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{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "Japan has a lot of topolects. Most of them are all classified under Japonic.\nThese include Ryukyuan, Hachijō, Kyūshū and obviously eastern and western\nJapanese.\n\nCan hiragana & katakana \"spell\" the sounds of all Japonic, etc. topolects?\n\nAre there sounds and pronunciations outside of general hiragana & katakana\nabilities?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-26T14:19:25.813",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54062",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-26T17:29:54.847",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5518",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"dialects"
],
"title": "Can hiragana & katakana \"spell\" the sounds of all Japonic, etc. topolects?",
"view_count": 296
} | [
{
"body": "At least Okinawan has nonstandard kana to precisely represent their sounds.\nFor example, Okinawan has two types of う ([u] and [ʔu]), whose difference is\nimportant for the local people to distinguish their native words.\n\n * [Does Okinawan have syllables Japanese doesn't?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/43775/5010)\n * [Okinawan scripts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawan_scripts)\n\nAinu also has [special\nkatakana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu_language#Special_katakana_for_the_Ainu_language),\nalthough Ainu may not be Japonic.\n\nThere is always a way to approximate their words only using standard kana,\nanyway.\n\nTo the best of my knowledge, in dialects in Honshu/Shikoku/Kyushu, no special\nkana is used. Of course there are regional varieties only describable with IPA\n(e.g., [う is nearer to [u] than to [ɯ] in Kansai\ndialect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansai_dialect#Phonology)) or\nallophones found only in some dialects (e.g.,\n[yotsugana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yotsugana) and\n[bidakuon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakuten_and_handakuten#Phonetic_shifts)),\nbut they are not distinguishing features. (Bidakuon have special characters,\nbut they are more like phonetic symbols to me.)",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-26T14:42:34.970",
"id": "54064",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-26T17:29:54.847",
"last_edit_date": "2017-10-26T17:29:54.847",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "54062",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 8
}
]
| 54062 | null | 54064 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54074",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I noticed this phrase :\n\n> **うらめしや**\n\nsaid by a character in a game I played, and was wondering what it means.\n\n[This site](https://www.thoughtco.com/happy-halloween-in-japanese-2028069)\nsuggests\n\n> \"Urameshiya\" is a phrase said, in a sorrowful voice, by Japanese ghosts when\n> they appear. It means, a curse on you.\n\nGoogle translate gives\n\n> Annoying\n\nThe best I could find on\n[jisho](http://jisho.org/word/%E6%81%A8%E3%82%81%E3%81%97%E3%81%84):\n\n> **恨めしい**\n>\n> 1. reproachful; hateful; bitter\n>\n\nI suspect the first one to be correct (given that the context is related to\nhalloween and haunting). Is there a reasonable english translation for\nthis、and if the one given is correct, how do the components break down to give\nthat meaning (if at all)?\n\nThank you",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-26T16:01:14.217",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54065",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-27T03:51:43.837",
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"owner_user_id": "26091",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Translation of うらめしや",
"view_count": 5416
} | [
{
"body": "According to [this\ndictionary](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/20889/meaning/m0u/), うらめしや is\n_considered to be a word said by ghosts when they appear_ :\n\n> 幽霊が出てくるときに言うとされる言葉。「恨めしいなあ」の意\n\nSo your first guess is correct. うらめしや has the meaning of \"I curse you / I'm\ncursing you\" (あなたの事を恨{うら}んでいる).\n\nTo furthermore break it down, as also the first link suggests, at the root of\nうらめしや probably is the adjective 恨{うら}めしい that means \"hateful\", \"bitter\", while\nI think that や here functions as a particle that adds some emphasis to the\nfeeling (of hate/curse/revenge in this case).\n\nThis is at least what you can see explained at [this\nlink](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1025563665).\nHowever, I am not 100% sure that \"emphasis\" is the most appropriate\ndescription for や in general as a suffix. I think it works in this case (maybe\nsomeone can comment), but in general may have different meanings. See for\nexample\n[here](https://grapefruitcake.tumblr.com/post/131481991848/does-%E3%82%84-sometimes-\nreplace-%E3%82%88-at-the-end-of-sentences) and\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/15288/what-does-the-\nsentence-ending-particle-%E3%82%84-mean).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-27T00:37:11.827",
"id": "54073",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-27T03:51:43.837",
"last_edit_date": "2017-10-27T03:51:43.837",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "14205",
"parent_id": "54065",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "うらめしい has [two different\nmeanings](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/20888/meaning/m0u/%E6%81%A8%E3%82%81%E3%81%97%E3%81%84/)\n(the topic is usually \"I\", which is almost always omitted):\n\n 1. I have a grudge; I'm angry; I'm revengeful\n 2. It's a pity; It's regrettable; It's sad; I feel sorry\n\nIn うらめしや, it's clearly the first sense. や at the end is an old particle that\nadds exclamatory feelings, similarly to modern ～だなあ or English \"oh\". So it\njust means \"Oh I'm so revengeful.\" You can see similar grammar in haiku and\nhymns (e.g., うれしや ≒ ああ嬉しいな, めでたや ≒ めでたいなあ).\n\nうらめしや is considered a stereotyped (and overused) phrase said by typical\nJapanese ghosts like\n[this](http://www.nichibun.ac.jp/YoukaiGazouCard/U426_nichibunken_0345_0001_0000.html).\nIt's commonly used in children's pretend plays\n([example](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rAaYsmQF5b8)), but serious(?)\nghosts in haunted attractions seldom say this, I think.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-27T02:27:37.800",
"id": "54074",
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"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "54065",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 54065 | 54074 | 54074 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54069",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I have noticed that there are a number of verbs in Japanese which have common\nalternative forms, especially potential form, but these forms have identical\nmeanings.\n\nOne of these is 焼く, which appears to have similar if not identical meaning to\nits potential form 焼ける, although _burning down_ and _being able to burn down_\nseem to be very different things from an English perspective.\n\nWords which behave similarly include 続く/ 続ける, 入る/入れる, 受く/受ける, and I'm sure\nthere are many more examples I've seen that don't come to mind right now.\n\nWhat is the reason for these words having unchanged meanings despite seemingly\nchanged forms? Are they even really etymologically related?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-26T20:04:35.810",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54067",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-26T20:38:21.420",
"last_edit_date": "2017-10-26T20:16:05.877",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "22689",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"etymology",
"suffixes",
"transitivity",
"false-etymology"
],
"title": "Verbs Which Change Form but not Meaning",
"view_count": 173
} | [
{
"body": "These are transitive and intransitive forms of verbs. English has them too,\nbut often they're identical. Transitive verbs take \"direct\" objects,\nintransitive ones don't.\n\nI raise my hand vs My hand rises\n\nIn English, raise is transitive, and rise is intransitive. Similarly,\n\n何かを入れる vs 何かが入る\n\n入れる is transitive, 入る is intransitive. Case markings make it pretty easy to\nfind if there's an object.\n\nWithout context you can guess. Typically intransitive ends in ~consonant+ある or\n~consonant+う. Transitive might end in ~える or ~す.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-26T20:38:21.420",
"id": "54069",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-26T20:38:21.420",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "54067",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 54067 | 54069 | 54069 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> これ以上は 死タからその 前に殺さナいと\n\nI find it perplexing that 死タからそ is conjugated in the past tense. It being the\nreason (-から) for 殺さナいと, shouldn't it be in present tense? Or am I mixing it up\nand (-と) takes precedence? Which still wouldn't further my understanding of\nwhy this is past tense? Or is he thinking he's already dead.",
"comment_count": 9,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-27T10:38:17.977",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54076",
"last_activity_date": "2022-05-27T17:41:41.043",
"last_edit_date": "2022-05-27T17:41:41.043",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "26292",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"particle-と",
"katakana",
"particle-から",
"past"
],
"title": "past tense conjugation これ以上は 死タからその 前に殺さナいと",
"view_count": 229
} | [
{
"body": "first しんでいたから &second ころさなきゃ",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-27T13:27:34.170",
"id": "54087",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-27T13:27:34.170",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "26296",
"parent_id": "54076",
"post_type": "answer",
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{
"body": "My take is that it should be 死ヌ not 死タ. タ and ヌ are visually similar so\nsomeone (or an algorithm?) might have misrecognized it. In standard\northography, the entire sentence would be:\n\n> これ以上は死ぬから、その前に殺さないと。\n\n(I assume the use of katakana is a stylistic choice to illustrate a not-normal\nway of talking.)\n\nI don't know what it exactly means, though, because the subject and the object\nare made implicit. It says 死ぬ but who will die? It says 殺さないと but who must be\nkilled? We will need the larger context to be sure.\n\nOne possible interpretation (with a hypothetical context I'm making up) is\nthat \"we are bound to die [because of the opponent's actions], we need to kill\nhim [=the opponent] sooner [than something that he controls kills us]\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2022-05-27T10:59:42.970",
"id": "94716",
"last_activity_date": "2022-05-27T10:59:42.970",
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"owner_user_id": "10531",
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"score": 1
}
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| 54076 | null | 94716 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54099",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I am writing a short descriptive text and I would like to write \"There are\nmany wheat fields\". Is it better to say 「たくさんの麦畑があります。」or 「麦畑がいっぱいあります。」?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-27T11:56:45.233",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54077",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-28T18:11:59.370",
"last_edit_date": "2017-10-28T18:11:59.370",
"last_editor_user_id": "542",
"owner_user_id": "18269",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"adverbs"
],
"title": "How to say \"many\" in \"There are many wheat fields\" in Japanese? (たくさん or いっぱい?)",
"view_count": 2047
} | [
{
"body": "in answer to ur question 麦畑が多い",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-27T13:21:02.023",
"id": "54085",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-27T13:21:02.023",
"last_edit_date": null,
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{
"body": "Your sentences both sound fine.\n\nUsing たくさん or いっぱい, you can say...\n\n> * 麦畑が **たくさん** あります。\n> * 麦畑が **いっぱい** あります。(いっぱい in this sense sounds more casual/colloquial than\n> たくさん)\n> * **たくさんの** 麦畑があります。(often used in writing or formal speech -- though 多くの,\n> 多数の etc. would be more formal)\n>",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-28T06:11:18.227",
"id": "54099",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-28T06:20:26.417",
"last_edit_date": "2017-10-28T06:20:26.417",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "9831",
"parent_id": "54077",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 54077 | 54099 | 54099 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54101",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "> ……溜息をつくだけでも、頭痛に障る…。\n\nIs there an explanation for this に or is it just like 触る which can be used\nwith both に and を ?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-27T12:05:59.857",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54078",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-28T10:55:35.037",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "20501",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Why is there に in 頭痛に障る？",
"view_count": 172
} | [
{
"body": "It's a completely different verb from 触る. It means \"to be harmful to\" or \"to\ninterfere with\" depending on the context. It's intransitive, so を would not be\nexpected.\n\nBasically you have \"even just sighing makes my headache worse.\"\n\nHere are some example sentences.\n\n[http://ejje.weblio.jp/sentence/content/障る](http://ejje.weblio.jp/sentence/content/%E9%9A%9C%E3%82%8B)",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-27T12:23:50.663",
"id": "54079",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-27T12:23:50.663",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "20479",
"parent_id": "54078",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "sawaru is intransitive v. so it requires 'ni' particle",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-27T13:18:01.133",
"id": "54084",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-27T13:18:01.133",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "26296",
"parent_id": "54078",
"post_type": "answer",
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{
"body": "障る is an uncommon **intransitive** verb which is used in the form ～に障る and\nmeans \"to do harm to ～\", \"to negatively affect ～\" or \"to disturb ～.\" Unlike\n触る, there is no transitive usage \"～を障る\". (～の)気に障る is a relatively common set\nphrase that means \"to annoy/irritate someone.\"\n\n> * お酒を飲みすぎると健康に障りますよ。\n> * 連日の徹夜は体に障る。\n> * 気に障ったら申し訳ありません。\n> * 明日の仕事に障るといけないので、今日は帰ります。\n>\n\nSo 頭痛に障る should mean \"my (chronic) headache will be worsened (only by\nsighing)\". I think this usage is fine, but as l'électeur said in the comment,\n～に障る is much more commonly used with generic words like 健康.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-28T10:55:35.037",
"id": "54101",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-28T10:55:35.037",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "54078",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 54078 | 54101 | 54101 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "How 30-50 year old Japanese male would say hello to another male colleague in\nsame age in same organisational level in IT company? I'm looking for everyday\nbased not formal way to communicate.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-27T12:38:15.550",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54080",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-29T06:57:08.310",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "26295",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"greetings"
],
"title": "How to greet your workmates casually in Japanese IT field office?",
"view_count": 502
} | [
{
"body": "my colleagues always say おっす to me",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-27T13:14:18.570",
"id": "54083",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-27T13:14:18.570",
"last_edit_date": null,
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{
"body": "おはようございます and お疲れ様です are still the most common choices. But the actual\npronunciation can be heavily slurred depending on the politeness level, and it\nmay sound to you almost like \"おやざーっす\", \"おつかさーっす\" or even \"おわーっす\". After all,\nyou say it every day, and everyone can understand what has been said.\n\nおっす is usually used between close friends outside the office. It may be\nacceptable depending on the atmosphere of your office, but you should not be\nthe first to start using this.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-29T06:57:08.310",
"id": "54122",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-29T06:57:08.310",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "54080",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 54080 | null | 54083 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54091",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "why is \"円滑\" an Adjective not an Adverb in this sentence?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-27T12:42:03.257",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54081",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-27T14:34:38.197",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": null,
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"particle-に",
"particle-な"
],
"title": "Why is \"な\" in \"円滑な活動を助ける\" not \"に\"?",
"view_count": 100
} | [
{
"body": "it can be either adj or adv but the meaning will change, if it's a noun phrase\nlike here na-adj is required",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-27T13:12:13.413",
"id": "54082",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-27T13:12:13.413",
"last_edit_date": null,
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},
{
"body": "It's simply because 円滑 adjectivally modifies 活動, not 助ける, in this sentence.\nWhat's smooth in this context is the 活動 (activity) itself, not the manner of\nhelping/promoting. In other words, the speaker wants to say \"smooth activity\",\nnot \"to help/promote smoothly.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-27T14:34:38.197",
"id": "54091",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-27T14:34:38.197",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "54081",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 54081 | 54091 | 54091 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54090",
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"body": "I'm using Japanese From Zero 1, though I've already memorized both symbol\nlibraries and a hand full of Kanji.\n\nI'm at section 3, Q & A E -> J, Group 4.\n\nMy issue is that I'm still a beginner and I think it's giving me the wrong\ntranslation.\n\nIt wants me to translate the English statement;\n\n> No, it's my friends car.\n\nI translated this as;\n\n> いいえ、わたしのともだちのくるまです。\n\nBut the book claims that the translation should be;\n\n> いいえ、ともだちのくるまです。\n\nWhich removes わたし. How can it mean My Friend and not just Friend, if I'm not\nin the sentence? Is it assumed or is it because the first sentence Asks,\n\n> Is this your car?\n\nIt seems like the topic is shifting from My car to My friends car, so\nshouldn't I change the topic?\n\nFull Question;\n\n> Is this your car?\n>\n> Yes, it is.\n>\n> No, it's my friend's car.\n>\n> No, it's her car.\n>\n> No, it's her's.\n\n* * *\n\nEdits: Yes, it's くるま Kuruma ^-^, I was typing too fast.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-10-27T13:23:00.857",
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"owner_user_id": "25873",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"translation",
"particle-の"
],
"title": "Missing Watashi from Textbook Translation",
"view_count": 163
} | [
{
"body": "It's obvious from the context, so the pronoun is omitted.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-27T13:29:41.010",
"id": "54088",
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{
"body": "As taikun said, in normal Japanese you never use a pronoun if it is obvious\nfor the listener.\n\nThis is especially true for first person pronouns (私{わたし}、俺{おれ}、僕{ぼく}、etc.),\nbecause using it too much would be perceived by your listener as if you're\ntrying to grab the attention (even if you're a gaijin this would be bad for\nyour [謙虚{けんきょ}](https://thejapanexperience.wordpress.com/2010/02/22/kenson-\nkenkyo-modesty/)). So your lesson is very correct in the way that a Japanese\nperson would not have answered by 私{わたし}の友達{ともだち} in this context.\n\nFor further reading on the topic I suggest this article from [Japanese\nAmmo](http://www.japaneseammo.com/stop-using-watashi-i-the-real-way-to-refer-\nto-yourself/)",
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]
| 54086 | 54090 | 54088 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54093",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Is ばかり the same as たところ in the sense that the action must be voluntary? e.g.\nWinter just ended, could you use ばかり？",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-27T14:40:14.173",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"owner_user_id": "25348",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"words",
"past",
"particle-ばかり"
],
"title": "Does ばかり (meaning 'just happened') have to be a voluntary action (like たところ?)",
"view_count": 173
} | [
{
"body": "**_Both_** 「ばかり」 and 「ところ」 can be used to describe the endings of either\nvoluntary or involuntary actions.\n\nIt is perfectly grammatical and natural-sounding to say all of the following:\n\n・「やっと冬{ふゆ}が終{お}わった（ばかり/ところ）です。まだ海水浴{かいすいよく}には行{い}けません。」 \"Winter has just ended\nat long last. We couldn't go bathing in the sea yet.\"\n\n・「今{いま}、晩{ばん}ご飯{はん}を食{た}べた（ばかり/ところ）です。おなかが一杯{いっぱい}です。」 \"I've just finished\neating dinner. I am stuffed.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
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| 54092 | 54093 | 54093 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "I was wondering about this expression 入っている for something being inside. I\nalways wondered about it, since it literally should mean being in the process\nof entering.. It would make more sense to me if it were 入ってある (like おいてある or\n張ってある), but I'm aware that this construction only works for 他動詞, so it maybe\nshould be 入れてある..? Does anyone know how this odd structure 入っている came about?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-27T16:25:49.953",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"verbs",
"expressions",
"aspect"
],
"title": "Why is it 入っている not 入れてある",
"view_count": 416
} | []
| 54094 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54098",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I was reading about よう [on\nWiktionary](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%88%E3%81%86#Japanese) and it\nsays:\n\n> Interjection[edit] よう (rōmaji yō)\n>\n> 1. A very informal greeting similar to yo.\n>\n> よう、元{げん}気{き}？ \n> Yō, genki? \n> Yo! Howdy?\n>\n> 2. A very informal (rude) interjection similar to hey.\n>\n> よう、待{ま}てよ。 \n> Yō, mateyo. \n> Hey, wait.\n>\n>\n\nThis sounds exactly like the American \"yo!\" which is used for greetings and as\n\"hey!\".\n\nAre they the same or do they have some nuances?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-27T18:47:44.153",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54095",
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"owner_user_id": "9878",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"nuances",
"etymology"
],
"title": "is よう sometimes used exactly like the american greeting/interjection \"yo!\"?",
"view_count": 2274
} | [
{
"body": "I will paraphrase and try to translate the [following answer, dealing with the\netymology part of the\nquestion.](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q13129712413)\nThe author seems to be quoting [Nihon kokugo daijiten\n(日本国語大辞典)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihon_Kokugo_Daijiten). It seems that\nよう！ or よお！ as a greeting, has made its first (confirmed) appearance in the\nlate 16th century. Said appearance was in a christian-published japanese\ndictionary (since these were the beginning times of the first christian\nmissions to japan).\n\nAfter that the term, used as a greeting, has made frequent appearances in Edo\nperiod texts such as Kabuki and Jōruri texts, common folk art and songs.\nAccording to the cited book this leads to the conclusion that the term is a\njapanese-born one without foreign-language influences.\n\nJust to add my two cents, in my experience よう！ or よお！ is limited to greetings.\nSo yes I guess よう/よお can _sometimes_ be used like yo for greetings. I\npersonally use it a lot with closer friends.\n\nI have not been in the situation to use the second case that much, so it\nsounds unnatural to me. But in terms of interjections any one of おい、ちょ、ちょっと\nseem more appropriate and natural, in my experience.\n\nAgain this was mostly about the etymology tag, I am no native, and I am also\nnot sure about what nuances you exactly want to get at. So my experience based\nopinions are to be taken with a grain of salt.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-10-27T21:23:14.610",
"id": "54096",
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{
"body": "My understanding of \"yo\" in English is what is explained\n[here](http://www.slangeigo.com/archives/21283924.html) as follows. \nnote: English in italics was added by me for the sake of convenience.\n\n> 【yo】スラング英語の意味 _The meaning of slang English_\n>\n> Yo （オッス！～だよね！～ね！） [ヨ'ォゥ] \"Yo, whassup?\" 「おい、調子どうだ？」\n>\n> I noticed this one is used a lot lately. It's kind of like the equivalent of\n> the Japanese \"ne.\" People tend to put it on the end of their sentences when\n> talking with friends but it doesn't mean anything. It's just kind of funny\n> in my opinion. Some example sentences would be \"Dude, don't you be messin'\n> with my stuff, yo.\"\n>\n> ...,\n> yoと、会話の最後に\"yo\"（ヨゥ）をつける表現は、ティーン英語の定番ですね。上の説明のように、意味は特になく、「～ね」「～だよね」という表現になるんです。（もちろん、\"Yo,\n> whassup?\"といった、日本語の「ヨウ！」や、\"Yo mama is crazy\"といった\"your\"や\"you\"を表す表現も頻出です！ _Of\n> course, it is also used frequently in usage such as \"Yo, whassup?\"\n> corresponding to \"ヨウ！\" in Japanese or \"yo\" in \"Yo mama is crazy\" for \"your\"\n> or \"you\"_.）\n\nAlthough I cannot understand the subtle nuance that \"yo\" in English is\nsupposed to have even if reading this article, I'll explain the usage of the\nexample sentences quoted from Wiktionary by the questioner.\n\n * Interjection よう (rōmaji yō) for the use in 1 is correct on the condition that \"よう (yō) is masculine but gives a rude impression at times\" written in Wikitionary. If you want to use in a normal informal greeting not in a very informal one, you are better to use \"やあ\" instead of \"よう\". \nRelating to this case, psosuna made a comment that \"More commonly I've heard\nういっす for a greeting that's like \"yo\" and おい for an interjection like \"hey!\"\",\nbut I think ういっす is used only in a very very very informal greeting among male\nyoungsters. I hope you don't use it.\n\n * As for the use in 2, I perfectly agree with the explanation written in Yannick's answer as follows:\n\n> I have not been in the situation to use the second case that much, so it\n> sounds unnatural to me. But in terms of interjections any one of おい、ちょ、ちょっと\n> seem more appropriate and natural, in my experience.",
"comment_count": 0,
