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{
"accepted_answer_id": "54356",
"answer_count": 4,
"body": "> A : この電車は東京へ行きますか。\n>\n> B : いいえ、行きません。次の「普通」ですよ。\n\nI'm not sure what B meant by 'the next local train'. It sounds like he's\nsaying that 'this train is the next local train' which meaning I could not\nunderstand. My friend suggested that he must have meant 'it's the next local\ntrain (that will go to Tokyo)' but the topic is 'This train'.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-09T00:15:46.620",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54354",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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"owner_user_id": "15891",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-は"
],
"title": "次の「普通」What does it mean?",
"view_count": 2237
} | [
{
"body": "B is is saying:\n\n> It's the next (local) train _that you need to take_ / _is going to Tokyo_.\n\nThere is no explicit topic in this sentence.\n\nThe person replied to A's question with いいえ、行きません。 and added a suggestion\nbased on a (quite natural) guess that a person asking about some target\nstation intends to go to that station.\n\nBy asking a question you are not binding the person to adhere to whatever form\nyou used.\n\nIt's quite parallel to English:\n\n> * Is this train going to Tokyo?\n> * No, the next one is.\n>\n\nIn the question a subject is \"this train\", in the reply it changes to \"a train\ngoing to Tokyo\".",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-09T00:21:38.573",
"id": "54355",
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{
"body": "Your friend is correct in his/her understanding.\n\n> A : この電車は東京へ行きますか。\n>\n> B : いいえ、行きません。次の「普通」ですよ。\n\nIn A's question, \"this train\" is surely the subject. It is explicitly\nmentioned.\n\nWhen B replies, however, s/he utters two short sentences with a different (and\nunmentioned) subject for each.\n\nThat is the Japanese language; It is all about context.\n\n> A: \"Does this train go to Tokyo?\"\n>\n> B: \"No, it doesn't. The next local train does/goes to Tokyo.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-09T00:25:13.157",
"id": "54356",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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},
{
"body": "> A : この電車は東京へ行きますか。\n>\n> B : いいえ、行きません。(あなたがお探しの電車は）次の「普通」ですよ。\n\nNative Japanese people can understand that「お探しの電車は」「正しい電車は」or「東京に行くのは」are\nabbreviated. It is clear according to the context and situation.\n\nOne note is that 「東京」is the biggest station in Japan, so any express trains\nmust stop at Tokyo station. Therefore, the context doesn't make sense in a\ncertain point of view.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-09T02:04:34.150",
"id": "54359",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-09T02:04:34.150",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"score": 5
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{
"body": "> A : この電車は東京へ行きますか。 \n> B : いいえ、行きません。次の「普通」ですよ。\n\nBは省略された表現です。省略しない場合は次のようになります。\n\n> B : **いいえ、** この電車は東京へ **行きません。** 東京へ行く電車は **次の「普通」** 電車（または「普通」列車） **ですよ。**\n\nなお、電車の種類には、普通列車（≒普通電車）、快速列車（≒快速電車）、急行列車（≒急行電車）、特急列車（「特別急行列車」の省略）のようなものがあります。\n\n快速列車と急行列車の違いは、前者は急行料金が不要なことで、区分としては普通列車に入ることが[ここ](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E9%80%9F%E5%88%97%E8%BB%8A)に書かれています。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-09T06:43:23.750",
"id": "54363",
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"score": 3
}
]
| 54354 | 54356 | 54356 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54399",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I wrote a fan letter to Japanese actors that I admire.\n\nIt was compulsory to write his name on the envelope,\n\nso I just simply put **Xさん**\n\nHowever, I later noticed that everyone seems to address him as **X様**\n\nI was quite confused since I have never seen anyone address him this way on\nSNS\n\n(i.e. usually it was his nickname or Xくん or Xちゃん）\n\nIs this a common practice in Japanese or something?\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/xtYxj.jpg)\n\nOriginal Photo\n\n * <https://pbs.twimg.com/media/DNJfOB1UMAAoQa9.jpg>\n * <https://pbs.twimg.com/media/DNOYXdrV4AAyoHY.jpg>",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-09T02:02:27.850",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54358",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-11-09T08:49:44.667",
"last_editor_user_id": "19458",
"owner_user_id": "19458",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"culture",
"honorifics"
],
"title": "Appropriate Honorifics for Fan Letter",
"view_count": 781
} | [
{
"body": "When you write to someone it’s a minimum manner to put ‘様’ just below the\naddressee’s name on the envelopes.\n\nWhen you have chance to write to some entities contrary to a person, you\nshould put ‘御中’ (onchu).\n\nLike below\n\nマル 様\n\nスタックエクスチェンジ 御中",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-09T15:54:17.453",
"id": "54382",
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{
"body": "We are discussing two separate things here.\n\n**On the envelope** :\n\nIt is just customary to use 「～～～～様」 on the envelope. How you address your star\nin your imagination or what you call him/her when talking to someone about\nhim/her is **_irrelevant_** here.\n\nThe only mail I have ever received with \"[my name] + 君{くん}\" was the New Year\ncards from my teachers in my elementary school days. Teachers used 「君」 for\nboys and 「さん」 for girls. 「様」 would have been unnatural in that relationship\nand age difference.\n\nIn the case of fan letters, 「様」 would be the only proper honorific choice even\nif your star were 30 years younger than you.\n\n**In the actual letter** :\n\nThis is altogether another matter from the above. On the letter pad, you can\naddress your star using whatever honorific you usually call him with --\nさん、くん、ちゃん, etc. You can also just use his/her nickname without an honorific as\nwell.\n\nThis is all about Public vs. Private (envelope vs. letter pad). We need to\nmake a distinction.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-10T01:54:36.663",
"id": "54399",
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}
]
| 54358 | 54399 | 54399 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54362",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "context: A person complaining about some raunchy conduct\n\n> 女の子同士でも羞恥心とかそういうのってあるものでしょ\n\nEven between girls, there should be some display of shame, right? (?)\n\nNot Sure how to parse the long winded \"とかそういうのってあるものでしょ\" section, aside from\nthe ambiguity of のってある, it feels redundantly wordy.\n\nThanks you",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-09T02:48:55.803",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54361",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-09T03:22:54.157",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "22187",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Use of のってある in this sentence",
"view_count": 85
} | [
{
"body": "You sound as if 「のってある」 were an independent phrase, but that 「の」 is a\nnominalizer.\n\n「そういうの」 = \"something like that\"\n\n「って」 here functions as an informal topic marker.\n\nThus, 「羞恥心{しゅうちしん}とかそういうのってある」 means 「(there is/exists) something like a sense\nof shame」.\n\n> \"Even among girls, there certainly exists a sense of shame or something\n> along that line, right?\"\n\nThe last half is kind of redundantly wordy as you observed, but that is\nexactly how we chat informally -- wordy and unconcise. The point is, though,\nit is not at all awkward as a spoken sentence. You should not apply the\ngrammar for the (formal) written language.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-09T03:22:54.157",
"id": "54362",
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}
]
| 54361 | 54362 | 54362 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54384",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "# 背景\n\n現在、私は色々な大学教員の就職活動をしています。前から、英語圏（特にアメリカ）と日本の著書を区別する方法は異なっていると思っていましたが、今まではあまり影響にならなかったから、聞いておりませんでした。\n\n# 質問自体\n\n学術冊は幾つの種類があるのですが、日本と英語圏の区別仕方は異なっているかどうか及びふさわしい表現を教えていただきたいです。\n\n 1. 一人は一人で一冊書く場合、英語に「single-authored book」、日本語に「単著」になるでしょうか。\n 2. 一冊は数名で書いて、各々章は違う人が書いてあて、英語に（書いたものの味方から）「single-authored book chapter」、日本語に「共著」の概念になるでしょうか。\n 3. 同じ章は数人に書いていた場合、「co-authors」と「共著」になるでしょうか。\n\n私が気になるのは２の使い方。まず、上記は当てるかどうかを確認して欲しい。そして、一人で書いてあった章は「共著」と認めますか。それはその１冊は全員が協力したものと皆しているからか別の理由からそのように考えている。\n\n# English\n\n# Background\n\nAt present, I'm doing a lot of job applications for positions in Japanese\nuniversities. I've always felt the way that publications are classified\ndiffers between the English-speaking world (particularly America) and Japan,\nit has not had much impact on me until now so I hadn't asked earlier.\n\n# The Question\n\nThere's a lot of types of academic books, and I'd like to know the correct way\nto use Japanese to describe some of my work.\n\n 1. A book written entirely by one person would be in English a \"single-authored book\" or a \"単著\" in Japanese right?\n 2. A book with chapters written by separate authors would be (for the authors) \"single-author book chapters\" in English and \"共著\" in Japanese?\n 3. If the same chapter is written by multiple people, then it's \"co-authored\" in English and \"共著\" in Japanese.\n\nI'm particularly interested in 2. First, is my interpretation correct? Then,\nI'd like to better understand whether this is because the work is understood\nas a single book that everyone worked on or some other basis?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-09T08:01:47.197",
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"id": "54364",
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"owner_user_id": "4091",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"academic-japanese"
],
"title": "単著・共著 対 Single-author and multi-author",
"view_count": 1183
} | [
{
"body": "３つともあっていると思います。\n\n履歴書の業績の欄には、書籍の題名の後ろに、１番は`（単著）`、２番・３番は`（共著）`と書きます。\n\n３番のように一つの章を数人で書いていて、（文系では３番はあまり見かけないですが、）自分の担当した部分が明確にできない場合は、`本人担当部分抽出不能/不可能`などと書きます。\n\n２番は、自分が担当した章の番号とページも書きます。\n\n一冊を数名で書いている場合は、一つの章を一人で書いていても、それが掲載されている書籍（大学の紀要や学会・研究会の論集などの雑誌を除く）は「共著」になります。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-09T17:30:21.290",
"id": "54384",
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| 54364 | 54384 | 54384 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54369",
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"body": "Context: in [this\nmanga](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AF%E3%83%89%E3%82%A6), an\nex boxer now working for a yakuza group has just attended the funeral of his\nboss (組長). After the funeral, he sits alone and watches his pinkie. Then\nthinks:\n\n> 何考えてんだ俺は… あめェよ… 命【たま】かけなきゃならねェ世界【とこ】で生かされてんだ。あめェよ… **小指じゃ命につりあわねェっての。**\n\nIn the manga the word 世界 is often used to refer to the boxing world, and I\nthink in this case too. I understand that he is talking about the yubitsume\nritual, but the meaning of the last sentence is not clear to me, the verb in\nparticular. I think it literally means \"a pinkie can't match life\", but what\ndoes he actually mean by that? What is the general meaning of the whole\nsentence? Also, why 命 has たま as furigana? My attempt:\n\n> What the hell am I thinking? I'm so naive... I am forced to live in a world\n> where you have to risk your life. I'm so naive... a pinkie can't be compared\n> to life.\n\nUnfortunately, the manga doesn't provide much context because it focuses on\nthe boxing part, this is just a minor scene. I don't know why he thinks about\ncutting his finger, maybe he feels guilty about the death of his boss?\n\nThank you for your help!\n\nEDIT: maybe my explanation wasn't clear, but in the end he doesn't cut his\nfinger. [Here you can\nsee](https://drive.google.com/open?id=1SWKm89rpifyLFgGo9DtxGW8jMltShVMO) the\npage in question (page 29) and some pages before it. In the first page, you\ncan see an unknown member of the yakuza clan with his amputated pinkie. This\nis all the context the manga provides, after these pages it goes back to the\nmain story.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-09T08:05:00.097",
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"id": "54365",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-11-11T08:09:10.367",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning",
"verbs",
"manga"
],
"title": "Meaning of this sentence by a yakuza",
"view_count": 393
} | [
{
"body": "First of all, I think this 世界 is used to refer to Yakuza world because the ex-\nboxer who said that is now working for a Yakuza group.\n\nDictionaries say that 釣り合う means \"match、coordinate、balance and equal\". I think\n小指じゃ命につりあわない means \"The value of a pinkie isn't equal with a life.\", that is\nto say, \"A life is worth more than a pinkie\". This \"The value of a pinkie\"\nmeans \"the action of cutting a pinkie\" because yubitsume ritual is worth for\nYakuza.\n\nIn addition, 命 is called たま in yakuza world. You can hear it in yakuza movies.",
"comment_count": 13,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-09T09:25:14.443",
"id": "54369",
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| 54365 | 54369 | 54369 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "I know \"daisuki\" means \"big like,\" but what if I said \"I like (daisuki) smart\npeople\" in Japanese, instead of telling a single individual that \"I like him\"?\nWould I be implying that I love/am sexually attracted to smart people as a\nwhole?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-09T08:46:06.220",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54366",
"last_activity_date": "2023-05-17T14:12:31.510",
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"owner_user_id": null,
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"adjectives",
"word-usage"
],
"title": "How does one use daisuki properly?",
"view_count": 1404
} | [
{
"body": "Yes that would be the general idea about 大好き as you would use love in English.\n\n> 日本が大好き。 I love Japan.\n>\n> 東京が大好き。 I love Tokyo.\n>\n> お寿司が大好き。 I love sushi (in general).\n>\n> アイドルが大好き。 I love pop idols. (but surely you have specific ones in mind)",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-09T09:17:52.403",
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| 54366 | null | 54368 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54373",
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"body": "In Akutagawa Ryuunosuke's \"藪の中\" the wandering monk tells about the man who was\nkilled:\n\n```\n\n 男{おとこ}は、―いえ、太刀{たち}も帯{お}びておれば、弓矢{ゆみや}も携{たずさ}えておりました。\n \n```\n\nThe translation is:\n\n```\n\n The man? No, he wore a sword but had also bow and arrows equipped.\n \n```\n\nWhat I don't get is the meaning of `おれば` the polite \"conditional\" form of\n`いる`. I have read in several posts how the ~ば conditional can be used: [here,\nmany details](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/393/differences-\namong-%E3%81%9F%E3%82%89-%E3%81%AA%E3%82%89-%E3%82%93%E3%81%A0%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E3%82%89-%E3%81%88%E3%81%B0-etc?noredirect=1&lq=1),\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/43604/what-is-the-correct-\nusage-of-conditional-and-hypothetical) and\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/23596/is-classifying-the-\nusage-of-the-conditionals-if-then-like-so-correct?rq=1). Unfortunately, I am\nnot able to make work any of those explanations with the sentence in question.\n\nIn my opinion, the closest way to still use a conditional form and meet the\ntranslated meaning of the sentence would be `なら` as in the second item なら-\nexplanation by Derek in\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/393/differences-\namong-%E3%81%9F%E3%82%89-%E3%81%AA%E3%82%89-%E3%82%93%E3%81%A0%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E3%82%89-%E3%81%88%E3%81%B0-etc?noredirect=1&lq=1):\n`\"while/with\" wearing a sword he also wore a bow`.\n\nThe only other explanation would be, because the monk was obviously\ninterrupted by the questioner as can be deduced from: `男{おとこ}は、―いえ...` that\nthe questioner asked something like \"Did the man have no sword?\" (because the\nman's sword is taken taken away and disposed of by Tajoumaru) Unfortunately\nthis question must be inferred by the reader, it's not in the story. Still,\nhow would a ~ば-conditional figure in a reply to such a question?\n\nThanks a lot!",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-09T10:14:33.460",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"conditionals"
],
"title": "What does this ~ば mean, is this some irregular use of the conditional?",
"view_count": 455
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{
"body": "This might shock you, but the sooner the better.\n\nWhere did you learn that **this particular 「ば」** was conditional? **_It is\nnot_**. You would never get to understand this sentence if you blindly\nbelieved that the 「ば」 was conditional.\n\nTake a close look at the particles **in bold** in:\n\n> 「太刀 {たち} **も** 帯 {お} びておれ **ば** 、弓矢 {ゆみや} **も** 携 {たずさ} えておりました。 」\n\nThat is the famous **も-ば-も** pattern. Still no clue?\n\n> 「Noun A + **も** + Verb/Adjective + **ば/なら** + Noun B + **も** + Word/Phrase」\n\n**This common construct is used to enumerate things**. It means:\n\n> \"not only A but also B\"\n\nThus, the translation is a good one.\n\nHere is what\n[デジタル大辞泉](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%B0-597816#E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.9E.97.20.E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.89.E7.89.88)\nsays about the usage/meaning:\n\n> ３\n> ㋐（口語{こうご}で仮定形{かていけい}に付{つ}いて）共存{きょうぞん}する事柄{ことがら}を並列{へいれつ}・列挙{れっきょ}する意{い}を表{あらわ}す。\n>\n> 「野球{やきゅう} **も** すれ **ば** テニス **も** する」\n>\n> 「きれいな空{そら} **も** あれ **ば** 澄{す}んだ空気{くうき} **も** ある」",
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| 54371 | 54373 | 54373 |
{
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"body": "I am trying to find out difference between 退職願 and 退職届 and 辞任 with example and\nexplanation.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-09T10:41:56.323",
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"tags": [
"business-japanese"
],
"title": "what is difference between 退職願 and 退職届?",
"view_count": 189
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{
"body": "The clue to the difference between the first two is in the kanji used - a 退職願\nis a formal \"request\" (願い) to leave one's position, so it has to be processed\nby the company and accepted before the employee is officially no longer\nemployed. A 退職届, on the other hand, is a formal \"notification\" (届け) of one's\nresignation, so it is effective immediately and cannot be rejected or\nwithdrawn.\n\n辞任 is not equivalent to either of the above; rather it's parallel to 退職 on its\nown - it's a word for the act of resignation itself, not the document\nsubmitted. The difference between 辞任 and 退職 (and also the similar 辞職 and 退任)\nis subtle, and they can be interchangeable in many cases, but in essence the\nwords using 任 refer to leaving a specific _position_ whereas the words using 職\nrefer to leaving an entire _company_ or profession. The words using 辞 place a\ncertain emphasis on the fact that the employee is leaving _of their own\naccord_ , whereas the words using 退 are more neutral and can also cover cases\nwhere the employee was requested/forced to leave by their employer.\n\nFinally, though you didn't mention it, there's also the related word 辞表, which\nis a special form of 退職願 that's only used for certain executive positions.",
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| 54372 | 54374 | 54374 |
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"body": "I'm confused over the usage of conditional forms, AKA where to use them\ncorrectly, when not to use them and the differences.\n\nBelow are the forms I have learnt and my interpretation of how to use\nthem.(sorry the computer I'm on has no Japanese keyboard)\n\n-Tara = considered the 'safest option' in terms of conditionals, can be used in hypothetical and physical situations.(Are there any situations where tara wouldn't work?) \n\n-ba = used for only hypothetical situations (which I don't fully understand since if it is conditional, wouldn't all the situations be hypothetical since they haven't happened?)\n\n-Nara = contextual situations (what constitutes a contextual sentence?) 'If this is the case then...'\n\n-baai = used with nouns and verbs, 'In the case of... then...' (this seems pretty interchangeable with nara, is this correct?\n\n-to = only used if something will naturally happen, e.g. _when_ it's winter it will become cold. (but surely if it naturally occurs to stops being conditional right? like... it will always become cold during winter so why not just say, It's winter it _will_ be/become cold.)\n\nSorry for the long winded question but I know how to conjugate these forms but\nI have no idea when to use them correctly.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-09T12:47:36.490",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"conditionals"
],
"title": "Conditional form comparison (large question)",
"view_count": 542
} | [
{
"body": "This is a question that I had for a long time - let me see if I can help!\n\n-たら has a \"when\" sense to it. Like, \"If you see me again, say hi!\" you could say また会ったら、声をかけてね！ Meaning if (and when) we meet again. Or if something is for sure going to die, but nobody knows when (again, more of an if or when) like 死んだら。You wouldn't want to say 死ねば... usually.\n\n-ば This is purely conditional. You can use it when you ask, もしよしければ (can I do something) (clean yes/no answer). It is also useful for phrases like 行けばよかった (I wish I had gone, literally If I had gone it would have been good). \n\n-なら use this to say, \"If its normal\" 普通なら or \"If he's a teacher I would expect he knows\" 先生なら知っているはず. \n\n場合 In situations where there are a few possible outcomes.\n\nと is used only when the outcome is absolutely certain. Like, if I go to new\nyork, You can get good pizza. Or I'm happy when I meet you \"君と会うと幸せになる”\n\nHope that is helpful!",
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| 54375 | 55283 | 55283 |
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"body": "> それが困ったことに、次はスープでございまして。\n\nNow that I think of it, I had jotted down another sentence that looks like the\nsame :\n\n> 海外では魔女はとても人気のあるカテゴリーでしてね\n\nWhy are ございます and です conjugated that way ?",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-09T12:55:44.733",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "でございまして in this sentence?",
"view_count": 528
} | [
{
"body": "Japanese is a rare language in that it is often the listener/reader (instead\nof the speaker/writer as in English) who must finish the sentence and\nunderstand exactly what the speaker/writer would have wanted to say. Not\nsaying everything is a virtue in the Japanese culture whereas saying\neverything as clearly as possible is a virtue in many others.\n\nFor that reason, you will keep encountering \"sentences\" ending with\nconjunctions and verbs/adjectives in the te-forms for as long as you study\nJapanese. We call those 「言{い}いさし表現{ひょうげん}」. 「さす」 is 「止す」 in kanji, but you do\nnot have to know that as it is rarely written in kanji. 「さす」 means \"to stop\n(in the middle)\", so 「食べさしのハンバーガー」 means a \"half-eaten hamburger\". The\nsentence version of that burger is the 言いさし表現, one might say. おもろいこと言うな、ワシも・・\n\nBTW, I have no idea what to call 言いさし表現 in English mainly because it is not a\nterm needed in the English-speaking culture.\n\nThus, every time one uses an 言いさし表現, one is leaving something unsaid. You as\nthe listener/reader, however, will usually have no problem understanding from\nthe context or situation/occasion what was left unsaid by the other person.\nContext is of utmost importance in Japanese. **What might confuse the\nbeginning Japanese-learners the most, however, is the fact that what is left\nunsaid would almost always be the main clause**.\n\nSo, what kinds of things are most often left unsaid in 言いさし表現? Those would\ngenerally be **explanations of matters, exclamations, apologies, gratitude and\ncriticism**.\n\nFinally, though I wish to tell you what is left unsaid in your example\nsentences, I could not do so for the complete lack of context.\n\n> 「それが困{こま}ったことに、次{つぎ}はスープでございまして。」\n>\n> = \"Unfortunately, the next course is the soup...\"\n\nI have no idea in what situation someone might say this. It sounds like the\nspeaker is being apologetic, but that would be all I could say.\n\nContext is everything in 言いさし表現.\n\nNext,\n\n> 「海外{かいがい}では魔女{まじょ}はとても人気{にんき}のあるカテゴリーでしてね」\n>\n> = \"Witches are a very popular category abroad...\"\n\nAgain, without context, I have no idea what type of phrase would follow here.\nAll I could guess would be some kind of explanation.",
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| 54376 | 54383 | 54383 |
{
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"body": "× 帰宅すれば、必ずお風呂に入りなさい。Why is this incorrect? Is it because it is non-volitional?\ntakes out the decision aspect?",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-09T14:01:45.480",
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"tags": [
"conditionals"
],
"title": "帰宅すれば、必ずお風呂に入りなさい。'When you get home, be absolutely sure to take a bath' Why is this an incorrect usage of ~Ba?",
"view_count": 175
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{
"body": "> When you get home, be absolutely sure to take a bath. \n> A : 帰宅 **すれば** 、必ずお風呂に入りなさい。 \n> B : 帰宅し **たら** 、必ずお風呂に入りなさい。\n\nJisho.org defines them as:\n\n> ### すれば\n>\n> Expression \n> 1. if so; in that case; in that situation\n\nand\n\n> ### たら\n>\n> Conjunction, Particle \n> 1. indicates supposition; if ... then; when; after \n> あ、とりあえず包帯{ほうたい}しているけど、もし煩｛わずら｝わしかっ **たら**\n> 、家｛うち｝に帰｛かえ｝ってからカットバンに代｛か｝えても大丈夫｛だいじょうぶ｝よ。 \n> Ah, well I've bandaged it for the meantime but if that's awkward then it's\n> fine to replace it with a plaster **when** you get home.",
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"body": "ば only works as action and consequence. A common example given is \"if you drop\na ball, it will fall\". You can't put a command, volition, etc, after ば, but\nrather a sequence of events; the result (ball falling) after the action\n(dropping the ball). And ば doesn't have a meaning of \"when\" either, and even\ntranslating as \"if\" would not make for natural English either at times. Like\nこの通りを行けば病院につく. Again, action and consequence; go down this path and you will\narrive at the hospital.",
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| 54378 | 54412 | 54379 |
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"body": "In my last Japanese class, I asked my teacher, who is a native speaker, why\nthe Japanese word for \"page\" was taken from the English language (\"pēji\"),\nbecause apparently there were already books (\"hon\"), who had a Japanese name.\nMy teacher could not answer me this. Is there a reason and, more important,\nhow did the Japanese people called a sheet of paper being part of a book?",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-09T14:44:31.943",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"etymology"
],
"title": "Why isn't there any \"original\" Japanese word for \"page\"?",
"view_count": 999
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{
"body": "頁 `おおがい`(ケツ or ヨウ) is used to indicate the pages in Kanji, which is quite rare\nto see nowadays.\n\nOriginally, 「葉」-leaf (ヨウ) was said to be the unit of count for paper and in\nEdo period we borrowed the kanji 頁 so to mean the pages because its Chinese\npronunciation is similar to ‘ヨウ’.\n\n<http://kanjibunka.com/kanji-faq/old-faq/q0153/>",
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"body": "I'm communicating with a Japanese penfriend on italki, and I've got a few\nproblems with what she has written me in Japanese\n\nFor context: Amongst other things, I've told her that I've changed my\nprofession. I successfully finished my studies to become a teacher, but I've\nchanged into the IT sector because, in my country (Germany, Bavaria), there is\nno need for teachers anymore for the subjects I've studied.\n\nNow, I haven't told her this background information and as far as I can\nunderstand, she tries to convince me to go for it. The problem is, as I said,\nthat I don't understand everything she has written me.\n\n>\n> 仕事を始めるとき、最初の何年かはとても大変ですね。でも嫌でも続ける事は、何か自分に意味があります。そういうふうに、日本では言います。だから、本当に自分のしたい事が今できなくても、できるときがくるので、そのときまで粘ってください！かな？？？\n\nWhat does 最初の何年かは mean? Does the topic marker は include the とき phrase as well? \n=> \"(Concerning?) The time you start your work, (concerning?) the how many\nyears of the onset it is horrible.",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning",
"particle-は"
],
"title": "How does 最初の何年かは work here?",
"view_count": 399
} | [
{
