first African-American Schottland Scholar that we've had at the College of Charleston. And so I spent a lot of time with her just listening. "Tell me the struggles that you're facing at the College of Charleston as an African-American student." And she talked not only about increasing the number of African-American students, but also building a network where it's safe and exciting for African Americans to want to be on that campus. And so it does require us to increase our recruitment efforts. I like your opportunity of going from top 10 percent to 25 percent -- SENATOR SCOTT: Right. MS. ROMBERGER: -- but I also think we've got to make sure that the culture on your campus is an acceptable culture that allows people to want to be at the college and want to stay at the college, because I'm deeply concerned about the ones who come and then transfer. SENATOR SCOTT: I think the culture and diversity starts with the staff -- MS. ROMBERGER: It absolutely does. SENATOR SCOTT: -- and where you get your staff from. If you're recruiting in the North, you get a northern type of behavior with the southern -- MS. ROMBERGER: Yeah. SENATOR SCOTT: -- professors and you get a different mix. But the beauty of that, you get to attract other students out of the southern region who would be interested in coming to your school. The other part is the 600-or-so-odd students. With that group moving from 6- to 800, whatever your number is now, it's most likely other members of the family will attend the school. MS. ROMBERGER: Right. SENATOR SCOTT: And so if you don't ever open the door and take some chances with your ratios, you'll never recruit. MS. ROMBERGER: I agree. And I think we've got to increase the diversity of our faculty, but also, I mean, I was concerned to hear your concern about staff and feeling like they don't have that welcoming environment. I think we've got to make sure -- I shadow every semester. I shadow a faculty member, and I shadow a student. I shadowed an African-American young lady last year, and I shadowed an African-American professor this past fall. We need to make sure that we're talking to staff too, because as trustees, we don't always hear what's going on on the frontlines. SENATOR SCOTT: The staff you shadow, do you think they were honest about all with you in telling you what the college wants? MS. ROMBERGER: Yeah. It was really interesting. I mean, I've not had anybody that I've -- and I've shadowed every single year, both semesters, but I have not had anybody who wasn't -- who didn't feel comfortable being honest. And I'll be honest with them. They ask open questions about trustees, because oftentimes when you're elected to an office, there's this wall that seems to exist between you and everybody else. And so I'm an open book. Ask me any question. And so we've had really good conversation, and I think that's important for us as trustees. We've got to be listening. SENATOR SCOTT: Did you walk away with something that gave you a point to begin a building block for staff overall? MS. ROMBERGER: So with staff, I don't know. I think we've got to make sure we stay focused on that. I've shadowed faculty members and students. I haven't shadowed a staff member yet. SENATOR SCOTT: Even faculty. MS. ROMBERGER: Yeah. We -- SENATOR SCOTT: Because I think it starts there anyway. MS. ROMBERGER: It absolutely does. It absolutely does. With the Avery Institute, they are doing an awesome job and with the school of diversity -- I mean, the program, the diversity office increasing the number of programs, the conversations that we have, and we just have to stay focused on it. I think Cherry mentioned that we do have a diversity committee. The board of trustees right now is looking at what we need to do to expand diversity, and they're going to be coming out with recommendations. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Ms. Henderson. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Thank you, Ms. Romberger, for your service. Ms. Romberger is actually a constituent and a friend of mine. So I really appreciate all of her input and work. She works very hard. Let me ask you a question going back to the conversation earlier about, you know, some of the issues last year and the year before when y'all chose a new president. And I know that there was a lot of concern that there would be an impact on fundraising and the endowment and all that. Has any of that really actually come to, you know, really -- has there been an impact in that regard? MS. ROMBERGER: Short term, there was. There were some folks who really felt strongly that they wanted a particular candidate to be selected. And so we had a couple of folks who dropped off the foundation board, and we had some folks who retracted their commitments to the college. But now we're back to where we were before and even beyond that, and I think that's important. You know, it's not easy. I mean, you're in the same position. You've got to do the right thing, and you've got to make the right decisions, and sometimes 100 percent of the people aren't going to support that. And I think the foundation has grown beyond that. We've got great leadership in the foundation right now, and we just capped off a$125 million capital campaign and have exceeded that goal. So I think that is -- and President McConnell and Bill -- I mean, Steve Swanson co-chaired that capital campaign, and I think it really speaks to the fact that people believe in the leadership of the college right now. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: So you have 16 seats on the board of trustees? MS. ROMBERGER: We have 20. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Twenty. MS. ROMBERGER: We're up to 20. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: And speaking of -- going back to the diversity question, how many -- do you have African Americans on the board? MS. ROMBERGER: Demetria Clemons has been on the board for quite some time. Pansy King-Reid is also on the board, although I received word this morning that she's not going to be running for reelection. So without Pansy, that leaves us with only one African-American female. We're pretty diverse when it comes to male/female. I think we're pretty diverse from a religious standpoint, but not from an ethnic standpoint. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: I just think overall for all our boards, it's really important -- MS. ROMBERGER: Absolutely. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: -- not only to seek for diversity male/female, black/white, all -- you know, with student population, but also on our commissions too. MS. ROMBERGER: Thank you. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: And at the appropriate time, I would like to make a motion for her to be given a favorable report. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: There's no other questions? Motion is a favorable report. All in favor, say aye. ALL MEMBERS: Aye. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Opposed, no; and the ayes have it. MS. ROMBERGER: Thank you. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Thank you so much. MS. ROMBERGER: Thank you. MS. CASTO: Mr. Chairman, the next one we had under schedule was Pansy King-Reid. We received an e-mail Friday, late Friday afternoon, from her that she was withdrawing. So that's a vacancy that we'll have to post and hopefully we can get elected before y'all leave in June. SENATOR HAYES: I'd hate to see the northern counties not have a 5th District representative, but we'll have to work on that. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: All right. Next, Ricci Land Welch, incumbent running unopposed, been on the board for three years. MS. WELCH: Good morning. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Good morning. Let me swear you in. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MS. WELCH: I do. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Would you like to make a brief statement? MS. WELCH: I would. Good morning, everyone. Thank you for all that you do. I know it's a Monday and y'all are here, so we do recognize the hard work that you put into this, screening all the candidates for all state institutions. And my background is in law, but I also have a real desire and an interest in education because I believe that is the answer to many of our culture's problems. And I've enjoyed my three years on the College of Charleston board. Before that, I was on the Lander board for eight years, and I really did enjoy that. But it's very difficult to get from Manning to Greenwood. It was a lot of zigzagging and time involved. And so I always wanted to get back to the College of Charleston, and when my mother retired from this seat that she had held there, I had the opportunity, and thankfully you all elected me. So it is my desire and it would be my honor to be reelected in this position. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Okay. A question or comments? Senator Hayes. MS. WELCH: Not so much. SENATOR HAYES: No, no. No, no. No, no. I think the world of both of them, and the both of them loved the college. And I know you're going a great job, so I just wanted to poke a little fun at you. But give my regards to both of them, if you would. MS. WELCH: I will. Thank you. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Mr. Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: Ms. Land Welch -- MS. WELCH: Yes, sir. SENATOR SCOTT: -- you represent the largest portion of the African American -- MS. WELCH: I do, don't I? SENATOR SCOTT: Yes, you do, the 6th Congressional District. Tell me about your plans for the College of Charleston. You've been there three years. MS. WELCH: I have. SENATOR SCOTT: You've had a chance to really take a look at what's going on. MS. WELCH: I will speak to that. The Top Ten Program, I just wanted to say a few more things about it. I believe it is six or seven counties, two of which are Clarendon and Williamsburg, so I think that's very important to mention. SENATOR SCOTT: Okay. MS. WELCH: But those two, by counties, are in that. It is a little bit more than just an acceptance program. It is automatic acceptance. They still need to apply, just as any other student would, but it is a streamlined system. That's wonderful. That's great. You're right, because those kids could basically go anywhere. But the other thing that is part of that pilot program that will just start in this fall -- so the application process is going on now, but the acceptance process and all that. The students would come in in the fall. There is a large mentorship portion program of that pilot program, so it's not just to get the minority African-American students there. It is to get them there and keep them there. Because what we have discussed -- I don't know that there's been a study on it, but several of the board members have had the opportunity to get to know young African-American high school students and really try to promote the college to them and do things and make calls and try to get additional funds for them. But even when you get maybe even more money for them, they're still going to choose to go to Carolina or other schools where there are more African Americans there because it stands to reason, they want to be with other people who are of their same race. And so that is something we need to address hoping that this program will allow us to move up from, I think, a 7.7 percent. We're rounding it up to 8. But that will allow more students to come and then more students to come and more students to come. The same is true for staff and faculty. I think we're at 33 percent African American for faculty -- I'm sorry. I mean staff. And 13 percent for faculty. Those numbers need to rise so the African-American students and the minority students that come in to the college are taught by people who they are familiar with. So it is something that we are definitely looking into. One of our board members, John Bush, is the chairman of a new committee that we have that is looking into diversity, not just African American, but the whole gamut. He had the opportunity to go to the Furman Diversity Initiative program. I have done that and also has Trustee Romberger. It is a really enlightening program. It's a really neat program that Furman does, and we are focused on that. It is discussed at every board meeting. He has a report at every board meeting. But as one of the board members mentioned earlier, it's not something that is going to happen overnight. It's is going to be a gradual thing where minorities feel welcome and want to come. SENATOR SCOTT: I'm just hoping y'all move from that 10 percent -- MS. WELCH: I know. SENATOR SCOTT: -- to 25 percent, because what you're asking for is larger than what the state actually offers for scholarships. And that's basically that you've got a student who comes in the top 10 percent. No matter what program that they have to follow, they're going to excel. These are exceptional children. And so I'm hoping you guys just kind of rethink this process if you're really serious about recruiting and getting some students in there. Thank you so much. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Senator Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Good morning. MS. WELCH: Good morning. Two things. I'm going to go with, first, having been on the Lander Board and now at the college of Charleston, what is the biggest takeaway, or has there been anything that you've been able to bring to that experience from that experience at Lander? MS. WELCH: There are many things. One of the first things about -- SENATOR ALEXANDER: Brevity, I know we used -- MS. WELCH: I know. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Earlier when the chairman mentioned it, brevity is -- CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: It's a plus. SENATOR ALEXANDER: -- a plus. MS. WELCH: That's right. I'll just mention the one. When I was at the -- CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: And will someone remind Senator Scott of that? SENATOR SCOTT: Mr. Chairman, you're doing well. It's not 12 o'clock. We're still doing good. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Sorry for the interruption, Senator. SENATOR ALEXANDER: That's all right. MS. WELCH: When I was on the Lander Board, Dan Ball was our president. He just retired a couple of years ago. And he was a very strong person who really had all of the information of the school in his head. And that is what I expected when I came to the College of Charleston. And not to speak ill of the former president, the leadership was different. And so that was something that took me a while to get used to, and now we're back with a strong leadership in Governor McConnell. President McConnell came in. It was not the easiest thing for the board, but sometimes the best thing is not the easiest thing to do. He has come in and worked very hard to establish relationships, because nothing is going to happen unless you establish relationships. And that's what he's worked very hard to do. So we're back where it was just like at Lander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: And I guess to my second question, as far as your assessment -- and you mentioned there is some disharmony with -- how would you characterize that aspect in working with the president? MS. WELCH: We have actually had a very good relationship. I think we were worried for him when he first became president. He certainly did not come with full open arms from every part of the campus. One of the opportunities I've had is to shadow a faculty member who was a female faculty member in the education department. And she was one of the most vocal critics of the president and wrote several editorials that were -- while well-written, they were rather harsh. And so I worried so that that would never come to have a relationship between the two of them. Now they're great friends. They have open lines of communication, and she's one of his supporters. So, like I said, when you listen and you have an open mind, good things will come from that. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: The fall enrollment has dipped; is that correct? MS. WELCH: We did have a dip in enrollment, and especially with out-of-state students. And as our tuition for in state is around ten-nine, the out of state is 28,000. So we use a lot of the out-of-state money to support the school, and I think we had just 38 or 39 students from out of state who said they would come, and they didn't come, which that resulted in us having to make an adjustment to our budget. We have a really well-thought-through budget. It was less than a 1 percent change, but 38 or 39 out-of-state students that don't come when they say they're going to come makes it difficult for us to make our figures work. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Cost prohibitive, is that the reason they gave, or do we know? MS. WELCH: I believe that the amount that is required to save your spot was lower than what the typical northern out-of-state students saw. And so they probably posted those larger -- what I believe is a large deposit at several schools and then chose to go to other schools. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions or comments? What's the desire -- SENATOR SCOTT: Favorable. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Motion is a favorable report. All in favor, say aye. ALL MEMBERS: Aye. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Opposed, no; and the ayes have it. MS. WELCH: I will do so. Thank you very much for the opportunity. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Next one up must be Penny Rosner. MS. ROSNER: Yes. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Let's call you Penny. MS. ROSNER: That's perfect. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: From Myrtle Beach and unopposed for an open seat. MS. ROSNER: I am a South Carolinian and my mother gave me a lot of names, a lot of syllables. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Let me swear you in. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Would you like to make a brief statement on why you'd like to serve? MS. ROSNER: Yes. I am so honored to be here and to be given this chance to be on the board for the College of Charleston. My first passion is education. I have taught college English for 22 years. I started teaching at Trident Technical College in Charleston, and I had the nontraditional student. And I also taught at The Citadel. I'm not quite sure what we say about the cadets, but it was a good experience. And then we moved to Horry County, where I taught for 19 years. My passion, like I said, is education. It is helping students. And I find that I am in Charleston a lot more. So I'm very thrilled at this opportunity. I also grew up -- my father and grandfather were dairy farmers on the Stono River on the Church Flats right around the corner from where Dixie is. So I'm very thrilled that the college has that property. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Did y'all produce for Coburg? MS. ROSNER: Yes, he did. Yes, he did. My father died when I was five years old in 1969. Mother never remarried. So I understand how -- the importance of hard work, and I understand how difficult it can be for students to go to school and to come from rural areas. Even though I consider myself a Charlestonian, I'm a country girl, and I understand how difficult that is. I had a professor tell me right when I started teaching that if you can get a postadolescence, a high school student to an early college student -- and they don't have to be a Rhodes Scholar, as we discussed, but if you have confidence in them and a relationship and encourage them, that student will soar. And that has been my philosophy for 22 years with teaching. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Mr. Whitmire. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Welcome. I noticed just about every one of the trustees mentioned being landlocked is pretty much a major problem, and I certainly understand that when I was getting my two children enrolled. MS. ROSNER: Yes. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: What are the trustees doing to try to address the lack of parking, if anything? I mean, have they considered building a type of parking garage or -- MS. ROSNER: I'm not sure what the trustees are considering since I'm new, but that is something that we will have to work on definitely. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: What would you do? MS. ROSNERI: What would I do? There has to be a situation of more -- I believe the city is building -- they're building more garages, and that will be a help discouraging -- and part of the problem too -- well, it's a great problem, because we're educating South Carolinians. But when the student is from South Carolina, they want their car. More northern students don't bring their cars down. At least that's what I found when I taught at Coastal. So that makes for a bigger problem. There is parking on the Battery, which is free parking for students. And I know that that neighborhood tried to stop the parking there because it's -- you know, it's cars that are constantly there, but Mayor Riley didn't allow that. So there is free parking there; otherwise, it's a garage. And street parking is a problem. I have a house in downtown Charleston, and I pay parking tickets too. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I don't see any real solution. MS. ROSNER: And I don't either, sir. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: So you just don't have any access, and I'm sure the college doesn't want to go to the costly -- of condemning other land. MS. ROSNER: It is very expensive. The north end of Charleston is expanding. What I mean by that, north towards King Street, and there is land there. And I do know that -- I believe -- I won't say I know. But I believe there will be some parking garages there. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Okay. Thank you. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Senator Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. And good morning and thank you for your willingness to serve. Two things that you've mentioned here on your -- why you'd like to serve on the board. And one of -- the second one you referred to is the importance of a positive relationship between the school and the surrounding communities, and you've talked about owning property there. Is there not now a good working relationship or positive relationship between the community property owners and the college? MS. ROSNER: I've seen a massive improvement. I moved to Horry County, to Myrtle Beach, 20 years ago, and I lived more in the Harleston neighborhood, if you're familiar with that. It's still closer. It's really where the college is. And there were issues. I've been back in Charleston part-time for about three years, and I think it is much improved. SENATOR ALEXANDER: And then, too, I see, in your career, you've taught college English for 22 years. Are you teaching now? MS. ROSNER: No, sir. Believe it or not, I'm doing a little farming. I'm helping my mother with the farm -- SENATOR ALEXANDER: Oh, okay. MS. ROSNER: -- so I can keep my 84-year-old mother off the John Deere. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Well, good luck on that. So where did you teach college English? MS. ROSNER: I taught at Trident Technical College when I first graduated -- SENATOR ALEXANDER: You started at Trident, right. MS. ROSNER: -- and at The Citadel. MS. ROSNER: And then for 19 years at Coastal Carolina University. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Coastal. Okay. Thank you. Thank you for that work as well. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I notice some of my colleagues don't quite understand important diversity as it relates to colleges and universities and what it does overall just outside of just the college itself when young people go into the world of work and how easy it is to get them to adjust quickly. The area of English, math, and science is always an issue as it relates to recruitment. What do you think you bring to the table to really help the real discussion at the school to improve diversity, as well as recruiting new students to come to your campus? MS. ROSNER: I think the most important part, and particularly when we talk about the Ten Percent Program, which I am very much a fan of, I think is to have a personal-type relationship with those students. They have to feel comfortable. They have to understand and their parents need to know what is there. They need to understand the first-year programs. They need to understand mentoring and what the college can do to make them comfortable. And that comes with openness and making them feel a part of it by encouragement, like I said, giving them confidence that they will succeed there. SENATOR SCOTT: Do you think that takes the top 10 students, or can that ratio be extended to the top 25 students? MS. ROSNER: I believe it can be extended. SENATOR SCOTT: Thank you. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Congratulations, Senator. SENATOR SCOTT: You learn. You learn. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions? REPRESENTATIVE McLEOD: I do have one question. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Representative McLeod. REPRESENTATIVE McLEOD: Mr. Rosner, thank you so much. Just to kind of expound on what Senator Scott just asked about diversity, one of the things that Ms. Land Welch also mentioned was the Riley Institute and the DLI program, which I have also been a part of. And I'm just curious about the number. I'm not sure if she mentioned that other board members have also gone through that program, I think. Have you? MS. ROSNER: No, I haven't, but I am very open to it. I would look forward to doing that. REPRESENTATIVE McLEOD: Okay. And is that something that you think would be beneficial to the majority, if not all, members of your board considering -- MS. ROSNER: I think in time you can learn and can be introduced if -- you know, and we open our minds and we learn. I think absolutely, yes. REPRESENTATIVE McLEOD: Thank you. I appreciate that. MS. ROSNER: I have a liberal arts degree, and, of course, I think it's very important, but we also have to be able to put the liberal arts degree into the business world, and we need to improve South Carolina. REPRESENTATIVE McLEOD: Absolutely. And I believe -- MS. ROSNER: Educationally. REPRESENTATIVE McLEOD: Right. And I'm a firm believer that diversity is key when it comes to improving South Carolina. So I appreciate that. And is that something that you would be willing to recommend, that your colleagues on the board kind of go through that program and experience that process? I think it would be beneficial. MS. ROSNER: Yes, I would. So I would like to do it first, and then I can be excited about it. REPRESENTATIVE McLEOD: Right. Okay. All right. Thank you. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions or comments? SENATOR SCOTT: Favorable report. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Motion is a favorable report. All in favor, say aye. ALL MEMBERS: Aye. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Opposed, no; and the ayes have it. Thank you for your willingness to serve. MS. ROSNER: Thank you so much for being here. Thank you. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: David Mikell Hay. MR. HAY: Good morning. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Good morning, sir. I'm going to swear you in. MR. HAY: Okay. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MR. HAY: I do. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Would you like to make a brief statement on why you'd like to serve? MR. HAY: Sure. I don't know if y'all have this circumstance in your life, but I had a very strong mother-in-law who was an alum of the College of Charleston, as I am, my wife, and two of my brothers are all alums. And she, my mother-in-law, volunteered me many years ago to serve on the alumni board, and I was grateful that she did. So I served on the alumni board, eventually served as president, and I served several terms on the foundation board. I was vice president when I resigned to serve on the board of trustees. Now I serve on the board of trustees. So I've seen a lot of what's going on at the College of Charleston. A lot of my success in life is directly attributable to my experience at the college, and I am very fortunate to be able to serve and give back to our community, as well as to my alma mater. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Questions or comments? Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: I noticed that of all trustees thus far interviewed, most of y'all are from Charleston. MR. HAY: Well, I'm running for an at-large seat, but I am -- SENATOR SCOTT: But from Charleston. MR. HAY: Yes, sir. SENATOR SCOTT: Is a major problem in recruiting students from Charleston -- since most of the three, at least three of the members we've interviewed thus far have been from Charleston that -- how is your Charleston recruiting? Let me rephrase the question. In terms of recruiting, Charleston has a tremendous African-American population -- MR. HAY: Sure. SENATOR SCOTT: -- which means those students can commute to school and save on meal tickets and room and board. What efforts are being made to recruit more students from Charleston and the surrounding area? Y'all have got one of the better mass transit systems in Charleston. MR. HAY: Wando and West Ashley High School are two of our biggest percentage of students. So my feeling is that in our community, we recruit very well. To answer your question as well as Representative Whitmire's, we do have a transportation program where all students, with their College of Charleston ID, as well as faculty and staff, are allowed free rides on their CARTA system. I'm chair of the facility's committee, and one of the things I'm very interested in is expanding on a program I heard about on Your Day on public radio a couple of years ago that Clemson is doing, where they have a very aggressive Park-N-Ride system. Their whole transportation program is very forward-thinking. And we, for example, two weeks ago, the College of Charleston bid on property near Tecklenburg. It opened up property underneath the overpasses that would allow us to park under there. We haven't heard the results of that bid yet, but that would be another opportunity where we would be able to relieve the pressure on parking, which if there is an issue in the community that I live and work in, it probably is parking. Our relationship with the citizens of Charleston has improved tremendously over the years. I believe that a large part of that can be further improved through a Park-N-Ride system. I was a day student when I went to the college. I worked in the afternoons. I drove in every day. If I had the ability to park at Patriots Point and ride a bus to work and probably do my homework on the way there, I think that's a great program that we can expand on and do very well. We have remote sites in Summerville and West Ashley. So it's a program that's working but could be expanded on. SENATOR SCOTT: Well, Charleston is the third largest county in South Carolina and probably the largest alumni association for the colleges in Charleston as well, and Charleston has more than two high schools. And with 6- to 7-, 6- to 800 students, African-American students, my question again, what do you think the Charleston group can do to further expand the recruitment ranking in Charleston since you have that large population to be able to pull from and bring those students in? MR. HAY: You know, the real answer, I believe, starting with President Benson -- and really having President McConnell has really ramped up. I believe that although we did not have a great minority representation on campus, and that includes faculty, staff, and students, I do believe that we have demonstrated very good success. Renee Romberger mentioned a percentage from 600 to 800 students, African-American only, but if you look at total minority, which is really what we're serving, the total population, our total minority representation in the last four years has gone from 13.6 to 18.3 percent of our student body. So that's a demonstrated consistent line of improvement, and I think everything that you've heard my fellow trustees speak about, coupled with really aggressive effort by President McConnell, I believe we are making great strides. We're committed to it. I mean, you've heard it from all of us. SENATOR SCOTT: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Mr. Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Good morning, sir. MR. HAY: Good morning. SENATOR ALEXANDER: A couple of things. One observation on the parking and stuff in having, I think, dare I say, that every probably college and university, even with Clemson with the good track record it has with the CAT system, still has its challenge with parking. So it's not unique to y'all at the College of Charleston. Again, your assessment, having been there, and the opportunity to have to work with basically your relatively new president in the job and assessment of his work for the students and the board? MR. HAY: I was on the foundation board when President Benson announced he was retiring, and I served on the foundation board with a Harvard Business School professor, Jody Encarnation. And I supported him as candidate for president. I knew him, and I was very impressed with his work ethic. So from the start I was supporting Dr. Encarnation. Eventually we elected President McConnell, and many, many people told me during the process, "Please elect him. You'll be so amazed at what a great job he'll do for y'all." And he truly has. I have met with him, as we all did, and told him of my support for Dr. Encarnation so there wouldn't be any kind of confusion. I said, "You're the man now, and I'm willing to work with the man." And I've been very pleased. And he really has been open and committed not only to diversity, but also bringing a small businessman's approach to the finances of higher education. We do have challenges with enrollment and budgetary challenges, but he is approaching it as a businessman would and realizing sometimes cuts have to be made that can be painful. But a small cut is not too big a price to pay when you're looking at the institution at a whole. SENATOR ALEXANDER: The impact of his interaction with the students, I mean, do you get feedback from that standpoint as far as his ability to -- with the student body? MR. HAY: One of the trustees also spoke about that, and, you know, I do see dramatic improvement. We talk to students. We've actually employed a fair number of students over the years as runners at our small business, so we get to get that perspective from them. And they're impressed with the leadership of President McConnell. SENATOR ALEXANDER: One final question. And you mentioned students that you hire as runners. I notice too that I think you -- just for the record, that you sell tires through the Fleet Management; is that correct? MR. HAY: Yes, sir. SENATOR ALEXANDER: And that's a bid process, or there's prices that are established so that you comply? I mean, that's within the confines from that standpoint? MR. HAY: That's correct. We respond to the bid that's put out probably every three or four years. It's a competitive bid. And if you're successful and you are able to do work, we do that on a set price schedule. State Fleet manages the vehicles and -- for the College of Charleston. So whether it's The Citadel, College of Charleston, MUSC, and countless other agencies, we do work for them. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Basically, as long as you're willing to accept that rate that's been established, then certainly you're a provider that they can utilize. MR. HAY: That's correct. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you. MR. HAY: Thank you. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Mr. Hay, what's the difference between the College of Charleston and the University of Charleston? What is that? MR. HAY: Well, the number 8 on my personal data questions asked about what I think is one of the biggest challenges that the college faces, and certainly enrollment, budget, those are challenges. But one of the unique challenges that I think we're dealing with is the ability to respond to the changing demands of our students or potential students and whether we're able to offer programs in computer science and logistics and supply chain management. Those are programs within the College of Charleston, but there are examples where, you know, we may need to offer programs at a university level. We had the founder of PeopleMatter speak at our Rotary Club a while back and he said he could take 200 computer science graduates a year. Again, this is within our regular college, and at the time we were only producing I think 23 or 24. And the ability to recognize needs within our community and respond to that by adding professors, adding classes, demonstrates a flexibility that I wish we had more of, and within the university, the ability to offer graduate degrees that are -- sometimes we may not even know about them yet, but there's a changing demand, and I think that allows us to respond to that demand. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: All right. There's some talk about keeping the College of Charleston liberal arts, but then there's also -- it seemed like that most would turn it into a research university. There's some talk of a law school and there's some chatter about that. Do you see a -- what's the future? MR. HAY: I don't ever see us leaving liberal arts. I mean, that's our core. That is what we're founded on, and I do believe that that is our future, demonstrating that commitment to liberal arts. The law school would make sense if it made sense for all parties. If the legislature said we need y'all to do this for us, if the law school said we need a partner, and then if the College of Charleston said we need that, then I think that's an interesting thing to consider. It didn't come to pass. But, you know, when you have the Medical University, you have the College of Charleston, you have The Citadel, all great institutions, it seems to me that there should be more opportunities for synergy and cooperation. And those would be the kind of areas that I think we should really expand the study to see, you know, how can we cooperate better to provide a better quality education for the citizens of South Carolina. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: You aren't involved in the discussion about the possibility of merging or taking on Charleston School of Law? MR. HAY: No, sir. I know lots of the professors and faculty, and it seems like it would have been a logical thing if we needed it, but it didn't come to pass. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions? Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: You chair the board of faculty committee? MR. HAY: Facilities. SENATOR SCOTT: Facilities? MR. HAY: Yes, sir. SENATOR SCOTT: Okay. No questions. I'm good. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions? What's the desire of the Committee? SENATOR SCOTT: Favorable. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: The motion is a favorable report. All in favor, say aye. ALL MEMBERS: Aye. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Opposed, no; and the ayes have it. Thank you for your willingness to serve. MR. HAY: Thank you, sir. (Discussion off the record.) CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: We'll crank back up. Now we have Winthrop. Janet Smalley from Walhalla. MS. SMALLEY: Yes, sir. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Come up. Are you coming? Come on in. MS. SMALLEY: Thank you. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Make sure your light is burning green. Is it burning? MS. SMALLEY: Excuse me? CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: The light right in front of you, is it burning green? MS. SMALLEY: Yes. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Okay. That speaker is on. I'd like to swear you in. Will you please raise your right hand. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MS. SMALLEY: I do. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Thank you very much. Would you like to make a brief statement on why you would like to serve on the Winthrop board? MS. SMALLEY: Well, I take the job very seriously. I have since I was fortunate enough to be elected by the legislative body running for my first term. I'm deeply committed to public education. I was a public educator for 35 years and then did consulting for the Department of Education here and for the U.S. Department of Education. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Any questions or comments from members of the Committee? Mr. Whitmire. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Welcome, Ms. Smalley. I'd just like to say that I have personal knowledge that Ms. Smalley has done an outstanding job as trustee. My eldest daughter graduated from there, as did my mother. It's an outstanding school, and thank you for your service. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions or comments? Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: I'll give you a chance to kind of breathe again because I think we kind of caught you off guard. Are you okay? MS. SMALLEY: Well, I am fine. Because I was here early -- SENATOR SCOTT: Okay. MS. SMALLEY: So... SENATOR SCOTT: We appreciate that. MS. SMALLEY: The only thing I was doing when I got a call from Julie was getting some more coins for the meters. SENATOR SCOTT: Okay. Let me ask a little -- a couple of questions about Winthrop. MS. SMALLEY: Yes, sir. SENATOR SCOTT: What is its African-American population there? MS. SMALLEY: Our minority population is around 30 percent, the largest percentage of that is African American. We are dedicated to serving a diverse student body and working real hard to find a diverse faculty and staff. SENATOR SCOTT: What are y'all doing that you think that some of the other schools are not doing? All I've heard all morning is 7 percent, 8 percent, and we've got all these plans. It appears they've had plans for a long time, but they're just kind of just plans. What are y'all doing that the other schools are not doing to attract students who want to come to Winthrop? MS. SMALLEY: That's a great question, but I truly think quality wins, and Winthrop University is a quality institution. And under the leadership of President DiGiorgio, who led our university for 24 years, that was one of his goals, and that's one he achieved at a remarkable level. One of the chief questions we asked the new president, Dr. Dan Mahoney, during the presidential search was for him to share ideas about how do you recruit diversity. And one of the first things he did was to establish working groups, and one of those working groups is the Working Group on Diversity. SENATOR SCOTT: Is scholarships the answer or just better recruiting? I've heard we want the top 10. We're going to give them a full ride. But a top 10 student can go anywhere they want to go in the country. When you look at scholarship and spreading the scholarships among those students that's coming to Winthrop, has scholarships been the big issue or just recruiting good students who want to come to Winthrop? MS. SMALLEY: Most answers to any questions are a blend, different tactics, different strategies, and I would certainly say this one is no different. In terms of financial aid, Winthrop is very, very aggressive in that capacity. Winthrop is a very family-oriented university, and I think that appeals to minority students who tend to be first-generation students. And so I think that's another part of it. So that's a recruitment and retention issue in that particular task. But we do have a lot of need-based scholarships. In fact, I have one that is geared toward first-generation students, which I am, and to students with financial need, which I certainly did. SENATOR SCOTT: Thank you so much. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Senator Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you. Good morning. MS. SMALLEY: Good morning. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Good to see you and appreciate your outstanding service to Winthrop. I've noticed here you're talking about the biggest weakness is the blending, I guess you would call that, of the liberal arts education versus the career market economy. Are you making strides in that regard? Have y'all had a lot of economic development up in the Winthrop area? Are y'all partnering with those opportunities? MS. SMALLEY: That's a great question, Senator Alexander. It is a great challenge if you have a traditional liberal arts identity to be able to transform yourself to address current economic issues, job market demands, those sort of things. As early as my first term during 2008, Dr. DiGiorgio was already doing some of that. He was looking at blended majors, for example, and I'll give you art as an example of that. Traditionally Winthrop has been a strong art school, but with the rise in digital media, he saw the need for a blended major in media arts. And that was one of the first ones that I had the privilege of, you know, being a part of and working with and having some oversight into. Since that time, Winthrop has expanded its science program tremendously. Winthrop does more undergraduate research than any university in the Southeast, and truly that was one of the reasons that Dan Mahoney was interested in Winthrop when he applied. The amount of undergraduate research is unbelievable down in Sims Science Building. Business, the same thing. We have a trading floor, an actual trading floor, in the business building at Winthrop University. We recently, at the last board meeting, which was Friday, passed a consortium agreement with some of the area universities that are in the bordering area of South Carolina into North Carolina to be more collaborative about what we do so that we can address the economic needs of that immediately area. And then the last thing I would say, that another strategic working group that Dr. Mahoney established was called a Program Mix working group, and what they're looking at is exactly -- pointed to your question, they're looking at what are the economic needs of South Carolina, what kind of jobs are available, how can we link with community colleges and community-based needs to respond to those needs. And, again, that group ended up with about seven recommendations of programs for Winthrop to look at that we already have the facility for that we would have to not do a great deal of financial investment in to be able to put forth programs that are cutting edge and kind of things that really will prepare our graduates for the future. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you. Keep up the good work. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: With closeness to Charlotte, I've heard comments about the desire of so many students around the Charlotte area that having to pay the out-of-state tuition seemed to be a problem. Have y'all looked into that and if that really is a challenge for you, or is that just a myth? MS. SMALLEY: No. That conversation has been going on. It's a blessing and a curse, perhaps. You know, there's positives and negatives to be able to look at, being able to step across that state line in terms of tuition and recruitment and that kind of thing and still protect the taxpayer interest of South Carolina. But the consortium agreement that I just referenced is a little bit of putting the toes in the water and seeing how collaborative we can be as public universities, to that degree. We do have a lot of students, you know, who are so close to the state line of North Carolina. We do have a lot of students who come in for -- an example is Winthrop has a collaborative agreement with ROTC at UNCA -- or UNCC. Excuse me. Those students do some work on our campus and back, you know, in the other direction as well. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Kind of along that same line, I've heard some people around my area who would like to see Winthrop get into the football program. Are y'all looking into that? Because the closeness of Charlotte, that draw would help. How far down the road are you with that? I know Coastal Carolina is doing a great job with it. MS. SMALLEY: That is -- CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Do you have an opinion? MS. SMALLEY: You know, we still have the T-shirt, "Winthrop Football, Still Undefeated." CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Okay. MS. SMALLEY: Our previous president, Dr. DiGiorgio, actually did a study that was kind of a first glance at that and looking at facilities and whether or not there were facilities in the area that we would share or purchase for not a big investment. That was about as far as that study went. And then, Jamie, our president who is no longer at our university, she did a full-blown study on that. That was the charge of our athletic director, and it was: What's the cost if you go scholarship? What's the cost if you go non-scholarship? What's the cost of salary, and what's the cost of uniforms? I mean, it was very, very detailed. That study is ongoing. We have recently learned that one of our issues will be -- if Winthrop started football next year, it would be Title IX, because we have about 65:35 female to male. If we instituted a football program, we would be out of alignment with Title IX guidelines. So it's not quite as simple as it might seem. There's a lot of things that impact on this. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: It never is. It never is. MS. SMALLEY: And if anyone anywhere that you know or any of you would like to step forward with several million dollars to help us, you know, look at that and institute other programs, we would love that. I do think it's something that the students are always interested in, and I can see it as, in these days of recruitment, an important issue in a lot of ways. So... But these days the latest thing we've looked at that is problematic is that Title IX issue. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Senator Scott, do you want to offer a couple million? SENATOR SCOTT: No, but I think the program is probably about $10 million probably because of all of the scholarships that you have to give to get that going. And I look at tuition, you know, about 7,000. Clemson's at 14. The College of Charleston is at 10. I think that's probably why Winthrop is so affordable in allowing you a larger opportunity as well to be able to recruit. I would say to you the most important thing is to educate, and I think y'all are doing a good job looking at what your percentages are. And to walk in this room and say you're doing 33 percent when the other schools are much, much, much larger than you and their percentage is for recruiting a faculty, staff, and students so low, you guys are just being commended for what you're doing. MS. SMALLEY: Thank you. Thank you. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Senator Hayes. SENATOR HAYES: Thank you. You know, you're very dear to my heart, and I appreciate the good work you're doing, literally. MS. SMALLEY: You're very dear to Winthrop's heart. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. How do you think Dr. Mahoney is doing, the new president, at Winthrop? MS. SMALLEY: I should have brought a letter of the Johnsonian that was just put out. This was an open letter to the student body about Dr. Mahoney, about how transparent he is, about how active he is on campus, about how he has calmed our campus and how he is building relationships among students, faculty, staff, the community, all those sorts of things. Really, he's a very measured individual. During his interview, one of the most impressive statements he made was that it was always his goal to be the calmest person in the room, and I loved that. I thought, you know, that's exactly what we need. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: That's my goal too. SENATOR HAYES: That feels like Senator Peeler over here. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Sorry to interrupt. MS. SMALLEY: We do. We do. We're very, very pleased. He's very, very -- his background is accounting and then education. He was Dean of the College of Education at Penn State. The college that he managed there is actually larger than Winthrop, 8,000 versus 6,000. So he's well versed, and we're very, very pleased. He's very, very methodical, analytical, and positive about what he's doing. Thank you. SENATOR SCOTT: Favorable report. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Representative Whitmire has a -- REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: It's kind of important, Mr. Chairman. Concerning your Winthrop Eagle football team, it's never going to fly because USC is against -- we're already behind The Citadel, and they're not going to fall behind Winthrop also and -- CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: You can put that in Gaffanese for me. SENATOR ALEXANDER: That's it. SENATOR SCOTT: Favorable report. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: The motion is a favorable report. Seconded. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Seconded by me. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: All in favor, say aye. ALL MEMBERS: Aye. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Opposed, no; and the ayes have it. Thank you for your willingness to serve. MS. SMALLEY: Thank you, Senator Peeler. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Shane Neil Duncan. MR. DUNCAN: Good morning. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Good morning. MR. DUNCAN: The green light is still on. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: It's still on. Let me swear you in. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MR. DUNCAN: I do. Thank you. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: You learn from -- that it says we're kind of -- how to handle these questions and -- MR. DUNCAN: I think so. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Okay. MR. DUNCAN: It's my first time in here, so I appreciate you guys having me. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Do you have a brief statement? MR. DUNCAN: Yes. Serving on the board, this is new for me. I was asked to step forward, and currently I serve on the executive board for the alumni association. So a little bit of a step below the board of trustees. The second vice president there is in line for that presidency in a couple of years as we progress through our normal routine. In addition to that, I serve as the president of our alumni association for a fraternity there. We have about 850 alumni. So my major value, or what I'd like to bring to the board in general is, one, my alumni engagement. My feelers, my tentacles, and my reach is on the alumni side and getting those folks. Senator Scott asked a question about, you know, recruitment of diversity and whatnot. I think Winthrop's brand and that each student becomes an ambassador, I think, that tells our story. And I think our alumni, our undergraduates, enjoy telling their Winthrop story. And so we're just looking forward to getting that brand in front of more people and through that invest students. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Senator Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Well, just thank you for your willingness to serve. I was just wondering with your work that you've been doing with the alumni association board, what would be the greatest ability that that experience will help transform you into a member of the board? MR. DUNCAN: That's a great question, Senator Alexander. I don't have all the answers. To be honest, I'm a little bit new to this process of the board of trustees, but I can tell you that the alumni engagement for the university, good or bad, is low. I think we had about a 4 percent engagement when we measured that, and we need to get more people under the tent and have more events. And Dr. Mahoney's been great. Jamie Comstock did a similar tour, but getting the president out in front of people and allowing him to engage with parents and alumni and students in general will bring more people into the circle. He's coming to an event we have in about three weeks at the City Club of Rock Hill. Senator Hayes knows where that is, surely, from Rock Hill. He's committed to attend that, and we're going to have a hundred parents, probably 40 or 50 alumni that are some of your more influential alumni who sit on our board of trustees, Scott Middleton and Jimmie Williamson and some others that are part of our alumni group. And I think the recent experience that I have there engaging and getting people collected and getting to a central area, an essential gathering spot, will allow the university to bring in key leadership, like Dr. Mahoney in the development office and Danny Nicholson, that group, who get those guys in front of the right people to engage the right alumni. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Any other questions or comments? SENATOR SCOTT: Favorable report. MR. DUNCAN: I'm standing between you guys and lunch, right? CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: The motion is a favorable report. All in favor, say aye. ALL MEMBERS: Aye. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Opposed, no; and the ayes have it. Thank you for your willingness to serve. Thank you for your patience. MR. DUNCAN: Thank you, guys. I appreciate you inviting me down. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. That takes us to our lunch break. If y'all show up around 2:00, we'll try to get the thing done early enough and hopefully get out of here on time. (The lunch recess transpired at 12:13 p.m.) SENATOR PEELER: All right. We have everyone back. This is the afternoon session of the Joint Legislative Committee to Screen Candidates for the College and Universities Board of Trustees. Starting off with the Board of Trustees for Francis Marion University. Mr. William W. Coleman Jr. from Florence. Come forward. Make sure your light is burning green. Have a seat and get comfortable. Let me swear you in first. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MR. COLEMAN: Yes, sir. SENATOR PEELER: Would you like to make a brief statement? MR. COLEMAN: I'm just -- my name is William W. Coleman. I'm from Florence. Originally from Pamplico. I'm a graduate of Francis Marion. The first graduating class. And been on board since 1988. SENATOR PEELER: You've seen a lot. MR. COLEMAN: A lot. SENATOR PEELER: All right. Any questions or comments for Mr. Coleman? Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: Mr. Coleman, good to have you today. MR. COLEMAN: Thank you. SENATOR SCOTT: Tell me a little bit about Francis Marion and what we're doing to recruit minority students, the number of student population we have there, a little bit about minority faculty and staff. MR. COLEMAN: All right. I just got a few notes. I figured that would be a question. We have -- SENATOR SCOTT: That's experience for you. MR. COLEMAN: We have about almost a 50/50 ratio of minorities. And I think the -- I do not have the breakdown of the faculty and staff as far as ratios, but I can assure you that it's very equitable. That's one thing that our president is very conscious of and does a real good job. SENATOR SCOTT: Give the president my regards. MR. COLEMAN: I sure will. Yes, sir. Thank you. SENATOR SCOTT: What's the total population there now? MR. COLEMAN: It's a little over -- we fluctuate around 4,000 students. I think we have probably 33-, 3400 undergraduate and 3- or 400 graduate students and a good many part-time students. But it's around 4,000. SENATOR SCOTT: What do you think contributes to the success of Francis Marion being able to recruit that many minority students? I've heard a lot of schools who the board of trustee members come in and say they're struggling to get students. They've got 7 percent and some say as high as 8 percent. I'm trying to figure out how to make it work. What's working for Francis Marion? MR. COLEMAN: I think it has a lot to do with our location, being rural and in the Pee Dee. And I think it's a lot of hard work on the faculty and trustees and the recruiting in the high schools. SENATOR SCOTT: You think a lot of your students come from your immediate area? MR. COLEMAN: Thank you. SENATOR SCOTT: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Senator Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Good afternoon. Thank you for your service. As far as -- and you've been on the board for a while, so I appreciate that -- your involvement with the board, attendance of meetings, how would you classify, are you a hundred percenter? 90 percenter? MR. COLEMAN: I'd like to say a hundred percenter. If I had to miss, it's been for an illness. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Okay. Thank you, sir. SENATOR PEELER: Senator Hayes. SENATOR HAYES: I think I probably know the answer to this one, but I thought I would just check. How is the leadership at the college, the president, is he doing a good job with that? MR. COLEMAN: Absolutely, Senator Hayes. We're very lucky. That's all I can tell you. He's for the student first, and he's -- he's just fantastic. SENATOR HAYES: Any new initiatives going on with the college that you're taking on? MR. COLEMAN: In the last couple of years we've added an engineering degree that we're working with Florence-Darlington Technical, in conjunction with them. We've got one of the best nursing programs in the state that's fairly new. Fixing to implement the nurse practitioner degree and physician's assistant. Some other health-related fields. And thanks to the state, we've got a new$15 million health sciences building. SENATOR HAYES: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions or comments? You've been on the board, what, 25 years? SENATOR ALEXANDER: 28. MR. COLEMAN: Yes, sir. SENATOR PEELER: All right. Mr. Coleman, anything else you want to -- you feel like we need to know? MR. COLEMAN: We just appreciate your support for our university. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. SENATOR HAYES: Favorable. SENATOR PEELER: The motion is a favorable report. All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) Opposed, no. And the ayes have it. Thank you so much for your continued support of the school. MR. COLEMAN: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Next is Patricia Hartung. Help me with that pronunciation. MS. HARTUNG: Good afternoon, sir. SENATOR PEELER: How do you pronounce your name? MS. HARTUNG: Hartung. SENATOR PEELER: Hartung. Okay. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MS. HARTUNG: I do. SENATOR PEELER: Do you have a brief statement for the committee? MS. HARTUNG: It's been my pleasure to serve on the board since 1999. I represent the Third District, Seat Number 3. I'm based out of Greenwood, South Carolina. I think I have a general understanding of the workforce needs in that area, and I would like to believe that that's the contribution I bring to the university. Understanding the career choices available to students and how we can develop the curriculums to meet those careers in the future. SENATOR PEELER: Any questions? Senator Alexander. And talking about workforce development, do you -- are you seeing the university meet that mission of preparing the students, the ability of them having employment once they get that outstanding education at Francis Marion? MS. HARTUNG: I do, Senator. As you know, Council of Governments, where I work, we run the Six-County Workforce Development Program in that area. And that region is very similar to the other span of region based around Greenwood, South Carolina, in that probably the major employer is the hospital system. I think they have some diversification in other industries as well. But we see the health sciences field as the -- probably the fastest growing area for jobs in the future. And our board of trustees, under the direction and leadership of Fred Carter, has seen the same thing and has moved diligently to meet those needs in that region. SENATOR ALEXANDER: And one final question, if I could, Mr. Chairman. SENATOR PEELER: Sure. SENATOR ALEXANDER: As far as your attendance at meetings and things, are you a hundred percenter? What -- how would you classify your attendance and participation? MS. HARTUNG: I, like Mr. Coleman, like to think I'm a hundred percenter. The only time I've missed, not because it was my illnesses, but I have seven-year-old twins and they catch everything that goes around. So I try my best, and I would say probably at 90, 95 percent. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Mr. Hayes. SENATOR HAYES: On the health sciences, what -- you mentioned some -- what degrees do you all plan to offer? MS. HARTUNG: Well, when the new building opens, I believe right now it's scheduled for August of this year, there will be three masters programs. A master in nursing, in nursing administration, and applied psychology, I believe; a nurse practitioner; and then there's a physician's assistant program that's going to be coming on board as well. Very relevant for that area. SENATOR HAYES: My daughter is an occupational therapist, and the only program in that in South Carolina is at MUSC and she had to go down to St. Augustine to find a school to get that. It would be nice for her to be able to stay in the state. MS. HARTUNG: That's right. SENATOR HAYES: But that's the only program they have. There's some other states that have them, but I just didn't know if that's something that you all had in mind. MS. HARTUNG: In fact, they are looking at partnering. They are partnering with -- under the physician's assistant program with the Medical University and the University of South Carolina, so they're looking at other things as well. That will be coming up in the future. SENATOR PEELER: All right. That's a new center or something? MS. HARTUNG: It's actually not that new. It's about seven years old. And I have worked with the individuals at that center for quite some time. That's a passion of mine. We run a revolving loan program in our area, and we help small businesses. And it seems as they all have great ideas. A lot of them lack capital, but they lack the expertise in actually making a business thrive. And to my knowledge, there are the SBDC programs around the state, but that's the only center for entrepreneurship. And I've asked Fred to let me borrow some of the people and come down to my region and do a dog-and-pony show to try and at least expand the reach of their -- the services that they offer into other parts of South Carolina as well. SENATOR PEELER: How long have you been on the Upper Savannah COG? MS. HARTUNG: As a director since 1990, and before that since '76. SENATOR PEELER: Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: Tell me a little bit about the program that you all are working with the tech school. I thought I heard a comment about that. MS. HARTUNG: The bridge program. SENATOR SCOTT: The bridge program. MS. HARTUNG: The bridge program? That's actually an excellent program for graduates from high school who may not be quite mature enough to enter a four-year curriculum or maybe not have the correct enough or sufficient GPA to get into the university. So they, in their freshman year, attend a technical college. And I think there's six or seven regional technical college systems that -- or programs that partner with the university. And they have to declare a major in the first year and they work and they have access -- full access to the campus. And they work with guidance counselors and professors in helping prepare them to enter as a freshman in their -- after they complete their first year. SENATOR SCOTT: So most of that first year is with you all? MS. HARTUNG: No. The first year is with the technical school, and then they transfer in. And it can be two years as well. SENATOR SCOTT: Do you all offer an engineering program? MS. HARTUNG: We offer an engineering technology program, but not under that program. SENATOR SCOTT: Okay. Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Mr. Whitmire. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Thank you. I may have missed it, what is your percentage of in state versus out of state? MS. HARTUNG: Right now it's 94 percent in -- 94 percent in South Carolina; 6 percent out of state; and 85 percent, I believe, in the Pee Dee region. That's pretty strong. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I commend you for reaching out to South Carolinians. I wish we had some other schools that were so committed. And I like what you answered to Chairman Peeler about entrepreneurship. That's something that seems to be missing in a lot of other schools. I had two daughters who got a wonderful liberal arts education and had to go wait tables for a couple of years to try to find a job. So it's good that you're emphasizing that. My last question, I notice you're from Greenwood. MS. HARTUNG: Yes, sir. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Do you happen to know Gene Pinson? MS. HARTUNG: Yes, sir. Who doesn't know Gene Pinson? In fact, talking about entrepreneurship, he came to us under our revolving loan program, he's working with somebody to do a new project in Abbeville County right now. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Well, even though you know him, I'll still vote you favorably. SENATOR SCOTT: One last question. SENATOR PEELER: Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: I noticed you're from Munich, Germany. MS. HARTUNG: I was born there. My mother is from there as well. SENATOR SCOTT: Have you expanded your international connections back to the school for recruiting international students? MS. HARTUNG: Actually, that's a long, long answer. Yes, sir, we have. And that's how my relationship with Fred Carter first began. And we do have partner schools. We have a sister state relationship, and many of you have participated in programs in the past, with Rhineland-Palatinate. Started out with the state of Brandenburg. But we have a number of schools in Rhineland-Palatinate partnered. Not in Bavaria because interestingly enough, Munich and Bavaria prefer California. I can't imagine why from South Carolina. But we partner with the state that has the highest percentage of retired U.S. military in Germany. And we have three schools right now that are partners there. SENATOR SCOTT: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions or comments? SENATOR ALEXANDER: Move favorable. SENATOR PEELER: Favorable report. All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) SENATOR PEELER: Opposed, no. Thank you for your willingness to serve. SENATOR HAYES: Good to see you. MS. HARTUNG: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Next, Mr. George McIntyre. MR. MCINTYRE: Yes, sir. SENATOR PEELER: Good afternoon, sir. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MR. MCINTYRE: Yes, sir. SENATOR PEELER: Do you have a brief opening statement? MR. MCINTYRE: Yes, sir. It's good to be back with you. I've been a member of the Board of Trustees at Francis Marion since 1999 as well. SENATOR PEELER: We can't get rid of you all. MR. MCINTYRE: You got a good thing going, it's hard to get rid of it. But I graduated from there in 1978. It's been a pleasure and an honor for me to be back as a trustee and see that school grow as opposed to the early days when I was there. It was a small, you know, regional university and college. And to be a part of it now for the last 10 or 15 years and see the things that have been able to be accomplished were the things we dreamed of back in the 1970s. So it's been very exciting. I've enjoyed it. It's been a good ride, as you said, and we just look forward to the future. SENATOR PEELER: Good. Questions or comments? Senator Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. To be consistent here, as far as your attendance at board meetings, how would you -- MR. MCINTYRE: I've missed one meeting in 17 years. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Okay. Did I read this correctly, you used to serve in an elective capacity? MR. MCINTYRE: Yes, sir. I hope that's a positive. SENATOR ALEXANDER: It is. I was just wondering. Made me think, what type of support relationship does Francis Marion have there with the counties that are surrounding there? Are they supportive -- MR. MCINTYRE: Yes. SENATOR ALEXANDER: -- of you all? MR. MCINTYRE: Yes. The answer is yes. And the part of the mission statement of Francis Marion is outreach programs and to get out into the communities and offer expertise and personnel to bring programs out in the community. So we've had a very good relationship with pretty much all the counties in the Pee Dee region. And in particular Florence County. Just recently, Florence County budgeted us money. SENATOR ALEXANDER: That's kind of where I was going. MR. MCINTYRE: Yeah. SENATOR ALEXANDER: So you get from financial help from them? MR. MCINTYRE: We do. Yes, sir. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. SENATOR Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: Favorable report. SENATOR PEELER: The motion is favorable report. All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) SENATOR PEELER: Opposed, no. And the ayes have it. MR. MCINTYRE: Thank you very much, sir. SENATOR PEELER: Seriously, thank you for your willingness to serve. MR. MCINTYRE: Thank you, sir. I appreciate it. SENATOR PEELER: Benjamin Duncan. Good afternoon, sir. MR. DUNCAN: Good afternoon to you. SENATOR PEELER: I'll swear you in. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MR. DUNCAN: I do. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Do you have a brief statement you would like to make? MR. DUNCAN: Just a brief statement about my background. I was born in Barnwell, South Carolina. I grew up in Sumter. A graduate of Benedict College and received my masters in public administration at the University of South Carolina, and work for various state agencies in -- for the state of South Carolina. SENATOR PEELER: Some of those state agencies, I think you worked with Dr. Carter, didn't you? MR. DUNCAN: Briefly, yes, sir. SENATOR PEELER: Okay. Is he as rough as they say he is sometimes when he needs to be? MR. DUNCAN: Well -- SENATOR PEELER: I see a lot of shaking heads. MR. DUNCAN: This is off the record, right? SENATOR PEELER: No. No. You're on the record. Better hush. Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: I don't have any questions. I know him quite well. MR. DUNCAN: Thank you, Senator. SENATOR PEELER: Senator Alexander. MR. DUNCAN: South Carolina Department of Insurance. SENATOR ALEXANDER: So would there be any issues with your ability to attend the meetings and things of that nature from a time constraint, or do you envision being able to be involved as a member of the board? MR. DUNCAN: This should not have any conflicts with what I'm doing now, sir. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Okay. Thank you, sir. SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions? REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: I have a comment. SENATOR PEELER: Representative McLeod. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: Mr. Duncan, I have known you for many years and have had an opportunity to work with you over the course of a few of those years. MR. DUNCAN: You don't want to say how many years. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: We won't talk about that. But I just want to thank you for your willingness to serve and look forward to giving you a favorable report. MR. DUNCAN: Thank you. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: I move for a favorable report. SENATOR PEELER: All in favor say "aye." Opposed, no. And the ayes have it. MR. DUNCAN: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you so much for your willingness to serve. Next, Karen A. Leatherman, Florence, At-Large, Seat 9. Good afternoon. I'll swear you in. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MS. LEATHERMAN: Yes. SENATOR PEELER: Would you like to make a brief statement? MS. LEATHERMAN: Yeah. My name is Karen Leatherman. I'm from Florence. I've been there my entire life pretty much. I am a Francis Marion grad. I graduated in 1980 with a biology degree and I came on to the great University of South Carolina to get my masters. SENATOR PEELER: That would be Clemson, wouldn't it? MS. LEATHERMAN: I threw that in for that reason. I knew I couldn't offend everybody. SENATOR PEELER: That would be a great one. MS. LEATHERMAN: That's right. I knew when I did that, I would be okay. I've been involved with Francis Marion from that point forward. I actually played basketball there. I continue to support the athletic programs that are there, as well. I am a business owner in downtown Florence. For six years I was on the Florence Downtown Development Corporation Board and chaired the last three years that I was there. So I've seen Francis Marion's direction of moving downtown, investing in downtown, being a partner in downtown and growing their programs there. In fact, you mentioned earlier the entrepreneur program. A committee off of the FDDC, Florence Downtown Development Corporation, was a North Dargan incubation -- or Innovation Center. And we utilized Francis Marion's Entrepreneurial Program to be there to help with those resources. And, in fact, it worked out so well, Francis Marion has taken over operating that facility for Florence downtown. SENATOR SCOTT: That's excellent. SENATOR PEELER: Fitness Forum, is that like a gym? MS. LEATHERMAN: Yeah. I opened that facility with the hospital. Bruce Hospital it was at that time in 1984. I came in and opened that facility. I started cardiac coronary rehab programs. I worked for the hospital administration. I never lost my love for the fitness business. I bought the business from the hospital in the year 2000. We do other things, as well. We do the occupational testing services throughout the state. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Can I follow up on that? SENATOR PEELER: Senator Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: So you do occupational services throughout the state, is that where you're tied in with the annual firefighter test? MS. LEATHERMAN: Right. Firefighters are required to get annual testing. One of the state schools and I put that in my answer so there wouldn't be anything that's not apparent there. But that's one of my clients, the great University of South Carolina, Clemson University -- SENATOR SCOTT: There you go. MS. LEATHERMAN: -- is one of my clients. And we annually go up there, take a physician, someone to draw blood, and I do the stress testing, exercise/phys part of it. SENATOR ALEXANDER: So you stay busy. I guess you wouldn't have any issues with meetings? MS. LEATHERMAN: No. I'm at a point in my life where I feel like I can -- we've grown that aspect of the business, as well. And the reason I really started looking at this and joining this board was I was approached by a board member at the College of Charleston about three or four years ago. And I seriously gave it some thought and never went through this process, obviously. And we had several conversations back and forth. But I was chair the Florence Downtown Development Corporation. This other aspect of my business was growing more and more. So I didn't feel I honestly could give them -- traveling to Charleston especially. But in my mind I said, I wouldn't mind being on Francis Marion's board. I never really thought about it until that person approached me and talked to me a little bit about it. So that's why I feel like I'm at a point now that I could make that commitment. SENATOR ALEXANDER: All right. SENATOR PEELER: Mr. Whitmire. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Thank you. Question 8, the biggest weakness, I'm looking at that 15 percent four-year graduation rate. That's very concerning to me. If you're on the board or elected to the board, how would you address that because we need to get that up obviously. MS. LEATHERMAN: Yeah. And it's hard for me to give you a specific answer on that. As I said, that's also a strength in that Francis Marion does have a very large minority background, low-income group of students that come in there. 40 percent of all the students that come in there are first-year college for their families. So, you know, it's a regional university. There's addressing the needs of kids who no longer -- who couldn't get in anywhere else possibly. So it's a tough crowd from that standpoint. So, you know, without kind of knowing the ins and out of everything that's going on, it's hard to say how I would address that specifically or how we would address that specifically other than trying to maybe -- you know, you don't want to necessarily screen a reason it's low compared to others is because they're not addressing and they have -- College of Charleston has 37 percent of the students from out of state. Francis Marion has more like 5 or 6, I think. So, again, we're addressing that need in that region where kids would no longer be able to go to school. So it's hard. You want to up that up, but it's not as easy as it sounds, so ... REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: It kind of mirrors our education issues we have, you know, throughout the state almost. MS. LEATHERMAN: Right. Right. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I wish I had known this, I would have asked the other trustee candidates beforehand on this percentage. Thank you for bringing this up. Because you're right. You know, you bring in a lot more in-state people who have maybe less -- not as high SAT and ACT and maybe they didn't do as well in high school, they're not going to be as successful in college. MS. LEATHERMAN: Right. But you gave them that opportunity, which is really what it's about. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: What a lot of other schools don't do. MS. LEATHERMAN: Right. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Okay. MS. LEATHERMAN: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: So in essence, a lot of those students have to take remedial courses to get ready for the regular curriculum. I trust that some of your curriculum as well as the things they -- some of their majors require five-year programs anyway. MS. LEATHERMAN: Right. SENATOR SCOTT: The field of accountants, you want to get them through it in four years. MS. LEATHERMAN: Right. SENATOR SCOTT: I know it's a five-year program. MS. LEATHERMAN: Right. SENATOR PEELER: So with that weighting in, you will have that. MS. LEATHERMAN: Right. SENATOR SCOTT: 50 percent is not great, but it's not as bad as I've seen some of the schools who take in first-generation students coming to the school. MS. LEATHERMAN: Right. Thank you, Senator. SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions or comments? SENATOR SCOTT: Favorable report. SENATOR PEELER: The motion is a favorable report. All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) Opposed, no. And the ayes have it. MS. LEATHERMAN: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Mary Finklea, Florence. MS. FINLEA: Good afternoon. SENATOR PEELER: Good afternoon. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MS. FINKLEA: I do. SENATOR PEELER: Would you like to make a brief statement? MS. FINKLEA: I will be glad to. Good afternoon. My name is Mary Finklea. And as you've gathered, I do serve as the pastor of Cross and Crown Lutheran Church there in Florence. I grew up in Charleston and have been the pastor of Cross and Crown for just at 11 years and have enjoyed calling Florence my new home. I know you might sit there and think, well, there's just a young preacher girl sitting there, but my previous board service was on behalf of Lutheran Services - Carolina, a nonprofit with an annual budget over a hundred million dollars and 900 employees. So I hope to bring some of that experience. And Francis Marion, of course, does work very well with the nonprofit community. We've got several different programs, including World Leadership and things like that to help others that are involved in community agencies. And I try to serve as a link between the university and the local community. SENATOR PEELER: Okay. Questions or comments? MS. FINKLEA: Oh, sure. Okay. So I was a graduate of Winthrop University, and I participated in the study abroad program and did a semester overseas. And actually after I graduated from Winthrop, I moved back to London and worked there on behalf of the Lutheran church doing youth and family work. And it was from there that I received a call and applied to seminary back here in the United States. You mentioned with Patricia the international program, one of the things we're excited about is hopefully a new honor center, which will house both the international program as well as the honors as well as the McNair Scholarship recipients. So that's a real exciting possibility. You know, obviously we've got a range of students with a lot of experiences. But we also have some really wonderful students with bright minds that are really doing a lot of good work right here in Florence. SENATOR SCOTT: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Senator Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Good afternoon. How are you? MS. FINKLEA: Fine. Thank you. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Your attendance at meetings or involvement with the university since being on the board, could you share that with us? MS. FINKLEA: Certainly. I'm, of course, one of the newest and definitely one of the youngest. So I've just been doing this for just at two years. I don't quite have the experience as some of my brothers and sisters up here. But in the past two years, I've made every meeting. I did miss part of one retreat activity, but have been every single meeting. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you. MS. FINKLEA: But eight doesn't sound as impressive as some of the rest of them. But it's been a joy. I look forward to attending them. It's really remarkable to hear and share in the good work of the university. I think people sometimes think of it as just a little local, regional, small town, you know, outreach, but it really is living up to its mission of producing good quality graduates for the state of South Carolina. So many of our alumni remain right here in South Carolina. So many of our alumni are right there in the Pee Dee. So we really do get the benefit of providing a reasonable cost education that's high quality. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Mr. Whitmire. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Thank you. Just going off what you were just saying, I was noticing 82 percent of your alumni who live in South Carolina. Do you know the percent that lives in the Pee Dee area? MS. FINKLEA: I think it's 60. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Wow. MS. FINKLEA: It's really a lot. And that's, like I say, I mean, I hope 50 years from now when I'm going into a nursing home, you know, that whoever is my speech pathologist who's helping me recover from that stroke has been trained had been given resources through Francis Marion. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Yes. MS. FINKLEA: These are folks that are right here in our community. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Right. They're giving back and then their work and their tax dollars also. MS. FINKLEA: That's right. And to your question earlier about the graduation rate, I would also like to lift up that one of the things we struggle with is having students stay on campus. Right? So many of them are from the area, they're all going home on the weekend and they're doing other things. But so many of our students are actually employed, you know. This is -- they have to work. They're taking care of their parents. They're taking care of children. So for many of these students, their extracurricular activities is work. You know, they're having to work to be able to get this degree. So sometimes it's a real tension between what can we do to strengthen the on-campus community, but so many of them are also working. Of course, some on campus, but many of them out in the community are back home in Dillon or Marion or what have you. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: And I would imagine a large percentage are first -- are first in their families too. MS. FINKLEA: That's right. And that's the 37 percent that you heard earlier. That's right. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: It's really serving a good purpose in the Pee Dee. So thank you. MS. FINKLEA: And over 70 percent of our students are women, are female. And statistics have shown once you have a college-educated mama in the family, that statistic shows that that raises the educational opportunities for the whole family. So we really are doing some good work, and I'm proud to be associated with it. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Thank you. SENATOR SCOTT: Favorable report. SENATOR PEELER: Favorable report. All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) SENATOR PEELER: Opposed, no. And the ayes have it. MS. FINKLEA: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: I must point out, I think this is the first contested race we have today. So Senator Leatherman's daughter and a pastor. Our job never gets easier, does it? Thank you both for your willingness to serve. Next, Randall Dozier. Good afternoon, sir. MR. DOZIER: Good afternoon. SENATOR PEELER: Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MR. DOZIER: I do. SENATOR PEELER: Do you have a brief statement you would like to make? MR. DOZIER: Thank you, Senator. Members of the committee, thank you for taking time out of your busy schedule today. I'm a 1977 graduate of Francis Marion University. I guess W and I are, like, the oldest of the group. I've served on the board of trustees since 1991 when I was appointed by Governor Campbell. I served consecutively until I moved to Georgetown in 2000. At that point I resigned due to change in congressional districts. I was reelected and have served on the board since that time. I'd love to continue the work we've started with the medical program, nursing program, and other programs. A long-time involvement of Francis Marion, I have an endowed scholarship in the family name that I would like to continue to increase. Presently, I serve as superintendent of Georgetown County School District, which helps me direct students toward Francis Marion University. SENATOR Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Just for the record, as far as how could you describe your attendance and involvement as a member of the board and with your other duties? MR. DOZIER: Thank you, sir. You ask that question, I can't remember missing a meeting. I guess my age. I was chairman for three years. Certainly when you have a responsibility, you can't miss. I've been chairman of the finance committee. But it's not just attending meetings, as you well know. Being within an hour of the university, I go to awards, dinners, graduations, homecoming. I went to the Pee Dee Fiction Festival this year. Staff awards luncheon. Just a variety of activities. I try to attend one or two a month to make sure that I'm there and accessible and all to the faculty and staff and the students that I've sent to that university or directed to that university. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you, sir. SENATOR PEELER: Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: Mr. Superintendent, how many of your students do you send to Francis Marion every year? MR. DOZIER: You know, I don't take a headcount, but I want to say a few years ago one of the top students from Andrews High School, was a graduate of Georgetown County School System was a top graduate of Francis Marion. We are very proud of that. Presently, I've had a number of students that I network with and send. And I would say also many of those are minority students, too, sir. SENATOR SCOTT: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Senator Hayes. SENATOR HAYES: As the superintendent, you probably are aware, do they have a teaching program on how to teach in poverty schools and things of that sort or nature at Francis Marion? MR. DOZIER: They do. The Pee Dee consortium certainly works with a variety of school districts in that area. For some reason, Georgetown wasn't included in the Pee Dee. I still would be able -- I to try to push my way in there. I think we're part of the Pee Dee. They do. They have workshops, in-services for our teachers that we send and network with. And Francis Marion provides a continuing education for Georgetown and some of my teachers and its in close proximity for our staff, less than an hour for them to go to. And presently I have to tell you from a personal standpoint, my son is enrolled in the MBA program where I can keep tabs on him a little better. He's working on his second masters since he didn't finish his first. That's a whole other story. SENATOR PEELER: Anyone else? SENATOR SCOTT: Favorable report. SENATOR PEELER: Let me ask you, how long have you been with Georgetown County schools? MR. DOZIER: Actually, I was with Greenville for almost 21 and a half years. Made a lot of good friend up there. I'm actually from Marion County and Horry County, grew up in that area. Francis Marion was an opportunity for me. I probably wouldn't have gone to school otherwise. I moved back in 1999 as deputy superintendent. I've been superintendent since 2003. SENATOR PEELER: Were you the superintendent of schools at Greenville? MR. DOZIER: No, sir. I was -- started deputy assistant associate and executive director, principal. Somebody said I couldn't hold a job, but I had a lot of opportunity there because the largeness of the school district, 60-something thousand students, 7,000 employees. It was a big job. SENATOR PEELER: Motion is a favorable report. All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) Opposed, no. And the ayes have it. MR. DOZIER: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you for your willingness to serve. That completes Francis Marion. MS. CASTO: Can we have a break? (A recess transpired.) SENATOR PEELER: I call the meeting back to record. Dylan Goff from Columbia. At-Large seat for The Citadel. MR. GOFF: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. SENATOR PEELER: Take a seat and let me swear you in. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MR. GOFF: Yes, sir, I do. SENATOR PEELER: Would you like to make a brief statement on why you would like to continue to serve on The Citadel? MR. GOFF: I would. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I've served now six years on The Citadel Board of Visitors. It's been a singular pleasure and honor. I certainly got to know some of the best people I've met in my life, and I've really enjoyed every minute of it. And it's a way to give back to the college that I feel like I owe a lifetime's worth of debt and gratitude to. I was the first generation in my family to attend college. My father is a cabinetmaker in Lexington County. Very important to me that The Citadel treat you the same no matter who your father is, who your mother is. I roomed with a young man from New Jersey whose family owned all the Buffalo Wild Wings chains, and we got treated just the same. It's an exciting time to be on The Citadel board. The Citadel is doing very, very well. U.S. News and World Report's number one college in the South for the fifth year running. We just received our SACS reaccreditation with no recommendations for improvement. Which, as we're told, is pretty unprecedented. So SACS has actually been sending colleges who are going through reaccreditation this cycle down to The Citadel to see what right looks like. We've been bumped out of our first place four-year graduation rate by I think a tenth of a percent or some small percent and we're fighting to get back. We're still leading the state. I think Clemson edged us out. I think it was Clemson. I can't say for certain. But I know for many, many years we were number one four-year graduation rate in the state. We got edged out very narrowly. Our engineering program is ranked number 22 in the nation. That's something we are very proud of for a school our size to have an engineering program of that caliber. We have roughly 2700 young people in the corps. Most of our engineering students are in the corps of cadets. We do have some active duty Marine, Navy that attend class at The Citadel as well as some veteran students. But engineering is taking up a larger and larger percentage of our undergraduate program. We think that's happening for two reasons: One, the kids know they can get a job as an engineer. I was a history major, but that was different times. And I think it's meeting an economic need at that the state has. We're -- we also continue to be a leader in commissioning Army officers and officers for all the services, in particular Army officers. We commission more Army officers than anybody else except for West Point. It's a great time to be a bulldog. It's been an incredible six years, and I look forward to hopefully continuing for another six. SENATOR PEELER: Okay. You are a combat veteran. Where were you stationed? MR. GOFF: Yes, sir. From 2007, 2008, I was attached to the Seventh and Third Special Forces groups in Helmand Province in Kandahar, Afghanistan, along with Representative Smith. We left South Carolina as National Guardsmen and got to do a mission that I don't think either one of us ever imagined we would get to do as guardsmen. I know the two of you spent some time doing that. We had an incredible time. We are very lucky to have had the opportunity. SENATOR PEELER: Were you at his law firm then? MR. GOFF: No, sir. I was actually in my last year of law school when we got the orders to go to Afghanistan. So I finished my first semester, and USC was very gracious to me and they let me lock in that year's tuition rate before they hiked it 14 percent. SENATOR Hayes. SENATOR HAYES: I appreciate it as well. Are you still with the guard? MR. GOFF: Yes, I am. I'm the executive officer for -- excuse me. I'm now the S3 operations officer for combined arms battalion in Union, South Carolina. Yes, sir. SENATOR HAYES: It used to be the Fourth Battalion up in Union, but now it's the Combined Arms up there in Union? MR. GOFF: Yes, sir. It's actually the Fourth Battalion again. When we came back from Afghanistan, the separate brigade went away and we retained the lighter battalion on the fourth -- the fourth battalion became the combined arms battalion. We lost the armored battalion. So we have two armor companies, two entry companies, and they're right there in Union. And they are once again the Fourth Battalion. SENATOR HAYES: I got you. The brigade headquarters in Charleston doesn't exist any longer? MR. GOFF: The brigade headquarters exist. It's a maneuver enhancement brigade. They don't have any combat arms soldiers. We, as I understand it, will very shortly align with the 30th brigade out of North Carolina. SENATOR HAYES: Getting a little far afield from The Citadel. I did want to say that four-year graduation rate, The Citadel has a little bit advantage on that because nobody wants to go that fifth year at The Citadel whereas at Clemson sometimes they do want to get that additional football season. So I know at the academy, nobody stayed for a fifth year unless they flunked out or they had to. MR. GOFF: That's right. SENATOR HAYES: We used to count the days till graduation. I don't know if you all counted those days or not. MR. GOFF: Oh, absolutely. SENATOR HAYES: I would have to point that out, Mr. Chairman. That gives them an advantage. MR. GOFF: I certainly wouldn't dispute with you that it is a feature of the system. We don't intentionally make them uncomfortable, but there is a lot of pressure to want to graduate and finish with those young men and women that you started with. SENATOR HAYES: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: First, it's good to have you here. MR. GOFF: Thank you, sir. SENATOR SCOTT: Tell me a little bit about your recruitment program for African-American students coming to The Citadel. I know it has improved a lot. Tell me a little about it, what you're doing and what your percentages are. MR. GOFF: You know, really, we've tried a number of things over the years. We had recently James McQuillan was on our board and it started out right after graduation as a minority recruiting officer and he's going into unrepresented schools in state of South Carolina and doing that. And we continue to grow that program. We've gotten a lot -- we've been able to leverage technology in order to be a lot more targeted in our marketing overall. And that's doing two things: One it is allowing us to target minorities, target women. Both are -- SENATOR SCOTT: ROTC programs? MR. GOFF: For the ROTC programs, we've got a proposal up before the CHE to staff the nursing program, which we believe would help recruit a group of minorities and women. The marketing program enabled us to increase our yield rates. That means we're spending -- we're not spending any less money, but we're able to get a higher yield and be smarter about, you know, who we recruit and how we recruit them and those that we recruit. And those we have down at the campus and invite to attend The Citadel, we're getting much higher yield rate. SENATOR SCOTT: What's your minority percentage for students and also for women? MR. GOFF: I've got my little smart card right here. SENATOR SCOTT: I figured you would. MR. GOFF: I want to stay it's 12 percent off the top of my head. Women make up 7 percent of the corps. Minorities make up 22 percent of the corps. Now, if Representative Gilda Cobb-Hunter was here today, she would dispute with me those numbers. SENATOR SCOTT: 7.7 percent of the corps are women? MR. GOFF: Yes, sir. SENATOR SCOTT: 22 percent -- MR. GOFF: 22 are minorities. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: We thought you said 77. MR. GOFF: No. No. No. 7 percent. 7 percent. So in interest of full disclosure, Representative Cobb-Hunter would dispute with me about that 22 percent. We count, I think she would say it was only non-Asian minorities. So I believe that 22 percent includes Asian minorities. I know it includes native Americans, includes Hispanics and African-Americans. It also includes international students. So if you look at our diversity reporting numbers, you'll see both African-American and black. We have the African students. We had -- in my time there, we had a young man from Malawi. Well, we have students from all over the world, 22 countries. So our reporting is a little bit different. MR. GOFF: I would say 12 percent, if you broke it out. And that's not on my card. That's just off the top of my head. SENATOR SCOTT: I'm hoping that you're developing a bigger plan. I think most of the high schools down across South Carolina are larger and larger opportunities for you to recruit. MR. GOFF: Yeah. SENATOR SCOTT: I hope we're taking advantage of that so you can get some students. Thank you, sir. MR. GOFF: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Representative McLeod. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: Thank you, Chairman Peeler. Mr. Goff, thank you for your willingness to serve. I just have a couple of quick questions. In light of some of the recent -- more recent developments and incidents that have occurred at The Citadel with the students in costume and with the confederate flag, what efforts is the board making to focus more on diversity? And I've got some other questions after you answer that one. MR. GOFF: All right. Well, I think first and foremost, because my position is vice chair, I sit as a liaison to the Commandant and somewhat involved in those disciplinary reviews and disciplinary proceedings more than a lot of board members would be. I don't have a vote. I don't sit at the table. I don't sit on Commandant's boards, but I do liaise with the Commandant's office and kind of go through the report. What I understand about that particular incident is -- and when I heard it, I found it somewhat incredulous. But as I read the cadet's testimony, as I talked with the officers who were conducting the interviews, I came to believe that they were telling the truth. I think that those young men simply did not realize what that -- what image that was portraying. That is, that the intent really was they were dressing up as ghosts to sing carols. That there is a tradition in Charlie Company that they do "twelve nights of Christmas" and they sing different carols and dress up in different costumes. And those kids thought they looked like ghosts. Of course, in hindsight they were punished for very poor judgment because they should have realized that, hey, this could be taken as something else. And certainly in this day where everything we do, there's no such thing as private. And you can't put everything in context. You don't get to choose the context with an image sometimes. It was very unfortunate. But I do believe those young men, that they did not appreciate and that certainly was not their intent to look like they were clansmen. They were supposed to be ghosts. You know, the issue with the flag, I think, is an issue that the board has addressed. The Citadel's position on that is that we, as an institution, don't get to pick and choose what laws we follow. It is solely within this body to address that flag or not address that flag. We, as The Citadel, have taken a position on it and we took the position on it at the time. And it was a very charged -- charged issue with everything that was going on with the flag here on these grounds. And I think ultimately -- well, I know ultimately our position is we had to follow the law. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: Right. More than -- more than the specifics -- MR. GOFF: Yeah. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: -- as it relates to those particular incidents, I am more concerned about the board's vision and direction when it comes to diversity and sensitivity, university inclusion and of course sensitivity. MR. GOFF: You know, I'm very comfortable with what we're doing down there. I would invite you to come down to campus and see what we're doing. We have a diversity officer, chief diversity officer. She holds a J.D., very sharp lady. We conduct an immense amount of training, not just diversity training but it's part of our leadership curriculum for all four years. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: Are you doing that in conjunction with, say, I'm a graduate of the Diversity Leaders Initiative through Furman -- through the Riley Institute at Furman, are you working in tandem with them, or are you guys doing something in-house? MR. GOFF: Both. Both. And I don't want to say specifically we're working with the Riley initiative at Riley Institute because I don't know that that's the case. Although, of course, you know Governor Riley or Mayor Riley now on our staff, but -- SENATOR SCOTT: It's Dick Riley. He works at -- MR. GOFF: Dick Riley. I'm sorry, Governor Riley. Not Mayor Riley. But we do things both in-house as part of their four-year training. Those young men and women go every Tuesday for an hour -- an hour class on leadership and whatever topic it may be that week. And that's a heavy portion of that topic. That's a heavy portion of that training. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: Is it limited to just them, or are you talking about the greater student population that would be included in that training? MR. GOFF: You mean including graduate students and ... REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: No. Just undergrad. I mean, just your entire student population. I'm asking is it limited to the students who were involved in those incidents? MR. GOFF: Oh, no, no, no. I'm sorry. Yeah. And that's -- we have several populations. Right? We have the corps of cadets, we have veteran students, we have active duty students, and we have graduate students. But you were asking me, is it limited just to the cadets that were involved in the incident, and the answer to that is, no, absolutely no. That's part of the four-year leadership model from day one all the way through when they graduate as seniors. And we have to be -- you know, those individuals that were involved have had some regional training. I think there's going to be some regional training for the entire corps of cadets. We're going to be briefed on that at our April meeting by the president. But that certainly was our understanding in the aftermath report from the incident in December. But, you know, one thing we do have to be very careful about is we ask a lot of these young men and women on a 24-hour schedule. We're always very cognizant when we start filling the plate up with another -- another requirement. I think the intent is to include that as part of the leadership instruction that occurs on Tuesdays before lunch. It's an hour structure. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: Okay. Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Mr. Whitmire. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: First off, thank you, Mr. Goff, for your service to our state and our country. MR. GOFF: Thank you. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: We are very fortunate to have you. One quick thing on the guard, do you still have your summer camps two weeks? MR. GOFF: We do, but we're not allowed to call them summer camps anymore. We have to call them annual trainings. It's very serious these days. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I got you. MR. GOFF: Yes, sir, we do. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Okay. I remember those, maybe not so fondly. But always at Fort Jackson and about 118 degrees when I was up there. MR. GOFF: Ours are generally at Fort Stewart and they're - REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: That's no better. MR. GOFF: It's even worse. Camp Soggy. So yeah. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I noticed you're saying greatest weakness is a perception that military education value based is outdated. Where is that perception coming from? Have you heard that from outside sources or what? MR. GOFF: I think we get that in some of our feedback. From, you know, Senator Scott's question earlier about our recruiting efforts, you know, we -- when we sit down with people who we admitted, that chose not to attend The Citadel, we send out a questionnaire asking them why they chose not to attend The Citadel, a very small portion of them actually take the time to answer that. But that's one of the answers we get. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: It's not for everybody, obviously. MR. GOFF: That's right. It isn't for everybody, and can't be. If it were for everybody, it would be a completely different program. When you're competing against something like USC, it's a beautiful campus with a lot of wonderful amenities and great, fun city and all that kind of stuff, and you're saying, "Hey, you come out to The Citadel and live in these barracks and live a very a Spartan lifestyle." REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: All the drill and everything else. MR. GOFF: They say, "Well, why would I want to do that?" And that's when you have to explain, Look, this is a model to deliver a certain model of education. And we believe it is something that's sorely needed in today's world is a values-based education. And quite frankly, that also means that sometimes we discipline young people for things that they would not be disciplined for at other colleges. And that's part and parcel, Representative McLeod, of the package. You know, I think unfortunately had some of these instances occurred at some of these other schools, they wouldn't have even been disciplined. At The Citadel, it's very clear and we have three corps values: honor, duty, and respect. And if you're going through the ranks, you want to graduate and be a Citadel graduate, then you're going to be held to that mold. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Because of men like you and women who serve us, we're able to have, you know, discourse, disagree or agree in the political arena or anywhere else, so we are very fortunate. I do want one -- the last thing, Mr. Chairman. SENATOR PEELER: Yes, sir, Mr. Whitmire. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I want to congratulate you on your football season. Basically, one win was very pleasing to me. MR. GOFF: It was very. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I wish you luck again. MR. GOFF: Thank you, sir. SENATOR SCOTT: Mr. Chairman. SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions or comments? Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: Back on the recruiting part. An average student who will go for an ROTC program has some intent to be involved in the military or some type of military training, advance or just enlisted. MR. GOFF: Yes, sir. SENATOR SCOTT: I just think your flying the flag, those issues at the institution, in particular Dixie, I think creates more harm than anything else especially when you're talking about a school that's supposed to represent training of men who are going into the military. MR. GOFF: Yes. SENATOR SCOTT: I think it's a major issue. I think it -- I really and truly think it hurts your recruitment. How we fix those issues, I mean, it challenges whether or not what we do in this state affect what the military says under the section 600. Tells us exactly what we're doing. Even deals with it as militia. And so those are some of the concerns I would say to you. You may want to get something back from the military department that may give you clearance because you guys are set getting some -- getting the bulk of military support as well as the commission and whether or not that goes against -- goes against code. And so I would strongly encourage you to do that. I think once we solve some of that, I think you may see your enrollment go up. It is a military institution. MR. GOFF: That's right. SENATOR SCOTT: It's not a college or university. It's a military training institution. MR. GOFF: That's right. And I certainly wouldn't disagree with you. I think that is part of our -- remains part of our recruiting problem. I think VMI has the same problem. To some degree you are bound to -- you are bound to your record on that. But we -- one of the struggles we're having right now is with our recruiting -- not with our recruiting, with our contracts is we only have as many contracts as the Army gives us. SENATOR SCOTT: Correct. MR. GOFF: And we're currently experiencing a drawdown. So people say, "Well, I see last year you only commissioned 30 percent of your graduating class." I say, "Look, we commission --" "We meet the goals the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force gave us." That raises some very interesting ideas about ... SENATOR SCOTT: Thank you, Chairman. SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions or comments? Being none, what is the desire of the committee? SENATOR SCOTT: Favorable report. SENATOR PEELER: There's a favorable report. All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) Opposed, no. And the ayes have it. MR. GOFF: Thank you, ladies and gentlemen. I appreciate it. MS. CASTO: Cary Corbitt. SENATOR PEELER: Mr. Corbitt, you want to come forward. Lander University. Cary C. Corbitt, Hilton Head, First Congressional District. MS. CASTO: We just screened him two years ago. MR. CORBITT: Yes, you did. MS. CASTO: He's filling an unexpired seat. MR. CORBITT: That's right. SENATOR PEELER: I'll swear you in. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MR. CORBITT: I do. SENATOR PEELER: Would you like to make a brief statement? MR. CORBITT: Well, like it has been said, I have been on the board for, I guess, getting close to two years now. Learned a lot. We have some exciting times going on at Lander University with the upcoming inauguration of our new President, Rich Cosentino, which is going to be a very dynamic new president with a lot of initiatives and energy. And which our university is -- needs to concentrate a little bit more on enrollment. And we are certainly are doing that with the appointment of a new vice president for enrollment that -- enrollment and management, which has really helped with gaining some additional students. I've enjoyed being on the board, and it's certainly very different than what I do every day. So it's been interesting. Do you remember what we asked you three years ago? MR. CORBITT: I'm sorry? SENATOR PEELER: Do you remember what we asked you two years ago? When you came here two years ago? MR. CORBITT: Well, the -- I know that -- SENATOR PEELER: You want to change your answers between then and now? MR. CORBITT: No. No. I think everything is probably about -- what I put down is about correct. The school is a very affordable school for the residents of South Carolina. And my son -- I went there, of course, and then my son went there. Granted, he's got one more year left. But it's a great school, and it's improving all the time. SENATOR PEELER: Mr. Whitmire has a question. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: What's the percentage of in-state versus out-of-state students? MR. CORBITT: I can tell you that in just a second here. In state, we have 91 percent of our students are in state. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Very good. SENATOR SCOTT: Mr. Chairman. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: That's all I've got. SENATOR PEELER: Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: Thank you. Thank you for coming and thank you for serving. MR. CORBITT: Yes. SENATOR SCOTT: What's your percentage of minority students in that you serve in I guess we call "Green's country" over there? MR. CORBITT: That question was asked last time I was here. It was about 80/20. 20 percent with minorities. And I think that is growing each year, and we're certainly looking at increasing that. When I walk the campus, I certainly see a great diversity of students. And so I think it's a ... SENATOR SCOTT: What's your total student population? MR. CORBITT: We are right now at 2,703 students, and that is down by 85 students from last year. That's why we really need to start concentrating on additional students. We'd love to be around 3,700. Our new goals are trying to look about 15 years out to get to around 5,000. That's a lofty goal. But we certainly feel that we have the capacity, the acreage and so forth to accommodate and support that many students. SENATOR SCOTT: What's the largest student body you've had, 2700, reaching for 2700? MR. CORBITT: I think 3500 might have been maybe the tops, but I could be a little bit lofty on that. SENATOR SCOTT: How long ago was that? Do you remember? MR. CORBITT: I do not. SENATOR SCOTT: Okay. SENATOR PEELER: Senator Hayes. SENATOR HAYES: I just wanted to kind of get this for comparison purpose. What is your four-year graduation rate? Do you have any idea on that? MR. CORBITT: Enrollment, I do not. SENATOR HAYES: I want to kind of see how it stacked up with some of the other schools. MR. CORBITT: I understand. Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: No. Move for favorable. SENATOR PEELER: Motion is a favorable report. All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) SENATOR PEELER: Opposed, no. And the ayes have it. Thank you for your willingness to serve. MR. CORBITT: Thank you very much. Thank you all. (Off the record.) SENATOR PEELER: Mr. Sabalis, you want to come forward and we'll take you out of order. A little ahead of schedule, but we'll go ahead and get you, if you like. Crank back up. Robert Sabalis. MR. SABALIS: That's right. SENATOR PEELER: Robert Sabalis from Orangeburg, Sixth Congressional District, Seat 6. Let me swear you in. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MR. SABALIS: I do. SENATOR PEELER: Do you have a brief statement you would like to make to the committee? MR. SABALIS: I've been on the Lander University board now for about seven months. I was elected to fill a one-year term from the vacancy that had come available when a prior board member died. And I have been impressed -- as impressed with the school as I expected to be. We have a new president, who I think is going to lead us in good directions. He understands the challenges facing the institution. He's already taking steps -- taken steps to expand the roles of people associated with student retention and graduation rates. And I'm optimistic for the institution, and I hopefully will have the opportunity to continue to provide some leadership. SENATOR PEELER: Senator Scott, do you have a question? SENATOR SCOTT: Yes, sir. Thank you for your service and thank you for taking time to come and visit and talk with us. Tell me about your plan to help Lander increase in its minority students given the dynamics of its location geographically in multiple small counties. MR. SABALIS: A similar question was asked at the budget hearings in the House by Representative Cobb-Hunter, my representative. I think that Lander already does a reasonable job. They are accepting students who may need assistance in college, but the school has put forward a significant effort in its retention programs to ensure that the students that it does accept prosper and are able to graduate. The school has just recently hired a enrollment -- an enrollment management person and admissions person. And enhancing diversity is part of her role and part of her responsibilities. SENATOR SCOTT: When I look at it, what's the size of the school? The population size of Lander. Student life size. MR. SABALIS: Full-time students is about 3,000 students. SENATOR SCOTT: Looking at schools like Francis Marion, 50/50. Looking at other schools that have come in 33 percent, 20, 20 percent. Not bad but still more room for improvement. MR. SABALIS: Uh-huh. SENATOR SCOTT: Given the geographical location, you are kind out there by yourself with a good size population to be able to choose from here as well as bringing in out-of-state students from Georgia, which is pretty close to you as well, and North Carolina when you get, I guess, around Jackson and on the north side of Clemson. Do you anticipate some of those students to include -- to increase your out-of-state students becoming an issue, or do you think it's far better for Lander to focus on recruiting more in-state students, especially minority students to bring those up? MR. SABALIS: The discussions that I've been a part of over the last seven months have kind of continued to focus on in-state students. Especially students who would be helped to make the transition from technical colleges to a four-year institution as they complete their associate's degrees. We have already a good relationship with the technical college in Greenwood, and we're developing relationships with other technical colleges so that students know about the advantage of coming to a place like Lander. But there is no significant intention of increasing the enrollment of out-of-state students. SENATOR SCOTT: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions, comments? REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Move favorable. SENATOR PEELER: Motion is favorable. All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) SENATOR PEELER: Oppose, no. And the ayes have it. MR. SABALIS: Thank you very much. SENATOR PEELER: When did we screen you before? 15 months ago? MR. SABALIS: Actually, it was just about a year ago. SENATOR PEELER: Okay. All right. MR. SABALIS: I was on I-26 at the farmer's market 25 minutes ago, and I got a call that said "Come now." SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. MR. SABALIS: I didn't know how you all were going to do with staying till 7:00 this evening, so good luck. MS. CASTO: Thank you. MR. SABALIS: Thank you very much. I appreciate it. (Off the record.) SENATOR PEELER: Good afternoon. MS. FLEMING-MELTON: Good afternoon, Mr. Chairman. SENATOR PEELER: Is your speaker working? MS. FLEMING-MELTON: Can you hear me? SENATOR PEELER: Pull it to you just a little bit. MS. FLEMING-MELTON: I apologize. I'm a little short. SENATOR PEELER: That's okay. Let me swear you in. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MS. FLEMING-MELTON: I do. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Would you like to make a brief statement to the committee? MS. FLEMING-MELTON: Yes, Mr. Chairman. My name is Lauren Fleming-Melton. I was born in Bamberg, South Carolina, and I've had the privilege of living across the state. I grew up with a nurse as a mother and a professor as a father, so my interest in higher education as well as my passion for serving others has been engrained in me my entire life. I attended The Citadel on athletic and academic scholarships and immediately found myself in love with the institution. As a senior, I was the highest ranking female in the corps. I'm sorry -- second highest ranking in the corps and served as the captain of the track team. I was also the first female in school history to receive the Wade Hampton Saber, which is an award given to the senior cadet who demonstrates outstanding leadership and who makes the greatest contribution to The Citadel while a cadet. Following my graduation, I moved to Dallas, Texas, and developed a startup durable medical equipment company there. We achieved early accreditation and the business has since flourished. In the fall of 2014, after the birth of our first child, I decided that I should take time away from my professional career for her while we also made plans to return back to South Carolina. Never in The Citadel's history has a female graduate from the corps of cadets served on its board of visitors. Consequently, this perspective has never been represented on the schools board, and I feel as if this can impede the school from reaching its true potential. While I received an award in my senior year for my contribution to the school, it is my hope that my contribution does not end there. The Citadel has enhanced my life in many ways, and it's time for me to give back. I want to serve the institution and not have the institution serve me. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I'll start. SENATOR PEELER: Mr. Whitmire. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Very impressive resume. MS. FLEMING-MELTON: Thank you, sir. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: And we do need more female and minorities on our boards throughout not only The Citadel but throughout the state. I'm just now getting to your biggest weakness. You're talking about the enrollment has decreased by 60 percent. Do you have any thoughts on why that has happened? MS. FLEMING-MELTON: This is on the graduate level. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Right. MS. FLEMING-MELTON: Yes, sir. I know that we've put a lot of our resources towards improving the undergraduate population, both in the corps and then outside of the corps as well. While I haven't been serving on the board, I don't know the reason for why this sharp decrease in enrollment has occurred at the graduate level; however, I feel as though maybe that's where we have been spending most of our resources. And if we start using those resources towards the graduate school, I think we can benefit greatly. We don't need to lose our market share towards competing institutions. And at this point, I feel as though that's the biggest problem for us as far as a revenue generation. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Being a female, do you think you were treated fairly at The Citadel? MS. FLEMING-MELTON: Absolutely. I had a great experience at The Citadel. You know, it's a microcosm so there were individuals who may not have treated me as fairly. But when it all comes down to it, if you prove yourself worthy, you earn the respect that you deserve. And I feel as though I received that treatment while I was there. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: What year did you matriculate there? MS. FLEMING-MELTON: That was in the fall of 2006. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: We remember the Shannon Faulkner of 1994, I believe. So we've come a long way in about 12 years. MS. FLEMING-MELTON: Yes, sir. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Once, again, just very impressive resume. Thank you for being willing to serve. MS. FLEMING-MELTON: Thank you very much, sir. SENATOR PEELER: Mr. Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: Two very important issues. All colleges and universities -- I don't want you to think I'm treating you any different than anybody else -- and that is enrollment of both minority students, in this case women at The Citadel will be considered to be minority population. What plans do you have to increase female minorities -- females at The Citadel as well as recruiting minority students to come to The Citadel? MS. FLEMING-MELTON: I think one of the biggest things that we can do is -- actually, Harvard released a report in January, so just a couple of months ago, regarding the admissions process in colleges across the country. And this report indicates that our admissions process is dated. We ask students who are applying to our schools to simply list out the quantity of clubs and organizations that they're participating in. We're not giving them the ability to write a narrative to fully describe the quality of the experiences that they are engaging in during those high school years. So we're missing a lot of students from different socioeconomic backgrounds in that regard. Because there's plenty of students in high school that they're not able to participate in, say, the Key Club because they have to go to work after school to help supplement their family's income or maybe they have to take care of their grandmother who is living at home with them. These are valuable experiences that they are participating in, but they don't qualify very well on college applications. So one thing that we can easily do is revamp our admissions application so that we can gain access and insight as to who these students are and help them by letting them attend The Citadel because The Citadel has a lot to offer these students. And if we're missing them at the admissions process, you know -- SENATOR SCOTT: Talk a little bit about how we get more females interested in being a part of The Citadel experience. MS. FLEMING-MELTON: Well, currently, we have our female student application rate has increased greatly. My biggest concern at this point is the yield. So currently about 20 to 30 percent of females that are accepted to The Citadel then enroll. So that's a big concern for me because I want to know why are these students interested in attending The Citadel, we accept them because we want them to come, and then they choose not to. So I think we need to help support them in their decision. SENATOR SCOTT: You think it's because of the lateness of the letter sending out telling them they are accepted and they've already gone someplace else? What do you think might be the barrier? MS. FLEMING-MELTON: The Citadel is a unique institution, obviously, for many reasons. You're always going to miss some students because they decide that that's not the environment they want to attend. So I'm certainly not expecting a hundred percent of the females to then enroll. It is quite intimidating. I've had that personal experience myself. With that being said, I think that if we help support them, give them -- I would like to evaluate the process on their end. What are they receiving from us to give them that support? Certainly we have, you know, more alumni, more female alumni than ever who can -- who are living across the state who can also support them in that. So we have a lot of alumni who want to do something for The Citadel, they just don't quite know what to do. We need to be employing our resources on the alumni front as well. SENATOR SCOTT: Thank you. MS. FLEMING-MELTON: Yes, sir. SENATOR PEELER: I'm sure you do your homework, and it's been asked of me, before I noticed you're running against an incumbent, and more times than not an incumbent board of trustee, especially, very seldom has opposition and just asked of me just recently about people that are running unopposed, people that challenge an incumbent. What went through your thought process, did you -- obviously going to The Citadel, you don't mind competition. MS. FLEMING-MELTON: Yes, sir. SENATOR PEELER: Can you share with us your thought process about offering for this position knowing there's an incumbent that's obviously doing a good job. MS. FLEMING-MELTON: Well, one of the reasons that this year was the year that I decided to, you know, do this was because this is my first year back from Texas and you have to be a South Carolina resident in order to run for the board. This has been something I've been considering for years but wasn't able to do prior. With that being said, I think that board diversity is essential to an organization's success and while I appreciate all the members' efforts, I feel as though a different perspective being offered can encourage the development and improvements to the school. And I'd like to help in that initiative. SENATOR PEELER: So it's nothing against the incumbent? MS. FLEMING-MELTON: Absolutely not. We don't have a personal relationship at all. This is simply just I want to do what's best for the school, and I have the ability right now to serve the school. And that's what I would like to do. SENATOR PEELER: We were just talking earlier about at one time we had a husband and wife team running against each other, so I don't think it gets any more unique than that one. MS. FLEMING-MELTON: No, sir. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Any other questions? Ms. Henderson. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I appreciate your application and really in your written narrative that you included was very well done and I could tell that you spent a lot of time on it. I really appreciate that. I just wanted to ask you, and it is difficult, I know as the Senator said because both of you are fantastic. And we talk about we have so many seats that are left either open, nobody applies or, you know, it's the same people for 30 or 40 years. You know, we never get any new people and then we have two really great people running for one seat. But so are there any women on the board right now? MS. FLEMING-MELTON: There is currently one female member of the board, and she graduated from the graduate college. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Okay. And that's it? MS. FLEMING-MELTON: Yes, ma'am. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Out of how many -- do you know how many there are total? MS. FLEMING-MELTON: How many board members? REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Yes. MS. FLEMING-MELTON: 11. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Are there any minorities on the board? MS. FLEMING-MELTON: There's one. So big reason for why I'm doing this is to, once again, increase board diversity, which has been proven to improve organization success. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Thank you very much. I appreciate you. MS. FLEMING-MELTON: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions? Comments? SENATOR SCOTT: Favorable report. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: I have a comment. SENATOR PEELER: Ms. McLeod. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: Ms. Fleming-Melton, I have been looking at your application, and I, too, am very impressed with the time that you took and your reasons for wanting to run. And I just want to thank you for your willingness to serve. SENATOR PEELER: Okay. Motion is favorable report. All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) SENATOR PEELER: Opposed, no. And the ayes have it. Thank you for your willingness to serve. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Good luck. MS. FLEMING-MELTON: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: That completes The Citadel. MS. CASTO: Angela Strickland is from -- this is the Lander board. She is behind tab Y in your notebooks in the Second Congressional District. SENATOR PEELER: Welcome. MS. STRICKLAND: Hello. SENATOR PEELER: Let me swear you in. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MS. STRICKLAND: I do. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Would you like to make a brief statement to the committee on why you would like to serve? MS. STRICKLAND: Sure. I would be happy to. As she mentioned, my name is Angela Strickland. I graduated from Lander University in 2002. Lander was a huge important part of my life, not only whenever I was there as a student, but afterwards when I went to law school and then throughout my time since being a student there. I have participated in alumni events on the alumni board, our local chapter. I met my husband at Lander. I have lifelong friends from that institution. And it's just very close to my heart. It's just a place that's, you know, just held to such a significance to me. And now that I'm a partner in my firm, I don't want to say I have more free time, because I definitely don't have more free time, but I feel like I'm at a place in my life where I can now look to doing something like this type of service on the board and hopefully give back with my talents to Lander University. SENATOR PEELER: Questions or comments for the committee? What did you major in at Lander? MS. STRICKLAND: Political science and a business minor and law school. So prelaw as well. SENATOR PEELER: I see where you were born in Panama City. What made you choose Lander? MS. STRICKLAND: Well, we moved to South Carolina when I was in middle school. So my family still lives in Wagner in Aiken County. So I went to a very small high school. I graduated with about 62 students. And part of it, it obviously was nice to get a full scholarship to Lander. And that's one of the things I try to give back is the scholarship funds. But it was the size of the school that made me want to go to Lander. I didn't want to go to a huge school. I really enjoyed being at a smaller -- like in high school, I was able to be the head of a lot of different organizations, really work on my leadership skills. And I wanted to do the same thing at Lander. When I went to Lander, that's what I did. I made sure I worked on campus. And I served in different leadership roles in different organizations. MS. STRICKLAND: It was academic. I had the Palmetto Fellow Scholarship and then Lander matched that with full tuition, as well. So I had a completely full academic scholarship at Lander. All four years. SENATOR PEELER: Good. Mr. Whitmire. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I see your husband's a English soccer player? MS. STRICKLAND: Yeah. Yeah. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Your kids play soccer, obviously. MS. STRICKLAND: They do. I have a four-year-old and a six-year-old, and they both play soccer. My youngest, my daughter, actually looks like she may be the one with the real talent. But my son is good, as well. But my husband came over from England, actually went to Lynn University in Florida for one year and then transferred to Lander and stayed there the rest of his soccer career and graduated from Lander a semester after I did. SENATOR PEELER: They have a very good soccer program. MS. STRICKLAND: They do have a very good -- a very good international athletic sort of population at the school. So we ended up with friends from just about every country you could think of. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Now you're talking about the biggest weakness is it's small, but isn't that really a strength? MS. STRICKLAND: Yes. I would say the small is a -- is definitely a strength. I think it's a big strength. I think the small recognition that the school has in the state, I feel like a lot of students don't really know about Lander. And so whenever I said that, that's really what I mean is that I feel like its reputation doesn't go as far as I wish it would. I know whenever I was looking at colleges, it was definitely one that at my smaller high school was mentioned to us, but I don't know at some of the bigger high schools if it's one of the top schools that is mentioned to students as a potential. And I think it's a great university. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Well, you know, Lander also, like Francis Marion, serve the people of South Carolina much better than some of our, quote, larger institutions. MS. STRICKLAND: I agree. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: So that's very good. Anyway, good luck to you. MS. STRICKLAND: Thank you. Ms. Henderson. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Thank you, Ms. Strickland, for your application. I meant to ask some of the other Lander folks if -- I might be wrong in this, but I recall last year, maybe year before when we were screening, one of the challenges that Lander was having was a declining enrollment and really kind of a trying to define how they fit into the whole, you know -- I mean higher education offerings in the state. What do you think are some of the things that the institution can do to try -- well, with Francis Marion, we have heard them talk about they have created this whole niche market with health care and nurse practitioners and PAs and specialized degrees that are helping them boost their enrollment. What do you think are some things that the school could do to kind of define their special area, you know, within the state and attract more students? MS. STRICKLAND: Sure. This is actually something I've thought about for a long time. When I was a student at Lander, in my second year I was actually on a committee that was trying to look at why Lander was having a problem with retention. So not only getting students there, but then they were having students after the freshman year were leaving a lot. And I think one of the things that Lander has done that I think has helped a lot actually revolves around some of their athletics programs. They have the wonderful new sports athletic center. Because a big problem with Lander was it was always referred to as a suitcase college and everyone would go home on the weekends. And I think a lot of times when students go to a college and then leave every single weekend, sometimes after that first year they decide not to come back at all. But I think that was a move in the right direction. Also, Lander has, I guess like Francis Marion, they've also had a wonderful nursing program for many years. And I know we still get a lot of students that are coming there for education and for nursing. So I think that's already a strong area. I think to the extent that Lander can work to sort of raise up some of the other subject areas, I think would be a very positive development. I don't think by any means it would be, you know, somebody would say, "Oh, I'm going to major in political science," like I did, "I have to go the Lander." They may think, "I have to go to Furman," or somewhere like that. But it would be nice for people to start thinking of it in that way. Because I do know the students that have gone through other programs at Lander, the business program, political science, that sort of thing, have come out of it feeling like they had a wonderful education. And in particular, prepare them beyond for medical school or graduate school, MBA, law degrees, that sort of thing. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Thank you very much. What's the desire of the committee? REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Favorable report. SENATOR PEELER: Favorable report. All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) SENATOR PEELER: Opposed, no. And the ayes have it. Thank you for your willingness to serve. MS. STRICKLAND: Thank you so much. SENATOR PEELER: Mr. Lawrence, you want to come forward? MS. CASTO: His information is behind tab 1 in the back of your notebook. SENATOR PEELER: Good afternoon, sir. MR. LAWRENCE: Good afternoon, Senator. Can you hear me? SENATOR PEELER: I do. Let me swear you in. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MR. LAWRENCE: I do. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Would you like to make a brief statement? MR. LAWRENCE: Just briefly. And from what the questions I heard you ask of Ms. Strickland, we are doing some things -- Representative Henderson brought up. We have recently changed presidents as of July, and Lander is going to be taking a new path. We are going to be zeroing in on the students. Everything we do is going to be student oriented. Ms. Strickland talked about Lander being a suitcase school. We've already started working on that. We started a Habitat program to have Lander students build a Habitat house on campus, and then we are moving it to a Habitat location in Greenwood. I just talked to the president, President Cosentino today. There's a building on campus known as the Sproles Building. We are turning that into a students center. We've already got pretty much a student center, but we're going to have a separate student center where we put in pool tables and ping pong tables, those kind of things to try to keep the students on campus on the weekends. So we -- that, of course, is what we are zeroing in on. And I can answer questions, but we are also looking at the financial side. We want to figure out a way that we can make this education affordable. We are affordable right now, but we want to make it even more affordable. Student debt scares us, and we want to try to figure out a way to take care of the -- President Cosentino called it the gap -- the gap between loans, scholarships, endowments, and the cost of going to Lander. It's about 4,000, $4,400 right now. That's what the students have been coming out of their pockets and their parents have been coming out of their pockets to go there. We've got to figure out a way to do that. Ms. Strickland was able to get a full scholarship. We would love it if we could give every one of our students a similar kind of arrangement we started an honors program about two or three years ago. And it's our effort right now to try to make sure every student that's in that honors program doesn't pay to go to school at Lander. We're working on that right now. So we are incrementally trying to take care of some of things that we have expressed to you in the past that were of concern to us. We've got an exciting president, and he's making a lot of contacts in the community and in the state. He's come to know Fred Carter very, very well. And I think he's gotten a lot of guidance from President Carter. I think he's got a budgetary mind. He comes from that kind of background, so he can help the Board of Trustees understand some of the figures that we are speaking and try to use those figures to help push Lander forward. So we're really excited about Lander's future. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Yes, sir, Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: Mr. Chairman. Would you elaborate a little bit on the plan that you all have put together for recruiting of minority students to come to Lander. What are you all at, about 20 percent? MR. LAWRENCE: We're at 30 percent, I believe, now, Senator Scott. I believe that's -- I talked to Cosentino the other day, and I believe that's the figure. We believe that we match with the population of South Carolina with our minority and majority students. The women there, I think it's about 60 percent female and 40 percent male. That doesn't particularly concern us, but we want to make sure we keep our minority ratios high. So I'm not sure if that fully answers your question. SENATOR SCOTT: But your percentages do sound reasonable. MR. LAWRENCE: Yes, sir. We try -- that started with Larry Jackson who was president there years ago, and he really did a fantastic job moving Lander forward in that area. SENATOR SCOTT: What about your military student life? See you're former military person, served in the U.S. Army, served in Vietnam. MR. LAWRENCE: Oh, me? SENATOR SCOTT: You have a large percentage of military students, military families because we made some -- we made some exceptions for some of them to be able to go to school in South Carolina which may take care of some of the concerns that you've had with ... MR. LAWRENCE: Yes, sir. And under President Ball, we started a program for vets in the area. And we established an office to try to make sure that returning vets could come to Lander because of this program that you folks passed. And that is going to be enhanced by our new president. We want to make sure that those veterans -- I mean, first off, look what they've done for our country, but secondly, we want to make sure that we provide the education and it's available at Lander. I mean, that would be a great draw for us. So, yes, we're enhancing that program. SENATOR SCOTT: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Mr. Lawrence, I understand you're the current chair. Do you all rotate that chairmanship? MR. LAWRENCE: Sure. It's a two-year elected. Every two years the offices are. You can only repeat yourself once. So I'm in my third year and if reelected by you folks, I will serve one more year, be gone July of 2017. SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions or comments? What's the desire of the committee? SENATOR SCOTT: Favorable report. SENATOR PEELER: All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) SENATOR PEELER: Opposed, no. And the ayes have it. Thank you, sir. MR. LAWRENCE: Thank you, sir. SENATOR PEELER: We have Ms. Anne Walker from Sumter, Congressional District, Seat 5. Ms. Walker, is your light burning? Is it green? MS. WALKER: Yes, sir, it is. SENATOR PEELER: Let me swear you in. MS. WALKER: Yes, sir. SENATOR PEELER: Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MS. WALKER: I do. SENATOR PEELER: Would you like to make a brief statement on why you would like to serve? MS. WALKER: First of all, I thank you all for spending the time that you all are spending. I appreciate it. Secondly, I've been on the Lander board since the legislation was changed some years back. As you know, it used to be one board for Lander, Francis Marion, College of Charleston. And so I've been on the board since then. I think in that time I might have missed two meetings when I was out of the country at different times. I'm a Lander graduate. I'm a member of a family that has a number of Lander graduates in it. I have a real commitment not only to Lander but to higher education in the state and would love to have the opportunity to continue to serve. And I think anything I would say is already on here, so I don't need to repeat myself. SENATOR PEELER: Good. Thank you. Any questions, comments for the committee? SENATOR Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: Thank you, Ms. Walker, for coming. MS. WALKER: Yes, sir. SENATOR SCOTT: Tell me a little bit about your tenure on the board, what you've done to help with the recruitment of the minority students and especially students within the area of the college. MS. WALKER: Well, for the time I've been on the board, I've chaired academic affairs. I've chaired -- I think I've chaired every committee. I'm a past chair of the board. And so far as recruitment, I talked to all students that I run into. And I have -- I don't -- just depends on who I come in to contact with. For me personally, I'm always recruiting for Lander. We pay attention, I think we have about a 30 percent minority student body at Lander. And so we have paid attention to the fact that we want to educate as many citizens as we can, not only in the state but, of course, out of state. The majority of our students are in state. I hope that answer your questions. SENATOR SCOTT: Yes, ma'am. Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Ms. Henderson. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Thank you, Ms. Walker, for your service for the number of years. MS. WALKER: Yes, ma'am. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: I'm just curious -- this is really totally unrelated to the board. I'm not familiar with the Alston Wilkes Society. I wanted to ask you. MS. WALKER: Okay. We were started in 1962 by a Methodist minister, Reverend Eli Alston Wilkes. And he started taking care of -- trying to help folks who were coming out of state prison. And he died about a year and a half after he started the South Carolina Therapeutic Association. And volunteers kept it going to '66, and then they hired Parker Evatt. Parker was a member of the House for 13 years, and he was named Commissioner of Corrections in '87. And that's when I had the opportunity to apply for the position and come back. And we have -- we work with adult and youth offenders, former offenders, homeless veterans and children at risk. So we have competitive contracts with the Federal Bureau of Prisons for reentry services for people in the federal prisons. We had our first facility in South Carolina. We have those in Columbia; Charleston; Florence; Fayetteville, North Carolina. And we opened the first facility specifically for formerly homeless veterans in South Carolina in '97. We also have a children's division, a youth division, where we have a high management group home and we have a clinical day school in concert with Richland One. And then we also have people that go into the state prisons and local jails and do what I call the hard work. Helping people get their lives back together. We're not the bleeding hearts of South Carolina. In fact, I'm on this because someone tried to rob me in 2002. So we believe you commit a crime, you should do some form of time. But we believe that folks are willing to head in the right direction, and we want to try to help them become tax-paying citizens. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Very good. I have learned something new today. Thank you for that service also. MS. WALKER: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Mr. Whitmire. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: What would you say is the biggest problem facing returning veterans? We read about this all the time. MS. WALKER: Returning veterans? REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Yes. MS. WALKER: You know, we run into so many -- there are so many that are homeless and alcohol and drug addiction issues that lead to homelessness. And mental health issues. A lot of mental health issues. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: So they just have a hard time readjusting to ... MS. WALKER: Yes, sir. They might come back and then they're out of the military and then they're home. It may be a man or a woman with their spouse and children, and it all goes -- excuse me -- to hell in a handbasket so far as their mental health or there might be an addiction issue. And some -- you've got somebody that's out on the street looking for a place to live. Or we actually have outreach people that go underneath bridges and there are people that don't want to come out from underneath the bridges. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: That's what some people, including me, find rather unique. You know, you want to help these people, and they really don't want to be helped. MS. WALKER: And it's related to mental health issues and addiction issues. Those are your two. And years ago we did away with all the mental health facilities and now we have people that are in prisons that probably should be in mental health facilities. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Right. That is one of our major problems here in South Carolina. MS. WALKER: Yes, sir. And I am a born and bred South Carolinian, so I believe in the state. But I know -- but I'm aware of the history. I know I only look 45, but I'm not. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Thank you. MS. WALKER: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions? Comments? REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Favorable report. SENATOR PEELER: Motion is for favorable. All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) SENATOR PEELER: Opposed, no. And the ayes have it. I sure appreciate your willingness to serve the state. MS. WALKER: Thank you. I appreciate it. And, Senator, you might not remember, the guy I dated in college you all were in the same fraternity. SENATOR PEELER: I wasn't going to bring that up. MS. WALKER: I know -- SENATOR PEELER: I notice you didn't until after we confirmed you. MS. WALKER: Thank you. Thank you all. MS. CASTO: Go back to tab Z. Linda Dolny. SENATOR PEELER: Good afternoon. MS. DOLNY: Good afternoon. SENATOR PEELER: Let me swear you in. This is Linda Dolny from Greenwood. Third Congressional District, Seat 3. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MS. DOLNY: Yes, I do. SENATOR PEELER: Would you like to make a brief statement? MS. DOLNY: I think I've said it all, that I would add, I think the first thing I'd say is just as Anne, thank you and thank all of you for your time and attention. And I guess the statement that I would like to say is I think it's a very exciting time for Lander. You know, any time leadership changes, there are exciting things. And I think that for me, at least, increases my desire to be on the board and part of this change process that we're under. SENATOR PEELER: Questions? Comments? Ms. Henderson. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Thank you for your service. How long have you served on the board? MS. DOLNY: Six years. Seven years. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Very good. Thank you. It wasn't on here. What do you think is the -- you know, I haven't had a chance to read, pardon me, all of our written material here. What are the biggest challenges Lander faces from your perspective? MS. DOLNY: Well, I think recruiting is a large challenge. That we got to make sure that we have adequate students. We have -- we provide good opportunity for those students. We help our students to meet their personal goals and their educational goals. So I think that's a challenge for Lander. I also think it's a challenge for us to keep moving forward, to adapt to the changes that we need to incorporate and yet at the same time stay true to our traditions. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions? Comments? You served on the Federal Reserve Board? MS. DOLNY: Yes, sir. SENATOR PEELER: That's impressive. MS. DOLNY: It was the Charlotte Bank, which is close. And it was a wonderful service. It was wonderful. One of the most pleasurable experiences I've had, especially since I was there at the same time Ben Bernanke was there. So it was kind of interesting to have a South Carolina person there and to be a part of that. SENATOR PEELER: Ms. McLeod. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: Thank you, Chairman Peeler. Ms. Dolny, I think I read that you said that one of the challenges that Lander has is that enrollment is not on track. Can you expand on that and tell me what you mean. MS. DOLNY: We need more students, of course. We need to focus on creating the kind of university that students want to be at, that prepares them for a life of work, of service, of citizenship. And that's something that I think we're doing. That we are accepting that challenge, I guess, to become better at doing those things. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: Okay. And your brief time on the board, I think you said you've been on the board for six years? MS. DOLNY: Yes. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: What -- can you give me an example of specific things that you guys are doing to change that? MS. DOLNY: Well, I think there's a lot of work with identifying student needs. Meetings with students. I, myself, was part of a team that did a SWOT analysis immediately prior to our current president coming on board. And on that committee we had student representation. We tried to represent all stakeholders in the area, to give him the information that he needed to help him sort of know where we were and what people's opinions were. What were our strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as a broad-based committee of people understood them to be. And that also included professors and administrative people, but we made sure that we had students on there. In fact, on the committee, the search committee, we had student representation on that committee as well. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: Okay. Thank you. SENATOR SCOTT: When you say you had students on the search committee, that's all aspects of the search committee or that's just -- MS. DOLNY: What do you mean all aspects? SENATOR SCOTT: Well, you've got screening of applications. You've got the screening of the individuals who are going to be running for the presidency. You've got the presentation back to the board. I mean, the whole process. When you said you had them on the committee, what role did they actually play? MS. DOLNY: Well, they were as active on the committee and exposed to the same things we were. We used a search firm to do the initial screening of applications and speaking with candidates and helping us narrow down the list of candidates. So once -- and they were certainly involved in the interview process and in the process to bring them to the campus. But they were as involved as I was as a board member. SENATOR SCOTT: Okay. Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Is this information correct? You graduated from seminary since the last time we screened you? MS. DOLNY: Yes. SENATOR PEELER: What happened? MS. DOLNY: I'd like to know what happened. That would be a real good question. SENATOR PEELER: Federal Reserve Bank and then Lander Trustee. SENATOR SCOTT: Favorable report. SENATOR PEELER: Yeah, before I get started. Favorable report. All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) SENATOR PEELER: Opposed, no. And the ayes have it. sure appreciate your service. It's a pleasure meeting you. MS. DOLNY: Thank you. It's a pleasure being here. MS. CASTO: Next we'll go -- Catherine Frederick, she's the last tab in your notebook. Catherine Frederick from Florence. SENATOR PEELER: Catherine Frederick from Florence. Seventh Congressional District, Seat 7. MS. FREDERICK: Good afternoon. SENATOR PEELER: Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MS. FREDERICK: I do. SENATOR PEELER: Would you like to make a brief statement? MS. FREDERICK: I guess briefly I would say it's been an honor and a privilege to serve to this extent with Lander University on the Board of Trustees. Representing the Florence area has allowed me to actually really kind of help Florence and my people there understand what Lander brings to the table. Fred Carter and I are good friends, and he knows that these universities, the smaller universities play an important role in our state. So it's been a real privilege to get that opportunity. SENATOR PEELER: Okay. Questions or comments? You've been on the board for eight years? MS. FREDERICK: Yes, sir. SENATOR PEELER: And what do you do with McLeod Health? MS. FREDERICK: Vice president for patient experience. And basically that means I help oversee the design of the experience so that it is patient centered. SENATOR PEELER: Do you interact with the Francis Marion's efforts with their health initiative and all? MS. FREDERICK: You mean as a McLeod person? SENATOR PEELER: Yes. MS. FREDERICK: Yes. We have a relationship with Francis Marion. Although I'm not personally involved in that, we provide services there. Also, very heavily involved in their -- in learning -- in engaging in their learning, bringing their students on to our campus, things of that nature. SENATOR PEELER: Lander has a reputation for a pretty good nursing school. MS. FREDERICK: Absolutely. In fact, we -- SENATOR PEELER: Isn't that kind of your -- MS. FREDERICK: At McLeod we are eager to get Lander graduates. It's a star in our cap when we have a Lander graduate come to us. SENATOR PEELER: Good. Questions? Comments? Ms. Henderson. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Favorable report. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I don't have any questions. SENATOR PEELER: Favorable report. All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) SENATOR PEELER: Opposed, no. And the ayes have it. MS. FREDERICK: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. (A recess transpired.) SENATOR PEELER: Hester L. Booker from Union. MS. BOOKER: Yes, sir. SENATOR PEELER: Congressional District, Seat 5. New candidate running for the Lander Board, Fifth Congressional District. And, Ms. Booker, if you would, let me swear you in. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MS. BOOKER: I do. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Would you like to make a brief statement on why you would like to serve on the board? MS. BOOKER: Well, I'm retired. I'm not doing much of anything right now. I used to substitute in the school system, but I decided not to do that anymore. So when I saw this ad in the paper, I decided to send in a letter of intent. SENATOR PEELER: Okay. That's why we put ads in the paper. MS. BOOKER: That's why I luckily read it that day. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Mr. Chairman. SENATOR PEELER: Ms. Henderson. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Ms. Booker, thank you so much. And I don't count myself in this category, but this is a pretty heavily Clemson dominated group here. Am I right that your sons Trevor, and what is his name, Devin? MS. BOOKER: No, they are not. They're cousins, but ... REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Okay. Because I knew they were from Union. My kids went to Eastside High School, so I used to remember watching them play when they were in high school. MS. BOOKER: All right. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Very good. Thank you for your offer to serve. MS. BOOKER: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Do you have a question? MR. Whitmire. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Welcome, Ms. Booker. MS. BOOKER: Thank you. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I appreciate, as Ms. Henderson said, your willingness to serve. We need more folks willing to come out. Have you ever thought about the location as a weakness of the university? To me, that seems like we need to have schools in these type of locations. I know you don't consider Greenwood small, but, you know, it does serve many outlining areas in there. That, to me, is I think one of their strengths where they're located. Do you have a different opinion on that or what? MS. BOOKER: No, I don't once I -- well, looking at the map in Union, you see Union, Laurens, Greenwood, which made me assume that it was backwoods, you know. If you've never been there. But when I came to Greenwood, hey, this is the city compared to Union, you know. But I talked to some of the kids in Union or in that area, "I don't want to go to Lander, that's the country," you know. But I tell them now it's not the country. And if it is the country, you can get what you need there. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Okay. All right. Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Mr. Scott. MS. BOOKER: I graduated from USC Union, so it's kind of backwoodsy, too, but I got what I needed there. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Actually, Union is large compared to where I'm from. MS. BOOKER: Where is that? REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Walhalla. MS. BOOKER: Walhalla? Where is that? REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: It's so far out that way, it's almost in Georgia and North Carolina. MS. BOOKER: Okay. SENATOR PEELER: Union's got a real good senator, don't they? MS. BOOKER: Yes, sir. There's no conceit in that remark. I'm pleased to meet you, Mr. Peeler. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Any other questions or comments for Ms. Booker? REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Move for favorable. SENATOR SCOTT: Favorable report. SENATOR PEELER: All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) SENATOR PEELER: Opposed, no. The ayes have it. Thank you for your willingness to serve. Thank you for your willingness to come in here this quick. I knew we had you scheduled for later. MS. BOOKER: Yes, sir. SENATOR PEELER: I know you had to -- MS. BOOKER: But I put on my application, I'm qualified and available. So my availability had to show up today. SENATOR SCOTT: Thank you so much. MS. BOOKER: All right. I'm finished. SENATOR PEELER: Yes, ma'am. MS. BOOKER: Thank you all very much. Been my pleasure. SENATOR PEELER: That's the agenda for today. We will be back tomorrow at 9:00. (The hearing adjourned at 5:13 p.m.) JOINT LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE TO SCREEN CANDIDATES FOR COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITIES BOARD OF TRUSTEES PUBLIC HEARINGS Date: Tuesday, March 15, 2016 Time: 9:10 a.m. Location: Gressette Senate Building 1101 Pendleton Street Room 209 Columbia, South Carolina Committee Members Present: Senator Harvey S. Peeler, Jr., Chairman Representative William R. "Bill" Whitmire, Vice-Chairman Senator Thomas Alexander Senator John L. Scott, Jr. Senator Robert W. Hayes, Jr. Representative Mia S. McLeod Representative Phyllis J. Henderson Also Present: Martha Casto, Staff Julie Price, Staff SENATOR PEELER: If there's no objection, we'll go ahead and get started. This is a Joint Legislative Committee to Screen Candidates for Colleges and University Board of Trustees. We have some members on the way. They're coming in. But out of interest of time, we'll go ahead and get started. First under tab A is Miles Loadholt from Barnwell. Second Judicial. Aiken, Bamberg, and Barnwell counties. Mr. Loadholt. Make sure your green light is burning. The speaker, is it on? The green light? MR. LOADHOLT: Yes. SENATOR PEELER: Good morning, sir. MR. LOADHOLT: Good morning. SENATOR PEELER: Let me swear you in. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MR. LOADHOLT: I do. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Would you like to make a brief statement? MR. LOADHOLT: I'm Miles Loadholt. I'm from Barnwell, South Carolina. I graduated from the University of South Carolina Business School in 1965. Law school in 1968. Since that time, I have practiced law in Barnwell, South Carolina. I have served the university in many capacities, serving on the USC Salkehatchie Board. And before being elected to this board almost 20 years ago, I've been on -- served on this board for 20 years. I served as chairman of some major committees. Served four years as vice chairman, four years as chairman, and almost four years as chairman emeritus. And I would appreciate your consideration and this committee's consideration for allowing me to serve four additional years. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you, sir. Any questions or comments? Mr. Whitmire. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Good morning, Mr. Loadholt. I notice you mention the biggest strength is Palmetto College, Honors College. Can you tell me a little bit about each one of those, please, since I'm from the upper part of the state. MR. LOADHOLT: Well, it allows, you know, students, you know, to stay at home and have a four-year education, you know, without really, you know, having to leave, you know, their hometowns and travel and, you know, to Columbia and everything. I think it's a great asset, and we just started it. And Susan Elkins is -- heads this up, and I think she does a wonderful job with it. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: How many students are in the colleges, do you know? MR. LOADHOLT: You know, I -- can't tell you off the top of my head, but I've got the data here, you know. I can't tell you exactly how many. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I just -- I was interested since I, you know, have not heard of Palmetto College. MR. LOADHOLT: I think it's a wonderful idea. Success particularly for the rural counties that -- you know, the small counties but we have our regional campuses. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Right. I notice you said the biggest weakness is -- well, about everybody says we don't give you enough funding. What do you think is adequate as opposed to what we're giving you now? MR. LOADHOLT: Well, when I was a student at the University of South Carolina, I believe we had about 70 or 80 percent state funding when I was a student. That was in the '60s. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Right. MR. LOADHOLT: I believe we have around 10 percent now. I think it's somewhere between the two. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Right. And I don't disagree with you. Unfortunately, you know, we've got a lot of other areas that are tugging at us, also, for funding. MR. LOADHOLT: I'm aware of that. Yes, sir. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: It's very difficult to try to come up with everything everybody wants. So thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Senator Alexander, do you have a question? SENATOR ALEXANDER: Yes, sir, a couple. Good morning. Appreciate you being here. MR. LOADHOLT: Good morning. SENATOR ALEXANDER: And I hope you all went over this before I got here. Please excuse. As far as your attendance and involvement, how would you classify your involvement as a member of the board? MR. LOADHOLT: I've been a member of the board almost 20 years, and I can remember one meeting that I missed. But I think probably it might have been two. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Okay. Thank you. MR. LOADHOLT: And I'm very involved and I don't miss meetings and I'm involved. I visit the campus, you know, when we don't have meetings. SENATOR ALEXANDER: And following up, and I heard your response to Representative Whitmire and don't disagree, but at the same time, do you include in those funds coming from the state the lottery scholarships? MR. LOADHOLT: Did I include that? SENATOR ALEXANDER: Yes, sir. MR. LOADHOLT: No, sir, I did not. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you, Senator. Any other questions or comments? You always hear the rivalry between Clemson and USC on the football field. In your experience, what do you think the relationship of a successful athletics program, what's the relationship between the success in athletics and academics? Have you seen or is it just ... MR. LOADHOLT: I don't think that there's any question that if you have a successful athletic program, it benefits your academic program. I don't think there's any question about it. From the numbers that I have seen. And, I mean, I get it out of the paper, you know. And, I mean, articles in the Wall Street Journal and things of that nature. But I think that a successful athletic department benefits academics. SENATOR PEELER: I would tend to agree with you. I think we have some complaints that we put too much emphasis on athletics, but I think that helps sell the school. I'm hearing that from you, too. MR. LOADHOLT: Yes, sir. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Any other questions? What is the desire of the committee? REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Move for favorable. SENATOR PEELER: Favorable report. All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) SENATOR PEELER: Opposed, no. And the ayes have it. Thank you. Appreciate your willingness to continue to serve the university. MR. LOADHOLT: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Next, Mr. Eugene P. Warr, Jr. from Lamar. Good morning, sir. MR. WARR: Good morning. SENATOR PEELER: Let me swear you in. MR. WARR: Yes, sir. SENATOR PEELER: Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MR. WARR: I do. SENATOR PEELER: Would you like to make a brief statement? MR. WARR: Yes, sir. Thank you, Senator. I'm Gene Warr. I've lived all my life in the small town of Lamar in Darlington County. I attended school here at USC from 1977 to 1981 and graduated in accounting. Came back a year later and went to law school. My dad knew that one year back on the farm trying to make a living would send me back to school, and it did. So I graduated from here in 1985 from law school and have been practicing law for over 30 years now in the Darlington County, Florence County area primarily. In 2003, our Fourth Judicial Circuit trustee, Dupree Miller, who long served as a solicitor there in our circuit died and that seat that -- the seat that I hold was open in May of 2003. I was elected to this seat so I served a little over 12 years now, almost 13 years in this seat. While I've on the board, I have done my best to attend and be involved. I presently serve as chairman. I will soon be finished with my four-year term as chairman. In the time before that, I served as chairman of a couple committees. And my attendance at committee meetings of all sorts has been good. I think it's been many years since I've been missed any meeting of any sort. I am here asking to be approved to serve another term. I think that all and all, I'm sure I've not been a perfect trustee or the best trustee that you might find somewhere, but I've done my best. And I've worked hard, and I spent a lot of time and energy in being a trustee at USC. SENATOR PEELER: Mr. Ward, we know exactly where Lamar is. It produces some mighty linebackers for Clemson. MR. WARR: Yes, sir. And good young men, too. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you, sir. Any question or comments? Mr. Whitmire. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Good morning, Mr. Warr. MR. WARR: Good morning. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Question for you about the branch campuses. Do you think they serve their purpose, or would you prefer to have it all under one umbrella here in Columbia? It is expensive to run those campuses, you know. MR. WARR: I think they do serve their purpose and here's why. So many folks that go to those schools could not go anywhere else. They wouldn't be able to come to Columbia. Being at home a lot of times, they're married with children or they're working a job and they have the opportunity to realize later on, hey, I need that college degree. And these regional campuses give them the opportunity. When you go to graduations on the regional campuses and see these folks and see the joy in the faces, a lot of times it's the first person in that family to get a college degree. It's a big thing. I think the regional campuses make a huge difference where they are. I really do. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I agree with you that on that. Even though I don't have one in my county yet, we've got one in the upstate also. One other thing. If you would please pass on to your law partner that I think a lot of him, please. And I voted for him. MR. WARR: I wish that you could be available to handle some of his late night phone calls, Carolina's got a tough loss at a ballgame. I might call on you sometime to help me with that. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I'll will pass on that one. SENATOR PEELER: Also kind of get him to go easy on Senate's road plan. MR. WARR: I'll speak to him about that. SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions or comments? What's the desire of the committee? REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Can I ask a question? SENATOR PEELER: Ms. Henderson. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Let me ask you a question. Is there 17 trustees on the board? How many are on the board? MR. WARR: Well, really, I would say there's 20. There are sixteen judicial circuits and then the governor appoints one and has one sitting in, really two. And the president of the alumni association and the secretary of education for the state. So I count it really as 20, I think, Representative Henderson. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: All right. So there are 16 that we elect? MR. WARR: Yes, ma'am. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: And what is -- am I correct in that Ms. Moody is the only woman and/or minority on that board? MR. WARR: She is the only minority right now. Paula Harper Bethea also serves because she's president of the alumni association. So actually two women on the board right now. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: In your opinion, would it not serve your university better to have a more diverse board? MR. WARR: I thought I would get asked that question today. So I should have a good answer, right? When you look at it and we look across our board and it's mostly white males like me, yeah, I mean, that doesn't represent the state. We know that. And I think that probably over the next few years there will be more interest in people running. Others realizing that there's a need for that. Leah Moody is certainly an outstanding trustee, and we are glad to have her. But we are all aware, "Leah, you're there kind of on your own." Of course, Paula is being president of the alumni association is on the board. And our secretary of education is female. But I understand what you're saying. But people across the state that love USC and are willing to spend the time and energy it takes, have to be willing to go, say, "Here I am, I'll do it." REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Why do you think more people don't apply? We were just talking about this yesterday because we've had so many great candidates at some of these smaller colleges, and I just don't understand why at the bigger universities they don't apply. I don't know if it's because many of you have served for 10, 20, 30 years that they feel like they don't have a chance. I'm just trying to figure out why more people don't apply. MR. WARR: That's a question I wish I could give you a good answer for, but I can't. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Well, anyway, thank you for your service. MR. WARR: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions or comments? REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: I have a question. SENATOR PEELER: Senator McLeod. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: It's related to the question that Representative Henderson just asked about diversity. What efforts is the university taking to diversify the board, or are there any efforts that you're aware of? MR. WARR: Well, we spend a lot of time how can we increase the diversity of the student body? And I think we do good at that at USC. In fact, very good at that. We've spent a lot of time in recent years on increasing the diversity of our professors, people in administration. I think we've done good with that. When it comes to the university making efforts to the board, it's difficult as who at the university is going to go out and take a position as to who should be on the board? That gets kind of sticky, you might say. So it comes down to board members, do we go out and say to the legislature, to you folks, "Elect someone else"? It gets -- that's a difficult thing. We're aware of it. We know that it needs to be more representative of the state. But when I come to you and say, "Hey, I'm the Fourth Judicial Circuit Trustee, I think I can do a good job serving another term." Here I am a white male. There's not much I can -- I can't personally change that other than to say, well, there's a time that comes when I don't need to serve anymore. In other words, I'm not one who looks to spend my life on the board. If the Lord allows me to live to be an older fellow, I don't see myself as being on the board at that time. But for us to go and say, well, let's in any way affect the makeup of the board as board members, that's something that we just don't tread into. For me to go into another part of the state and say, for instance, I'll see Hugh Mobley sitting here and say, Ms. So and So, or whoever, you should run against Hugh Mobley, my close friend. Knowing he's a good trustee, it's just not something I think I can go do. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: Well, I'm certainly not suggesting that. But what I am asking is, I mean, University of South Carolina is my alma mater twice, and I think it's incumbent upon the university in whatever capacity, when there are opportunities to, you know, diversify the board. And clearly there's a need to do that. I would hope that there is some effort to figure out the best way to kind of -- to make that happen. I don't think that sitting back and saying -- and certainly not going into your colleagues circuits and saying, you know, "Why don't you run against so and so," that's not what I'm suggesting at all. But I think where there are opportunities, there needs to be a focus or a, you know, a plan for doing that. And I'm just not hearing that there is one. MR. WARR: We would welcome anyone that's -- any female, any minority that wants to serve on the board, if they're elected to the board, we would welcome, Representative McLeod. As you know, it's up to you and your fellow House members and fellow Senators here to make that decision. And I understand what you're saying to me, but for us to come up with a plan and then come to you and say, for instance, here's what we suggest that you do, I just wouldn't feel like I could come do that. I wouldn't walk in your office and say that. I just don't think I could do it. I don't have the nerve, quite frankly, to do that. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: Right. And I may not be articulating that in the best way. That's not at all what I'm suggesting. MR. WARR: Okay. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: And you've acknowledged that there is a need. MR. WARR: Yes, ma'am. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: I would just like to see more of a focus on diversity. And I know who your chief diversity officer is, and I think he's amazing. But I do think the university could stand to do better with regard to the board and every other aspect of the university. MR. WARR: And anything that you might ask me about today or any of you folks might ask me about, I'm sure we could do better. But I want to say again, I really believe it's the diversity of the student body and the professors and these things that we can go and do something about. There's been a focus, and I think we've done a good job on it. Not that we can't continue to do better. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: We're not trying to beat up on you. MR. WARR: I didn't take it that way. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: I just wanted to ask that question because I didn't hear it in your answer. Thank you. MR. WARR: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Mr. Warr, similar questions were asked of almost every candidate yesterday, trustee candidates also. And you made a good point. And, Representative McLeod, I hear where you're coming from. But maybe you all need to be asking us, I think it's a point well taken that maybe we need to take the initiative -- REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: Right. SENATOR PEELER: -- on the committee. Because I hear it loud and clear. It's all our responsibility, but maybe more ours than yours. And I understand what you're saying, and I agree. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions or comments? What's the desire of the -- REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Move favorable. SENATOR PEELER: Move favorable report. All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) SENATOR PEELER: Opposed, no. The ayes have it. Thank you sir. MR. WARR: Thank you, sir. SENATOR PEELER: Hugh Mobley from Lancaster. Sixth Judicial Circuit. MR. MOBLEY: Good morning. SENATOR PEELER: Good morning, sir. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MR. MOBLEY: Yes, sir. I do. SENATOR PEELER: Would you like to make a brief statement? MR. MOBLEY: Yes, sir. I want to thank you for the opportunity to serve. I feel like in some way that our service is a partnership with the legislature. It gives us the opportunity to continue to dialogue about ways that we can improve the state of South Carolina. Using education is one of the things to build economic base in South Carolina. When I ran back in 2011, I pledged to be here. To be accessible. I've tried to do that without being a burden. I'm usually in the area for most people when they want to ask questions or seek service from university trustees. I've been fortunate enough to serve on three separate committees, academic affairs, audit compliance, and currently I'm chairman of the Health Affairs Committee. Which I think is very important focus in the state of South Carolina for us going forward from a job-base standpoint as well as addressing primary care issues. I would like to continue the opportunity to serve. Be happy to answer any of your questions. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Questions or comments? Representative Whitmire. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Good morning, sir. What's the in-state versus out-of-state ratio you've got? MR. MOBLEY: I think if you look at the system, it's one thing. If you're looking in Columbia specifically, Columbia is a little bit more than 60 percent in-state. The rest of them are out of state. When you get into the regional and the local areas, some of the comprehensive ratio becomes higher because has been stated before, people are closer to home, more accessible. People don't have the economic wherewithal to go and stay somewhere for four years, and they can eliminate that cost. So it depends on whether you're looking solely at Columbia or if you're looking at the system. One of the things I think that makes Columbia the number that it is the fact that we're a research institution as is MUSC and Clemson. And as a research institution, you're going to draw people from a wide area that are looking to get into a graduate area or a program with a high profile like the Honors College or Darla Moore International School of Business. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Well, this is a complaint I hear a good bit especially since I'm in the Clemson area where, you know, graduates won't send their sons or daughters there and they don't have the opportunity and they feel like they're being pushed out because of out-of-state students coming in. I don't know if it's as strong at Carolina as Clemson, but ... MR. MOBLEY: Well, and both schools are really good schools and they offer a great education, a great pathway for a higher education degree. The access points at USC offered around the state gives more to local or in-state students an opportunity to see the pathway. And some of those, especially as you have alluded to, the two-year schools that are regional campuses, provide a pathway for people to go into school and then they can transfer to Columbia. You'd be surprised, though, Senator Peeler, Lancaster sends a lot of students to Clemson because they're seeking a pathway there. They can't get in on the first admission, but they can get a year under their belt, settle in, grow up a lot and they can transfer to a lot of these other comprehensive universities. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I would imagine that your regional campuses, those students who graduate have more of a tendency to stay in the state afterwards. MR. MOBLEY: I believe they do. A lot of it is economically driven, but I do believe they do. And we're really proud in Lancaster to have the university there. It's been a great asset for the community. It's been a great resource for the local economy. We have a nursing program there that gives opportunity for us to educate RNs with a four-year degree. Most of those students will either stay in Lancaster or they'll go to the Rock Hill area. So that pretty much emphasizes your point. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: How many students attend Lancaster? MR. MOBLEY: Total head count is about 1769, I believe. It's down a little bit, but so is the high school graduate pool. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: All right. Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Senator Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: A couple of questions. Good morning. Good to see you. MR. MOBLEY: Good morning. Good to see you. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Your involvement, if you would, is kind of consistent? You make all the board meetings? From that standpoint, how would you classify your attendance? MR. MOBLEY: My memory serves me correct, I missed one meeting and I participated by phone. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Okay. And following up on enrollments stuff, roughly what is the enrollment at the main campus here at Carolina? MR. MOBLEY: I believe we're about 30,000. Maybe a little bit more. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Is that all undergraduate, or does that include graduate and everything? MR. MOBLEY: That would be a mix. That would be a mix. Total system's got about 49,000. SENATOR ALEXANDER: So 30,000 here. Do you know how many is in your undergraduate program? MR. MOBLEY: I'll be glad to pull that data. I don't have it right now. SENATOR ALEXANDER: That's all right. MR. MOBLEY: But I'll be glad to get it for you. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you. MR. MOBLEY: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Representative Henderson. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Good morning. Thank you, Mr. Mobley, for your service. Let me ask you a question. You know, rising tuition is always an issue at all these schools and as a parent of two here, they're both in the Honors College, so I'm fortunate that they're pretty heavily scholarshipped so I don't have to pay tuition every year. But I know that it goes up about the maximum about 3 and a half every single year. MR. MOBLEY: It does. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: What do you think can be done to keep from having to raise tuition every single year? MR. MOBLEY: Well, we've got to look at the unit cost. And when I say "unit cost," you get down into the different units of the school. Whether that's the actual individual colleges or whether that's the administrative units. You've got to kind of get down in there and see where your costs are, what can be eliminated, and how you can hold those things down. I run a small business and have for over 30 years, so I'm well aware of the cost control. And that is one of the main things we can do. Obviously, we could volley back to you folks and say, "Hey, more funding would fix that." But we know what the dynamics are, and we understand where we are in this. And we know and we're appreciative of the funding you give us. We're appreciative of the lottery scholarships that are portable with the students and allow us to meet those needs. But, you know, I would love to sit here and say, "We've got to have a zero tuition increase year after year after year. But the fact of the matter is, we can't be irresponsible. We have to have a balanced budget to maintain the state's credit rating. And, you know, I don't know that there is a hard-and-fast answer to eliminate. I think it has been minimized. I think we were 2.9 percent last year, which is near the figure you represent. But still I think there's more work to be done in that area. Looking at administrative costs just as much as anything. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: What about buildings? I mean, there's always about a half a dozen new things under construction every year. MR. MOBLEY: You know, when I went to school there in the early '70s, we were in a very old, dilapidated building. And they built a new building for us, for the pharmacy school. We went into that building, and it was a state-of-the-art building. It was very nice and all. Now, believe it or not, that is a dilapidated building. Things age. They have to be replaced. It's a competitive environment that we live in. And to attract the students we need, provide the education we need, we do need facilities. Is it too much? You know, that's always outside looking in. But just, for instance, Darla Moore School of Business, beautiful facility on Assembly Street we just built. It was expensive, but we did do a number of private monies to help fund that and anticipate possibly some more to help offset some of the costs of that. But believe it or not, we're out of space because the students are coming. If you look at the higher education, commissioner report and the projection of the need of higher education degrees, we're going to have to have something to address that. All of us are. Clemson, USC, MUSC, Winthrop, all schools are going to need those facilities. Fortunately, we've got the access via the Palmetto Colleges for technology, which doesn't require a building. It gives us the opportunity to address the students' need without a facility. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. SENATOR PEELER: Representative McLeod. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: Thank you, Mr. Mobley, for your service. I have a question about all the new dormitory -- well, not dorms but all of the new apartments. The housing for students. It's very different now than when I was at USC. MR. MOBLEY: It is. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: And I'm concerned about the sense of community not remaining intact as it was when I was there. Of course, I stayed on campus all four years and, you know, I knew my classmates and -- you know, we just had a strong sense of community there. Not -- I think it's very much unlike the way it is now. I had friends who have students who are at the university now, and they describe something very differently. What -- has the board given any thought to the impact -- I know that, you know, obviously there are economic considerations and other considerations that you guys think appropriate for doing it that way. But has there been any thought given to what that does to that sense of community that we had by living on campus since the students -- it's my understanding that they cannot live on campus after the first year. MR. MOBLEY: Well, that was because probably more likely because of capacity, being able to address the capacity of those students past that first year. Now, with that being said, if you talk to students who are now residing in 650 Lincoln, which is directly behind the old coliseum, you may get a different perspective on that community basis. There's a strong, strong desire for people to live there in that community and basically a walk-based community rather than a commuter campus where they can live. And that, I think, has a lot to do with the explosion of downtown, private investment housing in here. If you think about the fact that a student at the university brings over$20,000 locally to the impact of the economy, and you look at the number of housing, you can see where Columbia is going with that. And I think the mayor would really fight us hard if we said we're not going -- you know, if the housing downtown was not going to continue to grow. With that being said, I think we do need to create opportunities in the housing environment for students to get to know each other and to live in a closer environment. When I was in school, we had rotary dial phones. We couldn't text anybody. We did things a lot differently. And it has changed. The world has changed there. But that is a strong consideration. I think USC is becoming more and more bonded towards that. The alumni center is bringing a lot of alum back together in a cohesive or community-type environment. I know you've been in that place. It's very nice and built with private money. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: Okay. SENATOR PEELER: Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: Good morning. MR. MOBLEY: Good morning. SENATOR SCOTT: Tell me a little bit about percentage of minority students, undergraduate students at the university right now. Where are we percentagewise? MR. MOBLEY: Are you talking in reference to the system or just to Columbia? SENATOR SCOTT: Columbia -- the total system. MR. MOBLEY: Okay. When you look at the outlying areas, and prior to your arrival we talked about the fact that these local system campuses -- SENATOR SCOTT: Right. MR. MOBLEY: -- community campuses, if you will, provide a lot of students an access point that are unavailable to a lot of other students and some of them are economically trapped and unable to go places. Specifically and unfortunately that affects minorities more than anybody else. SENATOR SCOTT: Right. MR. MOBLEY: So those schools will have a higher percent of minorities -- Salkehatchie, Sumter, Upstate, areas like that. Even Lancaster, where I'm from, has a high percentage of minorities. When you come to the Columbia campus, the overall rate of all minorities in the Columbia campus is probably around 22 percent. SENATOR SCOTT: African-American? MR. MOBLEY: African-Americans are probably about 10 percent of that. So a lot of people fall into that category of minorities, and some of them don't report. You understand. So although you can't get direct, exact numbers -- and I can get you a data sheet as a breakdown campus by campus, if you would like it, that would show you which categories minorities are there and actually those that consider themselves white. SENATOR SCOTT: I know in most cases, freshman class coming in it's a tough job. MR. MOBLEY: It is. SENATOR SCOTT: So many folk apply at the Columbia campus and some end up going to other campuses. MR. MOBLEY: They do. They do. SENATOR SCOTT: But I'm always concerned, and it's not a question that I just ask you and that's it. MR. MOBLEY: No, no, no. That's fine. SENATOR SCOTT: I've asked all of you that come in because it is important that we maintain African-American students at these campus and so some of the best and brightest don't get away from us and go elsewhere. MR. MOBLEY: I agree. And one of those advantages is having those multiple access points. Because as we discussed earlier, you will get a student who will go to a local campus for a year or maybe even two years then migrates to Columbia to finish out. So those numbers don't really reflect out in the freshman class. SENATOR SCOTT: So when you go up and looking at all the other outlying campus you have, your percentage goes up is what you're -- what do you think that percentage is? MR. MOBLEY: Well, there's some of them -- I think Upstate is in the high 30s. SENATOR SCOTT: Okay. MR. MOBLEY: And Salkehatchie is in the high 30s. And if you ever go to a Salkehatchie graduation, it looks greater than that because there's a lot of pride. Those people have never had a chance to get a degree before. SENATOR SCOTT: What do you think overall for the USC family would be? MR. MOBLEY: Well, that's what -- we alluded to that earlier. The system is probably around 15 percent, but that's on approximately 50,000 students. SENATOR SCOTT: Okay. Thank you. MR. MOBLEY: You're welcome. SENATOR PEELER: Mr. Mobley, you mentioned the pharmacy school earlier. Do you still serve on the Board of Pharmacy? MR. MOBLEY: No, no, no. You can't have dual degree -- I mean dual office. I'm sorry. SENATOR PEELER: But you did. MR. MOBLEY: I do some work for them screening disciplinary cases prior to their going to the board, but that's not a state position. SENATOR PEELER: Okay. I don't know why I thought you were still on the board. MR. MOBLEY: I don't think you would let me do that, would you? SENATOR PEELER: Well, I didn't know. I see the Senator from Newberry here. Is he here to speak in favor or against you? MR. MOBLEY: I'm sure he would want to do that in executive session. SENATOR PEELER: And you brought your House member from Lancaster. I tell you what, this ain't your first rodeo, is it? MR. MOBLEY: Well, I believe in transparency. SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions? SENATOR Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: My final question. Tell me a little bit about African-American staff and faculty at the university. MR. MOBLEY: I can't give you the actual number of the African-American staff. I can tell you that the minority in the professors is probably about 35 percent. Out of that 35 -- and also in those professors, about 53 or so percent are female now. With that being said, there's two legs to a diversity approach in that. One is -- and I'm sure you've met Bobby Gist, who is -- who does a great job. He participates in higher -- SENATOR SCOTT: I know them both. MR. MOBLEY: And Mr. Dozier. And they are there to facilitate that. We recently had a retreat in January and one of the points of that retreat was to -- for the university to become more inclusive and diverse. It's on the radar, and we do need to be more -- SENATOR SCOTT: Is that the net result of the students having some issues and your diversity officer getting involved in talking with them? Is that the net result that came from that -- MR. MOBLEY: Right. SENATOR SCOTT: -- came from that? MR. MOBLEY: And if you look at the way the situations in South Carolina have happened, I think South Carolina as a whole has done a better job than most of the rest of the country handling issues related to diversity. And a lot of it is intervention in the early stages. And as you alluded, having those people present gives an opportunity for dialogue so that people with concerns whether African -- SENATOR SCOTT: Well, if you're going to be an international business school and looking at the students being involved worldwide, I do strongly encourage as many minority students as you can. MR. MOBLEY: I agree. SENATOR SCOTT: Because the rest of the world is going to be different when they leave South Carolina. MR. MOBLEY: I agree. SENATOR SCOTT: And looking at as many minority professors as you can who will, in fact, come. And certain areas it's tough to get those faculty. They can go anywhere in the country they want to go. MR. MOBLEY: It's a competitive environment. SENATOR SCOTT: No question. Some of my schools have been 30 percent, 50 percent. I always ask the question of any major university: Can we do better? MR. MOBLEY: Always. SENATOR SCOTT: Can we do better? MR. MOBLEY: Always. SENATOR SCOTT: And if so, tell me about the plan that we have moving us in that direction so that we are doing better. MR. MOBLEY: Yes. SENATOR SCOTT: If the board has a plan, share with me what the plan is in terms of its recruitment to recruit more African-American students. I know the freshman process, like I said, I know it's a tough job. And a lot of students are well-qualified to come to the institution. MR. MOBLEY: Right. SENATOR SCOTT: And has the board put a plan in place to look at where we are in recruiting students and faculty and staff, and if so, share that with the committee. MR. MOBLEY: Well, there's several programs that are available. You've got a Gamecock Gateway, which is a program to take students who may not have another pathway. There's a higher percent of minorities and African-Americans in Gamecock Gateway. Opportunity scholars, Gamecock Guarantee. These are a number of programs that are available that are actually active programs. If you look at the higher education report again, I think the minorities in the South Carolina high school pool are around 40 percent. So we're getting almost a third of those coming to the university. SENATOR SCOTT: So that's your plan? MR. MOBLEY: Not completely. SENATOR SCOTT: Thank you. Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions? Comments? SENATOR ALEXANDER: Move favorable. SENATOR PEELER: Motion is favorable. All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) SENATOR PEELER: Opposed, no. And the ayes have it. Thank you for your willingness to serve. MR. MOBLEY: Thank you very much. SENATOR PEELER: Next, A.C. "Bubba" Fennell. Eighth Judicial Circuit. Good morning, sir. MR. FENNELL: Good morning. SENATOR PEELER: Let me swear you in. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MR. FENNELL: I do. SENATOR PEELER: Would you like to make a brief statement? MR. FENNELL: Yes. I'm Bubba Fennell from Greenwood, South Carolina. I grew up in Greenwood. Went to the university, graduated in 1972 with a B.S. degree in accounting. I was in public accounting for 40 years and retired June 30, '12, to go on the board July 1, '12. I would also been president of the USC Alumni Association back from 2000-2002 when I was also on the Board of Trustees. I've been chairman of the Board of Visitors. As far as my service on the board, this is my second four-year term, I'm asking. And I really appreciate the opportunity to serve, and I really enjoyed it and hope you all consider me for another four-year term. As far as my service on the board, I have -- I've only missed one meeting in my four years. And I was out of the country then and unfortunately couldn't even attend by telephone. I serve as chairman of the Student Trustee Liaison Committee, which I think is what we're all about, the students. And I really enjoy that. Brought it to a higher level as far as participation by the student body presidents. I'm also serving on the academic affairs and health affairs committee for the board. SENATOR PEELER: Okay. Thank you. Questions, comments from members of the committee? SENATOR Scott. I want to go back again and which is a major concern that I've asked every school that's come before us. Tell me about your outlook in bringing more minority students to the USC family. And since you're working with the student body presidents and others, their outlook in whether or not you guys are beginning to build some additional intake system until we get our numbers up. 15 percent overall is fair, but I know we can do a whole lot better. I know that we're losing a lot of good students to out-of-state, and the key is to bring them in. The other issue, too, once you finish that, tell me what your numbers are of out-of-state students that are coming to university. MR. FENNELL: Okay. As far as minority, we work really hard on that. The president and the board. We've -- as Mr. Mobley mentioned -- SENATOR SCOTT: Right. MR. FENNELL: -- the Gateway Program has been good. For those who don't get accepted and can go to Midlands Tech, 35 percent of those students are minorities and have an opportunity to go to Midlands Tech, which helps them transition. Which is a really good program. The other program Mr. Mobley mentioned is the Gateway -- I mean Gamecock Guarantee program where first generation students from low-income South Carolina families can get a lot of financial assistance to attend the university. For those particularly, you know, first generation that possibly couldn't afford to come otherwise. Our faculty has become more diverse over the years. John Dozier, our diversity officer, is working -- he's working really hard to try to get us more and good students. As Mr. Mobley alluded to, though, the South Carolina pool is shrinking and it's less people there. And it's just we're trying to attract the best and brightest and give as many as we can opportunities to attend the university. Because we do -- would love to mirror the demographics of the state, and we're working on that. And actually our graduation rates, minorities, African-Americans, Hispanics and all are pretty high relative to the rest of the state. And we did graduate more -- I think we awarded 838 degrees in 2004. Which was about as many as South Carolina State and Clemson graduated. So I think South Carolina State graduation 630. Clemson only 254. So we are graduating a lot of those that start in the program and feel real good about that. SENATOR SCOTT: Okay. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. SENATOR Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you. Briefly, if you would, picking up on Senator from Richland and with Mr. Mobley, I believe it was said that roughly 35 percent of the professors at the campuses is minority, if I heard that correct. How many of those are graduate students or are minorities that are teaching? Do you have that information? Are they full-time? When we say 35 percent, is that full-time or adjunct and other graduate students? That I've heard complaints, not just at USC but at other institutions, including Clemson, where it's been a problem in the past. MR. FENNELL: I'm not sure of that percentage. I hate to quote something and be wrong. I'm sorry. SENATOR ALEXANDER: We'll get some information on that. SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions or comments? What's the desire of the committee? SENATOR SCOTT: Favorable report. SENATOR PEELER: Motion is favorable report. All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) SENATOR PEELER: Opposed, no. The ayes have it. Next, Chuck Allen, Tenth Judicial Circuit. MR. ALLEN: Good morning. SENATOR PEELER: Good morning. Let me swear you in. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MR. ALLEN: I do. SENATOR PEELER: Would you like to make a brief statement? MR. ALLEN: Yes, sir. Thank you, Mr. Chairman and members of the committee. My actual name is Donald Everett Allen, but most people know me as Chuck. I thought I would point that out for the record. I came to the University of South Carolina, enrolled in 1977. I was fortunate enough to be recruited to come here, and I attended on a full football scholarship. I had an athletic career here for four years. I finished my undergraduate studies in 1982 with a bachelor's degree in government and international studies. I was also fortunate enough to subsequently be admitted to law school. I attended law school the entire three years here and graduated from law school in 1985. Took the bar exam in 1986. And then I had a kind of a diversion on my career path. I had coached football at Brookland-Cayce while I was in law school. And Brookland-Cayce was kind enough, the administration there, to pay my tuition and books for law school. But I, thereafter, was kind of wooed to go to Furman University and coach. And I coached there under the head coach Jimmy Satterfield. Bobby Johnson was our defensive coordinator. And so I coached football a little while. But after that, I practiced law for 29 years. I'm the senior managing partner and the Allen & Allen Law Firm in Anderson, South Carolina. Allen & Allen, of course, is yours truly here as well as my son. My only son. He practices with me. I was elected to the Board of Trustees in 2008. I have served continuously since that time. I have served on the Health Affairs Committee, the Academic Affairs Committee, the Intercollegiate Athletics Committee. I have been -- I would submit I have been diligent in my service. I have maybe in an eight-year period, I've maybe missed three or four meeting for whatever reason. I do have professional and work obligations that sometimes conflict with our meetings and -- but like I say, I have missed three or four meeting over a period of eight years. I'm sincerely committed to the betterment of the university. I also served a term in the House of Representatives back in the day. And I'm committed to public service. I'm committed to this state. I'm insincerely committed to the University of South Carolina and the betterment of the University of South Carolina, again, and the betterment of this state. And it's been a pleasure to serve. I appreciate the opportunity to be here this morning and make a brief presentation and statement here and would be happy to answer any questions at this time. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. SENATOR Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: Thank you. Chuck, Donald. Joe and I served in the House together. Good to see you again. MR. ALLEN: Good to see you. SENATOR SCOTT: I want to go back to the question I've asked some of your colleagues. A minute ago, the last example of what you guys were doing for graduation rates with African-American students, the comparison was made with the 250 students from Clemson, 400 students from South Carolina State. The way the formula put need-based tuition is done by population and not by the most needs of students. So that means that USC, given the total percentage of students who actually go to the part of USC family, of course, receive the largest proportion of the need-based funding. The question again, your take as a member of the board, the best method, best practice to recruit more African-American students on your campus? I know that the pool for African-Americans who applied to the school and some do not need to go the route of technical school in order to get in, they just don't get in because the pool is so large and, of course, every student that comes, who's basically in the intake system, automatically qualify for the lottery scholarship money and in most cases get a larger percentage. What's your take on the best method for recruiting to bring more African-American students to the university? MR. ALLEN: Let me just say this, excuse me, in general terms, and I think you know me well enough to know that I've always been committed to diversity. I've always been committed to fairness. That's very important to me. I've made that very clear to the administration at University of South Carolina. Made it very, very clear to the president that that's something I'm very committed to. Just in point of fact and by way of example, my personal commitment to diversity and the diversity of this university is that, you know, we appoint a Board of Visitors at the university, and I think it's about two dozen that are on the Board of Visitors. Each elected -- I'll say elected trustee from the Sixteenth Judicial Circuits has one appointment for the board of visitors. And I appointed Moe Brown, who was an alumnus of this university and is from Anderson. And he's the first African-American to serve from the Tenth Judicial Circuit. Particularly, you know, we're not involved in the day-to-day administration and the running of the university and those programs, but I would just say, again, that it requires a commitment to it. It requires good faith. And I think that as best we can, we should reflect the diversity and the population and mirror the population of this state. And, again, I'm committed to that. SENATOR SCOTT: Let my say this to you, Chuck, and I'm going to move on and let some other folk ask some questions. And I understand you don't get the day-to-day, but you all, as the policymakers, and one of the policies that in talking to other trustees that come through and other board members is this has been our plan, this has been our policy, this has been our direction for recruiting more African-American students to come to each university we have talked to. And we drilled a lot of people yesterday from many different, different schools. And so if you have not looked at it as a board at large, you guys need to begin to look at that. Those kinds of questions are not -- they're not going to go away. And at some point it's going to become whether or not you get certain growth as it relates to competitive in the international world. You've got an have an international school of business. Clemson has an international school for engineering. And it's important that we have those kind of relationships and we demonstrate to the state, in fact, that we are trying to bring qualified minority students so they don't go to other schools in South Carolina. Tell me a little bit about the percentage of out-of-state students that are recruited at the university. MR. ALLEN: In Columbia -- it moves around a little bit, of course, year to year. But we're generally 60 to 65 percent in state and the balance would be out of state. That's Columbia now. It's a greater percentage at satellite campuses. And like I say, it moves around a little bit. But typically it's between 60 and 65 percent in state. SENATOR SCOTT: Thank you. MR. ALLEN: Your point is well taken, Senator Scott. I hear you loud and clear. SENATOR Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you. Good morning. Good to see you. MR. ALLEN: Yes, sir. Same to you. SENATOR ALEXANDER: You said you missed several meetings. How often does the board meet? MR. ALLEN: We probably have general six scheduled meetings a year. Maybe a few more. We have -- typically have an annual retreat at various places. And then sometimes in our meetings we move around. This week we have a meeting at the USC Beaufort campus. But typically six scheduled meetings. We have call meetings sometimes, as well. And we have committee meetings in addition to that. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Okay. You said here as far as how to improve USC's accessibility. We looked at your other. What briefly -- what are you referring to when you say "accessibility"? MR. ALLEN: Well, accessibility -- SENATOR ALEXANDER: You've got the different campuses throughout the state, so ... MR. ALLEN: I'm speaking generally. I came from a very blue collar background. Limited educational opportunities in my family. And by accessibility, I mean more particularly the financial ability to access higher education. That's very important to me that we remain affordable. Maybe I should have included that. Affordable and accessible. That's very important to me. And, again, I mean, the opportunity and the development and the betterment that's available through higher education is -- everyone understands that. But if it's not accessible or affordable, then it's -- it's the opportunity is really not there. So that's -- I probably should have mentioned affordability as well. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you, sir. SENATOR PEELER: Yes, sir. What's the desire of the committee? REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Favorable report. SENATOR PEELER: Motion is for favorable report. All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) SENATOR PEELER: Opposed, no. And the ayes have it. Thank you. Good to see you. MR. ALLEN: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Good to see you, Senator Alexander. SENATOR PEELER: William J. Jones, Jr., Bluffton, Fourteenth Judicial Circuit. Good morning, sir. MR. JONES: Mr. Chairman. I trust you can see me over the bench. I have a problem with being short. SENATOR PEELER: I understand. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MR. JONES: I do. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Would you like to make a brief statement. MR. JONES: Yes, sir. Thank you. It is my privilege to appear before you seeking a fourth term on the Board of Trustees again for the Fourteen Judicial Circuit. It is my intention in seeking to serve on the board to become engaged in policy decisions for the university, and I am pleased to report that I have been successful in doing so by having been elected to serve as chairman of the Academic Affairs and Faculty Liaison Committee, chairman of the Ad Hoc Committee on Strategic Development, and member of the Buildings and Grounds Committee, Intercollegiate Athletics Committee, and Ad Hoc Committee on Strategic Planning. I have also elected unanimous -- also been elected unanimously by the Board of Trustees to be the representative on the University of South Carolina Educational Foundation Board, on which I presently serve. Serving as chairman of and as a member of so many committees is very time consuming, but I have found it is worth the time commitment and very rewarding to me to be able to serve in so many capacities. I continue to share your concern with the ever-growing cost of tuition. And it is my belief that the administration also understands that our university must be affordable to all qualified South Carolinians, and we must conduct our business, set our goals, and understand our limitations accordingly. It has been my extreme honor to serve on the USC Board for the past 12 years. And I would respectfully request your requalification in order that I might be able to serve for another term. Thank you very much. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Questions or comments? Mr. Whitmire. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I notice that you say USC's biggest weakness is keeping students at the regional campus. Can you explain that to me a little bit? MR. JONES: Well, I think that my concern there has been in the past and continues to be -- I have spoken about this with the president of the administration. -- that we want to make sure that we have adequate students in each one of the regional campuses to make them work from a financial perspective. We have -- I have noticed and I'm sure each of you have noticed that we have a tendency to seek, open up avenues for students to be able to come to Columbia though they may not otherwise be qualified. The problem with that, to me, is it's good for Columbia, but it's not great for the regional campuses where a young student can go and be closer to home and in the case of some of these -- some of the regional campuses actually be able to have a job and have a family. So I am -- that's been one of my concerns. That we make sure that we don't take students out of the regional system just for the sake of putting them in Columbia. I understand that -- I understand the desire and the need, being the flagship school, but I am interested in making sure that there is a balance and that the balance includes those regional campuses at a smaller but still need to keep their growth up and still need to keep their populations up so that they can succeed and be able to perform as we expect them to. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I have heard through the grapevine, this may or may not be true, that Columbia administration isn't necessarily all in. I hate to use that phrase with the Carolina folks, but with the regional campuses. Is that true or is that just something that's floating out there? MR. JONES: I would not -- I would not go that far. I would think that based on the discussions that I have had with President Pastides and the other members, his senior staff, that there is a strong desire to make sure that the all -- everybody is covered. I remember when Dr. Pastides was -- I would happen to be on the selection committee. He made the comment that all -- when he talked about the University of South Carolina, he was talking about all of the university, all the comprehensive branches and the regional campuses. I believe that's still the case. I think, however, as things have changed, you know, we have gone through a period, which is my group, the baby boomers, where most of our children have passed through school and now we're -- the pie has shrunk a bit. We expect that the -- as the millennials come through, we will have the opportunity to have a bigger pie. And it will be an opportunity for each school in the state, not just university campuses or regional campuses, to be able to get more qualified students. And I'm hoping that will come sooner rather than later. I've been told in the next couple of years, and I can tell you different numbers based on the number of millennials that will have students that are at the university. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: You know, we're limited statewide in funding here. And it seems to me that the Columbia campus feels that they're not getting adequate funding, and part of it's because it's being disbursed to the outlying campuses. Do you agree or disagree with that? MR. JONES: Let me -- if you don't mind, say that again to make sure I'm clear with your question. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: You know, just about all of your colleagues have said there's not enough state funding from us coming to USC. MR. JONES: Right. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: And obviously if you didn't have the outlying campuses, probably more money would be coming to the Columbia campus. So what's your position on that? MR. JONES: Well, I'm convinced that -- and it kind of goes back to what we were talking about a minute ago. I'm interested in making sure that the regional campuses and some of the other comprehensive campuses, Aiken and USC Beaufort, have the opportunity to bring in students that are in that -- their regional areas of operation. USCB, for an example, that's where I'm close to being living in the Lowcountry. To make sure that there are adequate students, and they are not necessarily enticed in to coming to Columbia even though it's a -- I think most of the students that apply to USC would like to go to Columbia but some are not quite as qualified as others, as we would normally expect. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Right. MR. JONES: I think those students should be encouraged to go to the -- go to regional campus and spend as much time as necessary to qualify themselves to move on to Columbia, if that's what their goal in life is. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Okay. MR. JONES: So that's -- that -- this whole issue of the problem that we have, of course, is -- one of the issues that we have is our business plan, and our business plan is really not a sustainable business plan. And that is a result of students -- in order to -- in order to keep things with the reduction in the amount of funds that we get from the state, we have to obviously make that up some way. And when we go through the process of making it up, it means more students. More students means just exactly what I said, more students. And as a result of that, I think we are in a situation where that business plan is not going -- it's not sustainable. It's not going to work forever. It's kind of like a waterfall. It goes for a while. Because each one of those new students has to have housing and we're working on that now. USCB, as an example, we're working on housing there and certainly working on housing here in Columbia. So I'm concerned with that and how long we can sustain that. And I'm hoping that we will be able to come up with a formula that will allow us -- I'm hesitant in using the word "parody," so I won't. But it is important to me to make sure that there is a -- there's equity in each one of -- each one of one of the schools being -- having the opportunity to, based on some standard established by the legislature, that we would have the opportunity to ... REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Well, you know, it seems to me when you have an entire system about to grow to 50,000 students, I don't know if that's sustainable in a very small state with limited resources. MR. JONES: That's a problem. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Yes. We would love to fully fund every public college in this state, but with all our other, you know, restraints, that's not going to happen. And so I do know that we had a previous governor who was advocating closing down a lot of the branches. But then, again, there are a lot of young people in this state who would not be served if they weren't open. MR. JONES: There is -- there is a philosophy, whether it's true or whether it's not, that as time goes by, unless we get these millennials into the process, that we're going to see the smaller schools, not necessarily part of the USC system, begin to merge and begin to come together. And it's all about money. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Right. MR. JONES: And I think that probably makes some sense. I think that perhaps as an alternative to some of these -- this business model we're trying to follow now by bringing as many young people, because all of the campuses, all of the universities throughout our state are looking for qualified students just as hard as they can. So there's this competition that's going on. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: We see that with S.C. State. MR. JONES: Absolutely. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: They don't have the students they used to have, and consequently, they are struggling. MR. JONES: Absolutely. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: And they are not the only ones. MR. JONES: I agree with you a hundred percent. And I think -- I'm hoping that we will be able to work through this sooner rather than later because I don't want to see -- perhaps the argument could be made that we have too many colleges in South Carolina. And that's a perhaps. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Yes. MR. JONES: And I understand that. I hate to see some schools -- smaller schools that can't sustain themselves have to merge together. And that troubles me a little bit because I think each school has its own unique background, its own unique type program. Which I think is very healthy. But I do think that from a dollars-and-cents standpoint things are going to have to change a little bit, and it perhaps may be that some of these schools do have to get together and work together. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I totally agree. We hate to see it, but that's the reality it looks like of the future. MR. JONES: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: Let me -- very good discussion, but let me also share with you the ideology of merging. A lot of these schools are founded on different missions by the different schools, Episcopal Church, Lutheran Church, AME Church, Baptist Church, and the likelihood of a smaller school merging, I don't think we're going to see that, not in your lifetime and my life, based on some of these schools have multiple schools that are funded across this country. The other part is these schools play a different role than the normal state-supported schools. In many cases when you all don't take those students, those other schools accept those students and they become graduates and tax-paying citizens. To that, the quality of education, when you talked about your outlying schools, there's a quality education in the outlying schools, but in Columbia I think I heard you say that they would work and then they could come to Columbia to maybe join the larger campus. So persons seeking a degree in accounting, same courses, 101 courses, advanced, intermediate, is the quality of education different because they're in outlying versus that in the Columbia campus? MR. JONES: Perhaps I think the issue is in most cases most of the university -- most of the schools, not the universities, but most of the schools will start in the first two years as having the same curriculum -- reading, writing, and arithmetic, for lack of a better word. SENATOR SCOTT: Soft courses is what we should call it. MR. JONES: Exactly. Then as you move into -- major into Columbia or if stay in another school and stay and finish there, your array of opportunities and classes and majors, of course, broadens because then you're getting into the phase of your education where you are looking down the road and saying, well, I better get serious about this because I want to be a doctor, a lawyer, engineer, or whatever. Whatever you may want to be. So I do think there's a -- I do think for the first couple of years things are going to stay the same in most schools with some degree of difference, of course. Because each school is a little different. But once you get through the first two years, I think you are going to find there's more opportunity, more diversity, more opportunity to be able to take your degree on to -- into something that you would like to succeed in and -- SENATOR SCOTT: Major. MR. JONES: -- and major in something that makes you feel more -- completes your education. And then, of course, you could take it on from there. SENATOR SCOTT: What is your take as a member of the board in recruiting plan for the university -- I'm pretty sure you get a lot of discussion on that. -- of recruiting more African-American students to the university? MR. JONES: I don't think there's any question about it, there's a strong desire to have African-American minority students and South Carolinians. And we talk about that on a regular basis. And every time we have a strategic planning session, we talk about ways to increase those students. Now, back to what I was referring to a minute ago, the pie, which used to be this big around to enable us to reach out and get qualified students from both the minority area and also the -- SENATOR SCOTT: Majority area. MR. JONES: -- the powers that be, the pie now is that big. So everybody is -- because of the issue of the baby boomers, "we" being the baby boomer -- me being a baby boomer, my children have already finished. So the number, and I can't give you the exact size of the number that have reduced, but it is to the point now where we've got about another four or five years before the millennials start getting their students involved in college. At that point in time, the pie will begin to grow again. And at that point in time, I think we'll be able to be more selective and we'll be able to get more -- attract more minorities and attract more qualified students. And that's what -- that's what our goal is and that's what my hope is, that we're able to do that before we get into a situation where, as I was explaining a minute ago, we find ourselves in a situation statewide, not just university, but we're having to merge schools. Put schools together. And I don't want to use any particular two, but there's been talk about various and sundry smaller schools coming together and whether that will occur or not, I just don't know. SENATOR SCOTT: Well, you know, as the state grows, last ten years we grew about 600,000 people, which means at some point at least a third or a fourth of those we're going to have to educate. MR. JONES: That's right. SENATOR SCOTT: The flagship schools do have a responsibility, that's why they call themselves the flagship schools, to try to help us make the intake. And the smaller schools, which are private schools, do the best they can. Those that don't go to the flagship schools, we are to take them in. Funding is always an issue. I didn't quite understand your concept with the shrinking and millennia, but I do hope that you guys develop a plan to look at how we make our flagship schools look like South Carolina. MR. JONES: It's interesting to me. Living over near Salkehatchie, where -- and I always try to make a point of going to each of those graduations that I can because it's very, very meaningful to me to see the difference in the graduates. In most cases -- that's a two-year school. SENATOR SCOTT: Right. MR. JONES: In most cases you will see at the end of the line where the parents all gather around and hug the graduate, you will see grandmothers, you will see fathers, you will see folks that you will see a greater diversity of people. Most -- most of the students that have attended there have attended there because they needed to work, they needed to -- they needed -- they've got children. And it's very heartwarming, to me, to go to that particular graduation and see the opportunities that they have taken advantage of and to see how they have worked their way -- they've raised children, they've got a family and at the same time they've gone to college and they've got a degree. Some of them have a two-year degree and a lot have a four-year degree but most of them have a two-year degree. SENATOR SCOTT: But that's the new wave of graduation, that the graduate is older. MR. JONES: Yes, it is. SENATOR SCOTT: I'm just hoping that we take a real big look and that's why right now South Carolina has so many online campuses coming in. I don't think we've done the best job we can to try to take care of students. Thank you, Chairman. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. What's the desire of the committee? SENATOR ALEXANDER: Can I have two brief -- and I'll emphasize "brief" questions, please. SENATOR PEELER: Hopefully the answers will be brief, also. Thank you. SENATOR Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you. How long have you been -- it's good to see you this morning. MR. JONES: Good to see you. How long have you been on the board now? MR. JONES: I've been on this -- this will be -- I'm -- SENATOR ALEXANDER: How many years are you completing? MR. JONES: Eight years. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you, sir. So you were on when you brought on the new president? MR. JONES: Yes. SENATOR ALEXANDER: And I see that as one of the strengths, and I think we've been remiss in saying early on I think that the board did a fantastic job. MR. JONES: Thank you. SENATOR ALEXANDER: And you have a very outstanding president at USC. MR. JONES: I would agree with that. SENATOR ALEXANDER: I think that -- how is your involvement in those eight years, have you -- just briefly characterize if you've made majority all the meetings, give me an impact there of your investment. MR. JONES: Yes. I've made a point of going to as -- to make as many meetings as I possibly can. Unfortunately, year before last I was involved in a hunting accident and as a result of that, I missed some several -- SENATOR ALEXANDER: We understand health reasons thing. But when health is good, you know, over the years we've had some folks on these boards not just -- I mean not USC necessarily, but on boards that have not -- they ask to serve but then they don't serve when given the opportunity. So how would you -- you would characterize your service as being -- how would you characterize it? MR. JONES: I have served as chairman of virtually every standing committee that the university has as enunciated in the constitution and bylaws -- constitution of the university. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you, sir. Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions or comments? REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Favorable. SENATOR PEELER: The motion is a favorable report. All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) SENATOR PEELER: Opposed, no. And the ayes have it. Next, J. Egerton Burroughs, Fifteen Judicial Circuit. SENATOR PEELER: Good morning, sir. MR. BURROUGHS: Good morning. SENATOR PEELER: Let me swear you in. MR. BURROUGHS: My name is Egerton Burroughs. SENATOR PEELER: First -- let me swear you in first. I know it's cumbersome, but I have to do it. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MR. BURROUGHS: Yes, sir. SENATOR PEELER: Now, would you like to make a brief statement? MR. BURROUGHS: Yes, sir. My name is Egerton Burroughs. I've lived in Conway and Horry County and Georgetown County most of my life. I was a student at the University of South Carolina in the graduate program. I had to leave there and go to work at Jerry Cox Company, a retail store in Conway, when my father died. But I've been a merchant and involved in real estate most of my life in Horry and Georgetown counties. This would be going on my third term, if you all are so kind to allow me to run again as a trustee. I was on the board for when Dr. Pastides was elected. It was my first meeting. My attendance has been good. The worst time I've had was when I had a bout with cancer, which I've whipped, and my health is in good shape. If I'm elected, I should be able to serve without a problem. I have chaired the governance committee. What we call governance, I guess. It's the audit committee. And as you will see in my resume, one of the things that I hope to serve if I'm elected to serve is maybe one day we can get a governance committee at the University of South Carolina. But I have been on the Audit and Compliance Committee, the Student Affairs and Medical Affairs, and I've been engaged in those committees during my time as a trustee. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Questions or comments from the committee? SENATOR Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: I want to be fair to you as I've been with the rest of them. MR. BURROUGHS: Yes, sir. SENATOR SCOTT: Tell me a little bit about your outlook in recruiting minority students and staff and faculty at the university. What plan has the board -- you've been involved with in your eight years with this board in carrying out the plan? MR. BURROUGHS: I'll try to answer that as fairly as I can. I think if you look at the composition of our board and you look at the composition of the administrative staff at the University of South Carolina, it's primarily white males. SENATOR SCOTT: Correct. MR. BURROUGHS: And that's part of the system. Is that the best system? I don't think it's reflective totally of our state. We are working on making changes in that system. I hope we can get our staff, particularly faculty and administration, to be more representative across the board of the minorities in our state. We are not there yet. So I think you lead from the top, and we are working on that. We're addressing that issue. The regional campuses play an integral part of educating of the people of the state of all diversities and races. And that's kind of where we are. We have a diversity officer. We work on this at retreats, and we discuss it. It's an area we know we need to address, and I think we are making every effort as a board and the administration. Dr. Pastides has particularly worked on this, and I have seen more hires for females in the systems of all races. I think that's a beginning also. We worked to get the internal auditor through the hiring process. She was a lady, which I thought was a very positive thing. The internal auditor is a high profile position at the University of South Carolina, and to see lady in that position I think is excellent. SENATOR SCOTT: Thank you. And I really appreciate your honest answer on that. MR. BURROUGHS: Yes, sir. SENATOR SCOTT: Because it's -- I'm looking at the makeup of the board on the Sixteenth Circuit and we've got one African-American on the board. And in looking at most who today average age of those who we interviewed is over 65. And that is -- that does raise some real concern that the board is getting older. Not saying that you don't have good qualified people out there. The challenge is can that group meet the needs and meet the needs of the state and where do we go from there and we begin to look at their time coming to a close and new people coming on to address some of the issues in the state, especially with both segments of the population. MR. BURROUGHS: I think you're right on target, and that's one of the things I think you'll see in my statement. If I'm kind enough to -- lucky enough, if you all feel fit enough to send me back, this will be my last time. I will be 74 at the end of my term if I'm elected and live out. I think it's time for some fresh blood, some fresh meat. And if you all don't want to send me back this time, you'll get some earlier perhaps. SENATOR SCOTT: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. SENATOR Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. A couple of brief questions. Good morning. Good to see you this morning. MR. BURROUGHS: It's good to see you, sir. SENATOR SCOTT: How would you characterize your service on the board? I you know you mentioned some illness, but overall attendance, how long would you -- MR. BURROUGHS: I think mine's been pretty good. I had said I had a bout of cancer. I try to be active on the committees as a board member by telephone, if necessary. Any other jobs that they send me on to do as a trustee, if it's talking to people in the community, helping where I may, I'm always available. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you, sir. One final question, if you could give me a brief answer. It says under the biggest weaknesses of the university is the current rise of enrollment, and, of course, you go on to say "and rise of tuition." We understand -- I think we've heard numerous times about the rise in tuition. How is the -- is the enrollment too large at USC? Is that the weakness from that standpoint and has that been driven by the board or by the president? MR. BURROUGHS: This is a personal opinion. SENATOR ALEXANDER: I understand. MR. BURROUGHS: I think each trustee hopefully is an individual, and I certainly am noted for that. I think we are building too much. Our costs of tuition, I think, is too high. The burden on the student when they leave the facility on the debt, not only USC but other schools, I think is high. I think we have got to address our spending habits. It's not a very popular thing to say. We can't blame it all on not having enough income because we're certainly raising the tuition to get the income. But I think our cost of operation -- we have a study underway now. Hopefully we'll get it back very soon. For the first time since I've been here, will give us a true operating cost on each of the units to understand the programs that break even have to be subsidized by other programs. Very similar to what you all see in your own businesses. I think this will help us as a management tool to see the programs maybe that we can't afford to do. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you. MR. BURROUGHS: That's just me. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you, sir. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. SENATOR SCOTT: Favorable report. SENATOR PEELER: Motion is for a favorable report. All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) SENATOR PEELER: Opposed, no. And the ayes have it. MR. BURROUGHS: Thank you so much. Next, my trustee, Leah Moody. Sixteenth Judicial Circuit. MS. MOODY: Good morning. SENATOR PEELER: Good morning. Let me swear you in. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MS. MOODY: I do. SENATOR PEELER: Would like to make a brief statement? MS. MOODY: No. Other than thank you for having me. I don't know if I can be brief, but thank you for having me and allowing me to serve. SENATOR PEELER: All right. MS. MOODY: That's -- SENATOR PEELER: That's all? MS. MOODY: Yes, sir. SENATOR PEELER: Like I said, that's my trustee right there. Maybe I started off wrong. Brevity is a plus in my committee. And I was feeling pretty good this morning when I got here, but after hearing all these questions being white, male, and over 65, I think the end of time is coming. SENATOR SCOTT: I don't know. Any questions or comments for Ms. Moody? SENATOR Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: Ms. Moody, how are you this morning? MS. MOODY: I'm well. And yourself? SENATOR SCOTT: I'm going to ask you some of the same questions I've asked some of your colleagues and maybe you have a little different perspective than what I've heard from them. First, you're surrounded by a much, much older group who has run the university for a long, long period of time. MS. MOODY: Thank you. SENATOR SCOTT: And my issue has been, and even in looking at Sixteenth Circuit, you're the only African-American member on the board. And I can't remember one time the board ever having more than one. And I don't like the terminology that they use when they say "You just got one." The reality is recruiting of African-American students to the university, I've got numbers, average about 15 percent. The outlying area's a little large. What is your take in terms of the board policy and the direction the board is going in to try to improve those numbers? And for this reason. We've got other schools that we've interviewed, and they had numbers as high as 50 percent. 