question
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list | id
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{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What is the special word for person who likes making fool of others?\n\n馬鹿にすることが好きな人は特別の言葉で何と言われていますか。\n\nFor example, A is such a person. So we can call A as the word in question.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-04T14:58:18.513",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54942",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-04T16:10:50.390",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11192",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "What is the special word for person who likes making fool of others?",
"view_count": 95
}
|
[
{
"body": "「おちょくり屋{や}」 for one. Light, conversational and very common as a word.\n\n「いじラー」 for another. Fairly slangy (and not so common). Don't even know why I\nknow this word at all. The base verb is 「いじる」. I trust you have seen slangy\nwords in the 「〇〇ラー」 form such as 「マヨラー」(\"mayonaise lover\"), 「アムラー」 (\"a huge\nAmuro Namie fan\"), etc.\n\n「毒舌家{どくぜつか}」(one with a bad mouth or a sharp tongue) might or might not be\nwhat you are looking for, but it is, if anything, a good word to add to\nanyone's vocabulary.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-04T16:04:48.210",
"id": "54943",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-04T16:10:50.390",
"last_edit_date": "2017-12-04T16:10:50.390",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "54942",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
] |
54942
| null |
54943
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54950",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I'm wondering if there is a specific construction, or certain constructions,\nto express the hope, wish, or desire that other people do/be/have etc\nsomething; i.e. the subjunctive (even though I haven't seen it referred to as\nthat in Japanese grammar).\n\nI'm familiar with 「たがる」for talking about other people's wants from the\nspeaker's perspective, but as yet I've not encountered anything regarding what\nthe speaker wants _for_ others to do/be/have; etc, either selfishly (see\nexample #1, below) or altruistically (examples #2 and #3). I'm guessing there\nare various ways to express it, depending on various factors such as degree of\nhypothesis, level of politeness or informality; selfish vs altruistic desire;\netc.\n\nFor example:\n\n> 1. \"I hope that this novelist continues to write books forever.\"\n> 2. \"I'd love for my sister and her boyfriend to get married soon.\"\n> 3. \"I think it would be fantastic if the lobbyists got what they wanted.\"\n>\n\nMy (woefully inept) attempts would be:\n\n> 1. この小説家{しょうせつか}がずっと本{ほん}を書{か}けばいいんですよ。\n> 2. 私は姉{あね}と彼{かれ}がすぐに結婚{けっこん}するのが大好{だいす}きです。\n> 3. ロビイストが望{のぞ}むものを手{て}に入{い}れば、それは素晴{すば}らしいことと思{おも}います。\n>\n\nMuch appreciated!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-04T18:29:53.450",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54944",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-06T01:06:10.277",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "26575",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"word-choice",
"nuances",
"phrase-requests"
],
"title": "Expressing hope for other people to do/be/have something",
"view_count": 1406
}
|
[
{
"body": "～といい works well for what you are describing.\n\nIt literally means \"it would be good if ...\" so in that sense you are\nexpressing a hope or wish that a certain circumstance comes to pass. That can\nrelate to other people or even yourself, and so can be used to express the\nmeanings in your examples.\n\nUse the plain form with といい.\n\nFor example, （あなたが）試験に合格するといい。 I hope that you pass the test.\n\nI'll leave it to the native speakers to translate your examples best. But I\nmight as well attempt it. I welcome corrections but it might be something like\nthis:\n\n(1)この小説家がずっと作品をつくるといい。 \n(2)姉が近いうちに彼氏と結婚するといい。 \n(3)ロビイストの思いどおりにいくといい。",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-04T20:32:35.113",
"id": "54945",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-06T01:06:10.277",
"last_edit_date": "2017-12-06T01:06:10.277",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "25875",
"parent_id": "54944",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "The simplest expression is `person + に(は) + te-form + ほしい`, which roughly\ncorresponds to \"I want someone to do something\". When politeness or keigo is\nnot important, this is the default choice.\n\n * この小説家にはずっと本を書いていてほしい。\n * 姉に彼氏と早く結婚してほしい。\n * あのロビイストには望むものを手に入れてほしい。\n\nAs usual, `person + に(は)` can be dropped if it can be inferred from the\ncontext:\n\n * 早く結婚してほしい。 (compare: 早く結婚したい。 = \"I want to marry soon\")\n\nPoliter ways are ～てくれると嬉しい (≒I'd be glad if ...), ～てくれたら嬉しい, ～ていただけると助かります,\n～れば素晴らしい, etc., some of which can be used to ask someone a favor.\n\n * この小説家がずっと本を書いていてくれると嬉しい。\n\nNote that ～が(大)好きだ does not work as you expect. It's an adjective that\ndescribes someone's general taste or preference, not a one-time intention or\nhope.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-04T23:58:00.827",
"id": "54950",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-05T01:03:20.990",
"last_edit_date": "2017-12-05T01:03:20.990",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "54944",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
] |
54944
|
54950
|
54950
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I had some particle trouble translating these lines:\n\n> 四月の魚は風が吹いて\n\n> 長い髪が揺れている\n\nThe first two lines seem to go together in one sentence, but then there would\nbe too many particles. I have it as \"The April fish is blown by the wind, long\nhair swaying\" but I don't think the \" _by_ the wind\" is supported by the text.\nIs this correct? Whether it's correct or not, could someone please explain how\nthe particles all work together?\n\nThe lines are from the song [April\nStory](https://www5.atwiki.jp/hmiku/pages/31606.html), but they flash by in\nthe music video and so are not sung; neither are they contained in the lyrics.\nFor context, the line before is \"If I died, I'd want to die in a small water\ntank,\" and after is \"Spring came to us.\" (I'm having trouble typing Japanese\non my computer, or I would type them out).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-04T21:24:21.077",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54947",
"last_activity_date": "2022-01-23T06:38:20.220",
"last_edit_date": "2022-01-23T06:38:20.220",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "19870",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"particles",
"particle-は",
"particle-が"
],
"title": "Particle usage of は and が in this sentence",
"view_count": 141
}
|
[
{
"body": "Hmm, I don't see any lines like Spring has come to us in the lyrics. Couldn't\nyou have just written the romaji instead of giving your own translation? But I\ncan't view the video anyway because I don't have a nico account. :/\n\nEdit: ok so I googled the lines and it seems you linked the wrong song and\ntitle. The song is 四月の魚. So, 四月の魚は as for the April Fish, 風が吹いて 長い髪が揺れている the\nlong hair is being blown by the wind. て has a meaning like で, \"by means of\".",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-04T23:06:08.857",
"id": "54949",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-04T23:14:59.047",
"last_edit_date": "2017-12-04T23:14:59.047",
"last_editor_user_id": "22363",
"owner_user_id": "22363",
"parent_id": "54947",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": -1
}
] |
54947
| null |
54949
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "There is a well known personage in Japan called Tsukishiro Yukito (月城 雪兎) from\nCardcaptor Sakura. Tsuki stands for moon, shiro for castle, yuki for snow and\nthe kanji \"兎\" means rabbit but it sounds like \"usagi\" and not as \"to\" (the\nname of Yukito).\n\n**Can rabbit be also pronounced as \"to\" in Japan?**",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-05T00:06:41.900",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54951",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-05T05:43:05.867",
"last_edit_date": "2017-12-05T05:00:50.287",
"last_editor_user_id": "542",
"owner_user_id": "26813",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"pronunciation"
],
"title": "About the kanji 兎: can rabbit be also pronounced as \"to\"?",
"view_count": 624
}
|
[
{
"body": "Let's learn about [on- and kun-readings of\nkanji](https://www.tofugu.com/japanese/onyomi-kunyomi/), including their\nhistory and roles. After understanding them, you can answer your own question.\n\nIn 兎's case, _usagi_ is the kun-reading, which often means it can be used as a\nstandalone word. On the other hand, _to_ is the on-reading, which often\nimplies it's a \"component\" rather than a standalone word. The sound _to_ by\nitself is obviously too short, and does not work as a word meaning \"rabbit\" in\nJapanese. [There are many kanji whose on-reading is\n_to_](http://kanji.jitenon.jp/cat/yomi20.html). But the sound _to_ appears in\nsome longer compound words such as 脱兎.\n\nAt any rate, both are valid readings of this character, and in person names,\n_on_ and _kun_ readings are used more or less arbitrarily.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-05T02:26:15.100",
"id": "54956",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-05T02:26:15.100",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
},
{
"body": "兎 is commonly read as \"うさぎ\" and \"と\" appears as pronunciation in a compound\nword combined with other _kanji_. \nBy the way, in the following famous [proverb](http://kotowaza-\nallguide.com/ni/nitowooumono.html), 兎 is pronounced \"と\" instead of \"うさぎ\".\n\n> 二兎{にと}を追｛お｝う者｛もの｝は一兎｛いっと｝（を）も得｛え｝ず \n> _If you run after two hares, you will catch neither_.\n\nStrictly speaking, 一兎{いっと} and 二兎｛にと｝ are compound words. If you want to find\nwords with the same meanings by the pronunciation with うさぎ for 兎, you would\nget 兎{うさぎ}一羽｛いちわ｝ and 兎｛うさぎ｝二羽｛にわ｝.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-05T05:43:05.867",
"id": "54957",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-05T05:43:05.867",
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"parent_id": "54951",
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}
] |
54951
| null |
54956
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> Q.この日記を書いた人は、数学のテストについてどう思いましたか。 \n> A.この日記を書いた人は、数学のテストはとてもむずかしかったと思いました。\n\nThis is a test question and a sample of a student response to it. I am\nwondering if the form 思いました used with この日記を書いた人 clearly means that the writer\nof the diary thinks this (not me)? Should we actually use 思っていました, as in\n思っています to refer to \"(another) person thinks this\" (as opposed to me thinking\nit with 思います). So far, I am judging it to be acceptable but I'm not completely\nsure.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-05T00:07:45.800",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54952",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-05T01:53:59.400",
"last_edit_date": "2017-12-05T01:53:59.400",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "26793",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"verbs",
"tense",
"aspect"
],
"title": "思っています・思います・思いました",
"view_count": 393
}
|
[
{
"body": "> Q.この日記{にっき}を書{か}いた人{ひと}は、数学{すうがく}のテストについてどう思{おも}いましたか。\n>\n> A.この日記を書いた人は、数学のテストはとてもむずかしかったと思いました。\n\nIn this context, using 「思{おも}いました」 would be considerably more natural than\nusing 「思っていました」. At least, the former would be the native speakers' choice\nmuch of the time.\n\nWhy so? It is because both the question and the answer are about someone's\n_**impression**_ of a thing (math test in this case). To tell about one's\nimpression of a thing, we mostly use 「思う」 for present and 「思った」 for past.\n「思いました」 is just a politer form of 「思った」 as you know.\n\nTo correctly use 「思っている/います」 or 「思っていた/いました」, you would need to **keep\nthinking of something for an extended period of time**. How much time would it\ntake one to realize that a certain math test is difficult? Most likely, only a\nminute or so, agreed?\n\nIf you, however, are talking in retrospect about **many or all of the math\ntests** you had to take in high school, it would be more natural to use\n「思っていた/いました」. That is, of course, because you kept thinking for a few years\nthat the math tests were difficult.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-05T01:30:48.127",
"id": "54955",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-05T01:38:47.413",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "54952",
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"score": 4
}
] |
54952
| null |
54955
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54962",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "１.羨まし **く** 思える と 羨まし **いと** 思える は 何が違いますか？\n\nそして\n\n１．羨ましいと **思う** と 羨ましいと **思える** は 何の違いがありますか？\n\n説明が難しい場合例文をください、ありがとうございます。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-05T12:35:50.863",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54961",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-07T21:52:08.970",
"last_edit_date": "2017-12-07T21:52:08.970",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "15965",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning"
],
"title": "羨ましく思える か 羨ましいと思える か",
"view_count": 168
}
|
[
{
"body": "> 羨ましく思える と 羨ましいと思える は 何が違いますか？\n\nI think they are almost the same.\n\n> 羨ましいと思う と 羨ましいと思える は 何の違いがありますか？\n\nThe former usually takes a person as a subject, whereas the latter usually\ndescribes an inanimate object (either as a predicate or as a relative clause).\nYou can compare them with similar English pairs such as \"to envy\" and\n\"enviable\", \"to regret\" and \"regrettable\".\n\n * 私は彼の家のことを羨ましいと思った。\n * 彼の家は羨ましいと思える家だった。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-05T13:56:25.950",
"id": "54962",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-05T13:56:25.950",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "54961",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] |
54961
|
54962
|
54962
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I've come across a line in a work of fiction -\n\n> ただの唾棄すべき存在であった高橋家はここで終わりだ。\n\nI am familiar with the use of ~べき which means \"should do/ be a certain way\"\n\nBut my vocabulary book and dictionary lists 唾棄すべき as a set phrase meaning\n\"detestable; despicable; abhorrent\", but 唾棄 without the \"すべき\" means the same\nthing, so what's different when べき is added? Is it following the grammar rules\nof ~べき that something should be a certain way?\n\nSo, If I put it into a sentence in English would it be more accurate to say;\n\n> The Takahashi family who were simply abhorrent will cease here.\n\nOr;\n\n> The Takahashi family who would have been simply abhorrent will cease here.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-05T15:55:04.410",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54963",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-05T16:36:13.750",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "26834",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"words",
"syntax"
],
"title": "Why is it \"唾棄すべき\" rather than just \"唾棄\"?",
"view_count": 115
}
|
[
{