"body": "[何年]{なんねん}か means \"a few / several years\" (≂ [数年]{すうねん})\n\ncf:\n\n> [何日]{なんにち}か ≂ [数日]{すうじつ} \"a few / several days\" \n> [何人]{なんにん}か ≂ [数人]{すうにん} \"a few / several people\" \n> [何回]{なんかい}か ≂ [数回]{すうかい} \"a few / several times\"\n\nSo 最初の何年か means \"the first few years\", and the は is a topic marker.\n\n> 仕事を始めるとき、最初の何年かはとても大変ですね。 \n> When you start a new job, the first few years will (usually) be really\n> tough/hard/difficult.\n\np.s. 「数+counter」 sounds a bit more formal than 「何+counter+か」.",
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| 54385 | 54387 | 54387 |
{
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"body": "I'm writing with a japanese penfriend on italki, and I've got a few problems\nwith what she has written me in japanese ^^\n\nFor context: Amongst other things, I've written her that I've changed my\nprofession. I successfully finished my studies to become a teacher, but I've\nchanged into the IT-sector because in my country (germany, bavaria) there is\nno need for teachers on schools anymore for the subjects I've studied.\n\nNow, I haven't written her this backgroundinformation and as far as I can\nunderstand, she tries to convince to go for it :D The problem is, as I said,\nthat I don't understand everything she has written me.\n\nSo first, the full text:\n仕事を始めるとき、最初の何年かはとても大変ですね。でも嫌でも続ける事は、何か自分に意味があります。そういうふうに、日本では言います。だから、本当に自分のしたい事が今できなくても、できるときがくるので、そのときまで粘ってください！かな？？？\n\nNow, about the sentence in question: でも嫌でも続ける事は、何か自分に意味があります。 =>\"However\nunpleasant continuation is/it is to continue, there is some meaning to\noneself.\" Although this makeshift translation seems to work, I feel unsure\nabout interpretation of 続ける事, and therefore also about my further\ninterpretation of the second half. That's why I want to ask for confimation\nhere.",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-09T18:49:29.817",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
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"title": "How does でも嫌でも続ける事は work here?",
"view_count": 109
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{
"body": "Your understanding is basically correct. It's yet another example of \"double\nsubject\" sentence which both uses は and が. AはBがある literally means \"As for A,\nthere is B\", but you can simply translated it as \"A has B.\"\n\nHere, A is \"嫌でも続ける事\" and B is \"(何か)意味\". 嫌でも modifies 続ける. 自分に modifies あります\nand means \"to you\" or \"for you\".\n\n> でも{嫌でも続ける事}は、何か自分に意味があります。 \n> However, {keep on doing it even though it's unpleasant} has some meaning to\n> you.\n\nMaybe she was thinking of [this Japanese\nproverb](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/42296/5010).",
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| 54386 | 54389 | 54389 |
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"body": "I'm writing with a japanese penfriend on italki, and I've got a few problems\nwith what she has written me in japanese ^^\n\nFor context: Amongst other things, I've written her that I've changed my\nprofession. I successfully finished my studies to become a teacher, but I've\nchanged into the IT-sector because in my country (germany, bavaria) there is\nno need for teachers on schools anymore for the subjects I've studied.\n\nNow, I haven't written her this background information and as far as I can\nunderstand, she tries to convince to go for it :D The problem is, as I said,\nthat I don't understand everything she has written me.\n\nSo first, the full text:\n\n>\n> 仕事を始めるとき、最初の何年かはとても大変ですね。でも嫌でも続ける事は、何か自分に意味があります。そういうふうに、日本では言います。だから、本当に自分のしたい事が今できなくても、できるときがくるので、そのときまで粘ってください！かな？？？\n\nThe sentence in question:\n\n> だから、本当に自分のしたい事が今できなくても、できるときがくるので、そのときまで粘ってください！\n\nBefore I write down my translation, I must say that this part confuses me\nquite a lot and I wonder whether I understood the preceding parts correctly at\nall.\n\nI actually wonder here whether she tells me that I should go for becoming a\nteacher, even though it might not be \"the job I want to do\" because \"the time\nwill come when I can (=when it became the job I want to do?), or if she tells\nme to \"keep going (in my current job), because the time will come\" where I can\ndo this job :D\n\nHere is my translation:\n\n> \"Because of that, while now not doing the thing you yourself want to do,\n> because the time where I do comes, please do your best until then.\"\n\nOne last thing:\n\n> かな???\n\nWhat does it express in the way it is standing here?^^",
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"owner_user_id": "20172",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "How does this 今できなくても、できるとき work?",
"view_count": 148
} | [
{
"body": "> 仕事を始めるとき、最初の何年かはとても大変ですね。でも嫌でも続ける事は、何か自分に意味があります。\n\nAlready the meaning of this seems explained in other threads for you.\n\n> そういうふうに、日本では言います。\n\nSo, she says this is kind of aphorism in Japan. And, now she is paraphrasing\nin the aphorism way.\n\n> だから、本当に自分のしたい事が今できなくても、できるときがくるので、そのときまで粘ってください！かな？？？\n\nThese are equivalent phrases as the former.\n\n本当に自分のしたい事が今できなくても... 粘ってやる ≅ 嫌でも続ける事。\n\nその時がくる ≅ 何か自分に意味がある。\n\n\"Therefore, even if you can not do what you really want to do now, the time\ndefinitely comes. So, slog through it until then!\" Okay???\n\nかな？？？ implies she wonders if you could take what she said as an advice.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-09T23:02:32.997",
"id": "54392",
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}
]
| 54388 | 54392 | 54392 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54394",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I'm confused by the reaction to は in this exchange\n\n> A:「ゲームは上手いですね!」 \n> B:「ゲーム「は」.....」\n\nsource context: <http://neetsha.jp/inside/up/1/2/12840/24.jpg>",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-09T20:24:21.943",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-11-09T22:49:51.993",
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"owner_user_id": "15801",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"particle-は",
"は-and-が"
],
"title": "は significance in ゲームは上手いですね",
"view_count": 261
} | [
{
"body": "> A:「ゲーム **は** 上手{うま}いですね!」\n>\n> B:「ゲーム「 **は** 」.....」\n\nThis is the contrastive 「は」 or at least that is what B takes it to be.\n\nA's line can be interpreted as \"You are good at games ( _ **if not anything\nelse**_ )!\", which is exactly how B interpreted it. That is why B reacts\n(jokingly) by emphasizing the contrastive 「は」.\n\nB's line is obviously difficult to translate literally as English has no such\nparticles. In that sense, A's line is already difficult to translate to begin\nwith.\n\nParticles can be so powerful that this shortest exchange can stand as a valid\njoke in itself. (And this often takes place with the contrastive 「は」 in real\nlife.) The 「は」 in B's line would receive much stress in actual pronunciation.\n\nB could have also said:\n\n> 「ゲーム『は』って・・・」\n>\n> 「ゲーム『は』かよ！」\n>\n> 「ゲームだけかよ！」",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-10T00:01:48.060",
"id": "54394",
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},
{
"body": "The function of は is twofold:\n\n 1. It throws the attention toward the end of the sentence (the predicate).\n 2. It distinguishes its topic from other possible topics.\n\nIn this case the important bit is the second function. **「ゲームは上手いですよね」** can\nbe interpreted as, \"I don't know about other things, but you sure are good at\ngames!\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-10T00:59:42.053",
"id": "54397",
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{
"body": "The normal and neutral way to say \"Someone is good at games\" is \"(先輩は)ゲーム\n**が** 上手い\". Using は instead of が in this position is almost certainly taken as\n\"[contrastive wa](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/22/5010)\", i.e., it\nimplies he is good _only_ at games and not good at anything else.\n\nMaybe the girl was careless and incidentally leaked her inner feelings, and it\nhurt 先輩 all the more for her innocence. Or maybe she intentionally said it as\na sarcasm. Native speakers of Japanese don't know grammatical terms like\n\"contrastive wa\", but they can instantly feel the critical difference between\nは and が here.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-10T01:12:41.457",
"id": "54398",
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"score": 5
}
]
| 54391 | 54394 | 54394 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54396",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Just for a silly post I want to make, I want to say, \"Ya! I got my car back!\"\nMy attempt at this is 「やった！僕の車復帰した！」 As in, I was without my car for a few\ndays while it was being repaired, and now I have it again.\n\nIs this correct? I looked up \"returned\" and 復帰 sounded like it expressed what\nI wanted. It was defined as a suru verb, so is した correct conjugation for past\ntense?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-10T00:08:21.503",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54395",
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"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "9841",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"conjugations"
],
"title": "I got my car back!",
"view_count": 311
} | [
{
"body": "Unless you are saying this jokingly, you would not use a big Sino-loanword\nlike 「復帰{ふっき}」 at all. Trust me, you would sound more than weird if you used\nit.\n\nNative speakers would say:\n\n> 「やっ **と** 車{くるま}が戻{もど}ってきた！」\n\nWe would not use the pronoun \"my\" here because everyone would know whose car\nyou are talking about.\n\nLastly, we do not use 「やっ **た** 」 nearly as often as Japanese-learners have\nbeen using it recently.",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-10T00:32:19.130",
"id": "54396",
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}
]
| 54395 | 54396 | 54396 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54402",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "This sentence is from my textbook:\n\n> 私の将来の夢は自分の店を［持つことです／*持ちたいです］。\n\nIn other words, it says that 持ちたいです is incorrect in this case.\n\nBut since the topic is 私の将来の夢、持ちたい seems like a perfectly suitable response.\nWhy isn't it?\n\nIs the second sentence maybe saying, \"My dream is _to want_ to open my own\nstore\"?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-10T04:57:33.273",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54400",
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"last_editor_user_id": "26436",
"owner_user_id": "26436",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "夢は〜を持つことです VS 夢は〜を持ちたいです",
"view_count": 357
} | [
{
"body": "You are already answering your own question. The translation of the incorrect\nanswer is: \"My dream is to want to open a store\"... it simply doesn't make\nsense in any language.\n\nIt is basically a mix of the following two sentences, that individually mean\nsimilar things:\n\n> 私{わたし}の将来{しょうらい}の夢{ゆめ}は自分{じぶん}の店{みせ}を持{も}つことです。 = My dream is to have my own\n> store\n>\n> 私は自分の店を持ちたいです。 = I want to have my own store",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-10T06:17:29.547",
"id": "54401",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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"owner_user_id": "20305",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "> 1 : 私の将来の夢は **自分の店を持つこと** です。(correct) \n> 2 : 私の将来の夢は **自分の店を持ちたい** です。(incorrect) \n> 3 : 私の将来の夢は **自分の店を持ちたいということ** です。(correct)\n\nThe sentence structure of 1 is \"A is B\" where A and B are nouns or noun\nclauses. \nAs you know A is 私の将来の夢 and B is 自分の店を持つこと in 1, but 自分の店を持ちたい in 2 is not a\nnoun. \nTo change 自分の店を持ちたい into a noun clause you should add \"ということ\" to it as in 3.\n\n##\n\n# EDIT\n\nThanks to Yuuichi Tam's comment, I'll add useful information to my answer.\n\nIf you do not stick to \"A is B\" which is the sentence structure of 1 and you\nwant to use the expression in the second half of 2 as it is, you'll get a\ngrammatically correct sentence like 4.\n\n> 4 : 私は将来、 **自分の店を持ちたい** 。 or 私は将来、 **自分の店を持ちたい** です。\n\n4 sounds much more natural to the native Japanese than 3.\n\nIf you want to use 夢 by all means in 4, it'll become like 5.\n\n> 5 : 私は将来の夢として **自分の店を持ちたい** 。 or 私は将来の夢として **自分の店を持ちたい** です。",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-10T06:48:31.943",
"id": "54402",
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"last_editor_user_id": "20624",
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"score": 6
}
]
| 54400 | 54402 | 54402 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54409",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "As usual, I'm having trouble with this particle. Here's the sentence:\n\n> 誰にでも見られるところに堂々と張り出し、私たちの知恵 **に** 挑戦する。\n\nI don't understand. I would personally have written \"私たちの知恵を挑戦する。\". How is に\neffective here? Or is it one of those special verbs that can use に ?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-10T13:40:28.297",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54406",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-11-10T14:43:35.860",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "20501",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"transitivity"
],
"title": "What is this に in 知恵に挑戦する",
"view_count": 205
} | [
{
"body": "「挑戦{ちょうせん}する」 is an intransitive verb; therefore, it cannot take 「を」 as the\nobject marker. It takes 「に」 instead.\n\nThus, 「私達の知恵に挑戦する」 means \" ** _to challenge our intelligence_** \".\n\n(The first part of your sentence 「誰にでもところに」 makes no sense, so I would not\nattempt at translating the whole sentence. You must have miscoppied that\npart.)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-10T13:47:52.670",
"id": "54407",
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{
"body": "This に has the nuance of the meaning of 対して, it may be close to \"to\" and\n\"for\". Dictionaries say 動作・作用の行われる対象・相手を表す.\n\nWe generally say to ～に挑戦する, not ～を挑戦する. Other examples are に近づく, に乗る, に行く,\netc. Intransitive verbs don't take を as the object marker.\n\nOf course, transitive verbs take を as the object marker as in 車を運転する.\n\nFurther, direct object takes を and indirect object takes に as in 彼にボールを投げた.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-10T16:21:26.743",
"id": "54409",
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| 54406 | 54409 | 54409 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "In a japanese anime I've heard lots of \"de gozaru\" in a casual speech. If I\nuse it with my friends, will it sound ok?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-10T14:34:26.230",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54408",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-11-10T15:07:03.007",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "26442",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"role-language",
"casual"
],
"title": "\"de gozaru\" in a casual speech",
"view_count": 866
} | [
{
"body": "You're talking about Prison School, aren't you? Gakuto is a comic relief\n\"weirdo\" character. He doesn't talk like modern Japanese. A lot of things he\nsays is weird/uncommon these days, like 小生 and 皆の衆. (But if you're not talking\nabout PS, then sorry, but it still stands that it'd be extremely weird to say\nでござる; imagine a friend of yours just starts saying stuff like ye, thou, thy,\ngenerally imitating a Shakespeare character).",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-10T18:08:40.567",
"id": "54411",
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| 54408 | null | 54411 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54415",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I read [here](https://iknow.jp/courses/496976) the following sentence :\n\n> 彼と近くの映画館に行きました。(I went to a nearby movie theater with him.)\n\nInstead of \"近い映画館\" I would have written \"近い映画館\". **Is there a semantic\ndifference between 近くの映画館 and 近い映画館 ?**",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-10T20:58:00.270",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54414",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice"
],
"title": "近くの映画館 vs 近い映画館",
"view_count": 336
} | [
{
"body": "> 1) 「彼{かれ}と近{ちか}くの映画館{えいがかん}に行{い}きました。」\n>\n> 2) 「彼と **近い** 映画館に行きました。」\n\nBoth sentences would be grammatical if grammar were what was being discussed,\nbut we have all seen grammatical sentences that make little to no sense, have\nwe not?\n\n**Very few, if any at all, native speakers, however, would actually say 2)\nverbatim**. 1) is **_far_** more natural-sounding and it is what we say.\n\nThis is basically a matter of collocation, so you might want to just memorize\nit as is without trying to \"translate\" because if you translated, both\nsentences would only look equally good.\n\n1) is so perfect (and neutral) in every way that it can be used anywhere in a\nwriting or conversation.\n\n2), however, is not like that at all. It cannot appear at the beginning of a\nwriting or conversation. It needs a certain context where **_multiple_** movie\ntheaters are being discussed in terms of the distances from a certain physical\npoint, such as where one's home is. Even then, however, it would be more\nnatural and correct to say:\n\n> 「彼と近い方{ほう}の映画館に行きました。」 (\"I went to the **_nearer_** theater with him.\")\n\nAgain, a discussion of distances among multiple theaters would be a\nprerequisite here. This sentence cannot be used at the beginning of a writing\nor conversation.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-11T01:51:57.680",
"id": "54415",
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}
]
| 54414 | 54415 | 54415 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54417",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I was reading about this phenomenon in a few places and saw, for instance,\nthis table of transformations and substitutions for various verbs.\n\nIs it only these common verbs which change, or do _all_ verbs have a variant\nfor the respectful and humble styles of speech?\n\nI am aware other aspects of speech may change for honorific/humble style, but\nI am asking specifically about verbs.\n\nAs I understand it, all verbs have a polite form, but I am not sure about\nhonorific and humble forms.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/d6ZhG.jpg)",
"comment_count": 8,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-11T02:02:47.673",
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"id": "54416",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-11-11T02:47:02.973",
"last_editor_user_id": "1515",
"owner_user_id": "1515",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 11,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"verbs",
"politeness",
"honorifics"
],
"title": "Do all verbs have an honorific and humble form?",
"view_count": 3937
} | [
{
"body": "As a general rule, almost all verbs can be transformed into an honorific form,\nand many, but not all, can be transformed into a humble form*. The chart you\npasted lists special/irregular forms. So, for verbs not listed in that chart,\nyou can _usually_ transform them into the _basic/regular_ honorific/humble\nforms, like this:\n\n**Honorific forms** :\n\n> * 「お～～になる」 eg [待]{ま}つ → **お** 待ち **になる** , 座{すわ}る → **お** 座り **になる** ,\n> 送{おく}る → **お** 送り **になる** \n> (Use the continuative form/連用形 in ～～.)\n> * 「～～れる・られる」 eg 待つ → 待た **れる** , 座る → 座ら **れる** , [出掛]{でか}ける → 出掛け **られる** \n> (Use the imperfective form/未然形 in ～～. Use れる for godan verbs and られる for\n> ichidan verbs.)\n>\n\nFor (Sino compound noun +) する-verbs, you'd usually do like this:\n\n> * 「ご～～になる」 eg [利用]{りよう}する → **ご** 利用 **になる** , [到着]{とうちゃく}する → **ご** 到着\n> **になる**\n> * 「(ご)～～なさる」 eg [遠慮]{えんりょ}する → (ご)遠慮 **なさる** , [結婚]{けっこん}する → (ご)結婚\n> **なさる**\n> * 「(ご)～～される)」 eg 到着する → (ご)到着 **される** , 結婚する → (ご)結婚 **される**\n>\n\n(「～～れる・られる」「～～される」 forms are considered a little less respectful than\n「お/ご～～になる」「～～なさる」 forms.)\n\nFor some verbs you could also use 「ご・お～～だ/です」, eg **お** 待ち **だ** , **お**\n[帰]{かえ}り **です** , **ご** [立腹]{りっぷく} **だ** , **ご** [到着]{とうちゃく} **です** , etc.\n\n**Humble forms** :\n\n> * 「お～～する」 eg 待つ → **お** 待ち **する** , [呼]{よ}ぶ → **お** 呼び **する** , 送る → **お**\n> 送り **する** \n> (Use the continuative form/連用形 in ～～.)\n>\n\nFor (Sino compound noun +) する-verbs:\n\n> * 「ご～～する」 eg 連絡{れんらく}する → **ご** 連絡 **する** , 案内{あんない}する → **ご** 案内 **する**\n>\n\nYou could also use 「お・ご～～致{いた}します」「お・ご～～[申]{もう}し[上]{あ}げる」 (these sound more\nformal / politer), eg **お** 呼び **致します** , **ご** 連絡 **いたします** , **お** [慕]{した}い\n**申し上げます** , **ご** 案内 **申し上げます** , etc.\n\n*Basically, the verbs that don't directly affect/influence the other interlocutor or a third party can't be turned into a humble form, eg: わかる, [着]{き}る, [死]{し}ぬ, [出席]{しゅっせき}する, [参加]{さんか}する, etc. (おわかりする, お着する, お死にする, ご出席する, ご参加する sound incorrect/strange -- 出席いたします, 参加いたします would be fine, though.)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-11T05:20:21.383",
"id": "54417",
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"score": 12
}
]
| 54416 | 54417 | 54417 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I am writing a song in English which also has some Japanese words. At some\npoint, I want to say \"The beautiful Nakamura\". I've seen\n[here](http://thejapanesepage.com/grammar/na_adjectives) that Na is used when\nkirei modifies the noun. However, since Nakamura is the name of a person, does\nthis mean that the noun is not modified, so I could simply use kirei Nakamura?\n(preferable, because it keeps the song meter intact).\n\nAlso, can there be a problem with Nakamura if I put kirei before? (it might be\nconfused with kirei na Kamura)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-11T21:02:39.687",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54418",
"last_activity_date": "2021-11-28T23:11:14.177",
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"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "26450",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles",
"song-lyrics"
],
"title": "Which is correct: Kirei Nakamura or kirei na Nakamura?",
"view_count": 3027
} | [
{
"body": "When the word \"kirei（きれい）\" modifies noun, you must use \"kirei\" with \"na\"\nwhether or not the noun is a name of a person. The phrase \"kirei\nNakamura(きれい中村)\" is grammatically incorrect. Therefore the correct phrase is\n\"kirei na Nakamura(きれいな中村)\".\n\nOf course, whether that phrase sounds natural depends on whole lyrics. In some\ncases, 「Nakamura kirei(+da, dane, danaa)」may be preferable which means not\nbeautiful Nakamura but that Nakamura is beautiful.\n\nIn so many cases, \"utsukushii(美しい)\"is more suitable than \"kirei(きれい)\" as a\ntranslation of \"beautiful\". Since \"utsukushii\" is -i adjective, you don't need\nto use any suffix when you modify a noun with \"utsukushii\" whether or not the\nnoun is a name of a person.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-11T23:09:39.600",
"id": "54419",
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{
"body": "It should be okay if きれい中村 is the name of a person, consider the following\nexample:\n\n[サンシャイン池崎](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E6%B1%A0%E5%B4%8E)\n\nBut such kind of name would not be regular and only suggested since you have\nmentioned to write a song. If grammar is a great concern, きれいな中村 is always the\ncorrect answer.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-13T07:10:52.687",
"id": "54451",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-21T03:02:28.863",
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{
"body": "I think you're misunderstanding the definition of \"modifying\" when it comes to\ngrammar. When you say \"The beautiful Nakamura\" in English, your \"beautiful\" is\na considered a modifier, for it is describing Nakamura, adding detail and\nspecific information to the noun.\n\nWhenever a so called -na adjective is being used as an adjective preceding a\nnoun it should take the な.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-13T16:22:07.353",
"id": "54456",
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"score": 0
}
]
| 54418 | null | 54419 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54422",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What is the difference between お見舞い and 薬? Both are translated as \"medicine\"\nby Google Translate\n\nI guess that お見舞い is more like a treatment while 薬 is actual medicine people\ntake",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-11T23:30:27.560",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54420",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-12T00:36:32.923",
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"owner_user_id": "18721",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "Difference between お見舞い and 薬",
"view_count": 119
} | [
{
"body": "As you know, 薬 normally refers to an actual medicine, while お見舞い is an act of\nencouraging used normally when someone gets sick, but not limited to the case.\n\nBasically お見舞い implies you see how they are going, giving a book or food to\nget them well and so on. It is rather an act and not necessarily a substance\nyou can buy for a treatment at the pharmacy.\n\nAs for Google Translate, you should provide a sentence for a better\ntranslation. Using Google Translate at work, with only one word like\n\"decline\", I get \"低下 ≅ falling down\" when I want to get \"拒否 ≅ turned down\".",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-12T00:36:32.923",
"id": "54422",
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"score": 2
}
]
| 54420 | 54422 | 54422 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I think I answered this question for myself while writing it, but maybe\nsomeone can confirm: When to use 「の中で」 versus 「の中には」or something similar to\nmean \"among X\"?\n\nFor example, I pulled this sentence off the internet: 田中さんは兄弟の中で上から２番目です。\n\nBut: ここの蔵書の中には、お金で買えない貴重な本もあるんだって。\n\nIs it that you use で when the subject of the sentence comes before the 中, and\nには when the main phrase of the sentence (subject and verb) come after the 中?\nWould you ever say just 「中に」, or 「中では」?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-11T23:46:46.283",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54421",
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"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "26452",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"particle-は",
"に-and-で"
],
"title": "when to use 〜の中で、中には",
"view_count": 4240
} | [
{
"body": "You use locative に (\"[to be/exist / there's ~~] in [place]\") with verbs ある,\nいる, 住む, 泊まる, etc., eg:\n\n> お金は銀行 **にあり** ます。 \n> 山田さんは東京 **にいる** 。\n\nHence your second example:\n\n> ここの蔵書の中 **に** は、お金で買えない貴重な本も **ある** んだって。\n\nに is used because of the verb ある. ～～の中に here means \"[to be/exist / there's~~]\namong [group of people/things]\" and can be used with いる, ある, etc. A few\nexamples:\n\n> 「弟子 **の中に** 裏切り者が **いる** 。」 \n> 「果物 **の中に** は、アレルギーを起こすものも **あります** 。」\n\nAs for the は in your example, it's a topical or contrastive particle. You can\nalso use 「中に」, as in:\n\n> 「ここの蔵書の中 **に** (は)、夏目漱石の本がある。」 \n> 「夏目漱石の本は、ここの蔵書の中 **に** ある。」\n\n* * *\n\nYou use locative で (\"[to do/be~~] in/at [place]\") with other verbs, adjectives\nor copulas, eg:\n\n> 「コンビニ **で** 弁当を **買っ** た。」 \n> 「図書館(の中) **で** は、 **飲食でき** ません。」 \n> 「その歌手は日本 **で** も **有名です** 。」\n\nHence your first example:\n\n> 田中さんは兄弟 **の中で** 上から２番目 **です** 。\n\n～～の中で here means \"[to do/be~~] among [group of people/things]\". A few\nexamples:\n\n> 「果物 **の中で** リンゴが一番 **好きです** 。」 \n> 「佐藤さんは、弟子 **の中で** 一番 **優秀だ** 。」\n\nYou could also use 「中では」, like this:\n\n> 「山田君は兄弟 **の中では** 一番背が **高い** ですが、クラス **では** ３番目 **です** 。」 \n> (The は in では is contrastive, and the は in 山田君は is topical.) \n> 「クラス **の中では** 、鈴木さんが一番よく **勉強します** 。」",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-12T00:46:11.460",
"id": "54423",
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"score": 7
}
]
| 54421 | null | 54423 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54429",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I found [this\ndefinition](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/111179/meaning/m0u/%E9%A3%9F%E7%94%A8/)\nof 食用{しょくよう}:\n\n> 食べ物として用いること。また、その食べ物。「食用になる」\n\nWhich I read as\n\n> 食｛た｝べ物{もの}として用｛もち｝いること。また、その食｛た｝べ物｛もの｝。「食用{しょくよう}になる」\n\nMeaning\n\n> A thing that can be used as food. Also, that food. \"To be edible\"\n\nI don't quite get what `その` could mean apart from `that`, but does that make\nsense here, as `edible` doesn't mean `food`, and according to\n[jisho](http://jisho.org/search/%E9%A3%9F%E7%94%A8), `食用` means\n\n> for use as food; edible\n\nI am new to Japanese so forgive me if this is really obvious.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-12T12:37:22.837",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54427",
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"owner_user_id": "26091",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"words",
"definitions",
"dictionary"
],
"title": "Why is その used here?",
"view_count": 129
} | [
{