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| 54095 | 54098 | 54096 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "1) Is the plain \"ja nai\" after a verb grammatically correct?\n\n```\n\n aru ja nai?\n \n wakatta ja nai?\n \n```\n\n2) Why use ja nai, why not a negative form of a verb :\n\n```\n\n aru ja nai? --> nai?\n \n wakatta ja nai? --> wakaranakatta?\n \n```\n\nWhat's the difference?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-28T16:04:04.603",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54102",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "\"ja nai\" after a verb",
"view_count": 1862
} | [
{
"body": "You are misinterpreting the meaning of the phrases. The translation is:\n\n```\n\n あるじゃない？ = there is, no?\n わかったじゃない？ = you understood it, right?\n \n```\n\nThat is, it is a positive statement with a question whether it is true or not.\nYou can parse it in two parts: わかった = you understood, じゃない = is not, where the\nfirst part functions as a adjective where the adjective describes a state of\n\"you\" in this case, so it is as if you are asking \"is not (adjective)?\"\n\nAlso, the natural way of saying a phrase like that is to add an ん after the\nverb. You can say without the ん but that becomes a bit \"stiff\"/\"hard\". Most\nlikely the source where you heard this actually said: あるんじゃない？",
"comment_count": 4,
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{
"body": "あるじゃない{HLLLL} （ない{HL}）means \"Look / Wow, there's (something)!\".\n\nあるじゃない{HLLLLH}？ means \"By the way / You know, there's (something), right?\".\n\nあるじゃない{HLLLHL} means \"It's not ある! / Shut up! Don't say ある!\".\n\nあるじゃないぃ{HLLLHLH}？ means \"What? You mean, it's not ある?\".\n\n（だから）あるんじゃない{HLLLLL}（ない{HL}）means \"(that's why) there's (something), no?\".\n\nあるんじゃない{HLLLLLH}？ means \"I guess there's one\".\n\nあるんじゃない{HLLLLHL} means \"It's not that there's one (but ...)\".\n\nあるんじゃないぃ{HLLLLHLH}？ means \"(I thought there was but) you mean, it's not the\ncase?\"",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2017-10-29T08:08:12.047",
"id": "54123",
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| 54102 | null | 54123 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54104",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I'm reading manga and as these adventurers charge towards a lion-like beast in\nhopes of capturing it, they yell out:\n\n畳【たた】み掛【か】けるぞ！\n\nNow, according to multiple different dictionaries, this phrase means \"to press\nfor an answer\" but context-wise this makes no sense since the beast can't\ntalk. Is there some sort of less common meaning for this phrase or is it a pun\nthat I don't get or something?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-28T16:46:15.587",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54103",
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"owner_user_id": "21932",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning"
],
"title": "Weird battle cry in manga",
"view_count": 655
} | [
{
"body": "That is actually a very common battle cry; It is not weird at all.\n\nIt means \" ** _Attack in waves!_** \" and it is very often used in sports (and\ngames) as well.\n\nThere is no pun involved here, either.\n\nThe meaning you found in the dictionary is for the **_verbal_** kind of 畳み掛け\nwhereas the usage you found in your manga is of the **_physical_** kind.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-28T16:54:51.677",
"id": "54104",
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{
"body": "I will add another answer, because the first answer does not use any sources.\nWhich are of course vital and might help you in knowing multiple sites for\nresearch later on in your japanese learning quest.\n\nBased on [this (with many useful similar expressions which might be more\nfamiliar)](http://thesaurus.weblio.jp/content/%E7%95%B3%E3%81%BF%E6%8E%9B%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B),\n[this](http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E7%95%B3%E3%81%BF%E6%8E%9B%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B)\nor\n[this](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1412527559).\nI would rather say that it means something like **relentlessly attack** (which\nis synonymous to attacking in waves as I just found out).\n\nJust to translate two definitions brought up in the above links:\n\n>\n> [逃げている状態の相手にさらに攻撃を加えるさま](http://thesaurus.weblio.jp/content/%E7%95%B3%E3%81%BF%E6%8E%9B%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B)\n> - keep attacking a fleeing adversary\n>\n>\n> [相手に余裕を与えないように，続けざまに働きかける](http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E7%95%B3%E3%81%BF%E6%8E%9B%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B)\n> - continuously attacking (/working on) your opponent without giving him any\n> breathing room\n\nThe final link explains the imagery of 畳み掛ける, which is close to the first\nanswer. It explains that it means _attacking in waves_ in the sense that it is\nnot just one attack but something that continuously happens, like waves one\nfolded over the other. Since, as you noticed, 畳み掛ける is not necessarily\nsomething related to attacking in the most literal sense.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-10-28T17:38:14.460",
"id": "54105",
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{
"body": "Adding to other answers, 畳み掛ける is used when something is coming from/going to\nin various angles, a multifaceted way. When you are working, you might be\nbesieged by a variety of things(checking e-mail, making an appointment,\ndepositing money, writing code and so on.)\n\nWhen you are trying to offend an opponent in a boxing, you are using a lot of\ncombination(jab, faint, straight, uppercut, hook and so on) so that opponent\ncan not escape.",
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| 54103 | 54104 | 54104 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54114",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Context: a person is describing the punches of a boxer.\n\n> 顔面ノーガードにスウェーから変則的な角度とリズムで放たれる拳。\n\nIs に making an adverb of 顔面ノーガード? Or does it indicates that the boxer is\nthrowing a punch **to** an opponent that is not protecting his face? My\ntranslation attempt:\n\n> After swaying without protecting his face, he throws punches with an unusual\n> angle and rhythm.\n\nIn general, can に form adverbs when attached to a noun in this way? I know\nthat it can do this with na-adjectives (as in 静かに), but I am not sure about\nnouns. Thank you for your help!",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-28T20:37:22.090",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54106",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-30T15:24:08.770",
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"owner_user_id": "17797",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-に",
"adverbs",
"sports"
],
"title": "Is に forming an adverb in the following sentence? Or is it just a preposition?",
"view_count": 215
} | [
{
"body": "I am answering for sports tag. Semantically speaking, I think the sentence\ndescribes the boxer's style. I think 顔面ノーガードにスウェー implies not protecting his\nface and inviting the opponents punches. It's like a counter punch.変則的な角度とリズム\ndescribes the motions like the boxer Nasim Hamid does. When the punches came,\nthe moment swaying back he throws the punch so that the opponents could not\ndodge. It is unusual/unexpected angle and rhythm to the boxer.\n\nEdit:\n\nI may think this “に” is listing particle like Naruto says in his answer.\nHowever, I think it can be adverb clause like the following:\n顔面をノーガードにしながらスウェーで避けてパンチを出す。As not guarding his face and swaying back from the\nopponent’s punch, he is throwing his punch from unexpected and strange angle\nto the opponent.\n\nI think he is always not guarding his face with his arms very well since he\nhas a good athletic skill. So, he cam use his arms more flexibly.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-10-29T02:05:47.873",
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{
"body": "A normal way to adverbially say \"(while being) unguarded\" is ノーガード **で** , not\nノーガード **に**. ノーガードで戦う is okay, but ノーガードに戦う is highly questionable, if not\nentirely wrong.\n\nThis に can be interpreted in two ways:\n\n 1. に is a direction marker (\"against; toward\") and modifies 放たれる. 「顔面がノーガードのところに向けて放たれる拳」. The opponent is unguarded.\n 2. に is a listing particle [described here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12188/5010) and lists two nouns, 顔面ノーガード and スウェー, in parallel. 「顔面をノーガードにして、かつスウェーをしながら、放たれる拳」 The puncher is unguarded.\n\nUnfortunately your \"context\" doesn't help much to distinguish. I feel 2 is\nmore likely and natural, though. If 1 were intended, the sentence would\nusually be 「スウェーから変則的な角度とリズムでノーガードの顔面に放たれる拳」.",
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| 54106 | 54114 | 54121 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "title says all basically\n\nif someone (i'll use the name bob smith as an example) were to introduce\nthemselves, would they call themselves \"smith bob\" or just \"bob smith\"",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-29T01:01:44.370",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54109",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"culture",
"greetings"
],
"title": "When you introduce yourself to someone, do you say your first name first, or your last name first?",
"view_count": 1715
} | [
{
"body": "As far as I know it is not clearly defined, whether to adjust to Japanese\nnorms or if the norms of the language of origin should be used. As for\n\"famous\" people (i.e. people appearing in books, articles etc), the norm is to\nwrite it in the same way as he writes it, that is, for European or American\npeople it would be written (first name) (last name). However, official\nJapanese documents (passports, driver's license, family register etc) apply\nthe Japanese system for foreigners and natives alike, writing (last name)\n(first name).\n\nIn my own experience, judging from how people interpret your name, it is best\nto adjust to Japanese norms and say the last name first, since otherwise they\nwill all think that your first name is your last name.\n\nAlso, the common way of writing a foreign name is by using a ・ between (first\nname) and (last name) and to use a = instead of a hyphen in combined names.\nThis is the current norm, but the Japanese ministry of culture used to support\nhaving an = instead of the ・ between the (first name) and the (last name) and\nthis still remains mainly in school textbooks.",
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| 54109 | null | 54112 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54111",
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"body": "What does くり mean after the stem of ます form?\n\n> いやいやいや、わかりま **くり** でしょ。優ちゃんが読んでるその本にも書いてあるしさ。",
"comment_count": 0,
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"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "What does くり mean?",
"view_count": 222
} | [
{
"body": "The word is 「まくり」 and not 「くり」.\n\n> 「Verb in 連用形{れんようけい} \"continuative form\" + まく **る** 」\n\nmeans:\n\n> \"to do a lot of\", \"to (verb) like crazy\", \"to (verb) very easily and/or\n> completely\", etc.\n\n「まく **り** 」 is the noun form of the verb 「まく **る** 」.\n\nThus, 「わかりまくりでしょ」 means \"You get/understand it completely, dontcha?\"\n\n> \"Nah, nah, nah, you get it completely, dontcha? (Coz) It's discussed in the\n> book you're reading, too.\"\n\n(I am assuming that 優ちゃん is the name of the listener.)",
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| 54110 | 54111 | 54111 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54127",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "When I am watching the Japanese drama, I can always hear some abbreviations of\nexpression. But I can not get the original expressions so how to learn them.\n\nFor example, 直んねー 、すげぇ、",
"comment_count": 9,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-29T01:45:15.707",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54113",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"words",
"usage"
],
"title": "How to recognize the abbreviation of spoken Japanese?",
"view_count": 246
} | [
{
"body": "In Japanese, there are many ways in which sounds are changed when put\ntogether. Many of these conform to the rules of standard Japanese, whereas\nsome are more colloquial. There are also many regional differences so my\nsuggestion is that you simply try to listen to the people around you to try to\nlearn and then mimic their usage. Anyway, to give you a base to start with,\nthe different types of sound changes are:\n\n 1. 連濁{れんだく} - you add dakuten 花{はな} + 火{ひ} → 花火{はなび}\n\n 2. 促音化{そくおんか} - a small つ is added 引{ひく} + 越{こし} → 引っ越し, やはり → やっぱり\n\n 3. 転音{てんおん} - a vowel sound is changed 白{しろ} + 川{かわ} → 白川{しらかわ}\n\n 4. 撥音化{はつおんか} - consonant change to ん ぶつ 殴{なぐ}る → ぶん殴{なぐ}る\n\n 5. 音韻添加{おんいんてんか} - to help connect the the two parts by adding a consonant 真{ま} + 中{なか} → 真{ま}ん中{なか}, 真{ま}っ白{しろ}, 春雨{はるさめ}\n\n 6. 音韻脱落{おんいんだつらく} - a sound is dropped to better connect 川{かわ} + 原{はら} → 川原{かわら}\n\n 7. 音韻融合{おんいんゆうごう} - Two sounds are fusioned 手洗{てあらい} → たらい, 胡{き} + 瓜{うり} → 胡瓜{きゅうり}\n\n 8. 音位転換{おんいてんかん} - metathesis, change of order of two sounds 雰囲気{ふんいき} → ふいんき\n\nNow, I might have missed something, but these should be the main types that\nare possible. Most of these are applied already in standard Japanese, as they\nsimply are a natural change of the language and you could say that colloquial\nspeech is when new applications of the above are done. All the examples I gave\nabove (except for たらい and ふいんき) are changes that are considered the correct\nform nowadays. Below I'm giving examples of colloquial speech that should be\navoided when you have to write standard Japanese. In colloquial speech I would\nsay that 2, 4 and 7 are the important ones.\n\na few examples: わからない → わかんない 4\n\nかもしれない → かもしんない 4\n\nしなくては → しなくちゃ 7\n\nしなければ → しなけりゃ 7\n\nしなければならない → しなきゃなんない 7+7+4\n\nたかい → たけえ 7\n\n直らない → 直んねー 4+7\n\n映画｛えいが｝ → えが 7\n\nしておく → しとく 7\n\nするから → すっから 2\n\nするから → すんから 4\n\n人｛ひと｝ → しと\n\nIn the area around Tokyo, it is common to apply 7 for vowel combinations a+i\nand o+i to e (not all the time though!). It is also common with changing\nラ-sounds using 2 or 4.",
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| 54113 | 54127 | 54127 |
{
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"body": "Found it in the lyrics of [BUMP OF CHICKEN -\nAnswer](https://lyricsjpop.blogspot.com.au/2016/12/bump-of-chicken-\nanswer.html)\n\n> 想像つかない昨日を越えて その延長の明日を抱えて \n> 小さな肩 震える今 それでも笑った \n> **迷路の奥のダイヤ** のような \n> 届かなかった風船のような \n> 気づけなかった流星のような \n> 涙をもらった\n\nI googled a lot without a clue finally. Is it a reference of a game or\nsomething?",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-29T03:28:37.387",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54115",
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"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "18004",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"words",
"song-lyrics",
"metaphor"
],
"title": "What does 迷路の奥のダイヤ mean?",
"view_count": 160
} | [
{
"body": "Having read the entire lyrics, I would say that that part is saying:\n\n\"Your tears are as precious as a diamond (hidden) in the inner part of a\nlabyrinth\".\n\n(As a non-game-player, I could not answer the game reference bit. I can,\nhowever, say that at least there is no such suggestion made in the lyrics.)",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-10-29T04:20:07.523",
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| 54115 | null | 54119 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54118",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I am a total noob when it comes to Japanese, so I am reading よつば Vol.1 to try\nand pick up some simple words/phrases.\n\nOn page 4, Yotsuba's father says, in response to her asking if there is a\nfestival that day:\n\n> 学校だ学校\n\nI understand that he is telling her that there is a school, but is there a\nreason why he says this instead of just\n\n> 学校だ\n\nI figure this may just be an expressive thing, almost as if to say \"Calm down,\nit's just a school\", but I wanted to check if there is some grammatical reason\nwhy he says this.\n\nApologies if this question does not belong here, or if I have misunderstood\nsomething!\n\nThe panel in question:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/GaJIZ.png)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-29T03:39:41.613",
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"id": "54116",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-29T04:01:23.250",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"translation",
"expressions",
"manga"
],
"title": "Question about repeating the object after だ",
"view_count": 297
} | [
{
"body": "> 「Noun + だ/よ/だよ, etc. + Same Noun」\n\nis simply an emphatic way of saying\n\n> 「Noun + だ/よ/だよ, etc.」\n\nThis expression is very common in informal daily conversations. You may want\nto remember that in Japanese, words tend to get repeated more often than in\nEnglish.\n\nThus, 「学校{がっこう}だ学校」 here means \" ** _You have school today. School!_** \"\n\n「学校」 here means \"school\" and not \" **a** school\".",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2017-10-29T04:01:23.250",
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| 54116 | 54118 | 54118 |
{
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"body": "I confuse with usage of 探し in this sentence:\n\n> 探しに行くんだ そこへ\n\nI have tried to google it. But they show me 探す which is a u-verb. And I am\nunable to find _sagashi_. The closest one is _sagashita_ which is its past\nform. It is a type of clipping such as \"chemistry\" becomes \"chem\" or what?\n\nMy question is: in what form _sagashi_ is and when to use it?",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-29T04:58:18.787",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54120",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-10-29T09:27:26.847",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "26309",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"conjugations",
"renyōkei",
"verbs-of-motion"
],
"title": "In which word form does 探し belong to?",
"view_count": 116
} | []
| 54120 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54125",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Context: a girl and her parents are attacked, and her parents are killed\nbefore she is saved by someone. He apologizes (for being too late to save her\nparents) and then says this:\n\n> ……せめて。せめてこれから君が苦しまなくて済むよう、君にお守りをつけておくよ。\n\nI think he means something like: \"At least I will wear a charm for you so that\nyou don't need to suffer after this.\" (Or does he mean that she will wear it?\nI'm a little confused because of \"君に\" in the second half.)\n\nAfter that he says:\n\n> _こんなこと、俺に許されるのか分からないけど_ 、それでも君が心配だから。\n\nI don't really understand what he is trying to say in the middle part\n(embedded question?) because the verb is passive and he is the doer. So is he\nsaying something like: \"I don't know/understand if this situation (こんなこと? the\nfact that he didn't save her parents?) will be forgiven by myself, but...\"? Or\nam I totally wrong about what he means? And does から at the end refer to the\nprevious sentence about the charm? That he (or she?) will wear a charm because\nhe is worried about her?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-29T09:49:36.383",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54124",
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"owner_user_id": "26303",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"particle-に",
"passive-voice",
"particle-から"
],
"title": "Confusing embedded question: こんなこと、俺に許されるのか分からないけど",
"view_count": 349
} | [
{
"body": "> ……せめて。せめてこれから君{きみ}が苦{くる}しまなくて済{す}むよう、君にお守{まも}りをつけておくよ。\n>\n> I think he means something like: \"At least I will wear a charm for you so\n> that you don't need to suffer after this.\" (Or does he mean that she will\n> wear it? I'm a little confused because of \"君に\" in the second half.)\n\nIt is the listener, and _**not**_ the speaker, who will be wearing a charm.\n\n「君 **に** ～～ **を** つける」 means \" _ **(I will) attach ~~ to you**_ \".\n\n> こんなこと、俺{おれ}に許{ゆる}されるのか分{わ}からないけど、それでも君が心配{しんぱい}だから。\n>\n> I don't really understand what he is trying to say in the middle part\n> (embedded question?) because the verb is passive and **he is the doer**.\n\nHe is _**not**_ the doer. He is saying that he might not be permitted. The\nperson who might or might not permit is the listener and not the speaker.\n\n> So is he saying something like: \"I don't know/understand if this situation\n> (こんなこと? the fact that he didn't save her parents?) will be forgiven by\n> myself, but...\"?\n\nSorry to keep replying negatively, but the answer is 'no' again. (You may be\nreading something that is way above your current Japanese proficiency.)\n\nJudging from the context that you have given, the speaker is talking about\nwhether he would be permitted to attach that charm to her without her consent.\nHe is worried he might not be permitted to do so by her. Thus, 「こんなこと」 refers\nto the speaker attaching the charm to her.\n\n(If, however, the larger and unprovided context suggests that 「こんなこと」 would\nrefer to the fact that he didn't save her parents, you would need to show it\nto us. Normally, that would be much too serious a matter to describe as\n「俺に許されるのか分からない」. What happened already happened. Why would he wonder if he\nwould be allowed to let it happen _**after**_ it happened?)\n\n> And does から at the end refer to the previous sentence about the charm? That\n> he (or she?) will wear a charm because he is worried about her?\n\nYes, it does. It is like saying 「それでも心配だから, I did it. (= attached the charm to\nyou)」.\n\nIt is very common to end a sentence with 「から」、「だから」、「ので」, etc. unlike in\nEnglish.",
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{
"body": "> **こんなこと** 、俺に許されるのか分からないけど、それでも君が心配だから。\n\nI think \"こんなこと\" means \"to put an amulet on you\" not \"the fact that he didn't\nsave her parents\".\n\nSo, my attempt is like \"I don't know whether I'm allowed to put an amulet on\nyou, but even so I'll do it because I'm worried about you.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-10-29T11:01:36.243",
"id": "54126",
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"owner_user_id": "20624",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 54124 | 54125 | 54125 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> このデータをうまく活用して、何かできないかな。\n\nThis sentence is from Wanikani, and it's translated as \"I don’t know if I can\nput this data to good use.\" I understand the first part of the sentence, but I\ndon't know why 何かできないかな is translated, or has the meaning of \"I don't know.\"\nIs it a set phrase?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-29T17:00:56.657",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54129",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-29T18:10:17.160",
"last_edit_date": "2017-10-29T17:55:22.777",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "25075",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"modality"
],
"title": "Can someone please explain to me the grammar in the sentence このデータをうまく活用して、何かできないかな。",
"view_count": 118
} | [
{
"body": "かな is added to add some kind of uncertainty to the sentence, to show that you\nare unsure. It is often a way of asking someone else for confirmation.\n\nTo make a more literal translation I would thus say:\n\n> I wonder if something can't be done, to put this data to good use",
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| 54129 | null | 54130 |
{
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"body": "I'm currently learning the Desire Form of the verbs and I'd like to know why\nin this phrase, it's used 行き and not 行きたい.\n\n> 私はショッピングモールに **行き** 、自分のために服を買いたい\n\nThe たい form should be added only at the last verb? Like in this case that it\ngoes to the 買います verb. Is that a rule? Does it work for other verb\nconjugations such as Past and/or Conditional?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-29T23:18:40.340",
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"id": "54133",
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"owner_user_id": "25472",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning"
],
"title": "Why use 行き and not 行きたい?",
"view_count": 432
} | [
{
"body": "The 行き in the first part of the sentence is the 連用形 (れんようけい, also known as the\nmasu-stem) and it's often used in writing the same way that the て form is used\nto act to connect two related clauses into one sentence. So it has no\nimplication of desire, it's the same as if it said 行って, but is typically used\nthis way in writing.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-10-29T23:37:59.230",
"id": "54134",
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"owner_user_id": "20479",
"parent_id": "54133",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 54133 | 54134 | 54134 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I am confused with the word form 会いたくなる belongs to.\n\nThis phrase is found in this sentence:\n\n> ひとりでいると 会いたくなるよ\n\nSo far, what I know: \n会う: meet \n会いたい: want to meet\n\nBut I don't know what is 会いたくなる and how this phrase is formed?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-30T02:52:04.903",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54135",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-10-30T15:09:26.457",
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"owner_user_id": "26309",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What form does 会いたくなる belong to?",
"view_count": 1044
} | [
{
"body": "> 〜になる 〜くなる\n\nexpresses a change of state, as in becoming.\n\n> 忙しくなる to become busy (忙しい)\n>\n> 綺麗になる to be clean/beautiful\n>\n> ヒーローになる to become a hero\n\nIn your example\n\n> 会いたい ー 会いた（い ー> くなる）\n\nyou say that you feel you are missing someone/thing, therefore you want to\nsee/meet him/her/them/it.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-30T03:11:16.413",
"id": "54136",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-30T03:11:16.413",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "25446",
"parent_id": "54135",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "> 「Verb in 連用形{れんようけい} (continuative form) + たくなる」\n\nmeans:\n\n> \"to get the urge to (verb)\"\n\nYou will keep encountering this pattern for as long as you study Japanese.\n\nThe verb 「なる」 always expresses a change of state; It is a key verb in the\nlanguage. I could not live one day without using 「なる」 at least 20 times just\nas an English-speaker could not live a day without using the verb \"to get\" at\nleast 20 times. 20 would probably be an understatement, too.\n\nNotice that both 「会い」 and 「たく」 are 連用形 of 「会う」 and 「たい」, respectively. 連用形 is\nextremely important and that is why I have to say \"連用形{れんようけい} (continuative\nform)\" all the time here even if it takes me a long time to type all that each\ntime.\n\nSo, the sentence in question means:\n\n> \"I get the urge to see you when I am alone.\"",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-30T03:12:53.770",
"id": "54137",
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"score": 4
}
]
| 54135 | null | 54137 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "In an article I found it said the meaning of it is \"I will drink tea.\" But in\nanother article it showed the meaning to be \"(Someone is) drinking tea.\" So\ncan it be used to say \"He/she is drinking tea\" and \"He/she will drink tea\"?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-30T03:16:24.970",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54138",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-30T20:47:39.670",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "25700",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Is お茶を飲みます just \"I will drink tea\" or does it have other meanings?",
"view_count": 3286
} | [
{