"body": "Simply, 唾棄 without すべき is a suru-verb that means \"to detest; to despise; to\nabhor.\" Thus 唾棄すべき naturally means \"detestable; despicable; abhorrent\". 唾棄 on\nits own never servers as a (na-)adjective.\n\nLooks like jisho's definition is a bit confusing, but I think an advanced\nlearner who wants to learn difficult words like 唾棄 should try a monolingual\ndictionary and corpus. See\n[唾棄](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/135641/meaning/m0u/) on デジタル大辞泉.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-05T16:12:25.853",
"id": "54964",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-05T16:21:27.520",
"last_edit_date": "2017-12-05T16:21:27.520",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "54963",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "> But my vocabulary book and dictionary lists 唾棄{だき}すべき as a set phrase\n> meaning \" ** _detestable; despicable; abhorrent_** \",\n\nYou have a good dictionary, then.\n\n> but 唾棄 without the \"すべき\" means the same thing.\n\nIf that is what your dictionary says, I'll take back my comment above.\n\n「唾棄」 is a **_noun_**. It simply could **_not_** mean \"detestable; despicable;\nabhorrent\" even if you wanted it to. As a noun, it could not have an\nadjective-like definition.\n\n「唾棄」 means \" ** _the act of detesting or hating_** \". Its literal and original\nmeaning is, as the kanji would suggest, \" ** _spitting out saliva_** \". I am\nsure you can see a relationship between the two.\n\nBoth 「唾棄」 and 「存在{そんざい}」 are nouns and to connect the two nouns you need a\nword or two. 「すべき」 would be a natural choice here.\n\nLiterally, 「唾棄すべき存在」 is \"the 存在 that should be 唾棄するed\".\n\nFinally, your first translation is closer to the original in terms of what the\noriginal sentence lterally means, but your second one is not bad at all,\neither. I suggest that you pick the one that you feel fits the context better.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-05T16:36:13.750",
"id": "54965",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-05T16:36:13.750",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "54963",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
] |
54963
| null |
54965
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I've come across these words many times over the years, but I realized that I\ndon't have a proper conceptualization of the concrete difference between them.\nCan I ask for some sample sentences which highlight the nuances in these\nwords?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-05T17:45:31.247",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54966",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-08T13:26:10.657",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "25875",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "What's the difference between 省略 and 略称？",
"view_count": 302
}
|
[
{
"body": "I can teach you what the difference between 略称 and 省略. \n略称 means that you can make a short-cut ONLY for one name/group. So, for\nexample, UN in Japanese is 国際連合, but you can do 略称 as 国連. \nOn the other hand, 省略 is used when you skip/omit something, for example, you\ncan say that 長さの単位を省略する。, which means that you omit the unit of length.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-05T23:20:26.053",
"id": "54975",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-05T23:20:26.053",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "26838",
"parent_id": "54966",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "What confuses you is, perhaps, English. Let's try a dictionary:\n\n> [**Abbreviation**](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/abbreviation)\n>\n> **1** : a shortened form of a written word or phrase used in place of the\n> whole word or phrase \n> **2** : the act or result of abbreviating something : abridgment\n\nThe Japanese word that corresponds to definition **1** is **略語**. Among that,\nshortened forms of names (usually proper nouns) are especially called **略称**.\nWhat **省略** rightly corresponds to is definition **2** of _abbreviation_.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-08T03:39:08.253",
"id": "55025",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-08T13:26:10.657",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "7810",
"parent_id": "54966",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] |
54966
| null |
55025
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54979",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "アンドレアスさん、でいいですか？\n\n\"Are you well, Andreas?\"\n\nObviously this で doesn't prevent me from understanding the sentence. However,\nwhat does it add to the sentence?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-05T18:59:29.913",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54968",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-06T04:11:07.327",
"last_edit_date": "2017-12-05T23:50:56.260",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "20172",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-で"
],
"title": "What does this で in でいいですか do?",
"view_count": 195
}
|
[
{
"body": "This で is a sort of situation/method/means marker, and the sentence is\nconfirming アンドレアスさん is the right name, choice, etc. \"Is it okay if I used\nAndreas-san?\" is a terrible translation but should help you understand the\ngist of the sentence.\n\nFor example, this is used in the following situations.\n\n * You're seeing bad handwritten characters, and want someone to confirm if it really reads \"Andreas\".\n * You're discussing with your boss who to hire, and you're about to conclude you will hire Andreas.\n * Your team has a bothersome task, which you have to assign to someone. You're trying to ask Andreas if he can do it for the team.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-06T01:26:27.140",
"id": "54979",
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"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "54968",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] |
54968
|
54979
|
54979
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54980",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Full context:\n\n> 友達申請をしてくださって、ありがとうございます。\n>\n> アンドレアスさん、でいいですか？もし呼び方が違っていたら教えてください。 \n> 「みんなの日本語」を最後までやり終えたのですね。すばらしいです。\n>\n> 私は英語の勉強も、もちろんしていますが、日本語を教える勉強も始めたので、力になれたらうれしいです。\n>\n> 何でも聞いてください。一緒に頑張りましょう。\n\nSentence in question:\n\n> もし呼び方が違っていたら教えてください。\n\nMy attempt at translation:\n\n> \"Please think whether the pronunciation is off or not.\"\n\nI've encountered (もし)...たら constructions in several cases:\n\n1) Where it expresses the prototypical conditional: \n\"When I do X, Y will happen (eventually)\". \n今食べ過ぎたら、多分眠られません。\n\n2) Where it expresses a thing which hasn't happened in reality: \n\"If X had been the case, I wouldn't have done Y\" \n喪主昨日雨が降っていたら、買い物には出かけなかっただろう。\n\n3) in certain set phrases like: \n...Vたらいいですか。...Vたらどう?\n\n4) When it expresses that X happened in consequence of Y: \n薬を飲んだら、元気になりました。\n\nHowever, in the sentence in question, at least as far as I understand it, it\nexpresses the translated \"whether...or...\" construction. \nSince 考える is used in part 2, it's pretty difficult to coax a basic \"When X,\nthen Y\" interpretation into it. Basically, this is what separates it from all\nthe other cases I've described above. Whenever I encountered たら, it was\nsomehow possible to translate it into a very literal if-clause without turning\nit into absolute gibberish. This isn't possible here anymore:\n\n> \"When the pronunciation is off, please think.\"\n\nThis is also the reason why I'm asking about it here. \nI don't trust my own translation, even though it would make perfect sense in\nthis context ^^",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-05T19:39:05.140",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54970",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-12-06T01:03:06.790",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "20172",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"conditionals"
],
"title": "What is expressed through もし...たら here",
"view_count": 327
}
|
[
{
"body": "I think this is a simple misreading. 教える is not \"to think,\" it's \"to\nteach/tell/inform\".\n\n> If \"Andreas\" is incorrect, please let me know.\n\nYou can think of 違う as \"to differ\" if you prefer.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-05T21:24:47.183",
"id": "54971",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-05T21:24:47.183",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "25413",
"parent_id": "54970",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "You should review the basic meaning of the words.\n\n * 呼ぶ is \"to call\", not \"to pronounce\". 呼び方 refers to how to call you.\n * 教えてください is \"please tell/teach me\", rather than \"please think\". Are you mixing 考える with 教える?\n * もし～たら is simply \"if ～ then\".\n\nThe letter is asking if it's okay to call you アンドレアスさん (among other options\nsuch as a nickname or a family name).\n\n> もし呼び方が違っていたら教えてください。 \n> Please tell me if my way of calling you is wrong.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-06T01:39:57.147",
"id": "54980",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "54970",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
] |
54970
|
54980
|
54980
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54976",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I am working on Genki, 1st ed., vol. 1, p. 139, F., 3. The question asks me to\n“Make your own sentences on the topics below using adjectives...”\n\nHere is the “topic” it provides me to construct the sentence:\n\n> 「私のとなりの人は」\n\nI Googled this phrase for its meaning, but I did not find an exact match.\nInstead, [I found a similar\nphrase](https://books.google.com/books?id=T7tgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT80#v=onepage&q&f=false):\n\n> Yamada-san wa watashi no tonari no hito desu.\n\nwhich it also translates into English as,\n\n> Mrs. Yamada is the person (who is sitting) next to me.\n\nAnyway, does the topic I provided above thus mean “the person who is next to\nme”? I expected 私のとなり人は, without the の between となり and 人 (i.e., like 人は私のとなり).",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-05T21:42:10.860",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54972",
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"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "26185",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What is the meaning of「私のとなりの人は」?",
"view_count": 1642
}
|
[
{
"body": "I'm faaar from knowledgable, but 私のとなりの人 looks fine. の is causing the nouns\nbefore 人 to be taken as adjectives. So this is saying \"Person/s that are\nneighbor to me\". While 人は私のとなり is saying \"Person is my neighbor\". Kinda like\nthe difference between \"Blue car\" and \"Car is blue\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-05T22:55:30.783",
"id": "54973",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-05T22:55:30.783",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "26839",
"parent_id": "54972",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "Yes, your interpretation is correct.\n\nIf I recall correctly, Genki introduces となり with other relative place markers\n(右、左、上, etc). As with those, you need a の between them and whatever they're\nmodifying. If you'd like to avoid using a second の, you'll have to reconstruct\nyour sentence to something like\n\n> 私のとなりには山田さんがいます。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-05T23:36:36.390",
"id": "54976",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-05T23:36:36.390",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "18701",
"parent_id": "54972",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] |
54972
|
54976
|
54973
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54977",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I have the following sentence that a character says:\n\n> その上で、 協力できる事があるならできるよう善処する。\n\nContext: Characters fought and are about to join up. Also this character tends\nto not speak 100% proper default Japanese. They tend to eat the particles I\nthink. So I'm thinking that a に could have been swallowed after に.\n\nAnd I'm confused by the あるならできるよう bit.\n\n協力できる事があるなら is simple \"If we are able to have cooperation\" / \"If we are able\nto cooperate\".\n\nAlso if the last bit is\n\n> Something + できるよう善処する\n\nThat would mean something along the lines of \"We'll do our best to be able +\nsomething\". But how all this fits together is beyond me.\n\nFor now I think this means something along the lines of **\"Moreover, we should\ndo our best if we are to be able to cooperate.\"** but I'm not so sure.\n\nBasically the question is what is the actual meaning and how does this\nsentence split.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-05T23:11:54.820",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54974",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-06T00:30:40.340",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "26839",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"meaning"
],
"title": "Interpretation of \"ならできるよう\"",
"view_count": 183
}
|
[
{
"body": "> 「その上{うえ}で、協力{きょうりょく}できる事{こと}があるならできるよう善処{ぜんしょ}する。」\n\n＝\n\n> 「その上で、協力できる事があるなら、できるよう善処する。」\n\n≒\n\n> 「その上で、 協力できる事があるなら、（協力）できるよう（に）善処する。」\n\nAbove is how one should parse and understand this sentence even though I must\nsay that the **first sentence is already quite normal**. In Japanese, the use\nof punctuations is pretty much left to the writer's discretion.\n\n「～～よう善処する」 is actually more formal than 「～～よう **に** 善処する」. The latter is more\nconversational.\n\nThe sentence means:\n\n> \"Moreover, if there is anything that we can cooperate with you on, we will\n> do our best.\"\n\nSo, your overall comprehension was actually alright.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-06T00:30:40.340",
"id": "54977",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"parent_id": "54974",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] |
54974
|
54977
|
54977
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I was translating this song (<https://www5.atwiki.jp/hmiku/pages/31606.html>)\nand there was a line that didn't make sense without an inferred particle, but\nI'm not sure which particle to infer.\n\n(あの子は私のよう - (I just included this for context))\n\n救いようのない人 恋をしてた\n\nShould I infer it like this:\n\n救いようのない人 **は** 恋をしてた\n\n\"A pathetic person in love.\"\n\nOr 救いようのない人 **に** 恋をしてた\n\n\"In love with a pathetic person.\"\n\nCan someone tell me which particle is more commonly inferred, or is more\nlikely in this context?\n\nThank you!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-06T01:19:28.897",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54978",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-06T01:59:30.683",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19870",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"particles",
"particle-に",
"particle-は"
],
"title": "Inferred particles - should I infer は or に in this sentence?",
"view_count": 83
}
|
[
{
"body": "This is ambiguous, but judging from the whole lyrics, I feel I would take this\nas two sentences:\n\n> * あの人 was helpless.\n> * (And) I was in love with him (=あの人).\n>\n\nThis effectively is closer to your second interpretation, but the particle に\nin this place is usually not omitted in ordinary sentences.\n\nI'm saying this because the viewpoint of the whole lyrics is 私. And the second\ninstance of 恋をしてた in the last half of the song is clearly about 私.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-06T01:59:30.683",
"id": "54981",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-06T01:59:30.683",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "54978",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] |