"body": "> 食用： \n> 食べ物として用いること。また、その食べ物。「食用になる」\n\nThe definition means as follows.\n\n(1) 食用｛しょくよう｝とは、食べ物として用いること。 \n(2) 食用｛しょくよう｝とは、(1)で「 **食べ物** として用いること」と定義した時の「 **食べ物** 」。 \n用例{ようれい}： **食用** になる。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-12T13:17:13.050",
"id": "54428",
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{
"body": "I believe you are misunderstanding the first part of the definition.\n\n> 食べ物として用いること。\n\nmeans\n\n> the use of something as a food.\n\nThe next bit specifies an alternate meaning that follows from a common use of\nthe first meaning:\n\n> また、その食べ物。\n\nMeans\n\n> or, the food item [itself]\n\nSo 食用 refers to both the use of things as food and by extension food.\n\nThus,\n\n食用 is either to make use of as food or something edible.\n\nBut to be edible is really 食用に適する",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-12T13:20:29.823",
"id": "54429",
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}
]
| 54427 | 54429 | 54429 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "55584",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Why is using wo, now seemingly optional? Now I tend to only see noun suru\nopposed to noun wo suru/shimasu. What are the implications/ connotations of\nusing or not using wo? Are there times where you have to use it or is it now\ndown to formality?\n\n(sorry my Japanese keyboard isn't working)",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-12T14:38:30.107",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54431",
"last_activity_date": "2018-01-01T08:22:28.000",
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"owner_user_id": "25348",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"particles"
],
"title": "Why is using the particle 'wo' now seemingly optional?",
"view_count": 906
} | [
{
"body": "The を particle is often left out of casual conversations, in fact casual\nconversations in general enjoy the luxury of not having to use as many\nparticles as polite/formal speech.\n\n> Example: 日本語を話す。 ー＞ 日本語話す。\n\nEven in polite/formal speech its common to see 私は日本語話します。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2018-01-01T08:22:28.000",
"id": "55584",
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| 54431 | 55584 | 55584 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54438",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I've found this in a comic frame, but i can't find it's meaning おまっとさんどす Maybe\nおまっと be a kind of お前, but I don't know.\n\nBest Regards.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-12T16:45:29.557",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54432",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-13T15:56:08.010",
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"owner_user_id": "23928",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "What's the meaning of おまっとさんどす?",
"view_count": 277
} | [
{
"body": "> 「おまっとさんどす」\n\nis a **Kyoto** way of saying the standard (dictionary):\n\n> 「お待{ま}ちどうさまです」\n\n<http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%8A%E5%BE%85%E3%81%A1%E3%81%A9%E3%81%86%E3%81%95%E3%81%BE>\n\nwhich means:\n\n> \" ** _Sorry to have kept you waiting_**.\"\n\n「どす」 is a very \"famous\" Kyoto version of 「です」.\n\n> 「Honorific お/ご + Noun + Honorific さま/さん」\n\nis a pattern used in very common fixed expressions. Other examples include:\n\n「お疲{つか}れさま/さんです。」 (Thank you for your hard work.)\n\n「ご苦労{くろう}さま/さん！」 (Thank you for your hard work!)\n\n「ごちそうさま（でした）。」 (\"Thank you for the meal.\") ➡ 「ごっそさん」 in colloquial speech.\n\n「お気{き}の毒{どく}さまです/でございます。」 (\"That is too bad.\", \"My sympathies.\", \"My\ncondolences.\", etc.)\n\n「お世話{せわ}さまです。」 (\"Thank you for your kindness.\", \"Thank you for everything.\",\n\"Thank you for taking care of ~~.\", etc.)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-12T21:26:42.273",
"id": "54438",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-13T15:56:08.010",
"last_edit_date": "2017-11-13T15:56:08.010",
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"parent_id": "54432",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 54432 | 54438 | 54438 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54439",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Referring to babies falling out of bed:\n\n> 頭が重くて **何かに挟まっても** 自分の力で出ることができないためです。 \n> It's because their heads are heavy and, **no matter what it gets caught\n> in** , they can't get out with their own strength.\n\nAt first I translated 何かに挟まっても to \"Even if it gets caught in something\" but\nthat doesn't fit the rest of the sentence.\n\nThen I thought about phrases like: question word + verb + ても e.g. 何をしても, \"no\nmatter what he does\", だれに話しても, \"no matter who he talks to\" etc. But 何かに挟まっても\ndoesn't seem to fit this pattern because 何か ('something') is a noun, not a\nquestion word. I would have guessed at 何に挟まって (without the か), if this was the\nintended meaning.\n\nSo, how should I translate this phrase, and why would 何に挟まって be incorrect?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-12T17:24:29.453",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54433",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-13T03:54:18.657",
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"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Meaning of 何かに挟まっても",
"view_count": 128
} | [
{
"body": "> 「頭{あたま}が重{おも}くて何{なに}かに挟{はさ}まっても自分{じぶん}の力{ちから}で出{で}ることができないためです。」\n\nYour translation is:\n\n> 「It's because their heads are heavy and, **_no matter what it gets caught\n> in_** , they can't get out with their own strength. 」\n\nThe only mistake, of course, is the \"no matter what\" part. If that were what\nthe author had wanted to say, s/he would have said:\n\n> 「何に挟まっても」 without a 「か」\n\njust as you yourself stated.\n\nIn this sentence using 「何か」 would be considerably better and more natural than\nusing 「何」. My own TL would be:\n\n> \"It's because their heads are heavy and in case they (= babies) get caught\n> in something, they can't get out with their own strength. \"\n\nThere is no \"even if\" feeling in the original, which is why I just used \"in\ncase\". It only means \"when\" here.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-12T21:40:53.957",
"id": "54439",
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"score": 4
},
{
"body": "According to wikipedia article: adverbival clause\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbial_clause>\n\nI think you and l'electuer's interpretation are both correct. As you know, you\nare using interrogative word(no matter what, whatever) as an adverbial clause\nsuch as \"頭が重くて、adverbial clause、 自分の力で出ることができないためです\" And, you describe that\nbabies' body are in a place between bed and something. While l'electuer\ndescribes babies are in the condition of getting sandwiched between bed and\nsomething. I think, only this sentence, it is hard to define whether this\nadverbial clause is a position or a condition type.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-13T03:54:18.657",
"id": "54447",
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}
]
| 54433 | 54439 | 54439 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54449",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "For full context:\n<http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/easy/k10011214361000/k10011214361000.html>\n\nThe sentence in question: 気象台によると、これは、光が **曲がって見える** 「しんきろう」です\n\nFirst, my attempt at translation: \"According to the weather station,\nconcerning this, with the light appearing bended it is a mirage.\"\n\nI'm quite weary about my translation. I made 曲がって and 見える one unit in which\n曲がる is kind of like an adjective and 見える is kind of like a copula\n(semantically it expresses almost the same as \"to be\" here). This seems quite\nwrong to me. However, it does make sense contentwise and more importantly, I\ncan't come up with a translation making more sense (also grammarwise).\n\nI can't really remember cases where a verb directly modifies another verb, at\nleast not in the way it is done here. So I wanted to ask for confirmation or\ncorrection.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-12T18:05:59.037",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54434",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-13T04:54:12.463",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "20172",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "How does this て-form interact with 見える",
"view_count": 414
} | [
{
"body": "I don't know if it's grammatically accurate but I see sentences like this as\nthe analogue of noun-で (where で is 'my means of') for verb phrases.\n\nSo the way I read this is that 光が曲がって modifies 見える adverbially. 見える「しんきろう」is\n\"a mirage that can be seen\". How can it be seen? 光が曲がって \"by means of light\nbending\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-12T19:06:06.690",
"id": "54435",
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{
"body": "This te-form is rather simply connecting two verbs. The latter action happens\nright after the former, or almost at the same time. The first verb is often\nthe cause of the second one. So it's like 家に帰ってテレビを見た and 車が壊れて動かなくなった. Of\ncourse you know how to translate these, right? One catch here is that the\nsubject of the first verb is different from that of the second verb, because\nthe first verb is explicitly modified by 光が. Then 光が曲がって見える modifies しんきろう as\na relative clause, but しんきろう only serves as the subject of the second verb,\n見える, because 曲がる already has its own subject.\n\nSo the sentence says two things, 光が曲がる (\"light bends\") and しんきろうが見える (\"mirage\nis seen/visible\"), happen almost at the same time.\n\n> これは光が曲がって見える「しんきろう」です。 \n> This (phenomenon) is (called) _mirage_ , (which is) seen when light rays\n> bend/refract.\n\nSimilar examples:\n\n> * 嵐が来て壊れた建物 a building which collapsed after a storm came\n> * 赤ちゃんが歩いて喜ぶ親 parents who are rejoiced to see their baby walk\n> * 1日が終わって食べる食事 a meal you eat after a day ends\n>\n\nI think \"by means of\" is not suitable in these examples.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-13T04:24:29.417",
"id": "54449",
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| 54434 | 54449 | 54449 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> そして、 **外国人が来たときの準備をしている近くの**\n> 病院を地図で知らせます。([source](http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/easy/k10011217511000/k10011217511000.html))\n\nIt's basically the part in bold which I fail to integrate into the sentence. I\nalso feel a bit unsure about the use of the causative here. However, first my\nattempt at translation of the sentence without the bold part:\n\n> Furthermore...it makes the hospital aware (lets the hospital know) with the\n> map.\n\nWhen I try to integrate the bold part, I can't put the individual parts\ntogether. For example:\n\n> 外国人が来たとき の 準備をしている近く\n\nHere, the first part, which gives a temporal information, is somehow an\nattribute of 病院\n\nmy attempt at full translation:\n\n> Furthermore, with the map it makes the nearby hospital doing the\n> preparations of the when the foreigner came aware.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-12T19:07:17.053",
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"id": "54436",
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"score": 2,
"tags": [
"sentence"
],
"title": "そして、外国人が来たときの準備をしている近くの病院を地図で知らせます",
"view_count": 85
} | [
{
"body": "I think this is the transitive verb 知らせる rather than the causative of 知る. It\nmeans ' to inform' The verb takes an object which is the thing you are being\ninformed about. The person being informed is you, not the hospital.\n\n> Using a map, it informs you of nearby hospitals which are prepared for when\n> foreigners come.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-12T19:20:55.190",
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| 54436 | null | 54437 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54443",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "The refrain of the Blue Hearts song 青空 starts like this:\n\n生まれた所や皮膚や目の色でいったいこの僕の何がわかるというのだろう\n\nWhile the first part is rather clear, I don't understand the second part.\nWhat's the meaning of いったいこの僕？\n\nThanks!",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-12T21:45:38.443",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54440",
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"owner_user_id": "26462",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"song-lyrics"
],
"title": "Meaning of refrain in 青空 by \"The Blue Hearts\"",
"view_count": 264
} | [
{
"body": "いったい＝一体＝the hell, on earth\n\n> 生まれた所や皮膚や目の色で、この僕の何がわかるというのだろう\n\n=What do they know about me with only the information such as my nationality,\nmy skin color, or my eye color?\n\n> 生まれた所や皮膚や目の色で、 **一体** この僕の何がわかるというのだろう\n\n=What **_the hell_** do they know about me with only the information such as\nmy nationality, my skin color, or my eye color?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-12T23:22:20.753",
"id": "54443",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-13T03:05:17.890",
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{
"body": "I love the Blue Hearts! One of the greatest bands of all time :)\n\nAs Seesawscene said, いったい carries the meaning of such English expressions as,\n\"What on earth?!\" or, \"What the heck?\" as in this example sentence:\n\n> 彼{かれ}が働【はたら】いているのはいったいどこか。 Where the heck does he work?\n> [Link](http://Where%20the%20heck%20does%20he%20work?)\n\nThe next part, この僕, simply means \"me\" or \"myself\" here. Its use is somewhat\nlyrical here; it's not the way you would refer to yourself in everyday speech.\nI sometimes hear that way of speaking in old samurai movies.\n\nI would translate the sentence to mean, \"What the hell can they know about me,\njust based on my birthplace, skin and eye color?\"\n\nYou can break it apart like this:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZoG84.jpg)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-14T11:34:02.327",
"id": "54483",
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| 54440 | 54443 | 54443 |
{
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"body": "I have only recently started learning Japanese and was wondering if my\nhandwriting is easy to read.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/T48hr.jpg)\n\n手伝ってくれてありがとうございます",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-12T22:06:20.720",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54441",
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"owner_user_id": "26463",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -1,
"tags": [
"hiragana",
"handwriting"
],
"title": "Is my hiragana legible?",
"view_count": 594
} | [
{
"body": "Your handwriting is almost perfect.\n\nOne note is that the right side of the \"ほ\" is not \"ま.\" The vertical line\nshould not be extended upwards exceeding the horizontal line.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-12T23:17:34.557",
"id": "54442",
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| 54441 | null | 54442 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54453",
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"body": "A friend asked me to translate into English a short text. The context is Tokyo\nbeing a global city where people gather and experience a variety of lifestyles\nand values (価値観), and where art, culture, beauty, etc are combined together.\n\nI came across this sentence:\n\n> 日常生活に+アルファのステータスや価値観を発信することが私達の役目.\n\nI have never heard that \"+ alpha\" before. Doing a little research it seems to\nmean \"something extra, a little more\". I even found a short wikipedia page\ndefining it as a 和製外来語 from the english \"plus x\". I understand the meaning I\nguess but I wonder if there is a better way to translate it into a more\nnatural English.\n\nI was thinking of translating that as a \"enhanced status\". Could that work?\n\nSomething like this:\n\n> It is our duty/business to send out into everyday life that enhanced status\n> and sense of values (or to enhance that status and values in everyday life?)\n\nBut I'm not very satisfied with it. Also I find 価値観 in general not very easy\nto translate.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-13T01:00:40.090",
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"last_editor_user_id": "14205",
"owner_user_id": "14205",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"translation",
"word-choice",
"loanwords",
"dictionary"
],
"title": "Meaning and translation of \"プラスアルファ”",
"view_count": 2572
} | [
{
"body": "Within the given context, I don't think you need to include that phrase at all\nin the English translation.\n\n\"[Status](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/status)\" already has a\nconnotation of \"high standing\", \"prestige\".\n\nプラスアルファ is a Japanese adaption and comes from mathematical expression ±α or +α\nexpressing a variation (in math α can be negative, so it doesn't always imply\naddition), expressing an uncertainty level \"more or less\", \"around\".\n\nHere however it implies aiming at elevating, going beyond one's current\nstanding.\n\n* * *\n\n価値観 - just \"values\" - \"our values\", maybe \"our principles\", or \"our value\nsystem\" (the latter is more direct but less natural, I guess)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-13T01:47:08.077",
"id": "54445",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-13T02:19:21.553",
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{
"body": "**A bit of Etymology**\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/bcmYJ.png)\n\n\"プラスアルファ\" comes from Japanese baseball players' misunderstanding X as α when\nAmerican baseball players marked X in the second half of 9th inning for the\nrecord. If the bottom team had more scores than the top team when they\nfinished in the first-half inning of the 9th inning, they don't have to play\nin the bottom inning. So, they could have been able to score more if they had\nthe bottom inning. Hence, they marked top:5 - bottom: 7 + X for the record.\n\n**A bit of Analysis of Meaning and Translation**\n\nAs I mentioned above, \"プラスアルファ\" implies adding something onto quantity or\nquality. It is normally used when you need/can add something more than the\nexpectation.\n\n\"ステータス\" is difficult to define. Having an imported car, wearing Armani or\nROLEX would have been \"ステータス\" 30 years ago, but I guess fewer people care\nabout having that stuff in Japan. The definition of \"ステータス\" has been changing\nquickly. So \"価値観\" does. Businessman and Artist would have different images for\n\"価値観\".\n\nAll in all, it seems to me this sentence wants to encourage us to bring\nsynergy to Tokyo through fashion, art, lifestyle, and diversity.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-13T11:19:26.447",
"id": "54453",
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"score": 4
}
]
| 54444 | 54453 | 54453 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54448",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Although this seems to be more of an English question, it deals with Japanese\nusage, so I would like some help here.\n\nWe know the kanji 中; I am talking about when this is used for processes that\nare happening. For example 回収中、実行中、動作中... What would be a correct way to\ntranslate this into English? Sometimes I use \"In\" as in \"In Operation\",\nsometimes I use the \"ing\" as in \"Collecting\", etc.\n\nAny suggestions?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-13T02:32:04.970",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54446",
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"last_edit_date": "2018-10-21T03:06:15.153",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "26207",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"translation",
"suffixes"
],
"title": "What is the best way to translate 中？?",
"view_count": 1955
} | [
{
"body": "Language is not a science, nor is translation. There should be no such thing\nas the single best translation for 「～～中{ちゅう}」.\n\nWhatever sounds best for the context in the **_target language_** would be the\nbest.\n\n> in, within, during, while, in the middle of, in the course of, under (as in\n> \"under investigation\" = 「調査中{ちょうさちゅう}」), etc.\n\nThus, no matter what word comes before the 「中」 in the original Japanese, there\nshould usually be one or two word/phrase choices that sound natural in\nEnglish.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-13T04:23:22.863",
"id": "54448",
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}
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| 54446 | 54448 | 54448 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54452",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Context: boxer A tells boxer B that the president of the gym, who is also\nboxer B's father, cannot come to watch boxer B's match. Boxer B doesn't have a\ngood relationship with his father.\n\n> Boxer A: 会長はマッチメイクでタイにいる。来れないそうだ。\n>\n> Boxer B: フーン… かませるワンちゃん見つかったな親父… ハハ！\n\nWhat is the meaning of かませるワンちゃん? I think the verb is 噛む. I understand the\nliteral meaning, but not the actual one. Is it an idiomatic expression?\nSomething like `a dog to give orders to` or `a dog that talks for him`? My\ntranslation attempt:\n\n> Boxer A: The president is in Thailand to organize a match. It looks like he\n> won't come.\n>\n> Boxer B: Ha! My father found a dog that talks for him. Ah ah!\n\nThank you for your help!",
"comment_count": 9,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-13T06:05:23.257",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54450",
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"owner_user_id": "17797",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"manga",
"idioms",
"sports"
],
"title": "Meaning of かませるワンちゃん",
"view_count": 204
} | [
{
"body": "I think \"噛ませるワンちゃん\" implies \"噛ませ犬\". I don’t know a dogfight system though, I\nguess the word comes from them. In a combat sport like boxing, it is not\nuncommon that a match-maker chooses the opponent which their boxer definitely\nwins in order to get his boxer confidence.\n\nIt is very similar to ”underdog” in English though, while the underdog is used\nwhen a team always lost regardless of making an effort, かませ犬 himself often\ndoesn't intend to win from the beginning.\n\nEdit:1\n\nSometimes 噛ませ犬 makes an upset in a boxing match. Say, a match-maker prepares a\nworld championship between ex-champion which seems already passed his best\ntime and an undefeated-prospect for the future champion. An ex-champion seemed\n噛ませ犬 by a matchmaker though, he showed his pride and won the match. So, 噛ませ犬\nhas a broader usage.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-13T08:45:00.077",
"id": "54452",
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| 54450 | 54452 | 54452 |
{
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"body": "While I was working on 日本語総まとめ N3 文法, I came across the following.\n\nここの砂は星みたいな形 **をしている**.\n\nNow I know that this translates to \"The sand here in this area are star-\nshaped.\"\n\nWhat I don't understand here is the usage of the bold-faced phrase をしている. Can\nsomeone please help me with this? Problem is the usage (in what sort of\noccasions specifically).",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-13T12:32:52.453",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54454",
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"owner_user_id": "19276",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"usage"
],
"title": "Usage of the phrase している",
"view_count": 41
} | []
| 54454 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54457",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "While watching a Japanese TV drama I came across this sentence\n\"私こちらのお店を見せていただいてて。。。\" as shown in the image below. I can't understand the\n\"見せていただいてて\" part. Can anyone please break this part down and explain what does\nit mean?\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/pvRmV.png)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-13T16:11:38.387",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54455",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-13T18:31:00.263",
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"owner_user_id": "22126",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"particles",
"expressions",
"て-form",
"sentence"
],
"title": "Understanding 見せていただいてて",
"view_count": 183
} | [
{
"body": "> 「私こちらのお店を見せていただい **てて** ・・」\n\nis a colloquial contraction of:\n\n> 「私こちらのお店を見せていただい **ていて** ・・」\n\nthe last part of which is the te-form for:\n\n> 「いただいている」\n\nIt is difficult to translate the phrase because it is not a whole sentence,\nbut it would mean something like:\n\n> \"I am having the priviledge of taking a look at this store, and ~~\"",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-13T16:24:41.037",
"id": "54457",
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},
{
"body": "\"I was kindly shown this store and...\"\n\n見せる to show \n～ていただく to receive the favor of (an action) \n～てform - used to join verbs/adjectives (among other functions)\n\nThe sentence is a fragment - do you have the rest of the sentence so we can\ngive a more accurate translation?",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-13T18:31:00.263",
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"owner_user_id": "25875",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
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| 54455 | 54457 | 54457 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "場合は、doesn't seem much of a conditional grammar structure to me but in class we\nlearnt this form alongside たら、なら、と＆ば。 How does 場合は、compare to these structures\nand how do you correctly use it? (as in contextually not how to conjugate)\n\nThank you!",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-13T18:04:10.447",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54458",
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"owner_user_id": "25348",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"conditionals"
],
"title": "Is 場合は considered a conditional form? (and how do you correctly use it?)",
"view_count": 1572
} | [
{
"body": "It is **often** used in conditional/hypothetical constructs.\n\n> 「 **（もし） Phrase/Mini-Sentence A + 場合（に）は + Phrase/Mini-Sentence B** 」\n\nwould be the usual pattern with 「もし」 and 「に」 being optional. It means:\n\n> \" ** _If/In case A, then B_**.\"\n\n「場合{ばあい}は」, thus, is used just like 「たら」 and 「れば」\n\nExamples:\n\n「（もし）雨{あめ}が降{ふ}った場合（に）は、ピクニックは中止{ちゅうし}となります。」 = \"If it rains, the picnic will\nbe canceled.\"\n\n「（もし）サンドイッチがなかった場合（に）は、おにぎりを買{か}ってきて。」 = \"If they have no sandwiches (left),\nplease get some rice balls.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-13T23:22:12.663",
"id": "54465",
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{
"body": "～場合 means \"in case\" or \"if\". It's a relatively stiff expression and is used\nmore often in written formal documents, polite business conversations and\nsuch.\n\n～場合 looks like a form of a verb, but it's normally not called a \"form\". 場合 is\na _noun_ which is usually translated into English without using a noun. The\npreceding verb modifies 場合 as a relative clause. That's why 場合 can also be\nmodified by attributive/adjectival expressions (e.g., その場合 = \"in that case\n...\", 多くの場合 = \"in many cases ...\", 作戦Aの場合 = \"in case we choose strategy\nA...\").\n\nEnglish also has some nouns that work like conjunctives, for example:\n\n> _The moment_ she was alone she opened the letter. \n> （彼女は）1人になるとすぐ手紙を開いた。\n\nOther similar examples in Japanese include ～時 (\"when ～\"), ～とたん (\"as soon as\n～\"), ～ところ (\"upon ～\"). These are special nouns, not part of a form.",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-14T00:44:36.520",
"id": "54468",
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| 54458 | null | 54465 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54488",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": ">\n> 去年１月から１２月までより多くて、今まででいちばん多くなりました。([source](http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/easy/k10011218521000/k10011218521000.html))\n\nI always had my issues with より. I think I know what the sentence tells me\ncontent-wise, but I can't figure out a proper translation without feeling\nrather uncomfortable. I used [this\nguide](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/comparison#Using_for_comparisons-2)\nto refresh my knowledge about comparisons with より and also used their literal\nway of interpreting より.\n\nHere's my attempt at literal translation:\n\n> As opposed to last year (=from last years first month to last month), (the\n> tourists) being many, out of (all the years?) until now they/it became the\n> (having) most (tourists (year)).\n\nSo, since it is rather obvious from the context that this year has broken the\nrecord in tourists/p.a., I think that 今までで refers to \"(out of) all years until\nnow\" and therefore puts all those years into comparison with 去年去年１月から１２月\n(=\"this year\").\n\nHowever, coordinating these 2 quite big arguments on both sides of より, I feel\nlike I'm missing out on something when constructing a translation which\nbasically just says: \"This years tourists were more than any other years\ntourists.\", when there is a phrase like 去年去年１月から１２月 expressing \"this year\" and\ntwo occurrences of \"many\" (=多きい/多く) representing the tourists.\n\nThe latter also gave me some trouble in analysing the components of\n今まででいちばん多くなりました. I'm still not entirely sure which way I have to parse this:\nIs 多く part of the object in \"became the year (having) most (tourists)\" or is\nit the subject \"most tourists in \"they became the most tourists out of all\nyears\". I have a tendency towards the first version, since 今までで in this\ncontext suggests that \"year\" could be the subject of なる here, at least in my\neyes.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-13T20:13:41.673",