"body": "The sentence literally just says \"drink tea\". It does not say who is doing it.\n\n> [彼・彼女・私は]お茶を飲みます。 [He/she/I] drink(s) tea.\n\nIt is important to remember that the Japanese present tense can refer to an\nevent that is happening now or a repeated action or even something that will\nhappen in the future, so it can be used to say either \"drinks\" or \"will\ndrink\".",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-10-30T03:20:47.720",
"id": "54139",
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},
{
"body": "Strictly speaking,\n\n> 「お茶{ちゃ}を飲{の}みます。」\n\ncan mean two different things.\n\n> 1) \"(Someone) drinks tea (customarily).\"\n>\n> 2) \"(Someone) will/is going to drink tea (now or in the near future).\"\n\nHowever, to speak strictly on the native level, the sentence **_cannot_**\nmean:\n\n> \"(Someone) is drinking tea (at the moment)\" as in the present progress.\n\nThat would be:\n\n> 「お茶を飲んで **います** 。」\n\nIn Japanese-as-a-foreign language, however, I am aware that they simplify\nthings a little for the beginning students. One such example would be to teach\nthat 「お茶を飲みます。」 can mean \"(Someone) is drinking tea.\"\n\nThis type of simplification takes place in teaching foreign languages in\ngeneral and not just in Japanese. So, I could not say that you should, as a\nbeginner, speak and write just like a native speaker does.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-30T03:31:39.857",
"id": "54140",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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}
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| 54138 | null | 54140 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54142",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I don't speak Japanese, but I notice in some manga (like Mr. Fullswing for\nexample), male characters tend to scream \"gya\" or \"guwa\" while female\ncharacters tend to scream \"kya\".\n\nIs it true that \"gya\" sounds masculine and \"kya\" sounds feminine? If it is,\nwhat makes \"gya\" masculine and \"kya\" feminine? Is it common practice to use\nthese interjections as such? If a female character uses \"gya\", does she tend\nto be describe as boyish (using \"ore\", \"boku\" and whatnot)?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-30T04:40:31.863",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54141",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-31T05:38:04.737",
"last_edit_date": "2017-10-30T18:54:50.847",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10168",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"onomatopoeia",
"interjections",
"feminine-speech",
"sound-symbolism"
],
"title": "Is the scream \"gya\" masculine and \"kya\" feminine?",
"view_count": 4614
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, きゃー represents screams of higher tone, and is clearly feminine or\nchildlike. [黄色い声](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/33768/5010) is usually\nきゃー. Gay characters often say きゃー in manga, too.\n\nぎゃー, on the other hand, is not necessarily masculine. When female characters\nuse ぎゃー, it's usually bolder, more urgent, or stronger than きゃー (for example,\na dying scream).\n\nIn general, voiced consonants tend to be used more often to represent larger,\nrougher and/or lower-pitched sounds. ガハハ is the sound of vulgar laughter of\nmiddle-aged men, whereas キャハハ sounds young/cute/feminine. The same is\ngenerally true for onomatopoeia pairs like ドンドン／トントン, ガンガン／カンカン, ギー／キー.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-30T05:29:20.637",
"id": "54142",
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"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "54141",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
}
]
| 54141 | 54142 | 54142 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I just learned about how to say \"don't\" in Japanese.\n\nSo far what I understand is:\n\nYou use stem form + ないて to say \"don't do something\"\n\nHowever, I am confused with the usage of 聞かないでよね in sentence:\n\n> 恥ずかしいこと 聞かないでよね\n\nDoes not it have to be 聞きないでよね instead of 聞かないでよね? Because it from u-verb 聞く\nand then become 聞き before it can be formed also into polite form with -masu\nending",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-30T06:59:17.003",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54143",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-30T09:24:12.997",
"last_edit_date": "2017-10-30T09:03:41.543",
"last_editor_user_id": "26309",
"owner_user_id": "26309",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "which one is correct 聞かないでよね or 聞きないでよね?",
"view_count": 305
} | [
{
"body": "恥ずかしいこと聞かないでよね！ is correct, because negative forms turn the -u into -a. 聞く ->\n聞かない -> 聞かないでください, because we use the -te/-de form to ask somebody to do\nsomething (-te kudasai), which goes like:\n\n恥ずかしいことを聞いてください。 Please ask me embarrassing things!\n\n恥ずかしいことを聞かないでください。 Please don't ask me embarrassing things!\n\n<http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/complete/negativeverbs>\n<http://www.guidetojapanese.org/requests.html>\n\n-masu form is OK though, 聞く ー> 聞きます ー＞ 聞きません, but to ask something while keeping in the -masu form goes into humble and honorific form territory, so don't worry about that now.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-30T09:24:12.997",
"id": "54145",
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| 54143 | null | 54145 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54148",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "In my textbook, there are instructions for a composition. These instructions\nare the following: こんど、国際交流協会で座談会があります。テーマは「文化や習慣の違い」です。\n下のことについて、みんなで座談会の観衆尾をしましょう。\n\nThen, a list of further specifying instructions follows, specifying various\ntopics to talk about. One of them is the following:\n\nで話したことをまとめてメールで送りましょう It is this で at the very beginning which I have never\nseen so far ^^ Mostly because I've never seen particles taking the lead\nposition in a sentence xD Here's my attempt at translation. => \"Please send\nthe talked about things all in one piece with E-mail.\"\n\nEDIT: Since some asked for more context, I uploaded a scan of the full\nexercise. <https://www.docdroid.net/hBn7YgR/1.pdf> Its number 5, チャレンジしましょう.",
"comment_count": 5,
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"creation_date": "2017-10-30T08:49:06.410",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54144",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-30T13:02:41.023",
"last_edit_date": "2017-10-30T12:43:55.767",
"last_editor_user_id": "20172",
"owner_user_id": "20172",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "what is this で in front of はなした doing?",
"view_count": 191
} | [
{
"body": "Building on l'electeur's comment, it is likely just で which precludes a\nsentence that supposedly builds on the previous statement.\n\n> 先生はもう帰りました。で、どうしましょうか？ Professor already left. So, what should we do?\n\nIn your case, the instruction just tells you that after observing the\nroundtable discussion you should all gather and summarize your thoughts and\nemail them.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-30T11:47:37.480",
"id": "54146",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-30T11:47:37.480",
"last_edit_date": null,
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},
{
"body": "Now that you posted the link to the PDF, it's obvious that\n友達や先生に１）で話したことをまとめてメールで送りましょう means \"Let's send emails to your friends and\nteacher about what you discussed in #1\". The で is marking section #1 as where\nthe discussion took place.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-30T12:57:08.070",
"id": "54148",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-30T13:02:41.023",
"last_edit_date": "2017-10-30T13:02:41.023",
"last_editor_user_id": "20479",
"owner_user_id": "20479",
"parent_id": "54144",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 54144 | 54148 | 54148 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54156",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> 文部科学省は、病気などの理由以外 **で** 、１年に３０日以上学校を休んだ子どもが、２０１６年度に１３万４３９８人いたと発表しました。 \n> The Ministry of Education announced that there were 134398 children in the\n> 2016 school year who had more than 30 days of absence for reasons other than\n> illness.\n\nThe meaning is clear (I think) but the で after 以外 is confusing me. I'm\nfamiliar with two uses of 以外:\n\n 1. A以外のB = B other than A\n 2. A以外に... = Besides A ...\n\nWhat is the function of で in this sentence? How would the meaning change if I\nreplaced で with に?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-30T20:25:34.327",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54153",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-31T14:24:51.007",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-に",
"particle-で"
],
"title": "Difference between 以外で and 以外に",
"view_count": 1876
} | [
{
"body": "> 「文部科学省{もんぶかがくしょう}は、病気{びょうき}などの理由以外{りゆういがい} **で**\n> 、１年{ねん}に３０日以上学校{にちいじょう}を休{やす}んだ子{こ}どもが、２０１６年度{ねんど}に１３万{まん}４３９８人{にん}いたと発表{はっぴょう}しました。」\n\nIn this particular context, only 「理由以外 **で** 」 would be correct and natural-\nsounding.\n\nThe sentence states what happened for the reasons other than illness. In other\nwords, 「病気などの理由以外で」 modifies 「学校を休んだ」. It is of a reason-and-result type of\nstructure.\n\nIf it said 「理由以外 **に** 」 instead, the readers would expect that the\n**_enumeration and/or explanation_** of the other reasons would follow, which\nobviously is not the case here. Interestingly enough, though, you yourself\nstated:\n\n> 2. A以外に... = Besides A ...\n>\n\nwhich is correct. One would expect an enumeration to follow that.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-10-31T00:19:20.433",
"id": "54156",
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},
{
"body": "で is used simply because で is the normal particle you should use after 理由 when\nyou want to adverbially say \" **for** ～'s reason\". 理由に is acceptable only when\nused in the [`～を～に` pattern](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/20860/5010).\nHere 以外 does nothing about the particle choice; it can reverse the meaning\nwithout changing the particle choice.\n\n * 病気が理由 **で** 学校を休んだ。\n * 病気以外が理由 **で** 学校を休んだ。\n * 病気などの理由 **で** 学校を休んだ。\n * 病気などの理由以外 **で** 学校を休んだ。\n * とある理由 **で** 学校を休んだ。 (for a certain reason)\n * 信じられない理由 **で** 学校を休んだ。 (for an unbelievable reason)\n * 病気 **を** 理由 **に** 学校を休んだ。\n * 病気以外 **を** 理由 **に** 学校を休んだ。\n\nOther examples of using 以外 with arbitrary particles:\n\n * 私以外 **が** 行きます。\n * この店以外 **で** 買います。\n * 知っている人以外 **から** の電話\n * デザート以外 **を** 食べる。\n * 京都以外 **に** 行きたい。\n\nThese sentence are still grammatical if you removed 以外 (of course the meaning\nwill be reversed).",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-31T05:15:48.127",
"id": "54163",
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"score": 3
}
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| 54153 | 54156 | 54156 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54155",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I'm writing instructions for how to make a request, but I'm not sure which to\nuse?\n\n> 先ずは色を決めて下さい。\n\nOr\n\n> 先ずは色を選んで下さい。\n\nAre there any differences? Or am I completely off?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-30T21:23:20.853",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54154",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-31T02:36:11.280",
"last_edit_date": "2017-10-30T21:31:39.603",
"last_editor_user_id": "13959",
"owner_user_id": "13959",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"translation",
"word-choice"
],
"title": "選ぶ or 決める for ”First Choose a color\"",
"view_count": 283
} | [
{
"body": "I think it can be interchangeable in some case though.\n\n先ずは色を決めて下さい。It's like you are asking to select the background color of artwork\nin advance. To select one color in high-confidence. It sounds much more\ndecisive.\n\n先ずは色を選んで下さい。It's like you are simply asking to pick up one color in advance.\nIt can be a flexible request. You are not requesting one color controls its\nartwork.\n\nEdit: Sorry. A big mistake. deterministic -> decisive.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-30T22:54:22.360",
"id": "54155",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-31T00:17:37.490",
"last_edit_date": "2017-10-31T00:17:37.490",
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},
{
"body": "> A. 先ずは色を決めて下さい。 \n> Or \n> B. 先ずは色を選んで下さい。\n\nI agree with kimi Tanaka's answer (+1).\n\nThrefore, it depends on the application.\n\nIf there are many things to decide and rush to finish all the decisions, \"A\"\nwould be better. In this case backtracking at each option is not much\nexpected. \nOn the other hand, there is time to spare when using \"B\", and there is a\nnuance that it is highly tolerable for the selection, so in some cases it is\nalso permissible to select again.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-31T02:18:45.877",
"id": "54159",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-31T02:36:11.280",
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"score": 2
}
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| 54154 | 54155 | 54155 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I came across the sentence from a Manga which I think it would be Kansai-\ndialect form.\n\n> なんや ようわからんうちに気をうし **の** うてしまったが...\n\nI think that it would be volitional form so I have looked it up and found that\nit is 「うし **なお** う」which is different.\n\nI would like to know is there any concept or rule behind the transforming of\n「なお」 to 「の」. Or is it just a slur?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-10-31T02:12:12.293",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54158",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-01T15:52:44.837",
"last_edit_date": "2017-11-01T15:52:44.837",
"last_editor_user_id": "78",
"owner_user_id": "9559",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"conjugations",
"colloquial-language",
"dialects",
"volitional-form",
"kansai-ben"
],
"title": "Question about the verb 失う",
"view_count": 242
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{
"body": "> Kansai-daialect: **なんや** **よう** **わからん** うちに気を **うしのうて** しまったが... \n> Standard Japanese: **なんだか** **よく** **わからない** うちに気を **うしなって** しまったが... \n> _Although I fainted myself while I wasn't aware of it better_ ...\n\n~~I'm sorry I don't know the precise concept or rules behind the\ntransformings.~~\n\n* * *\n\n# EDIT\n\nIn the explanation\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/3688/is-%E3%82%84%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%E3%82%82%E3%81%9F-the-\nsame-as-%E3%82%84%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%E3%81%97%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F-what-\nis-the-grammatical-rule-behind-this), the example of the questioner can be\nread as if it is the relationship between ウ[音便]｛おんびん｝ in the Kansai dialect\nand 促音便｛そくおんびん｝ in the standard Japanese, but as shown below, there are\nexamples conforming to this rule and examples not conforming to this rule. \nLooking at the examples listed, even if a word in standard Japanse of the past\ntense form has the same sound as the word to that the rule can be applied, it\nis understood that this rule cannot be applied unless the ending form of the\npresent tense of the word is \"う\".\n\n現在形 促音便 ウ音便 \nStandard Kansai \nJapanese dialect\n\n> 失｛うしな｝う 失｛うしな｝った 失｛うしの｝うた\n\n会う 会｛あ｝った 会｛お｝うた \n合う 合｛あ｝った 合｛お｝うた \n有 **る** 有｛あ｝った ~~有｛お｝うた~~ \n仕舞う 仕舞｛しま｝った 仕舞｛しも｝うた 《片付けた》 \n終う 終｛しま｝った 終｛しも｝うた 《片付けた》 \nしまう しまった しもうた 《しくじった》 \n買う 買｛か｝った 買｛こ｝うた \n勝 **つ** 勝｛か｝った ~~[勝]｛こ｝うた~~ \n擦 **る** 擦｛す｝った ~~擦｛す｝うた~~ 《使い果たす》 \n吸う 吸｛す｝った 吸｛す｝うた \n縫う 縫｛ぬ｝った 縫｛ぬ｝うた \n塗 **る** 塗｛ぬ｝った ~~塗｛ぬ｝うた~~ \n叶う 叶｛かな｝った 叶｛かの｝うた \n適う 適｛かな｝った 適｛かの｝うた \n這う 這｛は｝った 這｛ほ｝うた \n貼 **る** 貼｛は｝った ~~貼｛ほ｝うた~~ \n張 **る** 張｛は｝った ~~張｛ほ｝うた~~ \n舞う 舞｛ま｝った 舞｛も｝うた 《踊｛おど｝った》 \n待 **つ** 待｛ま｝った ~~待｛も｝うた~~ \n違う 違｛ちが｝った 違｛ちご｝うた \n庇う 庇｛かば｝った 庇｛かぼ｝うた\n\n* * *\n\n# EDIT 2\n\nExplaining the relationship between \"失｛うしの｝うて\" and \"失{うしな}って\" by imitating the\nexplanation\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/3688/is-%E3%82%84%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%E3%82%82%E3%81%9F-the-\nsame-as-%E3%82%84%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%E3%81%97%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F-what-\nis-the-grammatical-rule-behind-this) it will be as follows.\n\n\"失{うしな}う\" is a \"ワ行｛ぎょう｝五段｛ごだん｝活用｛かつよう｝動詞｛どうし｝ _w-sound godan conjugation verb_\n\", so it has a stem ending with the \"[渡り音]｛わたりおん｝ _glide_ \" or \"半母音｛はんぼいん｝\n_semivowel_ \" with \"w\": \"ushinaw-\", and underwent different developments in\n\"関西地方｛かんさいちほう｝ _Kansai region_ \" and \"関東地方｛かんとうちほう｝ _Kanto region_ \" regarding\n\"語尾変化｛ごびへんか｝ _inflection_ \". In Kanto region, the \"w\" was interpreted as a\nconsonant, and was used to trigger gemination (a.k.a. 促音便｛そくおんびん｝) in\n連用形｛れんようけい｝ or in past tense:\n\n> ushinaw-te → ushinatte 失｛うしな｝って; ushinaw-ta → ushinatta 失｛うしな｝った.\n\nOn the other hand, in Kansai region, the \"w\" was turned into \"u\" (high back\nvowel), and then underwent further change of vowels (k.a. ウ音便｛おんびん｝):\n\n> ushinaw-te → ushinaute → ushinoute 失｛うしの｝うて; ushinaw-ta → ushinauta →\n> ushinouta 失｛うしの｝うた.\n\nIn addition, the dialect used in the Kanto region has been regarded as the\nstandard Japanese language. Wikipedia says\n[here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language#Modern_Japanese) \"Edo\n(now Tokyo) developed into the largest city in Japan, and the Edo-area dialect\nbecame standard Japanese.\"\n\nIf you read the above explanation carefully, you can see the reason why only\nthe verbs ending with \"う\", that is, \"ワ行五段活用動詞 _w-sound godan conjugation\nverbs_ \" conform to the 促音便 and ウ音便 rule, among the examples I mentioned in\nEDIT.",
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"body": "As mackygoo mentions in his answer, it is used only when the verb in\ndictionary form ends with う. However, it is incorrect to say this is Kansai\ndialect, as this is used in many different dialects. Also, what is strange in\nyour example sentence is that しまった should also change to しもうた. It might be\nthat the speaker feels uncomfortable saying it twice in a row (becaus of the\ntwo long diphtongs); in Kyushu dialect that I am used to, it is common to only\nsay it on the last or a verb-pair, e.g. 買ってしもうた instead of こうてしもうた, but both\nvariants for sure exist.\n\nAlso, a word not mentioned in mackygoos list of examples is 言{ゆ}う → 言{ゆ}うて\n(instead of 言{い}って) which has become quite typical of Kansai dialect and is\nused among youngsters as well. In Northern Kyushu I would say that 言{ゆ}って is\nmore common.\n\nThis conjugational variety (うしのうた etc) is used in the following dialects:\n近畿方言{きんきほうげん}（関西弁{かんさいべん}）, 岐阜西濃{ぎふせいのう}, 北陸方言{ほくりくほうげん}, 越後方言{えちごほうげん},\n諸県弁{もろかたべん}と鹿児島弁{かごしまべん}を除{のぞ}き全九州弁{ぜんきゅうしゅうべん}\n\nYou should be aware though that there are regional differences as to in which\nsociolects it is being used. For example in Hakata region (Northern Kyushu) it\nis quite uncommon for young people to use it, but it also varies a lot if you\nlive in the city or on the country-side.",
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"body": "お客様に満足してもらう？ kind of strange to think.",
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"tags": [
"giving-and-receiving"
],
"title": "why is \"わたしはお客様に満足してもらう\" not \"わたしはお客様に満足してあげる\"",
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"body": "お客様に満足してもらう is not strange at all, and this is a very simple example of ～てもらう.\nPlease check the [grammar pattern of\n～てもらう](http://japanesetest4you.com/flashcard/learn-\njlpt-n4-grammar-%E3%81%A6%E3%82%82%E3%82%89%E3%81%86-te-morau/). Also note the\ntransitivity; 満足する is \"to be satisfied\" and 満足させる is \"to satisfy.\"\n\nお客様に満足してもらう literally means \"to have customers be satisfied\", or more\nnaturally, \"to satisfy customers (by doing something).\"\n\nお客様に満足してあげる is grammatical but means something very strange, \"I will be\nsatisfied as a favor to my customers.\"",
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"body": "お客様に満足してもらう(お客様に満足していただく）＝お客様を満足させてあげる（お客様を満足させて差し上げる）",
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| 54161 | null | 54162 |
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"body": "I have a question regarding the difference between 欲しい and 要る.\n\nSo far, what I know both words mean \"want\". The first one is an adjective and\nthe second one is a godan verb with -ru ending. Now, I confused about the\nsentence below.\n\n> こんなレプリカは いらない\n\ndoes it has the similar meaning with?\n\n> こんなレプリカが欲しくない (I make this sentence by myself)\n\nwhat is the difference in those sentence? Thank you.",
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"tags": [
"word-usage"
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"title": "What is the difference between 欲しい and 要る?",
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"body": "The word 要る can be translated as \"to want,\" but it's more about necessity. If\nyou look at a Japanese dictionary, you are likely to see a definition as\nsimple as 必要である.\n\n欲しい is about desire, 要る has to do with necessity. Though, obviously sometimes\nthe two concepts have some overlap.",
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"body": "@Leebo's answer is perfect as good Japanese goes. In informal conversation,\nhowever, you very often use 要る to mean 欲しい。\n\nA: このゲーム機要る？ もう使わないんだけど。(Do you want this game console? I don't use it any\nmore.) B: 要る！！！ (I do!!!!)\n\nA's 要る can be replaced with 欲しい with very little change in connotation, but\nB's statement would sound somewhat weaker if she said 欲しい。That is, an\naffirmative 要る can express a stronger desire than 欲しい in informal use.\n\n欲しい, on the other hand, isn't used to express necessity.",
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"body": "I thought that syllables with an \"お\" sound get lengthened by an \"う\" rather\nthan another \"お\".\n\nI've seen this question asked on\n[hinative](https://hinative.com/ja/questions/15827), which mentions 遠い（とおい）,\n大きい (おおきい), 多い (おおい), 通り (とおり/どおり) and others, but the answers haven't\nreceived many upvotes, and aren't awfully long.",
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"tags": [
"etymology",
"orthography",
"spelling"
],
"title": "Why is こおり spelt with an お rather than an う?",
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{
"body": "Just as many other languages have, Japanese has gone through a number of both\nmajor and minor phonetic changes. English is certainly no exception, either.\nWhy do English-speakers continue to spell words like \" **knight** \" and \"\n**daughter** \" as such when they no longer pronounce those words the way they\nare spelt?\n\nJapanese has experienced the same problem of discrepancies between spellings\nand pronunciations as it is a rather old language. So, what have we done to\namend them?\n\nIn 1946, our government announced a set of \"rules\" that basically said that\nwords should now be spelt the way that represented their current\npronunciations -- or at least as much as possible. The new rules are named\n「現代仮名遣{げんだいかなづか} **い** 」(\"Modern kana orthography\") as opposed to\n「歴史的仮名遣{れきしてきかなづか} **ひ** 」(\"Historical kana orthography\"). (Notice my cool use\nof 「ひ」 at the end of the latter term. That is an example of phonetic change,\ntoo.)\n\nYou can read (if you read Japanese) about the announcement of 現代仮名遣い in its\nentirety here on the official website for our Agency for Cultural Affair.:\n\n<http://www.bunka.go.jp/kokugo_nihongo/sisaku/joho/joho/kijun/naikaku/gendaikana/index.html>\n\nMoving on to the specific example of 「こおり」 vs. 「こうり」 for 「氷」.\n\nThe original Japanese word for \"ice\" was 「こ **ほ** り」, or rather \"ko + **ho** +\nri\" when Japanese was only a spoken language. It was a 3-syllable word\ncontaining 3 distinct consonants. It was **not** an almost-2-syllable word\nwith an elongated first syllable as it is today.\n\nNow, let us consider the word 「高利{こうり}」(\"high interest rate\"). It never was\n「こほり」 to begin with. Thus, it is still spelt 「こうり」 in kana currently. As you\nknow, it is pronounced like 「こーり」.\n\n(It might help to remember that there is no 「おお」 in Sino-loanwords written in\nkana. There is only 「おう」 as there never occurred a ほ-to-お sound change in how\nSino-loanwords were pronounced in Japanese.)\n\nTherefore, as a sort of reminder of the historical origins of the words, our\n現代仮名遣い rules say that 「氷」 should be spelt 「こ **お** り」 in kana and 「高利」 as 「こ\n**う** り」 even though both words are pronounced like 「こーり」 in present-day\nJapanese.\n\nIncidentally, 「氷{こおり}」 is specifically mentioned in the above-mentioned new\nrules. Read #6 here:\n\n<http://www.bunka.go.jp/kokugo_nihongo/sisaku/joho/joho/kijun/naikaku/gendaikana/honbun_dai2.html>\n\nMind you, 現代仮名遣い is not a perfect invention. For instance, as you know,\nparticles 「は」,「へ」 and 「を」 are still written as such even though they have long\nbeen pronounced 「わ」,「え」 and 「お」, respectively. How words \"look\" is still\nimportant, our government must have thought. At least in the case of 「こおり」,\neven the first-graders know how to read and write it in kanji (「氷」);\ntherefore, we still managed to maintain the appearance of the word.\n\nFortunately or unfortunately, we did not have the English problem of possibly\nhaving to re-spell \"knight\", \"daughter\", etc. so that the words are spelt\naccording to their current pronunciation while still keeping the good,\nphysical appeal of the words.",
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"body": "For full context, see here exercise 3:\n<https://www.docdroid.net/rHnvU6R/2.pdf>\n\nThe sentence in question:\n\nA: 駅まで行ったら、この大雪のせいで電車が止まっていて......今日中に向こうに着くのは無理だっていうから帰ってきたんだ。\n\nFirst, my attempt at translation: \"I came back, because when I went to the\nstation, with the train being on hold because of the snowmasses they said that\nwithin this day, going to the other side (=going to the destination station)\nis impossibru.\"\n\nIn my opinion, 帰ってきたんだ sets the tense for the rest of the sentence, as the\nspeaker is talking exclusively about things which happened in the past.\nTherefore, I would also expect the \"...たら-clause...clause2\" to show another\npast tense in clause2, which also would quite fitting for the situation of \"I\ndid X and in consequence I discovered Y\" -> 家に帰ったら、猫がいなかった。\n\nHowever, here っていう sets the tense of clause2 to present. As far as I can\nremember, it is also grammatical to say ...と言いました or って言った. So I wonder what\nthe reason might be that present tense is used here? Also, how does it change\nthe meaning of the sentence, if it does at all?\n\nIn a question dealing with a similar problem, some of you said that if the\ncontext is strong enough, the tenses can be used however one wishes. Is this\nthe case here as well?\n\nOne sidequestion: Why is it 帰って **きたんだ** ? What is this 来る doing here? I can\nonly imagine two meanigns: Either 来る marks that the action is going in the\ndirection of the speaker like 兄が帰ってきた。 Or it marks that someone performs an\naction and then immediately returns like スーパーで牛乳を買ってきます。 I think the latter\nmakes more sense, but it seems a bit strange to me because until now, I only\nencountered cases where the speaker tells us about a thing he is about to\ndo/going to do in the (near) future with the intent to return immediately\nafter completing that action.",
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"title": "How do the tenses work in this sentence",
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{