54978
| null |
54981
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "E.g.目の光つうのか、見ているさきつうのか。\n\nSeems similar to ふうに？よう？\n\nEdit: Seems つー is another ver of という.\n\nBut what meaning does the つー in this sentence mean? This isn't part of the\n\"what someone said or what it's called\" part of the meaning of という. Is this\nthe \"emphasis\" meaning of という?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-06T05:36:29.157",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54982",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-06T07:43:37.890",
"last_edit_date": "2017-12-06T07:43:37.890",
"last_editor_user_id": "22417",
"owner_user_id": "22417",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning",
"words"
],
"title": "Meaning and usage of -つう tsuu?",
"view_count": 748
}
|
[] |
54982
| null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54984",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "One of my native friends saw I had one of my folders named \"私の物\" and told me\nit sounded too weird. I also showed that my phone has a group of apps named\nlike that and suggested I use something like その他 instead. Even only 物 alone\nbothered them and told me Japanese don't use abstract words. (For folders? I'm\nguessing labeling in general?)\n\nI was told to be more specific but I told them I didn't have time yet or just\nplain don't want to organize them so I just put them under \"stuff\"\nindefinitely.\n\nIt's my own property so I want to name it what I want. I won't use it if it's\nincorrect but it is correct, right?.\n\nAlthough my main concern that I don't want to change the unique way I think\njust because a native Japanese would never name it that. I do things that\nJapanese would never do or say like being too honest or direct about something\n(which my friend likes a lot).\n\nTL;DR: Does labeling/naming something 私の物 sound awkward? I don't care if it\nsounds \"not native\" or I think the word I'm looking for is _unusual_.\n\nBut if it sounds like I'm just being an awkward foreigner and using awkward,\nclumsy words then I think I will change it in that case.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-06T06:25:54.550",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54983",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-06T09:05:01.853",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "3568",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"nouns"
],
"title": "Is it true it's not natural to name folders (maybe just labeling in general?) something generic and or abstract?",
"view_count": 181
}
|
[
{
"body": "Of course you can use whatever name you want, but I would say 私の物 is not\nreally \"native\". Personally, I have not seen a directory named `things` by\nEnglish speakers, either. Have you? I feel most people like something a little\nbit more specific, like `docs`, `files`. In addition, `私の` has never been a\nnatural naming convention in Japan. `My Document` on Windows is `マイドキュメント` in\nthe Japanese version, and I think that was a reasonable choice.\n\nIf people need an unspecific directory name, they usually use `ファイル`,\n`ファイル置場`, `書類`, etc., without adding `私の`. (Of course I'm not saying this is a\ngood naming convention.) If you share a computer with your family member,\nsomething like `太郎`, `太郎の`, `太郎のファイル` or `太郎の物` would be accepted.\n\nIf you want an explicit `etc` or `misc` folder, what I've seen (or used) are:\n\n * `いろいろ`\n * `その他`\n * `雑`\n * `未整理`\n * `仮置き場`",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-06T09:05:01.853",
"id": "54984",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-06T09:05:01.853",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "54983",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] |
54983
|
54984
|
54984
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "After a verb, they both used to imply \"...and other things\" or \"among other\nthings\". What's the difference between them? When is used one and not the\nother? Which is more common? Are they really more or less the same?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-06T09:22:39.690",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54985",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-06T09:22:39.690",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "26845",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning",
"verbs"
],
"title": "Verb + shi vs verb + tari --> what's the difference?",
"view_count": 2204
}
|
[] |
54985
| null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "54987",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I talk with a couple of Japanese users on social media and I was wondering\nwhat other words can I use to say \"Oh, I have this theory\", or \"I imagine this\nand that about those characters\". Up until now I mostly used the verb 想像する to\nsay that I 'imagine\" the following or saying イデア. While talking with an user\nthey wrote this 妄想 and I was glad to know another word and I think it fits\nmore, I believe with the term 'headcanon'. I'm gonna use the word more often,\nbut if anyone knows other terms, please tell me! I hope at least it was\ninformative for some, because it was the first time that I encountered the use\nof 妄想.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-06T10:10:03.907",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54986",
"last_activity_date": "2019-07-03T10:46:35.790",
"last_edit_date": "2017-12-06T13:25:57.393",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "22175",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"word-requests"
],
"title": "A word used in fandoms \"headcanon\"-is there a word in Japanese for it?",
"view_count": 1710
}
|
[
{
"body": "The most comon terms would be 「脳内設定{のうないせってい}」 or 「マイ設定」.\n\n「妄想{もうそう}」(\"delusion\") is an old, \"regular\" word; It does not have the slangy\nfeeling or vives that the two \"special\" terms above or the English \"headcanon\"\nhave.\n\nYou could use 「妄想」 in explaining what a headcanon is, but it could not replace\nthe term all by itself. The word is just too broad and\n「想像{そうぞう}」(\"imagination\") is even broader.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-06T10:25:41.910",
"id": "54987",
"last_activity_date": "2019-07-03T10:46:35.790",
"last_edit_date": "2019-07-03T10:46:35.790",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "54986",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 12
}
] |
54986
|
54987
|
54987
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I'm having trouble understanding why \"手紙がTofuguオフィスに届けられた\" is translated into\n\"The letter was sent to the Tofugu office\". In my head it should be translated\nas \"The letter was sent by the Tofugu office\" because of the passive + に\nconstruction.\n\nWhat am I missing here?\n\nThanks in advance.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-06T15:43:55.977",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "54988",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-07T05:03:18.740",
"last_edit_date": "2017-12-06T16:01:29.377",
"last_editor_user_id": "26849",
"owner_user_id": "26849",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Confusing 届ける 受身 form",
"view_count": 222
}
|
[
{
"body": "> 「手紙がTofuguオフィスに届けられた。」\n\nAnd someone(?) translated that to:\n\n> \"The letter was sent to the Tofugu office.\"\n\nWhile I would not necessarily call this an incorrect translation, it is\ncertainly not a literal one, either. Why not?\n\nBecause in the strictest sense, 「届ける」 does **_not_** mean \"to send\". It means\n\" ** _to deliver_** \". So, at least my TL would be:\n\n> \"A/The letter was delivered to the Tofugu office.\"\n\n\"By the post office\", \"by the delivery service\", etc. is just left unsaid in\nthis sentence (because that is not very important information).\n\nThe 「に」 in 「オフィスに」 is a destination marker.\n\nIf it were in deed \"the office\" that delivered the letter, it would be far\nmore natural to use 「オフィスに **よって** 」.\n\nI understand 100% where your question is coming from and it is a good\nquestion. In this case, however, the context tells us that the 「に」 marks the\ndestination.",
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"body": "The particle に has various functions, and some verbs safely take に in active\n(i.e., non-passive) sentences. As you know, に in active sentences are\ntypically translated as \"to ～\".\n\n> * 手紙をTofuguオフィス **に** 届けた。 \n> I delivered the letter **to** the Tofugu Office.\n> * 漢字を黒板 **に** 書いた。 \n> I wrote a kanji **on** the blackboard.\n>\n\nWhen such sentences are turned to passive sentences, these ～に are left\nunmodified, and still play the same role of the original active sentences.\n\n> * 手紙がTofuguオフィスに届けられた。 \n> The letter was delivered to the Tofugu Office.\n> * 漢字が黒板に書かれた。 \n> A kanji was written on the blackboard. \n> (Not \"A kanji was written by the blackboard\")\n>\n\nUsually, you can use common sense and safely determine the meaning in one way.\n\n* * *\n\nObviously, this may lead to ambiguity in some rare cases.\n\n> * 彼女を社長 **に** 紹介した。 I introduced her to the president.\n>\n\nThe passive version is:\n\n> * 彼女が社長 **に** 紹介された。 \n> She was introduced **to** the president. \n> She was introduced **by** the president.\n>\n\nBoth seem possible, and this sentence is actually ambiguous. You need to\ndetermine the correct interpretation from the context. (If you already know\nrelative clauses, 社長に紹介された人 can mean both \"the person introduced to the\npresident\" and \"the person introduced by the president\".)\n\nWhen this really matters, or when you need to avoid using に twice, you can use\nによって instead of に to disambiguate. See: [How to use\n紹介される?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/37097/5010)\n\n> * 漢字が先生によって黒板に書かれた。 \n> A kanji was written on the blackboard by the teacher.\n> * 手紙がFedExによってTofuguオフィスに届けられた。 \n> A letter was delivered to Tofugu office by FedEx.\n>",
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"body": "Yup. This is a thing in Japanese. The passive form can indicate something was\ndone to something, or done by something. Really, you only have common sense\nand context clues to figure out which is which, honestly. Some verbs are\ngenerally interpreted one way, other verbs can be interpreted both ways.",
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"body": "I have read the questions that kind of talk about this already:\n\n[What is the radical of 全? 人 or\n入?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/17990/what-is-the-radical-\nof-%E5%85%A8-%E4%BA%BA-or-%E5%85%A5)\n\nand\n\n[Why are there different names for the same kanji\nradical?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/33030/why-are-there-\ndifferent-names-for-the-same-kanji-radical/33103#33103)\n\nHowever, I would like to ask about how Japanese people would most likely refer\nto this radical, or part of the kanji, in a more general sense. So if a\nJapanese person is telling their friend how to write any particular kanji that\nuses the radical ( 金 鉛 食 飲 今 琴 吟 介 冷 倹 全 ), would they refer to it as ひと? いる?\nOr some other reading? Or would the way they describe depend on the kanji and\nwhat that radical originally intended to represent?",
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"score": 1,
"tags": [
"readings",
"radicals"
],
"title": "Is the radical usually identified as 入 or 人?",
"view_count": 741
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"body": "As far as my understanding goes, there are a few ways to refer to this\nradical:\n\n> 人 : ひとやね、ひとがしら \n> 入 : いりやね、いりがしら\n\nYes, the way they describe the radical depends on the kanji.",
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"body": "This website could be helpful for you. \n<https://okjiten.jp/sp/kanji237.html> \n<https://okjiten.jp/sp/kanji346.html>\n\nAs you say, it expresses 人(human shape) for 今. However, it doesn't for 食(eat). \nThey're the same shape and on ラ and 良, but they express other things. \nAccording to the website, on 良 expresses \"lid\". \nSo what means depends on characters that have it on. \nIf you want to know what a radical means exactly, you might be have to see\nwebsites explaining about them or dictionaries.\n\nI think tracing back radicals to the root is useful. \nHoping this will help you. Good luck.",
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"body": "A few points to make here:\n\n * There is no single radical that represents both **人** and **入**. They are different radicals, and thus they rightly have different names.\n * ****is officially treated as a variant of 人, and has nothing to do with 入.\n * You cannot arbitrarily break down characters and expect the decomposition to be meaningful***. Furthermore, even if you do break down characters, the broken down components do not necessarily map onto _radicals_.\n\nThere is some misunderstanding about what a radical is; it is a section header\n(literal translation of **部首** ) in a character dictionary, and there is only\none radical for each character, as each character is only listed once in any\ngiven dictionary under a section header. This is akin to English dictionaries,\nwhere for each English word, there is only one **first letter** under which it\nwould be grouped in a dictionary. This obviously means that it is incorrect to\nrefer to the following characters with the radical:\n\n * 鉛 (radical 金)\n * 飲 (radical 食)\n * 琴 (radical 玉)\n * 吟 (radical 口)\n * 冷 (radical 冫)\n * 倹 (radical 亻)\n\nSince the historical development of the characters are quite obscure without\nsome thorough understanding of Chinese paleography, different dictionary\ncomposers throughout history have broken down the characters in a different\nmanner, and thus different dictionaries throughout history may have different\nsets of radicals and may group the same character under different radicals.\nThis means that questions with ambiguous answers like _\"What is the radical of\n全? 人 or 入?\"_ are ultimately meaningless; the radical of X is whatever the\ndictionary you're looking up X in says it is. Some dictionaries list 全 under\n人, and some list it under 入.\n\nIn practice, Japanese dictionaries usually inherit the set of radicals from\nthe Kangxi dictionary, so there is fortunately a fairly large amount of\nconsistency between dictionaries.\n\n***Here are some examples to get an idea how characters _actually_ break down\n(if at all).\n\n * **金** originally depicted a heat-resistant container used to melt metals ( _crucible_ ), and cannot be broken down into components like (note that even dictionaries do not break down 金; it is its own radical)： [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/wC5up.png). However, there is a hidden phonetic cue in 金 (the phonetic cue is **今** ), which originally appeared in the upper portion of 金.\n * **食** originally depicted a mouth **亼** (this was originally **口** written upside down), and a container for grain **皀** , with the compound meaning 'eat': [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/uo3tU.png). Note that in dictionaries it is also its own radical and does not contain . The modern form, while looking like **良** or **艮** , actually has nothing to do with either of them.\n * **今** originally depicted a mouth 亼 (see previous point) which has been closed off [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/SMa0T.png), indicated by an additional horizontal mark on the bottom. It eventually morphed into something like [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/2sSOE.png), by then making it easier to see its connection with 金. The character is a phonetic loan; its modern meaning (\"now, the present time\") is unrelated to the original. Despite it commonly being grouped under the 人 radical, it is not derived from it.\n * **介** actually contains 人; it originally depicted a person 人 with two marks on either side, and has variously been used to denote the meaning _boundary_ (bottom component of **界** ; the two marks were drawn by the person, indicating the person's boundaries), _armour_ (modern compound **介甲** ; the two marks indicated wearable armour), or _a contagious skin disease_ (modern character **疥** ; the two marks were abstractly used to denote the disease).",