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"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning"
],
"title": "去年１月から１２月までより多くて、今まででいちばん多くなりました",
"view_count": 365
} | [
{
"body": "> より多く\n\n[より](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/228483/meaning/m0u/) in this case means\nbeing one level/step further. So in the context of your sentence, you're\nsaying that currently the situation's exceeded the usual.\n\nIt could be used to express more or less, hotter or warmer, boring or excited,\netc.\n\n> 今年、想像以上にBitcoinはより儲かったんですね。This year Bitcoin has been unexpectedly more\n> profitable than I would've imagined.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-14T02:33:12.150",
"id": "54470",
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{
"body": "As previous sentence describes,\n\n> 今年、日本へ旅行に来た外国人は、１１月４日に、２４０３万９７００人以上になりました。\n\nWe are talking about the number of tourists during an interval in a\nstatistical data.\n\n> 去年１月から１２月までより多くて\n\nYou may guess \"去年１月から１２月まで\" is an interval for a statistical data since they\nalready fixed the interval saying \"去年１月から１２月まで\" and the context from a\nprevious sentence. Now, even if you forgot the \"今年” which appeared in the\nbeginning, you still have \"去年\" in this sentence. So, you can think that they\nare comparing an interval \"up to now in this year\" and an interval \"last\nyear\". Besides, an interval \"up to now in this year\" has a relationship \"より多い\"\nwith an interval \"last year\". If you forgot the mathematical symbol for\n\"より多い/少ない\" which is \">\",\"<\" in the same order.\n\nUntil now in this sentence, \"去年１月から１２月までより多くて\" is simply comparing the number\nbetween \"up to now\" and \"last year\". Approaching the goal, saying \"今までで\"\nimplies they are talking about the data up until now in the all data they\ncollected and the phrase becomes prepositional clause to the next.\n\nLast but not least, \"いちばん多くなりました。\" explains the number of an interval \"up to\nnow in this year\" has become the largest in the data.",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-14T13:38:51.893",
"id": "54488",
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{
"body": "> 去年１月から１２月までより多くて、今まででいちばん多くなりました。\n\n上記の文は、「今年は１１か月間に日本に来た外国人の数が去年１２か月間の数より多いので、日本に来る外国人の数が歴史上いちばん多い年になることが１１か月経｛た｝った現時点で分かりました。」という意味です。\n\n去年までの統計を見ると、去年１年間の日本に来た外国人の数、すなわち年間の日本に来た外国人の数は、去年が歴史上１番だったのでしょう。\n\n今年は、１１か月経過時点ですでに昨年の数字を超えていますので、「今まででいちばん多くなりました。」すなわち、「歴史上いちばん多い年になることが１１か月経った現時点で分かりました。」と言えるのでしょう。",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-14T14:50:01.693",
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]
| 54460 | 54488 | 54489 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54466",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "For full context:\n<http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/easy/k10011218521000/k10011218521000.html>\n\nThe sentence in question:\n\n> 「中国やロシアから旅行に来る人がビザを取りやすくなったり、韓国や香港など **との** 間を飛ぶ飛行機が増えたりしたためです。」\n\n\"This is because it became easier for travelers from china and russia to get\nvisa and because the number of aeroplanes flying the space between korea,\nhongkong and so on has increased.\"\n\nWhy is it 韓国や香港など **と** の間? Why is this と there? I would've expected a mere の.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-13T20:39:16.403",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What is this との?",
"view_count": 589
} | [
{
"body": "Let us first get the basics down by looking at a simpler phrase. How would you\nusually say something like \" **the border between France and Germany** \"?\nNative speakers say:\n\n> 「フランス **と** ドイツ **の** 国境{こっきょう}」 **informally**\n\nand\n\n> 「フランス **と** ドイツ **との** 国境」 **formally**. ← Needs two と's!\n\nThus, the formula here is:\n\n> \" **A + と + B + との + Noun** \"\n\nWe do use that second 「と」 when speaking/writing more formally, and I know from\nexperience that quite a few Japanese-learners are not aware of this. Since you\nseem to be reading the news this time, you would naturally encounter more\nformal phrases and expressions.\n\nNow, the actual phrase in question.\n\n> 「韓国{かんこく}や香港{ほんこん}などとの間{あいだ}」\n\nFrom the context, this means \"between (South Korea, Hong Kong and other\ncountries) _**and Japan**_ \". Agreed? This piece of news is about how many\ntourists Japan receives from other countries.\n\nIn other words, this part of the sentence is **not** talking about what\nhappens between South Korea and Hong Kong.\n\nRemember the double-と rule for formal speech?\n\n> 「韓国や香港などとの間」\n\nmeans none other than:\n\n> 「韓国や香港など **と** 日本 **と** の間」\n\nOr, for more visual appeal, it is saying:\n\n> 「(Some countries) + **と** + 日本 + **と** + の + 間」\n\nHope you enjoyed my \"two - と - rial\"!",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-14T00:30:25.043",
"id": "54466",
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},
{
"body": "This time, 日本 と 韓国や香港 との間 implies there are relationships between Japan and\nKorea or Hong Kong as “a partner”.\n\nWe don’t talk about what’s going on in the sky between Japan and B this time.\nIt is simply implying there are flights between Japan and South Korea or Hong-\nKong.\n\nUsing \"との\" , it is bit strange to imply what a plane is going on in the\nphysical space(e.g. sky) between Japan and Other countries.\n\nIt is natural to say \"AとBとの間\" for a relationship between A and B such as\nhumans, corporations, countries and so on.\n\nUsing \"の\" for a physical line segments such as fence-post at the farm would be\nbetter.\n\nEdit1: I think that you can find an exception from my answer.\n\nHowever, if you say Xの間 or Xとの間, \"Xの間\" normally treat X as a mass noun. \"Xとの間\"\nneeds a partner with X.\n\nGoo辞書 <https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/159741/meaning/m0u/%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AE/>\nalso explains\n\n> ２ …を相手とする。「家族との対話」 ... as a partner. \"Conversation with family\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-14T00:35:39.450",
"id": "54467",
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| 54461 | 54466 | 54466 |
{
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"body": "I was watching \"Garo - Vanishing Line\" and the main character says \"My\nrespects.\" but his romanization it sounded similar to him saying \"gosumpai\" or\nsomething close to that. Nothing remotely close to \"Watashi no sonkei\".",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-13T21:37:36.843",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": -1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning",
"words",
"anime"
],
"title": "How do you say \"My respects.\" in Japanese?",
"view_count": 1120
} | [
{
"body": "If this is what you heard around 0:09 (even in another episode), the answer is\nclear.\n\n<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cv8NWiHJ6t0>\n\nThe line is 「ご参拝{さんぱい}」, which means \" ** _worshipping_** \", \" ** _a visit to\na shrine_** \", etc. In the video above, he pronounces it like 「ごさんぱ～～い」.\n\nThe subtitles there surely read \"Mt respects.\", but no one in real life would\nsay 「ご参拝」 to greet a girl in Japanese (nor \"My respect\" in English).\n\nNot being familiar with this anime, I just could not tell why the guy would\nuse such an unusual phrase as a greeting, but I guess that is observed a lot\nin manga/anime. The characters tend to use weird phrases, sentence-endings,\netc. as a kind of **_role language_**.\n\nIt is perfectly fine to be an anime/manga fan, but you should know that real\nnative speakers do not speak like anime characters.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-14T03:45:48.083",
"id": "54471",
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{
"body": "If it's \"my respects\" as in what you say to someone in condolence after a\ndeath, it could be ご愁傷様(でございます).\n\nRespect is 尊敬 but to me, \"my respects\" is a phrase used in different\ncircumstances, like condolence as mentioned. It might also be something like\n\"pay my respects\" to indicate a duty of some sort, like visiting someone.\n\nSo we need more information to help you.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-14T18:58:56.840",
"id": "54493",
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| 54462 | null | 54471 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54469",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": ">\n> このため、東京や大阪、京都以外にも泊まる人が増えるように、いろいろな観光地を紹介していくことにしています。([source](http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/easy/k10011218521000/k10011218521000.html))\n\nMy attempt at translation:\n\n> To achieve this (or: because of that?), it was decided that they (will?)\n> present various tourist attractions, except for Tokyo, Osaka and Kyoto, so\n> that the number of people taking sleepovers increases.\n\nFirst, I translated both ように and ため in a final sense (\"they did X, so\nthat...\"/\"...in order to...\" etc.). In previous questions about ように it often\nhappened that ように didn't represent this, but here I wouldn't know which else\ncase could apply. It seems odd though that there are two final clauses\n\"sandwiched\" into this sentence.\n\nSecond, 東京や大阪、京都 by itself is already a bit confusing, because first there is\na connective や, and then 京都 follows without any particle. I guess it belongs\nto the other two, however, I'm not sure because I didn't encounter this case\nso far and I could also imagine that concerning 以外, maybe 京都 alone is the\nexception. However, in this case I wouldn't know how to implement the other\ntwo 東京や大阪 because there wouldn't be any particle embedding them into the\nsyntax of the sentence.\n\nAnd finally, is 紹介する used in the meaning of some form of publicity/marketing?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-13T22:26:59.770",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "このため、東京や大阪、京都以外にも泊まる人が増えるように、いろいろな観光地を紹介していくことにしています",
"view_count": 147
} | [
{
"body": "You're right that this このため is \"in order to achieve [the increase in\naccommodations discussed in the previous sentence]\".\n\n> 東京や大阪、京都以外にも泊まる人\n\n\"People staying outside places like Tokyo, Osaka, and Kyoto...\"\n\n> が増えるように\n\n\"...in order to increase [the number of those people]...\"\n\n> いろいろな観光地を紹介していくことにしています。\n\n\"...we have decided to continue introducing various tourist attractions.\"\n\nThere is no mention of \"health resorts.\" Perhaps you were confusing \"観光\" and\n\"健康\"?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-13T23:00:15.857",
"id": "54464",
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"body": "Your translation attempt is okay except for the 東京や大阪、京都以外にも part. Don't\nignore に and も. It adverbially modifies 泊まる and means \"(to put up) **also in**\nplaces other than Tokyo, Osaka or Kyoto.\" Your translation would be much more\nnatural just by moving this part right after \"sleepover\".\n\n「東京や大阪、京都」 is a natural way to list things in Japanese. It could have been\n「東京、大阪や京都」 (like you say this in English) or 「東京や大阪や京都」 (although this looks\nslightly clumsy). After all, the usage of comma is less strict in Japanese, as\nyou may already know.\n\nYour understanding of ように is perfect. It means \"so that ～\" or \"in order to ～\"\nhere.\n\nI think this このため is closer to \"because of this\", and can be simply translated\nas \"Therefore.\"\n\nOh, where did \"health\" come from? Check the meaning of 観光地.",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-14T01:00:45.660",
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]
| 54463 | 54469 | 54469 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54479",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm kinda new here so please kindly tell me if have broke any rule.\n\nI'm currently doing my Jikoshoukai for my upcoming interview and kinda stuck\non some part of my translation. Note Im just N5 when it comes to my nihongo\nlevel. I want it to be sound more simple and natural but acceptable for an\noffice base job.\n\nHere is what I have so far:\n\n始めまして！ \n「Full Name」と申します。 \n「Age」さいです。 \n「City」に住んでいます。 \n\n「Year」年に「University」大学をそつぎょうしました。 \nせんもんは機械工学科です。 \n\nそつぎょうご、「Company」と言う会社でしごとをしはじめました。 \nしごとは「Job title」です。 \n\nThis part is where I'm stuck: \n\n> I want to say: \n>\n>\n> * \"My strength are Keen observation and Logical Reasoning\". \n> 長所は、鋭い観察と論理です。 (ちょうしょは、するどいかんさつとろんりです。)\n> * \"My weakness is I'm too strict at checking\" \n> 弱点は、厳しい確認すぎます。(じゃくてんは、きびしいかくにんすぎます。)\n> * \"My weakness is I don't know when to quit a Project\" \n> 弱点は、止めるの時プロジェクトを知りません。(じゃくてんは、やめるのときプロジェクとをしりません。)\n>\n\n日本で仕事がしたいます。新しくて凄い技術を習いたいですから。 \nそれと、私のデサインは前より上手になります。\n\nThis is all what I got so far. Feel free to correct my Jikoshoukai.\n\nありがとう。",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-14T09:57:54.973",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54476",
"last_activity_date": "2019-11-15T17:08:41.650",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "26474",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"english-to-japanese"
],
"title": "Jikoshoukai for Interview. 「My Strength and Weakness are...」",
"view_count": 10796
} | [
{
"body": "長所は、鋭い観察力と論理的思考です。\n\n短所は、厳格にチェックしようとして神経質になりすぎることです。\n\nもう一つの短所は、プロジェクトの止め時がわからないことです。\n\n日本で仕事がしたいです。新しくてすばらしい技術を習いたいですから。\n\nそれと、私のデサインは以前より上手くなると思います。",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-14T10:37:42.073",
"id": "54479",
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| 54476 | 54479 | 54479 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54481",
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"body": "I tried to make a sentence saying that since I don't have the key I cannot go\ninside the room that has a kettle:\n\n> 鍵がないからヤカンがある部屋に入れなかった\n\nBut I was told that it sounds better if I changed it for\n\n> 鍵がないからヤカンのある部屋に入れなかった\n\nWhat's the grammatical reason that explains this?",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-14T10:34:44.150",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"relative-clauses"
],
"title": "What's the grammar behind ヤカンのある部屋?",
"view_count": 521
} | [
{
"body": "The grammar behind this is explained in this question, although you may\nalready know this: [How does the の work in\n「日本人の知らない日本語」?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12825/5010)\n\nI personally think this sentence is perfectly fine and natural regardless of\nwhether you use が or の. Someone might feel the sentence sounds slightly more\n\"soft\" or \"sophisticated\" with の, but this is very subjective. I think you can\nsafely ignore the difference unless you're interested in aesthetic writing.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-14T10:55:46.957",
"id": "54481",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 54478 | 54481 | 54481 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54485",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I'm dealing with some TV character's lines that speak in slang.\n\nSpeaking about a snob girl, she say this to another character near to her:\n\n> 名門 **かなんだか** 知らねえが、あのうえから目線が本当にむかつくぜ。\n\nTo me, the general meaning seems to be \"I don't care if she came from a noble\nfamily, (but) that her haughty behaviour really piss me off!\", but I can't\nfigure out what is that \"かなんだか\", before 知らねえ.\n\nMay you help me to understand? Thks in advance!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-14T11:32:37.763",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"slang"
],
"title": "～かなんだか meaning in this sentence",
"view_count": 1357
} | [
{
"body": "> 「Word/Phrase + **（だ）かなん（だ）か** + 知{し}らない」\n\nshould be remembered as a set phrase meaning:\n\n> \"I don't care (if something/someone is) ~~ **_or whatever_** \"\n\nMy own TL:\n\n> \"I couldn't care less if she's from a distinguished family or whatever. That\n> arrogant attitude of hers just pisses me off.\"",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-14T11:49:15.117",
"id": "54485",
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},
{
"body": "You pretty much have the meaning down. 何だか can mean \"somehow\" or \"kinda/sorta\"\ndepending on the context. Here, I would translate that part as, \"I don't\nreally know about her being from a noble family, but...\"\n\nThe 名門か part is short for 名門かどうか, implying, \"whether or not (she's from a)\nnoble family...\"\n\nThen you move on to 何だか知らねえが… which, again, I'd translate as, \"I don't really\nknow about that...\"\n\nSee how 何だか is used in this example sentence. It might help everything click.\n\n> なんだか知らないけど自然{しぜん}に覚えちゃったんだよね。I don't know how, but I just picked it up\n> naturally. [Link](http://jisho.org/sentences/51867afdd5dda7e98101b2bc)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-14T11:50:21.007",
"id": "54486",
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]
| 54482 | 54485 | 54485 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54487",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm dealing with some TV character's lines that speak in slang, and I don't\nunderstand what is the meaning of this \"～てりゃ\" in the following sentence:\n\n> 適当にやってりゃいいだろう。\n\nHere the context:\n\nThere are three girl in a classroom. The first girl tell to the second one\nthat she must act more seriously. Next, the third girl say the line\nabovementioned, in defense of the second.\n\nI was thinking, may be that \"ってりゃ\" a simply variation of \"ている\"? And if it is\nso, which is its origin? And, have it a special nuance of meaning?\n\nMay you help me to understand? Thks in advance!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-14T11:45:07.633",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"owner_user_id": "25405",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"slang"
],
"title": "～てりゃ meaning in this sentence",
"view_count": 1629
} | [
{
"body": "It is a variant of やってれば:\n\n> 適当にやってればいいだろう。\n\nSimilarly to なければ →\n[なけりゃ](https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%AA%E3%81%91%E3%82%8A%E3%82%83)",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-14T11:55:06.607",
"id": "54487",
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]
| 54484 | 54487 | 54487 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54491",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Can I transform this sentence:\n\n> **おいしいコーヒーがある** 喫茶店{きっさてん} へ行きたいです。\n\ninto this sentence:\n\n> **コーヒーがおいしい** 喫茶店{きっさてん}へ行きたいです。\n\n?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-14T14:56:44.577",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54490",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-11-14T14:58:07.723",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "26478",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"syntax",
"relative-clauses"
],
"title": "Is this sentence right? コーヒーがおいしい喫茶店{きっさてん}へ行きたいです。",
"view_count": 192
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, you can.\n\nBoth sentences are grammatical and they mean just about the same thing.\n\nOne thing I would like to mention, though, since this is a learning site is\nthe fact that native speakers are taught from early on that the particle 「\n**が** 」 in a relative clause sounds \"better and nicer\" if changed to 「 **の**\n」. Some teachers are more strict than the others on this. Personally, almost\nall of my own teachers in elementary school were in the の-sect, so I myself am\nalso. Old habits die hard.\n\nThus, depending on the person you ask, you might be told to make that change\nin both sentences even though they are already \"correct\" if grammatical\ncorrectness is all that matters.\n\nHighly related:\n\n[What's the grammar behind\nヤカンのある部屋?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/54478/whats-the-\ngrammar-\nbehind-%e3%83%a4%e3%82%ab%e3%83%b3%e3%81%ae%e3%81%82%e3%82%8b%e9%83%a8%e5%b1%8b)\n\nTo sum up, you _**can**_ say:\n\n> 「おいしいコーヒー( **が** or **の** )ある喫茶店{きっさてん}」\n>\n> 「コーヒー( **が** or **の** )おいしい喫茶店」\n>\n> 「アタシ( **が** or **の** )好{す}きなCD」\n\nBut you _**cannot**_ say:\n\n> 「あの喫茶店にはおいしいコーヒー **の** ある。」 Only using 「が」 is correct.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-14T15:17:46.853",
"id": "54491",
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}
]
| 54490 | 54491 | 54491 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54497",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "From what I understand, the final verb determines the reference time of the\nsentence, but I'm a little confused on how to handle the sequence of verbs\nwith the たりする construction here (particularly after following a stem of\nanother verb):\n\n> カラカラと氷を鳴らしながら、彼女は麦茶に口をつけ、グラスの側面を頬に当てたりもしていた\n\nThe way I'm interpreting it, 口をつけ is seen as the verb in focus, while たりもしていた\nis simply listing any action(s) done alongside with it. But when considering\nながら here, it becomes even more confusing how to make sense of the order here.\nCan someone provide clarification, or possibly correct any misunderstandings I\nmight have. Thank you.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-14T19:02:08.563",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54494",
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"owner_user_id": "26484",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "How do you handle multiple verbs in this situation?",
"view_count": 304
} | [
{
"body": "I don't know what you mean. \"While shaking around the ice, she did things like\ntaste the tea, and apply it to her cheek.\"\n\nWhat exactly is confusing you?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-14T19:24:29.660",
"id": "54495",
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},
{
"body": "I believe a suitable translation would be:\n\n> While rattling around the ice, she tasted the barley tea and even did things\n> like pressing the side of the glass against her cheek.\n\nIf I were actually translating this, I'd probably omit the \"did things like\".\nIt is implied in the Japanese but it's somewhat unnatural to include it in\nEnglish when only 1 example is cited.\n\nつけ is the 連用形{れんようけい} (masu stem) of つける. In written Japanese, the 連用形 can be\nused to join independent clauses in the same manner as the te-form. In this\ncase, it is showing that the actions happened sequentially. Both つけ and していた\nare of equal priority.\n\nI do not believe it is clear in the Japanese whether she was rattling the ice\nas she pressed it to her cheek or if the rattling only coincides with tasting.\n\nSee: [Masu stem to connecting\nsentences](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/41133/masu-stem-to-\nconnecting-sentences)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-14T21:07:18.347",
"id": "54497",
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{
"body": "> カラカラと氷を鳴らしながら、彼女は麦茶に口をつけ、グラスの側面を頬に当てたりもしていた\n\n順番に分析します。\n\n 1. 「麦茶に口をつけ」は、「コップに入った麦茶を飲む」という意味ですが、一度に飲む量は「少量」でかつ「静か」に飲むという意味です。しかも「立て続けに」飲むのではなく、「休み休み」飲みます。\n 2. 「静かに」「少量を」「休み休み」飲んでいますので、「グラスに入った氷をカラカラと鳴らし」て余暇｛よか｝を潰{つぶ}しているか、余暇を楽しんでいることが分かると同時に、氷のグラスにぶつかる音が聞こえるほど「静か」だということも良く分かります。\n 3. 「カラカラと氷を鳴らし **ながら** 」と書かれていますので、氷を鳴らすときは、必ずお茶を飲むことが分かります。しかし、その逆は書かれておりません。すなわち、「麦茶を飲むときは必ず氷を鳴らす」とは限りません。 \n頻度で言うと「グラスに口をつける＝麦茶を飲む」≧「カラカラと氷を鳴らす」 \nむろん、この人は暇でしょうから、「グラスに入った氷をカラカラと鳴らす」だけの行為は考えられますが、その数は頻度に入れておりません。\n\n 4. 最後の「グラスの側面を頬に当て **たり** もしていた」は、「カラカラと氷を鳴らす」回数に比べてずっと少ないが「そのようなこと」（＝「グラスの側面を頬に当てる」ようなこと）も「時にはしていた」と言う意味です。\n 5. 「グラスの側面を頬に当て **たり** もしていた」のもう一つのニュアンスは「頬にグラスを当てるようなことは普通ならしないが、この人はした」というほど、「余程他にすることがないのだな」あるいは「他に時間をつぶす方法がないのだな」というニュアンスも感じられます。 ご存知のように「氷入りの麦茶が入ったグラス」の側面は結露｛けつろ｝していますので、頬に当てるとひんやりするでしょうが、大人の人がすると行儀｛ぎょうぎ｝が悪いので、余り他人の居るところではしません。従って、この人は一人切りで麦茶を飲んでいるか、余り人目のつかないところで麦茶を飲んでいることも分かります。そして、グラスに入っている氷を鳴らしたり、結露したグラスを頬に当てるなど、余程時間を持て余していることが確実です。\n\n最初の文で記述されている事象の頻度を整理すると次のようになります。 \n「一般に、喉｛のど｝が渇｛かわ｝いているときに麦茶をのむ」＞「グラスに口をつける＝麦茶を飲む」≧「カラカラと氷を鳴らす」≫「グラスの側面を頬に当てる」\n\n最初の文を書き換えると次のようになると思います。\n\n> カラカラと氷を鳴らしながら、彼女は麦茶に口をつけていた。そして、時には、グラスの側面を頬に当てるようなこともあった。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-17T05:58:01.550",
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}
]
| 54494 | 54497 | 54497 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54500",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Can someone tell me what the notation \"ー・\" means?\n\nIt's all over this article:\n[大辞林「いう【言う・云う・謂う】」](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%A8%80%E3%81%86%E3%83%BB%E4%BA%91%E3%81%86%E3%83%BB%E8%AC%82%E3%81%86-201316#E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.9E.97.20.E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.89.E7.89.88)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-15T00:33:48.960",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54499",
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"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "20603",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"dictionary"
],
"title": "What is the meaning of ー・",
"view_count": 1382
} | [
{
"body": "It simply means that it should be replaced by 言, 云 or 謂 in actual usage.\n\nThe notation is used exclusively in some dictionaries to avoid looking\nrepetitive in giving example phrases/sentences for the entry word.\n\n(Of course, one could argue that the use of the same notation over and over\nlooks repetitive, too.)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-15T00:40:26.000",
"id": "54500",
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"score": 9
},
{
"body": "This dictionary definition, which you quoted, looks a bit half-baked.\n\n* * *\n\nHave a look at [大辞泉 for\n話す](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%A9%B1%E3%81%99-603525#E3.83.87.E3.82.B8.E3.82.BF.E3.83.AB.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.B3.89).\n\nIt first defines the root (constant) part:\n\n> はな・す\n\nAnd then uses it in examples:\n\n> 「電話で―・す」\n>\n> 「父に―・してから返事する」\n\nWhere the part before the dot is constant and the ending is\nconjugated/inflected.\n\n* * *\n\nBack to the example from the question, it should define い・う for the examples\nto make sense.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-15T00:58:42.197",
"id": "54501",
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"owner_user_id": "11104",
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}
]
| 54499 | 54500 | 54500 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "i wanna ask you about donojiten 々. These mark's function is to repeat a word\nright? But when I searching まだまだ、休み休み、泣き泣き on website dictionary and replaced\nby 々, cant found those words meaning. So donojiten cant be used by all types\nreduplication words? Or maybe there is a reason why? Thank you",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-15T05:37:14.783",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54503",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-15T05:51:47.053",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "25631",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"words",
"reduplication"
],
"title": "Reduplication mark 々",
"view_count": 624
} | [
{
"body": "The function of 々 is to repeat **kanji** in a word, for example 日々 (\"day-to-\nday\"), 木々 (\"trees\") and 各々 (\"each\"). You cannot use 々 for 泣く泣く, まだまだ and most\nonomatopoeia. In addition, 々 is usually not used across word boundaries. For\nexample 会社社長 (\"company president\") is usually written without 々 because 会社社長\nis two words.\n\nThere is also a symbol called\n[くの字点](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/40805/5010), with which you can\nrepeat kana, but this is not used anymore.\n\nSee: [Japanese iteration\nmarks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iteration_mark#Japanese)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-15T05:45:28.997",
"id": "54504",
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| 54503 | null | 54504 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54510",