"body": "> 今日中に向こうに着くのは無理だっていうから\n\nThis いう no longer describes a real act of saying something, but rather takes\npart in one of various idiomatic usages of っていう (colloquial form of という) that\nvirtually means \"being told\", \"reported that\" or \"by hearsay\", and, in this\nsense, never takes other than the dictionary form.\n\n> [**言う**](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/9767/meaning/m0u/)\n>\n> 3️⃣ \n> **５**\n> （「…という」「…ということだ」などの形で）話の内容が直接でなく他からの情報にもとづくことを表す。「気象庁の長期予報によると、今年の冬は寒いと―・う」「病状は峠を越したと―・うことなので安心した」\n\nAlso, in this particular case, replacing with 無理だっていったから etc. (i.e.\ninterpreting as a normal verb) is highly unnatural, as no potential subject is\nintroduced beforehand, neither is himself.\n\n> _One sidequestion: Why is it 帰って **きたんだ** ?_\n\nBecause a bare 帰る is closely associated with \" **go** back home\" rather than \"\n**come** back home\". You must always use 帰ってくる when you mention heading home\nwhile you are home.",
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"body": "> 今日中に向こうに着くのは無理だっていうから\n\n~~This phrase implies as follows.~~\n\n> ~~「今日中に向こうに着くのは無理だ」と（駅員が）言う（のを聞いた）から or\n> 「今日中に向こうに着くのは無理だ」と（駅員が）言う（のを聞いて、駅で待っていても仕方がないと判断した）から~~\n\n* * *\n\n# EDIT\n\n> 今日中に向こうに着くのは無理だ **っていう** から帰って来たんだ。\n\nI think the reason that the phrase given by the questioner uses the present\ntense in **っていう** could be explained by the theory using \"absolute tense\" and\n\"relative tense\", that is written\n[here](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%82%E5%88%B6#%E7%B5%B6%E5%AF%BE%E6%99%82%E5%88%B6%E3%81%A8%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%BE%E6%99%82%E5%88%B6).\n\nThe theory says:\n\n> In the main clause the tense is based on the point of utterance. This is\n> called **絶対{ぜったい}時制{じせい}** **absolute tense**. On the other hand,\n> subordinate clauses and relational clauses are sometimes based on the time\n> of the main clause rather than on the time of utterance, which is called\n> **相対{そうたい}時制{じせい}** **relative tense**. In Japanese, subordinate clauses are\n> relative tense and have nothing to do with the point of utterance.\n>\n> On the other hand, subordinate clauses and related clauses in European\n> languages are also absolute tense, based on the point of utterance.\n> Therefore, excluding direct citations, it is necessary to adjust the\n> tense/tenses to the point of utterance. This is called **時制{じせい}の一致{いっち}**\n> **tense matching**.\n>\n> Examples:\n>\n> * English: He said, \"I am at the station now.\" Japanese: 彼は「今駅にいる」と言った。\n>\n> * English: He said he **was** at the station then. Japanese: 彼はその時、駅に\n> **いる** と言った。\n>\n>\n\nThe same explanations as the theory are\n[here](https://sites.google.com/site/columtex/Contents/%E3%80%90rensai%E3%80%91%E3%80%8Ckotonoha%E3%80%8Dwomanabou14)\nand\n[here](http://www.bunkyo.ac.jp/faculty/lib/klib/kiyo/lit/l1502/xl150201.pdf).",
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| 54170 | 54173 | 54173 |
{
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"body": "> ……隠し事が苦手そうでおられますから。\n\nI'm a bit confused about the end of this sentence. I would have thought that\n隠し事が下手そうですから would be the only way of closing this particular sentence. I\nusually understand おる as a polite subtitute of いる but in this case I'm not\nsure how to interpret it. How does that work ?",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Confused about そうでおられます",
"view_count": 121
} | [
{
"body": "「おられます」 means the same thing as 「いらっしゃいます」. It is a politer and more\nrespectful form of 「いる」 or 「います」.\n\nSome might argue that 「おられます」 is an incorrect honorific form, but the truth is\nthat you will hear it said quite often. You will hear both 「おられる」 and 「あられる」\nused to talk about people higher in status than the speakers. Again, those\nmight also be considered incorrect, but they are in active use in formal\nspeech.\n\n> \"Since it seems rather difficult for you to keep secrets, sir/ma'am ...\"\n\nDepending on the context, the speaker may be referring to a third person.",
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| 54172 | 54174 | 54174 |
{
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"body": "A: 嬢ちゃん、茶ぁおかわりくんな！\n\nB: はい、少々お待ちください！\n\nIt's probably an informal way to say \"please\" or something based on the\ncontext, but I can't find anything to confirm that. Only that くんな can be a\nshorter and more masculine way to say 来るな, but I don't see how that makes\nsense here...",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-10-31T14:26:44.760",
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"score": 3,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "What does くんな mean in this sentence?",
"view_count": 1165
} | [
{
"body": "「くんな」 here means \" _ **gimme ~~, won't ya?**_ \". It is tough guy speech and\nyou would not hear it very often in real life (unless you are surrounded by\ntough guys. that is.) You would see/hear it more often in fiction.\n\n> \"Girl, gimme another cup of tea, will you?\"\n>\n> \"Sure, just a sec!\"\n\n「くんない」 will be heard considerably more often than 「くんな」 both in real life and\nfiction.\n\nBoth phrases should come from 「くれない」= \"Can you give me ~~?\"\n\nThis 「くんな」 has absolutely nothing to do with 「来{く}んな」(\"Don't come!\"). Those\nare even pronounced differently.\n\n「くんな{HHH}」 vs. 「来んな{HLL}」",
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"creation_date": "2017-10-31T14:39:16.940",
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| 54177 | 54178 | 54178 |
{
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"body": "Reading a basic text in my book, I found this short phrase with a relative\nclause:\n\n> あの人達もバスに乗る人達ですか。\n\nI would probably translate this sentence with:\n\n> Even those people will get on the bus?\n\nIf my translation is correct, what's the difference between the sentence above\nand the following?\n\n> あの人達もバスに乗りますか。",
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"creation_date": "2017-10-31T15:01:00.877",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"relative-clauses"
],
"title": "Relative with repeated subject",
"view_count": 89
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{
"body": "> A) あの人達もバスに乗る人達ですか。\n>\n> B) あの人達もバスに乗りますか。\n\nYou're absolutely correct. A and B mean the same thing, and B is more concise\nand to the point. A might sound redundant.\n\nIf a native Japanese kid write A, it may be proofread and corrected to B by\ntheir school teacher.\n\nIn other words, the sentence A is a typical-example-on-a-language-textbook\nsentence in order to teach you a relative clause. It may be unnatural in some\nof our actual daily life's settings, although it is grammatically correct and\nmakes sense.",
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| 54179 | 54180 | 54180 |
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"body": "Was there ever any practice of writing youon digraphs as a single character\n(taking up the same amount of space as a monograph), and if not would that be\na good idea?\n\ne.g. ハロｳｨーン or ハロｳｲーン instead of ハロウィーン, where ｳｲ (ｳｨ) would be treated as a\nsingle character.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-01T02:30:43.880",
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"tags": [
"history",
"kana"
],
"title": "Youon digraphs as a single character?",
"view_count": 152
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{
"body": "There is no such rule in the Japanese grammar and I don't think it would be a\ngood idea. I think it just weird.",
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{
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"body": "I was struggling with this part of Yotsuba vol1 and couldn't find any other\nquestions on it so I thought I would post here to make sure I am understanding\nthis right.\n\nThe sentence reads\n\n> お？どこでおぼえたそのセリフ\n\nAnd is a response from Jumbo after Yotsuba comments on how much he has grown\nsince she last saw him.\n\nJust from looking at an English version of the comic, I know that he is saying\nsomething long the lines of:\n\n> Hah. Where did you remember that phrase from?\n\nI know `どこ` means `where`, and from [Jisho](http://jisho.org/search/remember)\nit looks like `おぼえた` comes from `覚える` (to remember).\n\nThe last part, `セリフ` has a few translations on Jisho:\n\n 1. **セリフ** - serif (as in font/typography)\n 2. **台詞** - speech; words; one's lines; remarks (Usually written using kana alone)\n 3. **台詞回し** - theatrical elocution\n\nof which option 2 seems to make the most sense.\n\nDoes this all seem correct, and if so is there any reason why the last word is\nwritten in katakana?\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/hCxUz.png)",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-01T07:01:49.850",
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"tags": [
"words",
"kana"
],
"title": "Question about use of セリフ in Yotsuba vol 1",
"view_count": 1458
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{
"body": "> Does this all seem correct\n\nYes, it not only seems, it is correct.\n\n> if so is there any reason why the last word is written in katakana?\n\nNo. No other reason except for: \" _usually written using kana_ \".\n\nMost likely because one or more predominant dictionaries of the Japanese\nlanguage included that form as a referential, or some style guide defined this\nform as preferred.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-01T07:38:35.790",
"id": "54187",
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"body": "セリフ is usually written in katakana because the kanji 台詞 is a uncommon reading\nand putting it in katakana makes it easier to read, like they do with\nvegetables and the sort.\n\nAs to why katakana over hiragana? Again, it's easier to read. Note the lines\nbelow.\n\n> そのせりふはいいね。 \n> そのセリフはいいね。 \n> その台詞はいいね。\n\nOne thing kanji and katakana do in Japanese is help make reading easier.\nBecause we usually use hiragana for particles and copula, putting it in\nhiragana as well would make it harder to parse = read.\n\nAlso, in fictional writing, writing things that usually are kanji or katakana\nin hiragana gives the effect of sounding like a kid.",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-01T08:36:46.440",
"id": "54189",
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"body": "> is there any reason why the last word is written in katakana?\n\nYes, there is a reason. Writing it in katakana is most easy to recognize the\nword in the phrase for the average people who read this comic book.\n\nThere are four ways to write the phrase in the comic as follows.\n\n 1. どこでおぼえたそのせりふ\n 2. どこでおぼえたそのセリフ\n 3. どこでおぼえたその台詞\n 4. どこでおぼえたその台詞｛せりふ｝ or 台詞（せりふ）\n\n> ### EDIT\n>\n> ~~By the way **kana** in \"Usually written using **kana** alone\" means ひらがな,\n> not カタカナ.~~ \n> Knowing that kana is a generic term for hiragana and katakana, I'll explain\n> the following things. \n> Jisho's explanation of \"Usually written using kana alone\" means that you\n> are better not to use kanji in writing \"serifu\". However, it does not mean\n> that \"serifu\" should be written in katakana. \n> Therefore, it is incorrect to make a decision that \"serifu\" was written in\n> katakana based on the explanation of the dictionary.\n\nIn written Japanese, most highly educated people know the meaning of 台詞 and\nhow to read it, but if you use 台詞 it is safe to put ふりがな for it like 台詞｛せりふ｝\nor 台詞（せりふ）, because average people don't know how to read it. But ふりがな for 漢字\nimplies that the writer thinks the reader is uneducated person. In this\ndifficult situation, writers including the writer of this comic book would\nselect セリフ rather than せりふ, because all ひらがな phrase is difficult to make each\nword be recognized clearly ~~clear even if \"kana\" means ひらがな~~.\n\nAlthough it may seem strange, in Japanese language that has various ways of\nwriting, caretaking Japanese people would solve this kind of problem each time\nwith thinking this kind of consideration when they write someting with\nconsidering the level of the readers.",
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| 54186 | 54187 | 54187 |
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"body": "When attending my Japanese classes, my teacher would sometimes ask me\nだいじょうぶですか。\n\nHow should I respond to such a question? Usually, I would reply\nはい，だいじょうぶです。But the reply seems weird, and my teacher does not seem to\nacknowledge it. Or does this question not warrant any reply?\n\nHow do I respond to だいじょうぶですか?",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-01T11:11:00.230",
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"tags": [
"politeness"
],
"title": "How do I respond to だいじょうぶですか?",
"view_count": 1630
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{
"body": "You are very much correct! I feel like a lot of people ignore my achievements\nin replying are ignored too, so maybe Sensei doesn't think to reply with\n\"おめでとう!\"\n\nMaybe you were quiet or they didn't hear?\n\nIf you watch your favourite anime and a character gets hurt, others usually\nsay \"だいじょうぶか?\", and the character replies, \"だいじょうぶ !\". This is very informal,\nbecause they didn't use 'です', or even 'だ', but you get the jist - it's correct\nin Japan. I also have friends who are about JLPT N2-1 level, and even some\nJapanese 'friends', if you'd call them that, and they use it. Two good reasons\nwhy it's correct.\n\nJust by the way, the kanji for 'だいじょうぶ' is '大丈夫'. Easy and 3-4-5 strokes, but\norder of which of the three go where may be confusing.\n\n頑張って！(がんばって！)\n\n~よし",
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"body": "I feel that there are at least two things to consider here.\n\n1) Whether used in statements or questions, 「だいじょうぶ」 has **_so many_**\ndifferent meanings and usages.\n\n**2) You might be missing the non-verbal ways of communication employed by\nyour teacher.**\n\nSeriously, 「だいじょうぶ」 is like a king of expressions in informal daily speech. It\ncan mean:\n\n> \"O.K.\", \"all right\", \"will do\", \"satisfy\", \"convenient for one\", \"not\n> injured\", \"enough\", \"safe\", \"fine\", \"right\", etc.\n\nI could keep going if I were willing to ruin my autumnal 3-day weekend. You\nstated in your comment above:\n\n> When I asked my teacher some questions, she will reply to them but follow up\n> with 大丈夫ですか。Or when my teacher taught my class something new, she will also\n> ask us 大丈夫ですか。\n\nThis 「大丈夫ですか。」 would mean something along the lines of \" ** _Do you understand\nmy explanation?_** \", \" ** _Are you following me?_** \", etc. as @Chocolate\nstated above.\n\nYou could reply, 「（はい、）だいじょうぶです。」 or just 「はい。」 to that question from the\nteacher if she were speaking specifically to you.\n\nIf, however, she were speaking to the entire class, not everyone would need to\nverbally reply. You can choose to just nod or just let your eyes \"say\"\n「だいじょうぶ」.\n\nWould the teacher reply, in return, to that verbal reply by a student? She\nmight not verbally do so, but she might non-verbally by nodding and/or eye\ncontact. Japanese-learners miss this all the time. They tend to expect actual\nwords to be uttered, so they feel like their teacher is not acknowledging\ntheir 「はい、だいじょうぶです。」.\n\nIt would take some time,but you will eventually learn to communicate non-\nverbally with Japanese-speakers.",
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| 54193 | null | 54214 |
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"body": "The full sentence:\n息子はなんでもやりっぱなしで、困っています。彼が出ていった後の部屋を見ると、大変です。パジャマは脱ぎっぱなし、タンスは開けっ放し、テレビは付けっぱなしです。\n**どうしたら、きちんとした子供になるでしょうか** 。\n\nMy attempt at translation: \"I am concerned about my son because he leaves\neverything unfinished. When I look at his after-he-moved-out apartment, it is\nterrible. His pyjama is lying around, his chest of drawers is left open and\nhis television is constantly left on.\n\n_how can he do something precisely did sure becomes a child_ \"\n\nBasically, I can't translate this last sentence at all. I can still make some\nsense of \n子供になるでしょうか \"he sure becomes a child\"\n\nBut I can't in any way connect this to どうしたら let alone どうしたら、きちんとした to the\nrest of the sentence since I have no idea what to do with this した. According\nto jisho, きちんと is a suru verb, so I guess きちんとした should work like an attribute\nto こども, but taking this route my translation made no sense at all. If I\nassumed that\n\nどうしたら、きちんとした\n\nand\n\n子供になるでしょうか\n\nare two parataxes, then it could somehow work out:\n\n\"How can he do precisely (like) he did\"\n\n\"He sure becomes a child, doesn't he?\"\n\nHowever, this requires quite a lot of assumptions and one extrapolation\n(\"'like' he did\") which aren't backed up by anything.",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "How to interprete this きちんとした",
"view_count": 171
} | [
{
"body": "The word きちんと has a wider meaning than 'precise'. It also has a sense of doing\nsomething properly or correctly, paying attention to detail, etc. In this\ncase, the context is that the son never seems to do things properly or finish\ntasks as he should.\n\nどうしたら what should I do \nきちんとした子供 a child who is more conscientious \nになるでしょうか so that he becomes (open question)\n\n\"What should I do to see that he becomes a more conscientious child?\"\n\nI think you could replace \"conscientious \" with other translations that imply\nhe wants a son who is more aware of being tidy, finishing what he started,\netc. Hope that helps.",
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| 54194 | null | 54198 |
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"body": "A man says this to someone that attacks him and his family:\n\n> 妻にも娘にも手は出させん！\n\nAもBも means both A and B / neither A nor B, so I get that part. And 手は出す means\ntouch here I think. I'm not sure about the tense though. It might be a\nshortened version of the negative of the causative form of 出す (出させない). If that\nis correct, then it would make sense that the \"let s.o. do X\" meaning of the\ncausative is used here, and not the \"make s.o. do X\" meaning.\n\nSo then it would mean something like:\n\n> I won't let you touch my wife and daughter!\n\nEven though it's not really a difficult sentence, in the sense that you can\nguess based on the context what he's trying to say, I would like to know if I\ninterpreted the use of the causative correctly or not (if it is indeed a\nshortened version of the negative causative).",
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"tags": [
"causation"
],
"title": "Am I right about the use of the causative in this sentence?",
"view_count": 107
} | [
{
"body": "> 「妻{つま}にも娘{むすめ}にも手{て}は出{だ}させん！」\n\nYour understanding is in deed accurate except for the \" ** _shortened\nversion_** \" part.\n\n「出させん」 is a more literary, manly and dramatic way of saying 「出させない」. It could\nnot be called a \"shorter version\" just because it is physically shorter by one\nkana than the \"dictionary\" form.\n\nIt would be more natural for a man to use 「出させん」 than 「出させない」 in a situation\nwhere someone might be trying to (seriously) hurt his wife and daughter.\n\n「出させん」 is in the present tense as far as grammar goes but it refers to the\nimmediate future; therefore, your TL of \"I won't let you touch ~~~!\" is good.\n\nI would hate to sound nitpicky but your statement \"'手 **は** 出す' means touch\nhere I think.\" is a little off. It is 「手 **を** 出す」 that means \"to touch\", \"to\nhurt\", etc.\n\n「は」 is used here because it is used for emphasis in a negative causative\nsentence.",
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| 54195 | 54196 | 54196 |
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"body": "The full sentence: 彼女と知り合えたのは、 **寝坊していつもと違う電車** に乗ったおかげです。\n\nMy attempt at translation: \"Concerning that I could get to know my girlfriend,\nit is thanks to that I got _onto a different train when always oversleeping_.\"\n\nI got problems with the parts in bold/italic.\n\nFirst, I'm confused by いつもと. Is it いつも+と or a short form of いつも通り (=\n<http://jisho.org/search/itsumoto>) Since いつも is positioned strangely compared\nto what I usually encountered in my textbook so far, I would guess that it is\nthe latter. In this case, I would find it easier to interprete the sentence:\n\na)\"Concerning that I could get to know my girlfriend, it is thanks to that I,\noversleeping as usual, got onto a different train.\"\n\nor\n\nb) \"Concerning that I could get to know my girlfriend, it is thanks to that I,\noversleeping, got onto a different train than usual.\"\n\nIn version b, the A と B は 違う construction (if I remember correctly) would be\nreflected. However, いつも通り meaning \"as usual\", I'm still skeptical about wether\nor not I can make such a modification from \"as\" to \"than\".",
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"tags": [
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"title": "How to interprete this 寝坊していつもと違う",
"view_count": 509
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{
"body": "The key to understanding it is to split 寝坊して \"I overslept and...\" and いつもと違う電車\n\"a train I don't usually take\".\n\nHere's my (slightly loose) translation:\n\n> \"I was lucky enough to get to know my girlfriend from a time I overslept and\n> ended up on a train I don't usually take\".",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-01T14:12:58.823",
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"body": "> 彼女と知り合えたのは、寝坊していつもと違う電車に乗ったおかげです。\n\n * 寝坊して means 寝坊したので _because I overslept_\n * いつもと違う means いつも乗る電車と違う _different from the train I always take_\n\n彼女と知り合えたのは、寝坊していつもと違う電車に乗ったおかげです。= 彼女と知り合えたのは、いつも乗る電車と違う電車に乗ったおかげです。+ 寝坊したので\n\nSo my attempt is:\n\n> I got acquainted with her thanks to having taken a train which was different\n> from what I had always taken because I overslept.",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-01T14:56:35.097",
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| 54199 | null | 54203 |
{
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"body": "I was reading a book and ran into the following sentence:\n\n「 聞こえたか聞こえないかというくらいの音だ。」\n\nIt's supposed to mean something along the lines of \"The sound was so quiet\nthat I wasn't even sure if I heard it or not\". Now my question is why isn't it\n聞こえなかったか instead of 聞こえないか, what's the difference between the two, and how to\ntell when to use which?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-01T22:47:15.563",
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"score": 2,
"tags": [
"past",
"negation"
],
"title": "Negative Past Tense",
"view_count": 264
} | [
{
"body": "> 「 聞{き}こえたか聞こえないかというくらいの音{おと}だ。」\n\n**_Your_** translation is:\n\n> \"The sound was so quiet that **_I_** wasn't even sure if **_I_** heard it or\n> not.\"\n\nYou are clearly thinking in English here. 「聞こえない」 **_can_** mean \"I\n**_didn't_** hear it.\", too. In other words, **「聞こえない」 can mean the same as\n「聞こえなかった」**.\n\nIf you asked a group of native Japanese-speakers a question like:\n\n> 「今{いま}、そっちの方{ほう}から変{へん}な音{おと}、聞{き}こえなかった？」(\"Didn't you guys hear a strange\n> sound from that direction just now?\")\n\nQuite a few would reply:\n\n> 「聞{き}こえない。」 instead of 「聞こえなかった」.\n\nThat is real Japanese. The fact that one is talking about the immediate past\nis clear from the context/situation even if one said 「聞こえない」.\n\nLikewise, to the question 「昨日{きのう}バイト行{い}った？」, (far) more native speakers\nwould reply 「行ってない。」 than 「行かなかった。」.\n\nAnother possible explanation:\n\nYou could think of 「聞こえたか聞こえないか」 as a set phrase. The most often-used verb for\nthis expression would be 「言{い}う」. As discussed above, we often use 「\n**言った言わない** 」 in he-said-she-said arguments. Very few people would use\n「言った言わなかった」.\n\nThe longer phrases using 「なかった」 is just not rhythmical. With its long history\nas a spoken language, rhythm is still of utmost importance. In other words,\nsound is important to us as, after all, sound is all you have in a spoken\nlanguage. Just look at our abundant use of onomatopoeias. They rule our\nlanguage.",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-02T00:34:40.073",
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"body": "# 日本語\n\n> 「 **聞こえたか聞こえないか** というくらいの音だ。」\n\n「聞こえたか聞こえないか」は一種の慣用句であり、「聞こえたか聞こえなかったか」という意味を持った名詞とみなされています。文法的に見ると「過去形の肯定形＋現在形の過去形」ですので矛盾しているように見えますが、文法的に忠実である「聞こえたか聞こえなかったか」では、語呂が悪いのでこのようになっているものと思われます。\n従って、文法的な分析をあまり進めても無駄だと思います。 割り切って慣用句として覚えましょう。\n\n「言ったか言わないか」や「したかしないか」なども同じ性質を持った表現です。\n\nこの表現と似ていますが、「現在形の肯定形＋現在形の否定形」という形を持った表現として、「鳴るか鳴らない」「こぼれるかこぼれない」「出るか出ない」「（雨が）降るか降らない」などは、該当する動詞の動作がギリギリの状態であることを意味する別のタイプの慣用句です。この句の直後を上手に処理することで全体として名詞として扱うことで、次の用例で示すように時制の問題を\n~~回避しているように見えます~~ 回避することができます。\n\n次の用例を見ますと、上記の慣用句が、全体として過去形の文の中に使われていますが、この慣用句の部分を「現在形の動詞」とみなすと新たな疑問も出ますが、名詞として適切に処理しているとみるなら問題ないように思います。\n\n * 出発のピストルが **鳴るか鳴らない** （ **鳴るか鳴らない** かの）内に、選手は一斉にスタートした。\n * 水はカップの淵｛ふち｝から **こぼれるかこぼれない** かというギリギリのところで留｛とど｝まっていた。\n * 思い切って **でるかでない** かというところで悩んでいた。\n * 雨が **降るか降らない** かという微妙な空模様で開催の有無を決めるのはむずかしかった。",
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| 54206 | 54210 | 54208 |
{
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"body": "In this sentences I am referring to a book:\n\n１年前に読んで、本が好きだった。\n\n１年前に読んで、本が好きになった。\n\nAre both of them correct? What's the difference between だった and になった in this\ncase? I would like to say \"I read it one year ago and I liked the book\"",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-01T23:30:21.733",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"tense",
"aspect"
],
"title": "Difference between 好きだった and 好きになった",
"view_count": 848
} | [
{
"body": "* 好きだった is the past tense form of 好きだ. \n * 好きになった is to have changed into 好き from other than 好き.\n\n> (1) １年前に読んで、本が好きだった。 \n> (2) １年前に読んで、本が好きになった。\n\nBoth of (1) and (2) are unnatural for \"I read it one year ago and I liked the\nbook\".\n\nLiterally, it would be like：\n\n> (3) **それ** を１年前に読んだ、そして、 **その本** を好{この}んだ（, 好｛この｝ましく思｛おも｝った or いいと思った）.\n\nIn this case, 好｛す｝きである or 好｛す｝きだ as the interpretation for \"to like\" is\nimproper.\n\n(3) would be more natural than (1) or (2), but その本 should be written earlier\nthan それ like (4).\n\n> (4) **その本** を１年前に読んだ、そして、 **それ** をいいと思った。\n\nYou can say (4) like (5) without changing the meaning of (4).\n\n> (5) その本を１年前に読んで、いいと思った。\n\nI think the last (5) is very natural.\n\nSo (5) is my final attempt for \"I read it one year ago and I liked the book.\"",
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"body": "As far as grammar goes, you could say:\n\n> １年前に読んで、 **その** 本が好き **になった** 。\n\n(literally: \"(I) read (it) one year ago, and became fond of the book.\")\n\nor:\n\n> １年前に **その** 本を読んで、好き **になった** 。\n\n(literally: \"(I) read the book one year ago, and became fond of (it).\")\n\n～になった means \"became~~\", and 好きになった here means you started to like the book\nwhen you read it. So these sentences express that the book has been your\nfavorite ever since you read it one year ago.\n\n１年前に読んで、その本が好きだった is a bit unnatural and unclear. It sounds like \"I read the\nbook one year ago, and (then/therefore) I was (already) fond of it (when I\nread it)\", which doesn't make much sense.\n\nIf you want to casually say \"I read the book one year ago, and I liked/enjoyed\nit (in the sense 'it was good/interesting' 'I found it good/interesting'),\"\nyou could say like:\n\n> １年前に読んだけど、その本、良かったよ。/ おもしろかったよ。 \n> １年前にその本を読んだけど、良かったよ。/ おもしろかったよ。\n\netc...",
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| 54207 | 54209 | 54222 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54212",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "彼は川へ泳ぎに行った。 In this sentence, the 連用形 of 泳ぐ is placed in front of に, with the\naction verb 行く/行った, thus indicating the verb (to swim) for which the action\n(to go) is taken. My first question is if this construction (連用形＋に＋V) only\nworks for action verbs (i.e. V must be of the likes of 行く, 来る, 帰る, etc.). I\nbelieve I read somewhere that that's the case, but on Japanese products I tend\nto see [連用形]に a lot—for example, a coat hanger might advertise itself with the\nphrase 「コート掛けに」. This seems to indicate to me that the use of [連用形]に to mean\n\"to V\" is not exclusive to those of such constructions followed by an action\nverb. If there really is requirement for an action verb in this construction,\nwhat's the difference between it and V1ためにV2?\n\nSecondly, I have thought that whatever precedes に must be a noun (or 連用形,\nwhich—forgive me for my illteracy in grammar—I view as a pseudo-noun, if not a\ntrue noun). However, I've recently come across numerous examples of verbs in\ntheir dictionary forms being placed before には directly, e.g., 野球をするには寒すぎる. Is\nthis a peculiarity of には or does the generality hold that plain-form verbs can\ncome before に?\n\n(Example sentences taken from ウィズダム英和・和英辞典.)",