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55017
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"body": "suppose there is a finite list of actions i want someone to do for me. How\nwould i go about expressing this? (perhaps naively) I would try say something\nlike:\n\n> 晩御飯を食べてお風呂に入って寝てください\n\nor\n\n> 晩御飯を食べてくださってお風呂に入ってくださって寝てください\n\nWhat about expressing a finite list of actions that i'd like to try by using\nてみたい?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-12-06T18:53:59.690",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"て-form"
],
"title": "list of actions + てくださる",
"view_count": 191
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[
{
"body": "> 「晩御飯{ばんごはん}を食{た}べてお風呂{ふろ}に入{はい}って寝{ね}てください。」\n\nor\n\n> 「晩御飯を食べてくださってお風呂に入ってくださって寝てください。」\n\nAs far as grammar, the first sentence wins by a landslide. It is very awkward\nto repeat 「～～てくださって」.\n\nIs the first sentence natural-sounding, then? No, it is not; All it is is\ngrammatical.\n\n「寝てください」 sounds pretty impolite; It sounds almost order-like. It is much\nbetter and more natural to say 「休{やす}んでください」 or 「お休みください」.\n\n「食べて」 is also not too polite. You might want to use 「召{め}し上{あ}がって」 instead.\n\nMy point is that you are already using the polite 「ください」 request form. In\ndoing so, you would need to consider keeping everything within the sentence on\nthe same politeness level. Thus, without being ridiculously polite, you could\nsay:\n\n> 「晩御飯を召し上がって、お風呂に入って、お休みください。」\n\n**I would (strongly) recommend that you insert 「から」 or 「それから」 right before\n「お休みください」 for a better flow**. Without doing so, you could end up sounding a\nlittle blunt.\n\n> What about expressing a finite list of actions that i'd like to try by using\n> てみたい?\n\nBasically, you can use the same sentence structure as your first sentence\nabove, meaning that you should use 「～～てみたい」 **only once at the end**.\n\nFor instance, one could say:\n\n> 「日本{にほん}に行{い}ったら、スシをたくさん食{た}べて、原宿{はらじゅく}で買{か}い物{もの}をして、できれば京都{きょうと}にも行っ\n> **てみたい** 。」\n\nThe speaker is talking about himself here, so using 「食べる」 is completely fine.",
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54992
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54993
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54993
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"body": "**EDIT:** Although very similar, this isn't a duplicate of the thread linked\nby @binom. The linked thread deals with how 「ではなく」 is formed; this one, with\nthe sense in which 「ではなく」 is used.\n\nI read the following phrase in a Japanese forum, regarding whether to use\n\"something\" or \"a thing/ things\" in English.\n\n> 自分が何の用事があるか分かっている場合は、「something」 **ではなく** 「a thing/ things」を使うべきでしょうか？\n\nIn my question title I changed the quoted parts of the sentence to 「x」 and 「y」\nrespectively, because the focal point of my question isn't about them, but the\n「ではなく」 part.\n\nI was wondering if my attempt at translating the sentence is correct?\n\n> Shouldn't (you) use \"a thing/ things\" **instead of** \"something\" if (more\n> lit: in the event that) you know (what it is) you're doing?\n\nThat's the gist I get from it, despite not having come across 「ではなく」 used in\nthis way. In my (admittedly limited) experience I thought the plain form\n「じゃなくて」 would be used within the bulk of the sentence, as polite forms were\nusually reserved for the end? Furthermore, I expected a 「より...の方がいい」\nconstruction to express preference. Obviously there's more than one way to say\nsomething, but this isn't one I've encountered until now.\n\nMuch obliged!",
"comment_count": 2,
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"tags": [
"word-choice",
"usage",
"て-form"
],
"title": "「ではなく」 in: 「x」ではなく「y」を使うべきでしょうか？",
"view_count": 125
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[
{
"body": "> 「A + ではなく + B」\n\nis an extremely common construct meaning:\n\n> \"B rather than A\", \"B over A\", \"B and not A\", etc.\n\nDepending on the context, however, you might also need to consider:\n\n> \"B instead of A\", \"B more than A\", etc.\n\nas well for the purpose of translation into English.\n\nLooking at your translation, I can say that you clearly got the gist of what\nthe writer is trying to say.\n\n「ではなく」 and 「じゃなくて」 mean the same thing. The only difference is that the former\nis more formal. 「じゃない」, in general, has been overly popular among Japanese-\nlearners the last couple of decades for some reason, but what many of them do\nnot seem to know is that it sounds very informal/conversational, so they tend\nto end up using it in situations where it does not fit well.\n\nFinally, you could use a pattern close to 「より...の方{ほう}がいい」 to say just about\nthe same thing as the original sentence. It would be something like:\n\n> 「自分{じぶん}が何{なん}の用事{ようじ}があるか分{わ}かっている場合{ばあい}は、「something」より「a thing/\n> things」を使{つか}った方{ほう}がいいでしょうか？」",
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"creation_date": "2017-12-07T01:04:02.707",
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54994
|
54995
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54995
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"body": "Going through a passage and 大事にしなければいけないとの意見も多数。is written, and I don'tknow\nhow to interpretthe との here.\n\nPlz help :P\n\nThank you! That seems so obvious to me now...",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning"
],
"title": "Why is との used in this?",
"view_count": 109
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|
[
{
"body": "If you know the phrase \"という\", that との is the same as it.",
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"id": "55004",
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"body": "> 大事{だいじ}にしなければいけない **との** 意見{いけん}も多数{たすう}。\n\n≒\n\n> 『大事にしなければいけない』 **との** 意見も多数。\n>\n> (\"The majority opinion was that (it) had to be valued/cherished/taken good\n> care of.\")\n\nFirst, the 「と」 is a quotative particle here, quoting the opinion\n「大事にしなければいけない」.\n\nThe 「の」 is needed to connect the quote and the noun 「意見」(\"opinion\"). As you\nknow, only a noun can directly follow a 「の」.\n\n「～～との意見」 = \"the opinion that ~~\"\n\n「～～との考{かんが}え」 = \"the idea that ~~\"\n\n「～～とのメッセージ」 = \"a/the message saying ~~\"",
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55002
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55009
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"body": "As にち, 日 doesn't seem to be a counter (which is always preceded with dash in\ndictionaries). Does this mean that 日 means Sunday when used with days of the\nmonth? If so, how does it make sense?\n\nEDIT:\n\nIs 日 a counter in 十三日 or is it not?",
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"creation_date": "2017-12-07T06:13:56.647",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"meaning",
"words"
],
"title": "What does 日 mean when used with days of month?",
"view_count": 1486
}
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{
"body": "If you mean something like \"12月24日\", it just means \"December 24th\". 日 is\nsimply a counter-like suffix that follows a day of a month, just as 月 is the\nsuffix for months and 年 is the suffix for years.\n\n日 also means Sunday, but it does not directly follow a number. If you see\nsomething like \"12月10日 (日)\", the second 日 in parentheses means \"Sunday\".",
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"body": "So, I've re-read your question and the following answer by naruto, and I think\nI see the disconnect in your understanding.\n\nWhen speaking about Kanji in general, you need to think of it in two separate\nways. One is how you read it. The other is its meaning. We'll start at reading\nKanji, then I'll explain deriving a meaning from context.\n\n## Reading Kanji\n\nAll Kanji can have one or more readings. These readings are grouped into two\ncategories: 音読｛おんよ｝み and 訓読｛くんよ｝み. The short form of this explanation is that\n音読み are readings for a Kanji that are derived from Chinese. Usually these\nreadings will show up in compound words utilizing various Kanji, but this is\nnot an exclusive rule, just a general one. By contrast, 訓読み are readings for\nKanji native to Japan.\n\nIn the case of the Kanji 日 there are actually many readings:\n\n> **音読み** (in Katakana to emphasize Chinese origin): ニチ、ジツ\n>\n> _Example words using these readings:_ \n> ニチ： 毎日｛まいにち｝： Every day \n> ジツ： 本日｛ほんじつ｝： Today\n>\n> **訓読み** (in Hiragana to emphasize Japanese origin): ひ、-び、か \n>\n>\n> _Example words using these readings:_ \n> ひ： 日｛ひ｝： Day \n> -び： 記念日｛きねんび｝： Anniversary \n> か： 十日｛とおか｝： Ten days, or, the tenth day of the month\n\nIn addition to this, there are a few exceptions and special words, which\nusually are native Japanese words, that are approximated in writing using\nKanji, despite their reading. For example:\n\n> 今日｛きょう｝： Today\n\nAs you can see, this word contains the 日 Kanji but is not read in any of the\nreadings covered within the 音読み and 訓読み. You'll come across a few of these.\n\n## Deriving meaning from Kanji\n\nBe aware that the 日 Kanji has several meanings all at once. The most common\nare:\n\n> day, sun, Sunday, (counter for days)\n\nWhen attaining fluency in written Japanese, often you'll encounter a mix of\nKana and Kanji in writing. Because Kanji can have so many readings and\nindividual meanings, it's important to be aware of vocabulary, and also\ncontext in use. This is where I think the issue is here for you.\n\nConsider these example sentences for the Kanji 日:\n\n> 今日｛きょう｝は十二月｛じゅうにがつ｝七日｛なのか｝です。 \n> Today is December 7th.\n>\n> 今月｛こんげつ｝の２５日｛にち｝はクリスマスです。 \n> The 25th day of this month is Christmas.\n\nNow consider these other examples:\n\n> 一週間｛いっしゅうかん｝は七日｛なのか｝です。 \n> There are seven days in a week's time.\n>\n> カリフォルニアからニューヨークまで運転｛うんてん｝すると、二日間｛ふつかかん｝ぐらいかかります。 \n> If you drove from California to New York, it would take about two days'\n> time.\n\nAs you can see, though in the above examples the word 七日｛なのか｝ appears written\nthe same way, read the same way, but has two different meanings, it's clear to\nsee which meaning is intended by context. Things that clue me in are verb\nusage, as well as the presence of a date. These are the kind of context clues\nyou need to be aware of.\n\n## As for why 日｛にち｝ is Sunday but also just Day\n\nThe overall simplified meaning for the Kanji 日 is actually **Sun**. Many of\nthe meanings for 日 that you'll find in a dictionary are derived from the fact\nthat 日 means Sun.\n\n日 as \"Day\": The daytime is when the sun is up. Therefore, a day is counted by\nthe cycle of the sun rising and setting.\n\n日 as \"Sunday\": This Kanji literally only means Sun. However...\n\nThe complete word for Sunday is actually 日曜日｛にちようび｝. It just so happens that\nwhen writing a date in Japan, often it is given in the format of YYYY年MM月DD日\n(day of the week). For example, today is December 7th, 2017, and it is\nThursday. You'd see this as: **2017年12月7日（木）**.\n\nSo, the 木 inside parentheses is short for 木曜日｛もくようび｝, the same way that 日 is\nshort for 日曜日.",
"comment_count": 0,
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55007
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55026
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55026
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{
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"body": "As I understand it 若干 means 'some'. Can it be used the to substitute 少し when\nnot talking about the specific quantity of more or less but using it as a\nvague descriptor like 'some'?\n\n若干問題があった vs 少し問題があった。",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-07T14:15:21.777",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55010",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-12-07T15:32:32.733",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "22417",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"adverbs"
],
"title": "Can 若干 (Jakkan) be used as a substitute for 少し?",
"view_count": 522
}
|
[
{
"body": "* 若干 is more formal or literary than 少し.\n * 少し is \"a little\" or \"small amount\", whereas 若干 is closer to \"some\" or \"certain amount\". 若干の問題 is usually a little more serious than 少しの問題, but they may be interchangeable depending on the context.\n * Only 少し can mean \"for a while\". 少し話をする is okay but 若干話をする is not.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-08T01:01:48.340",
"id": "55020",
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55010
| null |
55020
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{
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"body": "でないと as in the conditional phrase.\n\n> 例：これをやれ。でないと殺す。\n\n> 例えば、じゃないと？\n\nNever heard of it though. If there is no such thing then is でないと even\nconsidered formal in the first place or just neutral if it doesn't have a\ncasual/contracted form?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-07T14:19:15.730",
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"owner_user_id": "22417",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"colloquial-language",
"contractions",
"copula",
"formality"
],
"title": "Is there a contracted/casual form of でないと？",
"view_count": 200
}
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[
{
"body": "There is the (Kanto) colloquial form 「で **ねえ** と」, but other than that, I\ndon't think we have what you are looking for.\n\n「じゃないと」 is different since it is the contracted form of 「で **は** ないと」 and not\nof 「でないと」.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-07T14:33:13.313",
"id": "55012",
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"score": 2
},
{
"body": "I think that should be しないと though because you used やる, a verb, in the\nprevious sentence, so you need to follow up with another verb.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-07T15:51:06.287",
"id": "55014",
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"owner_user_id": "22363",
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55011
|
55012
|
55012
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "55034",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I am writing an essay in Japanese and want to talk about non-skilled labor,\nbut found two different words for the opposite of a skilled laborer:\n「未{み}-」and「不{ふ}-」+「熟{じゅく}練{れん}労{ろう}働{どう}者{しゃ}」. I was wondering what the\ndifference in meaning/connotation/usage is between these two words (if there\nis such a difference), and in any case whether there is an obvious choice\nbetween them (based on how commonly used they are, etc.) or whether they are\nperfectly interchangeable.\n\nEdit:\n\nI also found 「非{ひ}熟練労働者」, which appears to be a synonym of the latter, but\nmight also be slightly different. This doesn't change the original question,\nit merely adds a third point of comparison.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-07T20:33:40.213",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55015",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-08T11:11:42.893",