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"body": "I am trying to read this sentence:\n\n> 水の音が聞こえる\n\nWhich I think means\n\n> You can hear the sound of the water (lit. sound of the water is audible)\n\nBut not 100% sure on how to read `水の音` here.\n\nGoogle translate suggests\n\n> みずのね\n\nBut not sure how trustworthy this is, as another translation plugin I have\ngives me\n\n> みずのおと\n\nIs there any best practice I can follow here in a case such as this where I\ndon't have an audio reading of the word?\n\nI found [this post](http://forum.jisho.org/discussion/232/how-to-\nread%E9%9F%B3/p1) which gives a few examples, but it doesn't really clarify my\nscenario, unless it's a \"kanji on its own\" in which case I should use `おと`.\n\nWhich one is more natural/correct?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-15T08:56:08.287",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54506",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-15T10:43:45.513",
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"owner_user_id": "26091",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"readings"
],
"title": "Reading of ___の音",
"view_count": 249
} | [
{
"body": "I got a chance to ask a native speaker, and they confirmed that the normal\nreading would be `おと`, but you could use `ね` to make it sound more poetic.\n\nSince this is from the first page of ぼのぼの as part of what looks to be a song\nor poem, I guess ね works.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-15T10:07:32.897",
"id": "54507",
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"body": "<https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E9%9F%B3>\n\nIn this dictionary entry, おと is defined as follows:\n\n①空気・水などの振動によって聴覚に引き起こされた感覚の内容。また，その原因となる空気などの振動。\n\nね, however, is defined differently:\n\n①人・鳥・虫などの音声を，情緒的にとらえていう。 「虫の－」\n\n②物の発する快い響き。 「鐘の－」 「笛の－」\n\nThis means, that おと is generally used for sounds. This can also include\nannoying sounds or noise. ね is used, when the sound creates an emotion or when\nthe sound is perceived as pleasant or enjoyable.\n\nSo, both みずのおと and みずのね are correct, they just have a different nuance. If the\nspeaker just objectively describes the sound of water or perceives it as\nannoying, then みずのおと would be correct. However, if the speaker finds the sound\npleasant or uses it in a poetic way, then みずのね is correct.",
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| 54506 | 54510 | 54510 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54515",
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"body": "I am trying to read ぼのぼの vol 1, where the very first page of the comic has\nthis:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/eMDvk.png)\n\nI managed to translate it to:\n\n```\n\n 森は楽しい\n 森は楽しい\n 水の音聞こえる\n 水の音聞こえる\n ハナをかむ音も聞こえる\n ハナをかむ音は\n どうするんだろう\n __からどうするんだろう\n 森は楽しい\n 森は楽しいったら\n \n The forest is fun\n The forest is fun\n You can hear the sound of water\n You can hear the sound of water\n You can also hear the sound of a nose being blown\n I wonder What we can about the sound of a nose being blown\n What will we do about it ?\n The forest is fun\n The forest could be fun\n \n```\n\nBut I can't work out what the characters before the second `どうするんだろう` are\nmeant to be. I was thinking `これから`, but it is not very clear. Does anyone have\nany idea what this might say?\n\nAlso unsure about the last line `森は楽しいったら`. I read that `たら` is\nconditional/hypothetical form, but not sure how that makes sense here unless\nit reads `the forest **could be** fun` or just `**if** the forest is fun`, but\nthe latter doesn't seem to make much sense.\n\nAny general feedback is also very welcome!",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"hiragana"
],
"title": "question about ったら and どうするんだろう",
"view_count": 242
} | [
{
"body": "1. Yes it reads これから. The second stroke of れ, わ and ね is sometimes handwritten like this, although it can look childish or comic-like. You can see れ similar to this in some comic-style fonts, too.\n 2. This (っ)たら is a sentence-end particle for emphasis. In this case, its meaning is something like \"yes\", \"it really is\", \"I mean it\" or \"that's for sure\". It's often used when the speaker is mildly irritated, like \"hey\", \"come on\" or \"are you listening?\", \"believe me\", etc.\n\n> ###\n> [たら](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/139153/meaning/m1u/%E3%81%9F%E3%82%89/)\n>\n> ［終助］《係助詞「たら」の文末用法から》名詞、活用語の終止形・命令形に付く。 \n> １ じれったいという気持ちを込めて相手に促す意を表す。「ねえ、おとうさんたら」 \n> ２ 驚き・いらだちなどの気持ちを表す。「まあ、あなたったら」「いいかげんにしろったら」\n\nたら at the end of a sentence [can be a suggestion,\ntoo](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/29766/5010) (in this case たら is\nconditional).",
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| 54508 | 54515 | 54515 |
{
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"body": "My name is Hiro, but I have no idea how to write it in japanese. If you could\nhelp me with that, it would be great since most online websites aren't very\nhelpful.",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-15T10:31:15.580",
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"tags": [
"translation",
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"title": "The characters of the name Hiro",
"view_count": 1697
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{
"body": "ヒロ (in katakana)\n\nor\n\nひろ (in hiragana)\n\nIf you want to write it in kanji, there are plural candidates.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-15T11:57:15.197",
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"body": "My real given name is 公大{きみひろ}. Feel free to use a kanji 大{ひろ} for ad-hoc\nusage until you can find a nicer one since it does not have many stroke\ncounts. It's easy to remember. Japanese might read 大{ひろし} though, It might be\nbetter than nothing.\n\nYeah, for sure, you don't have to stick to literal pronunciation. It is up to\nyou to use phonetic equivalent 英雄{ひろ}(\"Hero\" in Engish) called 当{あ}て字{じ} in\nJapanese.\n\nGood Luck with that. Since I am far from an expert on Onomancy, I can't give\nbest stroke counts for you.",
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| 54509 | null | 54511 |
{
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"body": "I came across the following, recently.\n\n彼女が蛇口をあけ、僕の傷ついた前腕を氷 _______ 冷たい水の下へ導いた\n\nIt is said that the most suitable to fill the blank is のように. みたいに is also\ngiven as an option. Can someone please explain me why のように? Why not みたいに?",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
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"title": "みたいに vs のように? What suits best?",
"view_count": 421
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{
"body": "That is simply because 「みたいに」 sounds too informal and conversational for the\ncontext, which does not sound informal at all.\n\n「のように」, which is more formal than 「みたいに」, would fit far better there.\n\nIt is of importance to keep the overall level of formality/informality in any\nkind of writing/speech.\n\nYou would not use the phrase \"kinda like\" in an essay or part of a novel that\ndescribes a character's actions, would you? I am not necessarily saying that\n「みたいに」 sounds as informal as \"kinda like\", but you get my point.",
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| 54512 | 54514 | 54514 |
{
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"body": "[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/c0pfT.png)\n\nIn this exercise im supposed to choose proper form. I've choosen a b a, and\nthe answers say the same thing - but I do not really understand it. I just\nfeel it. I am not sure if my Institution is good, or I simply was lucky. Is\nthere an explanation?\n\nFrom what I think, it would become に反する；に反した just before words like\nthing/effect/result.",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-15T17:16:28.387",
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"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "に反して vs に反する; when to use",
"view_count": 393
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{
"body": "I may be oversimplifying but I think the easiest way to understand the\ndifference is to remember the difference between the て形 and the 連体形\n(dictionary form).\n\n**て形:** \nThe て形 is used to join independent clauses and can also be used to adverbially\nmodify verbs.\n\n**連体形:** \nThe 連体形 is used ~~to terminate sentences or~~ to adjectivally modify nouns. \n_EDIT: I was not correct in the claim that the 連体形 can terminate sentences.\nThe verb form that can terminate sentences is called the 終止形. In modern\nJapanese the 終止形 and 連体形 are the same for 形容詞 (i-adj) and 動詞 (verb) but\ndifferent for 形容動詞 (na-adj). きれいな = 連体形, きれいだ = 終止形. Thank you commenters._\n\nThus, you use **に反する when the modified noun is contrary to something and に反して\nwhen the whole clause is contrary to something.** (it might be more correct to\nthink of it as modifying the verb only rather than the sentence, I'm not\ncertain how Japanese grammar is thought of from a native perspective).\n\n> チームは予想 **に反して** 、決勝戦まで進んだ。\n>\n> Contrary to expectations, the team made it to the finals.\n\nI put the comma in to show that the 反して clause it is somewhat separate from\nthe rest of the sentence. I don't know if the Japanese would actually include\nit or not. In this sentence, proceeding to the finals (the entire clause) is\ncontrary to your expectations. Thus に反して is appropriate. If you used に反する, you\nwould be saying that simply the finals (for some reason) are contrary to your\nexpectation (which doesn't really make sense to me at least).\n\n> 今回の統一地方選挙は開票前の予測 **に反する** 結果に終わった。\n>\n> The recent nation-wide election ended in a result contrary to the\n> predictions from before the ballots were counted.\n\nIn this sentence, the \"results\" are contrary to the predictions. The 反する\nclause is describing what kind of results there were, not how the election\nended.\n\n> 労働者の意思 **に反して** 雇用者が労働を強制することはできない。\n>\n> Contrary to the wishes of employers, you cannot force employees to work.\n\nAgain, the entire clause is contrary, not just \"employee\".",
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| 54517 | 54518 | 54518 |
{
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"body": "I feel like there's an endless list of words for laws/rules/regulations and I\nwas wondering what the difference in nuance is between them? Are any of them\ntrue synonyms? Here are the ones I know off the top of my head.\n\n法規{ほうき}\n\n法律{ほうりつ}\n\n規律{きりつ}\n\n法則{ほうそく}\n\n規則{きそく}\n\nI know 法則 is more for physical laws like the law of inertia but that's about\nthe only distinction I know.",
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"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words"
],
"title": "Words for Laws/Rules [法律、規則、規律, etc.]",
"view_count": 3343
} | [
{
"body": "I don’t know the difference between 法規 and 法律 very well. My attempt is the\nfollowing.\n\nI think you can’t drive too fast even if there was no road signs. It is\nimplicitly regulated by the law, which is 法規.\n\n法律 is more of an explicit law. You probably get refund when you buy a PC and\nit has a defect. The company must agree with a refund policy within 14 days or\nsome intervals. It has to be explicitly written in a receipt.\n\n規律 is close to 規則. It is more of a discipline. Wearing suit for a company or\nyou might be taught “an early bird gets the worm” takes you an ordered life.\n\n法則 is, as you know, used in scientific law. Since we have not seen a time\ntraveler, probably any entity cannot travel faster than light.\n\n規則 is a rule. An institution(ex. school or baseball league) can make a\nguidelines. Students or baseball players should follow the rule(規則)",
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"body": "* **法律** : Basically very close to English \"law\" used in legal contexts. In its narrow sense, it usually refers to statutory laws prescribed under the authority of a legislature. In Japan, only [National Diet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Diet) have the right to create 法律 in the narrow sense. In its broader sense, it may refer to any regulations determined by various government entities, or jurisprudence in general. You can say \"I major in 法律 at my university to become a lawyer\", for example.\n * **法** : Has various meanings, but in legal contexts, it's a stiffer way of saying 法律.\n * **法規** : Regulation; framework of law. Usually a broader idea than 法律, and it includes not only 法律 in its narrow sense but also 条例 (regulation of local government), 制令 (government ordinance), 憲法 (constitution), etc. 法制 is another word which is very close to 法規.\n * **規則** : Rule. (Written) rules in an company, school, or a similar organizations.\n * **ルール** : Rule. It's a relatively casual word that means the same things as 規則, but ルール also typically refers to rules of sports and games.\n * **決まり** : Rule. As a 和語, it's a very broad word that sounds more casual and colloquial than 規則. It typically refers to rules within a family, among friends, etc., but in conversations, it can refer to any 法律/法規.\n * **掟** : An old word which broadly refers to rules, regulations and laws. You will see this only in historical novels and in a few idioms. Maybe \"code\" is similar.\n * **規律** : Discipline; organized behavior of people in accord with local laws and rules in a church, a school, an army, etc. It can also refer to a collection of such local rules if used with verbs like 守る and 従う.\n * **法則** : Laws in the sense of principle or fundamental nature of something. 重力の法則 (law of gravity), マーフィーの法則 (Murphy's law), ムーアの法則 ([Moore's law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law)), etc.",
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| 54520 | 54526 | 54526 |
{
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"body": "[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/atXMG.jpg)\n\n[Wiktionary](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E5%A5%B4#Japanese)'s\nentry for 冷奴 says:\n\n> # Etymology\n>\n> From 冷【ひ】や (hiya, “cold (in compounds)”) + 奴 【やっこ】 (yakko, “male servant”);\n> the significance of the latter is debated.\n\nWhich fits [Wiktionary](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B4#Japanese)'s\nother entry for 奴:\n\n> Pronunciation 2\n>\n> 奴\n>\n> やっこ\n>\n> Noun\n>\n> 奴 (hiragana やっこ, rōmaji yakko)\n>\n> servant, valet, footman\n\n[Wiktionary](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E5%A5%B4#Japanese)'s\nentry for 冷奴 also notes:\n\n> # Usage notes\n>\n> The literal interpretation of the characters as “cool guy” has seen this\n> word being used on T-shirts (and so on) for stylistic and humorous effects.\n\nSo is it “cold slave” or “cool guy” and what is the 奴 doing here in 冷奴? I\nrealize that Wiktionary claims its \"significance ... is debated,\" but what\nthings are being debated I'm not even sure.",
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"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "What is 奴 doing in 冷奴?",
"view_count": 146
} | [
{
"body": "To explain this we have to know what 奴 originally is, which in recent history\nwas the person who headed the daimyo's procession and held the pike/pole\nbearing the leader's coat of arms. He was also known as the 槍持奴.\n\nIn some festivals, tofu which was cut into big cubes was said to resemble the\ncrest worn by such persons, hence they were called 奴豆腐. Subsequently the tofu\nserved cold came to be called 冷奴.\n\nI hope [this explanation](http://gogen-allguide.com/hi/hiyayakko.html) helps.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/jTthT.jpg)",
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| 54527 | null | 54528 |
{
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"body": "I'm trying to work out what kanji this is:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/iZpX0.png)\n\nSo I went into Jisho and selected the **虫** radical, but can't see it on\nanywhere on the list. I tried adding 日, 百 and ヘ radicals too but no luck.\n\nThe closest one I could find is **蝕** (which contains 虫 and 食) but this\ndoesn't look quite right\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/BU8fP.png)\n\nAm I just dealing with a weird font here, or am I using the wrong radical?\n\nAny general tips for this type of recognition problem are much appreciated.",
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"tags": [
"kanji"
],
"title": "Help with kanji recognition",
"view_count": 314
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, this is to do with rendering. Strictly speaking, you should only see the\nsecond image in Japanese computer text and not the first image:\n\n * **蝕** is not part of the [Jōyō Kanji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji) set, which means that Japan (and Japanese language fonts) will only officially support its [Kyūjitai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%ABjitai) form;\n * **食** was originally derived from the components **亼** (mouth **口** written upside down) and **皀** ([a lidded storage vessel for food](http://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian?kaiOrder=40052)), and it had nothing to do with **良** or **艮** despite their similar looking appearances;\n * Characters which contained a component involving 皀 will have the bottom portion looking like your second image in traditional (Kyūjitai) forms and looking like your first image in simplified (Shinjitai) forms. You can verify this by comparing e.g. the [traditional](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A7%AA#Japanese)/[simplified](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A6%82#Japanese) versions of **概** , or the [traditional](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A3%AE#Japanese)/[simplified](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A3%B2#Japanese) versions of **飲**. Note that both 概 and 飲 are part of the Jōyō Kanji set, so they should be rendered in their simplified versions in Japanese text.",
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| 54529 | 54550 | 54550 |
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"body": "My textbook has this example sentence:\n\n> 試験中、となりの人の答えを見ている **ところを** 先生に注意された。\n\nThe interpretation of this sentence hinges around ところを, and I'm not 100% sure\nwhat that means. The textbook simply indicates that it marks \"while something\nis happening,\" and the ending particle (を in this case) matches whatever verb\ncomes at the end.\n\nIf that's the case, then to me it looks like one of those \"suffering passives\"\nof the form \"X suffered the teacher-warned-not-to-look-at-the-\nneighbour's-answers,\" where X is the subject. The gist of it being something\nlike,\n\n> \"During the test, we were warned by the teacher to not look at our\n> neighbours' answers.\"\n\nHowever, in my dictionary of particles it says that ところを \"Indicates that\nsomething unexpected has happened or is happening.\"\n\nThat definition doesn't seem to fit in this case, because it would leave the\npassive construction in a weird spot...\n\nBut I'm still not sure how my textbook's explanation of \"while something is\nhappening\" fits in, exactly. It made me think that maybe the translation\nshould be something like,\n\n> \"During the test, while I was looking at my neighbour's answers, I was\n> warned by the teacher.\"\n\nWhich one of these is correct?",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-16T05:54:42.287",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"particles",
"particle-を",
"passive-voice"
],
"title": "Differing explanations of 〜ところを",
"view_count": 357
} | [
{
"body": "According to 明鏡国語辞典:\n\n> ところ 【所】 \n> 〘名詞〙 \n> ⑥《連体修飾句を受け、時間的位置を規定する》 そのような **場面・状況・事態・場合** などの意。「家を出る **ところ** を見た」\n\nThe ところ in your example indicates the scene, situation, state, or occasion\nwhere something is happening or someone is doing something, and is often used\nin the form 「[人/物]が～～するところを/しているところを・・・」 for the English \"SVOC\" structure\n(like \"I saw him crossing the street\" \"I heard her singing\" etc.), eg:\n\n> 佐藤さんは、私 **が** 授業中に居眠りしている **ところを** 見た。 \n> Sato-san saw me nodding during class. \n> 山田君は、私 **が** その部屋から出ていく **ところを** 写真に撮った。 \n> Yamada-kun photographed me leaving the room.\n\nTurning them into Indirect Passive/間接受身:\n\n> （私は、）授業中に居眠りしている **ところを** 佐藤さんに見られた。 \n> I was seen nodding during class by Sato-san. \n> （私は、）その部屋から出ていく **ところを** 山田君に写真に撮られた。 \n> I was photographed leaving the room by Yamada-kun.\n\nTheir Direct Passive/直接受身 versions would be: \n（私が）授業中に居眠りしているところ **が** 佐藤さんに見られた。 \n（私が）その部屋から出ていくところ **が** 山田君に見られた。 \n... but the Indirect Passive versions would sound more natural in most cases.\n\n* * *\n\nNow, your sentence:\n\n> 試験中、（私は）となりの人の答えを見ている **ところを** 先生に注意された。\n\nhas the same structure as the two Indirect Passive examples above. Turning it\nback to active voice, you get:\n\n> 試験中、先生は（私が）となりの人の答えを見ている **ところを** 注意した。 \n> _Literally_ : The teacher warned me looking at my neighbor's answers during\n> the test.\n\nIts Direct Passive version would be: \n試験中、（私が）となりの人の答えを見ているところ **が** 先生に注意された。 \n... but this sounds pretty unnatural and uncommon.\n\n注意する in this context means \"warn against\" or \"warn/tell not to do\", so your\nexample practically means:\n\n> \"During the test, the teacher saw me looking at the answers of a student\n> sitting next to me, and warned me not to do that. / told me to stop that.\"",
"comment_count": 2,
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| 54530 | 54571 | 54571 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54537",
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"body": "It has been bugging me for a while; I'm using memrise for learning and for\nexample:\n\n> * ちゅうごく China → I hear it pronounced chūmoku\n> * かがく science → I hear it pronounced kanaku\n>\n\nIs this an error from memrise's side or are there rules for pronouncing some\nhiragana/katakana differently?",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-16T07:55:32.177",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"pronunciation",
"phonology",
"phonetics"
],
"title": "Confusion with pronunciation in some words: 'm' and 'n' sounds when there is 'g'",
"view_count": 971
} | [
{
"body": "Probably you were hearing [\"velar nasal g\"\n[ŋ]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velar_nasal), which is an _allophone_ of\n[g] mainly heard in eastern parts of Japan. In Japanese, [ŋ] and [g] in がぎぐげご\nare variants (allophones) of the same sound (phoneme), and most people are\ntotally unaware of the difference. If you're not sure what I'm talking about,\nplease read these first:\n\n * [Why doesn't Japanese have a special Katakana form for \"hu\"?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/16266/5010)\n * [Why do Japanese speakers have difficulty pronouncing \"L\"?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/8324/5010)\n\nMany professional announcers, actors and vocalists still actively distinguish\nthem depending on the place of がぎぐげご in a sentence. [This fact confuses some\nforeigners because they can easily notice different native Japanese speakers\npronounce がぎぐげご differently](https://www.jref.com/forum/threads/my-g-\npronunciation-woes.52084/). However, they are the same sounds to many average,\nuntrained Japanese speakers like me. Even though you feel \"m\" or \"n\" sounds in\nが/ご, they're が/ご to Japanese ears. (Is your mother language English, by the\nway?) You'll have to get to used to them.\n\nFor more information, read [this\nsection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_phonology#Weakening) on\nWikipedia.\n\nWhen you speak Japanese, it's totally fine to always stick to [g]. Some\nsources say 80% of the Japanese people do not use [ŋ] at all when they\npronounce がぎぐげご in sentences. However, if you seriously want to be a\nprofessional announcer of Japanese, there are some rules you have to respect.\nSee the linked article above.\n\nAnother example of consonant variation is\n[yotsugana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yotsugana). But remember that most\nJapanese people are totally unaware of this fact.",
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| 54535 | 54537 | 54537 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54539",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Boy asks her mother if she could build a warehouse, mother answers:\n\nバカなことを言う暇があったら蔵が立つくらい勉強なさい。\n\nWhich means something like \"if you have time to say stupid things like this\nthen study (as much as you build a warehouse)?\"\n\nI guess the difficult point for me here is くらい, which I guess should mean \"as\nmuch as\" but it doesn't seem to make sense.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-16T10:47:09.513",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "What does 蔵を立つくらい勉強なさい mean",
"view_count": 111
} | [
{
"body": "# English\n\nWe don't say \"蔵{くら}を立{た}つ\". If we search for a similar expression to it, we\nsay \"蔵を建｛た｝てる\" or \"蔵が建｛た｝つ\". \nIn Japan, \"蔵を建てる\" is a symbol of a rich man. In Western countries I think that\nit has the same meaning as \"having a pool.\" \nIn general, 蔵｛くら｝ is built, on the same premises, as a building used for a\nwarehouse separate from the residence that you usually live in. \nThere are roughly two main reasons why the millionaires build 蔵 as follows. \n(1) In order to keep valuable items that cannot be placed in houses where you\nusually live. In other words, the owner of the 蔵 has more valuable items than\nnecessary. Therefore, a dedicated warehouse to store unnecessary valuables is\nnecessary. \n(2) Since Japanese houses are basically made of wood and paper, when a fire\noccurs, valuable items stored in it along with the houses also burn. On the\nother hand, since the outer wall of a 蔵 is constructed with fire-resistant\nmaterials such as \"漆喰｛しっくい｝ _cement plaster daub_ \", you can protect valuables\nstored therein against disasters such as fire. \n\"蔵が建つほど勉強｛べんきょう｝する\" means \"勉強して偉｛えら｝い人になって大金持｛おおがねも｝ちになる _To succeed in social\nlife or realize your dream by studying hard and become a millionaire._ \"\n\n# 日本語\n\n「蔵を立つ」とは言いません。似た表現で言うなら「蔵を建てる」あるいは「蔵が建つ」と言います。 \n日本では、「蔵を建てる」とは大金持ちの象徴です。欧米では「プールを持つ」と同様の意味があると思います。 \n一般に、蔵は普段住む住宅（or 家屋）とは別の建物として、住宅と同じ敷地内に建てますが、大金持ちが蔵を建てる理由として次のように大きく２つあります。 \n（１）普段生活する住宅に置ききれない置物等を含む貴重品を住宅とは別の建物である蔵に保管する。あるいは、保管専用の建物が必要なほど貴重品が多い。 \n（２）日本の家屋は基本的に木材と紙とで作られているので、火事が発生すると、住宅と共にその中に保管してある貴重品も燃えてしまう。一方、蔵は\"漆喰｛しっくい｝\n_cement plaster daub_\n\"等の火事で燃えない材料で外壁を構築しているので、その中に保管してある貴重品を火事などの災害から守ることができる。\n\n「蔵が建つほど勉強する」とは、「勉強して偉い人になって大金持ちになる」という意味です。",
"comment_count": 0,
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| 54538 | 54539 | 54539 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54549",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/mvwdn.jpg)\n\n> だが[殺]{ころ}した **が** [最後]{さいご}きさまあの[世]{よ}いきだ！\n\nI understand this sentence as, _'if you kill him, you are following him to the\nnetherworld'_.\n\nI intuitively understand this が as conditional but I am not sure. I haven't\nfound anything which ascertains or confirms this. But I have a strong feeling\nof it being a conditional. What kind of が is this and what is it called ?\nAlso, is this some kind of polite form of たら・なら・ば ?\n\nI've tried searching for this but I think I am missing its name or I am not\nsearching it right. Any links relating to this would be awesome.\n\nThank you!",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-16T11:47:21.630",
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"tags": [
"particle-が",
"manga"
],
"title": "Is this が at the end of the verb conditional ?",
"view_count": 777
} | [
{
"body": "> 「Verb in Past Tense + **が** or **ら** + 最後{さいご} + Phrase」\n\nshould be remembered as a set phrase meaning\n\n> \"Once/If A happens, B will also surely happen.\"\n\nThus, the line\n\n「殺{ころ}した **が** 最後、きさまあの世{よ}いきだ！」 means:\n\n\" **If you kill him, you will surely go to Heaven (as well)!** \" (literal TL)\n\nor\n\n\" **If you kill him, I will kill you, too!** \" (free TL)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-16T12:09:01.500",
"id": "54543",
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{
"body": "This ~が最後 is a special use of 最後, which has the same meaning as ~たら最後.\n\n[This](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/84869/meaning/m0u/) dictionary entry\ndescribes it as follows:\n\n２\n（「…たら最後」「…が最後」の形で）それで終わりで、あとはどうにもならない意を表す。一度…したら、それっきり。「走りだしたら最後、止まらない」「食いついたが最後、離れない」\n\nIt means that there is nothing that can be done about X, if Y has happened.\n\nBasically, this can be translated as \"As soon as X, Y\". Thus, your sentence\ncan be translated as: \"However, as soon as I kill you, you will be going to\nthe other world!\"\n\nSo, it is **not** a mistake, it is just another version of ~たら最後.",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-16T12:18:27.667",
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{
"body": "Your basic understanding of the sentence is correct. It means \"Once/If you ～,\n(something very bad will certainly follow).\"\n\nIt should be memorized as a fixed pattern, but grammatically, this 殺した is\nworking as a noun, and が is a plain subject marker. So it can be read as\n\"Having killed (my son) is (your) end\" or \"Killing is the point of no return.\"\n\nIn archaic Japanese, attributive form (連体形) of a verb was used instead of の/こと\nto nominalize a verb. You may see similar grammar in well-known traditional\nproverbs like\n[逃げるが勝ち](http://jisho.org/word/%E9%80%83%E3%81%92%E3%82%8B%E3%81%8C%E5%8B%9D%E3%81%A1),\n[聞くは一時の恥](http://jisho.org/word/%E8%81%9E%E3%81%8F%E3%81%AF%E4%B8%80%E6%99%82%E3%81%AE%E6%81%A5%E8%81%9E%E3%81%8B%E3%81%AC%E3%81%AF%E6%9C%AB%E4%BB%A3%E3%81%AE%E6%81%A5)\nand\n[袖振り合うも他生の縁](http://jisho.org/word/%E8%A2%96%E6%8C%AF%E3%82%8A%E5%90%88%E3%81%86%E3%82%82%E4%BB%96%E7%94%9F%E3%81%AE%E7%B8%81).\nBasically ～が最後 is [one of the fixed phrases using archaic\ngrammar](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/42724/5010).",