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"tags": [
"verbs",
"particle-に"
],
"title": "Usage of に after verbs",
"view_count": 1622
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{
"body": "There is a rather huge difference in meaning and usage/function between the\n「に」 and 「には」 that you are asking about.\n\n> 「Verb in 連用形{れんようけい} (continuative form) + **に** + 行{い}く/来{く}る/帰{かえ}る, etc.」\n\nIn this phrase pattern, 「に」 indicates one's **_intent or purpose_** for\ngoing/coming/returning to a place. Thus,\n\n「川{かわ}へ泳{およ}ぎ **に** 行った。」 means \" ** _went to the river to swim_** \".\n\nRegarding your question about advertisement phrases, it would be very\ndifficult to speak authoritatively unless you told us what exact words\nfollowed 「コート掛{か}けに」. It could mean \" **Use this for a coat hanger!** \" or \"\n**Attach this (product) to your coat hanger (for a good effect)!** \"\n\n「コート掛け」 would need to be treated as a noun rather than a verb in 連用形.\n\n> If there really is requirement for an action verb in this construction,\n> what's the difference between it and V1ためにV2?\n\nAn action verb is a must for this construction to sound natural and complete.\nAn important exception, however, would be when replying to a question like:\n\nMom:「何{なに}（を）しに川へ行くの？」\n\nBoy: 「泳ぎに。いいでしょ？」\n\nBoth mom and the boy know that the boy is going to the river, so the boy does\nnot need to use 「行く」.\n\nThe difference between the construction we are discussing and 「V1ためにV2」 is\nthat the latter places more emphasis on the intent/purpose part (= the V1\npart) and for that reason, the latter would tend to sound a little more formal\nand/or stiff. There is not really a difference in the basic meaning.\n\n> 「Verb in dictionary form + **には** + Phrase」\n\n「には」 in this structure means \"in order to\". This sentence pattern is usually\nused to describe how your plans/intentions/hopes might not realize because of\nwhat is stated right after 「には」.\n\n「野球{やきゅう}を **するには** 寒{さむ}すぎる。」 (\"It is too cold to play baseball.\")\n\nThis must be said with the dictionary form 「する」 and not the 連用形 「し」.",
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"body": "It seems that に can also be used for verbs serving as complements of verbs\nlike \"order\", \"promise\", \"force\" also called _control verbs_ in linguistics.\n\n私 は 門 を 開けるよう **に** 頼まれた\n\n'I was asked to open the gate.'",
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"creation_date": "2021-02-23T11:01:01.220",
"id": "84311",
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| 54211 | 54212 | 54212 |
{
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"body": "[full text, line 7](https://pastebin.com/zbeV48qs)\n\n> 俺にとっては、そんなこと興味はなくて。\n>\n> これは所詮、自分の中の衝動を満たすためのもの。\n>\n> 最強のライバルと、このシチュエーションで戦えるなんて、ゾクゾクするじゃないか。\n>\n> それが不謹慎だと言われようと、構わない。きれい事じゃないんだ。\n>\n> 興味があるのは、ただ、全国ランキング１位のヤツを倒して、その頂点――全一になることだけ。\n\nI don't understand the meaning of the `きれい事じゃないんだ` part over here in\nconnection with full sentence.\n\nafaik it's something like \"cosmetic words\" or \"lip service\" but still",
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"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Meaning of きれい事じゃないんだ",
"view_count": 356
} | [
{
"body": "綺麗事{きれいごと} is an expression referring to...well, exactly what its component\nwords suggests, really. It refers to words or ideas that are considered\n\"beautiful\" or \"proper\", generally as contrasted with the more \"dirty\" and\n\"honest\" nature of reality.\n\nIf someone is speaking 綺麗事, it generally means they're saying what people want\nto hear, or what will make them look good, or what adheres to society's ideals\n- but the implication is that they're _not_ being completely honest, whether\nit's because they're covering up their real motivations, or refusing to\nconsider a more practical solution that would go against those ideals.\n\nFor instance, idealistic superheroes are often accused by more cynical\ncharacters of dealing in 綺麗事. If a hero makes a speech about how they would\nnever kill a villain because that would be stooping to their level, someone's\nlikely to respond with そんな綺麗事並べてる場合じゃないんだよ！今あいつを殺さなきゃみんな殺される！ (\"This isn't the\ntime to be spouting your precious ideals! If we don't kill him now, he'll kill\nus all!\") Similarly, politicians are likely to be accused of dealing in 綺麗事\nrather than facing up to real-world issues.\n\nSo in the context of the passage you posted, a person dealing in 綺麗事 would be\nexpected to say the \"proper\" thing - that they're doing this for the sake of\nsaving the world, of giving people hope. But by saying 綺麗事じゃないんだ, the\nprotagonist is rejecting those notions - for him, it's not about all those\ngood and proper things. He's just doing this for selfish reasons - to fulfil\nhis own urges, because the idea of battling the ultimate rival excites him,\nbecause he wants to become number one.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-02T16:30:39.433",
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},
{
"body": "It's kinda like how English speakers say \"It's not pretty, but ...\". For\nexample in sports when a team is playing rough. \"It's not pretty but it gets\nthe job done\".",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-02T20:20:16.010",
"id": "54218",
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| 54213 | 54215 | 54215 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54221",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> まったく…こうなるとどいつもこいつも、殺したほうが、世の中の為になり奴ばかりに見えてくる\n\nContext: This is from a scene of Death Note were Light is reflecting about the\ncurrent state of society after seeing someone getting bullied.\n\nI find this sentence difficult to understand because I'm not sure about the\nmeaning of どいつもこいつも and ばかりに in this context.\n\nAccording to my translation attempt he is saying that he sees people that\nshould be killed for the benefit of society. But how does どいつもこいつも fit in here\nwhen there's 奴 already?",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-02T21:39:56.610",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54219",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-03T06:51:20.730",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "17515",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "How to interpret どいつもこいつも and ばかりに in this sentence?",
"view_count": 1104
} | [
{
"body": "> 「まったく…こうなるとどいつもこいつも、殺{ころ}したほうが、世{よ}の中{なか}の為{ため}に **なり** 奴{やつ}ばかりに見{み}えてくる。」\n\n「どいつもこいつも」 is a despising and slovenly way of saying \" ** _everybody_** \", so\nit is often translated as \" ** _every man jack_** \", \" ** _f***wits_** \", \" **\n_all those bastards_** \", etc.\n\n「ばかり」 in this context means \" ** _all (of them)_** \" as it is used in pair\nwith 「どいつもこいつも」.\n\nRegarding the 「なり」 part, as @snailplane pointed out, it would need to be 「なる」\nfor the sentence to make sense.\n\n> \"Damn! Given the situation, (just about) every f***er is starting to look\n> like one that would only serve the world better if wiped out.\"",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-03T01:42:22.680",
"id": "54221",
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"score": 2
}
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| 54219 | 54221 | 54221 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "I have been struggling on finding out what is the meaning of this sentence:\n\n> 嬉しくって 楽しくって 冒険も いろいろしたね\n\nEspecially in this part\n\n> 嬉しくって 楽しくって\n\nI know that those are adjective-i. But I do not understand how it is\nconjugated into that phrase. Please explain me how it is conjugated and what\ndoes it mean then. Thank you.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-03T07:51:58.277",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54223",
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"owner_user_id": "26309",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"word-usage"
],
"title": "Adjective-i +くって usage",
"view_count": 388
} | []
| 54223 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I recently came across this song that I really like, 「神居謡{かむいよう}」. \n(Link to the full lyrics\n[here](https://www5.atwiki.jp/hmiku/pages/18511.html).) \nThis sparked a few questions about archaic Japanese, which I know little of. \nHow would you translate 「神居謡」 anyway? \"Kamuy Chant\"? \"Kamuy Hymn\"?\n\nIn any case, I'm fairly sure that I understand the meaning of 「～ねど」, 「夢む」, and\n「萌ゆ」. \nWhat perplexes me is the usage of 「や」 in this context. I can guess, but that\ndoesn't really help. \nAlso, I wonder if there are other usages of archaic Japanese here that I am\nmisinterpreting in a modern context.\n\nThe other thing that I wonder about is the usage of 「君」. Did it mean something\ndifferent than what it means now? \nThe reason that I ask is because I know a handful of Chinese vocabulary. As we\nknow, kanji is borrowed from Chinese, with some things staying as is, and\nothers being altered.\n\nThe Chinese word for \"you\" is \"你\" (ni). \"君\" (jun) in Chinese refers more to a\nlord. \nSo, this leads me to wonder if 君 held a different meaning at all back then.\nIts usage seems strange within the song, to me.\n\nSpiritual and/or mythological references that I might be missing aside, it\nwould be nice if I fully understood the song simply on a language base.\n\nOne last thing.\n\n> 君や君や 夢む過客や \n> 賽に玩ばれて 見失う\n\nThese two lines are doing my head in. Is it to be interpreted as saying that\nthe singer has lost the person in question to fate?\n\nSorry for asking such a difficult question. I would be overjoyed if anyone can\nprovide some insight on the matters at hand. If you have anything else to add\nto what I have already inquired about, I would be grateful for that, too. \nIts easy enough to look up on Japanese forums the meaning of words such as\n「夢む」, but when they mirror modern words, it becomes harder to source an\nanswer.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-03T10:26:10.473",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54224",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-03T11:35:24.947",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "26360",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"archaic-language"
],
"title": "Questions About Archaic Japanese",
"view_count": 992
} | [
{
"body": "Concerning や, you can think of it as よ (vocative marker), and 君 just seems\nnormal \"you\" here. (Second person's pronoun usage of 君 dates back to ancient\ntime, though, for example, that of 君が代 seems to have originally mean the lord\nof Azumi.) So, the example sentence means \"You, a dreaming drifter, you were\nmocked by dice and at a loss\".\n\np.s I interpret 古き魚 波に躍る as \"an ancient fish drifts on waves\" unlike the\ntranslation in the video.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-03T11:35:24.947",
"id": "54226",
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| 54224 | null | 54226 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "I am still a bit confused as to when to use なら or たら in a sentence for an\n“if.....” question.\n\nFor examaple, if I want to say - “if there is a problem, please speak English”\n- what would be the most correct:\n\nもし問題あるなら英語で話してください\n\nOr\n\nもし問題あったら英語で話してください\n\nAnd what would be the difference?\n\nThank you..\n\nN.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-03T11:23:01.030",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54225",
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"owner_user_id": "26362",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "なら or たら - what is the difference when saying “if”",
"view_count": 58
} | []
| 54225 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I borrowed a Japanese children's book from the library to practice and of\ncourse I'm stuck on the title. It is called ごあいさつなあに。I know the first part\nmeans greetings or welcome, but I can't find any information online about the\nending part tacked on. I figure its a colloquial type of thing.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-03T13:23:58.770",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54229",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-03T13:50:16.157",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "26366",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"definitions"
],
"title": "～なあに at the end of a sentence",
"view_count": 175
} | [
{
"body": "It's just a singsongy way of saying the word 何{なに} (\"what\").\n\nThere seems to be a whole series of these picture books with titles ending in\nなあに, which would all translate into English as something like \"What's [X]\". So\nthere's おてんきなあに \"What's the Weather?\", このかたちなあに \"What's This Shape?\" and so\nforth. This one, ごあいさつなあに, would be something along the lines of \"What are\nGreetings?\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-03T13:50:16.157",
"id": "54231",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-03T13:50:16.157",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"parent_id": "54229",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
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| 54229 | null | 54231 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54257",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "For full context:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/9WIWd.png)\n\n> 僕たちは一つだけ決めていることがある。 それはよる10時を過ぎたら、自分の部屋で過ごすということだ.\n\nI think this ということだ expresses \"means\". \"Concerning this...it means (that)\".\nI'm asking for confirmation because my textbook also teaches ということだ as a means\nto express hearsay or to summarize what the partner in dialogue just said.\n\nMy attempt at translation: \"Concerning this, it means that when it is past 10\no'clock in the evening, I/we (?) pass time in my/our own room(s).\"",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-03T13:32:21.823",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54230",
"last_activity_date": "2021-02-10T22:37:37.070",
"last_edit_date": "2021-02-10T22:37:37.070",
"last_editor_user_id": "19278",
"owner_user_id": "20172",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning",
"expressions"
],
"title": "What is the meaning of this ということだ",
"view_count": 1985
} | [
{
"body": "Look at the previous sentence for context:\n\n> 僕たちは一つだけ決めていることがある。\n\n\"We just have one rule.\" So the ということだ nominalizes and raises the meta-level\nof the sentence to make clear that it's referring to the rule, not just a\nfuture or habitual action.\n\nI believe this is covered in detail in _A Dictionary of Intermediate Japanese\nGrammar,_ if you happen to have that book.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-03T14:00:37.137",
"id": "54232",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-03T15:20:41.890",
"last_edit_date": "2017-11-03T15:20:41.890",
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"owner_user_id": "25413",
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{
"body": "> to summarize what _the partner in dialogue_ just said.\n\nYour textbook has to be edited soon, like \"to summarize what ~~the partner in\ndialogue~~ _has_ just _been_ said\".\n\n自分が長々としゃべったことを最後に「要するに〇〇〇〇ということです」と言って、要約する（＝ 簡単にまとめる）ことは普通に行います。\n\nAlso your textbook has to add the following definition to what is written\nabove: \"to make clear what I/we declare/declared, decide/decided or the like\".\n\n\"ということだ\" in the text you posted corresponds to the latter definition edited.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-04T02:44:05.917",
"id": "54237",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-04T15:23:17.820",
"last_edit_date": "2017-11-04T15:23:17.820",
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"owner_user_id": "20624",
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{
"body": "The phrase ということだ does have several idiomatic uses, like indicating hearsay\nand paraphrasing, but it is not the case with this particular ということだ. Overall\nmeaning of the sentence will be clear by just adding up those of its component\nwords (if we treat ということ as one word having the function of nominalization,\nthat is). The basic structure of the sentence is almost as simple as that of\n「私は学生だ。」(\"I am a student.\"):\n\nそれ(Topic Noun) + は(Topic Marker) + よる...ということ(Predicate Noun) + だ(Copula)\n\nTranslation:\n\n> There is just one rule we agree upon. **It is that we spend time in our own\n> respective rooms after 10 p.m.**\n\nIt's just that your sentence has a predicate noun with ということ, followed by だ,\nand ということだ can have different interpretations in different cases, unlike 学生だ,\nwhich always means _be a student_.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-04T22:28:53.430",
"id": "54257",
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}
]
| 54230 | 54257 | 54257 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54234",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "The [JR Nara line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_Line_\\(JR_West\\)) and\nthe [Keihan Uji line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keihan_Uji_Line) are\nalmost parallel on their way through southeastern Kyoto and Uji. In most\nareas, both have a station and the names are clearly related if not identical\n(e.g. both have Rokujizou and Oubaku; JR has Momoyama while Keihan has\nMomoyama-Minamiguchi etc.).\n\nHowever, there is also a rather interesting pair of stations between Oubaku\nand Rokujizou: both stations are written 木幡 in kanji yet Keihan gives the\npronunciation as [こわた](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowata_Station) while JR\ngives the pronunciation as\n[こはた](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohata_Station). This matches what is\nheard in the announcements on their respective trains.\n\nI assume that the name corresponds to the name of the surrounding part of Uji.\nUnfortunately, I don’t know which of the two pronunciations would be correct\nfor that suburb. But how is it possible that the same combination of kanji\nwhen used as a name for the same place gives two different pronunciations?\n\n[A map showing both stations in Uji.](https://osm.org/go/7QHGR1WC9-)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-03T16:06:06.080",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54233",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-03T17:33:31.130",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "25893",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"pronunciation",
"names"
],
"title": "Two stations written with the same kanji but pronounced differently — why?",
"view_count": 383
} | [
{
"body": "Historically, は and わ are very closely related sounds. Before the spelling\nreforms around the end of World War II, the kana は was commonly pronounced in\nboth ways (and of course this survives into modern Japanese in the form of the\nparticle は).\n\nSo this is probably a case where the place name was historically こはた but the\npronunciation of the は was never fully standardized, and the two different\nversions still survive in different contexts today.\n\nIncidentally, the Japanese Wikipedia entries for the two stations include a\nnote that in addition to こ **は** た and こ **わ** た, there are some nearby\nplacenames that use the same kanji pronounced こ **ば** た (rendaku of course\nbeing another case of a common sound change that's not always consistently\napplied). What a very inconsistently pronounced word!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-03T17:33:31.130",
"id": "54234",
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| 54233 | 54234 | 54234 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54236",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "When connecting nouns, と means \"and\" and か means \"or.\" Can I use them\ntogether?\n\nEx.\n\n> ツナか牛肉とチーズでサンドイッチを作る。\n\nI think this would mean \"I make a sandwich with tuna or beef and cheese.\" If\nthis is the case, how does the logic follow? Is it a sandwich with 'tuna'\n**or** 'beef and cheese,' or is it a sandwich with 'tuna or beef' **and**\ncheese?\n\nMy first question on stackexchange Japanese, please tell me if I'm doing\nanything wrong.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-03T20:42:39.273",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54235",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-04T01:38:17.453",
"last_edit_date": "2017-11-04T00:48:14.420",
"last_editor_user_id": "20325",
"owner_user_id": "20325",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"particles",
"particle-と",
"particle-か"
],
"title": "Can particles と and か be used together? If so what is the implication?",
"view_count": 108
} | [
{
"body": "From the context, it is obvious though, cheese is typed as チーズ in katakana.\n\n> ツナか牛肉とチズでサンドイッチを作る。\n\nSay, now we know we are preparing sandwiches. If we have \"tuna\", \"cuts of\nbeef\" and \"slices of cheese\". In this case, it is normal to think to prepare\nsandwiches with the combination of “beef or tuna” and “cheese”. Whereas now we\nare seeing a can of “tuna in a water” and a can of “beef mixed with cheese\nsauce” at the supermarket, you might think it as preparing sandwiches with\n“tuna” or “beef and cheese”.\n\nEdit: The comment is too small to see what it is.\n\nYes, it's context dependent. Say, you go one-day sightseeing, (富士山か東京と横浜を観光する)\nGo sightseeing for Mt.Fuji or Tokyo and Yokohama. It depends on how you define\nsightseeing, what transportation you use and where you stay. If you use a\nbullet train and just taking a photo of Mt.Fuji, it is possible to go\nsightseeing Mt.Fuji and Yokohama within a day. If you do not use super-\nexpress train like a bullet train, go sightseeing for Yokohama and Tokyo\nwithin a day is more realistic.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-03T23:16:15.260",
"id": "54236",
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"parent_id": "54235",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 54235 | 54236 | 54236 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54242",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I've come to understand that middle aged women may refer to their husbands as\nあなた when talking to them. If a wife is talking to a friend or work colleague,\nhow would she refer to her husband?\n\nAlso for younger people around school/university age, would 君【きみ】 be used as a\nsimilar thing for a girlfriend to refer to her boyfriend? If not what would\nbe?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-04T03:03:16.120",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54238",
"last_activity_date": "2021-10-14T16:19:36.290",
"last_edit_date": "2021-10-14T16:19:36.290",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "26263",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"second-person-pronouns"
],
"title": "Forms of address between couples",
"view_count": 146
} | [
{
"body": "> how could she refer to her husband. (Just curious)\n\n（うちの）だんな (colloquial)\n\n（私の）主人 (formal)\n\n> would 君きみ be used as a similar thing for a girlfriend to refer to her\n> boyfriend?\n\nYes. It's possible.\n\n> If not what would be?\n\n〇〇君（くん） （〇〇 is his first name)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-04T05:50:30.720",
"id": "54242",
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}
]
| 54238 | 54242 | 54242 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54245",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "Apart from just using\n\n> マウス\n\nor\n\n> ラット\n\nIs there a way of differentiating between a mouse and a rat, perhaps by adding\nsomething to **鼠{ねずみ}**?\n\nFrom [this\nchinese.stackexchange](https://chinese.stackexchange.com/questions/1317/how-\nto-distinguish-between-rat-and-mouse-in-chinese/1322) it seems that in Chinese\nthey tend not to distinguish, but the top answer suggests that\n\n> 仓鼠 is a kind of pet(one of my friends raise two). Wiki tells me rat is \"大家鼠\"\n> and \"mouse\" is “小鼠\", but I and people around me don't care this.\n>\n> Of course, in scientific circle, academical researchers will adopt the\n> Binomial Nomenclature(in Chinese, 二名法) system to distinguish them.\n\nIs it a similar situation in Japanese, where the average person would just use\nthe loan words, or not bother making a distinction? If so then what would be\nthe scientific name for mouse/rat in Japanese?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"tags": [
"words",
"kanji",
"synonyms"
],
"title": "How to differentiate between rat and mouse",
"view_count": 4623
} | [
{
"body": "There is no distinction between \"rat\" and \"mouse\" in Japanese.\n\nFor example, ハツカネズミ（二十日鼠）is one species of mouse. So someone may use it for\nthe translation of \"mouse,\" but it is not accurate.",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-04T05:43:55.190",
"id": "54241",
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{
"body": "クマネズミ属｛ぞく｝ is the Rattus genus, to which all \"true\" rats belong, whereas Mice\nbelong to the ハツカネズミ属, or Mus genus. These genera are both subgroups to the\nsub-family ネズミ亜科｛あか｝, or Murinae.\n\nNow, these are the scientific names, and luckily, in contrast to English,\nthese scientific names are based on Japanese words, so they do make sense for\ncommon people. If you really need to distinguish between the two it depends on\nyour situation. If you are just talking in general to common people, for rat\nyou could either say ドブネズミ, or simply describe it でっかいネズミ, and for mouse you\ncould say ハツカネズミ, or describe it ちっちゃくて可愛｛かわい｝いネズミ.\n\nIn a more scientific situation, or if you think that the other parties of the\nconversation know about rats and mice, then you should use the appropriate\nname for that particular species instead (if you have to distinguish between\nthem), as the above mentioned ドブネズミ and ハツカネズミ are just typical examples of\nrats/mice, but not necessarily the particular species you saw/bought/whatever.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-04T10:40:03.500",
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{
"body": "The word ラット usually refers to laboratory rats used in experiments, whereas\nthe word ねずみ is used to refer to wild animals.\n\nThe term ねずみ doesn't distinguish between mice and rats.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-07T23:27:34.997",
"id": "54334",
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| 54239 | 54245 | 54245 |
{
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"body": "I came across a 東方 remix called 形のない花, which translates (apparently) to\n\"Shapeless Flower\".\n\nNow, I see the words 形、ない、花 for, of course, \"Shape\", \"Not\", and \"Flower\"\nrespectively. However, I'm at a total loss when it comes to what exactly the\nsyntax is supposed to be doing.\n\nIs ない a noun or adjective? Is の a possessive or a が in a relative clause? I'm\nat a loss for this stuff and am wanting some help; as I simply don't know\nwhere to start, even if I can understand the meaning.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-04T04:56:26.427",
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"tags": [
"nuances",
"syntax",
"relative-clauses"
],
"title": "What does の mean in 形のない花?",
"view_count": 175
} | [
{
"body": "ない is adjective\n\nの is が\n\n形(subject) が(verb) ない(adjective) 花(noun)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-04T10:26:14.800",
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| 54240 | null | 54244 |
{