30 has been a pretty decent number that's reflective of what the state actually looks like. Since you've been there, and I think this is the third term? MS. MOODY: Half of one. This will my third term. SENATOR SCOTT: Yeah. Tell me, what do you take back from this group because at some point, if you continue to serve on the board, because you're the youngest member of the board, you will probably be the senior member of the board if you continue to serve on this board for any long length of time because I guess your average age of those who we interviewed this morning is over 65. MS. MOODY: Okay. SENATOR SCOTT: So most of them are 20 years your senior, plus or minus. Tell me about your take in terms of what this board policy has been, in terms of recruiting, identifying, especially in the intake system, the freshmen coming in to make sure the university meet and recruit a number of good African-American students. Because not all of them need remedial to come in. MS. MOODY: Right. SENATOR SCOTT: They just don't get selected, they end up going elsewhere. MS. MOODY: Well, I think since I've been there, I came on the board in 2009 and I was appointed to fill Sam Foster's unexpired term. And looking at the numbers, I know that the numbers probably look like we've gone down, but when you look at the number of students we have started accepting -- so, like, in my questionnaire, I talked about how the enrollment has increased at a steady rate of about 2 percent since over the last 25 years. And that's based on the study from the commission on higher education, and that is a 2015 study. We will continue to have growth. And that growth will be for research universities, not just the University of South Carolina, to a tune of about 16 percent. So we're steadily increasing the number of students that we bring in. So when you increase on the number of students that we bring in, the percentages are going to change. So you have to look at the raw number. I do have copies of our percentages for enrollment by the campuses. I taught a class this morning, so I have some sheets for you. But I think we're making great strides. I think we've done some things that are new for the university, and I think that's with the vision of President Pastides as well as the board members. And I think the board is truly committed to having a diverse group of students. And the reason I why I say that is because in the overall picture of having a diverse group of students, not just racial composition, but gender as well as, you know, socioeconomic, rural versus urban areas, that helps our students' experience at the University of South Carolina to be one of the best. And so it prepares them for, you know, work outside of the university. So I think our policies are in place and that we are -- it's a slow track to get where we want to be. I recently spoke to the South Carolina -- excuse me, the University of South Carolina Black Alumni Council, and that was one of the questions that they had. They were concerned about the enrollment of African-American students and, yes, our numbers have gone down. Particularly looking at male -- African-American males. And you really have to look at the numbers because the numbers change based on, you know, how many students we have overall and then the choices that they make. So when you talk about what students are -- where students are coming to school and what their parents decide, most of the students that I come in contact with, it has been economics. It has been, you know, they have family situations that cause them to want to stay near. Particularly at that forum that I spoke at on February 17th, they talked about why they came to the university. They came to the University of South Carolina because of the money. They came to the University of South Carolina because their grandparent was ill, and they wanted to stay close. One student came because their brother was coming -- getting ready to come to college, but they were in high school. They wanted to have -- still have some kind of hands-on experience with their brother as they grow up. When I talk to some students and some of the students said -- I taught in children's church here in Columbia when I lived in Columbia, they are qualified to get into honors program, but they want to leave Columbia or they don't want the riggers of the honors college. So they just want to be, as one student said to me, a regular student. So I think that has some impact on it. I think the university can do everything as far as like recruiting. I see all our billboards. I know that we have people in different places. I hosted the -- I can't remember what we exactly called it, but it was all the freshmen coming to the university. And I hosted along with different alumni to get students to come. And I tried to get students to come out and ask all the questions. So it's part personal choice, but I think the university is on the right track and does as much as it possibly can do to recruit African-American students or diverse groups of students. MS. MOODY: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. SENATOR Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. One brief question. And thank you for your observation. Appreciate your continued service that you're providing to the university. Your involvement, and obviously as I've heard the response to the Senator from Richland, you've been heavily engaged in different things on behalf of the university, how would you characterize your service as a member of the board as far as attendance at board meetings and things of that nature? MS. MOODY: I smile because they probably feel like, "Please be quiet, Leah." But I participate, you know. I participate heavily. I'm very engaged. I think that everybody attends all the meetings. I attend all the meetings that I can but for court, which is, you know, I get continuances in my cases and I get protection so I can -- SENATOR ALEXANDER: So there are some meetings you have to miss as a result of your work? MS. MOODY: I think since 2009, I've missed two meetings. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you. Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. SENATOR from Rock Hill, I'm sure you have an opinion. SENATOR HAYES: I think you've done an outstanding job on the board, and I'm honored to have her represent the Sixteenth Circuit. And I would like to move a favorable report. SENATOR PEELER: I'll second it. All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) SENATOR PEELER: Opposed, no. And the ayes have it. SENATOR SCOTT: Representative McLeod. SENATOR PEELER: I'm sorry. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: It's all right. SENATOR PEELER: Representative McLeod. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: Well, I wanted to thank Ms. Moody for her service and to also ask a question that I asked earlier about just the make-up of the board. And I think our chairman addressed a very good issue or a very strong -- made a strong recommendation, I think, about just our ability to impact the diversity of the board. What are your thoughts on that? MS. MOODY: Well, I will say since I've been there, I think my first board meeting there might have been one lady sitting around the table, and she was there by virtue of her position as the president for the alumni association. When she left, then there was me. Since then we hired a female secretary, in which I was involved in that and very proud to be involved in that. And we have a new provost, Joan Gable, who is from Missouri. And she's an added addition this year. And I think that -- while I don't know how you address that, I think I got asked that question by The Post and Courier. And I was misquoted. And I had to call the lady back and talk to her about it because I was misquoted and I -- SENATOR PEELER: Welcome to our world. MS. MOODY: I got beat up by a lot of women because I presented to her what my experience was. I have the time to offer to serve. Of course, you all probably are familiar with my mother and that was instilled in us. And so I have the time to offer. I'm not married, and I don't have any kids so I don't have those -- and I'm not saying that someone who is married and has kids, they cannot do it, it's just a time commitment. Like if you have to come down here and you have to run, you have to offer yourself up. And I think outside of that, you have to get beyond any kind of fear that you might not be able to do the job. So ... REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: Do you think it would be helpful if the General Assembly began to address some of those issues? Not just with the University of South Carolina but with some of our larger public institutions. MS. MOODY: It wouldn't hurt. I think it definitely wouldn't hurt, but I don't know how you accomplish that without -- you know, Senator Peeler made the comment, "I feel like it was the end of time." It's not the end of time. And so like when you talk about diversity, most people think about race and we have those conversations at our board meeting. We have on our metrics diversity. And I think that, you know, everybody's aware of it. But talk about diversity, you have to make sure that you do not alienate any other group of people. So I don't know whether that's you make the board larger. I don't know that that's necessarily a good thing. And then people have the -- I don't know how you survey to find out whether people really want to run. Because, you know, you have to have a job that would allow you to come down here and, you know, miss work. Because we have some -- sometimes marathon meetings. It's important issues where you're talking about a system. So it's kind of -- it's kind of hard to evaluate. You have to -- REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: Right. I just want to know how we -- what your thoughts are about how we move beyond just acknowledging that there's a need to diversify the board and other aspects of the university. And, you know -- MS. MOODY: Well, I think that's something that the university has -- I don't think it is just incumbent upon you all as legislators because you can't do everything. You have your constituents that you're having to deal with. I'm quite sure you're having to deal with the students that call you who are at the University of South Carolina. And so that's a lot. So when you talk about the university's role in this, that's something that we have to be cognizant of. And I think I applaud the efforts that Pastides and his administration has taken in terms of adding the metrics to our metrics overall. Because we look at everything. We compare ourselves to our peers. We want to know what other people are doing. And by the way we added the metrics and taking the steps to, like, address those issues, not just having a body come over and tell a group that's getting ready to make a hire what diversity is, but adding it. And people are understanding that that's what we're watching, I think that is a positive step forward. Because if you don't pay attention to it, it's kind of like out of sight, out of mind. We get our metrics on a regular basis. We're going to see that. And I think the board as a whole wants to have the best plan that we possibly can have and we're going to ask those questions as to why this is -- why haven't we improved in this category? What are our peers doing? We ask those questions constantly. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: Okay. Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Ms. Moody, the word of the day is "commitment," and we sure appreciate yours and the commitment of the entire Board of Trustees at USC. MS. MOODY: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) SENATOR PEELER: Opposed, no. And the ayes have it. MS. MOODY: I'll give you all these sheets for the information. SENATOR PEELER: That completes our meeting for this morning. When do we start back? MS. CASTO: 9:00 in the morning. SENATOR PEELER: 9:00 in the morning. Adjourn. (The hearing adjourned at 10:50 a.m.) JOINT LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE TO SCREEN CANDIDATES FOR COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITIES BOARD OF TRUSTEES SCREENINGS Date: Wednesday, March 16, 2016 Time: 8:55 a.m. Location: Gressette Building 1101 Pendleton Street Room 407 Columbia, South Carolina Committee Members Present: Chairman Senator Harvey S. Peeler, Jr. Senator John L. Scott, Jr. Representative William R. "Bill" Whitmire Representative Phyllis J. Henderson Also Present: Martha Casto, Staff Julie Price, Staff Proceeding 9:13 a.m. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Let's go ahead and get started. Some members are having other meetings and couldn't come along. This is the Joint Legislative Committee to Screen Candidates for College and University Boards of Trustees. I'll call the meeting to order. First up is Wil Lou Gray Opportunity School. Angela Hanyak? MS. HANYAK: Yes, Hanyak. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Hanyak, from North Charleston. Make sure your speaker is on and burning green. MS. HANYAK: Good morning. SENATOR SCOTT: Good morning. MS. HANYAK: Can y'all hear me? MS. CASTO: Yes. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: I can. Let me swear you in first. MS. HANYAK: Absolutely. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MS. HANYAK: I do. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Would you like to make a brief statement on why you'd like to serve? MS. HANYAK: Absolutely. I have a passion for helping at-risk adolescents. In the Charleston area, I have been a mentor with an organization called Be a Mentor, and I'm seeking this board seat in the hopes of making a more systematic impact on the at-risk adolescent population in the state of South Carolina. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Good. Thank you. Members, you have the information in front of you. Any questions or comments? REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: How much do you know about Wil Lou Gray? MS. HANYAK: I know a good bit about both the founder and the school. I visited the campus on January 22nd this year. I was very graciously shown around by Director Smith. He gave me a wonderful sort of history, a recent history of the school. He told me a little bit about the profile of a typical student, the challenges that the school may face, and the successes that the school has faced. So I do believe that I have a good understanding of the school, its mission, and what needs to be happening for the school in the future for it to be successful. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Well, I've never visited Wil Lou Gray. I need to, but I've heard nothing but good things about the students. And the young men and women who visit with us, I'm just highly impressed. So somebody's doing a great job. So I hope that you will, you know, continue that. MS. HANYAK: Yes. I think it's quite an impressive school for the state to boast, and I'm really excited about the opportunity to contribute in any way to it. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Great. Speaking for Ms. Henderson and Ms. McLeod, who are not here, we're glad to have some diversity coming on the board. So thank you. MS. HANYAK: Wonderful. Thank you. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Mr. Scott? CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Thank you. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Move for favorable. SENATOR SCOTT: Favorable report. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: All in favor, say aye. ALL MEMBERS: Aye. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Opposed, no; and the ayes have it. Good luck to you. MS. HANYAK: Thank you. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Next, Reginald J. Thomas from Spartanburg, at-large seat. MR. THOMAS: Good morning. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Good morning. SENATOR SCOTT: Good morning, Mr. Thomas. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Let me swear you in. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MR. THOMAS: I do. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Thank you. Would you like to make a brief statement on why you'd like to serve? MR. THOMAS: Yes, sir. It's an honor for me to even sit here and be considered to be a board member for Wil Lou Gray Opportunity School because this is something that I've been doing all of my life. When I read all about what Dr. Gray's legacy was all about, I surely would like to continue her legacy. Looking at what the school does and what she did runs parallel with my DNA. I'm one who will and has always been providing service to mankind, especially our youth, our teens, our young adults. And I just think that my strength of what I do and can do can be offered, and I'm honored to even be considered. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Mr. Whitmire. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Welcome, sir. I'm glad that you're willing to serve. I'm reading here that you said that it's 30 percent in state versus out of state. How many out-of-state students are served by Wil Lou Gray? MR. THOMAS: I don't know. But in answering that question, I did not know whether they had out-of-state students or not. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I wouldn't think there would be. MR. THOMAS: I know -- yeah. Most of our institutions around the state have out-of-school -- out-of-state students, but I wouldn't think that Wil Lou Gray Opportunity School would, knowing the kind of students they take in from around the state. I was just generally answering the question. I did not know it at that time whether they did or not. So had they taken any students, that would have been my answer. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I'd be interested to know also. Maybe someone coming after you could answer that. MR. THOMAS: Since reading the information and following up on the history of the school, no, sir, they don't. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Okay. Well, thank you, sir. Good luck. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Mr. Scott, do you have a question? SENATOR SCOTT: No. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: What's the desire of the Committee? REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Favorable. SENATOR SCOTT: Favorable report. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Motion is a favorable report. All in favor, say aye. ALL MEMBERS: Aye. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Opposed, no; and the ayes have it. MR. THOMAS: Have a blessed day. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Thank you. You too. Doris Adams, at-large seat. She's an incumbent. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: How do you do, ma'am? CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Let me swear you in. Raise your right hand. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Thank you. Would you like to make a brief statement? MS. ADAMS: Well, I have served on the board -- this would be my third time, and I started serving in 2008. We all know about Dr. Wil Lou Gray, "Why stop learning?" I'm a former educator. I've always worked with children, and it's always a pleasure to see children that are at risk, having problems being able to be successful and to find employment. And this is what her mission was. When she started out 95 years ago, she was interested in the undereducated adult. We're working with at-risk youth between the ages of 16 and 19, and it is always a pleasure to see them experience success again in the workforce and be productive. SENATOR SCOTT: Mr. Chairman -- CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Ms. McAdams, your institutional motto is going to help us a lot. I hear great things about Wil Lou Gray. Wil Lou Gray's mission, is it similar to John de la Howe? What's the difference between the mission of Wil Lou Gray and the success of Wil Lou Gray that I hear is just the opposite about John de la Howe, funding and so forth? Do you know? MS. ADAMS: You know, I think the stakeholders have a lot to do with success, whether one has success and whether or not one does not have success. When we have the right students with Wil Lou Gray and we have the right staff, that is very important. When we have families that are supportive and when we have a director and a board and, of course, I cannot forget you legislators -- when we have you on our side, I think that's the reason there's a big difference. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Thank you, Ms. Adams. I called you Ms. McAdams. MS. CASTO: It's Doris M. Adams. MS. CASTO: I'm sorry. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Senator Scott has a question. SENATOR SCOTT: I can only say good things about Ms. McBride Adams. Ms. McBride at the time I first graduated from the college, she was one of my earlier teachers in elementary school. And so she's been an educator all of her life, always an excellent teacher, professional, and no nonsense. And I can say that she's a wonderful person to be on that board. And at the appropriate time, I would be more than happy to move her forward. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: I've been wanting this moment for a long, long time. I have you under oath about Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: And she has my permission to be honest. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: How many times did you send him to the principal? SENATOR SCOTT: They didn't do that at that time. That would be in class. MS. ADAMS: I'm sure that you all have heard that the students were a little different, and coming from homes where the parents put their foot down, that made a difference, and the encouragement that you had from the parents. And I see this a lot with some of the letters that our director receives from parents, and they are just elated. I mean, they are so happy when their children get on the right track and be productive, and that is our mission. That's our mission. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Thank you. I can see now why you're such a good board member. SENATOR Scott moved for a favorable report. SENATOR SCOTT: Favorable report. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Wait. REPRESENTATIVE Whitmire. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Thank you. A pleasure to meet you, Ms. Adams. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I notice that you said that you're concerned about turnover of staff. Is it prevalent or just a small amount? MS. ADAMS: No. You know, I felt like I had to mention it because whenever we get information at the board meetings, we look over the hires and the resignations. And I noticed that in the human specialist II area, it seemed like it was a large turnover. Not a large turnover; maybe one or two each time. And I began to wonder. I said, Well, I wonder what the problem is there. You know, maybe it's salary, employment, problems at home. I just don't know, but -- REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Is the staff on the same pay scale as, say, public education or a different one? REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: And I wonder if that's -- MS. ADAMS: If that is the reason? REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Maybe it could be, because I'm sure it's stressful in some ways. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Thank you. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Motion is a favorable report on Doris M. Adams. All in favor, say aye. ALL MEMBERS: Aye. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Opposed, no; and the ayes have it. MS. ADAMS: Thank you. And thank you for aiding and helping the Wil Lou Gray School because we really need the funding and everything, and we really appreciate that. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Mr. Chairman, if I may, you were mentioning de la Howe. You know, we don't get to screen the de la Howe candidates. I'm wondering if that's -- if they came before us, maybe -- but who knows. MS. CASTO: Next. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Bryan B. England, at large. MR. ENGLAND: Good morning. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Good morning, sir. MR. ENGLAND: Good morning, sir. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MR. ENGLAND: I do. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Would you like to make a brief statement? MR. ENGLAND: I would only say that it's been an honor to be on the board for the -- I guess about the past 12 years. I got on this board because I believe in what they do. I still believe in it, and I think it provides a great service to the citizens of this state. And I'm just honored to be a part of the board and to help it out in any way I can. Thank you. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Questions or comments? REPRESENTATIVE Whitmire. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Good morning, sir. MR. ENGLAND: Good morning. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I'm a former educator, so I can identify with Ms. Adams. That structured environment you mentioned, that's obviously the key. That's, unfortunately, why we're having so many problems, in my opinion, in public education today. We've just gotten way too many children who don't have parents or anyone. If they do have parents, they're not much of a parent. So that's why I think Wil Lou Gray is such a godsend to some of these children. I know you're not going to reach all of them, but, you know, if you reach one, that's a success story. So thank you -- for all four of you -- for your willingness to serve. (Ms. Henderson enters the room.) CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Senator Scott, any questions from you? SENATOR SCOTT: Favorable report. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Ms. Henderson, welcome. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Thank you. I'm sorry. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Any other questions for Wil Lou Gray? We're done. Let me ask you, with your experience, what's the common denominator of the student or child that comes to Wil Lou Gray? What's the trigger and who does -- the administrators of different school systems or parents or -- MR. ENGLAND: You know, I -- CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: -- how do they know? How does my constituent know that there is a Wil Lou Gray? MR. ENGLAND: Well, we definitely increased our advertisement and communication with the school system and just to the general public. And, you know, one thing I just -- this is a side answer, but I like having my car sticker that says Wil Lou Gray, because when they see it, you'd be surprised, you know, when people ask you a question. "Well, tell me about Wil Lou Gray." My father knew about Wil Lou Gray because he was an old law enforcement guy way, way back, and he thought the world of Wil Lou Gray, and he'd be happy that I'm on this board. But, you know, coming up here this morning, I heard something on the radio that said that -- you asked about common denominators. Forty-one percent of the children born in America today are born in a single-family environment. That's an awful lot. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: And it's growing. MR. ENGLAND: And it's growing. And when I think about homes and stability in the homes and kids that I know, I kind of go back to that; and not only with that, but the stability in that home. Is there one of those parents on drugs, for instance, or do they have a criminal background? If you know those kids, you know there's a lot of these kind of factors that enter into it. But I don't think there's really one; I think there's a multitude of them. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: One more question. How many students do you serve? MR. ENGLAND: We probably, on a quarter system, are somewhere around 600 a year, something like that. Pat could tell you exactly. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: How long do they stay? MR. ENGLAND: They are on a quarter system, about 14 weeks a quarter. I think that's right, something like that. Now, they may stay longer than that, and some will stay -- SENATOR ALEXANDER: They finish the quarter then go back -- MR. ENGLAND: It depends on, I think, whether they've gotten their GED and made the progress that they need to make. And some of them, they're allowed to come back to stay longer to get it. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: As Chairman Peeler said, we're trying to wrap our hands around this issue we have with de la Howe. And to be quite frank, they aren't succeeding. And then we see your school, and it's a success. I wonder if we maybe can incorporate some of your practices, you know. MR. ENGLAND: Well, the structure, like I told you, the disciplined environment -- SENATOR ALEXANDER: The military -- yeah. MR. ENGLAND: -- getting good quality administrators all throughout in those classrooms and then a principal in the school, you've got to have strong people there that are interfacing with these kids. They are a special challenge, and it takes top-quality people. You can hire a few weak links, and it can hurt you. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: That's true. As Chairman Peeler also said, how do you hear about it? I've been an educator for 30 years, but I'm 150 miles away. I haven't heard anything about it. I've heard of the school, but I knew nothing about it. So it seems to me that maybe we can outreach toward outer parts of the state a little better, because it's such a wonderful opportunity. We've got students with the same problems. MR. ENGLAND: We do. Chairman Smith, now he publicizes a statewide map which shows where each one of the kids are coming from, what county. It's always interesting to look at, you know, where the kids are coming from. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Who makes the recommendation to send them? MR. ENGLAND: Well, I think it can come from a variety. They have to apply. They have an application process, and they'll call the school, and they'll go through an admissions process. Now, they might be notified by -- someone at the school about them. They might have a friend that's told them about it. They can hear about Wil Lou Gray a lot of ways. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I just wondered if they've gotten in trouble with the law or something like that, and that was there instead of incarceration possibly, you know -- MR. ENGLAND: You know, I would -- REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: -- DJJ, they go through Wil Lou Gray. MR. ENGLAND: I don't know exactly, but I do know -- I would think that we would have probably stronger relationships with law enforcement, some counties that may recommend more than others and -- but I think word of mouth. Nothing beats word of mouth, and kids know if they've got a friend that went down there, and all of a sudden they turned themselves around and is making progress and they tell somebody else. You can't beat word of mouth. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Well, thank you. Discipline and structure, that's the key, obviously. So thank you. MR. ENGLAND: Thank you. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Any other questions? Motion is a favorable report. All in favor, say aye. ALL MEMBERS: Aye. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Opposed, no; and the ayes have it. Thank you, sir. SENATOR SCOTT: Mr. Chairman. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Yes, Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: And I know before we take a break, I just wanted to add a little something to the conversation, but I didn't want it to interfere with getting these last questions. There are about three to four mainstream programs out there: Wil Lou Gray, Youth Challenge, and the program we all have some concerns about over in McCormick, and I don't know how the House is dealing with and looking at the structure. Youth Challenge has been so successful for a long time because of military relationships, but it's more military structured. I've not had a chance to go and look at the other school that's mentioned several times again to see in my evaluating what may be the problem. But you've got to remember these other two programs are urban programs, and trying to design a program and a rule of structure is a difficult program. Even if we get Youth Challenge with Wil Lou Gray, Youth Challenge has also been set on the Clemson University, and Aiken had a little different twist to it. And so we may need to look at the program structure in what we ask the program to do and can the school actually be given manuals and some other tools we need to give the program, because at the end result of it is can we move these children forward and get them a GED, get them back in the mainstream. And I know that we created alternative schools, and these schools are dumping these kids either back in the street or they don't make it, and some families are trying to give them a tool by going to these different programs and trying saving these children. But, I mean, it's worth looking at and really having some real conversation. And if maybe restructuring the board might be an answer, I don't know, or just looking at what the actual program is. I think the House looks somewhat at it, but it hasn't had a real -- a lot of communication -- REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Right. SENATOR SCOTT: -- from what I've gotten from it. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Well, Senator, I believe de la Howe has been around since 1797, so it would be a real shame if we had to close it because they're having problems. I can tell you that Representative Bingham, who is over public education, has mentioned Clemson taking it over. But I'm not sure that would be the best. That's my opinion. SENATOR SCOTT: But I don't think you fix programs talking about programs. They can fix programs with institutional knowledge and also looking at -- REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Yes, and you're right. It's in a rural area. SENATOR SCOTT: -- educational programs to tell you how you fix the -- REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Way in a rural area. SENATOR SCOTT: No question. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: So they have different challenges, that it's not military. SENATOR SCOTT: Right. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: So I'm sure the discipline is not nearly as, you know, in place as it is at Wil Lou Gray. I just don't want to see it close. And that's my worry. SENATOR SCOTT: You have my commitment to whatever I can to help to look at that program and bring it -- REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: We're working on that to definitely see what we can do. SENATOR SCOTT: Thank you so much. CHAIRMAN SENATOR PEELER, JR.: Thank you. That completes our agenda for this morning. We'll break until 4 o'clock. At that time we'll take the Medical University of South Carolina incumbents. (The screenings adjourned at 9:37 a.m. and will reconvene at a later date.) JOINT LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE TO SCREEN CANDIDATES FOR COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITIES BOARD OF TRUSTEES PUBLIC HEARINGS Date: Monday, April 11, 2016 Time: 3:06 p.m. Location: Gressette Senate Building 1101 Pendleton Street Room 209 Columbia, South Carolina Committee Members Present: Senator Harvey S. Peeler, Jr., Chairman Representative William R. "Bill" Whitmire, Vice-Chairman Senator Thomas C. Alexander Senator John L. Scott, Jr. Senator Robert W. Hayes, Jr. Representative Mia S. McLeod Also Present: Martha Casto, Staff Julie Price, Staff SENATOR PEELER: If there's no objection, we'll go ahead and get started. We would like to welcome everyone. This is the Joint Legislative Committee to Screen Candidates for Colleges and University Boards of Trustees. First, we have Francis Marion University. Mr. Benny Joe "Jody" Bryson from Greenville. Would you come forward. Take a seat and make sure your light is burning green. MR. BRYSON: I see a green light, Mr. Chairman. SENATOR PEELER: I can hear you. Okay. For the record, if you would state your name. MR. BRYSON: My name is Benny Joe Bryson, otherwise known as Jody. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you, sir. Let me swear you in. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MR. BRYSON: I do. SENATOR PEELER: Do you have a brief statement on why you would like to serve on the Francis Marion board? MR. BRYSON: Yes, sir. I'm a longtime supporter of our higher education here in South Carolina. I think it fills a vital role for our citizens, especially when it comes to raising the level of income and economic development opportunities for our citizenry. I've been very privileged to be able to serve the last four years on the Francis Marion board. I believe they do an exceptional job of combining education opportunities and economic development in the Pee Dee area and the entire state. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you, sir. Any questions or comments from members of the committee? Mr. Bryson, you've been the board since 2013? MR. BRYSON: Yes, sir. SENATOR PEELER: 90 percent instate. How many instate students do you have? MR. BRYSON: I think the average is about 92, 93 percent, the last report we received from staff, so it's a very high percentage. SENATOR PEELER: I see where you said the biggest strength is Fred Carter. MR. BRYSON: He does an exceptional job. Under his leadership, I think the university has really expanded into a number of private and public partnerships that have benefited the students and the local community. SENATOR PEELER: Definitely an asset to the university. Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: Thank you. Thank you for serving. Tell me a little bit about your diversity program at Francis Marion. MR. BRYSON: Yes, sir. We have a diversity initiative and an office with dedicated staff. In fact, this year I have the privilege of serving as chair of our Athletics and Student Affairs Committee, so we receive a very detailed report each quarter at our board meetings from the head of those departments. I think they do a very nice job. And they've really engaged the student body in those initiatives over the last several years, and I think that has produced excellent results. SENATOR SCOTT: Tell me about the makeup of the student body population. MR. BRYSON: It's roughly 45 percent minority, 55 percent other. And I think that's been a very healthy mix for the school. SENATOR SCOTT: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. MR. BRYSON: Thank you, sir. SENATOR PEELER: Senator Hayes. SENATOR HAYES: I notice where your full-time job is with the South Carolina Technology and Aviation Center. MR. BRYSON: Yes, sir. SENATOR HAYES: How does that work that you do regularly tie in to your service on the board? MR. BRYSON: We are a big believer in partnerships. The South Carolina Technology and Aviation Center is a 51-year-old business and aviation park, but we work with multiple partners such as Clemson University ICAR, such as Greenville Technical Colleges to try to identify opportunities for not only the employees who work at the park but their dependents and those who might be looking for job opportunities in the future. And so I understand the value of public/private partnerships, and I try to apply that thinking to the things that I'm involved with at Francis Marion because I think that's a model that can be replicated. And they do a fine job of partnering with industry in the Pee Dee, so a lot of similarities, and I just try to lend my experience when I feel like it can help in that area. SENATOR PEELER: Senator Alexander, did you have a question? SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I just wanted to clarify the fact that having been on the board for a few years and appreciate your service. How would you classify your ability to be involved at the university during that period of time as far as attending board meetings and functions from that standpoint? MR. BRYSON: If I'm not mistaken, I have perfect attendance at all of our board meetings, and I have attended all commencement exercises with the exception of one, if I'm not mistaken. And I really enjoy the commencement exercises where the students and the families are there for the graduation. It is a real honor to be a part of that ceremony twice a year. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you, sir. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. SENATOR PEELER: Mr. Scott, did you have an additional question? SENATOR SCOTT: Yes, sir. There was an article this morning in the paper that talks about the teacher shortage. Tell me a little bit about your teaching program and the contribution that you, as a board member, can get the school to make to help us make up the teacher shortage. MR. BRYSON: I think we need to continue to focus on raising awareness of the -- of Francis Marion University statewide and really make certain that we're making any student who might be interested in their excellent education program, making them aware of that and bringing those opportunities to the school in terms of new student enrollment. So I think they do a nice job with that program. I haven't been directly involved with that in my first term, but I do think it's headed in the right direction from all the reports that I've received. SENATOR SCOTT: I was going to ask you, were there any incentive programs that you have. If not, I think you clarified you haven't been on long enough and in looking at the next go around -- MR. BRYSON: I'll try to keep an eye on that. SENATOR SCOTT: -- try to focus on that. MR. BRYSON: Yes. SENATOR SCOTT: That's going to be a major issue for the college and universities. Thank you so much. MR. BRYSON: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Representative Whitmire. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Welcome, Mr. Bryson. MR. BRYSON: Thank you. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I want to commend you and your fellow board members on emphasis on instate first. I wish we could say that about every one of our schools, but we can't. What is your graduation rate? Do you have any idea on that? MR. BRYSON: I believe I have that note here. I know it's -- I know it's -- I know it's very good. I would have to get back to you on that. I just don't have that number off the top of my head at this time, but I do believe it's above average. But I apologize, I just don't have that specific number in my notes here. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Okay. That's fine. I guess speaking from having two liberal arts daughters who graduated from instate schools and having to struggle to find a job. They had to go back and get their masters and so forth. Do you feel like Francis Marion prepares these young people once they do graduate to go out into the real world? MR. BRYSON: I do. I graduated from an instate school with a liberal arts degree, so I understand. It can be difficult. I was a political science major, and there aren't a lot of job openings for political scientists out there. I think what our graduates receive is excellent communications training, and I think what I hear in my daily work is that employers, industry, technology companies, they're all looking for students who can communicate, write well, speak, understand how to write contracts and communicate in all different types of business matters. I think Francis Marion is doing a good job, and then we're adding some preprofessional and professional programs that allow the students to take that liberal arts, I guess, foundation and funnel that or really move that into more of a professional program like our new school of health sciences, for example. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Okay. Thank you. MR. BRYSON: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Mr. Bryson, you mentioned school of health sciences. Is there an effort at Francis Marion to create a new med school at Francis Marion? MR. BRYSON: Not to my knowledge, Mr. Chairman. The school of health sciences includes the nursing school, the nursing program, the clinical psychology program, and a physician assistant program. Trying to meet specific needs in the state's health care industry. SENATOR PEELER: We have several candidates from the Medical University coming after you. Would that be a duplication of what you're doing now or trying to do? MR. BRYSON: I don't believe so. I think Dr. Carter and his staff have been very strategic about trying to identify those areas that would support the healthcare industry and the medical community. Such as having good, qualified trained nurses who will stay instate and work in our area hospitals. The physician assistant program I think is another similar type of program where you're providing trained professionals who can help our medical doctors, you know, be more productive and have more success with their patients. So I think it's looking for those niches and trying to produce graduates who can fill those needs as that industry grows. SENATOR PEELER: You view it more as a partnership and not a competition? MR. BRYSON: I do. I believe it's a partnership, yes, sir. SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions or comments? What's the desire of the committee? SENATOR SCOTT: Favorable report. SENATOR PEELER: Is there a second? SENATOR HAYES: Second. SENATOR PEELER: All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) Opposed, no. And the ayes have it. Thank you. We appreciate your willingness to serve. MR. BRYSON: Thank you very much. I really appreciate your time today. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. And while the folks are here, I want to thank you for coming back. I know most of you, if not all of you, were here before, but we were locked down on some issues on the floor of the Senate and couldn't make it. So I surely do appreciate you coming back, and we'll note that as a star. Thank you. Next, Medical University of South Carolina. First up, Michael Stavrinakis. Charleston, 1st Congressional District lay member. MR. STAVRINAKIS: Good evening. SENATOR PEELER: Good afternoon. For the record, if you would give us your full name. MR. STAVRINAKIS: Michael Stavrinakis. SENATOR PEELER: Let me swear you in. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MR. STAVRINAKIS: I do. SENATOR PEELER: Would you like to make a brief statement? MR. STAVRINAKIS: I would first like to thank you for coming in on a Monday. I know it is tough for you guys, and I was working with Julie on this day. My wife is expecting a baby here in a couple of weeks. So I was like don't do it during her due date, but I appreciate you working through that. As a resident of Charleston, MUSC is such a woven part of the community and to serve on it is just an absolute honor. They give so much not only to the whole state but to the community of Charleston, and for me to be able to give back, I'm just honored, honored to do it. Senator Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Good afternoon, sir. As well as I asked earlier, being on the board, and of course, I know you are in the Charleston area, but still I would like for the record to have some feel for your involvement and participation in the events there at the Medical University of South Carolina. MR. STAVRINAKIS: Yes, sir. I volunteer on a lot of subcommittees. I've made it clear to Dr. Cole, Dr. Cawley, Mr. Sweatman that any time that they need a board member at any event in Charleston to please call on me. I'm a short drive away. I'm anxious to serve. I'm just as excited today to serve if you give me that opportunity as I was three years ago. I have had a nearly perfect attendance record. I missed half of a meeting, a half of a day. My daughter was riding in the equestrian regional finals in Atlanta, and I got permission from our chairman to take a half day off, so I did that and drove my daughter to Atlanta. I'm very honored to serve on a lot of subcommittees, including the Diversity and Inclusion Committee with Anton Gunn and the team that Dr. Cole has put together. I think that MUSC has done a huge, huge increase in effort to satisfy the diversity and inclusion needs of the state. SENATOR ALEXANDER: One other question, if I could, Mr. Chairman. SENATOR PEELER: Certainly. SENATOR ALEXANDER: You mention here basically what the cost is for instate students. Do you have a comparison? Have you all looked at that from the standpoint of other states to see where we compare? Are we about where the other states are, or are we low, high? MR. STAVRINAKIS: I think we're either -- on the medical side, I think we're either in line or a touch above in some cases. On the dental school, we're probably very high. But I think we're in line as far as the medical college goes. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. SENATOR PEELER: Mr. Whitmire. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Thank you. Following up on what Senator Alexander said, why is the dental school higher than the medical school? That doesn't make any sense to me. MR. STAVRINAKIS: I think there's a funding issue for the dental school. We have some debt. It's the only dental school in the state, and tuition is about the only way we can -- hopefully, the Senate will help us with some of our dental school debt coming up this year. I'm sure it's been requested by Mr. Sweatman and the team. I think that has a lot to do with it the way the dental school was put together. There was anticipation of a bond bill that kind of didn't happen, and we just got stuck with a lot of debt. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I remember that. Now I understand when doctors say, you know, heck, I've got to pay off all my debts. MR. STAVRINAKIS: It is expensive to educate medically. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: That's just tuition, that's not counting everything else you have going on. You could be talking 3- or 400,000 almost. MR. STAVRINAKIS: By the time you graduate, yes, sir. SENATOR PEELER: Senator Hayes. SENATOR HAYES: Just very briefly, there was some talk about doing some programs in common with College of Charleston. Is there anything moving on that? MR. STAVRINAKIS: I think that Dr. Cole and Senator McConnell have a lot of dialogue about putting some things together. I'm not sure where they are. It kind of just came up in our last meeting. There was nothing really significant to report. I think there's more of a chance of some collaboration with Clemson going on between the two presidents and the deans at this point. SENATOR HAYES: Okay. SENATOR PEELER: Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: You mentioned the diversity program. Tell us about what's going on in your diversity program, what your numbers actually look like as it relates to minority students. MR. STAVRINAKIS: Yes, sir. We have a very good minority presentation, and our college of medicine is either -- I won't give you the wrong stat, but it's either at the top or very close to the top in African American male graduation of any college in the country outside of a predominantly black college. So Dr. Cole and Anton Gunn have put together a tremendous, aggressive program. SENATOR SCOTT: So what are your percentages? MR. STAVRINAKIS: I'm not real sure the percentages on the college side. I know on the hospital side, as far as employment, it is over 30 percent, which is basically in line with the county. I can't tell you the exact number on the college side, but it's pretty good. SENATOR SCOTT: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions, comments? SENATOR SCOTT: Favorable report. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Second. SENATOR PEELER: All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) Opposed, no. And the ayes have it. Thank you so much. MR. STAVRINAKIS: Thank you for your time. SENATOR PEELER: Next is William Bingham from Cayce. Incumbent 2nd Congressional District lay member. Good afternoon, sir. MR. BINGHAM: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. SENATOR PEELER: For the record, if you would give us your name. MR. BINGHAM: My name is William Harold Bingham Sr. SENATOR PEELER: Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MR. BINGHAM: I do sir. SENATOR PEELER: Would you like to make a brief statement. MR. BINGHAM: Yes, sir. I want to thank you all for allowing me to serve on this board for 14 years. And I hope and trust that I can get your trust to allow me to serve four more years. I've been proud to serve on the Board of Trustees at MUSC since 2002, working to make the University of South Carolina a university the state of South Carolina would be proud of. After more than a decade of leadership, I have helped to grow and expand the mission of MUSC. I worked to create a ten-year master plan for the university as an engineer from 2006 to 2016. At present time, we are -- I'm in the process of working on another ten-year master plan that we can follow. I need to complete the rest of those projects, if I'm allowed to. And I can say that for the past 14 years, I have successfully mirrored the mission of MUSC's statement of changing what's possible. I look forward to continuing the mission for the future years if the board -- at your pleasure. SENATOR PEELER: Questions, comments from members of the committee. Senator Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Good afternoon. Good to see you. MR. BINGHAM: Thank you, sir. SENATOR ALEXANDER: A couple of things. For those years of service, would you characterize your time of attending board meetings, what kind of attendance record do you have during that time? MR. BINGHAM: Sir, I have a hundred percent attendance record, not only on the board of trustees but all the committee meetings and subcommittees that I have been on. I've been in a lot of -- helping with the -- as the people ask, I try not to interfere with any day-to-day operation, which is not my job as a trustee. However, if they need my assistance, I will volunteer and go do that. And during that past time, I have been chairman of the facility committee for the last 12 years of those 14. I've been vice chairman for the last three years or close to four years now as the Board of Trustees vice chairman. SENATOR ALEXANDER: One last question. During those years of service and you mentioned during your comments, what would you characterize as the biggest change that you've seen at MUSC? MR. BINGHAM: The entire campus, sir, because the first thing that when I went on board in trying to set up the master plan with all of the administrative staff, we set a master plan so that we could create a campus, one that you could go down to Charleston and recognize and make it understood that that institution is a statewide institution, located in Charleston. We respect all the Charleston rules, and we wanted to make sure that that happened. And so since then, you can see the new dental building has been built. The new art building has been built. The bioengineering building has been built, the discovery building. All of those are buildings that have enhanced the university, and it has made us be way up higher than we were when I first went on there as far as nationally recognized. I'm not sure of the numbers, but we are recognized in the NIH higher than we have ever been before. And that is accomplishment, not only you allowing us to do what we've done but allowing us to make yet one of the best places that a person needing medical can come as far as the students we graduate. We graduate with a high number of -- well, all of our medical students just about graduate. Almost a hundred percent of who we accept graduate. I don't have that specific number, but that's what we've been told during our period of time. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you, sir. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. SENATOR PEELER: Senator Hayes. SENATOR HAYES: Thank you, sir. I appreciate your service. I was wondering in the next plan, do you anticipate any of the programs at MUSC expanding because of demand, not only demand about students getting in the programs but also demand in hospitals and medical providers for people that have those qualifications? Do you anticipate anything expanding? MR. BINGHAM: We're trying to, sir, but you -- in the medical field, if we don't have a residency spot, we can't accept them because we've got so many medical schools opening up that don't have a place in order to give them residencies. And when they get through with the debt they have with the schools they've got, they can't find residencies, so they don't have an income in order to pay off the debt they got. SENATOR HAYES: I understand, but I was talking mainly about some others such as occupational therapy, physical therapy, things of this sort, some of those related healthcare professionals other than medical or dental students that may not have any type of residency. MR. BINGHAM: Yes, sir. I think we're graduating all of the ones we can right now. We've got application -- we've got about 10 to 1 applications received to acceptance because we don't have the places to do it. We don't have the facilities to do it. And the facilities we've expanded is the improvement and make us be where we're at today, which is a lot further along than we have in a ten-year master plan we got. We're trying to do the Shawn Jenkins Hospital, the Women's Pavilion and Children's Pavilion Hospital. And we just finished up the art, which was art within the first plan. And we've got phase 3 for art, which is scheduled in the next ten years. But to graduate people in the fields you've just mentioned, it takes more than just adding numbers, and our present president, Dr. Cole, is doing all he can right now. He understands that, and we're working very close with him in trying to make sure that happens. So the plan is being done now for the next ten years, and so I mean, we've got a lot of people working on that issue. SENATOR HAYES: All right. SENATOR PEELER: Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: Thank you, Mr. Bingham, for the 14 years that you've served on this board. Tell me about your long-range plan. Does it increase the number of students, more of diverse students coming in? You've had a chance in 14 years to see a lot of different things. MR. BINGHAM: Yeah. SENATOR SCOTT: Share with me how that works within the plan, especially with the issues we're having with rural hospitals and rural hospital closings for lack of doctors. MR. BINGHAM: I don't want to give you the wrong impression, but from what I understand from where we've been and where we're at now, we have steadily went up on the diversity part of it. And we have set up a direct plan now with the people that my predecessor just spoke of that we're doing all we can in order to make the diversity part of it happen as far as percentagewise, as far as trying to keep the debt down that they've got to pay to go and that kind of stuff. SENATOR SCOTT: Okay. SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions? Representatives Whitmire. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Thank you. Welcome, Mr. Bingham. MR. BINGHAM: Thank you, sir. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: First off, I'm going to say, I'm going to miss Kenny. He's been an outstanding member of the House, and I've served with him on Ways and Means for quite a number of years. And so we'll miss him. MR. BINGHAM: Thank you, sir. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I like what you said about how to improve MUSC, align education programs with the state and economic needs. MR. BINGHAM: Yes, sir. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Can you expand a little bit on that for me and tell me what you have in mind. That would under your -- I forgot where it is. I saw it under bullet points, so I don't know. MR. BINGHAM: Yes, sir, that's what I was looking at because at my age, you want to make sure you look at the right spot so you concentrate on the right item. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I got you. MR. BINGHAM: What areas I think the college and universities can improve, is that what you said? REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Yeah, how to improve MUSC, and you said somewhere align education programs with the state's economic needs beginning a B.S. in health care studies. MR. BINGHAM: Yes, sir. Well, that's the -- B.S. in health care studies would be trying to work with the people that the gentleman over here I think while ago asked about what we're doing with the College of Charleston, is that right now the Bachelor of Science degrees, if I'm staying on the right question you asked, is that the College of Charleston, I think they can't issue a basic -- they have a bachelor of arts. Am I not correct on that, sir? REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I don't know. MR. BINGHAM: I think I'm correct on that. But that's why we went to Clemson University because they can issue a Bachelor of Science, in other words. And so the medical school has to have certain prerequisite courses, and so we don't want to get into doing that. We want to be able to split the work with either Clemson, USC, College of Charleston, whoever provides those undergraduate degrees. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: You want to partner with these other schools? MR. BINGHAM: Yes, sir. We've been trying that. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Do you think it has worked so far? MR. BINGHAM: Well, if I might say, you have to -- let me see if I'll say it right without embarrassing or saying something about somebody else that's misunderstood. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: As long as it's not Clemson, go ahead. MR. BINGHAM: You have people that try to protect their turf. I'll use that word. You call it silos, if you want, and we're trying to break down silos. I recognize as a board member that the University of -- the Medical University of South Carolina is located in Charleston. However, it is a statewide place. That's why you elect people from all over the state to make sure that that institution receives and collaborates with all other schools in the state that we support. And so as my part of the Medical University, I have tried -- my whole experience has been as a professional engineer doing buildings as far as planning and running a business of my own, is trying to do one thing: Give my time and energy to better serve the state of South Carolina in my days after I retire, so to speak. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Okay. Thank you, sir. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Mr. Bingham, I've been told that employee morale has improved significantly in recent years. Have you found that to be the case? MR. BINGHAM: Yes, sir. Yes, sir. At MUSC, I'm speaking of, yes, sir. SENATOR PEELER: Yes. MR. BINGHAM: Yes, sir. SENATOR PEELER: Good. Any other questions? Comments? What's the desire of the committee? SENATOR HAYES: Favorable report. SENATOR SCOTT: Second. SENATOR PEELER: All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) Opposed, no. And the ayes have it. Thank you, Mr. Bingham. MR. BINGHAM: Thank you, sir. SENATOR PEELER: Next we have Charles Schulze. Greenwood, 3rd Congressional lay member. MR. SCHULZE: Good afternoon. SENATOR PEELER: Good afternoon, sir. If you would say your name. MR. SCHULZE: My name is Charles Warren Schulze. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you, sir. Let me swear you in. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God. MR. SCHULZE: I do. SENATOR PEELER: Would you like to make a brief statement. MR. SCHULZE: Mike, Mr. Bingham and I, we came on the board at the same time in 2002. I've had 14 years on the board. Of those 14, 13 of those have been as the chairman of the finance committee, as a CPA. That's my expertise. I have no expertise in the medical area, but I'm a good listener, and I've learned a lot about medicine. But in those 14 years, I think the thing that I've helped with and improved is we have completely revamped our accounting and reporting system, and we can now -- we now have a better handle on the finances. As you can imagine, when I first came on that board, we had an800-million budget and today the enterprise is over $2.2 billion. So it was a good thing we revised it in the nick of name before we had that tremendous growth. So I've enjoyed those 14 years, and I hope to have a few more to serve the Medical University of South Carolina. SENATOR PEELER: Questions, comments. Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: Mr. Schulze, thank you for your service and for your time. MR. SCHULZE: Yes, sir. SENATOR SCOTT: You said you revised the system. You want to tell me a little bit about what you did. The revision, is it on the intake of grants and scholarships and that kind of issue or is it just a basic financial, part of financial management of the school within itself? MR. SCHULZE: Senator Scott, it was primarily the management of the finances. We had -- as an enterprise at large, you can imagine, we probably had three or four different systems floating around. This department did something one way and another reported a different way, but we got a better handle on that. We do a much better job of what I call cost accounting. We know now everybody gets their fair share of the utility bill, those type things, so we now know where we -- I don't want to use the word make money, but where we're not losing money. And it's -- and we can identify that in a very accurate manner, and that's been huge given the way we've grown. SENATOR SCOTT: You talk a little bit about your budgeting and accounting that you did also. I'm pretty sure you either did an indirect cost proposal or you did some kind of a sharing proposal, but also when it came down to the actual budgeting and budgeting forecast now you have gained more control departmental wise in terms of how the spending was actually taking place. MR. SCHULZE: Senator Scott, we were decentralized. SENATOR SCOTT: Okay. MR. SCHULZE: As you know, an enterprise that big cannot afford to be decentralized. We have become much more centralized, much more formal. We can make decisions much better than we ever could in the past because we have a real numbers and real profitability to back that up. SENATOR SCOTT: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. SENATOR PEELER: Senator Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Good afternoon. Good to see you again. MR. SCHULZE: Good to see you, sir. SENATOR ALEXANDER: I appreciate your continued service and willingness to continue to serve. And if you could really, I guess two questions in one as far as -- and I know this is a busy time of year for you. MR. SCHULZE: Yes. I'm going back to work when I leave here. SENATOR ALEXANDER: We appreciate you being here. But your involvement at MUSC, what do you see on the horizon briefly? MR. SCHULZE: And I know you've asked this question in a little bit different way, but I've been very involved. Out of approximately 84 board meetings and probably another 30 or 40 committee meetings, I've missed one meeting in that time. I've been very involved. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Good. MR. SCHULZE: I believe -- we have a real working board. We don't have an executive committee. Everybody's in it together. That's by design. We're not bashful when it comes to asking new members to jump in and do things. It takes a good bit of time, but, you know, people seem to find that time. I can't recall anybody consistently not showing up, the board members to meetings and not showing up for committee meetings and such. We've got a real -- let me just put it this way. It's the best board I've ever served on, and I've been on a lot of boards in 40 something years. SENATOR ALEXANDER: I appreciate that comment. That's a great vote of confidence there. Thank you, sir. SENATOR PEELER: Representative Whitmire. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Thank you. Welcome, sir. MR. SCHULZE: Thank you. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: First off, I just want to make a statement. Thank you for your service to our country. MR. SCHULZE: Thank you, sir. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I noticed that we're kind of in the same generation. MR. SCHULZE: Yes, sir. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: And you were Air Force and I was Army. I was a little luckier than you, so thank you. MR. SCHULZE: I'd do it again, sir. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Me, too. The satellite campuses, tell me a little bit about -- since I'm close to Anderson, about this AnMed third- and fourth-year program, if you don't mind. MR. SCHULZE: That's a great introduction. I know you've asked some of these other folks about adding PA schools and med schools. It's a real issue. You can add all the med schools and all the PA schools and all the nurse practitioner programs, but you're not going to gain a whole lot in the end because those folks have to have residencies plus clinical rotations. And the reason AnMed branch campus is out there is because we ran out of spaces for clinical rotation on campus. I mean, you can imagine, I mean, we're the second largest hospital, but it takes patients and doctors and with the number of students, we could not grow anymore without expanding outward. And this is pretty much a trend across the United States that you're starting to see right now. But the problem, the real problem is when you see these new medical schools, the number of residencies are governed not by the state but by the fed. By the GME, the graduate medical education levels. Those numbers have not changed since 1990 I think '6, so they there are no new residency slots out there. So if you allow additional med schools to come online, a big problem is where are they going to go when they graduate? You're starting to see some graduates coming out this year or next year, and it's a real issue. It's going to put a burden on a lot of hospitals that are connected or affiliated with these medical universities because they're going to have to fund residency slots, which are going to cost them about$80,000 a year. So on the one hand, we need more doctors. On the other hand, we have a real impediment of getting those doctors to where they can pay off debt through the residency slots. You know, it's a real dilemma, and as we expand these programs in the state, there are a few good things that come from it, but, you know, what are you going to tell that student at the end of the four years when he has $300,000 worth of debt and can't get a residency slot? REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: You got any ideas on what to do about this problem? MR. SCHULZE: We had board meetings last week, and this came up. You know, it is looking more and more like -- and we do it also, because we don't have enough slots in Charleston, is we're going to have to start funding more and more residency slots so, you know, and that's not going to come from state dollars. We've been through -- I've been on this thing 14 years and where we were getting$110 million a year down to 40 million as the financial crisis hit. So, you know, that's not something -- that's not a high priority, I don't think right now, with the state. So it's going to have to come from the institutions and their foundations or whatever they can find. But it's a problem, so ... REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: And I'm assuming if we don't come through with more money, the price of tuition could go up also. MR. SCHULZE: You know, that's a good question, but I don't think necessarily. We just voted on our increases, and I think most all of them were zero. I know med school was zero, and maybe one or two had a 2 to 3 percent increase, but, you know, you just got to find new ways to bring in revenue. And one of our biggest ways is our practice plan in our hospital. Those have turned out pretty good. But our hospital is a -- let me use the right word, it does more than its fair share for indigent and charity care than any other hospital in the state and makes it tougher on us because our margin that we could use to help alleviate some of these problems isn't there. Where a Greenville or a Columbia hospital system might make a margin of 6 or 7, 8 percent, you know, we're lucky to get a couple percent out of it, that it even shows up. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Speaking of your hospital, I will give you some kudos. I've had several colleagues who had to go down to the hospital and they've come back with nothing but rave renews. MR. SCHULZE: Thank you. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I've instructed my wife, even though I'm 250 miles away, if something happens to me, come on down to the hospital. MR. SCHULZE: Same here, sir. SENATOR PEELER: Good. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Favorable report. SENATOR PEELER: The motion is a favorable report. SENATOR SCOTT: Second. SENATOR PEELER: All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) Opposed, no. And the ayes have it. Let's let you get back to work. We need the money. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Well said. SENATOR PEELER: Next is David Mitchell from Spartanburg. 4th Congressional medical member. Dr. Mitchell, good afternoon. DR. MITCHELL: Good afternoon. SENATOR PEELER: For the record, if you will give us your full name. DR. MITCHELL: Michael David Mitchell. SENATOR PEELER: Let me swear you in. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God? DR. MITCHELL: I do. SENATOR PEELER: Would you like to make a brief statement on why you would like to serve? DR. MITCHELL: Yes. Thank you. I attended medical school at MUSC and finished my orthopedic residency at MUSC. I would be proud to be able to give back to the university that has given me so much. I feel that I have a lot to offer in terms of leadership roles in statewide medical societies and my experience from being on the DHEC board. I also live and work in the District 4. This is the area of the state up in Greenville/Spartanburg that presently has two new medical schools. I feel that District 4 would have an improved relationship with MUSC and those new medical schools as well as the physicians in this area. Also, over the past ten years I've been able to form an orthopedic research spine group that has formed a company. We've been through research and development and have developed some products for the orthopedic industry, and that's an area that I'm very proud to see Dr. Cole look at and improve MUSC as the foundation for research and development. And I look forward to being a part of that as well as their continued clinical expertise. Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Questions or comments? Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: Dr. Mitchell, tell me a little bit about being able to recruit young students to become doctors who are interested in rural medicine. What has been your experience as a board member, what plan or strategy has the board implemented to do that? DR. MITCHELL: I have not been on the board before, but I think a very big part of getting physicians in to medical school is the tuition price. The medical schools in my area are much higher in cost, and we need to keep that cost down or have a way of paying them back if they go into an area that needs physicians that's not normally very well populated. That would be an area that I think that the state and the medical school could look at, is how to keep the cost down or has some type of reimbursement for those students. SENATOR SCOTT: Okay. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Senator Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you. A couple of things. Your interest in seeking the board, is there anything in your profession -- obviously, if you've been on the DHEC board, you had to attend meetings. But have you looked at the schedule as far as your ability to be engaged in meeting those responsibilities if you were selected? DR. MITCHELL: I've talked to some of the board members. I grew up with a uncle that was on the MUSC board, so from my teenage years, I've heard about the board day in and day out. And I think I would be very available. You know, I learned that from the DHEC board. I understand the meetings are every other month, but certainly, if they were every month or there was a working board, I could certainly clear my own schedule. I'm in the private practice of medicine, so I can arrange my schedule a little bit more than somebody who is working for somebody. SENATOR ALEXANDER: One of your -- thank you. One of your questions here, you're talking about obviously strong educational advances and excellent research and talking about the Piedmont and mountain regions where obviously there is underserved areas from the physician standpoint. You're talking about collaboration from that. Is there a model that's out there that you're aware of that you would look to from that standpoint? DR. MITCHELL: The model has been the reimbursement for some of the expenses. If they come out of medical school with a debt of, you know, $200,000 over 25 years, at 6 to 7 percent, they're paying over half a million dollars for that education. If we could somehow use the model that's been used to help reimburse people like the -- some of the Indian reservations, you were able to go to an Indian reservation and they would help you pay off some of your tuition debt. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Representative McLeod has a question. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: Hi, Dr. Mitchell. I see that you referenced the diversity of out-of-state students coming in to MUSC through regional and cultural, well, the differences that they bring to the university. DR. MITCHELL: Yes. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: What is your perspective on the -- what is the diversity of the student population currently, do you know? DR. MITCHELL: I believe the instate is 70 percent or so, and the minority students I believe were classified at approximately 22 percent. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: Okay. Is there an effort to increase diversity within the Medical University? DR. MITCHELL: Not being on the board, I don't know that for sure, but I know that when I was there and the people I've talked to, there is an effort always, some special programs, some special recruitment techniques for all types of students and even residents that are looking for people to make MUSC a very diverse, very inclusive campus. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: Your reference to diversity just caught my attention when you referenced out-of-state students and the diversity they bring because of the cultural and regional differences, so I just thought I would ask that question. DR. MITCHELL: Okay. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: I want to expand on that, are you talking about students from other countries who come to the United States to go to school? Are you talking about different nationalities of students? What group when you talk about out-of-state communities with the university or just minority students in general? DR. MITCHELL: In this instance I was speaking mainly of minority students in general. SENATOR SCOTT: Okay. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. SENATOR PEELER: Questions, comments? What's the desire of the committee? SENATOR SCOTT: Favorable report. SENATOR PEELER: The motion is a favorable report. Second? SENATOR ALEXANDER: Second. SENATOR PEELER: All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) Opposed, no. And the ayes have it. Thank you for your willingness to serve. DR. MITCHELL: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Next we have Charles Thomas. Greenville, 4th Congressional medical member. Incumbent. Good afternoon, sir. DR. THOMAS: Good afternoon. SENATOR PEELER: For the record, state your full name. DR. THOMAS: Charles Branham Thomas Jr. SENATOR PEELER: Let me swear you in. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God? DR. THOMAS: I do. SENATOR PEELER: Would you like to make a brief statement? DR. THOMAS: Yes, sir. I've served on the Medical University board 4th Congressional District medical position. This is my 20th year now. Every time I come to the screening I get asked that. In that particular year, it was in '97, the Balanced Budget Act, which put enormous pressure on our finances and of course the ACA, Obama Care. Currently this year, the big thing we got going is try to get the Shawn Jenkins Women's and Children's Hospital funded. We have$25 million from you all, and we also got $25 million from Mr. Jenkins, which allowed us to get our HUD loan. That was a down payment on that. So the cost of the hospital is additionally was$450 million. Now it's a \$480 million, you know how those things go. So we still have a pretty steep hill to climb here. I'm chairman of the development committee, so we've been working furiously and feverishly to get this money raised so we can build this 260-bed facility for the children and women of this state. If you ask the -- well, you can't ask other people that come forward, but if you ask the people that are down there, it takes 8, 10, 12, 15 years to get up to speed. It's a very big organization. For example, there's over 37 advisory boards down there, so it takes a long time to get your finger on the pulse and find out where the skeletons are buried. I served as the chairman of the board from 2006 to 2010, and so I do have -- I'm part of the institutional memory, the collective memory of this institution that is so necessary in something that's big and this diverse. So I think that's what I bring to the table, is that. SENATOR PEELER: Representative Whitmire has a question. I'm looking at the bullet points that are provided to us, and it says under credit report address discrepancy, saying an address was Awendaw. Can you tell us for the record where you live. DR. THOMAS: Yes, sir. I live in Greenville, South Carolina. I have an apartment in Greenville. I also have a farm in Laurens County where I pay 4 percent and also agricultural tax on that. I have a vacation home in Awendaw where I pay 6 percent. I have those documents, if you would like to see it. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Awendaw, is that the way you pronounce it? DR. THOMAS: Yes, sir. It's about ten miles north of Wild Dunes Marina on the waterway. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I have seen it when I've gone up toward McClellanville. DR. THOMAS: It's a state of mind. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Yeah. Okay. So you are Greenville? DR. THOMAS: Yes, sir. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Just to get that cleared up. That's all I wanted to ask you. Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Senator Scott has a question. SENATOR SCOTT: Thank you first for your 20 years of service. You made a comment about Obama Care, which is the Affordable Care Act is what you're talking about, that it has weighed in heavily on the school or health care. I didn't quite catch all of the comment, all of your comment. And if so, tell me how it's done that. DR. THOMAS: Well, the way it impacted us was we had a lot more people who were insured and it put tremendous stress on the system. You know, it also helped the system to some degree because people who heretofore weren't insured have now become insured. But what I meant when I said that was that the increase in demands on the system by virtue of an increase number of patients. SENATOR SCOTT: Okay. Tell me, you've been here long enough to watch your diversity program grow as well. Tell me what's been the key to being able to drive more minority students to come to -- DR. THOMAS: Mentoring at an early age. That's how you get them in there. You can't go to them when they're in college and -- SENATOR SCOTT: Mentoring an early age. DR. THOMAS: Yeah. SENATOR SCOTT: High school or -- DR. THOMAS: Or earlier. Earlier. SENATOR SCOTT: You all have an outreach program that's doing it in the high school? DR. THOMAS: No, we don't. SENATOR SCOTT: Tell me what the college is doing to promote its diversity program for minority students to be able to come -- who want to come to MUSC. DR. THOMAS: Right. As somebody pointed out, the diversity inclusion has expanded greatly under the leadership of Dr. Cole. These are the statistics. There have been some numbers banted around here. But the numbers are 25 percent minority, of which approximately 13 or 14 percent are African American, a lesser percentage are Asian American, and then the rest of them are different nationalities. The Medical University of South Carolina is in the top 10 of medical schools in this country for graduating black males which is no lean feat. SENATOR SCOTT: African-American males, correct. DR. THOMAS: Yes. Yes. And so there's been a lot of attention paid to that, a lot of time and money spent on that, which has paid off. Our efforts have paid off in that respect. SENATOR SCOTT: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Senator Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Good afternoon. Good to see you, sir. You mentioned you had a time that you were chairman, and obviously, that takes a lot of your time, and I'm sure you had attendance there. Since that period of time, how would you characterize your involvement with MUSC during your tenure on the board since -- DR. THOMAS: It's been extensive. In the 20 years, I missed one meeting for a death. I'm currently retired, and I do short-term medical missionary work. I just returned from the Dominican Republic, and I am going in May to West Africa. I try to do three or four of those a year. So other than my travels, I have ample time to devote to the Medical University, and I do. What is the biggest achievement do you think during that 20 years at MUSC? DR. THOMAS: Well, you know, diversity would have to be one of them. 20 years ago, you know, you didn't see African-Americans down there -- African-Americans down there. So that would be at the top of the list. The expansion of the physical plant, as Mr. Bingham listed, and all the new buildings that we have built down there. And the synergy and the energy that's been developed down there. Twenty years ago, we were still a fairly sleepy little medical school in South Carolina. Now we're at the top quartile. In most of the metrics, we're top third in NIH funding I believe this year, and that's -- you know, which puts us in the top 50 medical schools, and that's come from way down the line. We were 120 or 130 something like that. So there's been a lot of stuff going on down there. It started with Ray Greenberg, and now David Cole is a different kind of guy but he's just dynamic, just as committed, and I see a continuing pace. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you, sir. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Hearing none, what's the desire of the committee? SENATOR ALEXANDER: Favorable report. SENATOR PEELER: A motion for a favorable report. Second? SENATOR SCOTT: Second. SENATOR PEELER: All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) Opposed, no. And the ayes have it. Thank you, Doctor. DR. THOMAS: Thank you. I appreciate it. SENATOR PEELER: Next is Barbara Johnson-Williams from Orangeburg. 6th Congressional lay member. First off, I like that orange jacket. It reminds me of the Tigers. For the record, if you could give us your full name. MS. JOHNSON-WILLIAMS: My name is Barbara Johnson-Williams. SENATOR PEELER: If you will, let me swear you in. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? MS. JOHNSON-WILLIAMS: Yes, I do. SENATOR PEELER: Would you like to make a brief statement? MS. JOHNSON-WILLIAMS: First of all, thank you all for allowing me to serve the last three years. I have truly enjoyed being a part of such a great institution. I am still a neophyte, so still learning some of the things that are going on with the institution. And hopefully, I'll be around -- I'm not sure if it's 14 or 20 years, as some of the others, but be around long enough to help make a difference with within the community and the state as well. SENATOR PEELER: Good. Thank you. Senator Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you. And good afternoon. It's nice to see you today. MS. JOHNSON-WILLIAMS: Thank you. MS. JOHNSON-WILLIAMS: I, too, as some of the others, have been given a chance to serve on some of the other subcommittees. SENATOR ALEXANDER: And your attendance, I mean, is it 90 percent, a hundred percent, 75 percent? What would be your -- how would you describe -- MS. JOHNSON-WILLIAMS: If you could -- SENATOR ALEXANDER: The board meetings. MS. JOHNSON-WILLIAMS: I would say a hundred percent with the exception of one time we could not get there because of, I think it was ice or snow. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Sure. MS. JOHNSON-WILLIAMS: A storm we had a couple of years ago. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Okay. Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Representative Whitmire. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I was looking at your bullet points, and you're saying the biggest weakness -- I mean, I'm sorry -- talking about tuition is not reasonable for moderate-to-low income families. I couldn't agree with you more, but how would MUSC go about bringing in, you know, folks who are of limited means, so to speak? They already get scholarships, I'm assuming. MS. JOHNSON-WILLIAMS: Well, I guess in order to attract more, as pertains to funding, would probably come more from you all. You say that we now get scholarships to help with that, so I would presume more fundings coming from this level. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Well, you know, Senator Scott mentioned earlier about, you know, the offering, you know, forgiveness on student loans as far as education, in the public education field in the schools. I wonder if there might be something that we could look at in order to have people of limited income, say, in poverty areas, if they're going to become doctors, may be willing to go back into those areas where they obviously are needed. Just a thought. I don't know if that's something that could possibly be done or not. MS. JOHNSON-WILLIAMS: I would concur with that. I think in some areas wherein you may have those who may have graduated, if they're willing to go back to rural areas and work and maybe their loans are forgiven, that too could probably -- that would help the college. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: That seems to be an underlying theme to the whole state. Industry won't come to the poverty areas until you get the educated people in there, and they're not going to come until you have the jobs. So it is kind of like the chicken and the egg. It is very difficult to get movement in to these high-poverty areas. It's kind of a real slow process, it seems like, unfortunately, whether it's medical or public education or what. It's just my little soliloquy there. I noticed that you belong to the National Association of Elementary and Secondary Administrators. Were you a principal at one time? MS. JOHNSON-WILLIAMS: No. I was in special education. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Were you? MS. JOHNSON-WILLIAMS: Yes. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I was in education myself. My wife was in special education, teachers starting out. I appreciate what you did in that field. MS. JOHNSON-WILLIAMS: Thank you. MS. JOHNSON-WILLIAMS: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Representative McLeod has a question. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: Thank you. MS. JOHNSON-WILLIAMS: Thank you. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: I want to ask you a couple of questions actually. The first is, are you the only woman on the board? MS. JOHNSON-WILLIAMS: No. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: Okay. And are you the only African-American on the board? MS. JOHNSON-WILLIAMS: No, there are two. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: Okay. There are two. The second question -- well, the third question then is, I see that you have recommended partnerships within public education to increase diversity and in positions of authority. Are you aware of any partnerships or opportunities or plans to implement something like that? I think that's a great idea, but I see that you're from Orangeburg and I was just curious about whether that is currently being implemented or is that something that you would just recommend or propose that the board look into doing when it comes to partnerships and mentorships? MS. JOHNSON-WILLIAMS: I'm sure there is some of that that's going on right now, and it is a proposal, would be a proposal as well. Because -- well, I'm retired and I went back to work, and because I don't get a chance to get to Charleston as often as I did in the -- you know, would like to. Hopefully, I'll get a chance to go down and see some of the things that are going on and end up getting involved with those things. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: Right. But are you aware of any plans to implement these kind of initiatives, say, in Orangeburg or places like Orangeburg? I'm from small-town South Carolina, too, so I know the importance and value of, you know, kind of expanding that outreach. Is there an effort to do that in Orangeburg or in other smaller communities? MS. JOHNSON-WILLIAMS: Right now, that's what we are doing. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: That is what you are doing? MS. JOHNSON-WILLIAMS: Yeah, we have programs involved in the Orangeburg area wherein we do an outreach to the community because all persons are stakeholders as it pertains to -- when it comes to the educational system. We need the parents, we need the businesses, industry, and so forth. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: Okay. What age groups are you targeting? MS. JOHNSON-WILLIAMS: High school. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: Okay. And are you seeing any benefits? I know I'm asking a lot of questions, but each time you respond I think of something else. MS. JOHNSON-WILLIAMS: Yes. I think we are making some inroads, yes. REPRESENTATIVE MCLEOD: Okay. Thank you very much. SENATOR PEELER: Good. What's the desire of the committee? SENATOR SCOTT: Favorable report. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Second. SENATOR PEELER: The motion is a favorable report. All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) Opposed, no. And the ayes have it. Thank you very much. MS. JOHNSON-WILLIAMS: Thank you. Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Next we have Conyers O'Bryan. Florence, 7th Congressional medical member. Good afternoon. DR. O'BRYAN: Thank you, sir. SENATOR PEELER: For the record, if you could give us your full name, not that we don't know. DR. O'BRYAN: Edward Conyers O'Bryan Jr. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you, sir. Let me swear you in. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God? DR. O'BRYAN: I do. SENATOR PEELER: Did you find your way here okay? Over 40 years, I wonder how many times you have been here. Doctor of the day and so forth. DR. O'BRYAN: Lots of times. Yes, sir. SENATOR PEELER: Dr. O'Bryan, would you like to make a brief statement? DR. O'BRYAN: It's a continuing pleasure and an honor to serve as a trustee of the Medical University of South Carolina. Particularly, as it has continuously obtained and progressively so, international recognition. SENATOR PEELER: I feel like you ought to be asking us questions instead of us asking you, but any questions for Dr. O'Bryan? Senator Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you. I'm like you, I think he needs to be asking us the questions, and I'm confident that your distinguished service over all these years that you have been so involved in the university in so many different ways, the medical school, so I'm sure you're there for all the meetings. What do you -- and I saw under your questions the biggest weakness -- or biggest challenge, I guess, is the funding. Obviously, there's limited resources from that standpoint, so is the university being proactive in finding ways to make sure they're cutting costs as well as looking for additional funding? Being in business, there is only two ways, you need to sell more or you cut your cost. That's the only two ways I've found to make things work from that standpoint. Do you have any thoughts? DR. O'BRYAN: We've been very proactive, basically, learning to survive. When I first came on the board, we got 56 percent of our budget from the state. Now we're about 1.5 percent. So survival is dependent on us being totally proactive in those areas. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you. Thank you for your leadership from that standpoint. SENATOR PEELER: Senator Scott has a question. SENATOR SCOTT: Doctor, you've had the opportunity to work with a lot of different presidents, I guess all the way from Governor Edwards going to the president that you have. What would have been the difference in those presidents as it relates to the growth of the institution? And it relates to back to a comment that you made, the state became a lot leaner and put it upon the institution to find ways to fund itself. Styles of leadership, as well as knowledge based, and most of -- I think all your presidents in your tenure have been doctors. You want to elaborate a little bit on that, because you've had an upfront, close look at coming out of the medical field yourself and having a doctor who needs to both be a good manager, a good leader, and a good planner and create direction for the hospital. DR. O'BRYAN: I think the Medical University really took off in Dr. Jim Edwards' tenure because he surrounded himself with people like Dr. Ray Greenberg, Dr. Layton McCurdy, so he had geniuses in every particular part of the administration. His genius was being an organizer and a leader. After that time, Dr. Ray Greenberg and now Dr. David Cole has continued that same plan. SENATOR SCOTT: Okay. SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions or comments for Dr. O'Bryan? SENATOR ALEXANDER: Move favorable. SENATOR SCOTT: Second. SENATOR PEELER: Move for a favorable report and second. All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) Opposed, no. The ayes have it. Thank you, sir. Next we move to College of Charleston. Laurin Burch from Camden. 5th Congressional seat 10. Good afternoon, sir. For the record, if you could give us your full name. MR. BURCH: Robert McLaurin Burch III. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Let me swear you in. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God? MR. BURCH: Yes. SENATOR PEELER: Would you like to make a brief statement? MR. BURCH: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. As the first of three siblings to attend the College of Charleston, the school means a lot to me. It was there I received a top-notch education, prepared to enter the real world, and even met my wife. Needless to say, as I said, the school means a lot, and I would like to continue that service that I show in other areas that I'm involved with the Kershaw County hospital board, the Jaycees, the Kiwanis, and several other civic organizations. And so I'd like to continue that service to the College of Charleston because I firmly believe that if you're able to serve and give back, you need to do that. Also, as a licensed CPA in state of South Carolina, I firmly believe that my business and accounting background could bring a lot to the table. I would like to see us strive to keep the cost of attendance as low as possible and increase the overall value of the diploma. I'm also concerned that at some point the cost of a four-year degree will just be too much for graduating college students to handle. I also think the college has a great opportunity to improve retention and diversity in the student body. I will take any questions you might have. SENATOR PEELER: Let me give you a hint. Next time you give a list, make sure to say that's where you met your wife first. MR. BURCH: Yes, sir. Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: Thank you. Thank you. Let me thank you for your service. I know with the new president that you have, your gain is our loss. Lieutenant Governor McConnell, Pro Tempore McConnell, Chairman of the Judiciary Committee McConnell was a good leader here. I know the institution and the board went through a rugged period in the transitional period with him coming to the university. Tell me what has happened now since he's gotten there and things have kind of settled down with the student body, the faculty, and now the community as a result of some type of plan, that along with the president, that the board has put together so that you all begin to grow together as a total community. MR. BURCH: Yes, sir. Well, I'm not currently on the board, so I can't speak to specifics of -- SENATOR SCOTT: As an alumnus. MR. BURCH: Yes, sir. Obviously, there was some tension at first, and I think that has subsided. I think everybody's main goal is what's best for the university and moving in that direction. So I feel confident that he's a very smart man, a good leader, and so that's who the current board has decided to place in there as president, and we need to stand behind him and all be on the same page. SENATOR SCOTT: Are you comfortable with that? MR. BURCH: Yes, sir. SENATOR SCOTT: Okay. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Senator Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: I believe, if my memory serves me correct, you're in the construction business; is that correct? MR. BURCH: Yes, sir. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Yes, sir. And so is there anything in your work that would preclude you to carry out the duties and responsibilities if you are elected to the board? MR. BURCH: No, sir. I'd say I'm involved in several other, on boards and organizations, and if I make a commitment to do it, I give it my full commitment. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions, comments? SENATOR ALEXANDER: Favorable report. SENATOR PEELER: The move is a favorable report. Second? SENATOR SCOTT: Second. SENATOR PEELER: All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) Opposed, no. And the ayes have it. Michael Todd Warrick. Sumter, 5th Congressional seat 10. DR. WARRICK: Looks like I'm the only thing between you guys and dinner, so ... SENATOR PEELER: Brevity is a plus in this committee. DR. WARRICK: Yes, sir. SENATOR PEELER: For the record, give us your full name. DR. WARRICK: Michael Todd Warrick. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Let me swear you in. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God? DR. WARRICK: I do. SENATOR PEELER: Would you like to make a brief statement? DR. WARRICK: Brief, yes, sir. As an alumnus of the College of Charleston, second-generation alumnus, I'm proud of the college. I'm proud of my education. As a physician, I use my math and science background every day, but in a lot of my extracurricular pursuits, I use the broad-based, well-rounded liberal arts education I think is the cornerstone of what makes the College of Charleston graduate something to be proud of. And I look forward, if given the opportunity, to serve my alma mater in that capacity. SENATOR PEELER: Doctor, you don't look a day older than you did the last time you were here. DR. WARRICK: I was wondering when you would refer to me as Doogie Howser again. SENATOR PEELER: That's right. Yes, sir. DR. WARRICK: Well, thank you. SENATOR PEELER: Do they still call you Doogie? DR. WARRICK: Yes, sir. I'll just say yes. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Senator Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. How would you classify as far as your ability to be involved with the college and fulfilling those duties and responsibilities? DR. WARRICK: I think that I'd do an excellent job, sir. SENATOR ALEXANDER: I mean, timewise, do you have anything from a time commitment aspect that would make it an issue for you? DR. WARRICK: No, sir. I work banker's hours. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Good. DR. WARRICK: I know. Yes, sir. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you, sir. SENATOR PEELER: How did you work that out? DR. WARRICK: Careful selection. SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions or comments? Hearing none, what's the desire of the committee? REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Favorable. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Second. SENATOR PEELER: All in favor say "aye." (Members respond.) Opposed, no. And the ayes have it. Thank you, sir. DR. WARRICK: Thank you. SENATOR PEELER: And thank all the candidates today for being willing to serve. And like I said, I apologize for the inconvenience, but I appreciate you all coming back. Thank you. (The hearing adjourned at 4:24 p.m.) JOINT LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE TO SCREEN CANDIDATES FOR COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITIES BOARD OF TRUSTEES PUBLIC HEARINGS Date: Tuesday, April 19, 2016 Time: 10:40 a.m. Location: Gressette Senate Building 1101 Pendleton Street Room 209 Columbia, South Carolina Committee Members Present: Senator Harvey S. Peeler, Jr., Chairman Representative William R. "Bill" Whitmire, Vice-Chairman Senator Thomas C. Alexander Senator John L. Scott, Jr. Senator Robert W. Hayes, Jr. Representative Mia S. McLeod Representative Phyllis J. Henderson Also Present: Martha Casto, Staff Julie Price, Staff SENATOR PEELER: Good morning. I would like to call the meeting to order. Good morning, everyone. This is a meeting of the Joint Legislative Committee to Screen Candidates for Colleges and University Boards of Trustees. Members, you have an agenda in front of you. First off, we have Medical University of South Carolina, Dr. G. Murrell Smith of Sumter, representing the 5th Congressional District, medical member, expires 2020. Dr. Smith, if you would like to come forward. Have a seat. Get comfortable. Make sure that green light is burning. I think you have to push that light. Good morning, sir. DR. SMITH: Good morning. SENATOR PEELER: First, let me swear you in. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God? DR. SMITH: I do. SENATOR PEELER: Would you like to make a brief statement on why you would like to continue to serve on the Medical University board? DR. SMITH: Sir? SENATOR PEELER: I said, would you like to make a brief statement on why you would like to continue to serve on the Medical University board? DR. SMITH: I'm sorry, I lost my hearing in one ear, so I'm running on one ear. So I apologize. SENATOR PEELER: My wife says I don't have a hearing problem, I have a listening problem. DR. SMITH: I might too. I've served on the board for the last four years, and I feel like that the Medical University is very important to this state, and I think it's a big asset for the community and the state of South Carolina, and I think anything that I can do to be in the position and having spent nine years at the Medical University in my training in medical school, I think I have certainly -- my interest lies in the Medical University and making it a wonderful place to educate our young people as well as produce physicians and others to serve the state of South Carolina. SENATOR PEELER: Okay. Thank you. Any members have any questions or comments? Representative Whitmire. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Welcome, Dr. Smith. I know your son real well. We serve on the same committee. I notice you say MUSC's biggest weakness is multifaceted which makes it difficult to control. Could you expand on that a little bit? DR. SMITH: Yes, the medical university, you know, when I was there, I looked at it as medical school. Now, being on the board, it's just massive schools integrated into one umbrella, and it is very difficult for at least board members to keep a finger on each one of those facets and each one of those schools. So to me, it really is a challenge, as a board member, to keep up with all the colleges and dental schools and medical schools and nursing schools, pharmacy schools, so I think it really makes a challenge for board members. That's probably the hardest thing we deal with. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Would you make any changes to the present staff? DR. SMITH: I think that Dave Cole has really tried to reorganize to get a handle on all that. Obviously, I've been on boards and you have to depend on your people who are running things to keep you informed and try to do the best to make us understand what's important. But on the other hand, you don't want to be led down the road that you're not paying attention and just listening to the administrators. But I think that Dave Cole is really making great strides to keeping it organized. I see a change in the last four years. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Where did he come from? DR. SMITH: Dave Cole? REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Yeah. Was he part of MUSC, or was he brought from outside? DR. SMITH: Dave has been what they call an oncology surgeon, a general surgeon, mainly liver and bowel surgery. I think he's been there, some of the medical university people could correct me, 18 years. He's been there a long time. So it was in-house. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: So he has an understanding of the whole school? DR. SMITH: I think that's what was helpful. He's been there, and he's been in a leadership role at the medical university even before he became president. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Okay. Thank you for your willingness to serve. SENATOR PEELER: Senator Scott has a question. SENATOR SCOTT: Yes, sir. Dr. Smith, you and I came up in the elevator together this morning. DR. SMITH: We did. SENATOR SCOTT: In looking at your concern with the multiple different areas of the school as it grows, the medical field, I don't need to tell you, it is becoming more and more specialized. And as you bring different people on the board, they come with a little different kind of expertise. You no longer can just rely on the president to know it all. So the normally, they invite themselves into committees and those committees come back and give those reports, and that's what you go off of. When you look at that as a structure and the difficulty that you have outlined as relates to so many different schools, tell me a little bit about your thinking on diversity, just male, female, people of color, and others, so MUSC can continue to be not only just a great school but a school that's very open to attract people, not only from South Carolina but all across the world and be a more diversified community. But especially in educating a lot of South Carolinian people of color and trying to get them into the Medical University. Talk with me about what you've seen and how you've been working on to try to make that better, if that's been part of your plan. DR. SMITH: I think it's very important that we include the people of South Carolina -- SENATOR SCOTT: Right. DR. SMITH: -- and train. That's a big point of my being on that board. I feel like the Medical University of South Carolina is the Medical University of South Carolina. And I think we ought to be producing individuals that are going to stay in this state and serve this state. That's not always a hundred percent but as much as you can. In that, you have to look at your population. And if your population is such, you want to keep -- you want that to reflect at that level. I will tell you, 1968, I'm a freshman medical student, so I've been there and I've been -- I was there for nine years, and I saw the medical university even in 1968, you might not believe what I'm going to tell you, they strived to bring diversity to the medical university. Our OB/GYN was just constantly trying to get, believe it or not, females into OB/GYN. Dr. Hester just went out of the way to come to us residents to go and recruit to get females. We had, you know, African-Americans, we had females. There weren't but two females in my class. You talk about diversity. Look at what what's changed in the world. So I see -- and I know some of the reference might be to some of the difficulty we've had recently at the Medical University, but I firmly believe Dave Cole is the most committed person to diversity. I think every day we try to address it with the community, but it's not just -- the Medical University just shouldn't be addressing just Charleston. SENATOR SCOTT: Right. DR. SMITH: This is a state. And so I think we should always strive to make sure we are not denying anybody a position that they're qualified for. But I also believe, and I'll just have to say what I believe, you have to be qualified, folks. Don't be doing my heart surgery if you're not qualified, and don't be doing my dental work if you're not qualified. If you're qualified, there should be no barrier. There should be nothing that would be on that chart that should stop you. And I really firmly believe at the medical university, I really believe that we are trying and I know our board is just supporting Dave Cole and I can't -- he has just gone out of his way to see to it. But are we perfect? You know, you can see North Carolina, what they're into, how do you make -- those are difficult things you get into. There's a lot of diversity. You know, they gave us a list of diversities, doesn't just mean African-American and females. It's a list of 25 people. I might have gone on more than you wanted me to. SENATOR SCOTT: You're fine. I'm fine, Mr. Chairman. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Senator Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you, and good morning. DR. SMITH: Good morning. SENATOR ALEXANDER: If you could just briefly, since being on the board, tell me your involvement. You have made how many of the meetings, 90 percent, 100 percent? DR. SMITH: I could say probably 90 percent, just simply because I had to leave when my father-in-law died, but I'm there at all the meetings. The Medical University does things a little different. We meet, have committees, and we all do the committee. So we all are there on Thursdays for all the committee meetings. And that's a little different than a lot of boards. Now, I'm on the Medical Advisory Board, which is with Dr. Stan Baker, so I go down Wednesday at lunchtime and meet with -- SENATOR ALEXANDER: But you've been committed to it. Thank you, sir. DR. SMITH: Maybe I'm talking too much. SENATOR PEELER: Any other questions or comments? SENATOR SCOTT: Move for favorable report. SENATOR PEELER: Motion is a favorable report. Second. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Second. SENATOR PEELER: Any further discussion? We'll take it to a vote. All in favor, say "aye." (Members respond.) Opposed, no. The ayes have it unanimously. Thank you, Dr. Smith. Thank you for your patience with us. DR. SMITH: Thank you all. SENATOR PEELER: All right. Now, members, we have some old business we need to tend to. Martha, would you fill us in? MS. CASTO: Yes, sir. The first one, there are two things. You all received probably last week a letter from Louis Lynn for the Clemson board. Mr. Lynn in the letter asked for your commitment, and it is highlighted in orange on his letter to you. In accordance with Section 8-13-930, he is not allowed to ask for a commitment until the joint screening -- the screening report has been issued. The screening report will not be issued until the earliest tomorrow. So Dr. Lynn, when he realized he shouldn't have done it, he called and talked with Julie. Julie came and got us out of finance and talked to us. We, in the meantime, talked to Lyn Odom, the attorney for the Senate Ethics Committee. Lyn said because of the statute, you know, it was up to the committee to do what needed to be done. After we talked with Senator Peeler, Julie called Mr. Lyn back, Louis Lyn back. He said he was going to send a retraction letter. The second page of yours is the retraction letter that apparently he mailed out on Saturday. Julie confirmed that this morning. As of yesterday, Senator Peeler had not received his, and I think Representative Whitmire had not received his. So they may come in the mail today. All the retraction does is say "retraction" at the top. It's the same letter that he mailed out on April the 11th. So the question to the committee is, what do you want to do? SENATOR PEELER: You've heard the situation. Senator Hayes. SENATOR HAYES: I'm just thinking out loud, I think, obviously, you know, shouldn't have been in here, but I think kind of what they're trying to avoid is people locking people down on commitments, asking can you support me and checking them off on the list or whoever else. I think this was a slip. I think he used the wrong wording, but I don't see this as violating the intent which was trying to lock people down on commitments. I think the retraction probably could have been worded a little better as far as the retraction, but I don't see, you know, necessarily taking adverse action. But that's just my opinion. SENATOR SCOTT: Mr. Chairman. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Senator Hayes is my dean of ethics. So thank you, Senator Hayes. Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: Dr. Lyn, does he have opposition in the Senate? MS. CASTO: There are three. These are all at-large seats. There are three at-large seats up for election and three candidates. SENATOR SCOTT: So he'll get a seat anyway. Evidently, it was either a staff person who probably typed it, and he just sent it out. He runs a pretty big operation. Normally, Dr. Lynn, since I've been here, he's always a top vote getter even when he has somebody. So just knowing him, he's a genuine person. This has got to just be an error of some administrative person who he told to send a letter and probably just pulled the file and wrote the letter from the file, just updated it from the file. I don't foresee it being a problem. Really there's no -- there really is no votes to collect. SENATOR HAYES: I don't mean to interrupt, had he put a comma, "at the appropriate time". SENATOR SCOTT: That's all. SENATOR HAYES: That's just the type of thing that I think we need to obviously censure him and he has been censured and done a retraction, but I don't know that that's -- SENATOR PEELER: Senator Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you. I was going to follow up, had it been a contested case, I think it would put us in a different light. But I think at the same time I would like for him to go a little bit further than the retraction or the way that it's worded, if possible. He may want to take that last out, but I'm fine with leaving him in. But I do think maybe before we start doing screening in the future for us to maybe have the candidates sign some type of a form to make sure they understand that if they do this, that certainly puts them at jeopardy of being disqualified from that standpoint. Because this is not something I want to see start becoming the norm. SENATOR SCOTT: Right. SENATOR HAYES: True. SENATOR ALEXANDER: So I take it very seriously that we would go to that point. But I think that saving grace for him is that it is a noncontested case. SENATOR PEELER: Representative Whitmire. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: I hate to say I'm agreeing with the senators, but I do. It is not a contested case, but if it was, we would be in a pickle. That's where we talked about rules. We need to have some set guidelines if this happens in the future, that we toss it out and let people reapply, even if it's a noncontested election or what. That's my feeling that, you know, because sometime in the future, we're going to be faced with a situation that may come up that might not be this easy to resolve. I hope we can come up with something, you know, at least for next year. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. SENATOR SCOTT: On that same vein. SENATOR PEELER: Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: Once these candidates complete, I think the committee, we, as a whole, kind of got relaxed too. We need to tell them, those of you who -- I know probably gave them in writing, but just as a reminder, you all, until the screening report come out, please don't solicit. I think in this particular case, he knew the statute. I just think it was an error that was made. SENATOR PEELER: Senator Scott, our staff -- no offense to you candidates -- holds their hand, babies them like three-year-olds. SENATOR SCOTT: I got you. SENATOR PEELER: I mean, these people that are in charge of our universities, our higher education, it's scary. It's scary how you have to hold their hands. SENATOR SCOTT: They're afraid when they come into this process. That's all. SENATOR PEELER: Representative Whitmire made a good point. We need some more strict rules. We try to have some, but a certain senator blocked it last time. Maybe he'll support it this time. SENATOR SCOTT: Maybe. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. But that's why -- I know Dr. Lyn. I have utmost respect for him. We were at Clemson at the same time. He should have known better. He should have known better. And I think he definitely knows better now, but I hear what all the members, the comments you all have said. Thank goodness, it is an unopposed case. SENATOR HAYES: I have a question, Mr. Chairman. SENATOR PEELER: Senator Hayes. SENATOR HAYES: You want to complete what needs to be done on this? I'm sorry. SENATOR PEELER: Any action we need to take? REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: No action. SENATOR SCOTT: No action. SENATOR PEELER: Okay. So is that a motion there's no action? REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: No action. SENATOR HAYES: Second. SENATOR PEELER: Motion and a second. Any other discussion on that? If you would, let Dr. Lynn know what we talked about what was suggested and any other candidates. Okay. That settles that. All in favor of that, say "aye." (Members respond.) Opposed, no. And the ayes have it. Thank you. Senator Hayes. SENATOR HAYES: I got here late, and I didn't know if the question was asked, but on this last candidate, is his residency situation worked out? MS. CASTO: Yes, sir. His residency is worked out. We checked tax records for the last four years, and they have remained in Sumter County, his 4 percent. And voter registration and driver's license. SENATOR HAYES: I didn't potentially want to make it a point, but I did want to make sure it's taken care of. MS. CASTO: Yes, sir. SENATOR SCOTT: I'm going to take the heat of you say not letting the rules pass. Are you talking about on the ethics bill, you had something in the ethics bill, rules to clean this up that unconsciously I may not have been aware of that this allowed or disallowed certain things. MS. CASTO: There was a bill in 2013 that passed out of Judiciary Committee that would have added some meat to the screening committee for this, and you signed a minority. SENATOR SCOTT: And it is probably because I wasn't sitting on this committee. SENATOR PEELER: So will you co-sponsor that bill this time? SENATOR SCOTT: Let me take a look at that and see what I'm getting myself into. I'll be happy to look at it, on a serious note. SENATOR PEELER: Is the Dr. Lynn question is satisfied? MS. CASTO: The next one Wil Lou Gray. You may remember, we had four vacancies for Wil Lou Gray, and we had four candidates that applied. On December the 15th, Pat Smith, the head of Wil Lou Gray, hand-delivered a letter of intent for a Ms. Newman from Cayce. She never -- at that time Julie had mailed and we have documentation that she mailed her application packet to her the same day. Ms. Newman never completed the application packet and did not get it in. Last Thursday, she realized she wasn't going to be on the board. She's an incumbent on the board. Pat Smith called to say that she was going to be prepared to contact every member of the Lexington County delegation. So just to make you all aware, if anybody from Lexington County contacts you that you're kicking Ms. Newman off the board, she did not fill out the paperwork. SENATOR PEELER: Well, kicking her off the board might be a little strong. The fact is, she didn't apply. MS. CASTO: Right. SENATOR SCOTT: Mr. Chairman, at the time that the vacancy occurred, because a vacancy can be filled, she can apply at that point in time. MS. CASTO: Yes. SENATOR SCOTT: But she passed her time. Like some of us, if we don't file, you can't back up the date. MS. CASTO: And we call them and remind them when to send -- the packet is coming due in the next couple weeks. She did not leave us a telephone number. We had no contact information and had contacted the school, and if they got in touch with her, we don't know. SENATOR PEELER: That's just for our information. MS. CASTO: Yes, sir. SENATOR PEELER: Okay. Next subject. MS. CASTO: The next subject is MUSC. Julie has some folders. You may remember, two candidates have applied for the MUSC Congressional District 4, the medical board seat. Dr. Thomas is the incumbent, and Dr. Mitchell is running for that seat. He has sent the chairman some information regarding Dr. Thomas' residency in the 4th Congressional District, so the packet you just got is from Dr. Mitchell. SENATOR PEELER: Dr. Mitchell is here and he has requested an audience of the committee. Dr. Mitchell, would you still like to speak to the committee? DR. MITCHELL: Yes, sir. SENATOR PEELER: Come forward. Let me swear you in. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? DR. MITCHELL: I do. I would like to thank the committee for listening to me today. I'm a very poor speaker to a group like this, but I hope that I may speak to my patients better. I am an orthopedic spine surgeon, not a private investigator or someone that knows all the rules of the committee. I'm running for the board of the Medical University of South Carolina Board of Trustees, District 4, medical seat. I was encouraged by people on the board to do this because they know I've had a desire to serve on this board for many years. It is actually a well-known fact that the current faculty members feel that the -- some of the current faculty members feel the integrity of the board is compromised due to the known fact that Charlie Thomas has lived in Charleston for several years and continues to pose as a resident of District 4, which includes Greenville and Spartanburg counties. During Dr. Thomas' testimony last week, which I was at, on April 11, 2016, he stated that he paid 4 percent taxes on my farm in Laurens County. I feel this information is erroneous. And according to a Ms. West at the tax office in Charleston -- in Laurens County, he paid a 6 percent rate on his farm and Laurens County is entirely in District 3. This would make it not fulfill one of the four requirements of the residency of Greenville County. It is my feeling that the board members should consider this as new information. In looking at other -- if you look at the just the continuation of this over the past three years I've been considering this run, driver's license is something that you have checked. I haven't seen, but I assume that says Greenville. His application and his voter registration listed his address as a private residential address, what appears to be a relative of his, 110 East Prentiss Avenue. He swore last week that he rented an apartment in Greenville County, and I don't see a listing of an apartment as an address. And if he rented that apartment two weeks ago or two years ago, I don't know, but I would think that would be something that we need to know. Why do the addresses differ from his voter registration, his application registration? Why is that a private residence of what appears to be a relative and not his apartment? His income tax filing, I have no concerns about that. The 4 percent tax, we discussed that it appears he didn't pay 4 percent from Mrs. Lynn West of the Laurens County tax assessor. It was at the rate of 6 percent, and it was in a district other than District 4. I would like to point out also, I put in that packet a legal notice from the South Carolina Medical Practice Act that said that you should change your address when you change addresses. Well, he did indeed change his address when he left Greenville County to Awendaw in Charleston County. I made a printout of that February 3rd, 2016, and he listed the hospital affiliations. He's no longer affiliated with any of those hospitals which -- and he put the correct address, 391 Bulls Island road, Awendaw, South Carolina, in Charleston County. I checked the medical board last night, so sometime within the last week, he has changed that medical license to 110 East Prentiss Avenue, which is not the apartment he says he's rented but is a private residence of one of these relatives, I believe. So in the past week or two he's changed his license, which just appears to me as though he's gaming the system. A personal note. This is hearsay. I was at a meeting with a lot of the faculty and some of the board, and they say that his votes have been influenced somewhat by the fact that they know that he's not a resident of Greenville, and so they just need to remind him that maybe we will turn you in if you don't straighten up and vote our way. I think that compromises his voting ability, and that's my opinion only. But my real questions are, is he trying to comply, when did he comply, and how long will it last? I don't know if there's a rule you must comply before you fill out your application or can you fill it out any time before the vote and comply with the registration -- with the restrictions on being a resident in District 4. That's all I have to say. I'll answer any questions. I wasn't trying to be mean. I'm not trying to be malicious. I've known Charlie for 30 years. He's a fine person. But if you don't live in Greenville, I don't think you should say you do. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Senator Hayes. SENATOR HAYES: If he's living down on the island, whatever the name -- DR. MITCHELL: Awendaw. SENATOR HAYES: Is he paying 4 percent down there? DR. MITCHELL: He pays 6 percent, according to him. SENATOR HAYES: He pays 6 percent there. MS. CASTO: Yes, we have checked his tax records for the last three years or four years, and he has paid 6 percent all this time. SENATOR HAYES: Is he paying 4 percent anywhere? MS. CASTO: He's not paying 4 percent anywhere. SENATOR PEELER: The farm in Laurens, does that make any difference? First of all, I'm assuming he pays ag use. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: That's what it says. SENATOR PEELER: That's not 6 percent. SENATOR SCOTT: They have a different assessment, how they formulate it. It's not like the way -- SENATOR PEELER: He doesn't claim the farm as his residence, does he? MS. CASTO: No, sir. DR. MITCHELL: His sworn testimony was that satisfied his 4 percent. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: That's what he said. I remember 4 percent. SENATOR PEELER: So what did staff use, what criteria do we use? Because we've had this question to come up on other candidates in the past. What this committee uses as a definition of place of residence. MS. CASTO: What this committee chose to do with the last candidate that was before you all this morning came, you will remember all of the testimony then was that if it was their intent to live at that address, you needed to have your driver's license and your voter registration. From the time that Dr. Thomas applied or sent his letter of intent in, it has been on the Prentiss Avenue address in Greenville. SENATOR PEELER: That's his voter registration? MS. CASTO: His voter registration, his driver's license, and now his medical license. SENATOR PEELER: When you register to vote, is that -- isn't that a legal document that that's where you reside? MS. CASTO: Yes, sir. SENATOR SCOTT: What does the statute say? Because the statute gives us a definition of residency too. MS. CASTO: The statute varies from board to board, and so it has been whatever this committee has determined as residency. SENATOR PEELER: Representative Henderson. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: So this document right here, it's got the statement here, "It is required by law that any person who wishes to offer," where did that wording come from? DR. MITCHELL: That's off the document that the board sent me. MS. CASTO: This is off the -- the first sentence is off of -- I mean, it is from the information that this committee sends out. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Okay. So this is our committee's definition? MS. CASTO: Correct. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Is there anything that says you have to meet all four of these, or these are just the things that we consider in deciding? MS. CASTO: There is nothing that says you have to meet all four of them. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Because honestly, not to necessarily get in the middle of these two candidates, but, you know, that would mean a person who actually didn't own a home could never be on this board. MS. CASTO: Correct. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: And that, obviously, is not the intention of -- I would hope, of this body that would outlaw anybody who just doesn't happen to be able to own a piece of property. And I have talked to Dr. Thomas in trying to weed through all of this with our delegations. He does travel a lot, and he does do a lot of medical mission work. He travels a lot, says he lives in Greenville. I'm sure that he spends a lot of time all over the state, to be honest with you, from what I'm picking up between the vacation home and the farm and the place that he rents. SENATOR SCOTT: Mr. Chairman. SENATOR PEELER: Senator Scott. SENATOR SCOTT: I'm not so hot on the 4 percent personal property tax for this reason. Some people have recreation homes, they live six months in one place and six months in the other place, but their legal residence, where they get their mail, file their income tax, driver's license, voter registration, could be in another place. It is just all of which -- the law says you can only get one 4 percent assessment on property. It didn't say which one I had to take it off. I don't think the law says that if you don't live there all the time, you can't take it, but it says you only get one 4 percent assessment. Given the nature of each property, lake property and others, and after Act 388, I'm pretty sure you probably saw some shift in what people decide they want to take the 4 percent. But the real question is, what is his legal residence? If I'm running for Congress, running for the House, State Senate, local government, what is my actual residency? That's why I ask the question about does the statute tie us down specifically. It says you must live and reside in the district which you are running for and remain in it after you're elected. It didn't say that you can't have recreation property that you cannot enjoy and do other things such as ag, if that's what you like. So the 4 percent doesn't really give me a lot of heartburn. Driver's license, voter registration, tax returns, I think those are the kind of things you can tie yourself down to. And even if you decide on your rec property to get the 4 percent on it and get 6 where you live at, you may not go to rec probably but once a year, twice a year. So I'm just trying to tie that 4 percent to something that really proves whether or not that's where I live or don't live. And that 4 percent, like I say, doesn't give me a lot of heartburn. SENATOR PEELER: Well, Senator, the 4 percent would have come into play for me, this is how I feel, if Dr. Thomas was claiming 4 percent at his beach home and 6 percent in Greenville. SENATOR SCOTT: Right. SENATOR PEELER: Similar to what we've had before. That's where the 4 percent would come into play. But he's been paying 4 percent on his beach home. SENATOR SCOTT: 6 percent. SENATOR PEELER: 6 percent on his beach home for how long? How long has he -- MS. CASTO: The 6 percent? SENATOR PEELER: On his beach home. MS. CASTO: We looked back as far as three years, and he was paying a 6 percent then. We didn't look any further. SENATOR PEELER: So, Dr. Mitchell, I think that's where the 4 percent would have come into play. If he was paying 4 percent on his beach home, that would come into play. But because of questions we've had before, his driver's license shows 4th Congressional District, his voter registration shows in the 4th Congressional District. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Did we check the tax return? MS. CASTO: The tax return, we have asked for a court order because of privacy. We have not contacted Dr. Thomas, but yes, we are waiting on that. SENATOR PEELER: Mr. Whitmire. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: You know, after hearing the testimony from Dr. Thomas last time, just common sense to me seems that he has established his voter, his registration in Greenville in order to be on the board from Greenville. Obviously, he spends probably most of his time living down on the coast or at his farm. Our question is, you know, he swore that, you know, he is in Greenville, and I don't know any way to dispute that. I mean, unless there's some proof that he doesn't live there, and he may live there just part of the time. But I'm convinced that it's because he wants to serve on the board that he's established there in Greenville and probably spends most of his time somewhere else. But we don't have rules to change that. So I don't know how we can disqualify him just on what we've heard so far. DR. MITCHELL: He did swear that he paid 4 percent in Laurens County. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Yeah, he did that. DR. MITCHELL: Which is District 3. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Right. DR. MITCHELL: That would help him out being a candidate in District 3. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: But why would he say that at the time because he wasn't -- he may have mistakenly said. I think he may have been thinking, like you said, you know, the agricultural. SENATOR PEELER: Yeah. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: Anyway, that's just my thought on it. I don't know how we can disqualify him because I don't see enough proof otherwise. SENATOR PEELER: Representative Henderson. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: Mr. Chairman, I agree, the purpose of this committee is to determine someone's qualifications. We have been through this issue before. I can't believe it was four years ago actually that we went through that with Dr. Smith. But on the basis of that, you know, I don't think that we should change the recommendations that we've made and allow our delegations to get together and figure out how we're going to address this appointment because it's raised a lot of questions. But I don't believe this committee should find either unqualified on the basis of that. REPRESENTATIVE WHITMIRE: There's still an election to be held. SENATOR PEELER: Both have been found qualified. If you can take some advice, Dr. Mitchell. DR. MITCHELL: Yes. SENATOR PEELER: Campaign with equal vigor. DR. MITCHELL: Okay. SENATOR PEELER: If you will spend as much time paying attention to running for the race as you have with this, I'll just give you that advice. DR. MITCHELL: Thank you very much for listening to me. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you. Anything else to come before us? MS. CASTO: That's it. SENATOR SCOTT: I want to review that legislation. SENATOR PEELER: Please do. And quite frankly, this is not the first time the residency questions have come up, and it may not be the last. REPRESENTATIVE HENDERSON: We need to address it. SENATOR PEELER: This is a difficult subject, and we need to nail it out. Nothing else? (EXHIBIT 1, Letter Dated April 11, 2016, was marked for identification.) (EXHIBIT 2, Retraction Letter, was marked for identification.) (The hearing adjourned at 11:19 a.m.)	2022-12-08T00:17:33	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.35770002007484436, "perplexity": 2402.6651727464982}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711221.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207221727-20221208011727-00416.warc.gz"}
https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Parameters_adjustment	If you wish to contribute or participate in the discussions about articles you are invited to join Navipedia as a registered user Fundamentals Author(s) J. Sanz Subirana, J.M. Juan Zornoza and M. Hernández-Pajares, Technical University of Catalonia, Spain. Year of Publication 2011 The equation (1) neglects the measurement noise and missmodelling $R^j=\rho^j+c(\delta t-\delta t^j)+T^j+\hat{\alpha}\, I^j+TGD^j+\mathcal{M}^j+{\boldsymbol \varepsilon}^j \qquad \mbox{(1)}$ If such errors (${\boldsymbol \varepsilon}$) are explicitly written, thence the lineal model is as follows: ${\mathbf Y}={\mathbf G}\,{\mathbf X}+{\boldsymbol \varepsilon} \qquad \mbox{(2)}$ where the error term ${\boldsymbol \varepsilon}$ is only known from some statistical properties, usually the mean ${\mathbf m}=E[{\boldsymbol \varepsilon}]$ and covariance matrix ${\mathbf R}=E[{\boldsymbol \varepsilon} \, {\boldsymbol \varepsilon}^T]$. Due to the error term ${\boldsymbol \varepsilon}$, in general ${\mathbf Y}={\mathbf G}\,{\mathbf X}$ defines an incompatible system (i.e., there is not an "exact" solution fulfilling the system). In this context, the parameters' solution can be taken as the vector $\hat{\mathbf X}$ that minimises the discrepancy in the equations system. That is, the vector $\hat{\mathbf X}$ providing the "best fit" of ${\mathbf Y} \simeq {\mathbf G}\,\hat{\mathbf X}$ in a given sense. A common criterion used in GNSS is the Least-Squares adjustment, which is defined by the condition: $\begin{array}{l} min \\|{\mathbf Y}-\hat{\mathbf Y}\\|^2=min \left[ \sum_{i=1}^n{\left ( y_i-\hat{y}_i \right )^2 }\right ] \qquad where \qquad \hat{\mathbf Y}={\mathbf G}\,\hat{\mathbf X} \qquad \mbox{(3)} \end{array}$ The discrepancy vector between the measurements ${\mathbf Y}$ and the fitted model $\hat{\mathbf Y }={\mathbf G}\,\hat{\mathbf X}$ is usually called the residual vector: ${\mathbf r}={\mathbf Y}-\hat{\mathbf Y}={\mathbf Y}-{\mathbf G}\,\hat{\mathbf X } \qquad \mbox{(4)}$ Thence, the Least-Squares estimator solution defined by equation (3), gives the vector $\hat{\mathbf X}$ that minimises [footnotes 1] the residuals quadratic norm $\|\|{\mathbf r}\|\|^2$. From basic results of linear algebra, it follows that the solution fulfilling the condition (3) is given by: $\hat{\mathbf X}=({\mathbf G}^T\,{\mathbf G})^{-1}{\mathbf G}^T\,{\mathbf Y} \qquad \mbox{(5)}$ Substituting (5) and (2) in (4) the post-fit -residual vector is: ${\mathbf r}=\left [\mathbf{I}-{\mathbf G}({\mathbf G}^T\,{\mathbf G})^{-1}{\mathbf G}^T\right]\, {\mathbf Y}= {\mathbf S}\, {\mathbf Y}={\mathbf S}\,{\boldsymbol \varepsilon}$ where ${\mathbf S}$ is a symmetrical, idempotent Projection matrix ${\mathbf S}={\mathbf I}-{\mathbf G}({\mathbf G}^T\,{\mathbf G})^{-1}{\mathbf G}^T\,;\;\;{\mathbf S}^T={\mathbf S}\,\;\;;\;\;{\mathbf S}^2={\mathbf S}\,;\;\; {\mathbf r}= {\mathbf S}\, {\mathbf Y} \, {\boldsymbol \perp} \,\hat{\mathbf Y} \qquad \mbox{(6)}$ From (5) and (2) the estimator error can be written as: ${\mathbf{\Delta X}}=\hat{\mathbf X}-{\mathbf {X}}=({\mathbf G}^T\,{\mathbf G})^{-1}{\mathbf G}^T\,{\boldsymbol \varepsilon} \qquad \mbox{(7)}$ Assuming that the measurements minus model (i.e., prefit-residuals) have mean zero errors ($E[{\boldsymbol \varepsilon}]=0$) and covariance matrix ${\mathbf R}$, thence, the mean error, covariance matrix and Mean-Square Error (MSE) of the estimator are given by: $\begin{array}{l} \begin{array}{rl} {\mathbf m}_{_{\mathbf \Delta X}} =&E[{\mathbf \Delta X}]=({\mathbf G}^T\,{\mathbf G})^{-1}{\mathbf G}^T\,E[{\boldsymbol \varepsilon}]=0 \end{array}\\[0.3cm] \begin{array}{rl} {\mathbf P}_{_{\mathbf \Delta X}}= &E[{\mathbf \Delta X} \, {\mathbf \Delta X}^T]=({\mathbf G}^T\,{\mathbf G})^{-1}{\mathbf G}^T \,E[{\boldsymbol \varepsilon}\, {\boldsymbol \varepsilon}^T]\,{\mathbf G}({\mathbf G}^T\,{\mathbf G})^{-1}=({\mathbf G}^T\,{\mathbf G})^{-1}{\mathbf G}^T \,\,{\mathbf R}\,\,{\mathbf G}({\mathbf G}^T\,{\mathbf G})^{-1} \end{array} \\[0.3cm] \begin{array}{rl} \mbox{MSE}_{_{\mathbf \Delta X}}= &E[{\mathbf \Delta X}^T \, {\mathbf \Delta X}]= trace ({\mathbf P}_{_{\mathbf \Delta X}}) \end{array}~\\ \end{array} \qquad \mbox{(8)}$ The expression of ${\mathbf P}$ become simpler by assuming uncorrelated values with identical variance $\sigma^2$. That is, taking ${\mathbf R}=E[{\boldsymbol \varepsilon} \, {\boldsymbol \varepsilon}^T]=\sigma^2\,{\mathbf I}$, thence: ${\mathbf P}_{_{\mathbf{\Delta X}}}=\sigma^2\,({\mathbf G}^T\,{\mathbf G})^{-1} \qquad \mbox{(9)}$ 1. ^ The equation (3), where a quadratic sum is minimised, could be interpreted in physical terms as minimising the energy of the error fit. Thence the estimate $\hat{\mathbf X}$ can be seen as an equilibrium solution.	2019-04-26T14:49:22	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8356674313545227, "perplexity": 687.669506090577}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578806528.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426133444-20190426155444-00164.warc.gz"}
https://www.usgs.gov/media/videos/pubtalk-12020-rise-usgs-space-exploration	# PubTalk 1/2020 — The Rise of the USGS in Space Exploration Video Transcript ## Detailed Description The Rise of the USGS in Space Exploration: How the Astrogeology Science Center is integral to the past, present, and future investigation of the Solar System. By Justin J. Hagerty, Director of the Astrogeology Science Center • Every astronaut to set foot on the Moon trained with the USGS in Flagstaff and we are currently training the next generation of astronauts. • Science staff conducts cutting edge research related to the major planetary bodies in the Solar System. • It is a world-wide resource for planetary geologic mapping and naming of features on solid surface bodies throughout the Solar System. ## Details Date Taken: Length: 00:56:29 Location Taken: AZ, US ## Transcript [Please stand by for realtime captions.] >> Good evening everyone and thank you for coming to the USGS [Indiscernible - speaker too far from the microphone] my name is [Indiscernible name] and thank you again for coming. Tonight I have the pleasure of having Justin Haggerty from the USGS aster geology partner and Dr. Haggerty 419 98, 2001, University of New Mexico and Dr. Harry joined USGS in four [Indiscernible - speaker too far from the microphone] and focused on the composition of information [Indiscernible - muffled] the geologic evolution of [Indiscernible - muffled] presidential early career awards in 2012 [Indiscernible - muffled] information and evolution of [Indiscernible - muffled]. He is now the director of the USGS geology center and to support the geological findings USGS geology [Indiscernible - speaker too far from the microphone] in the general public's pursuit innovative and [Indiscernible - muffled]. [Applause] Hello everybody . Amazing turnout thank you for coming out tonight. I'm excited to get this presentation for a lot of reasons tonight. First and foremost this is my first trip to Menlo Park I know that there is a little bit of a transition going on with Menlo right now but I'm excited to have the opportunity to be here tonight. I'm also excited by the fact that many of you may know that aster geology actually had its first beginning here in Menlo Park and Jane Shoemaker the founder of astro geology first started with this concept of astro geology in the early 60s here reporting at this center of operations in Arizona. Another Reno the reason I'm doing this presentation tonight is that within even the USGS whenever I travel to all of the different centers it is everybody knows about astro geology which is really interesting is my opportunity to tell all of you about who we are and what we do and where we came from and what we're doing now in the work we're doing in the future and it is my goal by the end of this presentation that you see why I'm so excited to be a part of astrogeology to be part of the legacy and to have the opportunity to work with so many incredibly talented people courting incredible work and as a matter fact I think online tonight we have several folks from the center who are joining us and everybody in flight staff and thank you for joining us. You probably heard already I use the phrase astrogeology several times and it's interesting this cannot as aster apology. Aster apology. We actually -- [Indiscernible - muffled] so we will talk more about the work that we do in astrogeology. I want to start off with talking a little bit about our founder Dr. Shoemaker who again basically started the field of astrogeology and let me ask a question before I go much further. How many of you actually know the meaning of the word astrogeology with a show of hands really quickly. About five years ago it sounded interesting but where does it mean and where does it come from and [Indiscernible - muffled] origin for the training of the Apollo astronaut. That's something that they have as a provision was to work very closely with NASA to make sure we can train and unfortunately due to a medical condition he was not able to become an astronaut so he wanted to make sure that he could do the next best thing which is to train people that were going to go there so that basically of the moon and in particular some of the things we assisted with were helping to testing of the Apollo astronauts as well as tools . We also helped to identify and characterize and [Indiscernible - muffled] for the Apollo astronauts and we also participate in something known as [Indiscernible - muffled]. What that means is as you collect information about the things that are there you want to find out tasks for where the us nuts are going to go so they can make the most observations and the thing we are most known for is training the Apollo astronauts. So the training could be done anywhere and much of that training was actually done by the space Center in Houston, Texas. It became clear that they want to make sure that they [Indiscernible - muffled] everything and environmental similar to what they could possibly get and you have seen the surface in northern Arizona is similar to that. So they tested the terrains and areas that had the Sultan materials and because of that they were able to fully test all of these things before they got to the moon and they were assured that this would operate the tools would operate efficiently. Over on the right we have Apollo 17 astronaut Dr. Eric Jack Schmidt who is also a geologist and the reason I we're showing this image is because it represents a unique thing that is now commonplace in terms of mission operation and it was used basically with a television camera and television at that time was novel technology and there were some people thought it should not be used or would not be used as part of the Apollo program. But during the training of the astronauts in northern Arizona it was found that the it was critical that the television cameras could be held while the astronauts is conducting activities so the experts could say don't go there, you should go here, something like that. Because of that the it really helped them to determine that they needed to have that technology . As I mentioned in northern Arizona is a fantastic analog in a way however, we do have the [Indiscernible - muffled] relatively large to us but we did not have an area where it represented large amounts of craters in close proximity to each other so when you look at this portion of the moon there about the same size of the area you can see here a little dense coverage but we wanted to make sure we have something to try and help the astronauts train in an environment like that and I can't imagine how something like that would have been. [Indiscernible - muffled] they took an image of that from Oracle mission to the Apollo and try to reproduce that as closely as they possibly could and logistically trying to see how it will be for the astronauts to weave in and out of these craters and also in doing that it gave them some insight into what the craters actually tell us about services. [Indiscernible - muffled] ratio and also understanding the relationship of the crater to one another and how they interoperate to tell a story about the surface history. If you want one comparison of an overlay of [Indiscernible - muffled] it is a perfect match. There able to take that information again do some training with the astronauts while they were here so perhaps more importantly help us understand those relationships spatially and horizontally and vertically to one another such that we can [Indiscernible - muffled] first geologic map of the planetary [Indiscernible - muffled] so this is the Apollo mission and geologic maps for all missions based on these relationships and their absolutely fascinating. I mentioned that first finding was more in detail but here is the [Indiscernible - muffled] ended up not going very far it was quite a miracle to actually get that at all but what they did is help them understand where they wanted to go to makes observations and collect additional samples. Perhaps most importantly the thing we were involved in was the astronauts training and one thing that many people may not be aware of is outside of [Indiscernible - muffled] the majority of the Apollo astronauts were [Indiscernible - muffled] and well there were certainly exceptional and intelligent not all of that not all of them had background in geology so they had to take a crash course to understand what the geologic principles were so they can basically be the version of Dr. Shoemaker while they were out there making sure that they collect the samples that they needed to collect. So Jean along with the colleagues throughout USGS, NASA and other institutions altogether decided that they were going to put together a program of study for those astronauts and they would take them to other locations I showed you earlier, the Grand Canyon, [Indiscernible - muffled] to help train them in basic fundamentals of geology so when they went to the moon they could make key observations. The Apollo 14 the astronauts were getting really really good at making these observations and collecting samples and it became apparent that they needed to go further to make more observations. So the decision was made to come up with rover allowed the astronauts to travel greater distances to find new discoveries and collect more [Indiscernible - muffled]. In order to be prepared for was to have enrolled they want to make sure they have the training and astrogeology [Indiscernible - muffled] deciding to build what you see her rover geological [Indiscernible - muffled] a budget of about $1900 to put this thing together which is about$16,000 of today's money which is still pretty [Indiscernible - muffled] so they put the astronauts on this vehicle and it turned 90 degrees relative to the front and rear and you can get into a lot of really interesting places. So they are able to train on that before the end up going to the moon. Here is the version that did get sent looks like and if you're interested in seeing what over looks like we still have the actual one in our lobby suddenly encourage everyone to check that out. This is the one that again they used on the moon and it's actually very [Indiscernible - muffled] with the exception of the tires we don't have pressurized wheels but other than that everything is functioning the same so after hearing when the Apollo astronauts came back lessons learned they continuously cited their experiences in Arizona and the things they learned, resources and education and they found out that more often than not that they learn a lot from things that did not go right and during training in Arizona a lot of it did not go right and they had to come up with new ways of doing things so they could continue with the mission and that actually came into being pretty handy later in the expedition where [Indiscernible - muffled] one of them actually broke loose and thanks to some of the collections of these unique samples that were able to be identified by somebody who is looking out to them because of some of the training they had they were able to collect these fascinating samples that tell us a lot more about them had we not had those samples collected. That was an exciting time in our history not only NASA history but the country's history of the world's history and astrogeology but as things started to come to an end: budget started to decline and got a little bit scary for everyone and everyone said okay, what's next? It was not clear what the next plan was going to be and if astrogeology is going to survive so thankfully some of the center directors who came before me had a vision to say we may not be doing them anymore NASA still has a plan we need to make sure that we can do whatever we can to support Nassau to the best of our abilities regardless where they go. Since that time we have been involved pretty much every successful active mission to the solar system and my precursor science center director one of his favorite things to say was USGS has been involved in every successful mission all of the ones that were not successful we were not involved in so just letting you know that if you want to have a successful mission make sure we are involved. Since that time we have been involved with everything missions to Mercury, the inner solar system in creating this beautiful mosaic you see here and going all the way out to the outer reaches of the solar system to Pluto again and the mosaic involved in here and moon and Mars clearly important that we have people in all aspects of the solar system. One of the things that's really interesting is that we also made a conscious decision to broaden the level of experience and depth of expense in our workforce and a lot of people what they seem to think when we say that we do planetary science they think it's an exclusive field, that's a really unique expertise and it turns out planetary science is far more than that. It is all of these different things combined so we have been able to build a workforce over the years and up to today where we have people who do all of these different things that we come together as a team to do some really fascinating work to make sure we can explore the entirety of the solar system. What you see here is our business model for how we are now the orders of NASA in terms of supporting the like lifecycle of planetary spacecraft missions and it's an endless loop where you start with research operations as a scientist, they have data and to make an observation and generate new knowledge and new questions and those new questions then need an answer and they can be answered to development of instruments and missions that can then go to planetary bodies and make observations to help answer those questions. Once the data are collected from those missions something needs to be done with that data raw planetary spacecraft data needs a lot of work for it to be useful to scientists and make interpretations. What you can see here is we go then to the next stage where you take that raw data and create the spatial data infrastructure and make the data ready for scientists to make interpretations. Those data that need to be archived and disseminated throughout the world to other planetary scientists so they in turn can make you observations that generates new questions that continues the cycle. In the middle is our support staff, our administrative staff or I.T. staff the heart of our operation and they're the ones helping to make sure we continue to be able to operate at the level that we do. At the top of that diagram use of research operations. We have world-class scientists in our group and I would love to be able to tell you every single project that all of them work on, it's simply not enough time and hopefully we will have some of them come out and give similar presentations on all the work they do but two examples I have your one on the left is an image of the surface of Mars. The Rocky the way the color and material is the way of an impact crater in this impact crater was observed by an orbital mission around Mars through an instrument called high-rise. As this instrument was being flown through the surface of Mars it would take an observation or a time and come back and take another observation and in doing that they found that one of these impact craters in particular the first time around they do not see anything of particular interest in next time they came around they saw these dark streaks you see here these tens of meters long dark streaks and that told him that there appear to be some sort of active geologic process and with NASA school at the time being to follow the water there were a lot of people that thought perhaps this could be signs of flowing liquid water of the on the surface of Mars. Turns out that's a really difficult thing to do but our signs have been able to put together some really fascinating products to take a look at in immense detail and do in a reliable manner such that they can come up with an alternative hypothesis that suggests it was not water at all it was slope activated sand flows that were a result of interactions with with events and that sort of thing. It made a lot of people within NASA a little bit angry that it was not water in fact, we now refer to the gentleman with this discovery as the dream crusher but there is still an active debate as to whether or not these are actually strictly sand drive features or something else entirely. Over on the right you may have seen there is an article that came out yesterday talking about one of the moons around Saturn and this is something we have been doing a lot of work on lately. And it is covered on the outside by an icy sphere and its thought there might actually be a liquid water ocean underneath that icy sphere so the long stretches you see there are actually long sisters that have water organisms where water is heated and is extruded onto the surface in the firm form of volcanism. and we have made sure that all this data is put together that we are 100% certain that the pixels are in place when you see these features that are active we can make certain that they are really active in representing the processes we believe that they are which in this case appears to be liquid water oceans underneath the icy surface. We also have a variety of people in our group that are active in planetary spacecraft missions. The most active ones being the Rovers on Mars including MSL, and we have people who actually do things that are quite similar to what the Apollo astronauts did back in the day which is to help them make observations, collect those observations, make new plans and decide where Rover is going to go the next day and what new observations is going to make and what new sciences being drive from those observations. It turns out that one of our scientists actually was able to put together this selfie which is one of the most popular imagers of the Mars curiosity Rover. Over the years after several decades more and more missions are going to more and more location psychology increasing and getting better we increasingly get more and more data all the time and to the point that becomes a little bit difficult to handle. We at astrogeology we have the imaging note of NASA's planetary data system and what that means is that we have data from all spacecrafts that have been active since the beginning of the spacecraft exploration era. That's a lot a lot of data we have about three petabytes of data that we store in our centers which is quite a bit for a center that only about 65 people in size. The largest center for data in the USGS that maintains a lot of data on behalf of USGS and we are second only to them in terms of the amount of data we have. It is one thing to store the data and it's another to make it usable to the planetary science community so we have come develop a software package called ices. We had the day before the other group you might be thinking up and is referred to integrated software imagers and spectrometers and it standardizes it and makes it usable in a way you can extract it and send it to people throughout the world so they can make sciences scientific observation so some examples of that include things like these elevation models and this is a digital elevation model proportion of the surface of Mars where the long axis represents kilometers in length. The main reason for looking at these 3-D structures is to provide you with a new perspective looking at things even when you looked at it in two dimensions for a long time so when you see it in three dimensions it open up the relationships between features telling you more about how those features may have formed and involved and how they're relative to one another. Another thing we do is provide global mosaics in the planetary science community. It may not seem like a big deal because what some people think happens is that if spacecraft goes to a planet, it parks in front of the planet and takes this amazing one-shot image high-resolution image of the planet and then you're done. Unfortunately does not work like that. The orbiters go around over and over and over again and take millions of data points and millions of images and it's up to us to take all those images, stitched them together and produce this seamless mosaic similar to what you see that provides global geologic context for planetary [Indiscernible]. These are a few additional examples of some the work that comes out as a result of taking the raw data putting it through your software package and the software package has been open source to the community so we are not getting back from the entirety of the world in terms of how to produce the best possible spacecraft of software extraction data. You can see a variety of examples here of topographic light imaging as well as correcting distortions in data but what you see in the center is a lending ellipse that was generated through putting together a variety of data sets for the surface of Mars prior to the landing of the Mars curiosity Rover and it was our focus to help NASA and JPL to help understand where they wanted to go why they wanted to go there and certified the site. Perhaps more poorly we are not involved in the next generation of rovers to the surface of Mars the Mars 2020 Rover which will hopefully be launching in July. What you may not recognize is that there is a time difference between Mars and the earth in terms of how it takes the data to get here so you can actually have a lot of things that happen as a spacecraft is coming down that can be quite devastating and it happens before we even have any time to do anything about it so the idea was to come up with an autonomous system such that the spacecraft itself can make real-time observations, found out if they is any danger the landing ellipse and to actually make real-time adjustments if needed. Our folks worked very closely with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to make sure this autonomous offer was loaded on board along with the orbital map data that was loaded onto the spacecraft as well [Applause] >> The flyers for that are on the back table but if you have any questions for Justin. There's a microphone right here please just orderly lineup and if you're not able to get up here raise your hand and I can read the microphone over to you. We have plenty of time for questions. >> Just to get a handle on the size of the database that's involved , how many what's the storage size of mosaic like the mosaic of the moon you're showing . The mosaics themselves tend to be tens of hundreds of gigabytes in some they can be as large as terabytes but tens to hundreds of gigabytes and that if you take that many start putting them all together that's when you start adding to petabyte size. >> Do you communicate to these fellows from other countries and Russian, Canadian and a productive of a collaboration you have been. That's something we have done as the relatively new director I want to make a more concerted effort to make sure we are engaging with our international colleagues. We do work pretty regularly with our colleagues in Berlin, and Canadian space agency and throughout the European space agency's and even with the Japanese space agency. Those have been hit and miss but I would like to make it much more concerted effort to make sure we are all working together sharing data in a standardized way so that we have all have access to the same data and can work together to make new discoveries. What was the most surprising discovery from the samples that the astronauts collected on the moon? You're asking somebody who's exceptionally biased about that. My own personal bias is as you heard in my instruction there is a radioactive trace element called thorium and thorium is a heat producing radioactive element that was pretty surprisingly discovered on the moon I don't think people thought it was going to be there and it was certainly not in any large quantities and it turns out that thorium is one of the key elements to help us understand the illusion of the moon and why you have the Celtic volcanism focused squarely on this side of the moon so making that the story and combining it with orbital observations of very large aerial abundances of thorium across the near side of the moon was one of the major discoveries. But there is you discoveries made all the time again water was one of them that was never expected. There is a right of other things. There are some organics that have been discovered as well now that we are able to the text abundances a really small small levels that were not expected that may have been from impacts from organic meteorite so there's a lot of the scar is actually that have been made or lost the reason we continue to make more and more. People think that we have been there done that but because of new technologies that can be applied we are making new discoveries all the time. Maybe a follow-up question to the collaboration question. Is it true that China is going to be exploring the moon actively soon? They are, actually. Will be be collaborating on their side of the moon? It is a little difficult right now is a little bit difficult for us to work with China as a federal government agency but there are other entities, space ask for example working with the Chinese government to some extent so it is the idealized version would be yes all of us would work together it is a little bit difficult right now though. But yes, they do have active rovers in orbit right now. >> Thank you for coming out in for the talk. It was quite good. Can you elaborate more on distribution of the thorium and is it in fact distributed because the moon was tightly locked or other -- I'm just wondering more about the relationship. I might have to talk to you about this off-line because I can go on for hours but I will tell you that the model at least as we thought was that thorium used to be globally distributed and it was caught between the thick layer of the cross and the mantle and this really thin layer of heat producing elements basically thorium, uranium and other heat producing elements. There was a giant in fact called South Pole Aitken basin and it was a glancing blow and only an impact that size would have completely destroyed the moon but in this instance because it was a glancing blow the ideas that it took this material full of thorium and concentrated it to the impact on the near side and that material then got transmitted to the interior of the moon the mantle down below and all of it was concentrated right below the near side of the moon where the decay of the thorium went to the heat producing to the production of heat nothing of the mental irruption of the volcanism only on the near side of the moon. That's the quick summary but I'm happy to talk more about it afterwards. Are there any uses of AI in your tools and technology for some Voyager lending suffer right obstacle avoidance and also navigation on the penitentiary. >> We are always exploring new technologies and techniques and we are involving artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies that were using to investigate the planetary surfaces that reminds me that we are also investigating the use of augmented reality and virtual reality as well particularly in the training of the astronauts and as they come out, we're going to be experimenting with the use of AR as you move forward. >> Did I hear correctly that some of the sealed lunar samples in Houston have been opened or will be opened or have been opened? Yes. The ones you are referring to was one of the drive tubes from Apollo 16 so the astronauts when they went there instead of drilling they took a two and they were able to hammer down and seal it for posterity effectively and bring it back and it had been since the 60s that that drive drive to was closed and sealed and it was recently opened within this last year and a of my PhD advisor is actually one of the persons involved in this sample analyzing so I'm inspecting to see some really fascinating discoveries to come out of that. So the research is certainly not complete yet? Correct. Was the intent to preserve this for modern technique or for new generations? Exactly. And to make comparisons over time see how things may have changed. One of the really interesting thing is that people are interested in is a concept known as the space weathering. The hope is that with the drive tube you're going to retain kind of that stratigraphy of the concept you see what the space weathering affected the uppermost parts of the drive tube as opposed to something down lower so that's why to be something that had not been identified at that time. There is any process that people are really exceptionally interested in that can now be investigated with that concept in mind but yes you technologies as well. >> Earlier you touched a little bit about the imagery that comes from your department. How much is it that your group does is everything that I see here the pictures I see in the news and the media the ones that look amazing is that from your group or is that from a different group and can you talk a little bit about how long it takes to put those together and how realistic they are? The colors are amazing and thinking about the colors, there's another real colors. A lot of great questions. In general, we work with a lot of different entities all that the planetary science community to generate those but yes, in a lot of instances we are responsible for some of the things you see particularly those large global mosaics. Those do take an immense amount of time . Like I said there's millions of data points and it takes our supercomputing clusters it takes are educated dedicated staff and the army of students to go through and process all of this information to make sure it aligns perfectly and happens in fits and starts and can happen over years. The colors you actually saw our real colors but many instances are the ones you see will be filters that are used by instruments to look at different wavelengths that will tell us about the compositions of different materials when you look at them through a different filter or lens. You always want to be a little bit aware so for example one of the things we recently generated is a topographic map of the moon that we actually converted to a rock in the putdown in our education and outreach center for kids to come out and walk on. It is in blues and greens. Is a color ramp that we chose to better represent the differences in topography and the question we get all the time well, we did not realize Mars was green. Why is that? It gives us the opportunity why you have that difference in color skills because they will tell you slightly different things and bring things out in a way that you may not have expected if you are looking at visible light only. Did that answer your question? Yeah. >> Is any of your groups work include establishing colonies on the moon for extended stays and if so, does it include energy production and if so, thorium have anything to do with that? I'm so happy their survey questions about thorium. To answer the first question in terms of actually building anything or having an actual colony building partner not so much involved in but the second part of your question terms of energy resources we are getting more involved in. You may be familiar with the fact that the USGS here is responsible for finding a lot of energy deposits and resources so why not take that expertise in applied to understanding another planetary surface so we are actually currently involved in several different initiatives to explore resources on the moon as well as resources on things like asteroids. Thorium while it is largely disseminated across the near side of the moon and concentrated in such a way that it would look like it will be useful it is not in such large abundances that would make a primary resource unfortunately but that's why we are exporting things like solar illumination, trying to find areas where for example there is permanent exposure to light all the time. On the moon there's areas of permanent light and eras of permanent shadow in both of those are interesting from an energy resource perspective one because permanent light you can use solar panels in one from the permanent dark is eras where we think there might be large concentrations of water ice and that's one of the goals ideally of the Artemis mission to go to the South Pole and help determine whether or not these concentrations of water ice are really water ice or not. The observations we are getting our telling us two different things. One is thing it could be large concentrations of water ice and other suggested could be solar wind and planted hydrogen that looks to remote-sensing data like water and hydrogen so it will be really important for us to go up there to find out if these are actually real ice deposit because if they are they can be utilized for future colonization. I'm sure you know about the HBO series from the earth to the moon in a particular episode where they talk about the astral geology astrogeology which is one of my favorite episodes but as I learned tonight they totally shortchange Dr. Shoemaker it appears because I think they mention MIT or Caltech some Dr. silver which I'm sure was a good fellow who did good work but they did not mention Shoemaker at all as I recall and I'm just curious maybe 40 off-color comments you think you got shortchanged in that episode? I will certainly admit I am biased and even though I never got opportunity to get to know Jean he was exceptionally influential in a lot of the levels but he was not the only one there were people like others and people that were in involved in all stages and they work together as a team I'm sure they butted heads and they had a strong opinion some more prominent than others because they were willing to be at the front of the crowd but I would say that it would have been nice to see a little bit more about Jean but it really was a team of people who did all that work so it's fair that the information they provided would've been nice to see a little bit more about that. >> While we still have you on the horn so to speak of your perspective as a science director, what would you give in terms of your advice for geologists who are now selecting a program of study. The thing we find most often when we are trying to inspire and engage next-generation there's this concept of planetary science is this unique singular thing that is only made for a few people to do and as I try to allude to in that one diagram planetary science is this amalgamation of a white righty of expertise and skill sets and it will be to let people know that any skill that you have as long as he wanted with passionately can be brought to bear in terms of being part of our team to help make some new discovery so you have to be a geologist or you don't have to be just a computer scientist you can be a variety of things to help become part of our team. Please join me in giving him another round of applause. Thank you, Justin. [Applause] Thank you all for joining us tonight and drive safe home and see you next month. 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https://tjyj.stats.gov.cn/CN/10.19343/j.cnki.11-1302/c.2017.07.001	• 论文 • ### 国际比较项目（ICP）高估发展中国家实际消费水平了吗 • 出版日期:2017-07-15 发布日期:2017-07-18 ### Does International Comparison Program Overestimate the Real Consumption of Developing Countries Wang Yan & Yang Zhongshan • Online:2017-07-15 Published:2017-07-18 Abstract: The latest International Comparison Program (ICP) shows that the PPP adjusted economic aggregates for developing countries are much higher than previous estimates. We examine how the different Multilateral Index methods affect the estimates of actual individual consumption for developing countries, in particular for china. Using the data from ICP2011, we set the estimates of GAIA method as a benchmark and measure the biases in GK and GEKS. The empirical results show that: (1) when GK is used at the aggregate level in ICP2011, the final results will still suffer from substitution bias; (2) GEKS which is used in ICP2011 systematically overestimates the actual individual consumption per capita for developing countries. For China, it is overestimated by 6.24%; (3) GK and GEKS underestimate the inequalities in actual individual consumption per capita, while the inequalities measured by GAIA are more reasonable.	2023-03-27T11:17:16	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.19980689883232117, "perplexity": 5103.5831265526085}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948620.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327092225-20230327122225-00472.warc.gz"}