"last_edit_date": "2017-12-07T21:51:33.843",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "21802",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"synonyms",
"word-usage",
"negation",
"prefixes"
],
"title": "Difference between「未熟練労働者」and「不熟練労働者」",
"view_count": 149
}
|
[
{
"body": "ABOUT 未\n<https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%9C%AA%E7%86%9F%E7%B7%B4%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E8%80%85-138539>\nABOUT 不\n<https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%86%9F%E7%B7%B4%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E8%80%85%E3%83%BB%E4%B8%8D%E7%86%9F%E7%B7%B4%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E8%80%85-1549354>\nABOUT 非\n<https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E9%9D%9E%E7%86%9F%E7%B7%B4%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E8%80%85>\n\nI asked my co-workers how they use these words and they looked at me like I\nwas speaking another language. Usually no ones use this words. If you want to\ntalk about someone who is unskilled, who has no experience you usually say\nmikeikensha 未経験者.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-08T02:55:10.890",
"id": "55022",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-08T02:55:10.890",
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"owner_user_id": "26868",
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{
"body": "You should use 非熟練労働者, when it comes to economics or so. If you use it in the\nsense of those who are not yet (but expected to be) skilled, you could use\n未熟練. I haven't seen 不熟練.\n\nNegative prefix 不 is used when something lacks value that's essential for what\nit is. e.g 不良 (shortage of quality), 不正 (irregularity). On the other hand, 非\ncan simply stand for the opposite nature of what's modified. In this regard,\nunskilled workers are not necessarily a failure for, or a would-be, skilled\nones.",
"comment_count": 1,
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55015
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55034
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55022
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"body": "Recently I've made two similar mistakes. 1 and 2 show my original sentences\nwhile 3 and 4 are the sentences with my 先生's revisions added. I don't really\nunderstand why the の needs to be added after a noun (I haven't been able to\nfind similar examples online). Can someone explain?\n\nOriginal:\n\n> 1. 特に、児童福祉と関連の活動をしたり、多発性硬化症について研究ためにも寄付もします。\n> 2. 彼に対して第一印象はどうでしたか？\n>\n\nRevised:\n\n> 3. 特に、児童福祉と関連の活動をしたり、多発性硬化症について **の** 研究ためにも寄付もします。\n>\n> 4. 彼に対して **の** 第一印象はどうでしたか？\n>\n>",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-07T21:24:06.593",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55016",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-08T13:51:47.037",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "20603",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-の",
"academic-japanese"
],
"title": "using の after について・に対して",
"view_count": 384
}
|
[
{
"body": "The の is your good old noun modifier. Lets examine the following 2 example\nsentences, one using 「について」and one using 「についての」:\n\n> １.車についてマニュアルを参照{さんしょう}した ２.車についてのマニュアルを参照{さんしょう}した\n\nThe first sentence translates to something like: \"I consulted the manual about\nthe car\". As in, I went and looked up information in the manual looking for\ninformation about something to do with cars.\n\nThe second sentence translates to something like: \"I consulted the car\nmanual\". As in, it is a manual concerning cars.\n\nIf you are looking for more example sentences\n[jisho](http://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6%E3%81%AE%20%23sentences)\nhas a cool function that allows you to search for sentences containing a\nspecific word.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-08T00:11:22.737",
"id": "55018",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-08T13:51:47.037",
"last_edit_date": "2017-12-08T13:51:47.037",
"last_editor_user_id": "26853",
"owner_user_id": "26853",
"parent_id": "55016",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
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{
"body": "The reason is very simple. It is because the phrase before the 「の」 modifies a\n**_noun_** in each of the two sentences. **Only 「の」 can connect a modifier to\na noun**.\n\n> 「多発性硬化症について **の** 研究」\n\nis correct because 「研究」 is a noun. **Without a 「の」, the following word must be\na verb** as in:\n\n> 「多発性硬化症について研究 **する/した/している** , etc.」\n\nBTW, your teacher overlooked two more mistakes.\n\n1) You need to use another 「の」 right **_after_** the 「研究」 as well. It is\nincorrect to say 「研究ためにも」.\n\n2) You should **_not_** use a 「も」 on both sides of the 「寄付」. Drop the first\none.\n\nTo sum up, here is what is correct:\n\nCorrect: 「多発性硬化症について **の** 研究 **の** ために寄付もします」\n\nCorrect: 「多発性硬化症について研究するために寄付もします」\n\nA switch from 「研究」(noun) to 「研究する」(verb) causes the grammatical changes above.\n\nMoving on to your second sentence..\n\n「第一印象」is, of course, a noun; therefore, you need to say 「彼に対して **の** 第一印象」.\n\nLike I showed with the frst sentence, you could do away with the 「の」 if you\ncorrectly changed the grammar of the sentence around. You can say:\n\n> 「彼に対して、どんな第一印象を持ちましたか。」\n\nHere, 「彼に対して」 modifies 「持ちました」, which once again is a verb.",
"comment_count": 0,
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55016
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55019
|
55019
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{
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"body": "For example, 眠くてたまらない、僕は今寝行きます。is this acceptable in Japanese?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-08T02:41:00.193",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55021",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-08T09:45:12.917",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19498",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice",
"usage"
],
"title": "Does it make sense to say 寝行きます?",
"view_count": 1971
}
|
[
{
"body": "「寝行{ねい}く」 makes no sense.\n\n「寝{ね}に行{い}く」, however, makes perfect sense and it means \"to go to bed\".",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-08T03:19:00.223",
"id": "55023",
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{
"body": "As others told you 寝に行きます is the correct structure (the normal masu for the\nverb, without “masu”, plus に and any verb of motion like 行く 来る 帰る 戻る etc) It’s\ncommonly used in Japan, I’ve listened to it and I use it commonly.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-08T09:45:12.917",
"id": "55032",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-08T09:45:12.917",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "26870",
"parent_id": "55021",
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55021
|
55032
|
55023
|
{
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"body": "I thought that [七]{しち} (7) and [九]{く} (9) readings could not be used in\nconstructing compound numbers, like 71 or 19, and unlike their alternative\nreadings, [七]{なな} (7) and [九]{きゅう} (9), can only be used for numbers 7 and 9.\nBut now I noticed that both readings of 7, [七]{しち} and [七]{なな}, can describe\n17th and 27th day of month. What's more, only [九]{く} (9), not [九]{きゅう}, is\nused to describe 19th day of month. What am I getting wrong?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-08T07:21:21.023",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55028",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-08T09:39:50.137",
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"owner_user_id": "26826",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"readings"
],
"title": "Is it allowed for しち reading of 7 to be used in compound numbers?",
"view_count": 88
}
|
[
{
"body": "You're not getting anything wrong. Cardinal numbers are read one way, and the\ndays of the month are read another way. Just try to memorize the \"irregular\"\nreadings for the days of the month, as well as the ones for the months of the\nyear, minutes, hours, and counters in general. I find repeating them aloud\nhelps you get them down faster.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-12-08T09:39:50.137",
"id": "55030",
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55028
| null |
55030
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"body": "A couple of questions, including the use of the word ‘nanpū’ 難風.\n\n 1. I am looking at (and transliterating) a cartouche with a combination of hiragana, hentaigana, and kanji, some in sōsho, however, there are a few characters between the words _Sesshū Daimotsu-no-ura_ and _nanpū_ that I’m not certain about. Can anyone shed light on these characters?\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/tfUlv.png)\n\n摂州大物の浦[よ?][?][?]しうぐ難風に出合て平家のぼうれい御船を覆さんとする圖, / _Sesshū Daimotsu-no-ura ([ ][ ][\n] shiugu, or shūjū) nanpū ni deaite Heike no bōrei mifune wo kutsugae san to\nsuru zu._\n\nThe ‘mifune’ (?) and the ‘wo’ (を) are difficult to read, but I think the\ncharacters 御船 are correct in making sense of a “capsized” (‘kutsugae’, 覆)\nboat. In a recent post, @droooze gave a good web-link\n(<http://www.shufazidian.com>) so I have looked there for clarification, on\ntop of my usual references:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/sgpmj.png)\n\n 2. ‘Nanpū’ (難風) is a little bit of a frustrating term when it comes to institutions translating it, for I see everything from “terrible storm” to “typhoon,” the latter a bit of a misnomer since I assume that ‘taifū’ (台風) “typhoon” is a very specific type of storm in that it is seasonal, and doesn’t fit the occasion of the ghosts of the Heike rising up against Yoshistune’s boat in Daimotsu Bay. I am interested in how a native speaker would differentiate between types of winds and storms in general conversation, as well as when reading from a pre-C20th text. \n\nThere appear to be many ways of writing/describing a storm or a wind: a storm\nor tempest is usually represented by the character ‘arashi’ (嵐). In terms of\n‘nanpū’ (難風), the character (難) can be read as “difficult,” “trouble,”\n“hardship,” or an “accident,” “calamity,” “disaster,” “danger,” and (風)\n“wind.” I trust I am not incorrect in my observations, but I have found ‘fūha’\n(風波) for rough seas, literally “wind and waves”; ‘bōfū’ (暴風), literally a\n“violent” or “forceful wind”; ‘hayate’ (疾風), a “fast wind” or “gale” that\nmight be thought of as a very sudden bōfū; ‘akufū’ (悪風), an “evil wind” or\n“bad wind”; and ‘reppū’ (烈風), a “strong wind.” Do modern Japanese speakers use\nthese terms interchangeably, as general synonyms for a storm, or is one always\nmindful of the quality of the storm/wind and the way that words are used\nculturally, historically, semantically? That is, does it debase language and\nmeaning if it is simply translated as a “storm”, rather than a “difficult,”\n“troublesome,” or “dangerous” wind (and in the case of those latter three, or\nany other, I would ask which would be a more definitive translation of\n‘nanpū’?).\n\nWhy do I ask this? Because I often think about the importance of the poetics\nand ‘spirit’ of the words: it would, for instance, be inappropriate if “Blow,\nill wind, blow away, Let me rest today, You're blowin' me no good” was changed\nto “Blow storm, blow away, Let me rest today” (Ted Koehler’s lyrics put to\nHarold Arlen’s 1934 musical composition). There are many other lyrics or prose\nwith references to a particular kind of wind (ill wind, lonely wind,\nwhispering wind, wayward wind, restless wind, summer wind, soul wind, north\nwind, west wind, etc.) and many synonyms for wind or storm (squall, hurricane,\ntempest, gale, zephyr, gust, strong breeze, breeze) that have subtle or\nsignificant differences in meaning and intent that—I hope—would be respected\nwhen translated into another language.\n\nThe title also references ‘bōrei’. This is another case in point. Many museums\nwill translate this and related terms purely as ghost, but is this solution in\ntune with the vernacular understanding of ‘bōrei’ (亡霊; 亡 “dead” or “departed”;\n霊, 靈, rei, “soul/spirit”, also seen as 亡灵), a ‘shiryō’ (死霊, a “dead spirit”),\na ‘yūrei’ (幽霊; 幽, yū, \"faint\" and 霊, rei, \"soul/spirit\"), or an ‘onryō’\n(怨霊)—literally a \"vengeful spirit\" or \"wrathful spirit”—a yūrei believed to be\n“capable of causing harm in the world of the living” and “causing natural\ndisasters to exact vengeance.” I'm interested in other's perspectives,\nespecially in the context of the use of the word in literary works and\nartistic titles.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning",
"kanji",
"obsolete-kana"
],
"title": "‘Nanpū’ (難風), ‘Bōrei’ (亡霊) and other matters",
"view_count": 356
}
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[
{
"body": "As for 難風{なんぷう}, I think you are bit overanalyzing the synonym. It should\nsimply mean “difficult wind “ like you feel it hard to control something such\nas balance and hard to go forward when you are riding a bicycle, since the\nwind is too strong.\n\nI guess 難風{なんぷう} itself is not so common word though, I often feel 難しい風 in a\nvery windy day. Probably it’s hard for you to catch a ball falling down from\nup the sky when it was in a bit of turbulence like 難風{なんぷう}.\n\nYeah, I think Japanese people are mindful about the difference between\n暴風{ぼうふう}:tempest , storm, 疾風{しっぷう}: quick wind, 爆風{ばくふう}: blast, 悪風{あくふう}:\nevil wind, 烈風{れっぷう} sharp wind as if cutting your face and so on.",
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55029
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55057
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "55039",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Me and my fellow coworker have been discussing the article on [Japanese\ncounter words](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_counter_word) and this\nparticular case has caught our attention:\n\n> [Pronunciation]はい hai, ぱい pai, ばい bai; [Spelling]杯, [Use] Cups and glasses\n> of drink, spoonsful; cuttlefish, octopuses, crabs, squid, abalone, boats\n> (slang)\n\nMy question would be - why such different objects like cups and octopuses\nlogically belong to the same category, what's the etymology behind this\nparticular counter word?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-12-08T10:01:19.293",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"counters",
"numbers"
],
"title": "Why the same counter word is used for cups and octopuses?",
"view_count": 671
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[
{
"body": "We normally count them, when they are living, 一匹｛いっぴき}. When they are fished\nand have become products, they are called 一杯｛いっぱい｝. Next article explains:\n\nAccording to ジャパン・ナリッジ:\nなぜイカやカニは「1杯(ぱい)」と数える？<http://japanknowledge.com/articles/kze/column_kaz_01.html>\n\nOne theory explains octopuses and squids classified as shellfish of Mollusca,\nso they are counted as 一貝{いっぱい｝. But they also say another theory is more\nprominent. That is the body of squids and octopuses looks like an urn, pot or\npint glass. That's why we count non-living selling squids for 一杯{いっぱい}. The\nshell of Abalones and Crabs look like the round shape of the container such as\nurn, pot, too. For me, calling beer pint glass 一杯｛いっぱい}, 二杯｛にはい｝ for drinking,\nit's imaginable to count octopuses, squids, the shellfishes as 杯{はい｝since they\nlook like the shape of beer pint glass.\n\nThis article <https://macaro-ni.jp/34892> also explains:\n\nWe count, when squids become するめ 一枚｛いちまい｝or sashimi on the plate 一盛｛ひともり｝ or\nsushi 一貫｛いっかん｝ or fishing two squids 一荷｛いっか｝at same time or, bundle up 10\nquids 一連｛いちれん｝. For me, these counting is more familiar to me. Probably I\ndon't see the following things so often:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/gYzXR.jpg)\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/zg0Z8.jpg)",