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"body": "I'm well aware of how katakana is typically used (borrowed words,\nonomatopoeia, etc). \nI'm also aware of it being used in circumstances like demonstrating a\ndistortion in the voice, or if the kanji of a word is complicated to read\nand/or write.\n\nWhat I don't quite understand is the choice to use katakana as opposed to\nkanji with simple character words. \nI understand that it's meant to give some kind of effect, but I don't know\nwhat. Bearing in mind that these words are spoken as normal, and no alternate\nreadings are provided for \"poetic\" purposes.\n\nAs an example, why aren't these words written as 「人」, 「力」, 「君」, and 「振りをして」\nrespectively? Given that their kanji is far from complicated, that is.\n\n(1)\n\n> 《 **ヒト** 》と《神》 二つに分かれる命の軌跡 \n> 《神》を穢した《 **ヒト** 》の罪\n\n(2)\n\n> 変わり続けるその姿。引き寄せられるその **チカラ** 。\n\n(3)\n\n> 舞い風の悪戯（いたずら） **キミ** を連れて吹く \n> 忘れない あの日 **キミ** もまた\n\n(4)\n\n> 泣きじゃくる **フリ** をしてみた",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-04T11:17:54.023",
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"score": 3,
"tags": [
"katakana"
],
"title": "What is the purpose of using katakana in these instances?",
"view_count": 242
} | [
{
"body": "(1)、(2)、(3)については、作者が、「人」「力」「君」という漢字の持っている広い意味ではなく、特定の意味に限定して用いたい為ではないかと思います。\n~~(1)、~~\n(2)については、与えられた例からだけでは限定された意味は分かりかねますが、もう少し前後の文脈が分かれば作者が限定したい意味は理解できるのではないかと思います。\n\n> ### EDIT\n>\n>\n> (1)については「ヒト」を「人」と「神」という対立概念として限定して用いていることを主張しているのではないでしょうか。一般に「人」と言う漢字を見て「人間」という言葉を類推する人は多いと思います。しかし、[ここ](http://gogen-\n> allguide.com/ni/ningen.html)に書かれているように本来「人間」には「世間」という意味しかなく、「人」という意味はなかったようです。作者はこの辺りの知識を持っているので、「人間」ではない神と対峙｛たいじ｝する「人」ですよと言いたく「ヒト」と敢えてカタカナを用いたのではないでしょうか。\n\n(3)についてはこの例だけでカタカナを用いた意図が分かります。一般に、「君」という漢字には多くの意味があり、しかも男性を指すニュアンスが強いように私は思います。ところが、「キミを連れて」の「キミ」は男性から見た女性を指しているように感じます。「君」という漢字が持っている男性色を払拭するために敢えてカタカナの「キミ」を使ったのだと思います。\n\n(4)については(1)、(2)、(3)と違い、「消極的に強調する」ために用いていると思います。 \n私は、この用途で良くカタカナを用います。「消極的な強調」とは私の造語です。それは、何らかの理由で漢字で書くのを避けたいときに、仮にひらがなで書いてみると、そのひらがなが前後のひらがなで埋もれてしまい、見づらくなることがあります（\n**前後がひらがなですと必ず見づらくなります**\n。私のこうして書いている文の中で敢えて「ひらがな」と書いていますが、ところによっては「平仮名」と書いた方が読み易いような箇所もあります。「ひらがな」という文字が「ひらがな文字列」の中で埋もれてしまうからです）。単語と単語の間にスペースがある英語と違ってこれは日本語の表記上の欠点です。\n\n**意図せずに見づらくなったひらがな表記**\nをどうしようかと悩んだ挙句{あげく}の果｛は｝てに、漢字に戻すのではなく、カタカナで書いてみます。ひらがな列の中のカタカナですので、目立ちます。しかし、強調したくてカタカナにしたのではありません。要するに「消極的に強調する」ために用いたと言うしかありません。単に視認性を上げただけですが、それでも強調したと取られる不安は残っております。\n\nカタカナは外来語とか擬音語とか動植物とかを書き表すときに用いられるような特別のニュアンスがありますので、そのニュアンスを避ける方法としてあとはどのような方法があるのでしょうか。\n**今使う人は少ない**\nですが、[圏点](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8F%E7%82%B9)という方法があります。これも何だかその文字列を強調しているようで嫌ですが、ひらがなで押し通そうとすると圏点を用いるのも別の解決策かも知れません。\n\n> 因みに、 **圏点{けんてん}**\n> は、傍点{ぼうてん}とか脇点{わきてん}とも言われ、日本語を書き表す場合、文字の強調を行うときに、親文字{おやもじ}の脇または上下に付加する点のことです。\n\n漢字でスパッと書いてしまえば楽ですが、読む人のことを考えるとそれもできないことが多々あります。そんなとき、一旦書いた文字列を見ながら、私は、普段次のような試行錯誤をしています。ワープロだからできる試行錯誤です。\n\n * 泣きじゃくる振りをしてみた → 泣きじゃくるふりをしてみた → 泣きじゃくるフリをしてみた → 泣きじゃくる振（ふ）りをしてみた → 泣きじゃくるフリをしてみた → 泣きじゃくる振りをしてみた （私の思い：多分「振り」ってちゃんと読んでくれるだろうな。）\n\n * 秋も深まると公園のいろどりも一段と → 秋も深まると公園のイロドリも一段と → 秋も深まると公園の彩も一段と → 秋も深まると公園の彩（いろどり）も一段と （私の思い：「彩」ではちゃんと読めないし、「いろどり」では色がイメージとして伝わらない。「イロドリ」では見た目がオドロオドロしい。ひらがなを付けて漢字で行こう。）",
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| 54246 | 54248 | 54248 |
{
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"body": "I was reading an article about loan words and came across anime(Anime アニメ ----\nanimation). I later talked with one of my Japanese-speaking friends, and he\ndid not recognize the word anime, he recognized animation. Is their a\ndifference in the two word and how would i refer to the media?\n\nHere is the website for the [article](https://www.thoughtco.com/most-common-\nloan-words-in-japanese-2027852) thank you for your help :) -",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-04T16:32:18.827",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"loanwords"
],
"title": "Anime or Animation?",
"view_count": 265
} | [
{
"body": "Although they might be interchangeable recently, **Animation** is regarded as\nfull-animation like Disney, whereas **Anime** is regarded as the limited\nanimation was developed in Japan in reaction to the realism of Disney’s\nanimation to keep production time and costs down.\n\nSummary from the reference: No.2 and No.3.\n\nAccording to an article from a magazine \"ケトル\", Osamu Tezuka, one of the most\nfamous cartoonists in Japan, was dreaming of making an animation film like\nDisney. Although it was too expensive for Tezuka as an individual to make such\na full animation film since it required more than 100 staff and several\nmillion dollars as a budget.So when he was asked to make an animation for\nweekly 30 minutes television programme, he was trying to reduce the number of\nimages in one movie and restrict essential motion such as the mouth, hands and\nso on. Ιt had 10 times fewer images than 30 minutes full-animation like\nDisney. Because it was a surprisingly small number of images in one animation\nat that time, he called it **「これはアニメーションでなく、アニメだ」** Also, he was not content\nwith a short animation like Tom and Jerry which was popular then and simply\nplaying gag and action. For 30-minutes, it was possible for him to make an\nanimation based on a dramatic story and it was luckily acclaimed by the\naudience and became what is now called **アニメ**.\n\nReferences:\n\n 1. Full animation: Cornell University Literature and Media in Japan Glossary. (You can see a bit of a full animation making) <https://confluence.cornell.edu/display/asian3318/Full+Animation>\n 2. _「アニメーション」が「アニメ」に 「鉄腕アトム」がもたらした功績: 太田出版ケトルニュース_\n\n<http://www.ohtabooks.com/qjkettle/news/2017/03/03094617.html>\n\n 3. _手塚治虫が説明した「アニメ」と「アニメーション」の違いとは: 太田出版ケトルニュース_ <http://www.ohtabooks.com/qjkettle/news/2017/03/09111933.html>",
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| 54249 | null | 54266 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54261",
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"body": "I wanted to tell a friend about a time when I had to get a dental filling. My\ninstinct was to use 受ける or もらう, but Google tells me this is incorrect. Would I\nsimply say:\n\n> 去年、歯が詰め物した。\n\nor perhaps\n\n> 去年、歯が詰め物してしまった。\n\nFurthermore, what actually happened was I had to have a filling replaced. Is\nthis correct?\n\n> 詰め物した歯を交換してくれた。\n\n(Edit: I just realized this means I'm replacing the tooth, not the filling.\n歯の詰め物, not 詰め物がした歯, right?)\n\nAnd is 歯 required? In English, \"I got a filling\" clearly implies \"dental\nfilling,\" but I get the sense that this is not the case in Japanese. Thanks!",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-04T16:43:06.820",
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"tags": [
"words",
"collocations"
],
"title": "Collocation for getting a dental filling",
"view_count": 2727
} | [
{
"body": "In this case, for filling a tooth with ceramic, silver, resins, etc. you can\nsay\n\n> 歯に詰め物をした。\n\nor\n\nyou can say X as the fillings.\n\n> Xで歯を詰めた。\n\nConsidering the collocations 歯 with が, when your teeth fell out,\n\n> 歯が抜けた.\n\nWhen your wisdom teeth touching back teeth,\n\n> 親知らずが奥歯に当たる.",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-04T23:34:36.430",
"id": "54258",
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"body": "I'd say:\n\n> 歯に詰め物をした \n> 歯を詰めた\n\nYou can use もらう as a subsidiary verb, as in:\n\n> 歯に詰め物をしてもらった \n> 歯に詰め物を入れてもらった \n> 歯を詰めてもらった\n\nTo say \"I had a tooth filled with [some material]\", you can say\n「歯に［樹脂・白いもの・レジン etc.］を詰めた・詰めてもらった」.\n\n* * *\n\nTo say \"I had a filling replaced\", you could say:\n\n> 歯の詰め物を交換した (or 交換してもらった)\n\n... but I think it's more common to say:\n\n> 歯を詰め直した \n> 歯を詰め直してもらった\n\n* * *\n\n> And is 歯 required? In English, \"I got a filling\" clearly implies \"dental\n> filling,\" but I get the sense that this is not the case in Japanese.\n\nYes... you'd usually need to say 「歯」... though I think you could leave it out\nwhen you just said 「歯医者（さん）で...」, like 「昨日、歯医者さんで詰め物をしてもらった。」... But\n「昨日、歯医者さんで詰めた。」 still sounds a bit strange...",
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| 54251 | 54261 | 54261 |
{
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"body": "In Fullmetal Alchemist season 1 episode 15 (\"The Ishbal Massacre\") at the\n22:00 minute mark Person A says to Person B something that sounds to me like:\n\n> ないぎましょう\n\nIt is translated as \"let's go\" in the subtitles. Since I could not find a\njapanese transcription of said episode I want to know:\n\n1.) Did I understand correctly? \n2.) If not, what did she say? If yes, is this somehow related to 行きましょう or\n行くin general?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-04T17:57:11.437",
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"score": 1,
"tags": [
"anime"
],
"title": "Fullmetal Alchemist \"let's go\" translation",
"view_count": 404
} | [
{
"body": "The woman says 参｛まい｝りましょう, which is a humble way of saying \"Let us go\". It is\nnot something that you say to your superiors, but should rather be used by\nsuperiors towards those of lower rank, or possibly between people of the same\nrank depending on the friendliness level.\n\nThe reason you should not use it to superiors, assuming they are also part of\nthe \"going\" action, is because it is a way of lowering the status of the\nsubject of the action (humble language). If the subject of the action includes\nyour superior, then you are lowering his status as well. However, you can use\nit to superiors if you are the only subject, e.g.\n\nコーヒーを持って参りましょうか？ Should I get you a coffee?\n\nFor more information, check one of the many answers concerning Humble language\n謙譲語｛けんじょうご｝",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-04T18:12:08.817",
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| 54252 | 54253 | 54253 |
{
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"body": "Do all colours work as な adjectives **or** い adjectives when using て form\n'and'? In a sentence such as \"my phone is white and small\", would it be\n私のけいたいは白い **で** 小さいです。OR ～けいたいはしろ **くて** ～? Also, if the colour were to change\nto a less basic colour, like はいいろ, would the 'and' form change?",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-04T21:58:31.167",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"て-form",
"i-adjectives",
"na-adjectives",
"colors"
],
"title": "How to say something is [a colour] AND [another adjective] using て form 'and'?",
"view_count": 394
} | [
{
"body": "Japanese colors are [nouns that work as **no**\n-adjectives](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/2770/5010), except for [six\nbasic colors](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/36048/5010) which also have\ni-adjective versions. I don't think there is a color name that works as a\n**na** -adjective.\n\n * 白くて is correct but 白いで is ungrammatical, because 白い is an i-adjective. 白で is acceptable, but 白くて is much more common. Similarly, you should usually say 赤くて小さい, 青くて小さい, 黒くて小さい, and so on, while 赤で/青で/黒で is also sometimes used.\n * 灰色で is correct but 灰色くて is ungrammatical, because 灰色 is a **no** -adjective. Similarly, you should say 緑色で小さい, オレンジで小さい, ピンクで小さい, and so on.",
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| 54255 | null | 54260 |
{
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"body": "Looking at the definition for 一致 I can't seem to understand the example\nsentence for the second meaning\n\n> ２ ごく普通の道理。 「気遣ひいたすも一致なれば」\n\nThe second meaning for 一致 means \"common sense\" I think, but I'm not sure what\n\"気遣ひいたす\" is conveying, since I've seen \"気遣い\" \"気遣う\" and \"気遣わしい\", but never\n\"気遣ひ\"",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-04T22:24:27.337",
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"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "meaning of 「気遣ひいたすも一致なれば」",
"view_count": 100
} | [
{
"body": "This 気遣ひ is just [気遣い](http://jisho.org/word/%E6%B0%97%E9%81%A3%E3%81%84)\nwritten in [historical kana\northography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_kana_orthography). Note\nthat big monolingual dictionaries can have historical definitions of a word,\nand this example is from a book written in the 18th century. This meaning of\n一致 has long been obsolete, and I did not know such a meaning of 一致. In modern\nJapanese, it probably means 気遣いをするのも当然だから.",
"comment_count": 0,
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| 54256 | 54259 | 54259 |
{
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"body": "Is one exclusively for actual dirty while one is for just the feeling of\ndirtiness, e.g. talking to a lewd pervert?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-05T03:14:59.617",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"word-choice",
"adjectives",
"i-adjectives"
],
"title": "Are 汚い and いやらしい the same?",
"view_count": 603
} | [
{
"body": "汚い is the most straightforward translation of \"dirty\". It's used both\nliterally (e.g., 汚い文字, 汚い服, 汚いトイレ) and figuratively (e.g., 汚い言葉, 汚い犯罪, 汚い組織).\nIt rarely has a sexual connotation. 汚い本 usually refers to a book covered with\nmud, for example.\n\nWhen いやらしい modifies a tangible object, it means \"lewd\". いやらしい本/映画 usually\nrefers to porn books/movies. But it's more commonly used to describe someone's\nindecent, disgusting, sarcastic or filthy behavior. いやらしい言葉 may or may not\nhave sexual connotations depending on the context.",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-05T10:05:34.143",
"id": "54264",
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{
"body": "「汚い」と「いやらしい」という単純な形容詞を質問者がなぜ辞書で調べずに、このサイトにわざわざ質問するのか疑問に感じました。\n\n直感ですが、「物理的」か「感覚的/感じ方」かというレベルの違いでなく、 **「汚い」と「いやらしい」とは基本的に違います** 。\n\nJisho.orgではどのように定義しているのか調べてみました。\n\n> ### [汚｛きたな｝い](http://jisho.org/search/%E6%B1%9A%E3%81%84)\n>\n> I-adjective \n> 1. **dirty** ; ~~**filthy**~~ ; foul; unclean \n> 2. disordered; messy; untidy; poor (e.g. handwriting) \n> 3. **indecent** (language ~~, etc.~~ ); ~~**dirty**~~ ; vulgar; coarse \n> 4. dastardly; mean; base; underhanded \n> 5. stingy; greedy\n\n日本語で「汚い」とはどういう時に使うかをjisho.orgの定義の番号に沿って考えると次のようになります。\n\n> １．泥で汚れて服が **汚い** 。何日もお風呂に入っていないので顔や体が **汚い** 。掃除をしていないのでホコリやゴミで部屋が **汚い** 。 \n> ２．部屋の整理整頓をしていないあるいは片付けていないので **汚い** 。あいつは字が **汚い** （＝字が下手｛へた｝だ）。 **汚**\n> い字だね（＝下手な字だね）。 \n> ３．育ちが悪いのか、友達が悪いのか、あいつは言葉[遣]{づか}いが **汚い** 。 \n> ４．後ろから撃つなど遣｛や｝り方が **汚い** 、もっと正々堂々と正面から勝負しろ。フェアでない。 \n> ５．レジの金に手をつけるなど、 **汚い** ことをしているらしい。人が見ていないとズルをする **汚い**\n> やつだ。例えば、（ゴルフで）ラフに入ったボールを足で打ちやすい方に蹴{け}り出したり、１打ごまかすなど、あいつは、いつも **汚い** ことをしている。\n\n**結論として、「汚い」は、jisho.orgの定義どおりで問題ないと思います。**\n\n同様に「嫌らしい」をjisho.orgで調べると次のようになります。\n\n> ###\n> [嫌｛いや｝らしい](http://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%84%E3%82%84%E3%82%89%E3%81%97%E3%81%84)\n>\n> I-adjective \n> 1. disgusting; ~~**filthy**~~ ; repulsive; detestable; unpleasant;\n> disagreeable \n> 2. lewd; lascivious; ~~**indecent**~~ ; obscene; ~~**filthy**~~ ;\n> ~~**dirty** ~~\n\n「嫌らしい」にも「汚い」にも、\"indecent\"と\"filthy\"と\"dirty\"とが入っているので、英語で理解すると混乱しそうですね。\n「汚い」と「嫌らしい」の違いを明確にするために、両方の単語のjisho.orgの定義から、消しても問題が起きないと思われる部分に **取り消し線** (\n**strike-through** )を入れました。これで両者の違いがはっきりしたのではないでしょうか。\n\n> ### 重要\n>\n> jisho.orgの説明になく、私が重要だと感じた「嫌らしい」に付け加えるべき説明として、1の意味でも2の意味でも、日本語では圧倒的に\n> **女性が男性に対して使う形容詞** だということです。「 **あの人いやらしい！** 」と言えば、ほとんどの場合これは **女性の発言** です。",
"comment_count": 4,
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| 54262 | 54264 | 54264 |
{
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"body": "I downloaded Genki and the CDs that came with it. しごと was pronounced as\n'shingocto' instead of 'shigoto.' Why is that?",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-05T05:04:26.033",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"owner_user_id": "25700",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"words",
"phonology"
],
"title": "Is しごと pronounced as 'shingocto'?",
"view_count": 485
} | [
{
"body": "I am not native, but when I have spoken with Japanese or even watched TV /\nmovies I have never heard 仕事{しごと} any way but as しごと\n\nFeel free to find other sources of audio (actually do!)\n\nI found a [great video that start off with\n仕事](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRa-Yf2JWfI)\n\nTo my ears, his accent (if he has one) is spot on. Although a native speaker\nis a much better judge of that.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2018-01-31T02:58:32.173",
"id": "56329",
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| 54263 | null | 56329 |
{
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"body": "I am currently confused with this:\n\n> あぁ 花火が夜空 きれいに咲いて ちょっとセツナク\n\nGoogle translate translate this part:\n\n> 花火が夜空\n\nas \"Fireworks in the night sky\". So, is that mean particle がcan be used to\nindicate location? If it so, is there any reference so I can understand it\nbetter?\n\nHowever, can I say \"Fireworks in the night sky\" in Japanese like this:\n\n> 夜空に花火\n\nThank you.",
"comment_count": 5,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-05T10:18:33.453",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"song-lyrics"
],
"title": "Particle が to indicate place?",
"view_count": 171
} | [
{
"body": "This looks like a poem to me. Apart from the あぁ at the start, it's in a 7-7-7\nmoraic configuration, which suggests the writer is adhering to a particular\nscheme. If this is a poem, the usual rules of grammar don't apply. There are a\nlot of ways in which poets 'bend the rules' of grammar in order to keep to the\nstandardized form. So I wouldn't be too worried if something looks a little\nout of place sometimes.\n\nHaving said that, the が here is just pointing out the subject of a verb, which\nis 花火. The verb is 咲く, ie 花火が咲く. However, it's also possible that another verb\nis omitted in the first phrase, like the 花火が夜空を彩る I mentioned in my comment.\nThen 咲く is used again with 花火 still as the subject.\n\nIn either case, the が is just the normal subject marker.",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-05T17:20:29.717",
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| 54265 | null | 54271 |
{
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"body": "What does the hyphen in [this dictionary\nentry](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%8A%AA%E5%8A%9B%E5%AE%B6-1721316) mean?\n\n> どりょく‐か 努力家\n\nIn official Japanese-language typesetting, which Unicode character should it\nbe? I suspect it is not the minus sign character on most English-language\nkeyboard.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-05T16:34:01.383",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"dictionary",
"punctuation"
],
"title": "What does the hyphen in this dictionary entry mean?",
"view_count": 233
} | [
{
"body": "It's just a hyphen to split the word stem from the suffix 家. It's not written\nthat way in normal text, but you do see it in dictionaries or word lists.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-05T22:55:31.920",
"id": "54278",
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"body": "To answer your typographic question, my local electronic copy of the Daijirin\ndictionary does indeed use the regular minus or hyphen character, ASCII\ndecimal code 45, Unicode point U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS. My other electronic\ndictionary, Shogakukan's 国語【こくご】大【だい】辞典【じてん】, uses Unicode point U+2010\nHYPHEN.\n\nOnline versions of Daijirin don't seem to use hyphens at all. This dictionary\ndoesn't have an entry for 努力家, so for comparison, here's [the Daijirin entry\nfor\n政治家](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%B6-85850#E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.9E.97.20.E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.89.E7.89.88),\nwith no hyphens or spaces to show the suffix, and here's [the Daijisen entry\nfor\n政治家](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%B6-85850#E3.83.87.E3.82.B8.E3.82.BF.E3.83.AB.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.B3.89)\nshowing the Unicode HYPHEN character to show the suffix. I note that Daijisen\nis also published by Shogakukan, so this publisher might just prefer this\ncharacter.",
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| 54270 | 54278 | 54278 |
{
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"body": "I was watching some Nichijou, and in this one scene where Mai and Yuuko are\nhelping Mio with her manga, Mai wrote in one of the text bubbles, \"はっとばすぞ\" and\non the screen it translates to \"Don't make me hit you.\" I feel like this is\nwrong, since there's no mention of \"打{う}つ\" (to hit) and it's too short to\ntranslate to that. So I was wondering, does this translate to that at all or\nis the translation really crappy?[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/olPqO.png)\n\nAlso how does \"はっか場すぞ\" translate as \"Don't make me kill you\"?\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/UhZIx.jpg)",
"comment_count": 2,
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"score": 3,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning",
"anime",
"puns"
],
"title": "How does はっとばすぞ translate as \"Don't make me hit you\"?",
"view_count": 1272
} | [
{
"body": "Actually, that is not a crappy translation at all.\n\nLiterally, 「はっとばすぞ」 means \" ** _I'll knock you flying!_** \", so \"Don't make me\nhit you.\" , while grammatically very different, carries a similar meaning.\n\nThe dictionary form of 「はっとばす」 is 「張{は}り飛{と}ばす」. 「ぶっ飛{と}ばす」 also has a very\nsimilar meaning.\n\n\"Don't make me kill you!\" is also not bad at all as, I hope, you now could\nsee.\n\nTranslations do not always need to be produced word-for-word as long as the\nintended meaning of the original is maintained, which is the case here.\n\nYou might want to read the following Q & A.\n\n[What does the word\n「ぶったてる」mean?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/24577/what-does-\nthe-word-%e3%81%b6%e3%81%a3%e3%81%9f%e3%81%a6%e3%82%8b-mean)",
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"id": "54279",
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{
"body": "はっとばす is simply a sound change of\n[張り飛ばす](http://jisho.org/word/%E5%BC%B5%E3%82%8A%E9%A3%9B%E3%81%B0%E3%81%99),\nso はっとばすぞ by itself just means \"I'll slap you.\" 張る can mean \"to slap.\" See the\n5th definition [here](http://jisho.org/word/%E5%BC%B5%E3%82%8B).\n\nBut note that it's only the latter half of the sentence. The whole sentence is\n「あんま[じゃじゃ馬](http://jisho.org/word/%E3%81%98%E3%82%83%E3%81%98%E3%82%83%E9%A6%AC)してっと、はっとばすぞ」.\nあんま is short for あんまり (\"too much\"). じゃじゃ馬する here is something like \"to be\nnaughty\", \"to act as one pleases\", \"to be at the whim\", etc. してっと is\ncolloquialism for していると. So the whole sentence is \"If you keep acting\nnaughtily too much, I'll (have to) slap you.\"\n\nThe implication of the whole sentence is simply \"Be a good boy\", after all.\nSomeone euphemistically translated this into English as \"Don't make me hit\nyou\", but I hope now you understand why.\n\nはっか場すぞ is a pun on 墓場【はかば】 (graveyard), and it's extremely difficult to\ntranslate into English. The literal translation (\"If you keep acting naughtily\ntoo much, I'll graveyard you\") certainly will not work as a joke, but I don't\nknow if \"Don't make me kill you\" works, either...",
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| 54273 | null | 54279 |
{
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"body": "Up to now I've come to understand the meaning of these verbs. I understand\nwhen you are saying something exists somewhere you use the particle に to\nindicate where it exists, or someone having something.\n\nIn a recent question I asked about having something on your body, and now have\ncome to understand you say something like: 「私には翼がある」(i have wings). After\nseeing this i feel how I've been using these verbs wrong when using them to\nmean 'have' in English.\n\nTo mark what would be the subject in an English sentence, would you have to\nuse に?\n\n「私にはお姉さんがいる。」\n\n「私にはパソコンがある。」\n\nI understand the implication of は and how it works with other particles. If it\nhelps i'll make this a little more general. I've come to understand that は\ntakes another part of the sentence and marks it as the 'topic' or 'scope' of\nthe sentence. But something that has always confused me is when using phrases\nlike: 数学が上手です、花があります and チョコレットが好きです。 Becase they mean: i am good at maths,\nthere is a flower and i like chocolate. But when you are specifically\nintroducing, who likes chocolate, who has the flower and who is good at maths\nbecause you are no longer the subject i've come to understand that in this\ncase you use は and only は. I'm asking in the case of ある is it supposed to be\nに. becuase that intuitivelly makes sence for me:\n\n「私に(は)鉛筆がある」\n\nbecause it is basically saying there is a pencil, on me. or maybe can be\nstretched to mean in my possession.",
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"tags": [
"particle-に",
"word-usage",
"possession"
],
"title": "How do i use ある/いる?",
"view_count": 214
} | [
{
"body": "_[Edited to clarify answer]_\n\nは is the topic marker so you have been using it correctly.\n\nIf you use には、you are emphasizing what is the case for the particular subject\nof this sentence, but this might not apply to others. It implies a contrasting\nelement by 'pointing' at the subject. Like saying \" **I** have wings (but\nother people don't)\". It stresses the fact that it is I who has wings. Without\nthe に、it's a simple statement describing that fact without any other\nimplications.\n\n私はパソコンがある。I have a computer. (simple statement of fact) \n私にはパソコンがある。 **I** have a computer. (statement of fact+implying this isn't the\ncase for someone else)",
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| 54274 | 54277 | 54277 |
{
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"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Okay, not finding a definite answer online, what is the word for FISH in\nJapanese?\n\nBTW - When I say FISH, I mean, if you had a pet fish, I do not mean eating a\nfish, make sense?\n\nAccording to my research, I think it should be uo (うお) but most sites suggest\nto say fish in Japanese you should say sakana (さかな) but, near as I can tell,\nsakana is fished fish, not a pet...",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"word-choice"
],
"title": "What is the word for FISH in Japanese? Sakana or Uo?",
"view_count": 22796
} | [
{
"body": "さかな is the answer.\n\nStrictly speaking, it really depends on the kind of fish. If you're keeping a\ngoldfish as a pet, it's [金魚]{きんぎょ}. If you have a tropical fish, it's\n[熱帯魚]{ねったいぎょ}. But in general, it's fine to say [魚]{さかな}を[飼]{か}っています. By using\nthe verb [飼]{か}う, you are indicating that you keep the fish as a pet.\n\nうお is also a word for fish, but it tends to be used in specific words like\n[魚市場]{うおいちば}、[飛]{と}び[魚]{うお}、[魚座]{うおざ}, etc. So さかな and ギョ are much more common\nreadings. You have to get used to the idea that in Japanese there are often\nseveral different ways to express a single concept in English, for example.",
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| 54275 | null | 54276 |
{
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"body": "I have a question about the following conversation.\n\n> A: 駅はまだですか？ずいぶん歩いたみたいだけど。\n>\n> B: 近くの三つのデパートがバーゲン中で、こんなに混んでいるのですよ。\n>\n> A: そんなに歩きましたっけ。\n>\n> B: と、思うのですが、ほら、やっと交差点についたところじゃないですか。\n>\n> A: タクシーに **乗っちゃいましょうか** 。駅の近くにもデパートがあるから、もっと混んでいるかもしれないし。\n\nI am wondering why A says \"乗っちゃいましょうか\" instead of \"乗りましょうか\". I know \"～ちゃいましょう\"\nis the shrinkage of \"～しまいましょう\" and \"～しまう\" is used to show \"astonishment\". In\nmy grammar book, there are only past tense sentences with \"～しまう\".\n\nUnder what kind of situation would a Japanese native speaker use \"～ちゃいましょう\"\nrather than the plain form of \"～ましょう\"?",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-06T04:19:04.757",
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"tags": [
"subsidiary-verbs"
],
"title": "grammar of ～ちゃいましょう",
"view_count": 524
} | [
{