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| 54540 | 54549 | 54543 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54554",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I was reading the Japanese wikipedia article on Pablo Escobar and came across\nthe word 電波調査斑. What does it mean exactly? And how do you pronounce it? I take\nit 電波 means electronic wave, and 調査 search. But what about 斑? How does this\nfit in, and what is the resulting word?\n\nThe whole sentence from which this word was taken reads.\n\nその後政府はエスコバルの一部の家族の身柄を確保し、さらに1993年12月2日、コロンビア国家警察直下のコロンビア治安部隊の電波調査斑が、メデジンの中産階級住宅街の隠れ家から息子と携帯電話で通話するエスコバルの居場所を突き止め、治安部隊の特捜チームが突入して屋根の上に逃れたエスコバルに一斉射撃を加えて殺害した.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-16T11:57:59.670",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54541",
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"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "21868",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "What does 電波調査斑 mean?",
"view_count": 117
} | [
{
"body": "電波調査 is pronounced as でんぱちょうさ.\n\nNow, an original article also provides 電波調査斑. It is not impossible to mistake\nas 斑 as 班. As Seesawscene already provided, 班 may imply a team. I might add a\nsquad for 班 in this case since it is a police team for a specific purpose.\n\n電波 should be a radio wave. If this is correct\n<https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/23275/in-electromagnetic-\nradiation-how-do-electrons-actually-move> , radio-wave does not contain an\nelectron. An electron is in the antenna which produces radiation.\n\nSo, 電波調査 should be radio wave search/detection in this case.\n\nBy the way, Colombia is a beautiful place. If you like a painting, check a\npainter Botero. A unique style.",
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| 54541 | 54554 | 54554 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54551",
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"body": "「私って元来遊び人なのかもと妙に納得しつつ、もう一つ新たに開設された「脳内フェチイメージ」にチャレンジしたら、これには腰を抜かさんばかりの驚きでありました。」's「これには」",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-16T12:22:36.273",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"particle-に",
"particle-は"
],
"title": "What does これには mean in this sentence?",
"view_count": 389
} | [
{
"body": "これ indicates 脳内フェチイメージ and に is a marker that tells これ is what the speaker was\nsurprised at. は is a usual topic marker (as far as we can read).",
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| 54546 | 54551 | 54551 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54548",
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"body": "In the sentance below, what is the grammar behind 唱えにゃならん?\n\n> これ小僧や、お前は、いずれはわしの代りにお寺でお経を **唱えにゃならん** のだぞ。\n\n(I thought it was _verb stem+にはならない_ with sound changes but I coudn't find\nsuch gramatical structure)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-16T13:05:39.673",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54547",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What grammatical strucure is behind 唱えにゃならん and what does it mean?",
"view_count": 207
} | [
{
"body": "> 「にゃ」\n\nis a colloquial pronunciation of both:\n\n> 「ねば」 and 「には」\n\nwhich means you must decide which one it is from the context.\n\nIn the phrase:\n\n> 「唱{とな}えにゃならん」\n\n「にゃ」 is short for 「ねば」. (Grammatically, you cannot say 「唱えには」 in the first\nplace.)\n\nSo, the dictionary form of 「唱えにゃならん」 is 「唱えねばならない」, which means the same as\n「唱えなければならない」= \" ** _must chant the sutra_** \" .\n\n> \" ** _Listen, boy, you are going to have to chant the sutra instead of me at\n> the temple one day_**.\"",
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| 54547 | 54548 | 54548 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54564",
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"body": "original sentence is\n\n>\n> ついに数日後、無事つながって私の頭の中が解明されました。『脳内イメージ』と題したそのページに映し出されたのは、脳の形。その中のほぼ９割が『遊』の字で、その周りを『悩』と『休』が取り囲んでいます。\n\nwhat is different between\n\n> 脳の形。その中のほぼ９割が『遊』の字 **です** 。その周りを『悩』と『休』が取り囲んでいます。\n\nand\n\n> 脳の形。その中のほぼ９割が『遊』の字 **で** 、その周りを『悩』と『休』が取り囲んでいます。\n\n?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-16T14:21:41.810",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"copula"
],
"title": "what is different between \"で\" and \"です\" in this sentence?",
"view_count": 223
} | [
{
"body": "\"です。\" indicates that the sentence ends here.\n\n\"で、\" , however, indicates that the sentence doesn't end here, but continues to\nthe latter clause.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-17T00:04:07.307",
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| 54552 | 54564 | 54564 |
{
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"body": "Is てもらう・てくださる the same thing as ご・おverbstemいただく・ください(but less formal)? Example\nsentence:\n\n> 安全にご使用いただくために下記の点にご注意願います。",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-16T14:51:28.973",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"keigo"
],
"title": "Is てもらう・てくださる the same thing as ご・おverbstemいただく・ください(but less formal)? What about ていだたけませんか etc（て constructions) then?",
"view_count": 1119
} | [
{
"body": "No, they are not the same.\n\n下さい is a 命令形 (imperative inflection base) of 下さる (to give). In other words,\n下さい is the same verb as 下さる only in a different form.\n\n頂く（いただく）, to receive, is a humble counterpart of 貰う（もらう）.\n\n御 (could be spelled and pronounced as お or ご) is an honorific prefix. 下さる is\nan honorific verb. In this sense both 御 and 下さる are in the same category (they\nare both used in the honorific context).",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2018-03-10T10:15:13.377",
"id": "57199",
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"body": "安全にご使用いただくために下記の点にご注意願います。\n\nTranslation: Please note the following list In order i (merchant/company) can\nreceive(いただく) you (customer) to use my product (merchant/ company) safely\n\nActually this sentence imply the merchant or company want to receive their\ncustomer to use their product safely . あなた（お客様）が使用することを私がいただくことができる」\n\nI think the idea is slightly the same. With ~ていただく／~てもらう, you are implicitly\nperforming the action; you receive something. But ~ていただく is politer for\nexample refer to customer,etc.\n\nwith ~くださる, the honoured subject is performing the action for you. someone\nabove you such as your boss is doing something for you, less polite form is\n~くれる Such as when you tell the situation that your friend do something for\nyou.\n\nBut in “ご注意ください” has slightly different meaning, it is imperative.\n\nThe word “注意” with “ご” attached means It will be an expression of the act and\nrespect for the partner. In addition, it becomes a polite expression of the\nmeaning to ask \"Please keep in mind, please take care” . There is a nuance\nthat it keeps the consciousness of the opponent.",
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"creation_date": "2018-03-12T18:09:47.440",
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| 54553 | null | 57199 |
{
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"body": "As topic, \"（アタシは当時、バイクなんて全然詳しくなかったけど、タカのその横顔が、すごく楽しそうに見えた）\"\n\nタカ in this sentence, what does it mean (it's not a name taka for sure)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-16T15:06:50.180",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54555",
"last_activity_date": "2021-11-28T14:06:45.607",
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"owner_user_id": "19813",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "What does \"taka\" mean in this sentence",
"view_count": 2194
} | [
{
"body": "タカ means \"hawk\" maybe, if it is not the nickname or the name of the man.\n\nMaybe the woman confused ワシ (eagle) with タカ (hawk).\n\n**_I knew next to nothing about motorbikes, but I was interested in them when\nI saw the eagle's (hawk's) profile emblem._**",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-17T00:00:01.150",
"id": "54563",
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| 54555 | null | 54563 |
{
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"body": "ドブネズミみたいに美しくなりたい, 写真には写らない美しさがあるから。\n\nI understand this as: ”Just like a rat, I want to become beautiful, because\nyou have a beauty that cannot be photographed” (kind of)\n\nFirst question: How do I know that in the second part, he refers to her\n(Linda) and is not talking about himself? In the sense of ”I have a beauty\nthat cannot be photographed” (even though that would be a weird thing to say)?\n\nSecond question:\n\nLater on, he sings\n\nドブネズミみたいに誰よりもやさしい, ドブネズミみたいに何よりもあたたかく。\n\nNow, I understand it as\n\n\"Just like a rat, you are kinder than anyone, just like a rat, you are warmer\nthan anything\"\n\nNow, this can't be right, or can it? Surely he wouldn't call her a rat? But\nwhat, then, is this supposed to mean?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-16T15:26:44.150",
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"id": "54556",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-11-16T15:32:07.457",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"song-lyrics"
],
"title": "What do these lines from リンダリンダ by The Blue Hearts mean?",
"view_count": 613
} | [
{
"body": "> How do I know that in the second part, he refers to her (Linda) and is not\n> talking about himself?\n\nYou can't. This part refers to neither \"her\" not \"I\". 写真には写らない美しさがあるから here\nmeans \"because **rats** have beauty that cannot be photographed (even though\nrats are generally considered as dirty animals)\".\n\n> Now, this can't be right, or can it?\n\nNo it's not right. This part obviously lacks an explicit subject, but nothing\nsuggests this part is talking about \"you\" or \"her.\" Since the very first line\nof this song says \" **I** want to be beautiful like a rat\", the natural\ninterpretation of this part should be also \"Like a rat, **I** want to be\nkinder than anyone\" and so on.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-16T15:42:00.480",
"id": "54557",
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| 54556 | null | 54557 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54559",
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"body": "Both seem to mean \"capital punishment\" or \"execution\" or \"death penalty\". Is\none a more specific word, maybe only used in legal contexts?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-16T15:52:15.750",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54558",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-16T16:11:30.640",
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"owner_user_id": "18391",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words",
"usage",
"nuances"
],
"title": "Is there any difference between 処刑 and 死刑?",
"view_count": 132
} | [
{
"body": "* 死刑 is \"death penalty\" or \"capital punishment\". It's a kind of punishment, and is something sentenced in court. 極刑 (literally \"ultimate punishment\") is an euphemistic synonym for this.\n * 処刑 is \"execution\". It refers to the actual action of killing a criminal/prisoner using a gun, sword, drug, etc. It also works as a suru-verb, \"to execute (a person).\" 処刑 sounds a bit cruel, and (死刑の)執行 is preferred in legal contexts.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-16T16:11:30.640",
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| 54558 | 54559 | 54559 |
{
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"body": "This is my first question on Japanese Stackexchange. よろしくお願いします！\n\nThe following example sentence made me wonder about the placement of particles\nafter time expresssions:\n\n先生は週末は何をしますか。\n\nI came up with this sentence myself. My friend (a Japanese learner just as\nmyself) thinks that the は after 週末 necessarily indicates contrast and he\nthinks that 週末 can in fact take に. Without context, I think the contrast\nfunction is a legitimate way to think about it は in this sentence. But I\nassumed that 週末 always either takes the particle は or no particle at all,\nsimilar to words like 今日 or 明日 (<http://www.punipunijapan.com/time-particle-\nni/> this website lists a few more words that describe time but which cannot\ntake the particle に).\n\n**So here are my questions:**\n\n1) Is there a systematic way to know whether a given time expression takes the\nparticle に or the particle は?\n\n2) If a given time expression cannot take the particle に and は instead, are\nthe only options to use it in a sentence to either 2a) use は, which may result\nin awkward sentences when theres another は closeby, or to 2b) use no particle\nat all, oftentimes leaving a comma 、 after the time expression?\n\nDISCLAIMER: I know that some time expresson can also take other particles,\nsuch as 後で. I think there aren't so many of these and they don't cause any\nconfusion for me, so these don't need to be addressed imo.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-16T16:20:17.140",
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"id": "54560",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles",
"particle-に",
"particle-は",
"time"
],
"title": "Indicating time in Japanese: に、は、or no particle?",
"view_count": 1818
} | [
{
"body": "The difference between 週末は/に/- is subtle. My take is the following,\n\n> 週末は何をしますか？ and 週末、何をしますか？\n\nIt is asking what you are doing regularly on weekend or what you are doing on\nweekend if you have free time then.\n\n> 週末に何をしますか？\n\nIt is asking what you are doing especially on weekend or do you have some\nparticular things which you can do only on weekend.\n\n今週末に何をしますか？ might imply there is an important event on this weekend. So, you\nneed to ask their schedule on this weekend to invite for that.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-17T00:45:53.317",
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| 54560 | null | 54566 |
{
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"body": "In the nhk course for Japanese, I came across the following lines:\n\n> さくらさん。はい、どうぞ。\n\nwhich means\n\n> Sakura. This is for you.\n\nBut\n\n> どうぞ\n\nmeans \"Please\". Then how can\n\n> はい、どうぞ\n\nmean \"This is for you\"?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-17T06:22:54.533",
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"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "True meaning of はい、どうぞ",
"view_count": 3627
} | [
{
"body": "どうぞ can be translated as \"Here you are,\" \"This is for you.\"\n\nはい can be translated as \"Here you are,\" \"This is for you\" in some contexts.\n\nはい、どうぞ can be translated as \"Here you are,\" \"This is for you.\" This is a\nlonger version.\n\nThis is not quite surprise.\n\nFor example,\n\n\"Thanks\" expresses the gratitude to the listener. The shorter version.\n\n\"You\" means the second person, the listener.\n\n\"Thank you\" still means the gratitude to the listener. The longer version.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-17T09:20:02.513",
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"body": "If you are waiting for a drink at Pub, a bartender might say.\n\n> はい、どうぞ。ボンベイ・サファイアのロックです。\n\nHere you go. This is your Bombay Sapphire on the rocks. In this case, a\nbartender serves your drink in front of you.\n\nIf you came across someone else just in front of a cashier register and you\nwant to give him first turn, you might say\n\n> お先にどうぞ。\n\nΑfter you.\n\nBoth case, どうぞ works as a recommendation. And, in most case, she does.",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-17T09:41:55.890",
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{
"body": "It not so much that \"どうぞ\" has differently defined meanings as that it doesn't\nhave a \"meaning\" in and of itself. It is an expression used when inviting,\nencouraging, permitting or asking someone to do something. (I agree it works\nsomewhat like \"please\".)\n\nWhat, therefore, that something that you are inviting, etc. the addressee to\ndo by its utterance is wholly dependent on the context.\n\nFor example, if you say \"どうぞ\" to someone standing by an unoccupied chair,\ngesturing toward it, by that you are inviting them to sit in it. This \"どうぞ\"\nmay be translated as \"Take your seat.\"\n\nOr picture two people rushing to a bus and reaching the door at the same time,\nalmost bumping into each other. One might say to the other \"お先にどうぞ\" or just\n\"どうぞ\". This is a courteous way of telling them to go on first. A fitting\ntranslation here may be \"After you.\"\n\nOr imagine, lastly, that I got you are a present and I'm holding it out to\nyou, so that I can give it to you. As an encouragement for you to take it, I\nmay accompany this with \"はい、どうぞ\", or, as I might as well say in English to\naccomplish the same goal, \"This is for you.\"\n\nThe use of all three \"どうぞ\"s above is the same. But since their contexts and\ntherefore their pragmatic meanings differ greatly, translations for these\ninstances of the same word may also differ to the same extent.",
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{
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"body": "I watched a series. There is a scene, while subtitle text is written as\n優しく言ってあげた I heard something like やさしくったあげた。 so I did some search to check if\nthis usage exist in real world. In google I found some, but in twitter there\nare few of tweet using やさしくった。 the following are my questions,\n\n 1. what is grammar pattern for this? is やさしくった abbreviation form of 優しく言って?\n 2. are there any resources (book/website/etc.) about Japanese spoken language? I try searching for book using 口語 but I don't think that is what I want. \n\nAlso I feel that there is a high probability to be just a mismatch between\nsubtitle and voice.\n\nhere is the [sound file](https://1drv.ms/u/s!AgzDHZ5g1Kxulp4ZqfcWTuUpuhhpIA)\n(now that @l'électeur mentioned this and I wonder why I don't record the\nsound. Thank you for your suggestion!)\n\nThank you in advance!",
"comment_count": 10,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-17T12:25:06.467",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54575",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-11-17T14:42:54.343",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"spoken-language",
"abbreviations"
],
"title": "what is grammar pattern for やさしくった",
"view_count": 138
} | [
{
"body": "In Standard Japanese, the **_only_** correct and natural use of 「やさしくった」 would\nbe within the phrase:\n\n> 「やさしくったって」\n\nwhich means \" ** _even if (someone) were gentle_** \" or \" ** _even if\n(something) were easy_** \" in very informal speech. Drop the first 「っ」 and it\nwill become a tiny bit less informal. You might want to listen to the\nbeginning of this song:\n\n<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ysOL_EK_S2U>\n\nThat is to say any other usage of 「やさしくった」 would be a mistake, typo,\nmishearing, etc.\n\n> 1. what is grammar pattern for this? is やさしくった abbreviation form of\n> 優しく言って?\n>\n\nNo, 「やさしくった」 would never be an abbreviation of 「優{やさ}しく言{い}って」 in Standard\nJapanese (or any other \"major\" dialects I know of.)\n\n**「優しく言って」 cannot even be abbreviated in the first place**.\n\n> 2. are there any resources (book/website/etc.) about Japanese spoken\n> language? I try searching for book using 口語 but I don't think that is what I\n> want.\n>\n\nQuestions about resouces are off-topic here. Perhaps the Japanese-learners\nhere could give advice as I am not one myself.\n\nThus, 「やさしくったあげた」 makes no sense, sorry to say. That sounds just so\nnonsensical to my Japanese ears if I may add.\n\n> Also I feel that there is a high probability to be just a mismatch between\n> subtitle and voice.\n\nMore like between subtitles and the viewers' listening comprehension skills.\nIf you provide an audio, this problem will be solved in an instant.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-17T13:40:28.473",
"id": "54576",
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| 54575 | null | 54576 |
{
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"body": "I was watching something and he was like mamamamama (ne?)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-17T17:04:16.473",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54578",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-19T14:49:29.230",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "26521",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "What does it mean when someone says まあ a couple of times?",
"view_count": 257
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{
"body": "Strongly dependent on context. But as usual [dictionaries are your\nfriend.](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/206655/meaning/m0u/)\n\n 1. First explained case is\n\n> 十分ではないが、一応は満足できるさま。「―な出来」\n>\n> Explanation: It's not perfect, but enough to be satisfied\n>\n> Example sentence 「まあまあな出来」: It's an acceptable feat/accomplishment.\n\n 2. explained case is\n\n> とりあえずある事をするようにすすめるさま。まず。とにかく。「あいさつはあとにして、―お上がりください」\n>\n> Explanation: Whatever the case, continue a certain thing first, before doing\n> another. I guess 'anyway' is somewhat close.\n>\n> Example sentence 「あいさつはあとにして、まあまあお上がりください」: Don't mind the greeting for now,\n> please come in first (lit. come up, which you use to say come in, since you\n> usually climb the small staircase from the space where you take off your\n> shoes).\n\n 3. explained case is\n\n> 驚きや意外な気持ちを表す語。あらあら。おやおや。「―、よくいらっしゃいました」「―、こんなことをして」\n>\n> Explanation: Phrase that expresses the feeling of surprise or (lit.) that\n> you didn't expect a certain thing.\n>\n> Example sentence 「まあ、こんなことして。」： Oh dear, doing these kind of things (Implied\n> that the person spoken to did something the speaker did not expect).\n\n 4. explained case is\n\n> 相手を抑えなだめるときに用いる語。「―そう言うなよ」\n>\n> Explanation: Phrase used to calm or suppress the anger of the conversational\n> counterpart (i.e. person the speaker speaks to).\n>\n> Example sentence 「まあまあそう言うな」: Now, now don't say such things.\n\nWithout any context it's hard to judge which case is yours since you can take\nany arbitrary number of まあs as is often done in colloquial speech. You should\nbe able to understand from the explanations though which one was yours though.\n\nJust my own opinion but in general the last one is the most common one. Where\nsomebody is getting angry over something (or someone) and you try to calm him\nby saying まあまあまあまあ.\n\nNote also that there is the case of まあね with usually only one まあ which is an\n相槌{あいづち} (i.e. [back-channeling\nexpression](https://www.livinglanguage.com/community/discussion/127/back-\nchanneling-in-japanese/p1)).",
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"body": "まあまあまあまあ\n\n＝Please calm down. Don't be so emotional, please.",
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"body": "For full context:\n<http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/easy/k10011221251000/k10011221251000.html>\n\nThe sentence in question:\n\n> ＪＲ東日本は、 **新幹線で** 無線のＬＡＮのサービスを始めて、 **無料で** インターネットが利用 **できるようにすることにしました**\n\nMy problems are the parts in bold. First, my attempt at translation:\n\n> JR-East-Japan has decided that, establishing wireless LAN service in\n> shinkansen, they make it so that you can use the internet for free.\n\nSo, first there 新幹線で and 無料で. In the way I translated these parts, it feels\nlike I'm wrong. Whenever で is a particle that marks a location, it usually was\nin context of an action happening in this place. In this case, \"establishing\nWLAN\" can be interpreted as an action happening there, however, the cases I\nused to encounter with で expressing the semantics I mentioned above were more\nof this sort: キャシーがパーティーでなに何をき着ていたかおぼ覚えていますか。 And I think that this is\nsomething else, although I could be wrong as well of course.\n\nSecond, 無料で. It's a similar problem here. I interpreted 無料で as 無料 +\nconjunctive form of だ. In this case, the literal translation would be:\n\n> ...being for free, they can use the internet.\n\nHowever, this already expresses something else than what I translated above, I\nthink. I can't think of another way to translate this meaningfully, and it\nfits into the context very well.\n\nThird, ように in インターネットが利用できる **ように** することにしました. I translated it in a final\nsense like in \"They do X, **so** that they achieve Y.\" However, combined with\nすることにしました it sounds rather overcomplicated to me: \"They decided that they do,\nso that X/in order to X...\". That's why I feel the need to ask for\nconfirmation...^^ I also know a different meaning for verb+ように, which would be\nsomething along these lines: 学生に図書館で物を食べないように注意しました。 Here, my textbook says\nthat \"this structure is used to quote the contents of an order or request.\".\nSince sometimes the definitions turned out be defined too narrow, I wanted to\nbring this up in context of this question.",
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"tags": [
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"title": "What do で and ように express here?",
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{
"body": "> 新幹線で\n\nThis is just representing the location of 始まる and explains where the action\nwill occur. Your confusion may have been caused by the often ill-explained\ndifference between に and で when marking location. JSL schools tend to teach\nthat で marks the location of action and に marks the location of existence but\nit seems that a better interpretation is that に marks the location when it is\ncritical to the verb and で when it is not. See [に and で\nrevisited](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/2197/%e3%81%ab-\nand-%e3%81%a7-revisited).\n\n> 無料で\n\nOne of the uses of で is to indicate cost. I'm not certain and I hope someone\nelse will address the question of whether a native Japanese would consider\nthis で a case particle or the て形 of だ／です which can also be interpreted as an\nadverb and in this case describe the extent of the verb.\n\n> 利用できるようにすることにしました\n\nI'm going to try explaining this in pieces without specifying any nouns.\n\nAにしました \nSomeone decided A (as you've identified)\n\nBすること \nDoing B\n\n利用できるように \nSo that someone is able to use something (indicating purpose as you guessed)\n\nSo all in all, someone decided to do something so that someone is able to use\nsomething\n\n> ＪＲ東日本は、新幹線で無線のＬＡＮのサービスを始めて、無料でインターネットが利用できるようにすることにしました\n>\n> JR East-Japan is beginning wireless LAN service on the shinkansen and\n> decided to make it so that passengers are able to use the internet for free.\n> (This could obviously be worded better in English but I'm trying to make a\n> point).\n\nAs usual, I welcome comments about any errors I may have made. I am merely a\nstudent after all.",
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"body": "The humorous use of [-itis](http://www.dictionary.com/browse/-itis):\n\n> nouns denoting abnormal states or conditions, excesses, tendencies,\n> obsessions, etc. (telephonitis; baseballitis).\n\nFor baseball, I suppose 野球【やきゅう】バカ might work, but スマホ中毒【ちゅうどく】 seems too\nstrong, I've never heard random nouns being suffixed with 病【びょう】 or 症【しょう】,\nbut is that a thing in Japanese?",
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"tags": [
"suffixes"
],
"title": "What is a similar suffix to -itis in Japanese?",
"view_count": 381
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{
"body": "We have another suffix 狂｛きょう｝ in addition to your バカ and 中毒｛ちゅうどく｝.\n\n\"野球狂{やきゅうきょう｝の詩｛うた｝\" is a famous Japanese baseball manga series by Shinji\nMizushima. One of the protagonists in a manga is a 50 years old baseball\nplayer who still throws in a professional league. Even though the 53 years old\nballplayer had been rough, lost 53 points and threw 688 balls in 9th innings,\nhe completed his retirement game. And he cancels the retirement, since he\nlikes baseball.\n\nWe have another word \"風狂｛ふうきょう｝\" for zen-monks' an extraordinary behavior.\n\n\"厨二病{ちゅうにびょう｝\" is a typical word for a self-conscious behavior which is\ntypical for a teenager \"everyone is looking at you\".\n\n\"スマホ中毒{ちゅうどく}\" does not sound pathological at least for me. \"中毒{ちゅうどく｝\" in\ndaily usage, at least to me, does not imply a disease.\n\nI can't find \"症｛しょう｝\" for \"-itis\" in a daily usage. Maybe there are some or\nonly for a pathology.",