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55039
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55039
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "55036",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I do not know very much about the language and am doing research for a story\nthat I am writing. I intend to use Fuka-sa Fumei as the name of a submarine. I\napologize if I'm breaking any rules or codes of conduct for this site. Thanks\nin advance for any help or advice you can give.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-08T12:11:51.993",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55035",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": -1,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "What is the direct translation of 深さ不明 or Fuka-sa Fumei?",
"view_count": 117
}
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[
{
"body": "The direct translation is **unknown depths**.\n\n> * 深さ -> depth\n> * 不明 -> unknown\n>\n\n**Edited** ...\n\n> The depth is unknown in the sense \"you don't know how deep something is\".",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-12-08T12:35:48.887",
"id": "55036",
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"body": "\"深さ不明\" implies we don't know how deep the sea under the ground level is if you\nare talking about the depth of the sea. If your submarine intends to go\nunexplored depth of the sea like James Cameron's submarine\"Deepsea\", \"未到達の深さ\"\ncan be close. Probably abyss still works for the translation, too.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-12-08T13:06:24.493",
"id": "55037",
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55035
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55036
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55037
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "55043",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "From my e-mail correspondence on italki:\n\n「友達申請をしてくださって、ありがとうございます」は少し難しいかと思ったのですが、これから使う機会がある **と思うので**\n、そう書きました。覚えてくれてうれしいです。\n\nMy attempt at translation: \"Even though I thought that\n「友達申請をしてくださって、ありがとうございます」 might be a bit hard, because **I think/thought**\nthat from there on...\n\nA)...there is the chance you use it... B)...you have the opportunity to use\nit...\n\n...I wrote it that way. I'm glad you picked it up.\"\n\nFirst: What's a bit irritating for me is that in this full sentence, there is\npresent tense all of a sudden in ...と思うので.... I know from my past questions\nthat japanese isn't too strict in the use of tenses, but I would like to know\nwhy there is this sudden switch and what it expresses.\n\nSecond: I wonder wether I should use ある in the meaning of \"existing\" for\ninanimate things, or in the meaning of \"owning\". Or are both meanings\nbasically the same in japanese? In my textbook, I once learned for ある that it\ncan express ownership (at least I think I did...^^) over the associated\nobject. But maybe this \"extrasemantics\" was just a means to make it easier for\nthe learner of japanese to understand the different functions ある appears in.\n\nThird: In 覚えてくれてうれしいです I think she expresses that she's happy that I picked up\nthe grammar she had shown me. However, I just wanted to ask for confirmation\nwether my understanding, which I tried to convey with my translation, is\ncorrect or not, since the combination of \"memorizing\" and \"giving a favor\"\nseems a bit strange to me. So I don't know wether I should trust my\nunderstanding or not ^^",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-12-08T17:02:32.427",
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"owner_user_id": "20172",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "How does the tense and ある in this sentence work",
"view_count": 95
}
|
[
{
"body": "I feel like \"Something something...たのですが、something something と思うので...\" sounds\na bit incorrect. I would write \"Something something...たのですが、something\nsomething と思ったので...\" and it sounds more proper. So I personally think it's\njust her irregular way to write (but it will be still generally acceptable in\nJapanese texting). And \"ある\" works as \"To be\" and \"To exist\" and refers to\nthings and objects that are non-creatures in English and it doesn't matter\nwhat is physical or non-physical.\n\nThe phrase \"覚えてくれてうれしい。\" can be interpreted like this:\n(あなたがsomethingを)覚えてくれた。だから、その事について私はうれしい(気持ちを感じている)。\n\nI personally think even if the phrase is separated like this, the meaning and\nthe nuance won't be changed.",
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55040
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55043
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55043
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{
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"body": "Hello my question regarding transliterating foreign names in Japanese with リー,\nreally anything with an \"i\" that is followed by a long vowel. I was wondering\nwhat might be valid transliterations . When transliterating リー, would \"i\", or\n\"ii\", or even \"ee\" be valid? Is the \"ee\" valid for the way it sounds? I fear\nthe answer may be \"it depends\", but I figure I might ask for the heck of it\nsee if there are some things to look for.\n\nウォンリーク. Wonrik, Wonriik, Wonreek?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-08T17:39:04.547",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55042",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-09T14:11:15.077",
"last_edit_date": "2017-12-09T14:11:15.077",
"last_editor_user_id": "26867",
"owner_user_id": "26867",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Writing \"リー\" in Foreign Name",
"view_count": 123
}
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[
{
"body": "\"It depends...\"\n\nIn (English pronunciations of certain) names, the sound `/i/ ~ /iː/` is\nrepresented in a number of different orthographies:\n\n * St **e** ven\n * L **i** sa\n * **Y** vonne\n * Soph **ie**\n * Ph **oe** be\n * Lac **ey**\n * L **ee**\n * L **eah**\n * Lou **is**\n * Finl **ay**\n\nAn (mostly) unambiguous transliteration would be _ee_ , as the others are\noften representative of other sounds as well in English (e.g. _i, y_ `/ɪ/`,\n_ie_ `/aɪ/`, _ey, ay_ `/eɪ/`).\n\n* * *\n\n * <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_orthography#Vowels_2>",
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"creation_date": "2017-12-08T18:31:40.670",
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55042
|
55045
|
55045
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{
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"body": "Difference between やつ and こと in those sentences\n\n> 不幸な事故ということだな\n\nand\n\n> 不幸な事故というやつだな",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-12-08T18:44:00.567",
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"owner_user_id": "18134",
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"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Difference between やつ and こと in those sentences 不幸な事故ということだな and 不幸な事故というやつだな",
"view_count": 478
}
|
[
{
"body": "The only difference is that 「やつ」 makes it sound more casual and colloquial, if\nnot slangy, than 「こと」.\n\nThe two sentences mean the exact same.\n\n> \"That is to say it is an unfortunate accident.\"",
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"creation_date": "2017-12-08T19:16:51.967",
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55046
|
55047
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55047
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{
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"body": "For full context: 外国人に日本語を教える人を「日本語の先生」と言います。\n日本語が母語の子どもたちが学校で習うのは「国語」です。ですから、日本の学校で日本人に教える場合は、「国語の先生」と呼ばれます。\n\n私は、日本語を学習している外国人に日本語を教える勉強をしているので、「日本語の先生」を目指していると言うことができます。\n\nThe sentence in question: 私は、日本語を学習している外国人に **日本語を教える勉強をしているので**\n、「日本語の先生」を目指している **と言うことができます** 。\n\nMy attempt at translation: \"Concerning me, because I studied _(I think て-form\nis used because she refers to her personal past here? According to her\nprofile, her professional education is over I think)_ teaching japanese to\nforeigners studying japanese, you can say that I aimed to become 'japanese\nteacher'.\"\n\nIn this sentence, I'm mainly confused by 日本語を教える勉強をしているので and と言うことができます.\n\nFirst 日本語を教える勉強をしているので: What irritates me is 勉強. The way I translated it, it\nmakes perfect sense grammarwise and also contentwise, however, for my\ntranslation to match reality, my interpretation of している must be correct. If it\nisn't, and I'm not so sure it is, then I probably misunderstood something\nabout the meaning of 勉強. If it was \"lesson\" instead of \"study\", then I would\nhave less doubts...^^\n\nSecond と言うことができます: Here I'm a bit hesitant to trust into my interpretation of\nと言う. I couldn't muster a translation where と言う is interpreted in one of the\nmore abstract ways as described here:\n<http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/define#The_various_uses_of> (for\nexample: 主人公が犯人だったというのが一番面白かった。 The most interesting thing was that the main\ncharacter was the criminal. ) I'm really sorry that I can't give a more\nconcise description. I'm really struggling here to describe at all what these\nother uses of という, which I assume aren't used here, actually are. Usually,\nwhenever という is used, it has a meaning resembling \"Y means X\", like in...\n\nA)...山田さんから電話があったのですが、約束の時間に少し遅れるということです。 => \"There was a call from Mr.\nYamada, he said that he will be a little late.\" B)...PCというのはパソコンのことです。 => \"PC\nmeans 'personal Computer'\".\n\nSo, I think one can safely say that there is always at least some connection\nto the original \"say\" semantics of 言う, however, this original semantics can\nbecome very weak as it seems.\n\nIn the sentence in question, I think interpreting 言う very literally in its\noriginal semantics \"say\" makes much more sense, but since I almost never\nencountered such a case where this original semantics was that strong, I am\nvery skeptical about my interpretation ^^\n\nI really just discovered what a mess my knowledge about this construction\nactually is...it was really hard for me to describe the differences in its\nusage, so please feel free to criticize my question if it isn't comprehensible\nxD",
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"tags": [
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"title": "How do 勉強 and という in these sentences work",
"view_count": 125
}
|
[
{
"body": "* There is no past tense in this sentence. 勉強をしている is simply present progressive \"I am studying\". I don't know 'her profile' or 'reality', but generally speaking, just because she finished her occupational training does not mean she has stopped studying altogether.\n * This ～と言うことができます is simply \"you can _say_ that ...\" I think your translation of this part is already perfect.",
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"creation_date": "2017-12-08T23:29:05.960",
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55049
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"body": "So I'm translating this song (<https://www5.atwiki.jp/hmiku/pages/31606.html>)\nand the particle usage in a line confused me:\n\nチョコレート中毒さ それはもう大変な (this is just for context)\n\nChocolate poisoning, it's already so much\n\n甘い甘い結末は望んでなんかいないよ\n\nBut I don't wish for a sweet, sweet end (?)\n\nThe usage of は really confused me; it would make sense, especially with the\nチョコレート中毒, if the _person_ didn't wish for the sweet, sweet end, but the way\nit's written with は, the sweet sweet is the subject.\n\nIs this just as written, that the sweet, sweet end is the subject, or is は\njust a stylistic choice in some way, and can be translated as if it was を, as\nwould make sense?\n\nThank you!",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-09T02:00:37.590",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55051",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"particles",
"particle-は",
"object"
],
"title": "Particle は seems like it should be を in this sentence",
"view_count": 107
}
|
[
{
"body": "First, チョコレート中毒さ それはもう大変な is inversion of それはもう大変なチョコレート中毒さ, which means\n\"really really serious chocolate-addiction\". Both それは and もう are an adverb\nthat emphasizes degree of something. (さ is a sentence-ender that conveys\nirresponsible/optimistic feel.)\n\nAs for your question, は does not necessarily denote the subject of a sentence\nbecause the object marker を turns into は as well as the subject marker が once\nit's topicalized. This kind of topicalization almost conventionally occurs in\norder to limit scope to negate, when the predicate of the sentence is\nnegative.\n\nIncidentally, the example phrase wouldn't be that unnatural either even if it\nwas 甘い結末 **を** 望んでなんかいない because being inserted with なんか can also function\nlike the topic part limits scope of negation. However, it may be important for\nyou to remember that は is actually the first choice.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-09T07:45:12.710",
"id": "55056",
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55051
| null |
55056
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "55053",
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"body": "In America, parents can address their son as son. For example, \"Son, could you\nopen the window for me?\" Do Japanese parents address their son as 息子?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-09T02:20:02.733",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55052",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 16,
"tags": [
"usage",
"kinship-terms"
],
"title": "Do Japanese parents address their son as musuko?",
"view_count": 9547
}
|
[
{
"body": "No, we basically never do that in Japanese culture, which is why it took me\nand my classmates by surprise to learn, in our English class back in junior\nhigh school, about that custom in the English-speaking world.\n\nWe would use the actual name or nickname of the son nearly 100% of the time.\n\nThe only time that I could think of parents (mostly fathers) addressing their\nsons as 「息子{むすこ}」 would be in very _**serious/important**_ letters or poems.\nIn such cases, it would generally be 「息子 **よ** 」 instead of just 「息子」.\n\nEven on those occasions, however, many parents would still just use the actual\nname.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-09T02:37:17.060",
"id": "55053",
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55052
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55053
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55053
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{
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"body": "I know it's to indicate whether something is a Na adjective or not, but other\nthan the language rules stating it to be so, is there any real use of it?\n\nI'm pretty sure everyone would understand you just fine with or without the\nextra「だ」so to me it's really unnecessary from a practical standpoint.\n\nIs there a linguistics standpoint that makes 「だ」absolutely essential and not\njust a pointless language rule that everyone follow just because.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-09T07:20:43.767",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55055",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"usage",