"body": "The nuances of 「Verb + て + しまう」 can be fairly subtle, but they are important\nas the native speakers do use this phrase on a daily basis.\n\nIn this context, the nuance is that the speaker and listener think that it is\n**_against their (original) will/plan_** to take a cab, but they would\nprobably have to do so for their convenience on that particular day because\nthe sidewalks are extremely crowded.\n\nIf, instead, 「乗りましょうか」 were used, it would sound as if taking a cab was as\nnatural (and usual) a choice as walking for the speaker. It would tend to be\nused by people who often use a cab as a method of transportation even for\nshort distances.",
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| 54280 | 54283 | 54283 |
{
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"body": "I was watching a\n[video](https://twitter.com/mounemasu_/status/927016483170873344) and I heard\nthis word \"シンメ状態\".\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/mZc35.png)\n\nSomehow I believe I have heard this word before, but I still could not make\nany sense of it from the dictionary.\n\n> シンメ = ???\n>\n> 状態 = current status; condition; situation; circumstances; state (from\n> [Jisho](http://jisho.org/search/%E7%8A%B6%E6%85%8B))\n\nWas it some kind of phrase or something?",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"words"
],
"title": "What does シンメ状態 mean?",
"view_count": 510
} | [
{
"body": "It's jargon used among Japanese アイドル fans, especially ジャニーズ fans.\n\nシンメ is from シンメトリー (\"symmetry\") and initially referred to performers dancing\nsymmetrically in the mathematical sense, like a mirror-image.\n\nThen it gained a broader sense among idol fans, and it now mainly refers to\ntwo idols within a group who often perform together and are considered as a\n\"pair\". For example, the person in the video mentions やまちね (山田涼介 and 知念侑李),\nwho can be considered as a シンメ in _Hey! Say! JUMP_. Most people in Japan know\nnothing about やまちね and シンメ, so I think the person in the video said it to show\nhis knowledge about J組.",
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| 54281 | 54292 | 54292 |
{
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"body": "Can someone help figure out how the sentence in the title post can be\ntranslated? The full sentence is \n私はどうなりたっかたんだろう. \nI loosely translated as \"I wanted to become something\". but I'm not sure if\nit's right at all, especially with だろう at the end, I don't know what nuance\nshould be. If it helps, there's another sentence that follows \n本当は彼らの何になりたっかたんだろう \nIt's a girl speaking here and I think that in the last line she says \"I wanted\nto become something for him/ or his something\". She is talking about a friend\nwho is in trouble and how she wants to be there for him. Can someone tell me\nif I somehow got the gist of them? Thank you!",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-06T05:51:24.467",
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"tags": [
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"title": "How should I interpret どうなりたっかたんだろう",
"view_count": 585
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{
"body": "(の/ん)だろう [has various\nmeanings](http://japanesetest4you.com/flashcard/jlpt-n5-grammar-%E3%81%A0%E3%82%8D%E3%81%86-darou/).\nWhen it is used with interrogatives like いつ, どこ, なぜ, it adds the nuance of \"I\nwonder\".\n\n> * なぜだろう? I wonder why?\n> * どこでやっているんだろう? I wonder where it's taking place.\n>\n\nSo 私はどうなりたかったんだろう is \"I wonder who I wanted to become.\"\n\n> * 私はパイロットになりたい。 I want to become a pilot.\n> * 私はパイロットに **なりたかった** 。 I **wanted** to become a pilot.\n> * 私は **どう** なりたかった **か** ？ Who did I want to become?\n> * 私はどうなりたかった **んだろう** ？ **I wonder** who I wanted to become.\n>\n\nどうなる actually means \"how (something/someone) turns out to be\", but I think\nusing \"who\" is enough.\n\n彼らの何になりたかったんだろう is trickier because 彼らの何 is difficult to translate literally:\n\n> * 彼らの友人になりたい。 I want to become their friends.\n> * 彼らの友人になりたかった。 I wanted to become their friends.\n> * 彼らの **何** になりたかった **のか** ？ Who, from their standpoint, did I want to\n> become?\n> * 彼らの何になりたかった **のだろう** ？ I wonder who did I want to become for them?\n>",
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| 54284 | 54289 | 54289 |
{
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"body": "I am trying to translate a scene early on in Attack on Titan but having some\ntrouble with one line.\n\n[Link to the scene in\nquestion](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eua71FNVMaE&t=60s)\n\nThis is what I have so far:\n\n> 総員戦闘用意\n>\n> All units, prepare for battle\n\n * 総員{そういん} - all members/all units\n * 戦闘{せんとう} - battle\n * 用意{ようい} - preperation\n\n> 目標は一体だ\n>\n> the objective is one body ?\n\nI don't quite understand what is being said here. Are they saying their\nobjective is to get 1 body, as in to kill 1 titan, Or is it more along the\nlines of \"we are share the same objective\" ?\n\n * 目標{もくひょう} - mark; objective; target\n * 一体{いったい} - one object; one body; unity\n\n> 必ず仕留め\n>\n> be sure to take it down\n\n * 必{かなら}ず - always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively; invariably\n * 仕留{しと}め - to bring down (a bird); to kill\n\n> ここを我々人類最初の壁外拠点とする\n>\n> here we will make humankind's first base outside of the walls\n\n * ここを我々{われわれ} - here we\n * 人類{じんるい}最初{さいしょ}の - humankind's first\n * 壁外{へきがい} - outside of the wall\n * 拠点{きょてん}とする - to be based in (a place)\n\nAny general feedback is also most welcome.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-06T06:04:29.267",
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"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Attack on Titan use of 一体",
"view_count": 188
} | [
{
"body": "Here 体 is just another counter for animals, robots, statues, etc, which is\nusable whether they are big or small. So \"one titan\", not \"the same\nobjective\". I think 体 is preferred in contexts where you have to refer to\nthings matter-of-factly. Using 匹 or 頭 would not be wrong, but they would feel\nless \"objective\". See: [Why was \"一匹\" used for\nGodzilla?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/18099/5010)\n\nOther parts of your translation look perfect to me.",
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{
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"body": "Is this correct or is the form wrong? 私はあなたにイライラしている。",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-06T06:16:32.070",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
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"title": "Is this how you say \"I am irritated with you\"?",
"view_count": 209
} | [
{
"body": "# English\n\n> (1) I am irritated with you. \n> (2) 私はあなたにイライラしている。\n\nGrammatically, I think your Japanese translation is correct. \nWe use expressions similar to (2) when we are irritated with him or her or a\nthird party. Taking \"I'm irritated with him\" as an example, there are several\nways of expressing it as follows.\n\n> (3) **私｛わたし｝は** 彼にイライラしている。 \n> (4) 彼にイライラしている。 \n> (5) 彼に **は** イライラしている。 \n> (6) 彼にはイライラ **する** 。 \n> (7) 彼には **イラつく** 。 \n> (8) 彼には **ムカつく** 。 \n> (9) **あいつ** にはムカつく。 \n> (10) **奴｛やつ｝** にはムカつく。 \n> (11) **彼奴｛あやつ｝** にはムカつく。\n\nI'll add some explanations on expressions from (3) to (11).\n\n * (4) is basically the same as (3), but it is usual in Japanese language to omit subjects already known. Especially when \"I\" is the subject, we'll omit it without fail, so (4) is used when we want to express it like (3).\n * I don't know why, but we generally use (5) rather than (4), though (4) is also natural.\n * When expressing a state that we are \"irritated\" we generally say \"イライラする\" like (6) rather than \"イライラしている\" like (5), though I know \"イライラする\" might corresponds to \"become irritated\".\n * There isn't any problem in the expression with \"イライラする\", but the expressions such as \"イラつく\" or \"ムカつく\" are often used as in (7) and (8).\n * We also use \"奴｛やつ｝\", \"あいつ\" or \"彼奴｛あやつ｝\" as in (9), (10) or (11) to insult \"him\".\n\nThere are various expressions for a third party as mentioned above, but\nJapanese people don't actually use the expression like (2) which is posted by\nthe questioner. At least, I as a Japanese people have never used the\nexpression like (2). That is because we Japanese people don't generally use\nwords that hurt others directly to the person in front of us.\n\nOf course, the reason why you wanted to use the expression like (2) might be\nbecause the person had told or done you such things that made you become\nirritated beforehand. I said earlier that \"Japanese people don't actually use\nthe expression like (2).\" If so, everyone would think that the person who\nirritated you would not take such an action if he was a Japanese people. But\nhe must have done so. Don't you feel any contradiction?\n\nHowever, there is no contradiction. Even if he does not intend to irritate\nyou, the same behavior of a person may differ depending on the person\nreceiving it, and its way of feeling may be different. Perhaps, he who\nirritated you probably did not intend to irritate you. Or perhaps he was a\nkind of a person who was insensitive to the feelings of others, or he might\nalways have been an aggressive person.\n\nBy the way, I think you would like to know what Japanese people would do when\nwe are actually irritated like (1).\n\nThinking about me, I would keep calm with a little grumpy face. Or even if\nacting normally on the spot, I won't keep company with him thereafter.\n\n# 日本語\n\n> (1) I am irritated with you. \n> (2) 私はあなたにイライラしている。\n\n文法的には、あなたの日本語訳は合っていると思います。 彼とか彼女とか第三者にイライラしているときにも、(2)と似た表現を使います。 \n\"I'm irritated with him\"を例にすると、次のようにいくつかの表現方法があります。\n\n> (3) **私｛わたし｝は** 彼にイライラしている。 \n> (4) 彼にイライラしている。 \n> (5) 彼に **は** イライラしている。 \n> (6) 彼にはイライラ **する** 。 \n> (7) 彼には **イラつく** 。 \n> (8) 彼には **ムカつく** 。 \n> (9) **あいつ** にはムカつく。 \n> (10) **奴｛やつ｝** にはムカつく。 \n> (11) **彼奴｛あやつ｝** にはムカつく。\n\n(3)から(11)までの表現に関して少し説明を加えます。\n\n * (4)は(3)と基本的に同じですが、日本語ではすでに分かっている主語は省略するのが普通です。特に「私」が主語の場合は、間違いなく省略しますので、(3)と表現したいときには(4)を用います。\n * 何故か理由は分かりませんが、一般に(4)ではなく(5)のように言います。\n * 自分が「イライラしている」状態を表現するときに、一般に(5)よりは(6)のように「イライラする」と言います。\n * 「イライラする」でも問題ありませんが、(7)や(8)のように、もっと短い表現である「イラつく」「ムカつく」なども良く使われます。\n * 「イライラする」相手が「彼」の場合、(9)、(10)、(11)のように、「彼」を侮辱するために「あいつ」「奴｛やつ｝」「彼奴｛あやつ｝」なども使われます。\n\n上記のように第三者に対しては色々な表現がありますが、最初の質問にあった(2)のような表現は、日本人は実際には使いません。少なくとも、日本人である私は(2)のような表現を使った経験はありません。\n\nそれは、日本人は相手の目の前で相手を傷つけるような言葉を一般に使わないからです。\nむろん、あなたが(2)のような表現を使いたいということは、その前に、あなたに向かってその人があなたをイライラさせるような言動をとったからでしょう。\n先ほど私は、「(2)のような表現は、日本人は実際には使いません。」と言いました。それなら、あなたをイライラさせた人も、その人が日本人ならそのような言動を取らないのではないかという疑問を持つのではないでしょうか。\n\nしかし、それは違います。たとえその人があなたをイライラさせるつもりはなくとも、人の言動にはそれを受ける人によって差があり、感じ方が異なるからです。きっと、あなたをイライラさせた人はあなたにイライラさせる積りはなかったのでしょう。あるいは、その人が他人の気持ちに鈍感であるか、いつも、攻撃的な人なのかもしれません。\n\nところで、あなたが実際にイライラしてとき、日本人ならどうするか知りたいでしょう。\n\n私なら、少し怖い顔をしてじっと黙っているでしょうね。あるいは、その場では知らん顔をしていても、しばらくはその人と付き合わないかもしれません。",
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{
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"body": "What is the difference between この and こちら/こっち\n\n(こっち is the informal form of こちら)\n\nThe definitions my book provide are as follows:\n\n## (この = This)\n\n(Example = (この子 = (This is) my child))\n\n## (こちら/こっち = This(person))\n\n(Example #1 = (こちらは本堂さんです = This (person) is Mr Hondou))\n\n(Example #2 = (こっちは家内です = This is my wife)\n\nPlease help!",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-06T06:29:56.323",
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"tags": [
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],
"title": "この vs こちら/こっち? Help me please!",
"view_count": 572
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{
"body": "Grammatically, この functions as a pre noun only adjective, while the other\nfunctions as a noun. このneeds to be in front of a noun for it to do anything,\nor else it might not make a whole lotta sense",
"comment_count": 2,
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"body": "Also こちら can also refer to place/location, \"here\", as in someone can tell you\nこちらへどうぞ (This way, please), but yeah, in most cases it refers to persons and\nit's a more polite to address someone, like when you introduce them. There is\nalso the use of こちらの which, from the cases that I know, can be translated as\n\"our\". Imagine someone talking to you and saying for example: \"Our/こちら **の**\n___(item, person etc.) is__(insert qualities here). It's like someone talking\nin the name of a collective. Sorry if I explained it bad! That's just how I\nunderstand them!",
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| 54288 | null | 54290 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54295",
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"body": "This is specifically about verbs not onomatopoeia.\n\nI understand that you can say 「（動物）は（音）という」, e.g. 「犬がワンという」。But beyond that\nI've come to two words 吠える and 鳴く, which both seam to be generalised animal\nnoised. I want help understanding these and to know if there are any more and\nwhat do they mean.\n\nI've sorta come to understand 吠える is more of a loud shouting noise while 鳴く is\nmore of a soft noise.\n\nSo am i right for the following:\n\nDog barks. (吠える [or 鳴く?])\n\nCat purrs. (鳴く)\n\nBird tweets. (鳴く)\n\nLion roars (吠える)\n\nWolf Howls (吠える)\n\nElephant toots (鳴く?)\n\nHorse neighs (鳴く?)\n\nAlso I've also come across some other verbs: さえずる (chirp) and さわぐ (make\nnoise).\n\nis さえずる purely for birds?\n\nand i take it さわぐ has a negative connotation like mentioned in the other\nquestion i looked at?\n\nWhat other verbs can be used to explain animal noises?\n\nRelated: [Does 「鳴く」 give any nuances about the sound being\nmade?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/3246/does-%E9%B3%B4%E3%81%8F-give-\nany-nuances-about-the-sound-being-made/3247#3247)",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"verbs",
"animals"
],
"title": "Verbs for animal noises in Japanese?",
"view_count": 217
} | [
{
"body": "I think we usually say like...\n\n犬が（ワンワン・キャンキャン etc.）吠える・鳴く\n\n猫が（ニャーニャー etc.）鳴く・（ゴロゴロ）[喉]{のど}を鳴らす\n\n鳥が（ピーピー・チュンチュン etc.）鳴く・さえずる （+ maybe 歌う？）\n\nライオンが吠える・[雄叫]{おたけ}びをあげる\n\n狼が（ワオーンと）吠える・遠吠え(を)する\n\n馬が（ヒヒーンと）いななく・鳴く\n\n象が（パオーンと）鳴く\n\netc...\n\n* * *\n\n> Is さえずる purely for birds?\n\nYes, I think so... and you'd use it for pleasant/cute/lovely voices of birds.\nFor example, you might say 「[烏]{からす}が（カーカー）鳴く」 but not 「烏が（カーカー）さえずる」.\n\n> I take it さわぐ has a negative connotation...\n\nRight, さわぐ is often used for noisy or unpleasant sounds (...but not always.\nFor example, I don't think 「こずえが風にさわぐ」「木の葉がさわぐ」 necessarily carry a negative\nconnotation).",
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| 54293 | 54295 | 54295 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54319",
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"body": "I was looking for a Japanese word for [the germ theory of\ndisease](https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Germ_theory_of_disease). I found [an\narticle in the Japanese\nWikipedia](https://www.wikiwand.com/ja/%E7%97%85%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%93#/.E7.B4.B0.E8.8F.8C.E8.AA.AC.E3.81.A8.E7.92.B0.E5.A2.83.E8.AA.AC)\nthat uses the word 細菌説{さいきんせつ} for what essentially is the germ theory. Is it\nthe correct word or there is some other alternative?",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-06T12:35:31.913",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"word-requests"
],
"title": "What is the proper Japanese word for the germ theory of disease?",
"view_count": 228
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{
"body": "「細菌説」 seems to be a fair choice, but there are alternatives. Here's what I\ngathered:\n\n * 「細菌説」 \n * _English-Japanese medical dictionary_ [1]\n * _Encyclopedia of pharmaceutical history_ [2], in describing Pasteur.\n * 「（疾患）病原菌論」 \n * _Japan medical terminology_ [3] from the Japanese Association of Medical Sciences.\n * 「微生物起因説」 \n * _Igaku-Shoin's medical dictionary_ [4], in the article of Pasteur\n * 「微生物説」 \n * _医科細菌学_ [5] (medical bacteriology)\n * 「媒菌説] \n * _An English-Japanese dictionary of medical science_ [6]\n\nNote that, although the _germ theory_ is often referred to as the _細菌説_ ， _細菌_\ndoes not really correspond to _germ_.\n\nAs far as understand, _germ_ in this context is basically an informal synonym\nof _pathogen_ == something that causes disease. This corresponds to 病原体, while\n細菌 is more specific word for bacteria. Related terms include\n\n * 微生物 (micro-living) : microbes. \n * 病原体 (illness-source/cause-thing) : Sounds formal and technical. germ / pathogen.\n * ばい菌 : informal, non-technical, plain word for \"those living things that reproduce and cause illness\" or \"that thing you want to remove by washing hands to avoid desease\". Probably closest to _germ_.\n * 細菌 : bacteria. (Although sometimes misused for much broader sense)\n * 菌 : very vague word for fungi (not in the context of cuisine) + bacteria + yeast + etc.\n\n* * *\n\n1: \"[医学用語大辞典](http://iss.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I000002046090-00)\".\n日外アソシエーツ, 1989.\n\n2: \"[薬学史事典](http://iss.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I027211872-00)\". 日本薬史学会 編.\n薬事日報社, 2016.\n\n3: \"[日本医学会医学用語辞典](http://iss.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I000008502728-00)\".\n南山堂, 2007.\n\n4: [\"医学書院医学大辞典\"](http://iss.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I000010048126-00).\n医学書院, 2009.\n\n5: [\"医科細菌学\"](http://iss.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I000009412256-00). 笹川 千尋.\n南江堂, 2008.\n\n6: [\"医学英和辞典\"](http://iss.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I000003661775-00). 研究社,\n2009.",
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| 54296 | 54319 | 54319 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54302",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I don't understand the meaning of this sentence from Kawabata's \"Snow Country\nMiniature\":\n\n```\n\n 君{きみ}とそう見劣{みおと}りしない女{おんな}でないと後{あと}で君{きみ}と会った{あった}時{とき}、心外{しんがい}じゃないか。\n \n```\n\nThis is what Shimamura says to the woman he finds out he is in love with after\nhe sent the geisha away. The parallel text in English translates this as:\n\n```\n\n \"The girl should be not less beautiful than you are, \n otherwise when I saw you after the event, I'd just feel ashamed of myself\"\n \n```\n\nThe end of the sentence `後{あと}で君{きみ}と会った{あった}時{とき}、心外{しんがい}じゃないか` I understand\npossibly well enough as: `Wouldn't I be ashamed\\mortified to have met with you\nafter that?`(with \"that\" referring to the 1. sentence) And here it is clear\nthat the `と` particle refers to meeting with the woman.\n\nFrom the first sentence `見劣{みおと}りしない女{おんな}` is the only part I am sure that\nmeans `...a woman on the same level` as in `not inferior`. But after that I\nhave parsing and understanding problems:\n\n 1. The second `と` at the end of `君{きみ}とそう見劣{みおと}りしない女{おんな}でない_と_` I feel should be understood as \"upon, when, if\". But what does the `女{おんあ}でない` mean in this context? `If the same-level-woman would not exist?` But my guess is strongly influenced by the available translation ;)\n\n 2. what does `そう` mean in this context? Does it belong to `見劣{みおと}りしない女{おんな}` as `seemingly not inferior woman` or does it stand for some kanji as `添う` which means `to satisfy/meet expactations` and would have to be read as `君{きみ}とそう...` in `to comply with (expectations on the looks set by) you...` ?\n\n 3. In case the behaviour of `そう` is similar to my first assumption in question No. 2: What is the meaning of the very first `と`? To which part of the sentence is it connected in that case?\n\n 4. How does one recognize that the discussion is about the looks of the woman? is this due to `見劣{みおと}り`? Because my dictonary tells me `見劣りする` means only `being inferior` or `compairing unfavorably` but the kanji implies to have `inferior looks`...\n\nThanks for your help!",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-06T15:50:26.497",
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"tags": [
"meaning",
"particle-と",
"parsing"
],
"title": "Three different meanings of \"と\" in one sentence?",
"view_count": 321
} | [
{
"body": "1. The と is indeed the conditional form meaning \"if\". でない is a negative copula (ie. the opposite of である and equivalent to the more usual ではない). So Xでないと simply means \"If (she) isn't X\".\n\n 2. This そう is a variant usage of the そう in phrases like そうですか, そう思います etc. When paired with a negative expression like this in the form 「そう○○ない」, it's basically equivalent to それほど. For instance, \"高くない\" means \"not expensive\" and \"そう高くない\" means \"not _that_ expensive\". So while a 見劣りしない女 is a \"woman who doesn't compare badly\", a そう見劣りしない女 is a \"woman who doesn't compare _too_ badly\".\n\n 3. This と is being used to indicate a comparison between 君 and the 女; it's a standard collocation with verbs of comparison like 見劣りする. It's the same と that you'd see in expressions like 彼と比べて \"compared to him\" or 彼と一緒 \"together with him\", and is also essentially the same as the enumerating と meaning \"and\" (you can see them blur together in expressions like 猫と犬とどちらがすき？ \"Which do you prefer out of cats and dogs?\", though in modern Japanese the final と tends to be omitted in such expressions.)\n\n 4. As you say, the verb 見劣り has more of a visual element than your dictionary's translations seem to suggest - it's literally to \"look\" (見) \"inferior\" (劣る) - so the choice of verb implies that the looks are what is being compared. (Depending on the context, I'd say it could also refer to any quality that can be compared \"at a glance\", but physical attractiveness seems like a safe bet here.)",
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| 54301 | 54302 | 54302 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54318",
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"body": "Context: in a manga, a boxer is talking about the president of a boxing gym.\nWhat is the meaning of 率いる in the following sentence? I know it means `to\nlead` or `to command`, but I don't think it is the exact meaning here. Could\nit be similar to `to train` or `to guide` in this case? (I split the sentence\nas it is in the manga)\n\n> 何せ会長は… / / 世界・日本ベルト保持者複数を率いるジムの責任者… / / 結果出せる選手しか相手できないですからね。\n\nMy translation attempt:\n\n> If the president is the manager of a gym that trains (?) many World and\n> Japanese title holders, it is because they can only fight boxers that\n> achieved good results.\n\nAlso, could you help me understand the general meaning of the sentence? What\nit means is that the many boxers of this gym won a title because the president\nforced them to fight only the strongest opponents? Thank you for your help!",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-06T18:58:36.283",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning",
"verbs",
"manga",
"sports"
],
"title": "Meaning of 率いる in the following sentence",
"view_count": 189
} | [
{
"body": "相手にする as look after fits in the context.\n\nQuick interpretation: Let me assume the CEO of boxing gym only does match-\nmaking. Since he is the president of many title holders of the world and those\nof Japan and probably has a good tradition on his gym itself, the CEO does not\nwant to hire a boxer if he could win or not so that he might give a bad name\non his gym, which always needs good results like Real Madrid in soccer or\nNewYork Yankees in baseball.\n\nI interpret 結果出せる選手 as an established boxer.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-06T22:21:52.073",
"id": "54307",
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"body": "I think you're on the right track. I'd take 率いるto mean 'lead' in this\nsituation, so it'd be similar to the english.\n\n世界・日本ベルト保持者複数を率いるジムの責任者 \nworld/Japanese belt holders - lead gym - responsibility holder.\n\nThe person responsible for leading a gym with multiple world and Japanese\nbelts.",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-07T00:31:54.067",
"id": "54311",
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{
"body": "This 率いる is \"to lead\" in the sense of managing/guiding as a leader/head. It\ndoes not mean \"to train\". For example you can say 50人の従業員を率いる印刷会社の社長,\n山田先生が率いるクラス.\n\nAnyway your understanding of the whole sentence is not spot-on. 相手にする is \"to\ndeal with\" or \"to take care of\" in this context. 何せ is \"anyway\", \"at any rate\"\nor \"after all\" (why \"If\"?). ～からね at the end is \"I'm saying this ( _or_ You can\nsay that) because ～\" and is referring to something more distant. But it's\nsimply used like \"you know\".\n\n> 何せ、会長は世界・日本ベルト保持者複数を率いるジムの責任者。結果出せる選手しか相手できないですからね。 \n> After all, the president is the manager of a gym who leads several Japanese\n> and World champion belt holders. He can only deal with players who can\n> achieve good results, you know.\n\nThe basic implication of the sentence is \"The president is too busy to take\ncare of players who are not promising,\" or may be simply \"The president is not\ninterested in weak players.\"",
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| 54305 | 54318 | 54307 |
{
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"body": "I'm doing some research on this, what I've been able to figure out is that\ntypical Japanese road signs like \"closed to traffic\" and stop are reversed but\nI'm trying to figure out the meaning of the reversed signs.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/kAOqW.png)\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/plwYk.png)",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-06T21:09:47.940",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning"
],
"title": "What does this mean? It's the opposite of 通行止 as far as I know",
"view_count": 133
} | [
{
"body": "通行可： Yes. You're correct. This is the opposite of 通行止. \"You can go through\nhere.\"\n\nIt depends on the situation where you can see this sign.\n\nFor example, when you encounter a road repairing, you may see 通行止 on the\nautomobile road. However, you may see 通行可 on the pedestrian walking.\n\nIn this case, automobiles are not allowed to go through, but pedestrians are\nokay.\n\nLikewise, 進め＝\"Go!\" or \"You can go,\" \"You may go\" according to the context.\n\nTherefore, I don't think there are special meaning on those signs. They\nliterally mean it.\n\nOne thing I must add is that those signs are not the officially-defined\nJapanese traffic sings. They are someone's own creations, probably for their\ncertain special purpose.",
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"id": "54308",
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"body": "Yes, you're right, it's indicating that you can go. The easiest way to\nunderstand this is maybe to understand the last kanji as another word.\n\n通行 **止** \n止→ stop \n \n\n通行 **可** \n可→ able/can",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-07T00:13:37.007",
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| 54306 | null | 54308 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54316",
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"body": "It is said by a boy who intend to train boxing by himself.\n\n> あしたのために-その3\" のひみつ練習 **をな** ！\n\nI think that the 「な」 would be\n\n1) Verb 為す but I don't have any idea why it does not include the part to\nindicate some forms of verb like な **せ** (imperative form) or な **そう**\n(volitional form)\n\n2) emphasis sentence-ending particle 「な」",
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"tags": [
"particle-を",
"ellipsis",
"particle-な"
],
"title": "What does the 「をな」mean in this sentence?",
"view_count": 270
} | [
{
"body": "You're correct. Separate the two of these when thinking about it. な is just a\nsentence ending particle in this case.\n\nThe を modifies 練習. You could read it similar to ね sentence ending particle in\nthis case. Without context the quoted sentence doesn't seem exactly right but\nthe translation _might be along_ the lines of: \n\nIn order to train those three secret exercises, isn't it!?",