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"body": "Wataru 'Watson' Subridgeさんのコメントにあった「～狂｛ぐる｝い」が -itis\nに完全に相当するとは言いませんが古風{こふう}な言い方で好きです。\n\n辞書によると「～狂｛ぐる｝い」次のように定義されております。\n\n> **ぐるひ 【狂い】** \n> 《名詞に付けて》 …に夢中｛むちゅう｝ではなはだしい状態｛じょうたい｝、または人｛ひと｝。 「女｛おんな｝ **狂｛ぐる｝い** 」\n\n辞書の例にある「女狂い _infatuation (with a woman)_ ; _to be completely obsessed with a\nwoman_ ; _to have an insane passion for a girl_ \"」が使用例として有名ですね。使用例も一番多いと思います。 \n若干{じゃっかん}古風な表現ですので、「スマホ」、「パソコン」、「ゲーム」等では「～狂｛ぐる｝い」をつけてもしっくりきませんが、「 **競馬｛けいば｝**\n狂い _a craze for **horse racing_**\n」のように、「パチンコ」「競艇｛きょうてい｝」「競輪｛けいりん｝」「麻雀/マージャン」とは相性｛あいしょう｝が良いと思います。基本的にギャンブルの世界ですね。ふしだらな男性の道楽｛どうらく｝である「[飲む、打つ、買う](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%A3%B2%E3%82%80%E6%89%93%E3%81%A4%E8%B2%B7%E3%81%86-597429)」の内、「女狂い」は「買う」、ギャンブルは「打つ」ですが、酒を「飲む」ことでは「～狂い」はそれほど聞きません。\n\n[次のところに](http://collocation.hyogen.info/word/%E7%8B%82%E3%81%84)「～狂｛ぐる｝い」の例がたくさんありますが、女につながる「色事\n_a love affair_ or _sensual pleasures_\n」の例が多いですね。しかし、私が無いと思っていた「酒狂い」もちゃんとありますのは驚きです。普通「酒狂い」は何と言うのでしょうか。「大酒｛おおざけ｝飲み」あるいは「呑兵衛｛のんべえ｝」と言うのが普通でしょうか。 \n全部とは言いませんが、「～狂いの人」に言えるのは、そのような人は周りの人、特に家族に大変迷惑をかけていると思います。\n\n\" **妾｛めかけ｝** 狂い _concubine_ or _mistress_ \", \"芸者｛げいしゃ｝狂い\",\n\"[吉原｛よしわら｝](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshiwara)狂い\", \"酒狂い\", \" **電脳｛でんのう｝**\n狂い _computer_ \", \" **釣魚｛ちょうぎょ｝** 狂い _fishing_ \",\n\"[遊女{ゆうじょ}](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%8A%E5%A5%B3)狂い\", \"\n**浮気{うわき}** 狂い _affair_ or _a bit on the side cheating_ \", \" **役者{やくしゃ}狂い** _a\nwoman runs mad after an actor_ \", \"女狂い\", \" **賭博{とばく}** 狂い _gambling_ \", \"\n**間夫{まぶ}狂い** _a prostitute being crazy about her lover_ \", \" **色{いろ}** 狂い\n_sensuality_ \", \" **名聞{みょうもん}** 狂い _reputation_ \", \" **比丘尼{びくに}** 狂い _a\nprostitute wearing a nun's costume_ \" and \" **万年青｛おもと｝** 狂い _Japanese rhodea\n(plant of the lily family)_ \"\n\n-itis にどれほど似ているか自信はありませんが、英語の fetish から派生したと思われる「～フェチ」も、質問者の期待している日本語の接尾語の一つではないでしょうか。興味があれば是非調べてください。",
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"body": "I think -病 and -症 work pretty well. They have the same humorous allusion of\nthe _-itis_ suffix to a diagnosable pathological condition. Between -病 and -症,\nwords suffixed with -病 may be more recognizable, especially when spoken, and\ntherefore more common. I don't think there's any discernible difference in\nmeaning when used in this way. As expected, Google shows people have used the\nterms \"野球病/症\" and \"スマホ病/症\" to name \"diseases\" caused by or connected with\nbaseball and smartphones (the ones with -症 apparently a lot less common, also\nexpected).\n\n-バカ and -中毒 are conventional -- maybe too conventional; they relatively lack color and humorous effect. (Not to mention that -バカ shares some of the pejorative connotation with its lexical counsin バカ.) Also their meanings are probably more limited . They denote excessive devotion and obsession/addiction while -病 and -症 suggests obsession/addiction plus a wider range of potential abnormalities specific to the thing named by the root word. For example, from what I can tell from Google search, 野球病 mostly means obsession with the game (and potentially various symptoms stemming from it) and sites that warns against the スマホ病 included physical conditions like the \"text thumb\", tiredness of the eye, nausea and lack of sleep.\n\nWhich reminds me of another relevant word that can be used in combinations --\n\"症候群\". But this is more like (or the translation for? ) \"syndrome\". ([Japanese\nWikipedia](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4#.E3.80.8C.E7.97.87.E5.80.99.E7.BE.A4.E3.80.8D.E3.81.A8.E3.80.8C.E3.80.9C.E7.97.85.E3.80.8D)\npoints out that there really isn't a clear distinction between \"症候群\" and \"-病\"\nthough.)",
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"body": "I am trying to understand this sentence:\n\n> 君{きみ}は逃{に}げなくてもいいのかな～\n\nBut having some trouble working out what the second half means.\n\n```\n\n 君{きみ} - you; buddy; pal\n \n 逃{に}げる - to escape; to run away\n \n```\n\nWhere 逃げる is given in the negative form (to not run away).\n\nI am struggling to understand:\n\n 1. Can `ても` be translate to `but`? If so, what role does the `く` beore it play? Or am I not splitting that up correctly?\n\n 2. I suspect `いいのかな` to mean \"I wonder if it is good\"\n\nSo the best I can come up with is\n\n> You are not running away, but I wonder if that is good?\n\nAnother thought I had was is `にげなくて` negative `て` form of `逃げる`, in which case\n`も` would translate to `also` giving\n\n> You do not also run away (like the others), I wonder if that is good?\n\nWould really appreciate any advice or pointers!",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"particles"
],
"title": "Meaning of いいのかな and 逃げなくて",
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{
"body": "It looks like you are paying a little too much attention to every part of the\nsentence. That, of course, is generally a good habit, but in this particular\ncase, it is only misleading you into thinking that the sentence is far more\ncomplicated than it actually is.\n\n> 「Verb in 連用形{れんようけい} (continuative form) + なくて（も）いい」\n\nis an extremely common set phrase meaning:\n\n> \"one does not have/need to (verb).\"\n\nLikewise, the affirmative form:\n\n> 「Verb in 連用形{れんようけい} (continuative form) + て（も）いい」\n\nmeans:\n\n> \"one can (verb) if one wants to\"\n\nIt means that one has that option if one so desires.\n\n「逃げ」 is the 連用形 of 「逃げる」.\n\n> 「～～なくて（も）いい」\n\nby itself, already means \" ** _okay without ~~_** \".\n\n> 1. Can ても be translate to \"but\"? If so, what role does the く beore it\n> play? Or am I not splitting that up correctly?\n>\n\nNo, it cannot. Seems you are confusing 「ても」 and 「でも」. Only the latter can mean\n\"but\".\n\nAgain, 「なく」 is the 連用形 of the subsidiary verb 「ない」. 連用形 is so important that\nyou could not really say anything meaningful without using it.\n\n> 2. I suspect いいのかな to mean \"I wonder if it is good\"\n>\n\nPrecisely!\n\nMy own TL:\n\n> \"I wonder if you don't have to run away.\"\n\nNotice I did not use \"I wnder if it is good\" because that is already implied\nin my TL.",
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"body": "I just want to add that the translation you mentioned in the comments “Are you\nsure you don’t want to run away?” is an appropriate translation of this phrase\nif the context calls for it. My first impression of the sentence was that it\nwas from a situation like that, like a predator playing with its prey.",
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| 54585 | 54587 | 54587 |
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"body": "I wanna ask you about the difference between [怖]{お}じける and [恐]{おそ}れる. Both\nmean to be scary right?\n\n * Which is more common? \n * How do I use each in a sentence?\n * Are they interchangeable?",
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"tags": [
"meaning",
"words",
"synonyms"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 怖じける and 恐れる?",
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{
"body": "I think the words are often interchangeable and hard to distinguish. So, the\ndifference is subtle. My interpretation is the following:\n\n怖{お｝じける is used often when it is in an unknown situation such as jumping off\nfrom the cliff or going into a ruined building at midnight. You are testing\nyour courage.\n\nOn the other hand, 恐｛おそ｝れる is used often when you are scared of the\nknown/learned situation which had happened before.\n\nIf you are being bitten by the dog before, next time you might be afraid of\ntouching it. Or getting food-poisoning by eating a raw oyster, you are afraid\nof having food-poisoning again by eating it. I think -phobia in English is\nclose to 恐れる.",
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"body": "I would define them as:\n\n * (~を)恐れる: to _fear_ (something)\n\n * (~に)怖じける: to flinch or cower _in fear_ (at something) ; get frightened\n\nA1) I would say 恐れる is more common, in terms of the absolute number of uses,\nbut since their meaning are slightly different, I don't think there's much of\na point in comparing.\n\nA2) Here's an example I made for each.「獣は火を恐れる。」: \"Animals fear\nfire.\"「熊は炎に怖じけて、逃げて行った。」: \"The bear flinched at the fire, and ran away.\"\n\nA3) Some of the time, I guess.",
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| 54589 | null | 54600 |
{
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"body": "I was studying the word 以上 and I found some examples with them. The meaning of\n以上 in my textbook is \"or more\" and they put an example:\n\n> ３０度 **以上** の日 = A day of 30 degrees **or more**.\n\nThen I was searching for more examples on the internet and I get confused a\nlittle when I found this:\n\n> * この建物は築100年以上たっている\n>\n\nThey translated it as \"This building was built more than 100 years back \" so\nmy questions are:\n\n1) 建てる is a group 2 verb so the て形 wouldn't it be 建てている?\n\n2) Why 建てる is in the progressive form? shouldn't it be in past 建てた?\n\n3) Isn't the meaning of 以上 \"or more\" or it just means \"more\"?\n\nThanks a lot for your time!",
"comment_count": 1,
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"tags": [
"translation",
"verbs",
"conjugations",
"て-form",
"aspect"
],
"title": "Can you explain この建物は築100年以上たっている to me?",
"view_count": 176
} | [
{
"body": "> この建物は築100年以上たっている。\n\nNow, the catch is how you interpret 築100年以上たっている。\n\nif it is 建っている/立っている, we are focusing on “the building has stood”. This time\nwe have the word 築 which implies “is built”. So, the building was built more\nthan 100 years ago or more and it has stood since then.\n\nIf it is 経っている, this time we are focusing on the time has passed, which is 100\nyears or more. And we combine the word “築” with it, We get the building was\nbuilt 100 years ago or more.\n\nたっている should be the two cases above. Next one is unusual.\n\nIf you interpret 建っている as 建てている, it is like talking about Sagrada Familia or\nYokohama station. They have already taken the shape of a building but has been\nfixed since it had started constructing and have not finished construction\nyet.\n\nLastly, X is Y 以上 implies X has a quantity at least Y. (sorry, please\ninterpret the left \"is\" as \"は\")\n\nIn math, X は Y 以上である。 is normally defined as X ≥ Y: X is greater than equals\nto Y.\n\nAt this time, 建物は築１００年以上 implies 建物 is in the domain of 100 years or more old.",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-18T22:42:11.150",
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"body": "1. The verb used here is not 建てる (transitive) but an intransitive godan verb [経つ](http://jisho.org/word/%E7%B5%8C%E3%81%A4) (\"(for time) to pass\"), whose te-form is 経って.\n\n 2. This 経っている is [\"have passed\" rather than \"is passing\"](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3122/5010). 築【ちく】 precedes a number and means \"since it was built\", \"since its completion/opening\", etc. So the literal translation of the sentence is \"Regarding this building, a hundred years or more have passed since its completion\".\n\n 3. In technical/mathematical/legal contexts, 以上 means \"～ or more\" (`≥`). Practically, you can often translate this as \"more than ～\" (`>`), especially when the number before it is obviously a rough one. When what's compared is not a number, you can usually use \"more than ～\" (e.g., 彼以上に美しい).\n\nBy the way, 建てる also has an intransitive counterpart,\n[建つ](http://jisho.org/word/%E5%BB%BA%E3%81%A4) (\"to be built\", \"to stand\").\nWith this verb and simple past tense, you can say the same thing like so:\n\n> この建物は100年以上前 **に** 建った。 \n> This building was built more than 100 years ago.",
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| 54593 | 54605 | 54605 |
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"body": "宿題をやりさえすればいい\n\n宿題をやってさえいたらいい\n\nWhat is the difference/nuance between these two ways to use さえ with verbs?",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-18T22:04:08.957",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"nuances"
],
"title": "Difference between 連用形＋さえ and テ形＋さえ",
"view_count": 193
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{
"body": "I think it is almost interchangeable though, if there was the difference in\nsome cases, it similar to the difference between deductive reasoning and\ninductive reasoning.\n\n> 宿題をやりさえすればいい\n\n宿題をやりさえすればいい may imply that you only have to do homework in order to achieve\nsomething. If you have done homework, you can do something. This is kind of\ndeduction. Doing X takes you Y.\n\n> 宿題をやってさえいたらいい\n\n宿題をやってさえいたらいい may imply if you are doing homework, something is more likely to\nhappen. This time, Doing X is likely to take you Y.",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-19T05:24:20.440",
"id": "54602",
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"body": "> * 宿題をやりさえすれば\n> * 宿題をやってさえいたら\n>\n\nThese are both complicated with さえ (=\"only\"), [whose grammar rule may be\ndifficult](http://maggiesensei.com/2015/03/28/how-to-\nuse-%E3%81%95%E3%81%88sae/), but after removing さえ, these sentences are:\n\n> * 宿題をやれば = If you (will) do your homework ...\n> * 宿題をやっていたら = If you have done/finished your homework ...\n>\n\nThe essential difference is that only the latter has a subsidiary verb\n**～ている** , which describes \"the continuation of a state\" in this case. See\nthis question for the basics for ～ている: [When is Vている the continuation of\naction and when is it the continuation of\nstate?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3122/5010)\n\nCompare the following two sentences:\n\n> 1. 明日の昼に宿題をやりさえすればいい。\n> 2. 明日の昼(まで)に宿題をやってさえいたらいい。\n>\n\nSentence 1 rather simply refers to your future action. It means you have to do\nyour homework tomorrow at noon. Sentence 2 means you have to finish your\nhomework by noon tomorrow; you have to do your homework tonight or tomorrow\nmorning.",
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"body": "Regarding a fossil that was dug out of frozen ground in Russia:\n\n> 眠っているように見えるぐらい **きれい** でした。 \n> (The cave lion fossil) was so _neat_ that it seemed like it was sleeping.\n\nI'm struggling to translate きれい in this sentence. Neither clean, neat nor\npretty really seem to make sense. To be honest, I can't think of any English\nword that would fit this sentence well. Is there an obvious translation of きれい\nthat I'm missing, or am I just over thinking it? It is from an article for\nchildren after all.",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Meaning of きれい in this sentence",
"view_count": 335
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{
"body": "Maybe trying to paraphrase it more than to directly translate it makes more\nsense here? In regards to fossils using something like _well preserved_ seems\nto fit, e.g.\n\n> The fossil was so well preserved, it looked as though the cave lion was\n> merely sleeping.\n\nOr something along those lines.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-19T11:13:20.880",
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"body": "It was so placid that it looked as if it was sleeping.",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-19T11:17:14.170",
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| 54608 | 54609 | 54609 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54622",
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"body": "I know that `だけ` can mean `only` and I'm learning its seemingly new meaning as\nin an expression `だけに` from a [日本語の森\nvideo](https://youtu.be/Zhz3OG2hb8w?t=5m36s).\n\nAn example sentence given there is:\n\n> 1. 人気者のズン先生だけに授業がとても面白い。\n>\n\nand it's meaning, as explained there, is:\n\n> The lesson is very particularly interesting because of popular Zun sensei.\n\nBut I feel like this meaning might also be a correct one:\n\n> The lesson is very interesting to Zun sensei. \n> (Zun sensei thinks it's very interesting.)\n\n**Which of these meanings is correct?** \n \n \nAlso, are these 2 modified sentences correct? What would be their meaning?\n\n> 2. 人気者のズン先生 **である** だけに授業がとても面白い。\n>\n> 3. 人気者のズン先生だけに **は** 授業がとても面白い。\n>\n>\n\nHow would I say:\n\n> The lesson is very interesting only because of popular Zun sensei. \n> (Without Zun sensei it wouldn't be interesting at all.)\n\n[日本語の森: Learn Japanese JLPT N2 文法\n#20「のことだからＶＳだけに」](https://youtu.be/Zhz3OG2hb8w?t=5m36s)",
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"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"nuances"
],
"title": "Meaning of \"だけに\"",
"view_count": 953
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{
"body": "Upon reading/hearing the sentence, without any context :\n\n> 「人気者{にんきもの}のズン先生{せんせい}だけに授業{じゅぎょう}がとても面白{おもしろ}い。」\n\n99% of native speakers would think that it meant:\n\n> \"The class/lesson is so much fun because it is taught by (none other than)\n> the ever-popular Mr. Zun.\"\n\nIt would take a pretty unusual context for the sentence to mean:\n\n> \"The class/lesson is so much fun only for the ever-popular Mr. Zun.\"\n\nWhy so?\n\n1) When we read/hear 「～～先生」, we tend to think automatically that the person is\nthe one teaching the class and not one of the students taking (and possibly\nenjoying) it.\n\n2) It would be quite unnatural to use the qualifier 「人気者の」 to refer to a\nperson if he is the one enjoying something. One can enjoy things regardless of\none's own popularity, correct?\n\nThus, while the second interpretation might not be totally impossible, it\nwould be somewhere between highly unlikey and almost impossible.\n\n> Also, are these 2 modified sentences correct? What would be their meaning?\n>\n> 人気者のズン先生 **である** だけに授業がとても面白い。\n\nCorrect. This means the same (first interpretation) as the original sentence.\n\n> 人気者のズン先生だけに **は** 授業がとても面白い。\n\nCorrect but it suddenly means what the second interpretation says. Zun is the\nonly one enjoying the class.\n\nPower of particles.\n\nFinally,\n\n> How would I say:\n>\n> The lesson is very interesting only because of popular Zun sensei. (Without\n> Zun sensei it wouldn't be interesting at all.)\n\nYou could say:\n\n> 「人気者のズン先生 **が** 教えている **からこそ** 、その授業はおもしろい。」\n\n(I do **not** have a habit of writing 「おもしろい」 using kanji.)",
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| 54611 | 54622 | 54622 |
{
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"body": "I know they all mean something is 'difficult to do', 'hard to...' etc but why\nhave three versions? are they used in different grammatical structures or\ncontexts?",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-19T15:55:20.620",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice"
],
"title": "The difference in use and meaning for にくい, がたい and づらい",
"view_count": 166
} | [
{
"body": "You mean ...にくい。...づらい。...がたい。?like the following\n\nI think these two are interchangeable. At least for me, I can’t find semantic\ndifference. “彼の説明は理解しにくい/理解しづらい” Both explains “it is hard for me to\nunderstand his explanation.\n\n...がたい is a bit different. “彼の説明は理解しがたい。”\n\nIt is incomprehensible for me to understand his explanation. Or, it is\nunlikely for me understand his explanation.\n\nI think it is strange to use ...がたい for sense verb since they have the word\ndescribes hardness of physical property ...がたい.",
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| 54612 | 54616 | 54616 |
{
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"body": "I understand there are two forms meaning 'too little' or too few', I thought\nthe regular way to conjugate the negative was ない-form verb, and the last い is\nreplaced with さ, making なさすぎる. (e.g 食べなさすぎる) But at the end of the chapter it\nsays you can also use なすぎる with 'most regular i-adjectives'such as 危なすぎる 'not\ntoo dangerous'. Please can someone explain this to me.",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"negation"
],
"title": "(Negative すぎる 'too much') when to use なすぎる and なさすぎる",
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| 54613 | null | null |
{
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"body": "For example:\n\n> 今日から明日まで勉強します。 \n> _kyou kara ashita made benkyou shimasu._\n\nHow do I know that the speaker talks about themselves?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-19T18:12:36.703",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54614",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-11-19T20:41:37.697",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "26541",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"pronouns",
"ellipsis",
"deixis"
],
"title": "Speaking in first person without saying \"I\"",
"view_count": 145
} | [
{
"body": "It depends on the context.\n\n> ようこそ、アレフの講習会へ。今回の講習では今日から明日まで勉強します。明後日は発表があります。\n\nIn this context, the subject is \"you.\"\n\n>\n> 日本太郎は、ノーベル物理学賞の最有力候補です。勉強などめったにしませんが、今日から明日まで勉強します。「勉強しているところを撮影させて欲しい」とのテレビ番組の取材をどうしても断れなかったからです。\n\nSorry for the weird example sentence, but in this context, the subject is\n日本太郎.\n\n> 今日から明日まで勉強します。\n\nWithout any other context, the subject of this sentence is the speaker, \"I.\"\n\nHope this helps!",
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| 54614 | null | 54619 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54621",
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"body": "I'm working through the book Nihongo So-matome N3 Choukai and on one page\nthere is a side note about contracting the causative-passive form (e.g.\n待たせられる＝待たされる). Underneath it says 「食べる、話す、する、来る、などは縮約形にはできない。」meaning verbs\nlike these don't have these contracted forms. する and 来る are the usual\nexceptions, 食べる is an 一段 verb, but what about 話す? Is there something special\nabout this verb or a group that it's in? Why can it not be contracted in this\nway?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-19T21:08:04.210",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54615",
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"owner_user_id": "4404",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"passive-voice",
"contractions",
"causation"
],
"title": "Causative-passive contracted form",
"view_count": 511
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{
"body": "According to [日本語教師のページ--\n受身使役](http://www.nihongokyoshi.co.jp/manbow/manbow.php?id=1022&TAB=1)\n\n> 2）縮約形から使役受け身形を作る。 \n> 縮約形は、すべて五段活用動詞と同じ活用である。だから、活用語尾の[-u] を［-aseru] に変換すれば、使役受け身形ができる。 \n> ① 五段活用動詞の場合 \n> 読む→読ます→読まされる（この形のほうが、上記「読ませられる」より一般的。しかし、 **縮約形が「〜さす」の形になるものは、この形は使わない** ） \n> 話す→話さす（縮約形）→×話さされる \n> ② 一段活用の場合 \n> 食べる→食べさす→×食べさされる（上記と同じ理由） \n> ③ 変格活用動詞 \n> カ行変格活用動詞 来さす→×来さされる（上記と同じ理由） \n> サ行変格活用動詞 さす→×さされる（上記と同じ理由）\n\nYou don't use the ～される passive form for the verbs that take ～ **さ** す as the\ncontracted causative form. So basically you don't use ～ **ささ** れる. (Compare: ～\n**た** す as in 待たす, ～ **ま** す as in 読ます etc. can take the ～される passive form, as\nin ～ **たさ** れる in 待たされる, ～ **まさ** れる in 読まされる.)\n\n...Although we often say things like 「食べさされたわ～」「来さされてん～」 etc. in casual\nconversation in Kansai.",
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"id": "54621",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-11-20T01:16:05.200",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "9831",
"parent_id": "54615",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 54615 | 54621 | 54621 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54626",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I encountered this sentence in a textbook\n\n> 野菜をたくさん買ったので、店の人に家まで届けてもらいました。\n\nWhich one of the following would the sentence is supposed to mean?\n\n> Since [I] bought a lot of vegetables, [I] had a guy at the shop deliver the\n> vegetables home for me.\n\nor\n\n> Since [I] bought a lot of vegetables, I received home delivery.\n\nDoes the verb もらう in the form ～てもらう always mean to have someone do something\nfor me instead of only to receive something?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-20T04:57:29.263",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54623",
"last_activity_date": "2018-08-26T06:11:09.333",
"last_edit_date": "2017-11-20T13:43:13.883",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "18586",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"giving-and-receiving"
],
"title": "Meaning of ～てもらう in this sentence",
"view_count": 1485
} | [
{
"body": "〜てもらう means to have something done for you.\n\n> 友達に質問を先生に聞いてもらいました。 (I) had a friend ask the teacher a question for me.\n\nThe meaning of receiving something is more explicit with を.\n\n> 先生はプレゼントをもらいました。 The teacher received a gift.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-20T05:41:08.673",
"id": "54624",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-20T05:41:08.673",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "25446",
"parent_id": "54623",
"post_type": "answer",
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},
{
"body": "> 「Verb in て-form + もらう」\n\nalways means:\n\n> \"to have someone (verb) for me (or whoever that is being talked about)\"\n\nIt is that someone who performs the action described by the verb and the other\nperson (I/you/he/they, etc.) is the one that receives the service/kindness.\n\nThus the sentence in question means what your first translation says.\n\nIf you see/hear the phrase:\n\n> 「Noun + **を** + もらう」\n\nit means \" **someone receives something** \". If what you receive is a service\ninstead of a thing, you cannot use 「～～をもらう」.\n\nFor example, I just returned from my lunch at a steak restaurant. When I paid\nat the cashier, the clerk game me a free coupon for all-you-can-drink\nsoftdrinks that I could use next time. If I were to tell someone about this, I\nmight say:\n\n> 「ドリンクバーのタダ券{けん} **を** もらった or もらっちゃった。」\n\n(「ドリンクバー」 means \"all-you-can-drink softdrinks\" and 「タダ券」, a \"free coupon\".)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-20T05:50:03.723",
"id": "54625",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-20T06:02:50.053",
"last_edit_date": "2017-11-20T06:02:50.053",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
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"score": 3
},
{
"body": "The second reading is not valid. When a もらう is a full verb meaning \"receive\",\nits object (and only full verbs can take an object) must be some form of noun\nand followed by a を. The 家まで届けて is not any kind of noun phrase. It cannot\nquite work like \"home delivery\" does.\n\nSo the first one, where the もらう is correctly interpreted as a subsidiary verb,\nis the right one.\n\nIt is possible, however, for the もらう in the string ～てもらう to be a full verb\ndescribing a distinct act of receiving something, as in relatively rare cases\nwhere the object of a もらう that follows another verb is omitted. For example:\n\n> お砂糖が切れていたので、お隣に行ってもらってきました。\"I was out of sugar, so I went next door and got\n> some.\")",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-20T07:24:38.833",
"id": "54626",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-20T07:24:38.833",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11575",
"parent_id": "54623",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 54623 | 54626 | 54625 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54628",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm reviewing my list of kanjis to limit myself to JLPT N2 and below for now,\nbut I find that some of them aren't in any JLPT level yet are quite common.\nExamples:\n\n * 可 (in 可愛い, 可能性, etc.) \n * 的 (in all the ～的, very common suffix)\n\nand I'm only starting so I'm sure I'll find more. I use jisho.org and this\nlist also agrees: <https://www.nihongo-pro.com/kanji-pal/list/jlpt> Why is\nthat? And given that common kanjis seem missing from the JLPT levels, are they\na good reference for studying?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-20T10:51:26.697",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54627",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-20T13:01:33.920",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "13634",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"jlpt"
],
"title": "Why are some basic kanji not in any JLPT level?",
"view_count": 1437
} | [
{
"body": "See, the jouyou kanji list is no less imperfect. Why simple and common kanji,\nsuch as 嬉, are suspiciously absent is anyone's guess. As for the JLPT list,\nwell, you've pointed out some grave offenders yourself.\n\nSo are such lists a good study tool? If you're just preparing for the JLPT,\nand you're positive that only the kanji on those lists can appear, then keep\nat it; however, in general, I don't recommend this type of approach at all. As\nlong as you're consuming media in Japanese and learning vocabulary in context,\nyou'll amass so much vocabulary that the N2 multiple-choice kanji section will\nseem trivial in what it asks of you.\n\nIf you're serious about learning the language beyond just passing the N2, then\ndo keep the jouyou list in mind as a guide or a reference, but nothing more.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-20T13:01:33.920",
"id": "54628",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-20T13:01:33.920",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "26552",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
]