https://finalfantasy.fandom.com/wiki/Ultima_(ability)	## FANDOM 36,374 Pages Know pain... but not for long. Ultima (アルテマ, Arutema?) is a recurring spell in the Final Fantasy series. It is almost always the most powerful spell, hitting all enemies for non-elemental damage, often ignoring defense, Reflect and any other protection. With the exception of its debut appearance in Final Fantasy II, Ultima is considered to be Black Magic. Ultima usually manifests as an explosive sphere of blue or green energy that consumes opponents. In the games where Ultima is not available to the player, it is instead cast by some of the most powerful bosses, such as Trance Kuja in Final Fantasy IX and oretoises in Final Fantasy XIII. Ultima is a plot device in Final Fantasy II as the ultimate spell that was sealed away. ## AppearancesEdit ### Final Fantasy IIEdit The ultimate magic, sealed away by the ancients. —Description Ultima is found at the Mysidian Tower. Its offensive power depends on its current level, as well as the current level of all the other spells the caster knows. Ultima is considered a White Magic spell and draws its power from the Spirit stat and an algorithm based on the player's spell levels. In the Soul of Rebirth sidequest, Ultima can be obtained again if the player defeats Ultima Weapon. This Ultima Tome can only be taught to Minwu. When Final Fantasy II was originally released on the Nintendo Entertainment System, the Ultima spell, which was difficult to acquire, was practically useless. It was meant to grow stronger relative to the level of other spells the caster had, but due to a bug, the spell did just around 500 damage at the most on a single target. Director Hironobu Sakaguchi has later told a humorous story relating to the bug: when Square tested the game and saw the bug, Sakaguchi asked for it to be fixed, but the person who programmed it replied that legendary stuff that dates back to an age before "proper techniques" would look inferior from present's point-of-view, explaining Ultima's weakness. He reasoned that the struggle to acquire it only to discover it's useless mirrors real life, and thus he was not going to fix the bug. Sakaguchi was irritated by the reply and tried to fix it himself, but the programmer had ciphered the source and Ultima was left the way it was.[1] ### Final Fantasy IVEdit Ultima is a spell accessed via the Twincast command through the Augment ability system for the 3D versions. Ultima can only be used through Twincast when used by Cecil and Rosa. It has a spell power of 999, and is more powerful than Meteor, but it costs 99 MP from both users and takes twice as long to cast. The spell is classified as a Black Magic spell. ### Final Fantasy VIEdit Attacks all enemies with powerful, lost magic. —Description Ultima is an Attack spell learned at a x1 rate from the Ragnarok esper or the Paladin Shield. Terra learns it automatically at Level 99. Ultima has a Spell Power of 150 and costs 80 MP to cast. It does non-elemental damage to all enemies and ignores Magic Defense. It is vulnerable to Runic. Ultima is cast by some of the most powerful enemies, including Brachiosaur, the final boss, Magic Master, Ultima Buster, Dark Behemoth, Kaiser Dragon, Red Dragon in the Dragons' Den, and Glutturn (Elixir). ### Final Fantasy VIIEdit Extreme Magic Attack. —Description The Ultima Materia can be obtained in North Corel. If the player stops the coal train during the Huge Materia mission when playing as Cid Highwind, a villager gives it to the party as thanks. If the player fails to stop the train, they must buy the Materia for 50,000 gil. If the player fails to even catch up to the train during the mission, they can't get the Materia at all. The Ultima spell can be cast once the player has leveled up the Ultima Materia once. It costs 130 MP to cast and has a spell power equal to 6.5625x the base magic damage. Ultima has somewhat of a dramatic cast as it is the only spell that switches between three camera angles. The bosses Jenova∙SYNTHESIS and Ruby Weapon and the enemy Dark Dragon use the spell against the party. Dark Dragon counters once per battle with the spell when attacked by magic, while Ruby Weapon always counterattacks with the spell when hit by Knights of the Round, but can also use the spell freely. Jenova∙SYNTHESIS only uses the spell when its countdown reaches 0. If paired with Quadra Magic and HP or MP Absorb Materia, the Quadra Magic Ultima glitch freezes the game when used against bosses with multiple limbs (e.g. Carry Armor). #### Before Crisis -Final Fantasy VII-Edit Ultima is the strongest non-elemental Magic Materia. It does heavy non-elemental damage and costs 200 MP to cast. #### Crisis Core -Final Fantasy VII-Edit Ultima is the strongest spell. It lights up the screen in an explosion of green and blue light, dealing heavy damage to all enemies. Ultima cannot be doublecast and requires Zack to charge for several seconds before unleashing the spell. It costs 99 MP to cast. The Ultima Materia can be stolen as a rare steal from Tycoon and obtained through missions 2-5-2, 3-5-4, 6-6-3, 6-6-5, 9-6-2 and 9-6-5. Ultima can also be made with Materia Fusion by fusing a mastered Energy Materia with a Libra Materia, or fusing any DMW Materia with an Ultimate Materia (Tri-Fire, Tri-Thundaga, Electrocute, Flare, Energy). ### Final Fantasy VIIIEdit Non-elemental magic damage/all enemies —Description Ultima is one of the most powerful offensive spells second only to the Apocalypse. It is almost universally the best spell for junctioning to stats, with only Triple being more effective when junctioned to Hit Rate or Speed. The spell can be drawn from draw points around the world, but the one most easily accessible is in Shumi Village (the player has to pay 5000 gil to a nearby Shumi to use the draw point, however). The Island Closest to Heaven and Island Closest to Hell are also good places for obtaining the spell, given that the player can find numerous hidden draw points with the most powerful magic, Ultima being among them. Ultima can be refined from Ultima Stones, 100 of which drop from Ultima Weapon. Ultima can also be drawn from the optional superbosses, Ultima Weapon and Omega Weapon. Three Ultima Stones can be refined from one Energy Crystal with Siren's Tool-RF ability. It has a spell power of 80. Casting Ultima in battle increases compatibility with Eden by 0.4, and with Bahamut, Cerberus, Brothers, Diablos, Leviathan, Pandemona, Alexander and Doomtrain by 0.2. Casting Ultima doesn't lower compatibility with any Guardian Force. In battle, Ultima is used by Omega Weapon, Krysta, Adel, Sorceress, the final boss's second and final forms. Krysta casts Ultima upon its death, while Adel and Sorceress must charge to use it, and the final boss's second form needs a support to use it. The final boss's final form and Omega Weapon can cast Ultima freely. Ultima Draw from Level 1-100: Ultima Weapon, Omega Weapon Draw points Shumi Village (costs 5,000 gil), Fishermans Horizon (mayor's house, hidden, never refills), Lunatic Pandora*only accessed if the Laguna scenario earlier was executed successfully (never refills), Deep Sea Research Center area before fighting Ultima Weapon (hidden, never refills), Ultimecia Castle (Armory, hidden, never refills), Island Closest to Heaven, Island Closest to Hell Refine Forbid Mag-RF: Ultima Stone x1 = Ultima x1, Energy Crystal x1 = Ultima x3, Pulse Ammo x5 = Ultima x1, Dark Matter x1 = Ultima x100 HP-J Str-J Vit-J Mag-J Spr-J Spd-J Eva-J Hit-J Luk-J +60 +1.00 +0.82 +1.00 +0.95 +0.60 +0.24 +0.60 +0.60 Elem-Atk-J Elem-Def-J ST-Atk-J ST-Def-J no effect All +1.0% no effect no effect ### Final Fantasy IXEdit Ultima is not a spell available to the player, unless by using cheat devices and hacking. Kuja uses Ultima on the party when defeated in battle both as himself and as Trance Kuja, both times signifying the end of the battle with the party's defeat for story purposes by instantly defeating them without displaying any damage taken. Kuja also uses Ultima to destroy Terra in a cutscene. If Ultima is obtained through cheating, it will crash the game upon finishing the casting animation.[2] ### Final Fantasy XEdit Ultima is the most powerful Black Magic spell. In the Standard Sphere Grid it is located in Kimahri's section of the Sphere Grid, at the very center of the grid surrounded by four Level 4 locks, though only three need to be unlocked to learn the ability. On the Expert Sphere Grid it can be found in the top right corner beside Doublecast, surrounded by four Level 4 locks. Ultima can be doublecast, as well as used with Lulu's Fury Overdrive. It has a spell power of 70 and costs 90 MP to cast. It can't be reflected since it is a multi-target spell. Ultima is cast by Bomb King, Catoblepas, Greater Sphere, Jumbo Flan, Mindy, Nega Elemental, Omega Weapon, Seymour Omnis, Sleep Sprout, Ultima Buster, Vidatu, Nemesis and the final boss. Seymour Omnis's version is unique and inflicts special damage rather than magical damage. This means its damage cannot be reduced by Shell or Magic Defense. #### Final Fantasy X-2Edit Ultima is a Black Magic used by equipping the Megiddo Garment Grid and spherechanging through each colored gate. The spell will then appear in the Black Magic skillset and costs 90 MP to cast. Alternatively, it can be used by a character wearing the Lady Luck dressphere by lining up three 7s with Magic Reels. Ultima can also be used through Yuna's Festivalist ability Ultima Sandals. The Black Elemental uses it near the beginning of its battle and Trema can also use Ultima once per battle. #### Final Fantasy X-2: Last MissionEdit This article or section is a stub about an ability in Final Fantasy X-2: Last Mission. You can help the Final Fantasy Wiki by expanding it. ### Final Fantasy XIIIEdit Ultima is an enemy ability that conjures a sphere of green light to damage all party members. It is the most powerful spell, and can wipe out a high level party in full health if they are not using Sentinel roles. It is used by the penultimate boss, Long Gui, and Shaolong Gui. #### Final Fantasy XIII-2Edit Ultima is a non-elemental magic attack that hits all party members. It is used by Caius (third phase of final battle and "Requiem of the Goddess" downloadable episode), Proto fal'Cie Adam, Long Gui, and Valfodr Lv. 99. #### Lightning Returns: Final Fantasy XIIIEdit Ultima is the locked ability of the Ultimatus garb, the reward for beating Ereshkigal in the Ultimate Lair. The higher the difference between Lightning's current and maximum HP, the more damage it does. Ultima ignores all resistances, and can deal damage even if the enemy is completely immune to magic. Though only available as a locked ability on a garb, Ultima was programmed as a regular spell. If one hacks the game to set Ultima to level 1, it requires stones to be upgraded, whereas all other garb exclusive abilities do not and cannot level up. The final boss will use Ultima against Lightning. ### Final Fantasy XIVEdit Ultima appears as a plot device and as an enemy ability. Spoiler warning: Plot and/or ending details follow. (Skip section) From the deepest pit of the seven hells to the very pinnacle of the heavens, the world shall tremble! Unleash Ultima! Ultima is an ancient magic that lies dormant within the Heart of Sabik of the Ultima Weapon. During the events inside the Praetorium, Lahabrea activates Ultima, leaving the fortress in ruins, with the Warrior of Light only surviving due to Hydaelyn's protection. During the final encounter with the Ultima Weapon in the Praetorium, the boss will attempt to cast Ultima when low on health, and the party must defeat it before the spell is completed, or they will be killed regardless of HP and the fight will be lost. The enemy also has access to the spell in the Minstrel's Ballad and the Weapon's Refrain instances. The Minstrel's Ballad version of the ability functions as a hard enrage if the players do not defeat the boss within a certain time limit. The Weapon's Refrain version of the boss uses Ultima as its signature attack, instantly defeating the party if players did not use a tank Limit Break 3. Spoilers end here. Three alternate versions of Ultima are used by certain bosses. Dark Ultima is a strong raid-wide damage attack that Argath Thadalfus uses during the final boss encounter with him inside the Royal City of Rabanastre. Demi-Ultima also appears as an attack used by the Ultima Beast boss inside the The Fractal Continuum (Hard). Lastly, Kefka has access to Ultima Upsurge during both encounters with him inside the Sigmascape V4.0 raid. Both Demi-Ultima and Ultima Upsurge's animations are based on the Ultima magic from Final Fantasy VI. ### Final Fantasy TacticsEdit Magick that inflicts damages with pure energy. —Description Brush off vanity and show reality! Ultima! —Upon casting Ultima has two versions. The first is used by Celia, Lettie, and the Ultima Demons. Both Ramza Beoulve and his sister Alma (and Luso in The War of the Lions) can learn this version in Blue Mage-style in only a handful of battles, so it can easily be missed. Since Alma's weapon, Healing Staff, can only heal its target when using the "Attack" command, the Ultima spell she can learn from her allies or Ultima Demons is her only means of offense during the final battle. The final boss uses a more powerful version of this Ultima spell. Both Ultima spells deal non-elemental damage on all targets within its effect area. The Ultima usable by most units has the radius of two grids, which is that of a normal magick spell. The Ultima used by the final boss has radius of three and four respectively. Although the Ultima spell used by the final boss is reasonably powerful, it is slow to charge, buying the player time to engulf the boss in their own magick. The damage formula for Ultima is as follows: $Magic Attack \times PWR \times (Faith/100) \times (Target Faith/100)$ ### Final Fantasy Tactics A2: Grimoire of the RiftEdit Ultima is cast from the summoning of the Scion, Ultima. It fully heals all party members and deals moderate holy-elemental damage to all foes. ### Final Fantasy Type-0Edit Ultima engulfs a wide radius with powerful magical energy with the user as the epicenter. It can break the 9999 damage limit in a single hit, and is the only non-ultimate ability with this property. It can be learned by earning 150,000 SPP. It requires all magic stats to be at 100. Ultima II is an upgraded form, additionally inflicting targets with stun. It can be learned by reaching the SP Class of "Wise". It requires all magic stats to be at 80. Ultima III is an upgraded form of Ultima, additionally inflicting targets with stop. It can be learned by reaching the SP Class of "Wise" and SP Rank of "King" and above. It requires all magic stats to be at 120. #### Final Fantasy AgitoEdit This article or section is a stub about an ability in Final Fantasy Agito. You can help the Final Fantasy Wiki by expanding it. ### Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles: Ring of FatesEdit Ultima deals massive damage to nearby enemies and stuns them. It is cast by piling Fire, Blizzard, Thunder, Cure, and Clear. ### Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles: Echoes of TimeEdit Ultima deals massive damage to nearby enemies and stuns them. It is cast by piling Fire, Blizzard, Thunder, Cure, and Clear. ### Bravely DefaultEdit This article or section is a stub about a spell in Bravely Default. You can help the Final Fantasy Wiki by expanding it. ### Final Fantasy DimensionsEdit Ultima is a level 8 Black Magic spell and it is the strongest Black Magic. It is learned by reaching level 20 of the Magus job. The spell deals major non-elemental magic damage to all enemies and ignores the target's Reflect status. It costs 80 MP to cast. The only enemy able to cast Ultima is the Ω Weapon superboss. ### Final Fantasy Dimensions IIEdit Ultima I-III are one of Aemo's strongest magic abilities, and is learned from the Ultima Weapon Eidolon. The ability deals massive non-elemental damage to all enemies and ignores enemy damage negate buffs. Each version of Ultima costs 130 MP for Aemo to cast. When combined with the Ultima Weapon signet's passive of increasing the chances of Aemo's magic attacks landing critical hits by 25%, it allows for the possibility of Ultima exceeding 100,000 points of damage. The only enemy able to cast Ultima is the Ultimate Weapon superboss. ### Dissidia Final Fantasy (2008)Edit Be careful! —Kefka Palazzo Kefka has Ultima as a Bravery attack. He fires a small magical orb that explodes in a flash of blue energy a moment later. Kefka can cast the spell while on the ground or in the air and learns both versions at Level 28. It costs 30 CP to equip and 180 AP to master. When firing the spell, he mockingly warns the opponent of the oncoming attack, and when the orb detonates, Kefka will cackle. He uses a similar attack towards Terra in cutscenes for both Destiny Odyssey and Shade Impulse, the former when trying to get Terra to unleash her "cataclysmic power", and the latter when showing her "fate's footsteps" just prior to fighting her. O perfect light, I want to end this! —Terra Branford Just go away! —Kuja Ultima is an HP attack for Terra and Kuja. Terra's version chains from Holy Combo, and creates a violet sphere of energy around the opponent that explodes. It costs 40 CP to equip and 300 AP to master. Kuja's version summons many magical orbs to fall on the opponent, stunning them if they are hit. Kuja learns to cast Ultima on the ground at Level 38 and in the air at Level 44. It costs 40 CP to equip and 300 AP to master. #### Dissidia 012 Final FantasyEdit Ultima returns as an attack usable by Kefka, Terra, and Kuja. Kefka's Ultima now has Ranged Mid Damage Priority on explosion, causing opponents to stagger when they block it. It costs 30 CP to equip and 100 AP to master. Kuja's Ultima and Terra's Ultima now both cost 30 CP to equip and 130 AP to master. Terra's Ultima causes downwards Wall Rush rather than backwards. #### Dissidia Final Fantasy NTEdit Ultima is a Bravery Attack for Ramza. It is also an HP Attack for Squall and Kuja, both learned at character level 10. Each character's Ultima has the appearance from their respective games. Kefka retains his use of Ultima, renamed to Boom Boom Ultima, drastically changed from its appearance in the PlayStation Portable games as an explosion of energy that draws in foes. #### Dissidia Final Fantasy Opera OmniaEdit This article or section is a stub about an ability in Dissidia Final Fantasy Opera Omnia. You can help the Final Fantasy Wiki by expanding it. ### Theatrhythm Final Fantasy Curtain CallEdit Ultima is a spell innately learnable by Chaos, Minwu, Terra, and Ramza. It can also be taught to other characters via an Ultima Scroll. The spell will activate once per Battle Music Sequence (BMS) at the appearance of a boss-type enemy. ### Theatrhythm Final Fantasy All-Star CarnivalEdit This article or section is a stub about an ability in Theatrhythm Final Fantasy All-Star Carnival. You can help the Final Fantasy Wiki by expanding it. ### Pictlogica Final FantasyEdit This article or section is a stub about an ability in Pictlogica Final Fantasy. You can help the Final Fantasy Wiki by expanding it. #### Pictlogica Final Fantasy ≒Edit This article or section is a stub about an ability in Pictlogica Final Fantasy ≒. You can help the Final Fantasy Wiki by expanding it. This article or section is a stub about an ability in Final Fantasy Airborne Brigade. You can help the Final Fantasy Wiki by expanding it. ### Final Fantasy Record KeeperEdit Ultima is a Rank 6 Black Magic ability, obtained from the Ultima Nightmare Dungeon after beating Ultima Buster. It deals three hits of non-elemental magic damage to all enemies. The player can only acquire one copy of Ultima, as the Record Crystal needed to craft it is a unique item won from the Nightmare Dungeon and used up in the crafting. Rank Uses Material 1 Material 2 Material 3 1 2 Black Crystal x10 Non-Elemental Crystal x6 Fire Crystal x6 2 4 Black Crystal x20 Non-Elemental Crystal x12 Fire Crystal x12 3 6 Black Crystal x30 Non-Elemental Crystal x18 Fire Crystal x18 4 8 Black Crystal x40 Non-Elemental Crystal x24 Fire Crystal x24 5 10 Black Crystal x50 Non-Elemental Crystal x30 Fire Crystal x30 Ultima Buster will cast Nightmare Ultima after the second phase of its battle; its potency depends on how many times it used Charge. Kaiser Dragon also casts Nightmare Ultima on death, though this is meant to be avoided with the barrier generated by the crystal. Additionally, enemies who cast Ultima in their game of origin will do so in Record Keeper; however, it only deals one hit of non-elemental magic damage. ### Final Fantasy ExplorersEdit Expel neutral energy outward in a radiant explosion, bypassing reflect and dealing multiple hits. —Description This article or section is a stub about a spell in Final Fantasy Explorers. You can help the Final Fantasy Wiki by expanding it. ### Final Fantasy Brave ExviusEdit Deals magic damage partially unaffected by magic defense to all enemies. —Description Ultima is a Lv. 8 Black Magic spell that costs 60 MP to use and deals a large amount of non-elemental magic damage to all enemies. Currently, four characters learn Ultima (Alma, Dark Fina, Trance Terra, and Ramza), but the ability can also be obtained as a Trust Master Reward from Terra and equipped on anyone with the sufficient Black Magic level. Dark Fina can "awaken" Ultima up to "Ultima +2," which boosts its damage, reduces its cost to 45 MP, and spreads the damage out between 7 hits instead of a single hit. ### Mobius Final FantasyEdit This article or section is a stub about an ability in Mobius Final Fantasy. You can help the Final Fantasy Wiki by expanding it. ### World of Final FantasyEdit Ultima is an active magic ability that inflicts neutral magical damage on all enemies for 12 AP. Ultima 1 is an active magic ability that inflicts neutral magical damage on a single enemy for 1 AP. It can be used by Lann (Firion's Champion Jewel). Ultima is also an enemy ability used by Ultima Weapon. ### Chocobo RacingEdit Ultima is the last and most powerful of the eight abilities. Ultima Lv 1 forces racers to spin out, Ultima Lv 2 forces racers to crash and Ultima Lv 3 forces racers to suffer a cataclysmic crash. In the story, the magic of Ultima was sealed away within realm of Fantasia by the sorcerer Ming-wu due to misuse. It was under the protection of Lord Bahamut, who was guarded by Behemoth. However, after Chocobo, Mog, Chubby Chocobo, White Mage, Black Mage, Golem and Goblin brought together their Magicite stones did the world of Fantasia reopen and the magic of Ultima be rediscovered. After a race with Bahamut himself, the truth was revealed and, awed by the fact that the young members of the various races were working in harmony, Bahamut allowed the magic to be freed once more and doing away with the Magicite crystal, much to Mog's dismay. ### Chocobo no Fushigi na DungeonEdit This article or section is a stub about a spell in Chocobo no Fushigi na Dungeon. You can help the Final Fantasy Wiki by expanding it. #### Chocobo's Dungeon 2Edit This article or section is a stub about a spell in Chocobo's Dungeon 2. You can help the Final Fantasy Wiki by expanding it. ### Final Fantasy Fables: Chocobo TalesEdit This article or section is a stub about an ability in Final Fantasy Fables: Chocobo Tales. You can help the Final Fantasy Wiki by expanding it. ## Non-Final Fantasy guest appearancesEdit ### Ehrgeiz: God Bless the RingEdit Ultima Materia. —Description Ultima is a magic spell within the Forsaken Dungeon. The Basic Magic version attempts to destroy enemies inside the energy field and consume one Magic Stone. The Ultra Magic version creates an energy field in the middle of the room and attempts to destroy all enemies, consuming three Magic Stones. ### Kingdom Hearts seriesEdit In Kingdom Hearts II, one of Donald's moves during Trinity Limit is Ultima. It draws the enemies in and hits them to increase the amount of combos. Although the spell is named Ultima in the English localization, the name of the spell in the Japanese version is Lastga (ラストガ, Rasutoga?). An optional superboss in Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix called Lingering Will has an attack known as Ultima Cannon. When used its Keyblade transforms into a massive cannon that shoots a giant sphere of energy that homes in on Sora's location and explodes on impact. The Ultima Cannon also reappears in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep as the ultimate Shotlock for Terra. In Kingdom Hearts III, Mickey Mouse casts Ultima against Master Xehanort, who uses Stopza to negate it. ## GalleryEdit This gallery is incomplete and requires Final Fantasy X-2: Last Mission added. You can help the Final Fantasy Wiki by uploading images. ## EtymologyEdit Ultima means "the last" in Latin and many Latin-based languages. In the Spanish versions of many Final Fantasy games, it is written as "Artema," a close transliteration of the Japanese katakana. ## ReferencesEdit Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.	2019-06-18T06:51:57	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.23612776398658752, "perplexity": 11015.463330316417}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998690.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618063322-20190618085322-00488.warc.gz"}
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=EU_statistics_on_income_and_living_conditions_(EU-SILC)_methodology_-_private_households	EU statistics on income and living conditions (EU-SILC) methodology - private households - Statistics Explained Try the new automatic translation by clicking on the blue icon “Translate” up in the right corner of the article! # EU statistics on income and living conditions (EU-SILC) methodology - private households This article is part of a set of articles describing the methodology applied for the computation of the statistical indicators pertinent to the subject area of Private households (ilc_lvph) within the overall domain of Income and living conditions. For these indicators, the article provides a methodological and practical framework of reference. The indicators relevant to the subject area of private households are the following: • Average household size • Distribution of households Moreover, since the datasets are of multidimensional structure and can be analysed simultaneously along several dimensions, the separate datasets are presented along with the different combinations of dimensions. ### Description • The average household size refers to the weighted average (effective) household size, where the weight is the household cross-sectional weight (DB090). • The distribution of households along with the dimensions with which is disseminated, refers to the share of households in the relevant household type as percentage of total households. ### Statistical population The statistical population consists of all persons living in private private households. Persons living in collective households and in institutions as well as people with missing values for household type and for any of the different dimensions that the indicators are presented, are excluded from calculations. ### Reference period All indicators are collected and disseminated on an annual basis and refer to the survey year. The reference period for all dimensions along with the indicators are disseminated is the survey year, except for age and income. As far as age is concerned, it refers to the age of the respondent at the end of the income reference period. The income reference period is a fixed 12-month period (such as the previous calendar or tax year) for all countries except the United Kingdom, for which the income reference period is the current year, and Ireland, for which the survey is continuous and income is collected for the last twelve months. ### Unit of measurement The average household size is given as a (weighted) average. The distribution of households is made available as a percentage. ### Dimensions The separate datasets provide each indicator along with the Geopolitical entity and time dimensions and the dimensions presented below. The distribution of households is presented along with the following dimensions: • household type • household size • household type and income group • number of children ### Calculation method 1. Average household size: The weighted average household size (AHHSIZ) is calculated as follows. The weight variable used is the Household Cross Sectional Weight (DB090). $AHHSIZ=\frac{\sum\limits_{\forall{i}}DB090_i\times\;HHSIZE_i }{\sum \limits_{\forall{i}}DB090_i}$ No methodological issues pertain to the calculation of the weighted average household size. 2. Distribution of households: The distribution of households (DISHH) broken down by each combination of dimensions (k) $(DISHH_{at\_k} )$ is calculated as the percentage of households in each k over the total population of households. The weight variable used is the Household Cross Sectional Weight (DB090). $DISHH_{at\_k}=\frac{\sum\limits_{\forall{i\_k}}DB090_i}{\sum \limits_{\forall{i\_k}}DB090_i}\times 100$ No methodological issues pertain to the calculation of the distribution of households. However, there are some methodological limitations that pertain to the following dimensions accompanying the indicators: Age, Household type. ### Main concepts For the production of the indicators relevant to the subject area of private households, the variables listed below are also involved in computations: ### SAS program files SAS programming routines developed for the computation of the EU-SILC datasets on private households along with the different dimensions, are listed below. Dataset SAS program file Average household size (ilc_lvph01) _lvph01.sas Distribution of households by household type from 2003 onwards (ilc_lvph02) _lvph02.sas Distribution of households by household size (ilc_lvph03) _lvph03.sas Distribution of households by household type and income level (ilc_lvph04) _lvph04.sas Distribution of households with children by number of children (ilc_lvph05) _lvph05.sas Other articles Tables Database Dedicated section Publications Methodology Legislation Visualisations	2021-04-18T10:06:26	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6964300870895386, "perplexity": 3093.047669059001}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038469494.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20210418073623-20210418103623-00510.warc.gz"}
https://www.usgs.gov/news/usgs-changes-map-prices	# USGS Changes Map Prices Release Date: For the first time in a decade, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is changing the prices of its maps. Effective August 12, 1995, the price of the standard topographic quadrangle map series is increasing to $4.00. The price for most other maps produced by the USGS is being standardized to$4 per map. The USGS has also initiated a handling fee of \$3.50 per mail order for all product lines.	2020-09-27T20:30:31	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6004922389984131, "perplexity": 4174.194315909403}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401578485.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200927183616-20200927213616-00650.warc.gz"}
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10127996-ultrabroadband-few-cycle-pulses-directly-from-mamyshev-fiber-oscillator	Ultrabroadband, few-cycle pulses directly from a Mamyshev fiber oscillator While the performance of mode-locked fiber lasers has been improved significantly, the limited gain bandwidth restricts them from generating ultrashort pulses approaching a few cycles or even shorter. Here we present a novel method to achieve few-cycle pulses ($∼5 cycles$) with an ultrabroad spectrum ($∼400 nm$at$−20 dB$) from a Mamyshev oscillator configuration by inserting a highly nonlinear photonic crystal fiber and a dispersion delay line into the cavity. A dramatic intracavity spectral broadening can be stabilized by the unique nonlinear processes of a self-similar evolution as a nonlinear attractor in the gain fiber and a “perfect” saturable absorber action of the Mamyshev oscillator. To the best of our knowledge, this is the shortest pulse width and broadest spectrum directly generated from a fiber laser. Authors: ; ; ; Award ID(s): Publication Date: NSF-PAR ID: 10127996 Journal Name: Photonics Research Volume: 8 Issue: 1 Page Range or eLocation-ID: Article No. 65 ISSN: 2327-9125 Publisher: Optical Society of America 1. Extended depth of focus (EDOF) optics can enable lower complexity optical imaging systems when compared to active focusing solutions. With existing EDOF optics, however, it is difficult to achieve high resolution and high collection efficiency simultaneously. The subwavelength spacing of scatterers in a meta-optic enables the engineering of very steep phase gradients; thus, meta-optics can achieve both a large physical aperture and a high numerical aperture. Here, we demonstrate a fast$(f/1.75)$EDOF meta-optic operating at visible wavelengths, with an aperture of 2 mm and focal range from 3.5 mm to 14.5 mm (286 diopters to 69 diopters), which is a$250×$elongation of the depth of focus relative to a standard lens. Depth-independent performance is shown by imaging at a range of finite conjugates, with a minimum spatial resolution of$∼9.84 μm$(50.8 cycles/mm). We also demonstrate operation of a directly integrated EDOF meta-optic camera module to evaluate imaging at multiple object distances, a functionality which would otherwise require a varifocal lens. 2. Integrated lithium niobate (LN) photonic circuits have recently emerged as a promising candidate for advanced photonic functions such as high-speed modulation, nonlinear frequency conversion, and frequency comb generation. For practical applications, optical interfaces that feature low fiber-to-chip coupling losses are essential. So far, the fiber-to-chip loss (commonly$>10 dB/facet$) has dominated the total insertion losses of typical LN photonic integrated circuits, where on-chip losses can be as low as 0.03–0.1 dB/cm. Here we experimentally demonstrate a low-loss mode size converter for coupling between a standard lensed fiber and sub-micrometer LN rib waveguides. The coupler consists of two inverse tapers that convert the small optical mode of a rib waveguide into a symmetrically guided mode of a LN nanowire, featuring a larger mode area matched to that of a tapered optical fiber. The measured fiber-to-chip coupling loss is lower than 1.7 dB/facet with high fabrication tolerance and repeatability. Our results open the door for practical integrated LN photonic circuits efficiently interfaced with optical fibers. 3. A high efficiency, high brightness, and robust micro or sub-microscale red light emitting diode (LED) is an essential, yet missing, component of the emerging virtual reality and future ultrahigh resolution mobile displays. We report, for the first time, to our knowledge, the demonstration of an N-polar InGaN/GaN nanowire sub-microscale LED emitting in the red spectrum that can overcome the efficiency cliff of conventional red-emitting micro-LEDs. We show that the emission wavelengths of N-polar InGaN/GaN nanowires can be progressively shifted from yellow to orange and red, which is difficult to achieve for conventional InGaN quantum wells or Ga-polar nanowires. Significantly, the optical emission intensity can be enhanced by more than one order of magnitude by employing anin situannealing process of the InGaN active region, suggesting significantly reduced defect formation. LEDs with lateral dimensions as small as$∼0.75 μm$, consisting of approximately five nanowires, were fabricated and characterized, which are the smallest red-emitting LEDs ever reported, to our knowledge. A maximum external quantum efficiency$∼1.2%$was measured, which is comparable to previously reported conventional quantum well micro-LEDs operating in this wavelength range, while our device sizes are nearly three to five orders of magnitude smaller in surface area. 4. Non-mode-selective (NMS) multiplexers (muxes) are highly desirable for coherent power combining to produce a high-power beam with a shaped profile (wavefront synthesis) from discrete, phase-locked emitters. We propose a design for a multi-plane light conversion (MPLC)-based NMS mux, which requires only a few phase masks for coherently combining hundreds of discrete input beams into an output beam consisting of hundreds of Hermite–Gaussian (HG) modes. The combination of HG modes as a base can further construct a beam with arbitrary wavefront. The low number of phase masks is attributed to the identical zero-crossing structure of the Hadamard-coded input arrays and of the output HG modes, enabling the practicality of such devices. An NMS mux supporting 256 HG modes is designed using only seven phase masks, and achieves an insertion loss of$−1.6 dB$, mode-dependent loss of 4.7 dB, and average total mode crosstalk of$−4.4 dB$. Additionally, this design, featuring equal power for all input beams, enables phase-only control in coherent power combining, resulting in significant simplifications and fast convergence compared with phase-and-amplitude control. 5. Dissipative Kerr soliton generation in chip-scale nonlinear resonators has recently observed remarkable advances, spanning from massively parallel communications, to self-referenced oscillators, and to dual-comb spectroscopy. Often working in the anomalous dispersion regime, unique driving protocols and dispersion in these nonlinear resonators have been examined to achieve the soliton and soliton-like temporal pulse shapes and coherent frequency comb generation. The normal dispersion regime provides a complementary approach to bridge the nonlinear dynamical studies, including the possibility of square pulse formation with flattop plateaus, or platicons. Here we report observations of square pulse formation in chip-scale frequency combs through stimulated pumping at one free spectral range and in silicon nitride rings with$+55 fs2/mm$normal group velocity dispersion. Tuning of the platicon frequency comb via a varied sideband modulation frequency is examined in both spectral and temporal measurements. Determined by second-harmonic autocorrelation and cross correlation, we observe bright square platicon pulse of 17 ps pulse width on a 19 GHz flat frequency comb. With auxiliary-laser-assisted thermal stabilization, we surpass the thermal bistable dragging and extend the mode-locking access to narrower 2 ps platicon pulse states, supported by nonlinear dynamical modeling and boundary limit discussions.	2023-04-01T16:24:24	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 12, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.36642712354660034, "perplexity": 4407.275822195804}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950110.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401160259-20230401190259-00038.warc.gz"}
https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/version/cs/A-5.1?code=se:32&history=20210916	A-5.1 - Act respecting acupuncture 32. Every person who holds a diploma referred to in subparagraph 1 of the first paragraph of section 11 of the Regulation, or holds a diploma referred to in subparagraph 2 of the first paragraph of that section and whose training is considered to be equivalent by the Collège des médecins du Québec, and who, before 1 July 1995, does not or is unable to sit for the written examination referred to in section 13 of the Regulation, may obtain a permit if he meets either of the following conditions: (1) the person passes the examinations referred to in the said section 13 which the Order is required to hold, if the need arises, for a person referred to in subparagraph 1 of the first paragraph of section 31; (2) the person completes a 12-month clinical training period under the supervision of a member of the Order and passes a training control examination to be determined by the Order, held and corrected, at least once every 12 months, under the responsibility of the Order or of any committee created by the Bureau to which it delegates that function. 1994, c. 37, s. 32.	2022-05-17T20:40:49	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8319228291511536, "perplexity": 1183.4682533651562}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662520817.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517194243-20220517224243-00498.warc.gz"}
http://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess119_2011-2012/SJ11/20110531.htm	South Carolina General Assembly 119th Session, 2011-2012 Journal of the Senate Tuesday, May 31, 2011 (Statewide Session) Indicates Matter Stricken Indicates New Matter The Senate assembled at 10:00 A.M., the hour to which it stood adjourned, and was called to order by the PRESIDENT. A quorum being present, the proceedings were opened with a devotion by the Chaplain as follows: As we read in I Kings, "In the four hundred and eightieth year after the Israelites came out of the land of Egypt, in the fourth year of Solomon's reign over Israel, in the month of Ziv, the second month, he began to build the house of the Lord." (I Kings 6:1) Join me, please, as we bow in prayer: Glorious Lord, we don't always know how to handle Bible references to time, but we do know this: these Senators and their staff members are all drawing closer and closer to their time of completing a large portion of this year's work. Yet, O God, every one of us knows that so much remains to be addressed, to be finished. Meanwhile, we pray that You will give Your servants in this Chamber the stamina, the wisdom, and the faithfulness of Solomon of old. Help them to honor You, Lord, as they continue serving the people of our State. In Your loving name we pray, dear Savior. Amen. The PRESIDENT called for Petitions, Memorials, Presentments of Grand Juries and such like papers. Report of the Committee to Screen Candidates for Boards of Trustees of State Colleges and Universities Findings of Fact Memorandum To: Clerk of the House Clerk of the Senate Re: Committee Hearings May 25, 2011 The Committee to Screen Candidates for Boards of Trustees of State Colleges and Universities finds the following candidate for Boards of Trustees qualified. Background reports from the State Law Enforcement Division show no felony charges against the candidate. University of South Carolina 6th Judicial Circuit Hubert F. "Hugh" Mobley Respectfully submitted, Senator Jake Knotts, Chairman Rep. Joan Brady, Vice-Chairman Senator Thomas Alexander Rep. George Hearn Senator Harvey Peeler, Jr. Rep. David Mack Senator Yancey McGill Rep. Bill Whitmire COMMITTEE TO SCREEN CANDIDATES FOR BOARDS OF TRUSTEES OF STATE COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES * * * * * Wednesday, May 25, 2011 9:30 a.m. - 9:54 a.m. The meeting was conducted on May 25, 2011 at The State House, Columbia, South Carolina, before Lisa F. Huffman, Court Reporter and Notary Public in and for the State of South Carolina. APPEARANCES: Senator Jake Knotts, Chairman Senator Thomas Alexander Senator Harvey Peeler, Jr. Senator Yancey McGill Representative George Hearn Representative David Mack Representative Bill Whitmire (By proxy) Also Present: Sophia Derrick WEDNESDAY, MAY 25, 2011 CHAIRMAN KNOTTS: I'm going to call this Committee of the Screening of Boards and Trustees of the State Colleges and Universities to order for the purpose of screening candidates for the 6th Judicial Circuit University of South Carolina Board of Trustees. Does any members got anything they would like to say or add at this time? Okay. At this time, give us a report, Madam Secretary. SECRETARY DERRICK: Our candidate is Mr. Hubert F. (Hugh) Mobley, the only candidate running for the USC board from the 6th Judicial Circuit. CHAIRMAN KNOTTS: Okay. Let me ask you a few questions for the record at this point in time. Did we advertise it? And tell us what the advertisement was and how we did it. SECRETARY DERRICK: Yes, we did. We have our website now. It was on the internet and it was also sent across the AP wire to all the newspapers in the state of South Carolina. CHAIRMAN KNOTTS: Okay. And no other candidates except this person? SECRETARY DERRICK: No one else applied. CHAIRMAN KNOTTS: No one else applied. Okay. At this point in time, we have Mr. Hubert F. (Hugh) Mobley of 505 Briarwood Road in Lancaster, South Carolina present. If you would come forward, just have a seat at the desk and thank you for coming, sir. MR. MOBLEY: Thank you. CHAIRMAN KNOTTS: Okay. SECRETARY DERRICK: You need to swear him in. CHAIRMAN KNOTTS: Please raise your right hand and be sworn in by the secretary. SECRETARY DERRICK: Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God? MR. MOBLEY: I do. SECRETARY DERRICK: Okay. CHAIRMAN KNOTTS: Thank you, Mr. Mobley. I'm going to ask you a few questions after we go through the formal process. Can you tell us about the background checks and? SECRETARY DERRICK: Yes, sir. A SLED background check showed no criminal charges against the candidate. A 10-year driving record showed no major violations and a credit check showed no concerns. CHAIRMAN KNOTTS: Thank you. Thank you. Mr. Mobley, do you have any interests professionally or personally that would present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board at USC? MR. MOBLEY: I do not know of any. CHAIRMAN KNOTTS: Okay. Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the South Carolina constitution? MR. MOBLEY: I'm currently serving as the 5th Congressional District Representative of the South Carolina Board of Pharmacy which I'll resign prior to the election. CHAIRMAN KNOTTS: Okay. If your seat is determined by congressional district or judicial circuit, do you reside at the address on your driver's license and voter registration and property tax residency statement on a full-time basis? MR. MOBLEY: Yes, sir. CHAIRMAN KNOTTS: You reside within this district for which you are seeking election to? MR. MOBLEY: I do. CHAIRMAN KNOTTS: Do you understand that you are prohibited from seeking a commitment until 48 hours after the release of the committee's report? And what's meant by that is once we find you qualified and nominated that you would be prohibited from going to ask for votes or commitments from representatives or senators or have anyone on your behalf go and ask for -- seek votes of support for and commitments for your election to the board. MR. MOBLEY: I do. CHAIRMAN KNOTTS: Until you're released from this committee. MR. MOBLEY: I do. CHAIRMAN KNOTTS: Okay. At this time, tell us a little bit about yourself and why you want to be on the USC board. MR. MOBLEY: I'm a 1978 graduate of the University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy. It's been 30 years since the time I graduated. I've been active at the University via the athletic programs and Alumni Association. Have a local campus in Lancaster, South Carolina -- USC Lancaster. It's a growing institution. I participated there in many activities. Most recently, we had a 50th Year campaign, which I was a division leader on fund-raising effort to build a $7 million classroom building which we're getting ready to start. So we got growth in that area and make sure that we provide an access there for students to get affordable, quality education. I feel like that do. I have four children. Two of them went to that campus and then came to main campus, finished and went to graduate school at University. So that gives me a little bit different of perspective on the access issue and the affordability issue. Also, I've served since 1995 in some various form on the South Carolina Board of Pharmacy. And owning a pharmacy for 30 years as a business owner, gives me a perspective on, you know, the costs effectiveness of running a business as well as what it takes to blend the educational, the regulatory environment in the state, how that translates into the educational process. Also, being a pharmacist, I think it would bring a different perspective to the board than exists today. CHAIRMAN KNOTTS: Okay. Mr. Mobley, on the tuition issue at University, have you had a chance to look over the years the rising costs in tuition at USC and other colleges in this state to -- would you like to address that on how you -- MR. MOBLEY: I've notice that there has been an increase due to whatever reasons within these universities. I think it's important to make sure that any increases are understood in light of what parents are going through. And I think that gives me a little bit different perspective having four children, having to educate them myself. So I kind of have a personal vested interest in that. I think, you know, we need to look at all cost-cutting measures available first before that's addressed. Because that filters down the parent that's trying to get accessible, affordable education. CHAIRMAN KNOTTS: How about out-of-state tuition versus in-state tuition? MR. MOBLEY: Well I think the University of South Carolina, being flagship University and touching all corners of the state has its first obligations to the citizens and the students in South Carolina. Obviously, that would be the primary concern, I think, of the University since they are the flagship university. Obviously there is some demand for out-of-state students to come to our university for various reasons, whatever those reasons may be, maybe a competitive program that's not available in their state. So I think we have to look at the balance between those things and make sure that we keep our first obligation in mind as to the people in South Carolina. CHAIRMAN KNOTTS: Okay. Any members here got any questions for Mr. Mobley? Senator from Gaffney, Senator. SENATOR PEELER: Mr. Mobley, I appreciate a man of your caliber willing to serve in this capacity. I appreciate that. I noticed that you have a business or business interest in Union County. We have a school there at USC Union and you talked about your interest in USC Lancaster. What's your thoughts on satellite campuses like USC Union. I represent part of Union County -- MR. MOBLEY: Right. SENATOR PEELER: -- so we're really concerned in that area. They've been now for over a year trying to close that campus. What's your policy on those schools? MR. MOBLEY: When you compare the regional campuses, you have to look at what people are going through in the economy today. I know in my community, there are some students who would not be able to go off and stay the main campus because the economics. Try to -- they're able to work a job and reach an education through these regional campuses. I think they're important. I think we have to look at the total cost factor. I think it's something that makes the University of South Carolina somewhat unique. I know Clemson does a great job with the bridge program. I think it's important for access and affordability that students be able to go close to where they are. Not all of them are blessed to have the finances to fund an education away from home. SENATOR PEELER: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. CHAIRMAN KNOTTS: Uh-huh. REPRESENTATIVE BRADY: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. And along the questions of Senator Peeler and Senator Knotts, as an appointee from the General Assembly, would you be accessible to the General Assembly and certainly responsive when we have questions and concerns regarding issues in our respective -- MR. MOBLEY: What -- and I think the letter that I turned in which I think will be distributed to the legislature. I think one of the points that I make in there is that I think it's important for you to represent the university as well as the legislature. Create a working relationship that works for both of you and it would be my plan to provide everybody a contact information for myself, so that if they had concerns or questions, it wouldn't be an obstacle getting in touch with me. CHAIRMAN KNOTTS: Okay. Senator Alexander. SENATOR ALEXANDER: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. For all I know you may have already covered this. I was running a little late. You started out at Clemson? MR. MOBLEY: I did. SENATOR ALEXANDER: And then you left and went to -- MR. MOBLEY: Momma told me to be a well-rounded individual. No. I -- CHAIRMAN KNOTTS: You started out well. MR. MOBLEY: I did a lot. A made a decision when I was 18 that a lot of people, you know, following your classmates off to school and think that it's going to be the same. I always had an interest in pharmacy and coupled with the fact that, you know, the environment when I got there wasn't like it was in high school. And my interest in pharmacy, I couldn't afford not to make it. SENATOR ALEXANDER: And then the other thing, too, I had the pleasure of knowing your dad and working with him and hold him in the highest esteem and regard, so appreciate your willingness to serve, and also notice that you actually are running unopposed for this in an open seat. Value your willingness to serve and other people supporting you from that standpoint. SENATOR PEELER: Mr. Chairman, I always look at these applicants and try to find an achilles heel or some kind of negative that I can find about them. About the only thing that I could find negative about him is the company he keeps. You know a fellow by the name of Ronnie Cromer. That doesn't concern you in any way? MR. MOBLEY: Yes, it does. CHAIRMAN KNOTTS: With that said, we probably need to adjourn. SENATOR PEELER: Mr. Chairman, if there are no other questions, I move a favorable report. REPRESENTATIVE BRADY: Second. CHAIRMAN KNOTTS: Okay. Would you hold that just a moment -- SENATOR PEELER: Certainly. CHAIRMAN KNOTTS: -- and give him chance to introduce his wife and his people that have accompanied him today. MR. MOBLEY: Yeah. This is my wife, Donna. As Senator Peeler said, she many times passes for my daughter. And I came out on the good end of that. We've been together for over 30 years and I'm very thankful for that. My house member, Debra Long, who came to support and acquaintance of mine. CHAIRMAN KNOTTS: Thank you. Now we'll entertain the motion from the Senator from Gaffney and seconded by the Senator from Richland. Any other questions or discussion from any other member? Anyone want to say anything? Okay. We'll call for the vote. All in favor for -- in favor of appointment for this gentlemen to the election of the University of South Carolina Board of Trustees, raise your right hand. All opposed? Let the record reflect that it was unanimous. Adjourned at 9:54 a.m. * * * Doctor of the Day Senator THOMAS introduced Dr. Roland Knight of Greenville, S.C., Doctor of the Day. Leave of Absence At 11:40 A.M., Senator GROOMS requested a leave of absence until 5:00 P.M. this evening. Leave of Absence At 11:40 A.M., Senator CAMPBELL requested a leave of absence until 5:00 P.M. this evening. Leave of Absence At 5:00 P.M., Senator LOURIE requested a leave of absence until 10:00 A.M. in the morning. Expression of Personal Interest Senator MALLOY rose for an Expression of Personal Interest. Expression of Personal Interest Senator GROOMS rose for an Expression of Personal Interest. Remarks by Senator GROOMS Members of the Senate: The House of Representatives, the General Assembly, and the State of South Carolina suffered a huge blow this weekend. Representative David Umphlett of Moncks Corner died early Sunday at age 69. David was a longtime Vice President for Berkeley Electric Cooperative and had retired. He had served in the House since 2003. He was a dear friend. David was the consummate Southern gentleman. Outgoing, easily approachable, he was quick with a smile, a handshake, or a peck on the cheek. David was respectful of others' opinions, and he was willing to compromise. He was responsive to his constituents, and he was hardworking. David Umphlett was loyal to his State, but he always put his family first. He is survived by his wife of 46 years, Carolyn, and their three children, Karen Umphlett, Janet U. Livingston, and William D. Umphlett. David came by his willingness to serve the public honestly. His father, Clyde Umphlett, served as Berkeley County Supervisor. David's wife Carolyn is Berkeley's longest serving officeholder. She serves as Berkeley County Treasurer. Always straightforward, he told the local newspaper that his job as a representative was simple: "To serve my constituents to the best of my ability and be open-minded to all of the questions and concerns that they have. I serve at the pleasure of my constituents... My greatest satisfaction is in knowing that I have heard from enough people back home to make informed and valid decisions..." David Umphlett was the embodiment of the true public servant. He was a good and decent man. And he will be missed. I ask that when we adjourn today, we adjourn in memory of Representative C. David Umphlett, Jr. On motion of Senator SETZLER, with unanimous consent, the remarks of Senator GROOMS were ordered printed in the Journal. Expression of Personal Interest Senator HUTTO rose for an Expression of Personal Interest. Remarks by Senator HUTTO Many of you know that I grew up on a dairy farm, but you might not know that my family also operated a livestock market. On Tuesdays, farmers from the surrounding area brought their hogs, cows, occasionally goats, and on a rare occasion even a pony to be sold. Outside of the market, farmers brought peaches and produce to sell. Today is the first Tuesday after Memorial Day, and the one Tuesday of the year that my brother Bart looked forward to like a second Christmas. This is the first Tuesday that school was out for the summer, and Bart would now be able to spend all day at the market. As you know my brother passed away this past fall. So it is on this special day, that I want to thank all of you for your thoughts and prayers. When the Senate adjourns today, I ask that it do so in memory of my brother Bart. On motion of Senator THOMAS, with unanimous consent, the remarks of Senator HUTTO were ordered printed in the Journal. CO-SPONSORS ADDED The following co-sponsors were added to the respective Bills: S. 822 (Word version) Sen. Rose S. 833 (Word version) Sen. Rose S. 891 (Word version) Sen. Rose RECALLED S. 929 (Word version) -- Senator Peeler: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 41-18-170 TO ENACT "BENJI'S LAW" SO AS TO SPECIFY PERMIT REQUIREMENTS FOR MINIATURE TRAINS OPERATED FOR THE USE OF THE PUBLIC AS AN AMUSEMENT DEVICE IN AN AMUSEMENT PARK. Senator RYBERG asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Bill from the Committee on Labor, Commerce and Industry. The Bill was recalled from the Committee on Labor, Commerce and Industry and ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow. RECALLED H. 3914 (Word version) -- Rep. Herbkersman: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING ARTICLE 20 TO CHAPTER 23, TITLE 57 SO AS TO DESIGNATE CERTAIN HIGHWAYS IN BEAUFORT COUNTY AS SCENIC HIGHWAYS AND SCENIC BYWAYS; AND TO REPEAL ACT 714 OF 1978 WHICH DESIGNATED CERTAIN PORTIONS OF HIGHWAYS IN BEAUFORT COUNTY AS SCENIC HIGHWAYS. Senator DAVIS asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Bill from the Committee on Transportation. The Bill was recalled from the Committee on Transportation and ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow. RECALLED H. 4225 (Word version) -- Reps. Ballentine, Cobb-Hunter, Agnew, Alexander, Allen, Allison, Anderson, Anthony, Atwater, Bales, Bannister, Barfield, Battle, Bedingfield, Bikas, Bingham, Bowen, Bowers, Brady, Branham, Brannon, Brantley, G.A. Brown, H.B. Brown, R.L. Brown, Butler Garrick, Chumley, Clemmons, Clyburn, Cole, Cooper, Corbin, Crawford, Crosby, Daning, Delleney, Dillard, Edge, Erickson, Forrester, Frye, Funderburk, Gambrell, Gilliard, Govan, Hamilton, Hardwick, Harrell, Harrison, Hart, Hayes, Hearn, Henderson, Herbkersman, Hiott, Hixon, Hodges, Horne, Hosey, Howard, Huggins, Jefferson, Johnson, King, Knight, Limehouse, Loftis, Long, Lowe, Lucas, Mack, McCoy, McEachern, McLeod, Merrill, Mitchell, D.C. Moss, V.S. Moss, Munnerlyn, Murphy, Nanney, J.H. Neal, J.M. Neal, Neilson, Norman, Ott, Owens, Parker, Parks, Patrick, Pinson, Pitts, Pope, Quinn, Rutherford, Ryan, Sabb, Sandifer, Sellers, Simrill, Skelton, G.M. Smith, G.R. Smith, J.E. Smith, J.R. Smith, Sottile, Spires, Stavrinakis, Stringer, Tallon, Taylor, Thayer, Toole, Tribble, Umphlett, Vick, Viers, Weeks, Whipper, White, Whitmire, Williams, Willis and Young: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO SUPPORT ALL EFFORTS OF THE STEWARDS OF DECEASED AMERICAN INDIANS TO RETURN THE REMAINS OF THESE INDIVIDUALS TO THEIR DESCENDANTS AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE. Senator ALEXANDER asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Concurrent Resolution from the General Committee. The Concurrent Resolution was recalled from the General Committee and ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow. INTRODUCTION OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS The following were introduced: S. 933 (Word version) -- Senator Ford: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 10-1-176 SO AS TO ESTABLISH THE SLAVERY POINT-OF-ENTRY HISTORICAL MONUMENT; AND BY ADDING SECTION 10-1-177 SO AS TO CREATE THE SLAVERY POINT-OF-ENTRY HISTORICAL MONUMENT COMMISSION, TO PROVIDE FOR THE MEMBERSHIP, DUTIES, POWERS, AND DURATION OF THE COMMISSION. l:\council\bills\agm\19145ab11.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance. S. 934 (Word version) -- Senators Knotts, Massey, Elliott and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 5-31-695 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A MUNICIPALITY UTILIZING THE DEFINITION OF "CONTIGUOUS" PURSUANT TO SECTION 5-3-305 TO ANNEX PROPERTY THAT IS ADJACENT TO A SPECIAL PURPOSE DISTRICT, BUT NOT THE SPECIAL PURPOSE DISTRICT ITSELF, SHALL PROVIDE MUNICIPAL SERVICES TO THE SPECIAL PURPOSE DISTRICT AT THE SAME RATE THAT ENTITIES WITHIN THE MUNICIPALITY ARE CHARGED. l:\council\bills\ggs\22139zw11.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. S. 935 (Word version) -- Senator Knotts: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 53-5-40 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT VETERAN'S DAY AND MEMORIAL DAY MUST BE RECOGNIZED AS A HOLIDAY FOR ALL LOCAL SCHOOL DISTRICTS OF THE STATE AND THAT THE SCHOOLS AND OFFICES OF THE DISTRICTS MUST BE CLOSED ON THOSE DATES. l:\council\bills\agm\19150bh11.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. S. 936 (Word version) -- Senator L. Martin: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO PROCLAIM OCTOBER 15, 2011, AS FEDERATION CENTER OF THE BLIND DAY IN SOUTH CAROLINA UPON ITS FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY AND TO ENCOURAGE ALL SOUTH CAROLINIANS TO JOIN IN SUPPORT AND CELEBRATION OF THIS MILESTONE EVENT WHICH HAS BETTERED THE QUALITY OF LIFE DURING THE PAST FIVE DECADES FOR BLIND SOUTH CAROLINIANS. l:\s-res\lam\025blin.mrh.lam.docx The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House. S. 937 (Word version) -- Senator S. Martin: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND COMMEND KAREN KANES FLOYD, FORMER CHAIR OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA REPUBLICAN PARTY, FOR HER MANY YEARS OF DEDICATED SERVICE TO THE PEOPLE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. l:\council\bills\gm\24851bh11.docx The Senate Resolution was adopted. S. 938 (Word version) -- Senator Cromer: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR DR. JOHN W. BROWN OF IRMO FOR HIS FIFTY YEARS OF OUTSTANDING COMMUNITY SERVICE TO THE PEOPLE OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND BEYOND. l:\council\bills\rm\1253ab11.docx The Senate Resolution was adopted. S. 939 (Word version) -- Senator McConnell: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR TERESA KLECKLEY ROGERS, UPON THE OCCASION OF HER RETIREMENT, FOR YEARS OF DEVOTED SERVICE TO THE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA, AND TO WISH HER CONTINUED SUCCESS AND HAPPINESS IN THE YEARS AHEAD. l:\council\bills\gm\24820sd11.docx The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House. S. 940 (Word version) -- Senators Scott, Alexander, Anderson, Bright, Bryant, Campbell, Campsen, Cleary, Coleman, Courson, Cromer, Davis, Elliott, Fair, Ford, Gregory, Grooms, Hayes, Hutto, Jackson, Knotts, Land, Leatherman, Leventis, Lourie, Malloy, L. Martin, S. Martin, Massey, Matthews, McConnell, McGill, Nicholson, O'Dell, Peeler, Pinckney, Rankin, Reese, Rose, Ryberg, Setzler, Sheheen, Shoopman, Thomas, Verdin and Williams: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR PASTOR BOBBY L. SMITH, SR., FOR TWENTY YEARS OF DEDICATED MINISTRY TO THE MEMBERS OF ZION CANAAN BAPTIST CHURCH AND TO HIS COMMUNITY. l:\council\bills\gm\24853htc11.docx The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House. S. 941 (Word version) -- Senators Knotts, Alexander, Anderson, Bright, Bryant, Campbell, Campsen, Cleary, Coleman, Courson, Cromer, Davis, Elliott, Fair, Ford, Gregory, Grooms, Hayes, Hutto, Jackson, Land, Leatherman, Leventis, Lourie, Malloy, L. Martin, S. Martin, Massey, Matthews, McConnell, McGill, Nicholson, O'Dell, Peeler, Pinckney, Rankin, Reese, Rose, Ryberg, Scott, Setzler, Sheheen, Shoopman, Thomas, Verdin and Williams: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR GARY R. BAKER, THE LEXINGTON COUNTY VETERANS AFFAIRS OFFICER, UPON THE OCCASION OF HIS RETIREMENT, AND TO WISH HIM CONTINUED SUCCESS AND HAPPINESS IN ALL HIS FUTURE ENDEAVORS. l:\council\bills\gm\24858htc11.docx The Senate Resolution was adopted. S. 942 (Word version) -- Senator Campbell: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO EXPRESS THE PROFOUND SORROW OF THE MEMBERS OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA GENERAL ASSEMBLY UPON THE DEATH OF MR. JACK A. VILLEPONTEAUX, VICE PRESIDENT OF BERKELEY ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE, INC., AND TO EXTEND THE DEEPEST SYMPATHY TO HIS FAMILY AND MANY FRIENDS. l:\s-res\pgc\002jack.kmm.pgc.docx The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House. H. 3308 (Word version) -- Reps. Forrester, Allison, Parker and Brady: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, SO AS TO ENACT "JAIDON'S LAW" BY AMENDING SECTION 63-7-1680, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE CONTENTS, APPROVAL, AND AMENDMENT OF A PLACEMENT PLAN DEVELOPED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES FOR A CHILD REMOVED FROM THE CUSTODY OF HIS OR HER PARENTS, SO AS TO FURTHER PROVIDE FOR THE VISITATION RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARENTS UNDER THE PLACEMENT PLAN; TO AMEND SECTION 63-7-1690, RELATING TO CONTENTS OF A PLACEMENT PLAN WHEN THE CONDITIONS FOR REMOVAL OF A CHILD FROM THE CUSTODY OF HIS OR HER PARENTS INCLUDE CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE ABUSE BY THE PARENTS, SO AS TO MAKE THE CONTENTS OF THE PLAN MANDATORY, RATHER THAN IN THE DISCRETION OF THE COURT; TO AMEND SECTION 63-7-1710, RELATING TO CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES SHALL FILE A PETITION TO TERMINATE PARENTAL RIGHTS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT SHALL FILE THIS PETITION IF THE PARENT IS CONVICTED OF HOMICIDE BY CHILD ABUSE, OR AIDING OR ABETTING TO COMMIT HOMICIDE BY CHILD ABUSE, OF ANOTHER CHILD OF THE PARENT; TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT SHALL FILE THIS PETITION IF A PARENT FAILED THREE HAIR-STRAND DRUG TESTS OVER A NINE-MONTH PERIOD; AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT SHALL FILE SUCH A PETITION IF A PARENT FAILED TWICE IN A TWELVE-MONTH PERIOD TO COMPLY WITH THE TERMS OF A TREATMENT PLAN OR PLACEMENT PLAN; TO AMEND SECTION 63-7-1940, RELATING TO COURT-ORDERED PLACEMENT OF A PERSON IN THE CENTRAL REGISTRY FOR CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE COURT SHALL ORDER THAT A PERSON BE PLACED IN THE REGISTRY IF THE PERSON GAVE BIRTH TO THE CHILD AND THE CHILD TESTED POSITIVE FOR DRUGS; AND TO AMEND SECTION 63-7-2570, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO GROUNDS FOR TERMINATING PARENTAL RIGHTS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT TERMINATING THESE RIGHTS ON THE GROUNDS OF SEVERE AND REPETITIVE ABUSE OR NEGLECT INCLUDES HOSPITALIZATION OF A CHILD FOR MORE THAN FOURTEEN DAYS DUE TO ABUSE OR NEGLECT; TO INCLUDE IN THE GROUNDS FOR TERMINATING THESE RIGHTS A PARENT'S ADDICTION TO ALCOHOL OR ILLEGAL DRUGS OR PRESCRIPTION MEDICATION ABUSE WHEN THE PARENT'S ADDICTION IS UNLIKELY TO CHANGE WITHIN A REASONABLE TIME; AND TO PROVIDE AS A GROUND FOR TERMINATING THESE RIGHTS A PARENT BEING CONVICTED OF MURDER, VOLUNTARY MANSLAUGHTER, OR HOMICIDE BY CHILD ABUSE OF ANOTHER CHILD OF THE PARENT. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. H. 3400 (Word version) -- Rep. Weeks: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 63-3-530, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO JURISDICTION OF THE FAMILY COURT IN CERTAIN MATTERS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A CHILD SUPPORT OBLIGATION AUTOMATICALLY TERMINATES WHEN THE CHILD TURNS EIGHTEEN OR GRADUATES FROM HIGH SCHOOL, WHICHEVER IS SOONER. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. H. 3474 (Word version) -- Rep. Sandifer: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 6-8-20, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DUTIES OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA BUILDING CODES COUNCIL, SO AS TO SEPARATE THE COUNCIL INTO THE SOUTH CAROLINA COMMERCIAL BUILDING CODES COUNCIL AND THE SOUTH CAROLINA RESIDENTIAL BUILDING CODES COUNCIL; TO AMEND SECTION 6-9-5, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE PUBLIC POLICY FOR BUILDING CODES, SO AS TO MAKE SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO BOTH THE COMMERCIAL BUILDING CODES COUNCIL AND THE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING CODES COUNCIL; TO AMEND SECTION 6-9-20, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO AGREEMENTS WITH OTHER GOVERNMENTAL ENTITIES, SO AS TO MAKE SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO BOTH THE COMMERCIAL BUILDING CODES COUNCIL AND THE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING CODES COUNCIL; TO AMEND SECTION 6-9-40, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO BUILDING CODE ADOPTION PROCEDURE, SO AS TO CLARIFY THE AUTHORITY OF BOTH THE COMMERCIAL BUILDING CODES COUNCIL AND THE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING CODES COUNCIL; TO AMEND SECTION 6-9-63, RELATING TO THE COMPOSITION AND FUNCTIONS OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA BUILDING CODES COUNCIL, SO AS TO DEFINE THE COMPOSITION OF BOTH THE COMMERCIAL BUILDING CODES COUNCIL AND THE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING CODES COUNCIL; AND TO AMEND SECTION 6-9-105, RELATING TO CODE VARIATIONS BASED ON PHYSICAL OR CLIMATOLOGICAL CONDITIONS, SO AS TO INCLUDE GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS AS A CONSIDERATION FOR A VARIANCE, AND TO MAKE SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO THE APPROPRIATE COUNCIL FOR THE SUBMISSION OF PROPOSED VARIANCES. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Labor, Commerce and Industry. H. 3676 (Word version) -- Reps. J. E. Smith, Clemmons, Dillard, Herbkersman, Limehouse, Mitchell and Whipper: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 23 TO TITLE 31 SO AS TO ENACT THE "SOUTH CAROLINA COMMUNITY LAND TRUST ACT OF 2011", TO DEFINE TERMS, MAKE FINDINGS, TO PROVIDE THAT THE PURPOSE OF A COMMUNITY LAND TRUST IS TO HOLD LEGAL AND EQUITABLE TITLE TO LAND TO THEN LEASE THE LAND TO PROMOTE AFFORDABILITY, TO PROVIDE THE MANNER IN WHICH COMMUNITY LAND TRUSTS ARE FUNDED, AND TO PROVIDE THE PROCESS BY WHICH COMMUNITY LAND TRUSTS OPERATE. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Agriculture and Natural Resources. H. 4005 (Word version) -- Reps. Corbin, Hardwick, Stringer, Loftis, Ryan, Bannister, Agnew, Barfield, V. S. Moss, Thayer, Murphy, Hearn, Norman, Gambrell, Sottile, Limehouse, Chumley, Bikas, Crawford, Clemmons, Crosby, Daning, Delleney, Hamilton, Hayes, Hixon, Hodges, D. C. Moss, Nanney, Owens, Patrick, Pinson, Pitts, Pope, Simrill, G. R. Smith, J. R. Smith, Tallon, Taylor, White and Young: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 39-25-20, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO TERMS AND THEIR DEFINITIONS REGARDING ADULTERATED OR MISBRANDED FOOD AND COSMETICS, SO AS TO PROVIDE A DEFINITION FOR THE TERM "HONEY" AND TO PROVIDE LABELING REQUIREMENTS FOR HONEY. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Agriculture and Natural Resources. H. 4088 (Word version) -- Reps. Ott, Brantley, Hardwick, Cobb-Hunter, Crawford, Spires, Frye, Gilliard, Battle, Bales, J. H. Neal, Jefferson, Atwater, Brannon, Patrick, Anthony, Bowers, Branham, Clyburn, Hayes, Huggins, Long, Lowe, J. M. Neal and Toole: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 14-1-207, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE ADDITIONAL ASSESSMENT FOR OFFENSES TRIED IN MAGISTRATES COURT, SO AS TO ADD VIOLATIONS OF TITLE 50 TO THE OFFENSES EXEMPT FROM THE ADDITIONAL ASSESSMENT. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. H. 4236 (Word version) -- Reps. Mitchell, Loftis and Dillard: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO ESTABLISH THE SOUTH CAROLINA EQUITABLE REDEVELOPMENT COMMISSION AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE MEMBERSHIP OF THE COMMISSION AND ITS DUTIES AND FUNCTIONS. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Labor, Commerce and Industry. H. 4258 (Word version) -- Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environmental Affairs Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL, RELATING TO ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT COLLECTION AND RECOVERY, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 4179, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Medical Affairs. H. 4275 (Word version) -- Rep. G. A. Brown: A BILL TO AMEND ACT 426 OF 2006, THE "SCHOOL DISTRICT OF LEE COUNTY SCHOOL BOND PROPERTY TAX RELIEF ACT", RELATING TO AUTHORIZATION FOR THE IMPOSITION OF A ONE CENT SALES AND USE TAX IN LEE COUNTY, THE REVENUES OF WHICH MUST BE USED FOR SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION AND RENOVATION, SO AS TO EXTEND FROM FIVE TO EIGHT YEARS THE TIME THE TAX MAY BE IMPOSED. Read the first time and ordered placed on the Local and Uncontested Calendar. REPORT OF STANDING COMMITTEE Senator McCONNELL from the Committee on Judiciary polled out H. 3095 favorable with amendment: H. 3095 (Word version) -- Reps. Clemmons, Erickson, Stavrinakis, McCoy, Bowen, Sandifer, Whitmire, Hixon, J.R. Smith, Allison, Long, Toole, Weeks, Atwater, Hardwick, Agnew, Govan and Bales: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 27-1-70 SO AS TO PROVIDE CERTAIN DEFINITIONS RELATED TO TRANSFER FEE COVENANTS, TO STATE CERTAIN FINDINGS RELATED TO TRANSFER FEE COVENANTS, TO PROVIDE A TRANSFER FEE COVENANT RECORDED AFTER THE EFFECTIVE DATE OF THIS SECTION, OR ANY LIEN TO THE EXTENT THAT IT PURPORTS TO SECURE THE PAYMENT OF A TRANSFER FEE, IS NOT BINDING ON OR ENFORCEABLE AGAINST THE AFFECTED REAL PROPERTY OR ANY SUBSEQUENT OWNER, PURCHASER, OR MORTGAGEE OF ANY INTEREST IN THE PROPERTY, AND TO PROVIDE THE SECTION DOES NOT IMPLY THAT A TRANSFER FEE COVENANT RECORDED BEFORE THE EFFECTIVE DATE OF THIS SECTION IS VALID OR ENFORCEABLE. Poll of the Judiciary Committee Polled 23; Ayes 19; Nays 1; Abstain 1; Not Voting 2 AYES McConnell Ford Martin, Larry Rankin Hutto Knotts Malloy Campsen Williams Campbell Massey Coleman Davis Martin, Shane Nicholson Rose Scott Shoopman Gregory Total--19 NAYS Bright Total--1 ABSTAIN--1 Sheheen Total--1 NOT VOTING Cleary Lourie Total--2 Ordered for consideration tomorrow. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., May 31, 2011 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has returned the following Bill to the Senate with amendments: S. 594 (Word version) -- Senators Grooms and Verdin: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 56-5-1535 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO DRIVING IN A TEMPORARY WORKZONE, TO EXPAND THE SIZE OF TEMPORARY WORKZONES. Respectfully submitted, Speaker of the House Received as information. The Bill was ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., May 31, 2011 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has returned the following Bill to the Senate with amendments: H. 3295 (Word version) -- Rep. Herbkersman: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 61-6-1820, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE CRITERIA FOR A NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION TO OBTAIN A LICENSE TO SELL ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS BY THE DRINK, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS A HOMEOWNERS ASSOCIATION, CHARTERED AS A NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION BY THE SECRETARY OF STATE, WHOSE MEMBERSHIP IS LIMITED TO INDIVIDUALS WHO OWN PROPERTY IN THE RESIDENTIAL COMMUNITY AND WHOSE AFFAIRS ARE GOVERNED BY A BOARD OF DIRECTORS ELECTED BY THE MEMBERSHIP, IS ALSO ELIGIBLE FOR SUCH A LICENSE. Respectfully submitted, Speaker of the House Received as information. The Bill was ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., May 26, 2011 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.50, S. 586 by a vote of 96 to 12: (R50, S586 (Word version)) -- Senators Hayes, O'Dell, Verdin, Shoopman, Nicholson, Elliott, L. Martin, Coleman, Ford, Cromer, Alexander and Knotts: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 1-11-715 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE EMPLOYEE INSURANCE PROGRAM OF THE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD IS DIRECTED TO DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT, FOR EMPLOYEES AND THEIR SPOUSES WHO PARTICIPATE IN THE HEALTH PLANS OFFERED BY THE EMPLOYEE INSURANCE PROGRAM, AN INCENTIVE PLAN TO ENCOURAGE PARTICIPATION IN PROGRAMS OFFERED BY THE EMPLOYEE INSURANCE PROGRAM THAT PROMOTE HEALTH AND THE PREVENTION OF DISEASE, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE EMPLOYEE INSURANCE PROGRAM IS FURTHER DIRECTED TO IMPLEMENT A PREMIUM REDUCTION OR OTHER FINANCIAL INCENTIVE, BEGINNING ON JANUARY 1, 2012, FOR THOSE EMPLOYEES AND THEIR SPOUSES WHO PARTICIPATE IN THESE PROGRAMS; AND TO AMEND SECTION 1-11-720, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO ENTITIES WHOSE EMPLOYEES, RETIREES, AND THEIR DEPENDENTS ARE ELIGIBLE TO PARTICIPATE IN THE STATE HEALTH AND DENTAL INSURANCE PLANS, SO AS TO REVISE THE ELIGIBILITY PROVISIONS APPLICABLE TO SPECIAL PURPOSE DISTRICTS BY INCLUDING DISTRICTS WHICH PROVIDE SANITATION SERVICES AND TO EXTEND THIS ELIGIBILITY TO JOINT AGENCIES ESTABLISHED PURSUANT TO CHAPTER 23, TITLE 6. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED LOCAL AND STATEWIDE CALENDAR. PRESIDENT Pro Tempore PRESIDES At 11:00 A.M., Senator McCONNELL assumed the Chair. RECOMMITTED H. 3488 (Word version) -- Reps. Bingham, Harrell and Toole: A BILL TO AMEND ACT 99 OF 2007, RELATING TO THE ADDITION OF A SALES TAX EXEMPTION FOR DURABLE MEDICAL EQUIPMENT AND THE PHASE IN OF THAT EXEMPTION, SO AS TO DELETE THE PHASE IN REQUIREMENTS; AND TO AMEND SECTIONS 12-36-90, 12-36-910, 12-36-1310, AND 12-36-2120, ALL AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE IMPOSITION OF AND EXEMPTIONS FROM THE SALES AND USE TAX, SO AS TO PROVIDE FURTHER FOR THOSE INSTANCES WHERE SALES AND USE TAX APPLIES IN CONNECTION WITH WARRANTIES AND SERVICE MAINTENANCE CONTRACTS SOLD IN CONNECTION WITH THE SALE OF TANGIBLE PERSONAL PROPERTY. Senator LEATHERMAN asked unanimous consent to recommit the Bill to the Committee on Finance. There was no objection and the Bill was recommitted to the Committee on Finance. AMENDMENT TABLED OBJECTION TO FURTHER CONSIDERATION H. 3701 (Word version) -- Ways and Means Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROPRIATE MONIES FROM THE CAPITAL RESERVE FUND FOR FISCAL YEAR 2010-2011. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Joint Resolution, the question being the third reading of the Joint Resolution. Senator BRIGHT proposed the following amendment (3701R003.LB), which was tabled: Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking SECTION 1 and inserting: / SECTION 1. In accordance with the provisions of Article III, Section 36(B)(2) and (3), Constitution of South Carolina, 1895, and Section 11-11-320(C) and (D) of the 1976 Code, there is appropriated from the monies available in the Capital Reserve Fund for Fiscal Year 2010-2011,$110,883,455 to the Department of Employment and Workforce to make payments on outstanding loans from the Unemployment Insurance Trust Fund. / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator BRIGHT explained the amendment. Senator LEATHERMAN spoke on the amendment. Senator LEATHERMAN moved to lay the amendment on the table. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 35; Nays 2 AYES Alexander Anderson Campsen Coleman Courson Cromer Davis Fair Ford Gregory Hayes Hutto Jackson Land Leatherman Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey Matthews McConnell McGill Nicholson O'Dell Peeler Rose Ryberg Scott Setzler Sheheen Shoopman Thomas Verdin Williams Total--35 NAYS Bright Bryant Total--2 The amendment was laid on the table. Senator THOMAS objected to further consideration of the Joint Resolution. OBJECTION H. 3660 (Word version) -- Reps. Ott, Bales, McLeod, Brantley, Battle, Whipper, G.A. Brown, Parker, Anderson, J.M. Neal, Hodges, Bowers, Hosey, Alexander, Branham, Funderburk, Harrison, King, Dillard, Butler Garrick and Jefferson: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 16-11-523, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO OBTAINING NONFERROUS METALS UNLAWFULLY, SO AS TO REVISE THE PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS OF THIS PROVISION; TO AMEND SECTION 16-17-680, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE PURCHASE OF NONFERROUS METALS, PROCEDURES AND REQUIREMENTS FOR PURCHASE OF NONFERROUS METALS, AND EXCEPTIONS, SO AS TO PROVIDE ADDITIONAL RESTRICTIONS RELATED TO THE SALE OF COPPER; TO AMEND SECTION 16-17-685, RELATING TO THE UNLAWFUL TRANSPORTATION OF NONFERROUS METALS, SO AS TO INCREASE THE PENALTIES FOR CERTAIN VIOLATIONS OF THIS PROVISION; AND BY ADDING CHAPTER 40 TO TITLE 40 SO AS TO REQUIRE SECONDARY METALS RECYCLERS TO REGISTER WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, LICENSING AND REGULATION, AND TO PROVIDE REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL REQUIREMENTS. Senator PINCKNEY asked unanimous consent to take the Bill up for immediate consideration. Senator SHANE MARTIN objected. PRESIDENT PRESIDES At 11:17 A.M., the PRESIDENT assumed the Chair. RECESS At 12:18 P.M., on motion of Senator McCONNELL, the Senate receded from business until 1:15 P.M. AFTERNOON SESSION The Senate reassembled at 1:29 P.M. and was called to order by the PRESIDENT. Point of Quorum At 1:29 P.M., Senator LARRY MARTIN made the point that a quorum was not present. It was ascertained that a quorum was not present. Call of the Senate Senator LARRY MARTIN moved that a Call of the Senate be made. The following Senators answered the Call: Alexander Anderson Bright Bryant Campsen Coleman Courson Cromer Davis Elliott Fair Ford Gregory Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey Matthews McConnell McGill Nicholson O'Dell Peeler Pinckney Reese Rose Ryberg Scott Setzler Sheheen Shoopman Thomas Verdin Williams A quorum being present, the Senate resumed. Recorded Presence Senator CLEARY recorded his presence subsequent to the Call of the Senate. OBJECTION Senator THOMAS objected to the uncontested Bills and Joint Resolutions on the Statewide Calendar. THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE SINE DIE RESOLUTION. H. 4195 (Word version) -- Rep. Harrell: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO PROVIDE THAT PURSUANT TO SECTION 9, ARTICLE III, OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THIS STATE, 1895, AND SECTION 2-1-180 OF THE 1976 CODE, WHEN THE RESPECTIVE HOUSES OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY ADJOURN ON THURSDAY, JUNE 2, 2011, NOT LATER THAN 5:00 P.M., OR ANYTIME EARLIER, EACH HOUSE SHALL STAND ADJOURNED TO MEET IN STATEWIDE SESSION AT NOON ON TUESDAY, JUNE 14, 2011, AND CONTINUE IN STATEWIDE SESSION, IF NECESSARY, UNTIL NOT LATER THAN 5:00 P.M. ON FRIDAY, JULY 1, 2011, FOR THE CONSIDERATION OF CERTAIN MATTERS, AND TO PROVIDE THAT WHEN THE RESPECTIVE HOUSES OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY ADJOURN NOT LATER THAN 5:00 P.M. ON FRIDAY, JULY 1, 2011, THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY SHALL STAND ADJOURNED SINE DIE. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Concurrent Resolution, the question being the adoption of the Resolution. Senator McCONNELL explained the Resolution Amendment No. 1 Senator McCONNELL proposed the following amendment (4195R001.GFM), which was adopted: Amend the concurrent resolution, as and if amended, by striking all after the resolving words and inserting: / (A) Pursuant to the provisions of Section 9, Article III, of the South Carolina Constitution, 1895, and by the two-thirds vote required by that section in order to recede for more than thirty consecutive calendar days, each house agrees, in this resolution, to recede from the other body either for a period less than thirty days or for more than thirty days as the case may be. (B) Further, the General Assembly by this resolution agrees to bind itself subject to the provisions of this resolution. The Sine Die adjournment date for the General Assembly for the 2011 Session is recognized and extended to permit the General Assembly to continue in session after Thursday, June 2, 2011, under the terms and conditions stipulated in this resolution and for this purpose each house agrees that when the Senate and the House of Representatives adjourn on Thursday, June 2, 2011, not later than 5:00 p.m. or at any time prior, each house shall stand adjourned to meet in statewide session on Tuesday, June 14, 2011, at 12:00 noon and to continue in statewide session, if necessary, until not later than 5:00 p.m. on Friday, July 1, 2011. Each house agrees to limit itself to consideration of the following matters and subject to the following conditions, as applicable: (1) receipt and consideration of gubernatorial vetoes; (2) receipt and consideration of the General Appropriations Bill, the Capital Reserve Fund Bill, and introduction, receipt, and consideration of a Continuing Resolution to fund the ordinary expenses of state government until the passage of the General Appropriations Bill; (3) introduction, receipt, and consideration of resolutions affecting Sine Die adjournment; (4) receipt, consideration, and confirmation of appointments; (5) introduction, receipt, and consideration of resolutions expressing sympathy or congratulations; (6) receipt and consideration of local legislation which has the unanimous consent of the affected delegation; (7) concurrence and nonconcurrence in amendments to bills returned from the other house; (8) appointment of members to conference and free conference committees and receipt, consideration, and disposition of conference and free conference reports; and (9) introduction, receipt, and consideration of redistricting legislation, including, but not limited to, receipt, consideration, and disposition of conference or free conference reports, appointment of conference and free conference committees, messages pertaining to such reports and appointments, and amendments to redistricting legislation enacted by the General Assembly concerning the South Carolina House of Representatives, the South Carolina State Senate, and the seven United States Congressional Seats allocated to South Carolina. (C) When each house recedes subject to Section (A) and not later than 5:00 p.m. on Friday, July 1, 2011, the General Assembly shall stand in recess subject to the call of the of the Speaker of the House for the House of Representatives and the President Pro Tempore of the Senate for the Senate at times they consider appropriate for their respective bodies to meet for the consideration of the following matters and subject to the following conditions, as applicable: (1) introduction, receipt, and consideration of resolutions affecting Sine Die adjournment; (2) receipt and consideration of gubernatorial vetoes; (3) receipt and consideration of the General Appropriations Bill, the Capital Reserve Fund Bill, and introduction, receipt, and consideration of a Continuing Resolution to fund the ordinary expenses of state government until the passage of the General Appropriations Bill, concurrence and nonconcurrence in amendments to these bills returned from the other house, and the appointment of members to conference and free conference committees and receipt, consideration, and disposition of conference and free conference reports on these matters; (4) introduction, receipt, and consideration of resolutions expressing sympathy or congratulations; and (5) introduction, receipt, and consideration of redistricting legislation, including, but not limited to, concurrence and nonconcurrence in amendments to these bills returned from the other house, receipt, consideration, and disposition of conference or free conference reports, appointment of conference and free conference committees, messages pertaining to such reports and appointments, and amendments to redistricting legislation enacted by the General Assembly concerning the South Carolina House of Representatives, the South Carolina State Senate, and the seven United States Congressional Seats allocated to South Carolina. (D) The President Pro Tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives may set a mutually agreed upon time or times prior to Sine Die adjournment for officers of the Senate and House to ratify acts. (E) Unless the session is otherwise adjourned Sine Die at an earlier date, the session of the General Assembly shall stand adjourned Sine Die on December 1, 2011. (F) For purposes of Section 1-3-210 and after July 1, 2011, when neither the House of Representatives or the Senate have been called into session pursuant to the provisions of this resolution, the General Assembly intends that the legislature be considered in recess for purposes of the Governor being allowed to fill vacancies by interim appointments. / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator McCONNELL explained the amendment. Expression of Personal Interest Senator KNOTTS rose for an Expression of Personal Interest. Expression of Personal Interest Senator RYBERG rose for an Expression of Personal Interest. RECESS At 2:12 P.M., with Senator McCONNELL retaining the floor, on motion of Senator LEATHERMAN, with unanimous consent, the Senate receded from business subject to the call of the Chair. At 2:32 P.M., the Senate resumed. RECESS At 2:32 P.M., with Senator McCONNELL retaining the floor, on motion of Senator LEATHERMAN, with unanimous consent, the Senate receded from business not to exceed fifteen minutes. At 3:24 P.M., the Senate resumed. Point of Personal Privilege Senator KNOTTS was recognized for a Point of Personal Privilege. Expression of Personal Interest Senator RYBERG rose for an Expression of Personal Interest. Senator McCONNELL resumed explaining the amendment. Amendment No. 3 Senator KNOTTS proposed the following amendment (4195R004.JLK), which was adopted: Amend the concurrent resolution, as and if amended, by adding an appropriately numbered new item in subsection (B): / ( ) convening of a joint assembly to elect a member to the University of South Carolina Board of Trustees; / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator KNOTTS explained the amendment. Amendment No. 4 Senator McCONNELL proposed the following amendment (4195R003.NGS), which was adopted: Amend the concurrent resolution, as and if amended, by adding an appropriately numbered new item to subsection (B) to read: / ( ) convening of joint assemblies to fill vacancies in the executive department as provided by Section 1-1-120. / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, by adding an appropriately numbered new item to subsection (C) to read: / ( ) convening of joint assemblies to fill vacancies in the executive department as provided by Section 1-1-120. / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator McCONNELL explained the amendment. Amendment No. 5 Senator McCONNELL proposed the following amendment (4195R005.NGS), which was adopted: Amend the concurrent resolution, as and if amended, by striking subsection (F) and inserting: / (F) For purposes of Section 1-3-210 and after July 1, 2011, when neither the House of Representatives or the Senate have been called into session pursuant to the provisions of this resolution, the General Assembly intends that the legislature be considered in recess for purposes of the Governor being allowed to fill vacancies by interim appointments except for the office of magistrate. / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. The question then was the adoption of the Concurrent Resolution. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 41; Nays 0 AYES Alexander Anderson Bright Bryant Campsen Cleary Coleman Courson Cromer Davis Elliott Fair Ford Gregory Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey Matthews McConnell McGill Nicholson O'Dell Peeler Reese Rose Ryberg Scott Setzler Sheheen Shoopman Thomas Verdin Williams Total--41 NAYS Total--0 The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House with amendments. THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE MOTION PERIOD. On motion of Senator SETZLER, the Senate agreed to dispense with the Motion Period. THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CONSIDERATION OF THE VETOES. CARRIED OVER (R47, S232 (Word version)) -- Senators Cleary and Ford: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 44-7-130, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS OF THE STATE CERTIFICATION OF NEED AND HEALTH CARE FACILITY ACT, SO AS TO REVISE THE DEFINITION OF HEALTH CARE FACILITY. On motion of Senator LARRY MARTIN, the veto was carried over. On motion of Senator McCONNELL, with unanimous consent, the Senate agreed that, when the Senate adjourns today, it stand adjourned to meet tomorrow at 10:00 A.M. THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CONSIDERATION OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS RETURNED FROM THE HOUSE. CARRIED OVER BILLS RETURNED FROM THE HOUSE S. 20 (Word version) -- Senators Grooms, McConnell, Thomas, Alexander, Leatherman, Knotts, Bryant, Hayes, Rose, Verdin, S. Martin, Peeler, L. Martin, Fair, Ryberg, Cromer, Campsen, Davis, Shoopman, Rankin and Bright: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 1, TITLE 23 OF THE 1976 CODE, BY ADDING SECTION 23-1-250 TO PROVIDE THAT WHERE A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER HAS REASONABLE SUSPICION THAT A PERSON STOPPED, DETAINED, OR ARRESTED BY LAW ENFORCEMENT IS AN ALIEN UNLAWFULLY IN THE UNITED STATES, THE OFFICER OR HIS AGENCY MUST FOLLOW CERTAIN PROCEDURES TO VERIFY HIS IMMIGRATION STATUS; AND TO AMEND ARTICLE 5, CHAPTER 9, TITLE 16, BY ADDING SECTION 16-9-480 TO PROVIDE THAT IT IS UNLAWFUL FOR A PERSON UNLAWFULLY IN THE UNITED STATES TO SOLICIT OR ATTEMPT TO SOLICIT WORK, AND TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES FOR VERIFYING IMMIGRATION STATUS. On motion of Senator LARRY MARTIN, the Bill was carried over. S. 30 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell, Leventis and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 22-5-110, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATED TO MAGISTRATES' POWERS AND DUTIES REGARDING THE ISSUANCE OF ARREST WARRANTS AND COURTESY SUMMONS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT NO ARREST WARRANT SHALL BE ISSUED FOR THE ARREST OF A PERSON UNLESS SOUGHT BY A MEMBER OF A LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY ACTING IN THEIR OFFICIAL CAPACITY; AND TO PROVIDE THAT IF AN ARREST WARRANT IS SOUGHT BY SOMEONE OTHER THAN A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER, THE COURT MUST ISSUE A COURTESY SUMMONS, EXCEPT WHEN A BUSINESS IS SEEKING AN ARREST WARRANT FOR ANY OFFENSE AGAINST THE BUSINESS OR A PERSON IS SEEKING AN ARREST WARRANT FOR A FRAUDULENT CHECK, IF THE FRAUDULENT CHECK IS PRESENTED TO THE MAGISTRATE AT THE TIME THE WARRANT IS SOUGHT. On motion of Senator LARRY MARTIN, the Bill was carried over. S. 172 (Word version) -- Senators Rose, Fair, Leatherman, Bright, Bryant, Campsen, Knotts, O'Dell, S. Martin, Ford and McGill: A BILL TO AMEND ARTICLE 2, CHAPTER 101, TITLE 59 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER LEARNING, BY ADDING SECTION 59-101-670 TO PROVIDE THAT EACH PUBLIC INSTITUTION OF HIGHER LEARNING MUST MAINTAIN A DETAILED TRANSACTION REGISTER OF ALL FUNDS EXPENDED EACH MONTH AND POST THAT REGISTER ONLINE, AND TO PROVIDE THAT EACH PUBLIC INSTITUTION OF HIGHER LEARNING MUST POST ONLINE ALL OF ITS CREDIT CARD STATEMENTS AND THE CREDIT CARD STATEMENTS FOR CREDIT CARDS ISSUED TO PUBLIC OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES FOR PUBLIC USE; AND TO AMEND ARTICLE 15, CHAPTER 1, TITLE 1, RELATING TO REPORTING OF EXPENDITURES OF STATE APPROPRIATED FUNDS BY STATE AGENCIES, PERSONAL DATA AND THE LIKE, BY ADDING SECTION 1-1-1040 TO PROVIDE THAT ALL STATE AGENCIES MUST HAVE A LINK ON THEIR INTERNET WEBSITE TO THE STATE AGENCY RESPONSIBLE FOR POSTING ON ITS INTERNET WEBSITE THE AGENCY'S, DEPARTMENT'S, OR INSTITUTION'S MONTHLY STATE PROCUREMENT CARD STATEMENTS OR MONTHLY REPORTS CONTAINING ALL OR SUBSTANTIALLY ALL THE SAME INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THE MONTHLY STATE PROCUREMENT CARD STATEMENTS. On motion of Senator LARRY MARTIN, the Bill was carried over. S. 241 (Word version) -- Senators Rose and Leventis: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO CREATE THE SOUTH CAROLINA DYSLEXIA TASK FORCE, TO PROVIDE FOR THE COMPOSITION OF THE TASK FORCE, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE TASK FORCE SHALL REPORT ITS FINDINGS TO THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY. On motion of Senator LARRY MARTIN, the Joint Resolution was carried over. S. 694 (Word version) -- Senator Bryant: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 41-15-520 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO REMEDIES FOR EMPLOYEES CHARGING DISCRIMINATION, TO PROVIDE FOR REFERRAL TO THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR ALLEGATIONS MADE BY A PRIVATE SECTOR EMPLOYEE OF A VIOLATION OF SECTION 41-15-510 AND TO PROVIDE FOR CIVIL REMEDIES. On motion of Senator LARRY MARTIN, the Bill was carried over. CARRIED OVER BILL RETURNED FROM HOUSE S. 391 (Word version) -- Senators Campsen, Scott and Rose: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 7-13-35, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE NOTICE OF GENERAL, MUNICIPAL, SPECIAL, AND PRIMARY ELECTIONS, SO AS TO CHANGE THE TIME IN WHICH ABSENTEE BALLOTS MAY BE OPENED FROM 2:00 P.M. TO 9:00 A.M., AND TO PROVIDE FOR A DATE ON WHICH AN ELECTION WILL BE HELD IN THE EVENT THAT IT IS POSTPONED; TO AMEND SECTION 7-13-40, RELATING TO THE TIME OF PARTY PRIMARY, CERTIFICATION OF NAMES, VERIFICATION OF CANDIDATES' QUALIFICATIONS, AND THE FILING FEE, SO AS TO CHANGE THE DATE FROM APRIL NINTH TO APRIL FIFTH; TO AMEND SECTION 7-13-190, RELATING TO SPECIAL ELECTIONS TO FILL VACANCIES IN OFFICE, SO AS TO ADD A SUBSECTION THAT PROVIDES FOR THE DATE OF AN ELECTION WHEN THE GOVERNOR DECLARES A STATE OF EMERGENCY FOR A JURISDICTION; AND TO AMEND SECTION 7-13-350, RELATING TO THE CERTIFICATION OF CANDIDATES AND VERIFICATION OF QUALIFICATIONS, SO AS TO CHANGE THE CERTIFICATION DATE FOR CANDIDATES FOR PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT FROM SEPTEMBER TENTH TO THE FIRST TUESDAY FOLLOWING THE FIRST MONDAY OF SEPTEMBER. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being concurrence in the House amendments. Senator LARRY MARTIN made the motion to carry over the Bill. Senator MALLOY made the motion to table the motion whereby the Bill would be carried over. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 16; Nays 24 AYES Anderson Coleman Elliott Ford Hutto Jackson Land Lourie Malloy McGill Nicholson Pinckney Reese Scott Setzler Williams Total--16 NAYS Alexander Bright Bryant Campsen Cleary Courson Cromer Davis Fair Gregory Hayes Leatherman Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey McConnell O'Dell Peeler Rose Ryberg Sheheen Shoopman Thomas Verdin Total--24 The Senate refused to table the motion whereby the Bill would be carried over. The question then was the motion to carry over the Bill. Expression of Personal Interest Senator MALLOY rose for an Expression of Personal Interest. Having voted on the prevailing side, Senator SHEHEEN moved to reconsider the vote whereby the motion to table the motion to carry over the Bill failed. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 16; Nays 24 AYES Coleman Elliott Ford Hutto Jackson Land Lourie Malloy McGill Nicholson Pinckney Reese Scott Setzler Sheheen Williams Total--16 NAYS Alexander Bright Bryant Campsen Cleary Courson Cromer Davis Fair Gregory Hayes Knotts Leatherman Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey McConnell O'Dell Peeler Rose Ryberg Shoopman Thomas Verdin Total--24 The Senate refused to reconsider the motion to table the motion to carry over. The question then was the motion to carry over the Bill. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 24; Nays 14 AYES Alexander Bright Bryant Campsen Cleary Courson Cromer Davis Fair Gregory Hayes Knotts Leatherman Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey McConnell O'Dell Peeler Rose Ryberg Shoopman Thomas Verdin Total--24 NAYS Elliott Ford Hutto Land Lourie Malloy McGill Nicholson Pinckney Reese Scott Setzler Sheheen Williams Total--14 The Bill was carried over. THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE INTERRUPTED DEBATE. H. 3375 (Word version) -- Reps. Harrell, Lucas, Cooper, Hardwick, Harrison, Owens, Sandifer, White, Bingham, Atwater, Parker, Crawford, Loftis, Bowen, G.R. Smith, Bedingfield, Toole, Sottile, V.S. Moss, Forrester, Bikas, Huggins, Brady, Allison, Pinson, Frye, Whitmire, Skelton, Nanney, Henderson, Limehouse, Corbin, Barfield, Battle, Clemmons, Cole, Crosby, Daning, Gambrell, Hamilton, Hiott, Hixon, Horne, Lowe, D.C. Moss, Murphy, Norman, Patrick, Simrill, G.M. Smith, J.R. Smith, Spires, Taylor, Willis, Young, Herbkersman, Ballentine, Thayer, Bannister, McCoy, Tallon, Stringer, Long, Hayes, Ott, J.M. Neal, Vick, G.A. Brown, Branham, Anthony, Bowers, Sellers, Quinn, Hearn, Edge, Anderson, Erickson, Knight, Chumley, Butler Garrick and Bales: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, SO AS TO ENACT THE "SOUTH CAROLINA FAIRNESS IN CIVIL JUSTICE ACT OF 2011" BY AMENDING ARTICLE 5, CHAPTER 32, TITLE 15, RELATING TO PUNITIVE DAMAGES, SO AS TO PROVIDE LIMITS ON THE AWARD OF PUNITIVE DAMAGES AND TO PROVIDE FOR CERTAIN PROCEDURES AND REQUIREMENTS RELATING TO THE AWARD OF THESE DAMAGES; BY ADDING SECTIONS 1-7-750 AND 1-7-760 SO AS TO ENACT THE "PRIVATE ATTORNEY RETENTION SUNSHINE ACT" TO GOVERN THE RETENTION OF PRIVATE ATTORNEYS BY THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OR A SOLICITOR AND TO PROVIDE TERMS AND CONDITIONS GOVERNING THE RETAINER AGREEMENT INCLUDING LIMITS ON THE COMPENSATION OF OUTSIDE COUNSEL IN CONTINGENCY FEE CASES, AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE SUSPENSION OF THE LIMITATIONS UNDER CERTAIN EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES; TO AMEND SECTION 15-3-670, RELATING TO LIMITATIONS ON ACTIONS BASED ON UNSAFE OR DEFECTIVE IMPROVEMENTS TO REAL PROPERTY, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE VIOLATION OF A BUILDING CODE DOES NOT CONSTITUTE PER SE FRAUD, GROSS NEGLIGENCE, OR RECKLESSNESS BUT MAY BE ADMISSIBLE AS EVIDENCE; TO AMEND SECTION 18-9-130, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE EFFECT OF A NOTICE OF APPEAL ON THE EXECUTION OF JUDGMENT, SO AS TO PROVIDE LIMITS FOR APPEAL BONDS; AND TO AMEND SECTION 56-5-6540, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE PENALTIES FOR THE MANDATORY USE OF SEATBELTS, SO AS TO DELETE THE PROVISION THAT PROVIDED THAT A VIOLATION FOR FAILURE TO WEAR A SEATBELT IS NOT NEGLIGENCE PER SE OR COMPARATIVE NEGLIGENCE AND IS NOT ADMISSIBLE IN A CIVIL ACTION. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of Amendment P1A (JUD3375.048) proposed by Senators LARRY MARTIN and PEELER and previously printed in the Journal of April 6, 2011. Senators LARRY MARTIN and PEELER proposed the following amendment (JUD3375.048), which was withdrawn: Amend the committee amendment, as and if amended, by striking the committee amendment in its entirety and inserting: // Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 2, SECTION 2, by striking line 36 in its entirety and inserting: / result of the defendant's grossly negligent, wilful, wanton, or reckless conduct. / // Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator LARRY MARTIN explained the amendment. RECESS At 5:06 P.M., with Senator LARRY MARTIN retaining the floor, on motion of Senator PEELER, with unanimous consent, the Senate receded from business subject to the call of the Chair. At 8:27 P.M., the Senate resumed. Senator LARRY MARTIN resumed explaining the amendment. On motion of Senator HUTTO, with unanimous consent, Amendment No. P1A was withdrawn as well as any remaining amendments on the Desk. Amendment No. P9 Senators LARRY MARTIN, HUTTO, MALLOY and KNOTTS proposed the following amendment (JUD3375.071), which was adopted: Amend the committee amendment, as and if amended, by striking the committee report in its entirety and inserting: // Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting language and inserting: / SECTION 1. This act may be cited as the "South Carolina Fairness in Civil Justice Act of 2011". SECTION 2. Chapter 32, Title 15 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Article 5 Punitive Damages Section 15-32-510. (A) A claim for punitive damages must be specifically prayed for in the complaint. (B) The plaintiff shall not specifically plead an amount of punitive damages, only that punitive damages are sought in the action. Section 15-32-520. (A) All actions tried before a jury involving punitive damages, if requested by any defendant against whom punitive damages are sought, must be conducted in a bifurcated manner before the same jury. (B) In the first stage of a bifurcated trial, the jury shall determine liability for compensatory damages and the amount of compensatory or nominal damages. Evidence relevant only to the issues of punitive damages is not admissible at this stage. (C) Punitive damages may be considered if compensatory or nominal damages have been awarded in the first stage of the trial. (D) Punitive damages may be awarded only if the plaintiff proves by clear and convincing evidence that his harm was the result of the defendant's willful, wanton, or reckless conduct. (E) In the second stage of a bifurcated trial, the jury shall determine if a defendant is liable for punitive damages and, if determined to be liable, the amount of punitive damages. In determining the amount of punitive damages, the jury may consider all relevant evidence, including, but not limited to: (1) the defendant's degree of culpability; (2) the severity of the harm caused by the defendant; (3) the extent to which the plaintiff's own conduct contributed to the harm; (4) the duration of the conduct, the defendant's awareness, and any concealment by the defendant; (5) the existence of similar past conduct; (6) the profitability of the conduct to the defendant; (7) the defendant's ability to pay; (8) the likelihood the award will deter the defendant or others from like conduct; (9) the awards of punitive damages against the defendant in any state or federal court action alleging harm from the same act or course of conduct complained of by the plaintiff; (10) any criminal penalties imposed on the defendant as a result of the same act or course of conduct complained of by the plaintiff; and (11) the amount of any civil fines assessed against the defendant as a result of the same act or course of conduct complained of by the plaintiff. (F) If punitive damages are awarded, the trial court shall review the jury's decision, considering all relevant evidence, including the factors identified in subsection (E), to ensure that the award is not excessive or the result of passion or prejudice. (G) In an action with multiple defendants, a punitive damages award must be specific to each defendant, and each defendant is liable only for the amount of the award made against that defendant. Section 15-32-530 (A). Except as provided in subsections (B) and (C), an award of punitive damages may not exceed the greater of three times the amount of compensatory damages awarded to each claimant entitled thereto or the sum of five hundred thousand dollars. (B) The limitation provided in subsection (A) may not be disclosed to the jury. If the jury returns a verdict for punitive damages in excess of the maximum amount specified in subsection (A), the trial court should first determine whether: (1) the wrongful conduct proven under this section was motivated primarily by unreasonable financial gain and determines that the unreasonably dangerous nature of the conduct, together with the high likelihood of injury resulting from the conduct, was known or approved by the managing agent, director, officer, or the person responsible for making policy decisions on behalf of the defendant; or (2) the defendant's actions could subject the defendant to conviction of a felony and that act or course of conduct is a proximate cause of the plaintiff's damages; If the trial court determines that either item (1) or (2) apply, then punitive damages must not exceed the greater of four times the amount of compensatory damages awarded to each claimant entitled thereto or the sum of two million dollars and, if necessary, the trial court shall reduce the award and enter judgement for punitive damages in the maximum amount allowed by this subsection. If the trial court determines that neither item (1) or (2) apply, then the award of punitive damages shall be subject to the maximum amount provided by subsection (A) and the trial court shall reduce the award and enter judgement for punitive damages in the maximum amount allowed by subsection (A). (C) However, when the trial court determines one of the following apply, there shall be no cap on punitive damages: (1) at the time of injury the defendant had an intent to harm and determines that the defendant's conduct did in fact harm the claimant; or (2) the defendant has pled guilty to or been convicted of a felony arising out of the same act or course of conduct complained of by the plaintiff and that act or course of conduct is a proximate cause of the plaintiff's damages; or (3) the defendant acted or failed to act while under the influence of alcohol, drugs, other than lawfully prescribed drugs administered in accordance with a prescription, or any intentionally consumed glue, aerosol, or other toxic vapor to the degree that the defendant's judgment is substantially impaired. (D) At the end of each calendar year, the State Budget and Control Board, Board of Economic Advisors must determine the increase or decrease in the ratio of the Consumer Price Index to the index as of December 31 of the previous year, and the maximum amount recoverable for punitive damages pursuant to subsection (A) must be increased or decreased accordingly. As soon as practicable after this adjustment is calculated, the Director of the State Budget and Control Board shall submit the revised maximum amount recoverable for punitive damages to the State Register for publication, pursuant to Section 1-23-40(2), and the revised maximum amount recoverable for punitive damages becomes effective upon publication in the State Register. For purposes of this subsection, 'Consumer Price Index' means the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers as published by the United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Section 15-32-540. The provisions of this article do not affect any right, privilege, or provision of the South Carolina Tort Claims Act pursuant to Chapter 78, Title 15 or the South Carolina Solicitation of Charitable Funds Act as contained in Chapter 56, Title 33." SECTION 3. Article 5, Chapter 7, Title 1 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 1-7-750. A circuit solicitor may employ outside counsel, in his discretion, without approval of the Attorney General, for civil forfeiture proceedings arising from criminal activity or from estreatment of bail bonds. In any other matter, the circuit solicitor must obtain written approval of the Attorney General prior to retaining counsel to or filing a civil cause of action." SECTION 4. Article 1, Chapter 77, Title 38 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 38-77-250. (A) Every insurer providing automobile insurance coverage in this State and which is or may be liable to pay all or a part of any claim shall provide, within thirty days of receiving a written request from the claimant's attorney, a statement, under oath, of a corporate officer or the insurer's claims manager stating with regard to each known policy of nonfleet private passenger insurance issued by it, the name of the insurer, the name of each insured, and the limits of coverage. The insurer may provide a copy of the declaration page of each such policy in lieu of providing such information. The request shall set forth under oath the specific nature of the claim asserted and shall be mailed to the insurer by certified mail or statutory overnight delivery. The request must also state that the attorney is authorized to make such a request and must be accompanied by a copy of the incident report from which the claim is derived. (B) If the request provided in subsection (A) contains information insufficient to allow compliance, the insurer upon whom the request was made may so state in writing, stating specifically what additional information is needed and such compliance shall constitute compliance with this section. (C) The information provided to a claimant or his attorney as required by subsection (A) of this section shall not create a waiver of any defenses to coverage available to the insurer and shall not be admissible in evidence. (D) The information provided to a claimant or his attorney as required by subsection (A) shall be amended upon the discovery of facts inconsistent with or in addition to the information provided. (E) The provisions of this section do not require disclosure of limits for fleet policy limits, umbrella coverages, or excess coverages. (F) The information received pursuant to this section is confidential and must not be disclosed to any outside party. Upon final disposition of the case, the claimant's attorney must destroy all information received pursuant to this section. The court must impose sanctions for a violation of this subsection." SECTION 5. Section 15-3-670 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 15-3-670. (A) The limitation provided by Sections 15-3-640 through 15-3-660 may not be asserted as a defense by any a person in actual possession or control, as owner, tenant, or otherwise, of the improvement at the time the defective or unsafe condition constitutes the proximate cause of the injury or death for which it is proposed to bring an action, in the event such the person in actual possession or control knows, or reasonably should have known, of the defective or unsafe condition. The limitations provided by Sections 15-3-640 through 15-3-660 are not available as a defense to any a person guilty of fraud, gross negligence, or recklessness in providing components in furnishing materials, in developing real property, in performing or furnishing the design, plans, specifications, surveying, planning, supervision, testing or observation of construction, construction of, or land surveying, in connection with such an improvement, or to any a person who conceals any such cause of action. (B) For the purposes of subsection (A), the violation of a building code of a jurisdiction or political subdivision does not constitute per se fraud, gross negligence, or recklessness, but this type of violation may be admissible as evidence of fraud, negligence, gross negligence, or recklessness. (C) The limitation provided by Section 15-3-640 may not be asserted as a defense to any an action for personal injury, including a personal injury resulting in death, or property damage which is: (i)(1) by its nature not discoverable in the exercise of reasonable diligence at the time of its occurrence; and (ii)(2) the result of ingestion of or exposure to some toxic or harmful or injury producing substance, element, or particle, including radiation, over a period of time as opposed to resulting from a sudden and fortuitous trauma." SECTION 6. Section 18-9-130(A)(1) of the 1976 Code, as last amended by Act 216 of 2004, is further amended to read: "(1) A notice of appeal from a judgment directing the payment of money does not stay the execution of the judgment unless the presiding judge before whom the judgment was obtained grants a stay of execution. (2) A plaintiff may not enforce a sale of property after a notice of appeal is filed without giving an undertaking or bond to the defendant, with two good sureties, in double the appraised value of the property or double the amount of the judgment, conditioned to pay all damages the defendant may sustain by reason of the sale in case the judgment is reversed. The plaintiff in such a case may not proceed with a sale of defendant's property if the defendant enters into an undertaking, with good sureties, in double the appraised value of the property or the amount of the judgment, to pay the judgment with legal interest and all costs and damages the plaintiff may sustain by reason of the appeal or to produce the property levied on and submit to the sale if the judgment is confirmed. If the presiding judge grants a stay of execution and requires a bond or other surety to guarantee the payment of the judgment pending the appeal, the amount of the bond or other surety may not exceed the amount of the judgment or: (a) twenty-five million dollars, whichever is less, for a business entity that employs more than fifty persons and has gross revenues exceeding five million dollars for the previous tax year; or (b) one million dollars, whichever is less, for all other entities or individuals." SECTION 7. This act takes effect January 1, 2012, and applies to all actions that accrue on or after the effective date except the provisions of SECTION 3 do not apply to any matter pending on the effective date of this act. / // Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator LARRY MARTIN explained the amendment. The Committee on Judiciary proposed the following amendment (JUD3375.034), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, page [3375-3], beginning on line 28, in SECTION 2, by striking Section 15-32-530 in its entirety and inserting: / Section 15-32-530(A). An award of punitive damages may not exceed three times the amount of the plaintiff's compensatory damages award or three hundred fifty thousand dollars, whichever is greater. (B) The limitations in subsection (A) do not apply when the: (1) trial court determines that the plaintiff's injury was proximately caused by the defendant's conscious pursuit of a course of conduct that the defendant knew would likely cause injury or damage or was motivated by the pursuit of unreasonable financial gain; (2) defendant pleads guilty to or is convicted of a felony arising out of the same act or course of conduct complained of by the plaintiff, and that act or course of conduct is a proximate cause of the plaintiff's damages; or (3) trial court determines that at the time of the plaintiff's injury the defendant acted or failed to act while under the influence of alcohol, drugs, other than lawfully prescribed drugs administered in accordance with a prescription, or any intentionally consumed glue, aerosol, or other toxic vapor to the degree that defendant's judgment is substantially impaired. (C) The limitation provided in subsection (A) may not be disclosed to the jury. If the jury returns a verdict for punitive damages in excess of the maximum amount specified in subsection (A), and the exemptions in subsection (B) do not apply, the court shall reduce the award and enter judgment for punitive damages in the maximum amount allowed in subsection (A). (D) At the end of each calendar year, the State Budget and Control Board, Board of Economic Advisors must determine the increase or decrease in the ratio of the Consumer Price Index to the index as of December 31 of the previous year, and the maximum amount recoverable for punitive damages pursuant to subsection (A) must be increased or decreased accordingly. As soon as practicable after this adjustment is calculated, the Director of the State Budget and Control Board shall submit the revised maximum amount recoverable for punitive damages to the State Register for publication, pursuant to Section 1-23-40(2), and the revised maximum amount recoverable for punitive damages becomes effective upon publication in the State Register. For purposes of this subsection, 'Consumer Price Index' means the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers as published by the United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Section 15-32-540. The provisions of this article do not affect any right, privilege, or provision of the South Carolina Tort Claims Act pursuant to Chapter 78, Title 15 or the South Carolina Solicitation of Charitable Funds Act as contained in Chapter 56, Title 33." / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, beginning on page [3375-4], line 11, by striking SECTION 3 in its entirety and inserting: / SECTION 3. Article 5, Chapter 7, Title 1 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 1-7-750.(A) This section may be cited as the 'Private Attorney Retention Sunshine Act'. (B) Except as provided in Section 1-7-760 and in actions for civil forfeiture proceedings arising from criminal activity or from estreatment of bail bonds, when the Attorney General or a circuit solicitor retains, engages, associates, hires, or otherwise obtains a private attorney, attorneys, or law firm as outside counsel to represent the State or any political subdivision, the outside counsel is required to enter into a contract that is governed by the following terms, provisions, or conditions: (1) the Attorney General or circuit solicitor, in his sole discretion, has the right to appoint a designated assistant, who must be an assistant attorney general or assistant solicitor, to oversee the litigation or other matter for which outside counsel has been retained, which appointment the Attorney General or circuit solicitor may modify at will; (2) the Attorney General or circuit solicitor may provide attorneys and other staff members to assist outside counsel with the litigation. The identity and responsibilities of personnel assigned to assist must be determined solely by the Attorney General or circuit solicitor. All pleadings, motions, briefs, formal documents, and agreements must bear the signature of the Attorney General or circuit solicitor or his designated assistant; (3) outside counsel shall coordinate the provision of legal services with the Attorney General, or circuit solicitor, or his designated assistant, other personnel of the Office of the Attorney General or circuit solicitor, and other persons the Attorney General or circuit solicitor may appoint as outside counsel. All pleadings, motions, briefs, and other material which may be filed with the court must first be approved by the Attorney General or circuit solicitor and provided to his office in draft form in a reasonable and timely manner for review; (4) outside counsel will render services as an independent contractor. Neither outside counsel nor an employee of outside counsel is regarded as employed by, or as an employee of, the Attorney General, a circuit solicitor, or the State; (5) detailed time and cost records reflecting all work must be maintained by outside counsel and presented monthly to the Attorney General or circuit solicitor; (6) the Attorney General, or circuit solicitor, or a designated assistant shall approve in advance all aspects of the litigation or other matter for which outside counsel is retained and must be included in settlement discussions. Outside counsel agrees that all settlements must receive the Attorney General's or circuit solicitor's express prior approval in writing; (7) any material, data, files, discs, or documents created, produced, or gathered by outside counsel, or in outside counsel's possession in furtherance of the litigation or other matter for which outside counsel has been retained, or which fulfills an obligation of the appointment, is considered the exclusive property of the State. Outside counsel agrees to adhere to the South Carolina Freedom of Information Act, pursuant to Chapter 4, Title 30, and maintain all public records concerning the matter in accordance with state law; however, outside counsel shall consult with, and obtain the approval of, the Attorney General or circuit solicitor before responding to a public records request. The contract of retention that satisfies this section is considered a public document. At the conclusion of the litigation or other matter for which outside counsel has been retained, all time records and monthly statements maintained or presented by outside counsel are public documents, subject to all exemptions from disclosure provided in the South Carolina Freedom of Information Act, Chapter 4, Title 30, and subject to exemption from disclosure or redaction as necessary to preserve the attorney client privilege, attorney work product protection, and all other applicable privileges and protections. At any point after the summons and complaint are filed, either party may move for a protective order to address disposal or disclosure of documents produced in discovery; (8) in contingent fee cases, outside counsel may not receive compensation for services rendered unless the State receives a settlement or award in connection with the litigation. If the State receives an award, outside counsel will be compensated as follows: (a) outside counsel may not be paid, not including punitive or exemplary damages, more than the following percentages corresponding to the amount of the judgment or settlement including civil penalties: (i) twenty-five percent of the judgment or settlement up to and including the first $5,000,000; (ii) twenty-two percent of that portion of the judgment or settlement in excess of$5,000,000 up to $10,000,000; (iii) eighteen percent of that portion of the judgment or settlement in excess of$10,000,000 up to $25,000,000; (iv) fifteen percent of that portion of the judgment or settlement in excess of$25,000,000 up to $50,000,000; (v) twelve percent of that portion of the judgment or settlement in excess of$50,000,000, but less than $100,000,000; and (vi) ten percent of that portion of the judgment or settlement in excess of$100,000,000. However, civil penalties are not considered punitive or exemplary damages. The structured contingent fee schedule set forth herein shall operate cumulatively so that, in relation to each successive category or level of recovery, outside counsel shall be paid an aggregate sum or value equivalent computed by multiplying the percentage applicable to each successive category or level of recovery by the incremental dollar amount falling within each such category, and the separate products so derived shall be added together to compute the aggregate fee to be paid to outside counsel. (b) following reimbursement of outside counsel's reasonable and approved expenses and costs, the remaining settlement or judgment, but not including punitive or exemplary damages, must be paid or applied on behalf of the State, or the people of South Carolina, or the victims in a manner to be determined by the Attorney General or circuit solicitor, in his sole discretion; and (c) outside counsel may not be paid more than the following percentages corresponding to the amount of punitive or exemplary damages: (i) twenty percent of the damages up to and including the first $10,000,000; (ii) fifteen percent of that portion of the damages in excess of$10,000,000 up to $100,000,000; and (iii) ten percent of that portion of the damages in excess of$100,000,000. The structured contingent fee schedule set forth herein shall operate cumulatively so that, in relation to each successive category or level of recovery, outside counsel shall be paid an aggregate sum or value equivalent computed by multiplying the percentage applicable to each successive category or level of recovery by the incremental dollar amount falling within each such category, and the separate products so derived shall be added together to compute the aggregate fee to be paid to outside counsel. (d) following reimbursement of outside counsel's reasonable and approved expenses and costs, the remaining amount of punitive and exemplary damages must be paid or applied on behalf of the State to the General Fund, or the people of South Carolina, or the victims in a manner to be determined by the Attorney General or circuit solicitor in his sole discretion; (e) all settlement or judgment proceeds shall be paid by, or on behalf of, any defendant to the Attorney General or circuit solicitor's office for distribution; and (f) the fee schedule required by this section applies to all settlements or judgments, whether the settlement or judgment is entirely monetary in nature or is combined with nonmonetary relief. In the event the litigation is resolved by settlement or judgment involving a combination of monetary and nonmonetary relief, such as injunctive relief, nonmonetary payment, the provision of goods or services or other in-kind terms, or a combination of these, the Attorney General or circuit solicitor shall determine the monetary value to the State; (9) outside counsel must be reimbursed for reasonable and approved expenses and costs prior to the payment of fees calculated on the amount of the judgment or settlement. Proper documentation by receipts or otherwise must be submitted with all invoices, and all documentation must be retained by outside counsel for at least one year following the agreement's termination. All expenses must be itemized, and no reimbursement may be applied for or requested for miscellaneous listings. The Attorney General or circuit solicitor, in his sole discretion, may decline to reimburse outside counsel for improperly documented, unnecessary, or unreasonable costs or expenses. In addition: (a) outside counsel must be reimbursed for the retention of experts, including fees and other reasonable costs, only when expressly authorized by the Attorney General or circuit solicitor; and (b) for reimbursements of expenses for lodging, travel, or mileage, receipts are required, and these expenses must be reasonable; (10) outside counsel may not speak to any representative of a television station, radio station, newspaper, magazine, or other media outlet concerning the work outlined or contemplated in the contract of retention without first obtaining approval of the Attorney General or circuit solicitor. Outside counsel is specifically prohibited from speaking on behalf of the Attorney General, or circuit solicitor, or the State of South Carolina to any representative of the news media. (C) A circuit solicitor may employ outside counsel, in his discretion, without approval of the Attorney General, for civil forfeiture proceedings arising from criminal activity or from estreatment of bail bonds. In any other matter, the circuit solicitor must obtain written approval of the Attorney General prior to retaining counsel to or filing a civil cause of action including any or all cases seeking civil penalties. Section 1-7-760. The provisions of Section 1-7-750(B) may be suspended only under certain conditions when the Attorney General, in his discretion, or the circuit solicitor, upon the written approval of the Attorney General, decides that exceptional circumstances exist which warrant departure from the requirements of Section 1-7-750(B), and, in his judgment, that departure is absolutely necessary and in the best interests of the State. If the Attorney General or the circuit solicitor decides to invoke the provisions of this section, he must specifically state in writing those provisions of Section 1-7-750(B) that he intends to depart from and must delineate the exceptional circumstances that he finds exists as they relate to each provision. This information is considered public information and is subject to disclosure pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act as provided in Chapter 4, Title 30, subject to all exemptions from disclosure provided in the South Carolina Freedom of Information Act and subject to exemption from disclosure or redaction as necessary to preserve the attorney client privilege, attorney work product protection, and all other applicable privileges and protections. Section 1-7-770. Nothing in this Act shall supersede Section 1-7-85. The Attorney General's office shall retain special counsel's fees and costs awarded under its contract with outside counsel." / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, beginning on page [3375-10], by striking lines 1 through 24 in their entirety and inserting: / (C) A violation of this article is not negligence per se, contributory negligence, or comparative negligence, and is not admissible as evidence in a civil action. Evidence may be admitted in a civil action to show that an injured person failed to wear a safety belt during an incident giving rise to the civil action, and that the person's injuries would have been reduced by wearing a safety belt. The evidence, if relevant, may be admitted only if: (1) the proponent of the evidence presents qualified, reliable, and competent expert testimony that the injured person failed to wear a safety belt and that the compensable injuries received would have been reduced had the injured person been wearing a safety belt; (2) a court of competent jurisdiction admits the evidence, pursuant to the South Carolina Rules of Evidence; and (3) the proponent of the evidence has not been convicted of or pled guilty or nolo contendere to a moving vehicle violation, pursuant to this subsection, which was a proximate cause of the incident giving rise to the civil action. The moving vehicle violations are defined as: (a) driving under the influence; (b) reckless driving; (c) any four to six-point offense, under Section 56-1-720; (d) a 'serious traffic violation', pursuant to 56-1-2030(22). (4) the opposing party may introduce rebuttal evidence regarding the use of seatbelts introduced pursuant to this section. (D) Notwithstanding the admissibility of the evidence, pursuant to subsection (C), the evidence shall not be admissible if the plaintiff's attorney stipulates the amount in controversy is less than \$200,000. (D)(E) A vehicle, driver, or occupant in a vehicle must not be searched, nor may consent to search be requested by a law enforcement officer, solely because of a violation of this article. (E)(F) A law enforcement officer must not stop a driver for a violation of this article except when the officer has probable cause that a violation has occurred based on his clear and unobstructed view of a driver or an occupant of the motor vehicle who is not wearing a safety belt or is not secured in a child restraint system as required by Article 47 of this chapter. (F)(G) A person charged with a violation of this article may admit or deny the violation, enter a plea of nolo contendere, or be tried before either a judge or a jury. If the trier of fact is convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the person was not wearing a safety belt at the time of the incident, the penalty is a civil fine pursuant to the provisions of Section 56-5-6540. If the trier of fact determines that the State has failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the person was not wearing a safety belt, no penalty shall be assessed. (G)(H) A person found to be in violation of this article may bring an appeal to the court of common pleas pursuant to Section 18-3-10 or Section 14-25-95." / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page [3375-10], after line 25, by adding the following appropriately numbered SECTION to read: / SECTION __. Article 1, Chapter 77, Title 38 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 38-77-250. (A) Every insurer providing automobile insurance coverage in this State and which is or may be applicable to pay all or a part of any claim shall provide, within thirty days of receiving a written request from the claimant's attorney, a statement, under oath, of a corporate officer or the insurer's claims manager stating with regard to each known policy of nonfleet private passenger insurance issued by it, the name of the insurer, the name of each insured, and the limits of coverage. The insurer may provide a copy of the declaration page of each such policy in lieu of providing such information. The request shall set forth under oath the specific nature of the claim asserted and shall be mailed to the insurer by certified mail or overnight delivery. The request must also state that the attorney is authorized to make such a request and must be accompanied by a copy of the incident report from which the claim is derived. (B) If the request provided in subsection (A) contains information insufficient to allow compliance, the insurer upon whom the request was made may so state in writing, stating specifically what additional information is needed, and such compliance shall constitute compliance with this section. (C) The information provided to a claimant or his attorney, as required by subsection (A) of this section, shall not create a waiver of any defenses to coverage available to the insurer and shall not be admissible in evidence. (D) The information provided to a claimant or his attorney, as required by subsection (A), shall be amended upon the discovery of facts inconsistent with or in addition to the information provided. (E) The information received pursuant to this section is confidential and must not be disclosed to any outside party except as required to pursue the claim. The court may impose sanctions for a violation of this subsection." / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, by adding an appropriately numbered SECTION to read: / SECTION __. Chapter 78, Title 15 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 15-78-125. The provisions of Article 5, Chapter 32, Title 15 do not affect any right, privilege, or provision of the South Carolina Tort Claims Act pursuant to this chapter or the South Carolina Solicitation of Charitable Funds Act as contained in Chapter 56, Title 33." / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, by adding an appropriately numbered SECTION to read: / SECTION __. Section 15-78-120 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding a subitem to read: "(d) At the end of each calendar year, the State Budget and Control Board, Board of Economic Advisors must determine the increase or decrease in the ratio of the Consumer Price Index to the index as of December 31 of the previous year, and the maximum amount recoverable under the State Tort Claims Act pursuant to subsection (a) must be increased or decreased accordingly. As soon as practicable after this adjustment is calculated, the Director of the State Budget and Control Board shall submit the revised maximum amount recoverable for damages under the State Tort Claims Act for publication, to the State Register pursuant to Section 1-23-40(2), and the revised maximum amount recoverable for damages under the State Tort Claims Act becomes effective upon publication in the State Register. For purposes of this subsection, 'Consumer Price Index' means the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers as published by the United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics." / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, by adding appropriately numbered SECTIONS to read: / SECTION __. Chapter 73, Title 15 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 15-73-11. (1) One who sells any product in a defective condition unreasonably dangerous to the user or consumer or to his property is subject to liability for physical harm caused to the ultimate user or consumer, or to his property, if: (a) the seller is engaged in the business of selling such a product; and (b) it is expected to and does reach the user or consumer without substantial change in the condition in which it is sold. (2) The rule stated in subsection (1) shall apply although: (a) the seller has exercised all possible care in the preparation and sale of his product; and (b) the user or consumer has not bought the product from or entered into any contractual relation with the seller. Section 15-73-21. If the user or consumer discovers the defect and is aware of the danger, and nevertheless proceeds unreasonably to make use of the product and is injured by it, he is barred from recovery. Section 15-73-31. Comments to Section 402A of the Restatement of Torts, Second, are incorporated herein by reference thereto as the legislative intent of this chapter." SECTION __. Sections 15-73-10; 15-73-20; 15-73-30; and 15-33-135 of the 1976 Code are repealed. / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, by adding an appropriately numbered SECTION to read: / SECTION __. Section 15-36-10(C) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 15-36-10. (C)(1) At the conclusion of a trial and after a verdict for or a verdict against damages has been rendered or a case has been dismissed by a directed verdict, summary judgment, or after entering a judgment notwithstanding the verdict, upon motion of the prevailing party, the court shall proceed to determine if the claim or defense was frivolous. An attorney, party, or pro se litigant shall be sanctioned for a frivolous claim or defense if the court finds the attorney, party, or pro se litigant failed to comply with one of the following conditions: (a) a reasonable attorney in the same circumstances would believe that under the facts, his claim or defense was clearly not warranted under existing law and that a good faith or reasonable argument did not exist for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law; (b) a reasonable attorney in the same circumstances would believe that his procurement, initiation, continuation, or defense of the civil suit was intended merely to harass or injure the other party; or (c) a reasonable attorney in the same circumstances would believe that the case or defense was frivolous as not reasonably founded in fact or was interposed merely for delay, or was merely brought for a purpose other than securing proper discovery, joinder of proposed parties, or adjudication of the claim or defense upon which the proceedings are based. (2) Unless the court finds by a preponderance of the evidence that an attorney, party, or pro se litigant engaged in advancing a frivolous claim or defense, the attorney, party, or pro se litigant shall not be sanctioned. (3) A case dismissed by a directed verdict or summary judgment is presumed to be frivolous per se, and sanctions described in subsection (G) must be ordered by the court, unless the court finds for good cause shown it was not frivolous or sanctions should not be imposed." / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page [3375-11], lines 20-21, by striking SECTION 10 in its entirety and inserting the following: / SECTION 10. This act takes effect January 1, 2012, and applies to all actions that accrue on or after the effective date except the provisions of SECTION 3 do not apply to any matter pending on the effective date of this act. / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. The question then was the second reading of the Bill. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 39; Nays 0 AYES Alexander Bright Bryant Campbell Campsen Cleary Coleman Courson Cromer Davis Elliott Fair Gregory Grooms Hayes Hutto Knotts Land Leatherman Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey Matthews McConnell McGill Nicholson O'Dell Peeler Pinckney Reese Rose Ryberg Scott Setzler Shoopman Thomas Verdin Williams Total--39 NAYS Total--0 The Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading. On motion of Senator McCONNELL, with unanimous consent, H. 3375 was returned to the status of Interrupted Debate. H. 3701 (Word version) -- Ways and Means Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROPRIATE MONIES FROM THE CAPITAL RESERVE FUND FOR FISCAL YEAR 2010-2011. RECALLED H. 4258 (Word version) -- Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environmental Affairs Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL, RELATING TO ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT COLLECTION AND RECOVERY, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 4179, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE. Senator PEELER asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Joint Resolution from the Committee on Medical Affairs. The Joint Resolution was recalled from the Committee on Medical Affairs and ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow. CARRYING OVER ALL AMENDMENTS TO THIRD READING H. 3660 (Word version) -- Reps. Ott, Bales, McLeod, Brantley, Battle, Whipper, G.A. Brown, Parker, Anderson, J.M. Neal, Hodges, Bowers, Hosey, Alexander, Branham, Funderburk, Harrison, King, Dillard, Butler Garrick and Jefferson: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 16-11-523, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO OBTAINING NONFERROUS METALS UNLAWFULLY, SO AS TO REVISE THE PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS OF THIS PROVISION; TO AMEND SECTION 16-17-680, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE PURCHASE OF NONFERROUS METALS, PROCEDURES AND REQUIREMENTS FOR PURCHASE OF NONFERROUS METALS, AND EXCEPTIONS, SO AS TO PROVIDE ADDITIONAL RESTRICTIONS RELATED TO THE SALE OF COPPER; TO AMEND SECTION 16-17-685, RELATING TO THE UNLAWFUL TRANSPORTATION OF NONFERROUS METALS, SO AS TO INCREASE THE PENALTIES FOR CERTAIN VIOLATIONS OF THIS PROVISION; AND BY ADDING CHAPTER 40 TO TITLE 40 SO AS TO REQUIRE SECONDARY METALS RECYCLERS TO REGISTER WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, LICENSING AND REGULATION, AND TO PROVIDE REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL REQUIREMENTS. Senator PINCKNEY asked unanimous consent to take the Bill up for immediate consideration. There was no objection. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill. Senator PINCKNEY asked unanimous consent to give the Bill a second reading, carrying over all amendments to third. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 36; Nays 3 AYES Alexander Bright Campbell Cleary Coleman Courson Cromer Davis Elliott Fair Gregory Grooms Hayes Hutto Knotts Land Leatherman Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey Matthews McConnell McGill Nicholson O'Dell Peeler Pinckney Reese Rose Scott Setzler Shoopman Thomas Verdin Williams Total--36 NAYS Bryant Campsen Ryberg Total--3 The Bill was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar, carrying over all amendments to third reading. S. 689 (Word version) -- Senator Courson: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO AUTHORIZE PALMETTO GIRLS STATE TO USE THE CHAMBERS OF THE SENATE AND THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ON FRIDAY, JUNE 17, 2011. Senator COURSON asked unanimous consent to take the Concurrent Resolution up for immediate consideration. There was no objection. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Concurrent Resolution, the question being the adoption of the Resolution. On motion of Senator COURSON, the Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House. THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE SPECIAL ORDERS. CARRIED OVER S. 630 (Word version) -- Senators Knotts, Massey, Peeler, Reese, Davis, Hutto, Fair, Hayes, Sheheen, Leventis, Malloy, Rose, McConnell, L. Martin, Rankin, Scott, Setzler, Coleman, Ford, Campbell, Land, Courson, McGill, Jackson, Williams, Matthews, Lourie, O'Dell, Cleary, Nicholson, Alexander, Anderson, Leatherman, Pinckney, Thomas, Campsen, Shoopman and Elliott: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO AMEND THE RULES OF THE SENATE BY ADDING RULE 54, THE "PROHIBITION ON NONCANDIDATE COMMITTEES", SO AS TO PROHIBIT A MEMBER OF THE SENATE FROM, DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY, ESTABLISHING, FINANCING, MAINTAINING, OR CONTROLLING A NONCANDIDATE COMMITTEE. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Senate Resolution, the question being the adoption of the Senate Resolution. Senator RYBERG moved to carry over the Senate Resolution. The Senate Resolution was carried over. Recorded Vote Senators McCONNELL, KNOTTS, MATTHEWS, MALLOY, SHOOPMAN and ROSE desired to be recorded as voting against the motion to carry over the Senate Resolution. Senator McCONNELL moved that the Senate stand adjourned. On motion of Senator HUTTO, with unanimous consent, the Senate stood adjourned out of respect to the memory of Mr. Bartley Lancaster "Bart" Hutto of the Providence Community, Holly Hill, S.C., beloved brother of Senator Brad Hutto, who passed away November 8, 2010. Mr. Bart Hutto was born January 17, 1959, in Orangeburg. He was the son of Charles L. and Harriet L. Hutto of the Providence Community, Holly Hill. He attended Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College and Clemson University. At Clemson, he received a scholarship award from the American Society of Animal Science. In 1980, he returned to the Providence Community and began working with the family businesses, Hutto Brothers & Sons and Hutto Stock Yards. Later, he became the owner of Hutto Farms, farming a portion of the land that has been in the Hutto family for seven generations. He was the owner of Hutto Livestock company, which operated out of Manning. He was also employed by Orangeburg Stock Yards. In addition, he was an electrician, working with contractors of the area. Because he was extremely observant as he traveled the roads of the community and checked out anything which didn't "look right," he was affectionately given the titles of "Sheriff of Providence" and "Mayor of Providence." Often neighbors called him to watch their homes while they were away. He will be missed by all those in Orangeburg County who had the privilege of knowing him. and On motion of Senators GROOMS, CAMPBELL and McGILL, with unanimous consent, the Senate stood adjourned out of respect to the memory of Representative C. David Umphlett, Jr. of Moncks Corner, S.C., our colleague and friend. He was a devoted family man. He was first elected to the House of Representatives in 2002 and was avidly interested in outdoor issues.	2015-01-25T16:29:49	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3211224675178528, "perplexity": 9122.388529511336}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115900160.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161140-00064-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://dergipark.gov.tr/cankujse/issue/33106/368709	\| \| \| \| ## Clothoid-based Lane Change Trajectory Computation for Self-Driving Vehicles #### Ardam Haseeb Mohammed Ali Kahya [1] , Klaus Werner Schmidt [2] ##### 77 143 The subject of this paper is the efficient computation of lane change trajectories for self-driving vehicles. The paper first identifies that a certain type of clothoid-based bi-elementary paths can be used to represent lane change trajectories for vehicles. It is further highlighted that the curvature of such trajectories must be adjusted to the driving situation in order to obtain feasible lane change trajectories. Accordingly, the paper establishes an analytical relation between the maximum admissible curvature of the lane change trajectory and the velocity profile during a lane change. Using this relation, the paper proposes an efficient Newton iteration for computing the parameters of bi-elementary paths for lane changes. The resulting lane change trajectories are as short as possible, while meeting the constraint on the maximum curvature. Simulation experiments for various driving situations show that the computed bi-elementary paths can be computed efficiently and constitute suitable lane change trajectories. Autonomous vehicles, lane changes, clothoid trajectories • [1] “IEEE news release,” http://www.ieee.org/about/news/2012/5september 2 2012.html, 2. September 2012. • [2] “Autonomous cars – self-driving the new auto industry paradigm,” Morgan Stanley Blue Paper, Tech. Rep., November 2013. • [3] R. Attia, R. Orjuela, and M. Basset, “Coupled longitudinal and lateral control strategy improving lateral stability for autonomous vehicle,” in American Control Conference (ACC), 2012, June 2012, pp. 6509–6514. • [4] K. G. Baass, “The use of clothoid templates in highway design,” Transportation Forum, vol. 1, pp. 47–52, 1984. • [5] J. L. Buchanan and P. R. Turner, Numerical Methods and Analysis. McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 1992. • [6] J. Chen, P. Zhao, T. Mei, and H. Liang, “Lane change path planning based on piecewise bezier curve for autonomous vehicle,” in 2013 IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety (ICVES), 2013, pp. 17–22. • [7] P. J. Davis, Spirals: from Theodorus to Chaos. A. K. Peters, Wellesley, Maine, 1993. • [8] P. Dingle and L. Guzzella, “Optimal emergency maneuvers on highways for passenger vehicles with two- and four-wheel active steering,” in American Control Conference (ACC), 2010, June 2010, pp. 5374–5381. • [9] E. Dovgan, T. Tu˘sar, M. Javorski, and B. Filipi˘c, “Discovering comfortable driving strategies using simulationbased multiobjective optimization,” Informatica, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 319–326, 2012. • [10] P. Falcone, M. Tufo, F. Borrelli, J. Asgari, and H. Tsengz, “A linear time varying model predictive control approach to the integrated vehicle dynamics control problem in autonomous systems,” in Decision and Control, 2007 46th IEEE Conference on, Dec 2007, pp. 2980–2985. • [11] J. Funke and J. C. Gerdes, “Simple clothoid lane change trajectories for automated vehicles incorporating friction constraints,” ASME. J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control, vol. 138, no. 2, pp. 021 002–021 002–9, 2015. • [12] M. P. Gianpiero Mastinu, Ed., Road and Off-Road Vehicle System Dynamics Handbook. CRC Press, 2014. • [13] K. Kritayakirana and J. C. Gerdes, “Autonomous vehicle control at the limits of handling,” International Journal of Vehicle Autonomous Systems, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 271–296, 2012. • [14] Z. Li and D. Meek, “Smoothing an arc spline,” Computers & Graphics, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 576–587, 2005. [Online]. Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0097849305000907 • [15] R. Marino, S. Scalzi, and M. Netto, “Nested {PID} steering control for lane keeping in autonomous vehicles,” Control Engineering Practice, vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 1459–1467, 2011. • [16] B. Mashadi and M. Majidi, “Two-phase optimal path planning of autonomous ground vehicles using pseudospectral method,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part K: Journal of Multi-body Dynamics, 2014. [Online]. Available: http://pik.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/06/11/1464419314538245.abstract • [17] D. S. Meek and D. J. Walton, “An arc spline approximation to a clothoid,” J. Comput. Appl. Math., vol. 170, no. 1, pp. 59–77, Sep. 2004. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cam.2003.12.038 • [18] D. Meek and D. Walton, “A note on finding clothoids,” Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, vol. 170, no. 2, pp. 433–453, 2004. [Online]. Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377042704000925 • [19] A. K. Nandi, D. Chakraborty, and W. 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Desaeger, “What?s new in intelligent transportation systems?: An overview of european projects and initiatives,” Vehicular Technology Magazine, IEEE, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 45–69, Dec 2013. • [25] A. Rucco, G. Notarstefano, and J. Hauser, “Optimal control based dynamics exploration of a rigid car with longitudinal load transfer,” Control Systems Technology, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 1070–1077, May 2014. • [26] ——, “Optimal control based dynamics exploration of a rigid car with longitudinal load transfer,” Control Systems Technology, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 1070–1077, May 2014. • [27] A. Schindler, G. Maier, and S. Pangerl, “Exploiting arc splines for digital maps,” in 2011 14th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), Oct 2011, pp. 1–6. • [28] T. S. L. Sumit Ghosh, Intelligent Transportation Systems: Smart and Green Infrastructure Design. CRC Press, 2010. • [29] J. S. Sussman, Perspectives on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), 1st ed. Springer US, 2005. • [30] P. Varaiya, “Smart cars on smart roads: problems of control,” Automatic Control, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 195–207, Feb 1993. • [31] M. Werling, S. Kammel, J. Ziegler, and L. Gr¨oll, “Optimal trajectories for time-critical street scenarios using discretized terminal manifolds,” The International Journal of Robotics Research, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 346–359, 2012. [Online]. Available: http://ijr.sagepub.com/content/31/3/346.abstract • [32] Z. Wu, Y. Liu, and G. Pan, “Smart car control model for brake comfort based on car following,” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 42–46, 2009. • [33] H. Yoshida, S. Shinohara, and M. Nagai, “Lane change steering manoeuvre using model predictive control theory,” Vehicle System Dynamics, vol. 46, no. sup1, pp. 669–681, 2008. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00423110802033072 Subjects Engineering Articles Author: Ardam Haseeb Mohammed Ali Kahya Author: Klaus Werner Schmidt Bibtex @research article { cankujse368709, journal = {Cankaya University Journal of Science and Engineering}, issn = {1309-6788}, eissn = {2564-7954}, address = {Cankaya University}, year = {2017}, volume = {14}, pages = { - }, doi = {}, title = {Clothoid-based Lane Change Trajectory Computation for Self-Driving Vehicles}, key = {cite}, author = {Kahya, Ardam Haseeb Mohammed Ali and Schmidt, Klaus Werner} } APA Kahya, A , Schmidt, K . (2017). Clothoid-based Lane Change Trajectory Computation for Self-Driving Vehicles. Cankaya University Journal of Science and Engineering, 14 (2), . Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/cankujse/issue/33106/368709 MLA Kahya, A , Schmidt, K . "Clothoid-based Lane Change Trajectory Computation for Self-Driving Vehicles". Cankaya University Journal of Science and Engineering 14 (2017): Chicago Kahya, A , Schmidt, K . "Clothoid-based Lane Change Trajectory Computation for Self-Driving Vehicles". Cankaya University Journal of Science and Engineering 14 (2017): RIS TY - JOUR T1 - Clothoid-based Lane Change Trajectory Computation for Self-Driving Vehicles AU - Ardam Haseeb Mohammed Ali Kahya , Klaus Werner Schmidt Y1 - 2017 PY - 2017 N1 - DO - T2 - Cankaya University Journal of Science and Engineering JF - Journal JO - JOR SP - EP - VL - 14 IS - 2 SN - 1309-6788-2564-7954 M3 - UR - Y2 - 2019 ER - EndNote %0 Cankaya University Journal of Science and Engineering Clothoid-based Lane Change Trajectory Computation for Self-Driving Vehicles %A Ardam Haseeb Mohammed Ali Kahya , Klaus Werner Schmidt %T Clothoid-based Lane Change Trajectory Computation for Self-Driving Vehicles %D 2017 %J Cankaya University Journal of Science and Engineering %P 1309-6788-2564-7954 %V 14 %N 2 %R %U ISNAD Kahya, Ardam Haseeb Mohammed Ali , Schmidt, Klaus Werner . "Clothoid-based Lane Change Trajectory Computation for Self-Driving Vehicles". Cankaya University Journal of Science and Engineering 14 / 2 (November 2017): -.	2019-04-23T01:59:56	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.26439911127090454, "perplexity": 11237.271436932982}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578584186.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423015050-20190423041050-00439.warc.gz"}