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"body": "It's two particles; を happens to be followed by な.\n\n * を is a plain object marker, but apparently it marks an object in the _previous_ sentence. Is there a transitive verb without a corresponding object in the previous sentence, for example やるぜ, 頑張るよ, 教えてくれ, etc? The word order is reversed and the sentence is split into two for emphasis. Saying the verb first is a common rhetoric device in Japanese (known as 転置法/hyperbaton). Typical example is: \n\n> 変えよう、世界を！ Change the world!\n\n * な is a sentence-end particle for mild emphasis. It's like \"you know\" or \"yeah\" but you can ignore it in translation. The verb なす is irrelevant.\n\n* * *\n\n**EDIT** : Now that OP posted the previous context, I can say ひみつ練習を is the\ndirect object of やった after ひとり. \"It's far more worthwhile to do it alone. (I\nmean,) Doing the practice of あしたのために・その3!\"",
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| 54312 | 54316 | 54316 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54315",
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"body": "Ok, I have this word \"構成\". If you look in translate it means \"constitution\" or\n\"configuration\" Also \"composition\" or \"organization\".\n\nBut I am reading a japanese technical document, where this word appears in\nphrases like \"システム構成” ”基本構成” or ”ソフトウエア構成” and to me, this sounds more like\n\"System structure\" or \"Basic Structure\" or \"Software Structure\"\n\nMy question is, is this translation possible? Am I understanding it wrong?\nSomehow \"Configuration\" sounds really really wrong...",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-07T04:14:19.137",
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"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "How can I understand 構成?",
"view_count": 92
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{
"body": "構成 can mean \"configuration\" in the sense of \"initial set-up procedure\" (what\nyou need to do right after or along with the installation), but it also means\n\"structure\", \"organization\" or \"how things are constructed\". If you believe\n\"structure\" fits in the context you're dealing with, then I think it's fine.",
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| 54314 | 54315 | 54315 |
{
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"body": "Let's take some rather trivial and also rather casual sentences such as:\n\n(1) Want to meet up at X o'clock? (2) Let us meet up at X o'clock. (3) Want to\ngrab (something to eat / dinner) later? / Want to get dinner later?\n\nI tried to translate these sentences, however I'm not sure what the different\nverb forms that could be used would imply. Let's start with (1).\n\n * X ji ni aitai desu ka (= To express the \"want\" part?)\n * X ji ni aimashou ka (= More affirmative?)\n * X ji ni aimasu ka (= Is this allowed?)\n\n(2)\n\n * X ji ni aimashou. (= The way I saw it online)\n * X ji ni aimasu. (= Is this allowed?)\n * X ji ni aitai desu. (= Expressing the want part, is this allowed?)\n\n(3)\n\n * Atode (yuushoku o) tabetai desu ka (= I believe this is correct?)\n * Atode (yuushoku o) tabetai masu ka (= Why is this wrong)\n * Atode (yuushoku o) tabe(masu/desu) ka (= Is this very impolite?)\n\nWhich of the translation tries above are correct, which ones are wrong, why,\nand what do they each imply? I also still don't quite get the different\nbetween masu and desu, for now desu seemed to me as something similar to \"to\nbe\", whereas \"masu\" was simply added to every verb, however the first\ntranslation try of (3) was a sentence I saw online, and it is using desu\ninstead of masu so I'm not sure anymore.\n\nWhat other different forms could there be to express these quite trivial\nsentences? How would they change in what contexts (Let's use the following\ncontexts, for example: 1. Work (Asking a colleague or superior), 2. Family, 3.\nFriend, 4. Acquaintance, 5. Significant other, 6. Between 3 and 5). I do\nbelieve that English also has slight differences for all of these situations,\nalthough they might lie more in the \"way\" that the sentence was said rather\nthan in the sentence itself.\n\nHelp greatly appreciated!",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"verbs",
"sentence"
],
"title": "masu/masho, desu/desho, and -tai forms of verbs",
"view_count": 2470
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{
"body": "Unlike English \"want\" you don't use \"-tai\" (in interrogative) to express\ninvitation.\n\nBoth aimashou-ka and aimasu-ka can function as invitation but the former is\nsafer because the latter can mean a simple question. Simple aimasu doesn't\nwork as invitation, it just means \"I will meet\".\n\ntabe-tai-masu and tabe-desu are wrong conjugation.",
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| 54317 | 54370 | 54370 |
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"body": "> あなたがなにを見つけようと、それは途方もなく危険なものにきまっている。大勢の人が私達を殺そうとしてるんだから\n\nUsually theres a shiyou after the volitonal form if it's used like that, but\nwhy not here, what does it mean ? Because the to ends a clause it seems like a\ncondition marker, but wouldn't it be みつけると in that case?",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-07T11:31:15.303",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What does しようと mean here",
"view_count": 1961
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{
"body": "> 「Verb in Volitional Form + **と or が** 」\n\nis a common expression meaning:\n\n> \"even if\", \"no matter what/how\", etc.\n\nLearn this construct and you will be able to say so many things.\n\n> 「あなたがなにを見{み}つけよう **と** 、それは途方{とほう}もなく危険{きけん}なものにきまっている。」\n\nthus means:\n\n> \" **No matter what you find** , it would have to be an incredibly dangerous\n> thing.\"\n\n_**IMPORTANT: Note that this is a completely different construct from**_ :\n\n> 「Verb A in Continuative Form + ようと + Verb B」\n\nWhich means:\n\n> \"(Verb B) in an attempt to (Verb A)\"\n\nThus, for instance:\n\n> 「おいしいラーメン屋{や}を見{み}つけよう **と** 、シカゴ中歩{じゅうある}き回{まわ}った。」\n\nmeans:\n\n> \"I wandered all over Chicago in an attempt to find a great ramen shop.\"\n\nFinally, please note that neither of the two usages of 「と」 discussed above\ndenotes the 'plain conditional'. The plain conditional 「と」 works as below:\n\n> 「スミスを探{さが}していた。モールで見{み}つけたが、私{わたし}を見{み}る **と** スミスは逃{に}げていった。」\n>\n> \"I was looking for Smith. I found him at the mall, but **when** he saw me,\n> he ran away.\"\n\nThis 「と」 always attaches to the dictionary form of a verb.\n\nIn other words, the three usages of 「と」 discussed above are used in\nconjunction with three different verb forms/conjugations - _**volitional,\ncontinuative and dictionary**_ , respectively. Therefore, at least\ngrammatically speaking, there should be no confusion as to what the usage is\nevery time you see a 「と」.",
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"body": "I was wondering, when writing something like 「〜だと思う」should I keep it as だ or\nsay 「であると思う？」Would both work? Thanks so much!!",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-07T12:11:41.060",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
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"title": "Using である in the middle of a sentence?",
"view_count": 171
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{
"body": "Both work fine as far as grammar.\n\nThe only difference between 「～～だと思{おも}う」 and 「～～であると思う」 is that the former\nsounds more informal than the latter.\n\nWe use the former most of the time in our everyday kind of informal speech.",
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| 54322 | 54323 | 54323 |
{
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"body": "In the game Overwatch, you can get your character to say some set phrases\n(hello, thanks, etc).\n\nWhen changing the game language to Japanese, one of the characters, \"Reaper\"\nhas 2 different ways of saying \"thank you\":\n\n 1. ありがとう\n 2. What sounds to me like れいおゆ\n\nI found [礼 on Jisho](http://jisho.org/word/%E7%A4%BC), which has a れい reading,\nbut what does おゆ mean here? Or am I hearing it wrong?\n\nThe character saying it is pretty evil if that gives any context.\n\nI uploaded a clip of the audio to\n[soundcloud](https://soundcloud.com/user-467819858/reaper-thanks)",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"words"
],
"title": "What does おゆ mean after れい",
"view_count": 171
} | [
{
"body": "He says:\n\n> 「礼{れい}を言{ゆ}う。ありがとう。」\n\nNote that 「言う」 can be pronounced both 「いう」 and 「ゆう」.",
"comment_count": 5,
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| 54324 | 54325 | 54325 |
{
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"body": "I've come across four words in my studies that all seem to have similar\nmeanings:\n\n * 根底{こんてい}\n * 基礎{きそ}\n * 基盤{きばん}\n * 基本{きほん}\n\nThey all seem to be some variation of the concepts of a \"foundation\" or\n\"basis\", but an in-depth differentiation has eluded me. Can anybody help?",
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"tags": [
"words",
"usage",
"nuances"
],
"title": "What's the difference between all these words for \"foundation/basis\"?",
"view_count": 569
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{
"body": "The correct answer here is 基礎.\n\nA good way to figure this out is by using image searches. If you note, only 基礎\nwill show images of building foundations.\n\nA second route is to understand the components.基 with the readings キ and もと\nrefers to the base of something. 根 コン and ね means root.\n\n[[礎]{いしずえ}](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/11235/meaning/m0u/) refers to a\npillar at the base of a building or a support that keeps you able to function.\nIt doesn't apply to other types of building foundations.\n\nA third route is to take recourse to native language dictionaries. These will\ntell you instantly that 基礎 refers to the foundation of buildings\n(<https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E-474117>,\n<https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/srch/jn/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E/m0u/> ...)",
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"body": "As in the comments, I guess you can find the detail explanation in a thesaurus\ndictionary.\n\nIn case you have trouble in understanding a dictionary, my interpretation goes\n\n根底 is foundation used in thought like philosophy.\n\nThe influence of Plato and Socrates is present in the foundation of western\nphilosophy 西洋哲学の根底にはプラトンとソクラテスの影響がある。\n\n基盤 is a base used in information technology, infranstrature, finances.\n\nインフラ基盤、情報基盤、財務基盤。\n\nI feel like it’s like referring to a network itself...\n\n基礎 and 基本 may be interchange though, for example, playing volleyball, you do a\ntoss, receive and attack. They are (basic)基本 of volleyball.Without this, you\nare going against the rule.\n\nPracticing technique of how to toss, how to receive and how to attack is 基礎 of\nvolleyball.",
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| 54326 | null | 54340 |
{
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"body": "Could someone please explain what **function the 落ち着いて** is serving in the\nbelow? What is its subject?\n\nCONTEXT: \nOne character is musing out loud about the recent murders (it's a mystery\nmanga) and she just observed that the birds in a bird cage are restless and\nthe nest seems to be upended.\n\n> カナリヤの親鳥があんなに暴れてる｛あばれてる｝\n>\n> こんな事件が続いて \n> みんなピリピリしたから \n> **落ち着いて** 卵も \n> あっためられないのね \n>\n\nROUGH TRANSLATION: \n\"The canary parents (not that you'd ever say that in English) are really\nflailing about wildly. Everyone's on edge because of this case. The birds\naren't even warming their eggs.\"\n\nI really don't see how the 落ち着いて fits in the sentence (assuming of course I\ndidn't make a critical error in the translation) at all. It doesn't seem to be\nsimultaneous/sequential action, state, cause, or means and definitely not a\ncommand.\n\nI have two other less important (and somewhat unrelated) questions about the\nabove as well that I figured I'd ask here. I'd be happy to ask them separately\nif told.\n\n 1. I believe that there are two causes listed in the above (～続いて、～したから). If that is a correct interpretation, **do these causes have an order**? In other words, is 「こんな事件が続いて」 the cause of 「みんなピリピリした」 or are they both causes of 「卵もあっためられない」?\n\n 2. **Is it clear what form あっためられない is in**? It seems to me that both 受け身 (passive) and 可能形 (potential) could work and I was wondering if context made it clear. Further, though I'm not sure if the distinction exists in Japanese, JSL classes teach that there are both direct and indirect passives. Is it clear which is used here (I assumed indirect)?",
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"grammar",
"て-form",
"passive-voice"
],
"title": "Specific usage of て形",
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{
"body": "落ち着いて is performing the function of an adverb here, modifying あっためられない, i.e.\nsettle + cannot warm.\n\nFirst, あっためられない is the potential form of あっためる in the negative - \"cannot warm\n(their eggs)\". And 落ち着いて means \"be calm and...\" or \"be settled and ...\" in\nthis case. Together with the も in 卵も, you get something like \"they can't even\nsettle enough to warm their eggs\".\n\nNote： あっためる is an informal version of あたためる",
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| 54329 | 54330 | 54330 |
{
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"body": "So I'm trying to translate a sentence that contains the following hiragana at\nthe end of the first part:\n\n> かのような\n\nand I'm not sure if its 'kano - particle' followed by 'like/similar to', or if\nかのような means \"as if\" according to this link: [how to translate\n動詞+かのような+名詞?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/21169/how-to-\ntranslate-%e5%8b%95%e8%a9%9e%e3%81%8b%e3%81%ae%e3%82%88%e3%81%86%e3%81%aa%e5%90%8d%e8%a9%9e)\n\nEdit: for contextual purposes, the sentence that came before the one I need\nhelp with is the following.\n\n> 女の方は黙{だま}っている.\n\nWhich I translated as: 'The woman is silent.'\n\nThe full sentence I'm trying to translate is\n\n> 品定めをするかのような, 射{い}貫{ね}くような眼差{まなざ}しをこちらに向けながら.\n\nI roughly translated the second part:\n\n> 射{い}貫{ね}くような眼差{まなざ}しをこちらに向けながら\n\nas\n\n'to shoot a penetrating, pointed gaze this way/at me.\"\n\nbut its the first part I'm having much trouble with.\n\nI know that 品定め means \"evaluate\", and that をする is either a wo/o particle\nfollowed by する (which can mean a lot of things but I'm going with 'to judge as\nbeing/to do') or some odd verb-no-particle combination of 'を' & 'する', but the\nrest of the translation depends on what かのような means in the context of this\nsentence.",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"conjunctions"
],
"title": "I need help translating as I'm Confused with かのような",
"view_count": 153
} | [
{
"body": "> I'm not sure if its 'kano - particle' followed by 'like/similar to',\n> **_or_** if かのような means \"as if\" according to this link:\n\nNot sure what you mean by 'kano - particle' followed by 'like/similar to'.\nThere is only one usage to 「Verb + かのような」 and that is to form a metaphorical\nexpression or simile as I stated in the linked Q & A.\n\n> 「品定{しなさだ}めをするかのような, 射{い}貫{ぬ}くような眼差{まなざ}しをこちらに向{む}けながら」\n\n「品定めをするかのような」 modifies 「眼差し」 here (and 「射貫くような」 also modifies 「眼差し」).\n\n「品定めをする」(= \" ** _to size someone up_** \") is only what the speaker feels that\nthe other personis doing. The speaker never knows if that is the actual\nintention of the other person. Hence, the use of 「～～かのような」.\n\n> \"while gazing in my direction as if to size me up or to shoot me\"",
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| 54331 | 54337 | 54337 |
{
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"body": "I know there are loads of uses for the former, but in the sentence\n\n家族や結婚 といった 個人的な話であろうと、エンジニアリングや事業 といった仕事の話であろうと、向き合わないとなったらとことん向き合わないのが山田なのだ\n\ncan anyone explain the subtle difference that would be made if toiu was used\ninstead?",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "difference in nuance between という、 といった",
"view_count": 969
} | [
{
"body": "I feel like the followings:\n\n> ~~といった ＝ something such as ~~\n\nAといったB： B includes A.\n\n> ~~という ＝ something that is ~~, something, in other words ~~\n\nAというB： A equals B.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-07T23:21:58.743",
"id": "54333",
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"score": 7
}
]
| 54332 | 54333 | 54333 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "When I looked it up in my 3 go to resources, Jisho, Weblio and Eijirou, the\nfirst two completely struck out, and Eijirou only shows it as part of これ見よがし.\nJust how does one use this term?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-08T00:22:45.573",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "What grammatical function does 見よがし have?",
"view_count": 529
} | [
{
"body": "They don’t have the word? Anyhow, これ見よがし implies show-off. Such as “iphoneX\nをこれ見よがしに見せ付ける。” _He ostentatiously shows iphoneX to everyone_",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-08T00:43:51.143",
"id": "54336",
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},
{
"body": "Seriously, Jisho is so useless; It does not even have 「がし」.\n\nIn Classical Japanese, 「がし」 was pronounced and spelt 「かし」 and it was a\nsentence-ending particle used for **_calling someone's attention, reminding\nsomeone of something_** , etc. It is, however, no longer used as a sentence-\nending particle.\n\nInstead, 「がし」 is used today as a suffix to the **imperative** form of a verb\nmeaning \" ** _as if to say/require/order ~~_** \". It carries a bit of a\nliterary flavor (which quite a few people are partial to). In reality, it is\nused mostly in a limited number of set phrases such as:\n\n「これ見よがし」= \"as if to order you to take a look\" ➡ \"in a show-offish manner\"\n\n「出{で}ていけがしの態度{たいど}」 = \"an attiude as if to order you to leave\"",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-08T02:41:30.577",
"id": "54339",
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"score": 9
}
]
| 54335 | null | 54339 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54342",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I translaed the first line of しろくまカフェ to:\n\n> 笹{ささ}を 食{た}べながらのんびりするのは 最高{さいこう}だなあ\n>\n> Eating bamboo while relaxing is the best\n\nBut there are a couple of particles that I wasn't quite sure of. Any advice\nwould be much appreciated.\n\n 1. **するの** : I understand that `のんびり` is a so-called \"する verb\", so this takes する at the end to turn it into a verb, but what role does the の particle play here? I normally undersatnd it to be the possessive (mine, his, yours etc) but does it play a different role here?\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/jI5wi.jpg)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-08T04:37:39.567",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54341",
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"owner_user_id": "26091",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"particle-の",
"nominalization"
],
"title": "Question about するの",
"view_count": 392
} | [
{
"body": "In this case, it turns the verb into a noun. In order to comment on the nature\nof the activity of eating bamboo while lying around, you first have to turn it\ninto a noun phrase, and の does that here.\n\nこと can be used to create noun phrases as well, but there are cases where they\nare not interchangeable.\n\nI recommend reading the [imabi\narticle](http://www.imabi.net/nominalization.htm) on the subject.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-08T04:47:05.207",
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| 54341 | 54342 | 54342 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54345",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "From the lyrics to 'indigo love story' by indigo la End:\n\n> 僕らは命を取っ替えた\n\nCan't find this in the dictionaries I have access to (takoboto android app and\njisho.org - also let me know any dictionary reccomendations if you like)",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-08T12:08:51.053",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54343",
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"last_edit_date": "2018-01-28T15:37:14.350",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "16132",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "What is the meaning of 取っ替える",
"view_count": 231
} | [
{
"body": "とっかえる is a colloquial contracted way of saying とりかえる (取り替える).\n\nThis contraction (促音化) occurs in several compound verbs (複合動詞), eg:\n\n> [吹]{ふ}き[飛]{と}ぶ → ふっとぶ \n> [追]{お}いかける → おっかける \n> [突]{つ}き[返]{かえ}す → つっかえす \n> たたき[切]{き}る → たたっきる \n> [差]{さ}し[引]{ひ}く → さっぴく \n> ぶち[壊]{こわ}す → ぶっこわす\n\netc...",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-08T14:32:12.997",
"id": "54345",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-08T14:38:27.203",
"last_edit_date": "2017-11-08T14:38:27.203",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "9831",
"parent_id": "54343",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 54343 | 54345 | 54345 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54346",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> それでは皆様。本日の晩餐を始めさせていただきたいと思います。\n\nI'm a bit confused with honorific forms.\n\nI understand 始めさせて as \"Allow me to start\" and いただく as the humble form of もらう,\nbut why is it いただ **きたい** と思います. Is it just the \"want\" form ? As in \"I think I\nwould like you to allow me to start today's dinner.\" ?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-08T13:03:15.030",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54344",
"last_activity_date": "2021-11-17T08:08:20.977",
"last_edit_date": "2017-11-08T13:15:51.453",
"last_editor_user_id": "20501",
"owner_user_id": "20501",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Confused about ～させていただきたいと思います",
"view_count": 1380
} | [
{
"body": "(I had to ramble at the beginning. For the quick answer, please go straight to\nthe last part.)\n\n「させていただく」 is (or was) indeed a \"controversial\" honorific phrase among us\nnative speakers. It is, however, so incredibly wide-spread now that we do not\neven discuss it often anymore.\n\nIf you search 「させていただく」 on Yahoo Japan, many of the first few hundred hits are\nindeed regarding this controversy itself.\n\n[https://search.yahoo.co.jp/search?p=%E3%81%95%E3%81%9B%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%81%9F%E3%81%A0%E3%81%8F&search.x=1&tid=top_ga1_sa&ei=UTF-8&aq=-1&oq=%E3%81%95%E3%81%9B%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%81%9F%E3%81%A0%E3%81%8F&ai=XyfinzCgRpyhKC.JRT.rXA&ts=5700&fr=top_ga1_sa&b=131](https://search.yahoo.co.jp/search?p=%E3%81%95%E3%81%9B%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%81%9F%E3%81%A0%E3%81%8F&search.x=1&tid=top_ga1_sa&ei=UTF-8&aq=-1&oq=%E3%81%95%E3%81%9B%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%81%9F%E3%81%A0%E3%81%8F&ai=XyfinzCgRpyhKC.JRT.rXA&ts=5700&fr=top_ga1_sa&b=131)\n\nThe point of the controversy as viewed from the perspective of the opposing\nfaction is that the phrase is simply too artificially and overly humble while\nyet sounding kind of pushy with a \"weird\" **combination of causative and\nhumble**.\n\n「させていただく」 simply means, or is supposed to mean, the same as 「します」 or 「いたします」.\nUntil a couple of decades ago, therefore, using 「いたします」 was regarded as 100%\npolite enough for business use, so it was what most people/businesses used for\nhumble and respectful speech. Some people, however, still strongly believe\nthat 「いたします」 is humble, polite and respectful enough, hence the above-\nmentioned controversy.\n\nA couple of decades ago, some people -- perhaps some large and influential\ncorporations -- started using 「させていただきます」 in speaking and writing to their\ncustomers and it caught on very quickly, resulting in \"everyone\" using it in\nno time. The expression was new and it sounded very nice and polite to many.\n\n「～～させていただきたいと思います」 literally means \" _ **I think we would like to kindly\nreceive the favor of you graciously letting us ~~.**_ \" No wonder why there is\na controversy, eh?\n\nThus, the sentence in question means:\n\n> \"And now, ladies and gentlemen, I think we would like to kindly receive the\n> favor of you graciously letting us start today's banquet.\"\n\nI trust that you could easily rephrase that the way it would sound more\nnatural to English-speakers.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-08T14:43:19.427",
"id": "54346",
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}
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| 54344 | 54346 | 54346 |
{
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"body": "Is it redundant to give an assumed case and then use the どうすればいい construction?\n\nE.g.\n\n> 不合格だとすればどうすればいいですか。\n\nIf so, what's a better way to express this sentiment?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-08T18:26:40.163",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54347",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-09T00:46:16.500",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"usage"
],
"title": "Using としたら・とすれば to ask advice",
"view_count": 270
} | [
{
"body": "The sentence:\n\n> 「不合格{ふごうかく}だとすればどうすればいいですか。」\n\nsounds fairly awkward for using both 「だとすれば」 and 「どうすれば」 back-to-back. If it\nwere grammar that mattered, however, the sentence would be perfectly\ngrammatical. Nontheless, careful speakers/writers would probably not say it\nthat way.\n\nTo be honest, the biggest problem that I, as a native speaker, have with this\nsentence is that I have no idea who it is talking about. Who is the one that\nmight not pass? Who is the one that would/should do something upon finding out\nabout the failure?\n\nYou could say:\n\n> 「（もし）不合格だったらどうすればいいですか/いいでしょうか。」\n\nif you are asking about what you yourself should do.\n\nIf, however, you are asking about what the other person should/would do, you\nmight say:\n\n> 「（もし）不合格だったらどうしますか/どうするつもりですか。」",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-08T23:37:48.850",
"id": "54353",
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},
{
"body": "I think l’electeur explained it in detail.\n\nHowever, if you quantify X as numerical value and saying “Xだとすればどうすればいい”, now\nsay 不合格 as 40. But other people might believe X as 70 which is regarded as\nsuccess. In this kind of case, 不合格だとすればどうすればいいですか might work. You are going\nagainst other’s evaluation. Say, your family wanted you to go to a big company\nin Japan. However, you decided to be a musician. In this case, とすればどうすればいいですか\nworks.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-09T00:46:16.500",
"id": "54357",
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| 54347 | null | 54353 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54352",
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"body": "It seems like 真偽 and the second meaning for 虚実 have the same meaning, but are\nthere any differences in how they're used?\n\n> 真偽 \n> **真実と、いつわり。まことかうそか。「真偽のほどはわからない」**\n>\n> 虚実 \n> １ 実質・実体のあることとないこと。 \n> **２ うそとまこと。虚構と事実。「虚実とりまぜて語る」** \n> ３ 「虚虚実実」の略。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-08T22:20:15.393",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54349",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-08T23:22:09.227",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "15801",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"synonyms"
],
"title": "difference between 虚実 and 真偽",
"view_count": 110
} | [
{
"body": "> 真実と、いつわり。まことかうそか。「真偽のほどはわからない」\n\nOn this one, you are saying you cannot conclude if a thing is true or false.\n\n> ２ うそとまこと。虚構と事実。「虚実とりまぜて語る」\n\nOn this one, you are mixing up fiction and fact. It might imply exaggerating,\na made-up story and so on.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-08T23:22:09.227",
"id": "54352",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-08T23:22:09.227",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"parent_id": "54349",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 54349 | 54352 | 54352 |
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