| 54627 | 54628 | 54628 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54630",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> だが、主であるそなたの許可 **なくば** それも許されぬ…！\n\nI understand it pretty much means \"However, being our master, we can't even do\nthat without your permission.\" but I don't get why なく and ば are both together.\nI would have said : \"なく\" or \"なければ\" but never \"なくば\". What could the explanation\nbehind this be ?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-20T13:44:43.363",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54629",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-20T21:19:21.743",
"last_edit_date": "2017-11-20T21:19:21.743",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "20501",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"conditionals",
"archaic-language"
],
"title": "The logic behind なくば",
"view_count": 212
} | [
{
"body": "なくば is an older form of なければ. It's not generally used in modern Japanese\n(outside of perhaps a few fossilised expressions like さもなくば), but is still\nrecognised and can be used as part of an affected style of speech.\n\nThis character's speech is clearly somewhat archaic in flavour (as also\nevidenced by the use of そなた and the ぬ negation), so the use of なくば seems in\nfitting with that style.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-20T13:59:52.667",
"id": "54630",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-20T13:59:52.667",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "25107",
"parent_id": "54629",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 8
}
]
| 54629 | 54630 | 54630 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54635",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I read [this\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/54623/meaning-\nof-%EF%BD%9E%E3%81%A6%E3%82%82%E3%82%89%E3%81%86-in-this-sentence) about the\nsentence:\n\n> 野菜をたくさん買ったので、店の人に家まで届けてもらいました。\n\nWithout thinking too hard I translated this as\n\n> a) Because I bought a lot of vegetables the shop keeper delivered them for\n> me.\n\nI then read the rest of the OPs question and the answers, where the\ntranslation was\n\n> b) .... **I had** the shopkeeper deliver them.\n\nTo me, this has a different nuance. Sentence b) requires me to ask for a\nservice with the expectation that I will receive the service. Sentence a) is\nmore passive. The shopkeeper may do the service as a favour. Or maybe it's by\n5 veg and get free delivery. In any case sentence a) does not require me to\nrequest a service.\n\nAre both a) and b) equally valid translations? If so how can the Japanese be\nre-phrased to make a distinction?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-20T19:53:08.140",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54631",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-21T09:28:46.823",
"last_edit_date": "2017-11-20T20:09:54.597",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"nuances",
"giving-and-receiving"
],
"title": "Does てもらう imply that a service has been requested?",
"view_count": 185
} | [
{
"body": "> 「野菜{やさい}をたくさん買{か}ったので、店{みせ}の人{ひと}に家{いえ}まで届{とど}けてもらいました。」\n\nBefore talking about translations, I would like to discuss what we know and do\nnot know from this sentence without further context or explanation regarding\nthis particular store/market.\n\n**We know that:**\n\n1) the speaker bought lots of vegetables.\n\n2) it is someone from the store that delivered the vegetables to the speaker's\nplace/home. It is that someone who 届けた.\n\n3) it is the speaker who received that service. It is the speaker who 届けてもらった.\n\n4) the subject of the entire sentence is the unmentioned speaker. It is s/he\nwho both 買った and 届けてもらった.\n\n**We do not know:**\n\n1) if the speaker expressly requested a delivery. It might be a routine\nservice for the regular customers at this store.\n\nNow, let us examine the two translations you listed.\n\n> a) Because I bought a lot of vegetables the shop keeper delivered them for\n> me.\n>\n> b) ....I had the shopkeeper deliver them.\n\nI actually think both are valid translations in the sense that both express\nthe same general idea as to what happened and who did what.\n\n> Does 「～～てもらう」 imply that a service has been requested?\n\nNo, it does not necessarily. The action-performer may offer one of his own\nwill.\n\nThe subject of the original sentence is surely the unmentioned \"I\" while it is\n\"the shop keeper\" for the second half in **_your_** TL (a). I call both valid\nbecause I know it can be quite wordy/awkward to translate the \"～～してもらう\"\nconstruct into English by using the receiver of the service as the subject as\nin \" ** _I graciously received the kind service of having my vegetables\ndelivered to my door by the market personnel_**.\".\n\nAs long as you uderstand the sentence structure and the meaning of the\noriginal, it should be fine because valid translations can come in very\ndifferent forms between two linguistically-unrelated languages like Japanese\nand English.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-20T22:45:49.097",
"id": "54635",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-20T23:34:22.423",
"last_edit_date": "2017-11-20T23:34:22.423",
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},
{
"body": "In a 〜てもらう construction, the person who does the receiving _must_ be the\nsubject.\n\nIf you want the _giver_ to be the subject (and the giver is not you or someone\nin your group), you have to say 〜てくれる (or an equivalent).\n\n(If the giver _is_ you or someone in your group, you would use 〜て上げる or an\nequivalent.)\n\n* * *\n\nSo _technically_ your translation isn't accurate, because you made the\nshopkeeper the subject, whereas in the Japanese he couldn't have been.\n\nBut like l'électeur said, as long as you know the difference you can translate\nit in a way that sounds natural.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-21T09:28:46.823",
"id": "54648",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-21T09:28:46.823",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "26436",
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}
]
| 54631 | 54635 | 54635 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54637",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 芸術家は芸術を仕事としている人。 \n> Concerning an artist, it is a person who does art for a living (=as a job).\n\nI didn't encounter と in this kind of function yet, or at least not often\nenough to remember it. Did I translate this correctly?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-20T20:18:26.197",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54632",
"last_activity_date": "2021-10-29T21:29:07.897",
"last_edit_date": "2021-10-29T21:29:07.897",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "20172",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-と"
],
"title": "What is this と? 芸術家は芸術を仕事としている人",
"view_count": 237
} | [
{
"body": "> 「Noun A + **を** + Noun B + **と** + する」\n\nmeans:\n\n> \"to regard A as B\"\n>\n> \"to let A be B\"\n>\n> \"to treat A as B\"\n>\n> \"to have A as B\", etc.\n\nThus, your translation is not bad at all.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-20T23:16:21.577",
"id": "54637",
"last_activity_date": "2021-05-29T15:16:39.140",
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"parent_id": "54632",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 8
}
]
| 54632 | 54637 | 54637 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "57200",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I know that ください one is nicely phrased command, like ご注意ください。Is there similar\nconstruction with いただく、how is it formed and what does it mean?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-20T21:01:39.543",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54633",
"last_activity_date": "2018-03-10T13:54:03.810",
"last_edit_date": "2017-11-20T22:48:20.803",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "18134",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"keigo"
],
"title": "ご・おXXXいただく（？） vs ご・おXXXください",
"view_count": 2157
} | [
{
"body": "The difference here is between polite and humble Japanese.\n\nご～ください is an honorific phrase, used to be very polite when asking other people\nto do something. いただく is a humble verb, usually used when referring to\nyourself or someone in your group. So there is no equivalent verbal phrase\nlike ご～いただく. I recommend reading some of the threads about honorific vs humble\nJapanese. This will help to clarify what type of phrase to use in various\nkinds of situations.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-21T12:31:15.063",
"id": "54655",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-21T12:31:15.063",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"parent_id": "54633",
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},
{
"body": "下さる/頂くexpress give/receive a favor to/from a higher status entity. Both verbs\nare used with 御（ご、お）as explained in the following links:\n\n<https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/61762/meaning/m0u/>\n\n<https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/12108/meaning/m0u/>\n\nExamples from <https://tatoeba.org>\n\nお手伝いいただきありがとう。Thank you for your assistance.\n\nご検討頂くために。For your consideration.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2018-03-10T09:56:57.237",
"id": "57198",
"last_activity_date": "2018-03-10T09:56:57.237",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "3371",
"parent_id": "54633",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "There's actually three things you need to keep track of to answer your\nquestion.\n\n 1. くださる expresses that someone above you is doing something for you. If they were closer to the same level you would use くれる. Thus, くださる is the 敬語 of くれる. The less polite form is やる.\n\n 2. いただく expresses that the speaker is _receiving_ what someone else does for them. It is the 敬語 of もらう.\n\n 3. ご・お are called 美化語 and serve to make crude things more polite or to express respect for the one who does that thing. See [which nouns can use 美化語{びかご}?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/13654/which-nouns-can-use-%E7%BE%8E%E5%8C%96%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%B3%E3%81%8B%E3%81%94) .\n\nThus, combinations of 1 + 3 and 2 + 3 are both possible because 1 expresses\nthat someone politely does something for you whereas 2 expresses that you\npolitely receive something.\n\nご心配いただきありがとうございます。 = 2 + 3. The 心配 is marked by ご because you're showing\nrespect for the person who does it. いただく then shows that you are receiving it\nsubordinately.\n\nお電話ください =1 + 3 = the person you're speaking to does the 電話する so we make it a\npolite command by using both the 美化語 and the ください construction.\n\nAlso, while everyone recognizes the 漢字 for both 下さる and 頂く, in contemporary\nJapanese, the government indicates you should use hiragana in this sort of\nhelping verb usage (<https://docoic.com/714>).\n\nFor more information on the split, you can look at:\n\n * [Differences between くれます, もらいます and いただきます](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/260/differences-between-%E3%81%8F%E3%82%8C%E3%81%BE%E3%81%99-%E3%82%82%E3%82%89%E3%81%84%E3%81%BE%E3%81%99-and-%E3%81%84%E3%81%9F%E3%81%A0%E3%81%8D%E3%81%BE%E3%81%99)\n * <https://www.alc.co.jp/jpn/article/faq/05/141.html>\n * <http://web.ydu.edu.tw/~uchiyama/1h93fy/jyujyu.html>",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2018-03-10T13:54:03.810",
"id": "57200",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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}
]
| 54633 | 57200 | 54655 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54636",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I am currently writing a section about the Japanese writing system. I have\npreviously stated that Japanese was originally written completely in Kanji.\nHowever, people found it very difficult.\n\n**Therefore, the simpler Hiragana and Katakana was introduced in the ninth\ncentury.**\n\nHow would I write this sentence in Japanese? If \"simpler\" was replaced with\n\"simple\", I would say: だから、単純なひらがなとカタカナが九世紀に導入されました.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-20T21:55:10.857",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54634",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-20T23:05:38.157",
"last_edit_date": "2017-11-20T22:23:09.240",
"last_editor_user_id": "26555",
"owner_user_id": "26555",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"adjectives",
"history",
"comparative-constructions",
"written-language"
],
"title": "How do you use comparatives for Japanese adjectives?",
"view_count": 239
} | [
{
"body": "You can use 「より」 and say 「より単純{たんじゅん}な」 for the comparative form.\n\n(The superlative form is 「最{もっと}も単純な」.)\n\nNothing to do with your question. but 「だから」 would sound too informal and\nconversational to be used in that sentence that contains a big word like 「\n導入{どうにゅう}」. I would suggest using 「従{したが}って」 instead.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-20T23:05:38.157",
"id": "54636",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 54634 | 54636 | 54636 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "As usual I'm studying for the JLPT and I found a word that has the same\nmeaning as another one.\n\nAccording to the dictionary\n\n> * [変]{か}わる: to change; to be transformed\n>\n> * [変化]{へんか} (する): (to) change\n>\n>\n\nIf you can explain to me what is the difference and give me some examples of\neach one I'll be grateful.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-21T03:06:56.727",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54638",
"last_activity_date": "2018-01-22T01:29:26.673",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "19322",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning",
"word-choice"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 変わる and 変化",
"view_count": 1777
} | [
{
"body": "変わる is a basic verb to mean \"change.\"\n\n変化 is a noun to mean \"change.\"\n\n変化する is the verb version of 変化.\n\n変化(する） is also basic vocabulary, yet it is a little more advanced vocabulary\nthan 変わる. For example, a 4-5 year-old Japanese kids can say 変わる, but not\n変化（する）.\n\n変化する is said by at least more than 8-10 year-old kids.\n\nイモムシは、さなぎを経て、チョウに変わる。\n\n＝芋虫は、蛹を経て、蝶に変化する。\n\n＝幼虫が蛹を経て成虫に至る変化を、変態と呼ぶ。\n\n\"Let it go, let it go, 生まれ変わるのよ～” \"Frozen\" can be watched by small kids.\n\n変わる is used for colloquial settings, and 変化 is more often used for academic\nwritings, for example.",
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"body": "\"変わる\" is _Yamato kotoba_ or _Wago_ (和語), which is a native Japanese word,\nwhile \"変化（する）\" is _Kango_ (漢語) or Sino-Japanese vocabulary.\n\nI explained the basic difference between 和語 and 漢語\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/53829/when-would-you-\nuse-%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92-as-opposed-to-%E3%81%8A%E4%BA%92%E3%81%84/53832#53832).",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-21T13:26:25.230",
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{
"body": "[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/3kTen.gif)\n\nThis is the change of the appearance of the same tree as in spring, summer,\nand autumn. If you regarded it as three variations, it should be 三\"変化\" as the\nchange of the seasons. If you see it as an animation, it should have been\nchanging \"変わる\" as seasons going.",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-21T13:50:35.813",
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]
| 54638 | null | 54658 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54641",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> そして、先に来た者から十二番目までを、その年の大将としよう。\n\nIt comes from a fable about the Chinese Zodiac that I'm trying to translate\ninto English. I have this basic word-by-word translation:\n\n * そして - and, used to connect sentences\n * 先{さき} - first\n * 来{き}た - past tense form of 来る, come\n * 者{もの} - person\n * から - from\n * 十二番目{じゅうにばんめ} - twelfth\n * まで - only\n * その - that\n * 年{とし} - year\n * 代将{だいしょう} - leader(?)\n * しよう - ?\n\na) I would translate しよう at the end of the sentence\n\nb) How is this sentence structured? I understand the basic meaning only\nbecause I can put the seeming mess of words together, but I don't really\nunderstand how they fit together the way they do and why. Does 先に来た者から十二番目\njust mean \"first through twelfth\", and what would be the correct translation\nof 者 in that case, person? But why does it come after 来た?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-21T03:52:34.603",
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"tags": [
"meaning",
"syntax"
],
"title": "そして、先に来た者から十二番目までを、その年の大将としよう",
"view_count": 123
} | [
{
"body": "I'd rather not do a strict analogous translation, but let's try to break your\nsentence down into sensible segments:\n\n> そして、Thus\n>\n> 先に来た者から from he/that came first\n>\n> 十二番目（の者）までを、 until the twelfth (person/being),\n>\n> 「その年の大将」と as \"the head/representative of that respective year\"\n>\n> しよう。 let's (make/designate)\n\nTo answer your question:\n\n1) しよう is the volitional form of \"to do\". From the context of the sentence it\nwould mean \"Let's do (something)\".\n\n2) To reorganize my attempt at the sentence breakdown, it would roughly come\nas\n\n> Thus, let us designate those who/which came, first down to the twelfth, as\n> the representative of each (of the twelve) year(s).",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-21T04:07:10.527",
"id": "54641",
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| 54639 | 54641 | 54641 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I wanna ask you abou these synonym words. Here are the sentences.\n彼は家賃を月々ちゃんと払う. (He pays his rent regularly every month) 彼は毎月積金している(He lays by\nsome money every month) What is the different between 月々 and 毎月? Both are has\nsame meaning 'monthly; every month'. I read those sentences above and has no\nidea where the different is.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-21T03:54:30.920",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54640",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-05T12:28:33.180",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "25631",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"words",
"synonyms"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 月々 and 毎月?",
"view_count": 728
} | [
{
"body": "「月々」と「毎月」とはほとんど同じですが、質問者の例を含めて次に挙げる例のように、使われ方に差があるような気がします。そして、これらの例は、相互に入れ替えても十分意味は通じますが、入れ替えると若干の不自然さを感じます。ただし、「自然さ/不自然さ」を余り気付かない、あるいは気にしない日本人も普通にいるだろうと思います。\n\n【毎月】\n\n * 毎月貯金をしている。\n * 毎月第一月曜日に集金に来る。\n * 給料は毎月第三金曜日に銀行に振り込まれる。\n\n【月々】\n\n * 家賃を月々ちゃんと払っている。\n * 月謝を月々ちゃんと払っている。\n\n「月々」は「月毎｛つきごと｝に」と置き換えても自然ですが、「毎月」を「月毎に」と置き換えると余り自然ではありません。この場合も、置き換えで生じる「自然さ/不自然さ」を余り気付かない、あるいは気にしない、更には差がないという日本人は普通にいるだろうと思います。\n\n【毎日、毎年】\n\n * 毎日お風呂に入る。\n * 毎日犬を連れて散歩する。\n * 毎年年賀状が来ていた友人から今年は来ない。どうしたのだろうか。\n * 毎年のことだが、秋になると渡り鳥が来る。\n\n【日々｛ひび｝、年々｛ねんねん｝】\n\n * 日々成長する。\n * 年々大きくなる。\n\n* * *\n\n# EDIT\n\n次のような実際に使われている文（Ａ）を見つけました。 \n文（Ａ）の中の「毎年」と「年々」を入れ替えた文（Ｂ）は不自然な日本語に思えます。 \nこのことから「毎年」と「年々」とは若干違うことが分かります。\n\n> （Ａ） **毎年** 調査を行っていますが、 **年々** 店舗の意識も上がり、ほとんどの店舗できちんとした規制が行われていました。 \n> （Ｂ） **年々** 調査を行っていますが、 **毎年** 店舗の意識も上がり、ほとんどの店舗できちんとした規制が行われていました",
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"creation_date": "2017-11-21T06:11:10.640",
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| 54640 | null | 54644 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54645",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Here is the sentence containing the verb in て-form.\n\n> ひさしぶりに この本皮のグローブがしっとりと敵の血をすって なんともいえねえ においを **かがして** くれる....\n\nAs my understanding, the pattern てくれる use て-form verb which the verb would be\n嗅{か}いで.\n\nIs the verb 「かがして」 Tokyo dialect?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-21T04:37:05.423",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54642",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-21T16:46:15.200",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "9559",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"words",
"て-form",
"manga"
],
"title": "Question about the verb 「嗅ぐ」",
"view_count": 166
} | [
{
"body": "The base verb here is:\n\n> 「嗅{か}ぐ」= \"to smell something\"\n\n「かが **し** て」 is the fairly common colloquial (and slightly slangy) version\nof「かが **せ** て」. This is the テ-form of 「かがせる」(\" ** _to let one smell\nsomething_** \"), which is in the causative form of 「かぐ」. Please make sure you\nare following this because every word is important in this paragraph.\n\n「かがして」 is not Tokyo dialect; It is used everywhere. People say 「見{み} **し** て」\nfor 「見 **せ** て」(\"Let me see.\"), 「食{た}べさ **し** て」 for 「食べさ **せ** て」(\"Let me\neat\".), etc. colloquially. I do not think this is taught in Japanese-as-a-\nforeign-language, and I do not think J-learners should be using these until\nthey are really fluent, either.\n\n> \"For the first time in so long, these leather gloves that have surely been\n> sucking my opponents' blood are now letting me smell an indescribable\n> smell.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-21T06:26:14.193",
"id": "54645",
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}
]
| 54642 | 54645 | 54645 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54647",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I just read an\n[article](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/blog/2007/09/03/repeat-after-me-\nthere-is-no-such-thing-as-the-subject/) explaining that が should not be\nthought of as a subject particle, since it can also mark the object, which is\nfine and dandy on its own.\n\nHowever, I also remember reading an article that explained that when certain\ntransitive verbs (e.g. 話す) get conjugated into particular forms (e.g.\npotential), anything that would have been marked with を is instead marked with\nが.\n\nAt first, these two bits of information seemed contradictory (the fact that\nthe latter was explained in terms of the object becoming the subject didn't\nhelp). In trying to reconcile them, however, I came to the conclusion that を\ncan be replaced with が (with a change in nuance), but が can't (necessarily) be\nreplaced with を. Does this seem accurate, or is one of the sources of\ninformation wrong?",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-21T05:33:47.293",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54643",
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"owner_user_id": "26558",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"particles",
"particle-が",
"particle-を"
],
"title": "が vs を and the absence of a subject particle",
"view_count": 1428
} | [
{
"body": "From the article:\n\n> クレープが食べたいから。\n\nThe subject of this sentence _is_ crepe. 食べたい does not mean \"wants to eat\" any\nmore than 好き means \"likes\". 食べたい functions as an adjective, expressing that\ncrepes are \"eatable\" (not in an ability way, but in a preference way). It's no\ncoincidence that 〜たい constructions conjugate exactly like い-adjectives.\n\nSo, literally: \"Because crepes are eatable.\"\n\n* * *\n\nIt's conspicuous that Mr. Kim didn't provide any other examples of が marking\nan object. To play devil's advocate though, I'll come up with one on his\nbehalf:\n\n> 私は日本語が分かります。\n\nThe most natural way to translate this into English is \"I understand\nJapanese.\"\n\n\"I\" is the subject, \"Japanese\" is the object. Simple.\n\nUnfortunately (or fortunately, depending on your point of view) English is not\nJapanese.\n\nWhat's going on in the Japanese is more like this: \"As for me, Japanese is\nunderstandable.\"\n\nThis is because 分かる is an _intransitive_ verb. It doesn't take an object like\n\"understand\" does in English. In Japanese, something \" _is_ understandable,\"\nor \" _is_ clear.\" All you have to do to verify this is look up 分かる in the\ndictionary of your choice.\n\n* * *\n\nSo I would take what Tae Kim says with a grain of salt. Calling が the subject\nmarker is totally kosher.\n\n( _Calling **は** the subject marker, on the other hand......_)",
"comment_count": 14,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-21T09:03:44.920",
"id": "54647",
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{
"body": "I think が functions as both a subject marker and **a kind of** object one, not\nsolely subject.\n\nWhat Tae Kim calls identifier actually can be explained as emphatic\nconstruction. For example, when you rephrase 食べたのは魚だ (it's fish that I ate),\nyou say 魚を食べた (often with stress on を), not 魚が. So, it's not so much function\nof が itself as the case particle not being topicalized because of emphatic\nconstruction.\n\nNext, the reason why could-be objects for potential verbs or the likes are not\na subject can be understood from comparison between these examples.\n\n * 俺が怖い？\n * ワタシ、キレイ？\n\nGiven that both of them are question with Sentence of neutral description,\nthus, the subject is indicated with Zero particle in the latter sentence (the\nfamous question by [Kuchisake-\nonna](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%A3%82%E3%81%91%E5%A5%B3)).\nHowever, the first one still has が because it means \"Do you find me scary\". If\nit meant \"Am I scary?\", it would be \"俺、怖い？\". This shows how aforementioned が\nis different from the general subject marker one, apart from if you regard it\nas an object or another subject.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-21T15:33:48.197",
"id": "54661",
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| 54643 | 54647 | 54647 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "The sentence in question:\n\n> 年中行事の生ずるのは季節のうつりゆきが農業などの上にすぐ影響するし、それが国民生活の上に現れて種々の行事が生ずるのである。\n\nMy attempt at a semi-literal translation:\n\n> As for the arising of annual observances, changes in the seasons not only\n> directly influence agricultural matters; they also spring up in various\n> observances which appear in peoples' lives.\n\nI made a lot of guesses in that translation, and I'd appreciate it if you\ncould help me turn those guesses into right or wrong answers.\n\n 1. I think that the antecedent of それが in the second half of the sentence is 季節の移りゆき, which means that it's the subject of the entire sentence (with the predicate being である). Is that correct?\n\n 2. The structure of 国民生活の上に現れて種々の行事 really baffles me. My best guess is that the whole thing is a relative clause describing 行事. Or, more accurately, one relative clause 「国民生活の上に現れて」and one simple modifier 「種々」. Is that in the ballpark, or is the answer something else entirely? \n\n 3. I'm confused about the two uses of 上に in the sentence. At first glance I thought they meant \"On top of that....\" or \"Not only...\" but that interpretation doesn't seem to work for the second 上に, which I kind of thought of as functioning as \"...appearing on top of people's lives.\" And if the second 上に can be interpreted that way, then I figure, why can't the first? (I.e., \"Changes in the seasons directly influence-on-top-of agricultural matters.\") But as far as I know I totally invented this interpretation of 上に, cause it didn't really show up in the dictionaries I looked in. Please let me know.\n\nI think I got the gist of the sentence down, but I'm asking for a really\ndetailed breakdown of all the grammatical things happening inside it, to make\nsure I really understand it (and also so that I don't come away from this with\ncompletely wrong assumptions).\n\nI'd really appreciate it if you could break it down entirely and not just give\nme your own translation!",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-11-21T08:33:06.177",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54646",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-11-21T09:14:39.743",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"particles",
"syntax",
"parsing",
"relative-clauses"
],
"title": "How do I parse this sentence? （年中行事について）",
"view_count": 142
} | [
{
"body": "> 年中行事が生じる **理由** は、季節のうつりゆきが農業などの上にすぐ影響する **からであり** 、それが国民生活の上に現れる **から**\n> 、種々の行事が生ずるのである。\n\n_The reason why annual events happens is that the changing season affects\neasily on such as agriculture, which appears on (affects) people's life._\n\n年中行事の生じる＝年中行事が発生する\n\nの＝事、 in this context, 理由、原因.\n\nそれが indicates the previous whole clause.\n\n上に＝on\n\nIn my opinion, this Japanese sentence was a little awkwardly written. In other\nwords, more directly, it was poorly written. So I have no wonder why you had\ndifficulty to understand it. Hope this helps!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-21T11:22:40.457",
"id": "54651",
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},
{
"body": "1\n\nI think No1. is an interaction between human activities and a change of\nseasons. So in this case, it would be more natural to take “影響” than\n“季節の移り変わり”.\n\n2 and 3\n\nI think 上に現れて could be intepreted like being covered with a blanket. I mean\nit’s a bit metaphorical and you could interpret it as “affect”.\n\n> 国民生活の上に現れて種々の行事が生ずる\n\nそれが国民の生活の上に現れて、種々の行事が生ずる。implies 国民の生活の is affected by them and it arises ...",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-21T11:34:40.400",
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}
]
| 54646 | null | 54652 |
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