"nuances",
"linguistics"
],
"title": "Does using 「だ」in だと思う actually serve a practical purpose?",
"view_count": 162
}
|
[
{
"body": "When と follows directly after a noun, it can be ambiguous if it stands for a\ncase particle or a quote. In addition, although it can be omitted in casual\nconversation, it inevitably sounds a sentence with the verb omitted, hence not\nauthentic.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-12-09T14:06:14.993",
"id": "55058",
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"owner_user_id": "4092",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "だ is a copula and it is a fundamental aspect of Japanese grammar and syntax -\n[Copula](http://www.japaneseprofessor.com/lessons/beginning/the-copula-desu/)\n\nLeaving it out would simply result in an ungrammatical sentence like\n「そうと思う。」It's a bit like asking \"Do you need the 'is' in \"he is a man\" in an\nEnglish sentence. You need it because in English the verb 'to be' functions as\na copula. People would certainly understand the sentence without the 'is',\nright? But that's not how languages work. You need だ because the copula in\nJapanese indicates the relationship of the subject and predicate.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-13T14:30:04.427",
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55055
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55147
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "55077",
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"body": "I know it's hard to explicate , so please just tell me the nuance and may be\nthe difference.I am really confused with 「連体修飾」. I even don't know when should\nI use 「辞書形」 and 「タ」，after I know 「タ」is not just a past tense(also can be 完了形\n),and 「辞書形」can also means sth which haven't been done yet.\n\nsuch as「洗う服」AND「洗った服」\n\nthanks in advance!\n\nQ1：If possible , i would like to know the difference and nuance in the example\na,b,c\n\n*I divided 「動作動詞」 into 3 categories based on the example in b, in order to know it better.\n\n1.in a：辞書形AND「タ」is perceived as totally the same.\n\n2.in b:there is big difference between辞書形AND「タ」,the verb in 辞書形 haven't been\nperformed yet, and the verb in 「タ」form is already done.\n\n3.in c:辞書形is similar to the situation in a, if we draw a time line, I think\nthe辞書形 in a AND the 辞書形AND「タ」in c is the same ,which indicate the whole life\nof sth... from past until future.\n\n**a：状態を表す動作動詞** (which I most would like to know)\n\n「抑制因子を持つその子たちのヴェルズ侵食はとても穏やかだが、彼女たちを人間だと認めない人々数多くいる。」\n\nAND\n\n「抑制因子を持ったその子たちのヴェルズ侵食はとても穏やかだが、彼女たちを人間だと認めない人々数多くいる。」\n\nsome people told me that they are almost the same... sentence 1 is more wooden\nand stilted.\n\nbut it's not a 「状態動詞」. why the 「持つ」 cannot be perceived as the factor which\nhaven't been hold. \njust like 動作動詞2.\n\ni thought that ,because it's a 「動作動詞」, it should be the same as the difference\nbetween 「洗う服」AND「洗った服」\n\n**b：動作動詞2** （I think this one, i can understand better but can anyone tell\nwhat's the time line for them? thanks）\n\n「洗う服」AND「洗った服」\n\n「洗う服」だけ、横によけておいた AND 「洗った服」だけ、横によけておいた\n\n**c：動作動詞3.** 「君の作る料理が美味しい」 AND「 君が作った料理が美味しい」\n\nhonestly speaking, i also don't know why it is different from b\n\nThat's to say, I thought the meaning of 「君の作る料理」 is the food which you haven’t\ncooked yet but from now you will cook it. And 「君が作った料理が美味しい」 is the food you\ncook is delicious.\n\nQ2: Are the sentences(1,2,3...) I wrote or I found is as same as the example I\nput above (a,b,c,d) \n1. same as b\n\n(retrieved from letter song)「今見てるもの 今出会う人 」\n\nmy understanding: the phrase above is talking about sth which will happen in\nthe future(including 「ている」), and it doesn't happen yet.\n\nso the translation(please forgive my poor English...) will be 'the things i am\nmeeting in the future and the people I will meet in the future.'\n\n(and I am sure that it doesn't mean that: 「今見ているもの 今出会った人」the things I am\nmeeting now and the people I met before?Am i right... )\n\n2.same as a状態を表す動作動詞\n\n(if so ,then one 「動作動詞」can be put in different categories in different\ncontexts？)\n\nif we change the context, is「出会う人」 possible to be perceived as: the people we\nmet and we will people in our whole life\n\nis it possible to say, with regarding to meaning\n\n人生で出会う人は自分の映し鏡 \n一生で出会う人の数\n\nequals\n\n人生で出会った人は自分の映し鏡 \n一生で出会った人の数\n\n3.same as c\n\n「ひき肉で作る料理は、何ですか」 \n4. same as a or b ? \n\n「挽肉を使った料理で何が1番好きですか」 but why 「使う」cannot be used here just like 「ひき肉で作る料理は、何ですか\n」「因子を持つ子供」 if i say:「挽肉を使う料理で何が1番好きですか」, does it share the same meaning with\n「タ」version?\n\nQ3：please tell me the difference\n\n1.「漢字の持っている/持つ/持った意味にあたる日本語の読み」\n\nif 「持つ」here is put into category a状態を表す動作動詞,\n\nthen I guess they are the same when I use「持つ」or even「持った」 ... so the 「持つ」 here\n， \nhow it is different from\n\n「挽肉を使った料理で何が1番好きですか」\n\n2.「本を読む/読んでいる/読んだ男の子」 \nshould be the same as c.\n\nthe boy who reads book/is reading book/read book( in past)\n\ni am just wondering why 「読む」here cannot be perceived as b...the boy who\nhaven't read a book and he is going to read a book.\n\nIt would be appreciated if you could share your own opinion.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-09T14:49:36.580",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55059",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-12-10T06:21:32.943",
"last_editor_user_id": "22588",
"owner_user_id": "22588",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice",
"verbs",
"tense",
"attributive"
],
"title": "Questions relating to連体修飾",
"view_count": 273
}
|
[
{
"body": "a) Although 因子を持つ子 can mean \"the child who will have the factor\", it usually\nmeans the same as 因子を持った子. Another verb of this kind is 含む.\n\nb) 洗う服 is cloths you're going to wash, while 洗った服 is washed ones. So,\n洗う服だけよけておいた means that you saved cloths you would wash and doesn't tell if you\nactually washed it or not. 洗った服… means you first washed cloths then put them\naside.\n\nc) 君の作る料理が美味しい and 君が作った料理が美味しい are the same to me because cooking is habitual\naction, I mean, you can use the former as well to indicate one that's present\nthere.\n\n今見てるもの is a thing you now see. 今出会う人 is a person you're going to meet right\naway. 今出会った人 is a person you have just met.\n\n一生で出会う人の数 is supposed to equal 一生で出会った人の数 but I don't think 一生で出会う人は人生の写し鏡\nsays the same thing as …出会った… because there's difference between plan and\nresult.\n\nひき肉を使う料理 is not different from that of 使った. The latter is a little more\ncommon.\n\n漢字の持っている意味 is the same as 漢字の持つ意味, and you don't say 漢字のもった意味 in practice.\n\nThe reason why 本を読む男の子 mainly means habitual or on-going action is probably\nbecause 読んでいる is wordy for frequently used ones.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-10T13:52:13.183",
"id": "55077",
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55059
|
55077
|
55077
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "55066",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I encountered some sentences about 宝くじ, but am kind of confused. The literal\ndefinition seems to be \"lottery\". In the US at least you pretty much always\nbuy a \"lottery ticket\", never heard someone say \"I bought a lottery\". Consider\nthe sentences:\n\n> でも、まあ、宝くじなんてなかなか当るもんじゃ、ありませんですからねぇ。\n\nand\n\n> あれっ・・・？あの宝くじ、捨てちゃったんですか？あーあ、せっかく４等だったのに・・・\n\nIt sounds like the first one is specifically talking about the lottery system,\nand how by its nature few win. The second is talking about a specific lottery\nticket being thrown away. Is the meaning of 宝くじ purely contextual?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-09T17:00:06.083",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55060",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-10T01:58:13.517",
"last_edit_date": "2017-12-10T01:58:13.517",
"last_editor_user_id": "78",
"owner_user_id": "26867",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Is the meaning of 宝くじ contextual?",
"view_count": 140
}
|
[
{
"body": "Yes, 宝くじ refers to both the system and the ticket. (This means Japanese\nspeaker who is learning English may well say \"I bought a lottery\".)\n\nくじ by itself refers to a lot, and dictionaries I've seen only say 宝くじ refers\nto a certain type of ticket.\n\n> ### たから‐くじ\n>\n> 公共事業資金を得る目的で地方公共団体が売り出す賞金付きのくじ。当籤金とうせんきん付証票。[明鏡国語辞典 第二版]\n\nSince there is no different word that refers to the system itself, 宝くじ is also\nused to refer to the system.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-10T00:21:31.460",
"id": "55064",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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},
{
"body": "「宝{たから}くじ」 can mean both:\n\n1) the system and practice of lottery (intangible)\n\n2) lottery ticket(s) (tangible)\n\nSo, 「宝くじを買{か}う」 means \"to buy lottery tickes\" and 「宝くじを捨{す}てる」 means \"to throw\naway lottery tickets\". Very few people would use the term 「宝くじ券{けん}」 to say\nthose in informal daily conversations.\n\nAs you suspect, which meaning the word is being used for depends totally on\nthe context. If that created any confusion at all, we naturally would have\nlong been using two different terms instead.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-10T00:36:35.307",
"id": "55066",
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}
] |
55060
|
55066
|
55066
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "55063",
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"body": "Some Youtube comments:\n\n> 1) 日本人にとっても日本語ってクソムズイのに、外国人に簡単だとか言われると腹立つ **のなんでやろ** 。しかもカタコトでwww\n> 誰もこのコメの意味分からんだろうけどさwww \n> 2) 文化を知らずして日本語を喋る人は大体ただの糞外人\n\nWhat does ...のなんでやろ。 mean? Is that a やる verb? is の a normalization particle?\nIf so, what is なんで？",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-09T17:17:22.057",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55061",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-10T08:41:13.870",
"last_edit_date": "2017-12-10T08:41:13.870",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "22777",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"kansai-ben"
],
"title": "What does ...のなんでやろ。 mean? Is that a やる verb? is の a normalization particle? If so, what is なんで？",
"view_count": 840
}
|
[
{
"body": "やろ (or やろう) is a Kansai equivalent of だろ(う) which means \"I wonder\" or \"I\nthink.\" This の is a nominalizer which nominalizes everything before it\n(日本人にとっても～腹立つ).\n\n～の(は)なんでやろ = ～の(は)なぜだろう = I wonder why ～.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-10T00:11:10.103",
"id": "55063",
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"parent_id": "55061",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
] |
55061
|
55063
|
55063
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{
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"body": "For example:\n\n> * なぜなの？\n> * なぜなんですか\n> * なぜなんだ？\n>\n\nDo those sentences have the same meaning?\n\nI also learnt that there is an even more formal way to express the んです and is\nwith のです and のだ.\n\nAnd I also hear that なの is a female expression, is that true? Does a male\nversion exist?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-09T21:07:51.603",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55062",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-10T13:01:00.187",
"last_edit_date": "2017-12-10T09:08:31.770",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "19322",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"questions",
"no-da"
],
"title": "Is なの the casual form of んです or is んだ?",
"view_count": 950
}
|
[
{
"body": "のです is a constructuon that:\n\n * asks for or gives an explaination or information (or additional infos)\n\n今日は仕事に行けません。病気なんです。\n\n * when you want to be sure that what you imagined or judged from a context is true or not\n\n(Someone entering the office with an umbrella) 雨が降っているんですか。\n\n * when you express your interpretation or you understand something that wasn’t clear before, the sentence ends with のだ/んだ\n\nきっと結婚しているんだ！\n\nああ、ここで事故があったんだ\n\nA question asked with the のです contruction could sound persistent and very\ndirect so you shouldn’t use it with people you’re not close or that you don’t\nknow very well (its usage is difficult for many foreigners). んです or んだ are\nused when speaking and not as a writing form.\n\nな used before の may be there because of the word preceding it:\n\nyou don’t say なぜの？ but なぜなの？\n\nIt’s 難しいの？ and not 難しいなの？\n\nYou say 風邪なの？ to ask “is it a cold?”. While 風邪の？ could exist off course but it\nshould be contestialized is a discussion and you’re not asking if it’s a cold\nbut something related to the cold we’re talking about.\n\nNever heard about this structure to be used mainly by girls.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-10T03:55:19.153",
"id": "55069",
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"owner_user_id": "26870",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "Yes, they are synonymous. In fiction, frequently use of なの is a feature that's\nunique to girly characters, while in reality men use it too.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-10T13:01:00.187",
"id": "55076",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-10T13:01:00.187",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "4092",
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}
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| null |
55069
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"body": "X1ばX2ほどY is more common than X1ばX2だけY and seem to have similar meanings.\n\nI've also seen X1ばX2だけY being used with X2 being used in both the present and\npast tense, and I don't think I've seen the past tense much with XばXほどY, and\noccurrences on the web seem to confirm that. For example 「売れれば売れただけ」turns up\nmany hits, but 「売れれば売れたほど」only 4. Same for 「食べる」.\n\nCan someone please clarify the differences in usage and nuance between the two\npatterns, and the two tenses for X2.\n\nEdit: Since the past tense sounds unnatural to people, here is the transcript\nof the drama the example is from, in case context helps:\n\nA: 僕の小説は面白いですか？\n\nB: もちろんです。１５０万部突破ですよ。数字が証明しています。\n\nA: 売れれば売れただけ面白いってことですか。",
"comment_count": 3,
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"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Meaning of XばXだけY vs. XばXほどY",
"view_count": 1830
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[
{
"body": "The only answer I can give you is the translation of page 299 of 日本語表現文型辞典 od\nASK publishing.\n\n * Both express that: “the more the thing expressed in the first sentence is strong, the more the expression in second sentence gets strong too”. The ば that expresses the condition is frequently omitted.\n\n * (~ば)~ほど expresses a situation in which a tendency grows propotionally stronger 「〜ば、もっと/むすます」\n\n * 〜ば〜だけ is frequentlt used in the form 「〜ば、動詞のた形＋だけ」「〜ば、それだけ」「〜ば、動詞のた形＋ぶん」\n\nFor example 磨けば磨くだけ綺麗になる／磨いただけ、綺麗になる。\n\nOr 磨けば、それだけ綺麗になる／磨いた分だけ綺麗になる",