https://www.usgs.gov/ecosystems/climate-research-and-development-program/science/reconstructing-ocean-circulation	# Reconstructing Ocean Circulation & Hydroclimate in the Subtropical Atlantic ### Paleoclimate Science Biological proxies such as diatoms, foraminifers, ostracodes, and pollen allow scientists to make inferences about climate conditions in the past.	2020-10-27T21:45:24	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8351230621337891, "perplexity": 12586.998492290171}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107894759.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20201027195832-20201027225832-00547.warc.gz"}
https://gea.esac.esa.int/archive/documentation/GEDR3/Catalogue_consolidation/chap_cu9val/sec_cu9val_introduction/ssec_cu9val_intro_astro_precision.html	# 8.1.3 Astrometric precision • The formal uncertainties have much improved since Gaia DR2. • The quasi-gaussianity of the uncertainities, checked using QSOs, still holds. The normality is better, as expected, for 5p than for 6p solutions the latest contain a significant number of non-single stars. • Parallax uncertainties seem to be underestimated, as shown by deconvolution versus their formal uncertainties, for various subsets and also by using LMC subsets (Section 8.2). The underestimation is larger for brighter magnitudes, and generally larger for 6p solutions . • For 5p solutions the underestimation reaches 1.35 for the most precise parallaxes, decreasing and reaching a flat curve for the less precise ones. For this later case the total uncertainty $\sigma_{ext}$ is well described by the expression $\sigma_{ext}^{2}=k^{2}\sigma_{int}^{2}+\sigma_{sys}^{2}$, where $\sigma_{int}$ is the formal error given in the catalogue and $\sigma_{sys}\approx 15\mu as$. See Gaia DR2 known issues page, document on astrometry. • Comparison of proper motions with proper motions estimations obtained from Hipparcos and Gaia position show a strong variance factor variation with magnitude and colour, which was not as strong for Gaia DR2. Checks using QSOs show the same behaviour. • Astrometry is apparently ‘too good’ for bright stars in crowded areas (e.g. in Baade’s window), meaning too good astrometric_gof_al, astrometric_excess_noise and ruwe. It might be that some extra noise was absorbed by the excess attitude noise (Section 8.2). • Proper motion uncertainties in crowded fields estimated using globular clusters (Section 8.7) are correctly estimated for stars having little or no contamination. Stars with large contamination are on average 1.6-1.8 sigma from the expected value indicating that uncertainties on proper motions are underestimated. This shows a substantial improvement in comparison with Gaia DR2. • Unresolved binaries in open clusters are not identified by any of the parameters: astrometric_excess_noise, astrometric_gof_al, ipd_frac_multi_peak, ruwe, ipd_gof_harmonic_phase, ipd_gof_harmonic_amplitude (Section 8.7).	2022-01-19T05:07:17	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 4, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9194234013557434, "perplexity": 3542.0946520416783}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301263.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220119033421-20220119063421-00587.warc.gz"}
https://wiki.bnl.gov/eic/index.php?title=Special:MobileDiff/7492	# BEGIN ANSIBLE MANAGED BLOCK WIKIEDITOR #17.01.14-> wfLoadExtension( 'WikiEditor' ); # ## Enables/disables use of WikiEditor by default but still allow users to disable it in preferences #$wgDefaultUserOptions['usebetatoolbar'] = 1; #$wgDefaultUserOptions['usebetatoolbar-cgd'] = 1; # ## Displays the Preview and Changes tabs #$wgDefaultUserOptions['wikieditor-preview'] = 0; # ## Displays the Publish and Cancel buttons on the top right side #$wgDefaultUserOptions['wikieditor-publish'] = 0; #17.01.14<- # END ANSIBLE MANAGED BLOCK WIKIEDITOR Changes - EIC # Changes , 07:46, 9 April 2020 Line 1: Line 1: =If you are new to BNL= =If you are new to BNL= Please follow the following steps to get an account at the BNL computer facility RACF a great summary is here https://www.sdcc.bnl.gov/#accounts<br /> Please follow the following steps to get an account at the BNL computer facility RACF a great summary is here https://www.sdcc.bnl.gov/#accounts<br /> + to get to it click on the '''"here"''' in the line "Please find detailed information here"<br> To access the BNL computing facilities and to have physical access to To access the BNL computing facilities and to have physical access to 2,102 edits	2022-11-29T07:47:35	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.33482909202575684, "perplexity": 12895.058599184327}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710690.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129064123-20221129094123-00392.warc.gz"}
https://steingame.fandom.com/wiki/Game_Mechanics?diff=5601&oldid=647	201 Pages ## Damage Some calculations in this section might be incorrect! This section will be updated with (probably) correct calculations in the near future. Damage range calculation Base Damage (Lowest Damage on a Weapon + Highest Damage on a Weapon) / 2 Damage range of a normal hit (Base Damage + Bonus Damage * Weapon Bonus Damage%) * (70%-130%) Damage range of a critical hit ((Base Damage + Bonus Damage * Weapon Bonus Damage%) * (70%-130%)) * (100% + Bonus Critical Damage%) Example: Damage of a weapon 100-200 Bonus damage: 200 Bonus critical damage: 50% Base damage: (100 + 200) / 2 = 150 Normal hit: (150 + 200 * 100%) * (70%-130%) = 350 * (0.7-1.3) = 245-455 damage Critical hit: (245-455) * (100% + 50%) = (245-455) * 1.5 = 367-683 damage Average Damage calculation Average Damage Average damage is harder to calculate, as you need to know the probability of a critical hit. ((Base Damage + Bonus Damage * Weapon Bonus Damage%) * (100% + Bonus Critical Damage%) * Critical Damage Chance%) + ((Base Damage + Bonus Damage * Weapon Bonus Damage%) * (100% - Critical Damage Chance%)) Example: Damage of a weapon 100-200 Bonus damage: 200 Bonus critical damage: 50% Critical Chance = 10% Base damage: (100 + 200) / 2 = 150 Average damage: ((150 + 200 * 100%) * (100% + 50%) * 10%) + ((150 + 200 * 100%) * (100% - 10%)) = = (350 * 150% * 10%) + (350 * 90%) = = 52,5 + 315 = = 367,5 damage Average Damage per Mana usage Average Damage / Mana usage Average Damage per Second Average Damage / (Weapon Cooldown * (100% - Cooldown Reduction%)) Mana Regeneration It is simply Mana Regeneration from Armor + Mana Regeneration from Weapon When player is constantly using Mana potions, it works similarly to Bonus Mana Regeneration. Mana can be replaced with energy for physical fighters. This is the calculations for Mana Potion Regeneration. Potion Restored Mana/Mana Potion Cooldown Note: If the player doesn't instantly switch weapon after activating a potion, the calculations for Mana Potion Regeneration is: Potion Restored Mana/Potion Cooldown A players "Mana Regeneration" is: Mana Regen from Armor + Mana Regen from Weapon + Mana Potion Regen Note, if the player doesn't use potions, "Mana Potion Regen can be deleted" Average Continuous Damage per Second Average Damage per Mana usage * Mana Regeneration Average Burst Time Burst Time using a single weapon All calculations are made with the assumption that the player has instant switching time between Mana potions and weapons. If a player casts a weapon with low Mana Regeneration and instanly switches to a weapon with higher Mana Regeneration, it would be as if the player was always holding the weapon with the higher Mana Regeneration. Mana regeneration - (Mana of weapon used / Weapon Cooldown) = Mana Gained or Lost per Second If Mana gained is above or equal to 0 per second then the player can use that weapon indefinitely. If Mana is lost then the player cannot burst that weapon indefinitely. Total Mana pool / Mana Lost per Second = Average Burst Time in seconds Note: In the calculation above, change the negative value of "Mana lost per Second" to be positive. Burst Time using multiple Weapons Mana Regeneration-Mana Usage per second for multiple weapons=Mana gained or lost per second How to calculate the the Mana usage per second for multiple weapons: (Weapon1 Mana Usage+Weapon2 Mana Usage+Weapon3 Mana Usage…)/How long to repeat cycle Note, the "How long to repeat cycle" is the time intervals the shots fired from a weapon in the cycle, it is often just the cooldown of the first weapon. Then you can take the mana Lost or Gained per second to calculate the time for how long you can burst multiple weapons. Critical Chance Critical chance from armor and weapons aren't added together but rather they are part of an equation Crit chance = 1 - (1-Crit from item1) * (1-Crit from item2) * (1-Crit from item3) ... etc ... * (1 - 0.01) ## Threat Threat is an invisible statistic that only works when multiple players are involved in a fight. To put it simply, the player with the highest Threat gets prioritized to be attacked by Enemies. Threat is generated by dealing damage and healing. Tank players use it to get aggro of the Enemies on themselves. It can be increased by holding weapons with Bonus Threat (it works only when the Item with Bonus Threat is currently selected in the quickbar). Enemies atttack the person who first got in their aggro range. The aggro gets passed to another player if they generate more Threat (by dealing more damage and / or healing). Weapon without Threat Base damage 100-200 -> 150 average damage Average Threat generation per hit: 150 Weapon with Threat Base damage 80-160 -> 120 average damage Threat bonus +150% Average Threat generation per hit: 120 + 120 * 150% = 120 + 180 = 300 ## Need, Greed, Pass It's a drop system that works only when multiple players are in a group. After an Enemy is defeated and it drops an Item, every player in the group gets the same loot window with the dropped Item, a timer, two buttons labeled "Need" and "Greed" and one in the top right, next to the timer- a crossed out red square which works as a Pass. This appears only for items of Uncommon quality or higher. Players need to be in the area where the Item was dropped in order to have access to the loot. From the moment the Item was dropped, all players in the group have 90 seconds to make a choice before the timer runs out. If all players in the group press Need, the Item goes to a randomly chosen player. If all players in the group press Greed, the Item goes to a randomly chosen player. If some players press Need, and others press Greed or Pass, the Item goes to a randomly chosen player who picked Need. If some players press Greed, others press Pass, and no one presses Need, the Item goes to a randomly chosen player, who picked Greed. If all players in the group press Pass, the Item drops on the ground near a randomly chosen player. Not pressing any of those buttons after the timer runs out, counts as pressing Pass. The messages in group chat saying [N=(random number)] or [G=(random number)] means how much someone has rolled out of 100 (N-need G-greed). The person who rolled the highest N number, gets the Item. [P] means the player passed the Item. If multiple people who pressed Need roll the same highest number, then another invisible drafts take place until a winner is decided. This also happens when multiple who pressed Greed roll the same highest number in the group, only if no one pressed Need. Tl;dr Need - I want the item. Greed - I don't need the Item. Pass - I don't want the Item. ## Soulbinding and Item Rarity If you use an Item that Binds on use, the Item will become Soulbound. If you pick up an Item that Binds on pickup, the Item will become Soulbound. Soulbound Items can't be traded with other players. If the Item is then it except for which always Common does not bind • Collectibles from Deco-Crates • Quest Items and Rewards • bind on use • bind on pickup Uncommon binds on use • Keys, Resources, Books and Consumables • Quest Items and Rewards • do not bind • bind on pickup Rare binds on pickup • Keys, Resources, Books and Consumables • Collectibles from Deco-Crates • do not bind • bind on use Epic binds on pickup • Consumables • Collectibles from Deco-Crates • do not bind • bind on use Legendary binds on pickup • Consumables • Collectibles from Deco-Crates • do not bind • bind on use ## Inventory Equipment This is a part of inventory where you can equip yourself with an armor. It is divided into 6 categories. To equip something you have to drag and drop an Item into correct slot or to click on the Item once and choose Equip. Item moved to an Equipment slot no longer takes your Backpacks space. The slot with a Trashcan icon is used to get rid of items from your Inventory. To Trash something you have to drag and drop an Item into the correct slot or to click on the Item once and choose Trash. This operation is permanent and you can not get back the Items you've trashed. The Equipment also contains access to Player and Professions Menu and also shows your current status of Gems, Gold and account. Quickbar This is a part of Inventory where you can use Items categorized as Tools and Consumables. To use an Item, select the slot that contains it and press a Tile on which you want to use it. Items moved to Quickbar slots also no longer take your Backpacks space. Backpacks This is a part of Inventory where you can store Items. The base amount of free slots is 20. It can be increased by using consumable Backpack Items, which are obtained from quests, bought using Gems or traded from other players. ## Parties As an MMORPG, Stein allows you to play with other people and form parties. If you want to form a party, select the "Create Party"-button which is located just below your health/energy/mana bar, fill in the name of the player that you want to form a party with and select create. The create party button will be replaced with the two new buttons "Invite Member" and "Leave Party". Both buttons are rather self explanatory; the process of inviting a new member into the party does not differ much from creating a new party. Alternatively to using the "Invite Member"-Button to invite a new player to the party, you can also just click on their name in the chat window and select the correct dialog choice. Once the invited player accepts the invite and joins the party, their HP bar will appear underneath yours. A party can have a maximum of five players. Being in a party brings certain benefits, such as shared EXP, the ability to enter dungeons in groups or access to the Need or Greed system, which determines the distributions of monster drops. ## Points "Pointsystem for new Armor and Weapons: • Weapons now need "Points" to get activated. • Armor can have "Points" which are required for those weapons. • Example: Weapon need two "Holy Points" to be able to be used -> You have to equip Armor so that you have at least two of those Points equipped." ― Freeky ## Bank "In Waldenbach the first bank opened its doors for business. • Provides initially 10 slots of storage. • Storage can be extended by 10 slots up to 3 times for gold (for 100.000 Gold, 1.000.000 Gold, 10.000.000 Gold). • Storage can be extended by 10 slots unlimited for 100 gems. • Bank storage will be shared between all (future) banks." ― Freeky ## Hotkeys You can keybind them in the Options menu • 1 - Quickbar slot #1 • 2 - Quickbar slot #2 • 3 - Quickbar slot #3 • 4 - Quickbar slot #4 • 5 - Quickbar slot #5 • 6 - Quickbar slot #6 • 7 - Quickbar slot #7 • 8 - Quickbar slot #8 • 9 - Quickbar slot #9 • 0 - Quickbar slot #10 • Esc - Closes all open windows • I - Inventory • L - Quest Log • M - World Map • O - Options • H - Player Hub • P - Player Stats • K - Professions • Enter - Open Chat • Tab - Switch between chats (While chat is open) • Clicking on a players name in their zone chat message opens following options: Report, Invite to Party, Whisper to, Add as Friend ## Commands • /help - Shows available Commands. • /z or /zone- Changes to zone chat. • /p or /party - Changes to party chat. • /w <name> or /whisper <name> - Whisper to a player. • /invite <name> - Invite player to a party. • /leave - Leave party. • /ping - Show your current latency. • /roll or /roll <max> or /roll <min> <max> - Roll a random number. Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.	2020-06-05T01:00:15	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.20969191193580627, "perplexity": 7522.309963515089}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348492295.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604223445-20200605013445-00226.warc.gz"}
https://indico.fnal.gov/event/17199/contributions/42077/	Indico will be down for about 30 minutes on Monday, December 19th starting at 6:30 AM CST. This is to fix ipv6 issues. # Next steps in Quantum Science for HEP Sep 12 – 14, 2018 Fermilab - Wilson Hall US/Central timezone ## Approaching Lattice Gauge Theories with Matrix Product States and Gaussian States Sep 13, 2018, 11:55 AM 25m One West (Fermilab - Wilson Hall) ### One West #### Fermilab - Wilson Hall Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Batavia, IL ### Speaker Dr Stefan Kuehn (Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics) ### Description In recent years variational approaches based on efficient ansatzes for the wave function of a quantum many-body system have proven their power for addressing the Hamiltonian lattice formulation of gauge theories. For one, methods based on Matrix Product States, a particular kind of one-dimensional Tensor Network, have been successfully applied to various Abelian and non-Abelian lattice gauge models in $1+1$ dimension. Lately, we developed a variational ansatz based on Gaussian States for $(1+1)$-dimensional lattice gauge theories. These techniques do not suffer from the sign problem and allow for addressing problems which cannot be tackled with conventional Monte Carlo methods, such as out-of-equilibrium dynamics or the presence of a chemical potential. In this talk I will present some results demonstrating the capabilities of these techniques using the Schwinger model and a $(1+1)$-dimensional SU(2) lattice gauge theory as a test bench. In particular, I will show that we can reliably simulate the static aspects as well as the real-time dynamics of string breaking in these models, and that these methods might be helpful for exploring questions relevant for an implementation in (analog) quantum simulators. Slides	2022-12-09T20:03:19	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5875674486160278, "perplexity": 1015.5628943677661}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711475.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20221209181231-20221209211231-00502.warc.gz"}
https://csrc.nist.gov/Presentations/2012/Education-is-Key-to-Understanding-CyberBullying-an	# Education is Key to Understanding CyberBullying and the Dangers of Social Network Sites March 29, 2012 #### Location National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland Created September 22, 2016, Updated June 22, 2020	2020-07-13T15:37:35	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.21035832166671753, "perplexity": 6465.041083786209}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657145436.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200713131310-20200713161310-00280.warc.gz"}
http://obc.lbl.gov/specification/example.html	# 12. Example Application¶ ## 12.1. Introduction¶ In this section, we compare the performance of two different control sequences. The objectives are to demonstrate the setup for closed loop performance assessment, to demonstrate how to compare control performance, and to assess the difference in annual energy consumption. As a test case, we used a simulation model that consists of five thermal zones that are representative of one floor of the new construction medium office building for Chicago, IL, as described in the set of DOE Commercial Building Benchmarks [DFS+11]. There are four perimeter zones and one core zone. The envelope thermal properties meet ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004. The system model consist of an HVAC system, a building envelope model [WZN11] and a model for air flow through building leakage and through open doors based on wind pressure and flow imbalance of the HVAC system [Wet06]. Thus, at every simulation step, a full pressure drop calculation is done to compute the air flow distribution based on damper positions, fan control signal and fan curve. For the base case, we implemented a control sequence published in ASHRAE’s Sequences of Operation for Common HVAC Systems [ASH06]. For the other case, we implemented the control sequence published in ASHRAE Guideline 36 [ASHRAE16]. The main conceptual differences between the two control sequences, which are described in more detail in Section 12.2.5, are as follows: • The base case uses two different but constant supply air temperature setpoints for heating and cooling during occupied hours, whereas Guideline 36 case resets the supply air temperature setpoint based on outdoor air temperature and zone cooling requests, as obtained from the VAV terminal unit controllers. The reset is using the trim and respond logic. • The base case resets the supply fan static pressure setpoint based on the VAV damper positions, whereas the Guideline 36 case resets the fan static pressure setpoint based on zone pressure requests from the VAV terminal controllers. The reset is using the trim and respond logic. • The base case controls the economizer to track a mixed air temperature setpoint, whereas Guideline 36 controls the economizer based on supply air temperature control loop signal. • The base case controls the VAV dampers based on the zone’s cooling temperature setpoint, whereas Guideline 36 uses the heating and cooling loop signal to control the VAV dampers. The next sections are as follows: In Section 12.2 we describe the methodology, the models and the performance metrics, in Section 12.3 we compare the performance, in Section 12.4 we recommend improvements to the Guideline 36 and in Section 12.5 we discuss the main findings and present concluding remarks. ## 12.2. Methodology¶ All models are implemented in Modelica, using models from the Buildings library [WZNP14]. The models are available from https://github.com/lbl-srg/modelica-buildings/releases/tag/v5.0.0 ### 12.2.1. HVAC Model¶ The HVAC system is a variable air volume (VAV) flow system with economizer and a heating and cooling coil in the air handler unit. There is also a reheat coil and an air damper in each of the five zone inlet branches. Fig. 12.1 shows the schematic diagram of the HVAC system. In the VAV model, all air flows are computed based on the duct static pressure distribution and the performance curves of the fans. The fans are modeled as described in [Wet13]. ### 12.2.2. Envelope Heat Transfer¶ The thermal room model computes transient heat conduction through walls, floors and ceilings and long-wave radiative heat exchange between surfaces. The convective heat transfer coefficient is computed based on the temperature difference between the surface and the room air. There is also a layer-by-layer short-wave radiation, long-wave radiation, convection and conduction heat transfer model for the windows. The model is similar to the Window 5 model. The physics implemented in the building model is further described in [WZN11]. There is no moisture buffering in the envelope, but the room volume has a dynamic equation for the moisture content. We use an internal load schedule as shown in Fig. 12.2, of which $$20\%$$ is radiant, $$40\%$$ is convective sensible and $$40\%$$ is latent. Each zone has the same internal load per floor area. ### 12.2.4. Multi-Zone Air Exchange¶ Each thermal zone has air flow from the HVAC system, through leakages of the building envelope (except for the core zone) and through bi-directional air exchange through open doors that connect adjacent zones. The bi-directional air exchange is modeled based on the differences in static pressure between adjacent rooms at a reference height plus the difference in static pressure across the door height as a function of the difference in air density. Air infiltration is a function of the flow imbalance of the HVAC system. The multizone airflow models are further described in [Wet06]. ### 12.2.5. Control Sequences¶ For the above models, we implemented two different control sequences, which are described below. The control sequences are the only difference between the two cases. For the base case, we implemented the control sequence VAV 2A2-21232 of the Sequences of Operation for Common HVAC Systems [ASH06]. In this control sequence, the supply fan speed is modulated to maintain a duct static pressure setpoint. The duct static pressure setpoint is adjusted so that at least one VAV damper is 90% open. The economizer dampers are modulated to track the setpoint for the mixed air dry bulb temperature. The supply air temperature setpoints for heating and cooling are constant during occupied hours, which may not comply with some energy codes. Priority is given to maintain a minimum outside air volume flow rate. In each zone, the VAV damper is adjusted to meet the room temperature setpoint for cooling, or fully opened during heating. The room temperature setpoint for heating is controlled by varying the water flow rate through the reheat coil. There is also a finite state machine that transitions the mode of operation of the HVAC system between the modes occupied, unoccupied off, unoccupied night set back, unoccupied warm-up and unoccupied pre-cool. Local loop control is implemented using proportional and proportional-integral controllers, while the supervisory control is implemented using a finite state machine. For the detailed implementation of the control logic, see the model Buildings.Examples.VAVReheat.ASHRAE2006, which is also shown in Fig. 12.6. Our implementation differs from VAV 2A2-21232 in the following points: • We removed the return air fan as the building static pressure is sufficiently large. With the return fan, building static pressure was not adequate. • In order to have the identical mechanical system as for the Guideline 36 case, we do not have a minimum outdoor air damper, but rather controlled the outdoor air damper to allow sufficient outdoor air if the mixed air temperature control loop would yield too little outdoor air. For the Guideline 36 case, we implemented the multi-zone VAV control sequence based on [ASHRAE16]. Fig. 12.3 shows the sequence diagram, and the detailed implementation is available in the model Buildings.Examples.VAVReheat.Guideline36. In the Guideline 36 sequence, the duct static pressure is reset using trim and respond logic based on zone pressure reset requests, which are issued from the terminal box controller based on whether the measured flow rate tracks the set point. The implementation of the controller that issues these system requests is shown in Fig. 12.4. The economizer dampers are modulated based on a control signal for the supply air temperature set point, which is also used to control the heating and cooling coil valve in the air handler unit. Priority is given to maintain a minimum outside air volume flow rate. The supply air temperature setpoints for heating and cooling at the air handler unit are reset based on outdoor air temperature, zone temperature reset requests from the terminal boxes and operation mode. In each zone, the VAV damper and the reheat coil is controlled using the sequence shown in Fig. 12.5, where THeaSet is the set point temperature for heating, dTDisMax is the maximum temperature difference for the discharge temperature above THeaSet, TSup is the supply air temperature, VAct* are the active airflow rates for heating (Hea) and cooling (Coo), with their minimum and maximum values denoted by Min and Max. Our implementation differs from Guideline 36 in the following points: • Guideline 36 prescribes “To avoid abrupt changes in equipment operation, the output of every control loop shall be capable of being limited by a user adjustable maximum rate of change, with a default of 25% per minute.” We did not implement this limitation of the output as it leads to delays which can make control loop tuning more difficult if the output limitation is slower than the dynamics of the controlled process. We did however add a first order hold at the trim and response logic that outputs the duct static pressure setpoint for the fan speed. • Not all alarms are included. • Where Guideline 36 prescribes that equipment is enabled if a controlled quantity is above or below a setpoint, we added a hysteresis. In real systems, this avoids short-cycling due to measurement noise, in simulation, this is needed to guard against numerical noise that may be introduced by a solver. ### 12.2.6. Site Electricity Use¶ To convert cooling and heating energy as transferred by the coil to site electricity use, we apply the conversion factors from EnergyStar [Ene13]. Therefore, for an electric chiller, we assume an average coefficient of performance (COP) of $$3.2$$ and for a geothermal heat pump, we assume a COP of $$4.0$$. ### 12.2.7. Simulations¶ Fig. 12.6 shows the top-level of the system model of the base case, and Fig. 12.7 shows the same view for the Guideline 36 model. The complexity of the control implementation is visible in Fig. 12.4 which computes the temperature and pressure requests of each terminal box that is sent to the air handler unit control. All simulations were done with Dymola 2018 FD01 beta3 using Ubuntu 16.04 64 bit. We used the Radau solver with a tolerance of $$10^{-6}$$. This solver adaptively changes the time step to control the integration error. Also, the time step is adapted to properly simulate time events and state events. The base case and the Guideline 36 case use the same HVAC and building model, which is implemented in the base class Buildings.Examples.VAVReheat.BaseClasses.PartialOpenLoop. The two cases differ in their implementation of the control sequence only, which is implemented in the models Buildings.Examples.VAVReheat.BaseClasses.ASHRAE2006 and Buildings.Examples.VAVReheat.BaseClasses.Guideline36. Table 12.1 shows an overview of the model and simulation statistics. The differences in the number of variables and in the number of time varying variables reflect that the Guideline 36 control is significantly more detailed than what may otherwise be used for simulation of what the authors believe represents a realistic implementation of a feedback control sequence. The entry approximate number of control I/O connections counts the number of input and output connections among the control blocks of the two implementations. For example, If a P controller receives one set point, one measured quantity and sends it signal to a limiter and the limiter output is connected to a valve, then this would count as four connections. Any connections inside the PI controller would not be counted, as the PI controller is an elementary building block (see Section 7.6) of CDL. Table 12.1 Model and simulation statistics. Quantity Base case Guideline 36 Number of components 2826 4400 Number of variables (prior to translation) 33,700 40,400 Number of continuous states 178 190 Number of time-varying variables 3400 4800 Time for annual simulation in minutes 70 100 ## 12.3. Performance Comparison¶ Table 12.2 Heating, cooling, fan and total site HVAC energy, and savings of guideline 36 case versus base case. $$E_{h} \quad [kWh/(m^2\,a)]$$ $$E_{c} \quad [kWh/(m^2\,a)]$$ $$E_{f} \quad [kWh/(m^2\,a)]$$ $$E_{tot} \quad [kWh/(m^2\,a)]$$ [%] 6.419 18.98 3.572 28.97 2.912 14.29 1.74 18.94 34.6 Fig. 12.8 and Table 12.2 compare the annual site HVAC electricity use between the annual simulations with the base case control and the Guideline 36 control. The bars labeled $$\pm 50\%$$ were obtained with simulations in which we changed the diversity of the internal loads. Specifically, we reduced the internal loads for the north zone by $$50\%$$ and increased them for the south zone by the same amount. In this case study, the Guideline 36 control saves around $$30\%$$ site HVAC electrical energy. These are significant savings that can be achieved through software only, without the need for additional hardware or equipment. Our experience, however, was that it is rather challenging to program the Guideline 36 sequence due to their complex logic that contains various mode changes, interlocks and timers. Various programming errors and misinterpretations or ambiguities of Guideline 36 were only discovered in closed loop simulations. We therefore believe it is important to provide robust, validated implementations of Guideline 36 that encapsulates the complexity for the energy modeler and the control provider. Fig. 12.9 shows the outside air temperature temperature $$T_{out}$$ and the global horizontal irradiation $$H_{glo,hor}$$ for a period in winter, spring and summer. These days will be used to compare the trajectories of various quantities of the base case and the Guideline 36 case. Fig. 12.10 compares the time trajectories of the room air temperatures. The figures show that the room air temperatures are controlled within the setpoints for both cases. Small set point violations have been observed due to the dynamic nature of the control sequence and the controlled process. Fig. 12.11 shows the control signals of the reheat coils $$y_{hea}$$ and the VAV damper $$y_{vav}$$ for the north and south zones. Fig. 12.12 shows the temperatures of the air handler unit. The figure shows the supply air temperature after the fan $$T_{sup}$$, its control error relative to its set point $$T_{set,sup}$$, the mixed air temperature after the economizer $$T_{mix}$$ and the return air temperature from the building $$T_{ret}$$. A notable difference is that the Guideline 36 sequence resets the supply air temperature, whereas the base case is controlled for a supply air temperature of $$10^\circ \mathrm C$$ for heating and $$12^\circ \mathrm C$$ for cooling. Fig. 12.13 show reasonable fan speeds and economizer operation. Note that during the winter days 5, 6 and 7, the outdoor air damper opens. However, this is only to track the setpoint for the minimum outside air flow rate as the fan speed is at its minimum. Fig. 12.14 shows the volume flow rate of the fan $$\dot V_{fan,sup}/V_{bui}$$, where $$V_{bui}$$ is the volume of the building, and of the outside air intake of the economizer $$\dot V_{eco,out}/V_{bui}$$, expressed in air changes per hour. Note that Guideline 36 has smaller outside air flow rates in cold winter and hot summer days. The system has relatively low air changes per hour. As fan energy is low for this building, it may be more efficient to increase flow rates and use higher cooling and lower heating temperatures, in particular if heating and cooling is provided by a heat pump and chiller. We have however not further analyzed this trade-off. Fig. 12.15 compares the room air temperatures for the north and south zone for the standard internal loads, and the case where we reduced the internal loads in the north zone by $$50\%$$ and increased it by the same amount in the south zone. The trajectories with subscript $$\pm 50\%$$ are the simulations with the internal heat gains reduced or increased by $$50\%$$. The room air temperature trajectories are practically on top of each other for winter and spring, but the Guideline 36 sequence shows somewhat better setpoint tracking during summer. Both control sequences are comparable in terms of compensating for this diversity, and as we saw in Fig. 12.8, their energy consumption is not noticeably affected. ## 12.4. Improvement to Guideline 36 Specification¶ This section describes improvements that we recommend for the Guideline 36 specification, based on the first public review draft [ASHRAE16]. ### 12.4.1. Freeze Protection for Mixed Air Temperature¶ The sequences have no freeze protection for the mixed air temperature. If the supply air temperature drops below $$4.4^\circ \mathrm C$$ ($$40^\circ \mathrm F$$) for $$5$$ minutes, send two (or more, as required to ensure that heating plant is active) Boiler Plant Requests, override the outdoor air damper to the minimum position, and modulate the heating coil to maintain a supply air temperature of at least $$5.6^\circ$$ C ($$42^\circ \mathrm F$$). Disable this function when supply air temperature rises above $$7.2^\circ \mathrm C$$ ($$45^\circ \mathrm F$$) for 5 minutes. Depending on the outdoor air requirements, the mixed air temperature $$T_{mix}$$ may be below freezing, which could freeze the heating coil if it has low water flow rate. Note that the Guideline 36 sequence controls based on the supply air temperature and not the mixed air temperature. Hence, this control would not have been active. Fig. 12.16 shows the mixed air temperature and the economizer control signal for cold climate. The trajectories whose subscripts end in no are without freeze protection control based on the mixed air temperature, as is the case for Guideline 36, whereas for the trajectories that end in with, we added freeze protection that adjusts the economizer to limit the mixed air temperature. For these simulations, we reduced the outdoor air temperature by $$10$$ Kelvin ($$18$$ Fahrenheit) below the values obtained from the TMY3 weather data. This caused in day 6 and 7 in Fig. 12.16 sub-freezing mixed air temperatures during day-time, as the outdoor air damper was open to provide sufficient fresh air. We also observed that outside air is infiltrated through the AHU when the fan is switched off. This is because the wind pressure on the building causes the building to be slightly below the ambient pressure, thereby infiltrating air through the economizers closed air dampers (that have some leakage). This causes a mixed air temperatures below freezing at night when the fan is off. Note that these temperatures are qualitative rather than quantitative results as the model is quite simplified at these small flow rates, which are about $$0.01\%$$ of the air flow rate that the model has when the fan is operating. We therefore recommend adding the following wordings to Guideline 36, which is translated from [Bun86]: Use a capillary sensor installed after the heating coil. If the temperature after the heating coil is below $$4^\circ C$$, 1. enable frost protection by opening the heating coil valve, 2. send frost alarm, 3. switch on pump of the heating coil. The frost alarm requires manual confirmation. If the temperature at the capillary sensor exceeds $$6^\circ C$$, close the valve but keep the pump running until the frost alarm is manually reset. (Closing the valve avoids overheating). 1. Add bypass at valve to ensure $$5\%$$ water flow. 2. In winter, keep bypass always open, possibly with thermostatically actuated valve. 3. If the HVAC system is off, keep the heating coil valve open to allow water flow if there is a risk of frost in the AHU room. 4. If the heating coil is closed, open the outdoor air damper with a time delay when fan switches on to allow heating coil valve to open. 5. For pre-heat coil, install a circulation pump to ensure full water flow rate through the coil. ### 12.4.2. Deadbands for Hard Switches¶ There are various sequences in which the set point changes as a step function of the control signal, such as shown in Fig. 12.5. In our simulations of the VAV terminal boxes, the switch in air flow rate caused chattering. We circumvented the problem by checking if the heating control signal remains bigger than $$0.05$$ for $$5$$ minutes. If it falls below $$0.01$$, the timer was switched off. This avoids chattering. We therefore recommend to be more explicit for where to add hysteresis or time delays. ### 12.4.3. Averaging Air Flow Measurements¶ The Guideline 36 sequence does not seem to prescribe that outdoor airflow rate measurements need to be time averaged. As such measurements can fluctuate due to turbulence, we recommend to consider averaging this measurement. In the simulations, we averaged the outdoor airflow measurement over a $$5$$ second moving window (in the simulation, this was done to avoid an algebraic system of equations, but, in practice, this would filter measurement noise). ### 12.4.4. Cross-Referencing and Modularization¶ For citing individual sections or blocks of the Guideline, it would be helpful if the Guideline where available at a permanent web site as html, with a unique url and anchor to each section. This would allow cross-referencing the Guideline from a particular implementation in a way that allows the user to quickly see the original specification. As part of such a restructuring, it would be helpful to the reader to clearly state what are the input signals, what are configurable parameters, such as the control gain, and what are the output signals. This in turn would structure the Guideline into distinct modules, for which one could also provide a reference implementation in software. ### 12.4.5. Lessons Learned Regarding the Simulations¶ A few lessons regarding simulating such systems have been learned and are reported here. Note that related best practices are also available at https://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/modelica/userGuide/bestPractice.html • Fan with prescribed mass flow rate: In earlier implementations, we converted the control signal for the fan to a mass flow rate, and used a fan model whose mass flow rate is equal to its control input, regardless of the pressure head. During start of the system, this caused a unrealistic large fan head of $$4000$$ Pa ($$16$$ inch of water) because the fan increased its mass flow rate faster than the VAV dampers opened. The large pressure drop also lead to large power consumption and hence unrealistic temperature increase across the fan. • Fan with prescribed presssure head: We also tried to use a fan with prescribed pressure head. Similarly as above, the fan maintains the presssure head as obtained from its control signal, regardless of the volume flow rate. This caused unrealistic large flow rates in the return duct which has very small pressure drops. (Subsequently, we removed the return fan as it is not needed for this system.) • Time sampling certain physical calculations: Dymola 2018FD01 uses the same time step for all continuous-time equations. Depending on the dynamics, this can be smaller than a second. Since some of the control samples every $$2$$ minutes, it has shown to be favorable to also time sample the computationally expensive simulation of the long-wave radiation network in the rooms. Because surface temperatures change slowly, computing it every $$2$$ minutes suffices. We expect further speed up can be achieved by time sampling other slow physical processes. • Non-convergence: In earlier simulations, sometimes the solver failed to converge. This was due to errors in the control implementation that caused event iterations for discrete equations that seemed to have no solution. In another case, division by zero in the control implementation caused a problem. The solver found a way to work around this division by zero (using heuristics) but then failed to converge. Since we corrected these issues, the simulations are stable. • Too fast dynamics of coil: The cooling coil is implemented using a finite volume model. Heat diffusion among the control volumes of the water and among the control volumes of air used to be neglected as the dominant mode of heat transfer is forced convection if the fan and pump are operating. However, during night when the system is off, the small infiltration due to wind pressure caused in earlier simulations the water in the coil to freeze. Adding diffusion circumvented this problem, and the coil model in the library includes now by default a small diffusive term. ## 12.5. Discussion and Conclusions¶ In this case study, the Guideline 36 sequence reduced annual site HVAC energy use by $$30\%$$ compared to the baseline implementation with comparable thermal comfort. Such savings are significant, and have been achieved by changes in controls programming only which can relatively easy be deployed in buildings. Implementing the Guideline 36 sequence was, however, rather challenging due to its complexity caused by the various mode changes, interlocks, timers and cascading control loops. These mode changes, interlocks and dynamic dependencies made verification of the correctness through inspection of the control signals difficult. As a consequence, various programming errors and misinterpretations or ambiguities of the Guideline were only discovered in closed loop simulations, despite of having implemented open-loop test cases for each block of the sequence. We therefore believe it is important to provide robust, validated implementations of the sequences published in Guideline 36. Such implementations would encapsulate the complexity and provide assurances that energy modeler and control providers have correct implementations. With the implementation in the Modelica package Buildings.Controls.OBC.ASHRAE.G36_PR1, we made a start on such an implementation and laid out the structure and conventions, but have not yet covered all of Guideline 36. Furthermore, conducting field validations would be useful too. A key short-coming from an implementer point of view was that the sequence was only available in English language, and as an implementation in ALC EIKON of sequences that are “close to the currently used version of the Guideline”. Neither allowed a validation of the CDL implementation because the English language version leaves room for interpretation (and cannot be executed) and because EIKON has quite limited simulation support that is cumbersome to use for testing the dynamic response of control sequences for different input trajectories. Therefore, a benefit of the Modelica implementation is that such reference trajectories can now easily be generated to validate alternate implementations. A benefit of the simulation based assessment was that it allowed detecting potential issues such as a mixed air temperature below the freezing point (Section 12.4.1) and chattering due to hard switches (Section 12.4.2). Having a simulation model of the controlled process also allowed verification of work-arounds for these issues. One can, correctly, argue that the magnitude of the energy savings are higher the worse the baseline control is. However, the baseline control was carefully implemented, following our interpretation of ASHRAE’s Sequences of Operation for Common HVAC Systems [ASH06]. While higher efficiency of the baseline may be achieved through supply air temperature reset or different economizer control, such potential improvements were only recognized after seeing the results of the Guideline 36 sequence. Thus, regardless of whether a building is using Guideline 36, having a baseline control against which alternative implementations can be compared and benchmarked is an immensely valuable feature enabled by a library of standardized control sequences. Without a benchmark, one can easily claim to have a good control, while not recognizing what potential savings one may miss.	2023-02-07T18:05:21	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.37048330903053284, "perplexity": 1419.0209377675878}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500628.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207170138-20230207200138-00227.warc.gz"}
https://www.nist.gov/ncnr/spin-filters/spin-filter-instruments/ng7-30m-sans	An official website of the United States government The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site. The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. NG7 30m SANS Share NSF: Small Angle Neutron Scattering (NG7 30m SANS) Neutron spin filters can be applied to measurements requiring different field orientations. The schematic shown above illustrates the use of NSFs on the 30m SANS and CHRNS Very Small Angle Neutron Scattering (VSANS) instruments. In this example, the NSF is the analyzer for a polarized beam measurement with a horizontal field. For more details, please select the provided links for general {Gentile05, Gentile00} and specific {Chen09, Krycka09} applications. All SANS publications using NSFs can be found here. Powerpoint slide provided for presentation use: Neutron Spin Filters on SANS Specifications for NSFs on 30m SANS • 3He cell analyzer only (under low vacuum) • 3He polarization flipping capability • Standard wavelengths: $${\lambda}$$ = 5 $${\unicode{x212B}}$$ or 7.5 $${\unicode{x212B}}$$ • Measurable Q range: 0.015 $${\unicode{x212B}}$$-1 - 0.12 $${\unicode{x212B}}$$-1 • Sample field: H $${\leq}$$ 1.6 T • Four cross-section polarization correction • 3He transmission: $${\leq}$$54% (for desired state) • Flipping ratio: $${\leq}$$ 90 • Manifold sample holder (up to 3 samples simul.) Contacts Magnetic Media Created May 16, 2018, Updated November 19, 2019	2020-01-18T16:46:37	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3137010633945465, "perplexity": 9673.330037574839}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593295.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118164132-20200118192132-00465.warc.gz"}
https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Aorlik.peter.1	## Orlik, Peter Compute Distance To: Author ID: orlik.peter.1 Published as: Orlik, Peter; Orlik, P.; Orlick, Peter more...less Further Spellings: Orlik, Peter Paul Nikolas External Links: MGP · Wikidata · dblp · GND · IdRef Documents Indexed: 69 Publications since 1967, including 5 Books 1 Contribution as Editor Biographic References: 1 Publication Co-Authors: 20 Co-Authors with 50 Joint Publications 490 Co-Co-Authors all top 5 ### Co-Authors 20 single-authored 14 Solomon, Louis 11 Terao, Hiroaki 8 Cohen, Daniel C. 5 Wagreich, Philip D. 4 Raymond, Frank Albert 3 Randell, Richard C. 2 Jewell, Ken 1 Aomoto, Kazuhiko 1 Dimca, Alexandru 1 Kamiya, Hidehiko 1 Kita, Michitake 1 Milnor, John Willard 1 Reiner, Victor 1 Rourke, Colin P. 1 Shapiro, Boris Zalmanovich 1 Shepler, Anne V. 1 Silvotti, Roberto 1 Takemura, Akimichi 1 Vogt, Elmar 1 Zieschang, Heiner all top 5 ### Serials 5 Inventiones Mathematicae 5 Mathematische Annalen 4 Topology 3 Advances in Mathematics 3 Nagoya Mathematical Journal 3 Topology and its Applications 2 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 2 MSJ Memoirs 1 Arkiv för Matematik 1 Acta Mathematica 1 American Journal of Mathematics 1 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 1 Canadian Journal of Mathematics 1 Commentarii Mathematici Helvetici 1 Compositio Mathematica 1 Illinois Journal of Mathematics 1 Journal of Algebra 1 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series A 1 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 1 Manuscripta Mathematica 1 Mathematica Scandinavica 1 Michigan Mathematical Journal 1 The Quarterly Journal of Mathematics. Oxford Second Series 1 Tohoku Mathematical Journal. Second Series 1 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 1 Journal of Algebraic Geometry 1 Mathematical Research Letters 1 Annals of Combinatorics 1 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 1 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 1 Pure and Applied Mathematics Quarterly 1 Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften 1 Lecture Notes in Mathematics 1 Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics 1 Regional Conference Series in Mathematics all top 5 ### Fields 23 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 23 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 22 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 16 Geometry (51-XX) 14 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 12 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 12 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 9 Combinatorics (05-XX) 4 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 4 Special functions (33-XX) 2 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 2 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 2 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 2 Differential geometry (53-XX) 2 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 1 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 1 Number theory (11-XX) 1 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 1 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) ### Citations contained in zbMATH Open 62 Publications have been cited 1,807 times in 1,315 Documents Cited by Year Arrangements of hyperplanes. Zbl 0757.55001 Orlik, Peter; Terao, Hiroaki 1992 Combinatorics and topology of complements of hyperplanes. Zbl 0432.14016 Orlik, Peter; Solomon, Louis 1980 Seifert manifolds. Zbl 0263.57001 Orlik, Peter 1972 Isolated singularities defined by weighted homogeneous polynomials. Zbl 0204.56503 Milnor, John W.; Orlik, P. 1970 Isolated singularities of algebraic surfaces with $$\mathbb{C}^{}$$ action. Zbl 0212.53702 Orlik, P.; Wagreich, P. 1971 Actions of the torus on 4-manifolds. I. Zbl 0216.20202 Orlik, P.; Raymond, F. 1970 Unitary reflection groups and cohomology. Zbl 0452.20050 Orlik, Peter; Solomon, Louis 1980 Zur Topologie gefaserter dreidimensionaler Mannigfaltigkeiten. Zbl 0147.23503 Orlik, P.; Vogt, E.; Zieschang, Heiner 1967 Algebraic surfaces with k-action. Zbl 0352.14016 Orlik, P.; Wagreich, P. 1977 Coxeter arrangements. Zbl 0516.05019 Orlik, Peter; Solomon, Louis 1983 Arrangements defined by unitary reflection groups. Zbl 0491.51018 Orlik, Peter; Solomon, Louis 1982 Introduction to arrangements. Zbl 0722.51003 Orlik, Peter 1989 Actions of the torus on 4-manifolds. II. Zbl 0287.57017 Orlik, Peter; Raymond, Frank 1974 Commutative algebras for arrangements. Zbl 0801.05019 Orlik, Peter; Terao, Hiroaki 1994 Arrangements and hypergeometric integrals. Zbl 0980.32010 Orlik, Peter; Terao, Hiroaki 2001 Discriminants in the invariant theory of reflection groups. Zbl 0614.20032 Orlik, Peter; Solomon, Louis 1988 Nonresonance conditions for arrangements. Zbl 1054.32016 Cohen, Daniel C.; Dimca, Alexandru; Orlik, Peter 2003 Arrangements and local systems. Zbl 0971.32012 Cohen, Daniel C.; Orlik, Peter 2000 Singularities. II: Automorphisms of forms. Zbl 0352.14002 Orlik, Peter; Solomon, Louis 1978 Arrangements in unitary and orthogonal geometry over finite fields. Zbl 0579.51005 Orlik, Peter; Solomon, Louis 1985 Actions of $$\mathrm{SO}(2)$$ on 3-manifolds. Zbl 0172.25402 Orlik, Peter; Raymond, Frank 1968 Coxeter arrangements are hereditarily free. Zbl 0798.51011 Orlik, Peter; Terao, Hiroaki 1993 Arrangements and Milnor fibers. Zbl 0813.32033 Orlik, Peter; Terao, Hiroaki 1995 Singularities of algebraic surfaces with $$\mathbb C^ $$ action. Zbl 0206.24003 Orlik, Peter; Wagreich, Philip 1971 Twisted de Rham cohomology groups of logarithmic forms. Zbl 0905.14010 Aomoto, Kazuhiko; Kita, Michitake; Orlik, Peter; Terao, Hiroaki 1997 The monodromy of weighted homogeneous singularities. Zbl 0341.14001 Orlik, P.; Randell, R. 1977 On Coxeter arrangements and the Coxeter number. Zbl 0628.51010 Orlik, Peter; Solomon, Louis; Terao, Hiroaki 1987 On 3-manifolds with local SO(2) action. Zbl 0176.21304 Orlik, P.; Raymond, F. 1969 The number of critical points of a product of powers of linear functions. Zbl 0934.32020 Orlik, Peter; Terao, Hiroaki 1995 On the homology of weighted homogeneous manifolds. Zbl 0249.57029 Orlik, Peter 1972 The sign representation for Shephard groups. Zbl 1058.20034 Orlik, Peter; Reiner, Victor; Shepler, Anne V. 2002 Milnor fiber complexes for Shephard groups. Zbl 0737.51017 Orlik, Peter 1990 Smooth homotopy lens spaces. Zbl 0182.57504 Orlik, P. 1969 The Milnor fiber of a generic arrangement. Zbl 0807.32029 Orlik, Peter; Randell, Richard 1993 Weighted homogeneous polynomials and fundamental groups. Zbl 0198.28303 Orlik, P. 1970 On the complements of affine subspace arrangements. Zbl 0797.55016 Jewell, Ken; Orlik, Peter; Shapiro, Boris Z. 1994 Complements of subspace arrangements. Zbl 0795.52003 Orlik, Peter 1992 The Hessian map in the invariant theory of reflection groups. Zbl 0614.20033 Orlik, Peter; Solomon, Louis 1988 Arrangements and ranking patterns. Zbl 1125.52017 Kamiya, Hidehiko; Orlik, Peter; Takemura, Akimichi; Terao, Hiroaki 2006 Arrangements and hypergeometric integrals. 2nd ed. Zbl 1119.32014 Orlik, Peter; Terao, Hiroaki 2007 Some cyclic covers of complements of arrangements. Zbl 0994.32023 Cohen, Daniel C.; Orlik, Peter 2002 Arrangements of hyperplanes and differential forms. Zbl 0559.05020 Orlik, Peter; Solomon, Louis; Terao, Hiroaki 1984 Gauss-Manin connections for arrangements. I: Eigenvalues. Zbl 1046.32002 Cohen, Daniel C.; Orlik, Peter 2003 Equivariant resolution of singularities with C$$^$$ action. Zbl 0249.14011 Orlik, Peter; Wagreich, Philip 1972 The multiplicity of a holomorphic map at an isolated critical point. Zbl 0382.57015 Orlik, Peter 1977 Geometric relationship between cohomology of the complement of real and complexified arrangements. Zbl 1010.52017 Jewell, Ken; Orlik, Peter 2002 Complexes for reflection groups. Zbl 0469.20023 Orlik, Peter; Solomon, Louis 1981 A character formula for the unitary group over a finite field. Zbl 0521.20023 Orlik, Peter; Solomon, Louis 1983 Gauss-Manin connections for arrangements. II: Nonresonant weights. Zbl 1078.32018 Cohen, Daniel C.; Orlik, Peter 2005 Seifert n-manifolds. Zbl 0295.57021 Orlik, Peter; Wagreich, Philip 1975 The structures of weighted homogeneous polynomials. Zbl 0356.57030 Orlik, P.; Randell, R. 1977 Singularities. I: Hypersurfaces with an isolated singularity. Zbl 0352.14001 Orlik, Peter; Solomon, Louis 1978 Singularities and group actions. Zbl 0418.32009 Orlik, Peter 1979 Stratification of the discriminant in reflection groups. Zbl 0674.20025 Orlik, Peter 1989 Hypergeometric integrals and arrangements. Zbl 0976.33012 Orlik, Peter 1999 Free involutions on homotopy $$(4k+3)$$-spheres. Zbl 0159.53901 Orlik, P.; Rourke, C. P. 1968 On the Arf invariant of an involution. Zbl 0198.28502 Orlik, P. 1970 Local system homology of arrangement complements. Zbl 0974.32021 Orlik, Peter; Silvotti, Roberto 2000 Gauss-Manin connections for arrangements. IV: Nonresonant eigenvalues. Zbl 1103.32014 Cohen, Daniel C.; Orlik, Peter 2006 Stratified Morse theory in arrangements. Zbl 1119.32013 Cohen, Daniel C.; Orlik, Peter 2006 Gauss-Manin connections for arrangements. III: Formal connections. Zbl 1087.32014 Cohen, Daniel C.; Orlik, Peter 2005 Homotopy 4-spheres have little symmetry. Zbl 0281.57029 Orlik, Peter 1974 Arrangements and hypergeometric integrals. 2nd ed. Zbl 1119.32014 Orlik, Peter; Terao, Hiroaki 2007 Arrangements and ranking patterns. Zbl 1125.52017 Kamiya, Hidehiko; Orlik, Peter; Takemura, Akimichi; Terao, Hiroaki 2006 Gauss-Manin connections for arrangements. IV: Nonresonant eigenvalues. Zbl 1103.32014 Cohen, Daniel C.; Orlik, Peter 2006 Stratified Morse theory in arrangements. Zbl 1119.32013 Cohen, Daniel C.; Orlik, Peter 2006 Gauss-Manin connections for arrangements. II: Nonresonant weights. Zbl 1078.32018 Cohen, Daniel C.; Orlik, Peter 2005 Gauss-Manin connections for arrangements. III: Formal connections. Zbl 1087.32014 Cohen, Daniel C.; Orlik, Peter 2005 Nonresonance conditions for arrangements. Zbl 1054.32016 Cohen, Daniel C.; Dimca, Alexandru; Orlik, Peter 2003 Gauss-Manin connections for arrangements. I: Eigenvalues. Zbl 1046.32002 Cohen, Daniel C.; Orlik, Peter 2003 The sign representation for Shephard groups. Zbl 1058.20034 Orlik, Peter; Reiner, Victor; Shepler, Anne V. 2002 Some cyclic covers of complements of arrangements. Zbl 0994.32023 Cohen, Daniel C.; Orlik, Peter 2002 Geometric relationship between cohomology of the complement of real and complexified arrangements. Zbl 1010.52017 Jewell, Ken; Orlik, Peter 2002 Arrangements and hypergeometric integrals. Zbl 0980.32010 Orlik, Peter; Terao, Hiroaki 2001 Arrangements and local systems. Zbl 0971.32012 Cohen, Daniel C.; Orlik, Peter 2000 Local system homology of arrangement complements. Zbl 0974.32021 Orlik, Peter; Silvotti, Roberto 2000 Hypergeometric integrals and arrangements. Zbl 0976.33012 Orlik, Peter 1999 Twisted de Rham cohomology groups of logarithmic forms. Zbl 0905.14010 Aomoto, Kazuhiko; Kita, Michitake; Orlik, Peter; Terao, Hiroaki 1997 Arrangements and Milnor fibers. Zbl 0813.32033 Orlik, Peter; Terao, Hiroaki 1995 The number of critical points of a product of powers of linear functions. Zbl 0934.32020 Orlik, Peter; Terao, Hiroaki 1995 Commutative algebras for arrangements. Zbl 0801.05019 Orlik, Peter; Terao, Hiroaki 1994 On the complements of affine subspace arrangements. Zbl 0797.55016 Jewell, Ken; Orlik, Peter; Shapiro, Boris Z. 1994 Coxeter arrangements are hereditarily free. Zbl 0798.51011 Orlik, Peter; Terao, Hiroaki 1993 The Milnor fiber of a generic arrangement. Zbl 0807.32029 Orlik, Peter; Randell, Richard 1993 Arrangements of hyperplanes. Zbl 0757.55001 Orlik, Peter; Terao, Hiroaki 1992 Complements of subspace arrangements. Zbl 0795.52003 Orlik, Peter 1992 Milnor fiber complexes for Shephard groups. Zbl 0737.51017 Orlik, Peter 1990 Introduction to arrangements. Zbl 0722.51003 Orlik, Peter 1989 Stratification of the discriminant in reflection groups. Zbl 0674.20025 Orlik, Peter 1989 Discriminants in the invariant theory of reflection groups. Zbl 0614.20032 Orlik, Peter; Solomon, Louis 1988 The Hessian map in the invariant theory of reflection groups. Zbl 0614.20033 Orlik, Peter; Solomon, Louis 1988 On Coxeter arrangements and the Coxeter number. Zbl 0628.51010 Orlik, Peter; Solomon, Louis; Terao, Hiroaki 1987 Arrangements in unitary and orthogonal geometry over finite fields. Zbl 0579.51005 Orlik, Peter; Solomon, Louis 1985 Arrangements of hyperplanes and differential forms. Zbl 0559.05020 Orlik, Peter; Solomon, Louis; Terao, Hiroaki 1984 Coxeter arrangements. Zbl 0516.05019 Orlik, Peter; Solomon, Louis 1983 A character formula for the unitary group over a finite field. Zbl 0521.20023 Orlik, Peter; Solomon, Louis 1983 Arrangements defined by unitary reflection groups. Zbl 0491.51018 Orlik, Peter; Solomon, Louis 1982 Complexes for reflection groups. Zbl 0469.20023 Orlik, Peter; Solomon, Louis 1981 Combinatorics and topology of complements of hyperplanes. Zbl 0432.14016 Orlik, Peter; Solomon, Louis 1980 Unitary reflection groups and cohomology. Zbl 0452.20050 Orlik, Peter; Solomon, Louis 1980 Singularities and group actions. Zbl 0418.32009 Orlik, Peter 1979 Singularities. II: Automorphisms of forms. Zbl 0352.14002 Orlik, Peter; Solomon, Louis 1978 Singularities. I: Hypersurfaces with an isolated singularity. Zbl 0352.14001 Orlik, Peter; Solomon, Louis 1978 Algebraic surfaces with k-action. Zbl 0352.14016 Orlik, P.; Wagreich, P. 1977 The monodromy of weighted homogeneous singularities. Zbl 0341.14001 Orlik, P.; Randell, R. 1977 The multiplicity of a holomorphic map at an isolated critical point. Zbl 0382.57015 Orlik, Peter 1977 The structures of weighted homogeneous polynomials. Zbl 0356.57030 Orlik, P.; Randell, R. 1977 Seifert n-manifolds. Zbl 0295.57021 Orlik, Peter; Wagreich, Philip 1975 Actions of the torus on 4-manifolds. II. Zbl 0287.57017 Orlik, Peter; Raymond, Frank 1974 Homotopy 4-spheres have little symmetry. Zbl 0281.57029 Orlik, Peter 1974 Seifert manifolds. Zbl 0263.57001 Orlik, Peter 1972 On the homology of weighted homogeneous manifolds. Zbl 0249.57029 Orlik, Peter 1972 Equivariant resolution of singularities with C$$^$$ action. Zbl 0249.14011 Orlik, Peter; Wagreich, Philip 1972 Isolated singularities of algebraic surfaces with $$\mathbb{C}^{}$$ action. Zbl 0212.53702 Orlik, P.; Wagreich, P. 1971 Singularities of algebraic surfaces with $$\mathbb C^ $$ action. Zbl 0206.24003 Orlik, Peter; Wagreich, Philip 1971 Isolated singularities defined by weighted homogeneous polynomials. Zbl 0204.56503 Milnor, John W.; Orlik, P. 1970 Actions of the torus on 4-manifolds. I. Zbl 0216.20202 Orlik, P.; Raymond, F. 1970 Weighted homogeneous polynomials and fundamental groups. Zbl 0198.28303 Orlik, P. 1970 On the Arf invariant of an involution. Zbl 0198.28502 Orlik, P. 1970 On 3-manifolds with local SO(2) action. Zbl 0176.21304 Orlik, P.; Raymond, F. 1969 Smooth homotopy lens spaces. Zbl 0182.57504 Orlik, P. 1969 Actions of $$\mathrm{SO}(2)$$ on 3-manifolds. Zbl 0172.25402 Orlik, Peter; Raymond, Frank 1968 Free involutions on homotopy $$(4k+3)$$-spheres. Zbl 0159.53901 Orlik, P.; Rourke, C. P. 1968 Zur Topologie gefaserter dreidimensionaler Mannigfaltigkeiten. Zbl 0147.23503 Orlik, P.; Vogt, E.; Zieschang, Heiner 1967 all top 5 ### Cited by 1,202 Authors 42 Terao, Hiroaki 33 Abe, Takuro 28 Dimca, Alexandru 27 Röhrle, Gerhard E. 27 Yoshinaga, Masahiko 26 Orlik, Peter 24 Yau, Stephen Shing-Toung 16 Torielli, Michele 15 Denham, Graham 15 Suciu, Alexander I. 13 Cohen, Daniel C. 13 Cuntz, Michael Joachim 13 Falk, Michael J. 12 Hoge, Torsten 12 Settepanella, Simona 11 Proudfoot, Nicholas J. 11 Randell, Richard C. 11 Reiner, Victor 11 Yuzvinsky, Sergey 10 Galaz-Garcia, Fernando 10 Papadima, Ștefan 9 Douglass, J. Matthew 9 Solomon, Louis 9 Tohǎneanu, Ştefan O. 9 Varchenko, Alexander Nikolaevich 9 Zieschang, Heiner 8 Cavicchioli, Alberto 8 Salvetti, Mario 8 Zuo, Huaiqing 7 Aomoto, Kazuhiko 7 Boileau, Michel Charles 7 Guerville-Ballé, Benoît 7 Marin, Ivan 7 Sagan, Bruce Eli 7 Schenck, Hal 7 Shepler, Anne V. 7 Sticlaru, Gabriel 7 Tran, Tan Nhat 7 Tsujie, Shuhei 7 Ziegler, Günter Matthias 7 Zimmermann, Bruno P. 6 Boyer, Charles P. 6 Delucchi, Emanuele 6 Guo, Jun 6 Hausen, Jürgen 6 Jambu, Michel 6 Lehrer, Gustav Isaac 6 Lisca, Paolo 6 Nakashima, Norihiro 6 Palezzato, Elisa 6 Paris, Luis 6 Schulze, Mathias 6 Sommers, Eric N. 6 Takemura, Akimichi 6 Wakefield, Max D. 5 Amend, Nils 5 Artal Bartolo, Enrique 5 Barcelo, Hélène 5 Budur, Nero 5 Chen, Beifang 5 Cordovil, Raul 5 Guo, Weili 5 Huh, June 5 Jiang, Guangfeng 5 Kamiya, Hidehiko 5 Kohno, Toshitake 5 Lenz, Matthias 5 Marco-Buzunáriz, Miguel A. 5 Massey, David Bradley 5 Möller, Tilman 5 Núñez-Zimbrón, Jesús 5 Rubinstein, J. Hyam 5 Searle, Catherine 5 Stanley, Richard Peter 5 Suyama, Daisuke 5 Wagreich, Philip D. 5 Weber, Claude 5 Wiemeler, Michael 4 Bailet, Pauline 4 Beck, Vincent 4 Buchweitz, Ragnar-Olaf 4 Callegaro, Filippo 4 Dolgachev, Igor’ Vladimirovich 4 Everitt, Brent 4 Gaiffi, Giovanni 4 Galicki, Krzysztof 4 Garber, David 4 Garrousian, Mehdi 4 Golubeva, Valentina Alekseevna 4 Jewell, Ken 4 Jiang, Tan 4 Kawahara, Yukihito 4 Kirillov, Anatol N. 4 Kwasik, Sławomir 4 La Luz, José 4 Libgober, Anatoly S. 4 Machida, Yoshinori 4 Măcinic, Daniela Anca 4 Michel, Jean 4 Miller, Alexander R. ...and 1,102 more Authors all top 5 ### Cited in 226 Serials 81 Topology and its Applications 58 Advances in Mathematics 55 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 54 Journal of Algebra 54 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 39 Mathematische Annalen 34 Inventiones Mathematicae 31 Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics 30 Mathematische Zeitschrift 29 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series A 27 Algebraic & Geometric Topology 25 Advances in Applied Mathematics 23 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 22 Discrete Mathematics 21 European Journal of Combinatorics 19 Duke Mathematical Journal 18 Manuscripta Mathematica 17 Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 16 Compositio Mathematica 15 Communications in Algebra 14 Geometriae Dedicata 14 Discrete & Computational Geometry 13 Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 13 Tohoku Mathematical Journal. Second Series 11 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 11 Annals of Combinatorics 10 Annales de la Faculté des Sciences de Toulouse. Mathématiques. Série VI 9 Journal of Geometry and Physics 9 Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series A 9 Geometry & Topology 9 Comptes Rendus. Mathématique. Académie des Sciences, Paris 9 European Journal of Mathematics 8 Functional Analysis and its Applications 8 Journal of the Mathematical Society of Japan 8 Linear Algebra and its Applications 8 Journal of Knot Theory and its Ramifications 8 Experimental Mathematics 8 The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics 8 Journal of High Energy Physics 8 Journal of Singularities 7 Israel Journal of Mathematics 7 Annales Scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure. Quatrième Série 7 Journal of Soviet Mathematics 7 Kodai Mathematical Journal 7 Michigan Mathematical Journal 7 Osaka Journal of Mathematics 7 Tokyo Journal of Mathematics 7 International Journal of Mathematics 7 Séminaire Lotharingien de Combinatoire 6 Archiv der Mathematik 6 Publications of the Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Kyoto University 6 Graphs and Combinatorics 6 Transformation Groups 6 SIGMA. Symmetry, Integrability and Geometry: Methods and Applications 6 Proceedings of the Steklov Institute of Mathematics 5 Communications in Mathematical Physics 5 Letters in Mathematical Physics 5 Journal of Number Theory 5 Nagoya Mathematical Journal 5 Order 5 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 5 Revista Matemática Complutense 5 Arnold Mathematical Journal 4 Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 4 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 4 Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 4 Revista Matemática Iberoamericana 4 Science in China. Series A 4 Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali. Serie IX. Rendiconti Lincei. Matematica e Applicazioni 4 Indagationes Mathematicae. New Series 4 Journal of Algebraic Geometry 4 Selecta Mathematica. New Series 4 Documenta Mathematica 4 Representation Theory 4 Journal of the European Mathematical Society (JEMS) 4 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 4 Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Serie A: Matemáticas. RACSAM 3 Journal of Mathematical Physics 3 Mathematical Notes 3 Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 3 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series B 3 Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society 3 Journal of the London Mathematical Society. Second Series 3 Chinese Annals of Mathematics. Series B 3 The Journal of Geometric Analysis 3 Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences. Mathematical Sciences 3 Finite Fields and their Applications 3 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 3 Bulletin of the Brazilian Mathematical Society. New Series 3 Mediterranean Journal of Mathematics 3 Journal of Topology 3 Kyoto Journal of Mathematics 3 Journal de l’École Polytechnique – Mathématiques 2 Discrete Applied Mathematics 2 General Relativity and Gravitation 2 Arkiv för Matematik 2 Abhandlungen aus dem Mathematischen Seminar der Universität Hamburg 2 Acta Mathematica 2 Acta Mathematica Vietnamica 2 Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata. Serie Quarta ...and 126 more Serials all top 5 ### Cited in 48 Fields 450 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 372 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 363 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 311 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 258 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 253 Combinatorics (05-XX) 146 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 110 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 100 Differential geometry (53-XX) 70 Geometry (51-XX) 53 Nonassociative rings and algebras (17-XX) 46 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 46 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 44 Number theory (11-XX) 40 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 31 Quantum theory (81-XX) 24 Special functions (33-XX) 22 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 20 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 18 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 18 Relativity and gravitational theory (83-XX) 16 Category theory; homological algebra (18-XX) 14 Computer science (68-XX) 12 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 10 $$K$$-theory (19-XX) 9 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 7 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 7 General topology (54-XX) 6 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 6 Statistics (62-XX) 5 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 5 Operator theory (47-XX) 5 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 5 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 5 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 3 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 3 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 2 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 2 History and biography (01-XX) 2 General algebraic systems (08-XX) 2 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 2 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 2 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 1 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 1 Measure and integration (28-XX) 1 Functional analysis (46-XX) 1 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 1 Geophysics (86-XX) ### Wikidata Timeline The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.	2022-07-07T11:36:58	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.517084538936615, "perplexity": 7902.223756839701}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104690785.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220707093848-20220707123848-00620.warc.gz"}
https://power.larc.nasa.gov/docs/methodology/energy-fluxes/geometry/	# Solar Geometry¶ Multi-year monthly averaged solar geometry parameters are available for any latitude/longitude via the "Data Tables for a particular location" web application. The call-out below lists the solar geometry parameters provided to assist users in setting up solar panels. In the sections below the equations are provided for calculating each of the parameters, and the methodology for calculating the multi-year monthly averages is described. Solar Geometry Parameters • Solar Noon • Daylight Hours • Daylight Average of Hourly Cosine Solar Zenith Angles • Cosine Solar Zenith Angle at Mid-Time Between Sunrise and Solar Noon • Declination • Sunset Hour Angle • Maximum Solar Angle Relative to The Horizon • Hourly Solar Angles Relative to The Horizon • Hourly Solar Azimuth Angles Monthly Average Declination Table The solar geometry parameters are calculated for the "monthly average day"; consequently each parameter is the monthly "averaged" value for the respective parameter for the given month. The "monthly average day" is the day in the month whose solar declination (δ) is closest to the average declination for that month (Klein, 1977). The table below lists the date and average declination, δ, for each month. Month Day δ (°) Month Day δ (°) January, 17 -20.9 July, 17 21.2 February, 16 -13.0 August, 16 13.5 March, 16 -2.4 September, 15 2.2 April, 15 9.4 October, 15 -9.6 May, 15 18.8 November, 14 -18.9 June, 11 23.1 December, 10 -23.0 ## Monthly Averaged Solar Noon (UTC time)¶ Equation: Monthly averaged solar noon \begin{align}\ SN = 12.0 - \frac{\lambda}{15}+\frac{EoT4}{60} \end{align} \begin{align} Where: \\ SN: & \text{ Monthly averaged solar noon in decimal UTC hour. } \\ \lambda: & \text{ Local longitude (user input) in degrees. } \\ & \text{(positive east of Prime Meridian; negative west of Prime Meridian). } \\ EoT: & \text{ Equation of Time in degrees and is calculated for the monthly average} \\ & \text{ day (Klein, 1977) of the given month. } \\ \\ \end{align} ## Monthly Averaged Daylight Hours (hours)¶ The Monthly Averaged Daylight Hours is from Solar Engineering of Thermal Process, 3rd Edition. Please see the reference box beneath the Sunset Hour Angle section below. Equation: Monthly averaged daylight hours \begin{align}\ D = \frac{2\omega_{s}}{2\pi} 24 \end{align} \begin{align} Where: \\ D: & \text{ Monthly averaged daylight hours, in decimal form. } \\ \omega_{s}: & \text{ The sunset hour angle in radian on the monthly average day. } \\ & \text{(positive west of Prime Meridian; negative east of Prime Meridian). } \\ & \omega_{s} = cos^{-1}(-tan\phi\ tan \delta), (-1\leq \tan\phi\ tan \delta≤1) \\ & \omega_{s} = 0, (tan\phi\ tan \delta <-1) \\ & \omega_{s} =\pi, (tan\phi\ tan \delta >1) \\ \phi: & \text{ Latitude. } \\ \delta: & \text{ Declination of the Sun on the monthly average day of the given month. } \\ \end{align} ## Monthly Averaged Cosine Solar Zenith Angle¶ The Cosine Solar Zenith Angle is the average cosine of the angle between the Sun and directly overhead during daylight hours. The determination of monthly averaged daylight average of hourly cosine solar zenith angles for each month is based on the monthly average day (i.e. calculated for the monthly averaged day). The following equations may need the angles expressed in radians for the trigonometric functions Depending on the expected input of calculation system, to convert angles in degrees to radians multiply by rpd. This includes the result of the solar declination function. \begin{align}\ rpd = \frac{\pi}{180} = \frac{cos^{-1}(-1.0)}{180} \end{align} Equation: Monthly Average of Daily Average of the Cosine Solar Zenith Angle \begin{align}\ CSZA_{Mdly} &= \frac{Fcos^{-1}(-\text{F/G})+G\sqrt{(1.0-(F/G)^2)}}{\pi}, (-1 \leq(F/G)\leq1) \\ F &= \sin⁡(\phi) \sin(\delta) \\ G &= \cos(\phi) * \cos(\delta) \end{align} \begin{align} Where&: \\ &CSZA_{Mdly}: \text{ Monthly average of daylight average of the cosine of solar zenith angle. } \\ &\phi: \text{ Latitude. } \\ &\delta: \text{ Sun declination. } \\ \end{align} Equation: Monthly Average of Daylight Average of the Cosine Solar Zenith Angle \begin{align}\ CSZA_{Mda} &= \frac{Fcos^{-1}(-\text{F/G})+G\sqrt{(1.0-(F/G)^2)}}{cos^{-1}(-F/G)}, (-1 \leq(F/G)\leq1)\\ F &= \sin⁡(\phi) * \sin(\delta) \\ G &= \cos(\phi) * \cos(\delta) \end{align} \begin{align} Where&: \\ & CSZA_{Mda}:\text{ Monthly average of daylight average of the cosine of solar zenith angle. } \\ &\phi: \text{ Latitude. } \\ &\delta: \text{ Sun declination. } \\ \end{align} Equation: Monthly Averaged Cosine Solar Zenith Angle at Mid-Time Between Sunrise and Solar Noon \begin{align}\ CSZA_{ZMT}&= F + G\sqrt{\frac{G-F}{2G}}\\ F &= \sin⁡(\phi) * \sin(\delta) \\ G &= \cos(\phi) * \cos(\delta) \end{align} \begin{align} Where&: \\ &CSZA_{ZMT}: \text{ Zenith angle at mid-time between sunrise and solar noon } \\ & \text{ on the monthly average of the given month. } \\ & \phi: \text{ Latitude. } \\ & \delta: \text{ Sun declination. } \\ \end{align} ## Monthly Averaged Declination¶ Declination is the angular distance of the Sun north (positive) or south (negative) of the equator. Declination varies through the year from 23.45° N to 23.45° S and reaches the minimum/maximum at the southern/northern summer solstices. The determination of monthly averaged declination for each month is based on the monthly average day. The following equations may need the angles expressed in radians for the trigonometric functions Depending on the expected input of calculation system, to convert angles in degrees to radians multiply by rpd. This includes the result of the solar declination function. \begin{align}\ rpd = \frac{\pi}{180} = \frac{cos^{-1}(-1.0)}{180} \end{align} Equations for computation of declination \begin{align}\ \delta&=sin^{-1}(sin(\epsilonrpd)sin(\lambdarpd))/rpd \\ \epsilon&=23.439-0.0000004n \\ L&= modulo(280.460+0.9856474n, 360.0) \\ g&= modulo(357.528+0.9856003n, 360.0) \\ \lambda&=modulo(L+1.915sin(grpd)+0.020sin(2g*rpd), 360.0) \end{align} \begin{align} Where: \\ \delta: & \text{ Declination angle of Sun In degrees. } \\ n: & \text{ Number of days from Julian 2000.0.} \\ L: & \text{ Mean longitude of the Sun, corrected for aberration, in degrees.} \\ g: & \text{ Mean anomaly, in degrees.} \\ \lambda: & \text{ Ecliptic longitude, in degrees.} \\ \epsilon: & \text{ Obliquity of ecliptic, in degrees.} \end{align} ## Sunset Hour Angle¶ The Sunset Hour Angle equation is from Solar Engineering of Thermal Process, 3rd Edition. Equation: Sunset Hour Angle \begin{align} \omega_{s} &= cos^{-1}(-tan\phi\ tan \delta), (-1\leq \tan\phi\ tan \delta≤1) \\ \omega_{s} &= 0, (tan\phi\ tan \delta <-1) \\ \omega_{s} &=\pi, (tan\phi\ tan \delta >1) \\ \end{align} \begin{align} Where: \\ \omega_{s}: & \text{ Sunset Hour angle. } \\ \phi: & \text{ Latitude. } \\ \delta: & \text{ Declination of the Sun on the monthly average day of the given month. } \\ \end{align} Reference John A. Duffie and William A. Beckman, 2006. Solar Engineering of Thermal Process, 3rd edition, Wiley-Interscience Publication. ## Maximum Solar Angle Relative to The Horizon¶ The maximum solar angle relative to the horizon occurs at local solar noon. Equation: Maximum Solar Angle Relative to The Horizon \begin{align} & \alpha_{max} = 90. - \|\phi - \delta \| \\ \end{align} \begin{align} Where: \\ \alpha_{max}: & \text{ Maximum solar angle relative to the horizon, in degrees. } \\ \phi: & \text{ Latitude, in degrees. } \\ \delta: & \text{ Declination of the Sun on the monthly average day of the given month. } \\ \end{align} ## Hourly Based Equations¶ The methodologies outlined in the papers below are used to compute the hourly solar angles relative to the horizon and hourly azimuth angles. Reference Seidelmann, P.K. (Ed.), 1992. Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac. A revision to the Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris and the American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac. University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA (USA), 1992, 780 p., ISBN 0-935702-68-7. Zhang, Taiping; Stackhouse, Paul W.; Macpherson, Bradley; Mikovitz, J. Colleen (2021). A solar azimuth formula that renders circumstantial treatment unnecessary without compromising mathematical rigor: Mathematical setup, application and extension of a formula based on the subsolar point and atan2 function. Renewable Energy. Elsevier BV. 172: 1333–1340. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2021.03.047	2022-05-17T21:13:32	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 36, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 1.0000098943710327, "perplexity": 10812.908652013144}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662520817.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517194243-20220517224243-00393.warc.gz"}

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