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"body": "> 1. 売れれば売れるほど儲かる。: OK\n> 2. 見れば見るほど美しい。: OK\n> 3. 売れれば売れるだけ儲かる。: OK\n> 4. 見れば見るだけ美しい。: Unnatural (at least to me)\n>\n\nIn general, だけ can work similarly to ほど, but it implies the \"degree\" is\nsomehow _limited_ by the word before だけ. For example 車を買えるほどのお金 is \"money\nenough to buy a car (or more)\", whereas 車を買えるだけのお金 is \"money necessary to buy\na car (and not more)\". やれるだけのことをする means \"to do what someone can do (but not\nmore)\".\n\nSuch difference is often not important, and ほど and だけ are interchangeable in\nsentences like 売れれば売れる{ほど/だけ}儲かる, 勉強すればする{ほど|だけ}賢くなる or\n年を取れば取る{ほど|だけ}走るのが遅くなる.\n\nBut I feel using だけ may imply \"unless X happens, Y will not happen, either\".\n見れば見るだけ美しい sounds unnatural to me because it's like saying the beauty of\nsomething is limited by the observation time. Likewise, 聞けば聞くほど悲しい話 neutrally\ndescribes how sad the story was, while 聞けば聞くだけ悲しい話 tends to be used when the\nspeaker doesn't want to listen to the story because he doesn't want to feel\nsad.\n\nAs for tense, `Xれば + Xほど/だけ` almost always takes a verb in present tense\nregardless of the tense/aspect of Y. \"売れれば売れただけ\" sounds unnatural to me.\n\n> 5. 売れれば売れるだけ儲かった。\n> 6. 見れば見るほど美しかった。\n>\n\nIf ～たら is used instead of ～れば, something like 売れたら売れただけ is fine.\n\n> 7. 売れたら売れただけ儲かりますよ。\n> 8. 売れたら売れただけ儲かりました。\n>",
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"body": "My best guess would be 「成人・成年として裁判にかける」, but neither seems to return many\nresults. Incidentally, what's the minimum age to be tried as an adult in\nJapan?",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words"
],
"title": "How does one say 'tried as an adult' in Japanese?",
"view_count": 295
}
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[
{
"body": "成人の法廷で裁かれる\n\nAs for your second question this article may be interesting:\n<https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2015/05/28/editorials/juvenile-crime-\nand-punishment/#.WiymVGJcWEc>",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-12-10T03:21:44.857",
"id": "55068",
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"body": "How about...\n\n> 成人として[裁]{さば}く -- to try as an adult (active) \n> 成人として裁かれる -- to be tried as an adult (passive)\n\n* * *\n\nI think the minimum age to be tried as an adult is 14 years old...\n\n[https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/少年法#.E6.A6.82.E8.A6.81](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4%E6%B3%95#.E6.A6.82.E8.A6.81)",
"comment_count": 5,
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"body": "We just say (刑事)裁判にかける if the suspect is an adult who is over twenty.\n\nAs opposed to adults, juvenile suspects who are between age of nineteen and\nroughly twelve will take 少年審判 at 家庭裁判所 (Family court) first, where the judge\ndecide what punishment will be conducive to suspects’ reformation.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/smLwD.jpg.)\n\nAs the image shows, there is no prosecutor at 少年審判 so the suspects won’t be\n‘tried as an adult’ unless the judge decides to remand them. According to the\njuvenile law, suspects under 13 shall not be prosecuted.\n\nThe press often use 家裁送致する(される) for the juvenile suspects and 児童相談所に通告 for\npupils.",
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55067
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55072
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"body": "For full context:\n<http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/easy/k10011249481000/k10011249481000.html>\n\nThe sentence in question: ２つ目のオリンピックの案は、客がたくさん来るように飾る「招き猫」ときつねのデザインです\n\nMy attempt at translation: \"Concerning the second idea for the olympic games,\nin order for many guests to come, it is a design of a decorative\n(=\"decorating\") beckoning cat and a fox.\"\n\nSince my literal translation is at the very edge of being comprehensible, I\nwanted to ask for confirmation wether I understood the use of 飾る, which\nprobably is an attribute to 「招き猫」ときつね which itself is again an attribute to\nデザイン, correct or not.",
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"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "How does this 飾る work?",
"view_count": 236
}
|
[
{
"body": "> ２つ目のオリンピックの案は、客がたくさん来るように飾る「招き猫」ときつねのデザインです\n>\n> The second proposal for Olympics is desiged in the motif of a beckoning cat,\n> _which is displayed in order for many guests to come_ , and a fox.\n\nIn this sentence 「飾る」 is \"to display\", not \"to decorate\".\n\nThe part 「客がたくさん来るように飾る」 is an attribute to 「招き猫」 but not to 「きつね」. It\ndescribes what 「招き猫」 is, probably because a non-Japanese reader may not know\nwhat 「招き猫」 is.\n\nThis sentence may be confusing because it does not mention who and when 「招き猫」\nis displayed. Actually it is describing a custom in Japan.",
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"creation_date": "2017-12-10T14:34:36.140",
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"body": "[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/DYeI3.jpg)\n\nI think the left one is what they say in the sentence. The left character\nwhich has a motif of “Maneki-Neko” cat which is kind of a talisman and a fox\nwhich is a messenger god and worshiped in a shrine, which is for inviting\nguests. The character is decorated with Shimenawa rope in their neck which is;\n_in Shinto religion, a thick, twisted straw rope with stripes of white paper\nhung around a thing to ward off evil spirits._ and having a flame in their\ntail.\n\nThe italic is the excerpt from Wisdom Japanese English dictionary.\n\nThe grammar seems explained in the other answer.",
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{
"body": "[Goo辞書](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/40271/meaning/m0u/)\n\n> **かざ・る【飾る】の意味** \n> １ 他の物を添えたり、手を加えたりするなどして、美しく見せるようにする。装飾する。「食卓を花で―・る」 \n> ２ 物を、人目につくように工夫して、置き並べる。「商品をウインドーに―・る」「雛人形 (ひなにんぎょう) を壇に―・る」 \n> ３ 表面をよく見せる。取り繕う。「体裁を―・る」「―・らない人柄」「言葉を―・る」 \n> ４ りっぱにやり遂げることによって、価値あるものにする。華やかさやすばらしさを添える。\n> 「白星で初日を―・る」「有終の美を―・る」「歴史の一ページを―・る壮挙」 \n> ５ 設ける。構える。 \n> 「高座を―・ってくだされ」〈狂言記拾・泣尼〉\n\n * 「客がたくさん来るように飾る「招き猫」ときつねのデザインです」の「飾る」は、Goo辞書の定義の２に当たります。Faily Feelyさんの答えにあるように、ここでの「飾る」の意味は、「装飾する _to decorate_ 」という意味より「置く _to place_ 」あるいは「陳列する _to display_ 」という意味に近いです。従って、与えれた文は「客がたくさん来るように置かれる「まねき猫」ときつねのデザインです」と言い換えても余り意味は変わりません。\n * 「客がたくさん来るように陳列される」は、「まねき猫」だけを修飾し、きつねは修飾しません。これもFaily Feelyさんの答えに書かれているとおりです。\n * 原文をよく読むと分かりますが、「まねき猫」ときつねは別のものではなく、オリンピック用のマスコットデザインとして、まねき猫の格好をしたきつね（あるいは、まねき猫ときつねを融合させたデザイン）ということが分かります。なぜなら、２つ目の案のパラリンピック用のデザインは「こま犬」をデザインしたものと書かれているからです。\n\n質問者が疑問に感じるように、与えられた文（Ａ）は分かりにくい文です。私なら（Ｂ）のように書き換えます。\n\n> (Ａ)２つ目のオリンピックの案は、客がたくさん来るように飾る「招き猫」ときつねのデザインです。 \n>\n> (Ｂ)２つ目のオリンピックの案は、「まねき猫」ときつねを合体させたようなデザインです。「まねき猫」は、お客さんがたくさん来るように店頭などに置かれる猫の置物ですね。",
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55078
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"body": "I am trying rather confused by the way the following sentence is constructed\nthus making it hard to understand its meaning.\n\n> あたしも取れる手を取れるだけ取らせて頂きました\n\nI believe I understand the last part \"取らせて頂きました\" which would mean something\nlike \"I had the permission to take…\" but the part preceding it is causing some\nconfusion.\n\nTo me it seems \"取れる手を取れるだけ\" Would literally mean \"only the hands which will\nobtain it, takes it\", which doesn't make an awful lot of sense. I can make a\nfew guess at what the speaker might be saying, but I would prefer some clarity\nhere.\n\n(For context the speaker is a merchant speaking to his client about a specific\nitem amongst his wares)",
"comment_count": 1,
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"syntax"
],
"title": "The repetition of \"取れる\" in this sentence and it's meaning?",
"view_count": 265
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[
{
"body": "だけ in this sense is used to refer to \"one's best ability\" (as much as one\ncan), just like in できるだけ, but with the verb in question, in potential form. A\nsimilar example: \"作れるだけ作る\" would mean \"to make as much as one can make\". So if\nyou split your sentence into two logical blocks, the first would be 取れる手を, and\nthe second would be 取れるだけ取らせて頂きました.",
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"id": "55087",
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"body": "I think the syntax is explained in the other answer. So, the Marchant explains\nthe client that they used their technique which they can use as much as they\ncould use for the item.\n\nIf you go to all-you-can-eat sometimes called バイキング in Japan, they say, you\ncan eat the meal you can eat as much as you can.\n\n> 食べれるものを食べれるだけ食べてください。",
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"creation_date": "2017-12-10T23:11:03.600",
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"body": "To break it down to smaller chunks...\n\n取れる手を -- measures that I can take \n取れるだけ -- as many as I can take \n取らせて頂きました -- _lit._ I had the permission to take → I took\n\nPut together,\n\n取れる手を取れるだけ取らせて頂きました。 \n( _Lit._ I took as many measures that I could take as I could take.) \n→ \"I took/employed/adopted as many measures/means as I could.\" / \"I took every\npossible measure that I could take.\"\n\n* * *\n\nThe ～だけ here means \"as (many) as~~\" \"as (much) as~~\" rather than \"only\". A few\nexamples:\n\n> できる **だけ** 早く来てください。 Please come **as** soon **as** possible. \n> 飲みたい **だけ** 飲んでいいですよ。 You can drink **as** much **as** you want.",
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"body": "From [this\narticle](http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/easy/k10011247651000/k10011247651000.html):\n\n> **学校を経営している会社は** 、教育と関係がある会社のほかに、不動産や介護、建設などの会社も増えています。 \n> [companies that run schools] Besides companies related to education,\n> companies involved in real-estate, nursing and construction are also\n> increasing.\n\nI cannot parse this sentence. The topic 学校を経営している会社は seems to be unrelated to\nthe rest of the sentence.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"tags": [
"parsing",
"reading-comprehension"
],
"title": "Topic seems unrelated to the rest of the sentence",
"view_count": 111
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[
{
"body": "Well, the topic (as you have identified) is \"companies that run schools\"; the\nsentence is talking about such companies, and says that [these; the topic] are\nnot only companies (directly) related to education, but also increasingly,\ncompanies from the real-estate, nursing (or rather, \"care workers\", I think)\nand construction.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-12-10T20:05:43.920",
"id": "55086",
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"body": "First of all, the cultural context that needs to be understood in order to\nfully comprehend this sentence is that in Japan, it is not rare for companies\nto start a sideline business that is totally unrelated to its original line of\nbusiness. Japanese language schools are often started by non-education-related\ncompanies.\n\n> (学校{がっこう}を経営{けいえい}している会社{かいしゃ})( **A** )は、(教育{きょういく}と関係{かんけい}がある会社) ( **B**\n> )のほかに、(不動産{ふどうさん}や介護{かいご}、建設{けんせつ}などの会社)( **C** )も増{ふ}えています。\n\nThe basic structure of this sentence is:\n\n> \"A consists not only of B but also of C.\"\n\nMore specifically,\n\n> \"Among A, there is B and additionally, there is also an increasing number of\n> C.\"\n\nThus, the topic (A) is perfectly related to the rest of the sentence.\n\n> \"Found among the companies that run the (Japanese language) schools (today),\n> are education-related companies and additionally, an increasing number of\n> companies involved in real estate, care for the aged, construction, etc.\"",
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"body": "Another long one! Here we go:\n\nI'm wondering what the different nuance is between these four constructions,\nall equating to \"whether or not\":\n\n> **1. volitional + か + plain+まい + か:** 買おう **か** 買う **まいか** 迷っているところ。 _I'm\n> still in two minds as to whether or not I'll buy it._\n>\n> **2. volitional + が + plain+まい + が:** 買おう **が** 買う **まいが** 、私の知ったことじゃない。\n> _Whether or not [you/he/she/they] buy(s) it is not my concern/ none of my\n> business._\n>\n> **3. plain + か + plain neg + か:** 家を買う **か** 買わない **か** 迷っている人に向けて... _With\n> regards to people who are looking towards whether or not to buy a house..._\n>\n> **4. plain + のか + plain neg + のか:** 買う **のか** 買わない **のか** はっきりしなさい。 _Be\n> clear about whether or not you're buying it._\n\nRegarding examples #1 and #2, I've read different things regarding ~まい: that\nit expresses intention; that it's mainly reserved for written language; that\nit's equivalent to the English \"shall not\" (I've never used \"shall (not)\"\nmyself, though, and don't know the distinction between it and \"will (not)\"\nexcept that it's more formal); that the entailment is weaker than ~ません. At\nthis present moment, I can't say I'm managing to get a grasp on it, frankly.\nThe first example certainly doesn't show any intention (although this may be\ndue to the translation, which might be closer to \"I'm still undecided as to\nwhether or not I intend to buy it\", and of course this would sound\nunnecessarily wordy in English).\n\nThe use of が is glossed over (in the text I took the example from), except\nthat it has connotations of things being implacable. Therefore, #3 could imply\nthat, for example, the speaker is unable to change the outcome of whether or\nnot her son decides to buy an expensive car; he's so headstrong that he does\nwhat he wants, and she's given up trying to intervene?\n\nRegarding examples #3 and #4, I know that the construction in #3 clearly\nequates to \"to buy or not to buy\", and that the addition of の (as per example\n#4) turns the construction into one of \"(do)ing or not (do)ing\" something. The\nfourth example given is more forceful than the other three, however I'm unsure\nwhether that's due to it being in effect a command, as opposed to the\nconstruction itself having more emphatic connotations.\n\nI've read that the fourth example connotes waiting for someone else to make a\ndecision (makes sense, given the example itself), whereas the third focuses on\nthe decision itself.\n\nAm I correct so far? If not, corrections are welcome.",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice",
"nuances",
"particles"
],
"title": "Different nuances between four constructions meaning \"whether or not\"",
"view_count": 469
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"body": "# English\n\nI think that difference in nuances of the expressions presented by the\nquestioner can be understood more by the possible remarks following each of\nthem. I'll show some examples of remarks that may follow each expression.\n(note: A and B indicate those who are speaking, and A1, A2, ... indicate that\nthere are several possoble remarkes by A.) After showing the examples of\nremarks, I'm going to explain the nuance of each of them.\n\n 1. B: 買おうか買うまいか迷っているところ。 \nA1: どれ？ \nA2: 相談に乗ってあげようか？ \nA3: 似合うんじゃない？ \n【Nuance】B is a sociable person. Especially, B is on good terms with A. B can\ndecide whether to buy it or not by himself / herself to some extent, but B is\nrelieved more if he/she gets consent of others. You can see people who behave\nlike B everwhere in Japan.\n\n 2. A: 買おうが買うまいが、私の知ったことじゃない。 \nB: (怒った顔で) そんな風に言うことないじゃないか。 \n【Nuance】 B who makes a decision whether to buy it or not is a person who can\ndecide by himself without hesitating the purchase itself. However, B seems\nlike a type of person who wants to boast his/her behavior to others. Also, A\ndoes not feel comfortable with such personality of B from usual, so A seems to\nbe on bad terms with B.\n\n 3. 家を買うか買わないか迷っている人に向けて \nA1: 何かお金以外で心配ごとでもあるの？ \nA2: 大きな買い物なんだから急ぐことはない。納得するまでもっと考えたら？ \n【Nuance】This is a common expression. It is more commonly said as\n\"家を買うかどうか迷っている人に向けて\". B who makes the decision whether to buy the house or not\ncould not be said a person of indecisive because to buy a house is a very big\nshopping for everyone including B. I don't know whether B is indecisive in\nordinary shopping based only on this context. B seems indecisive this time may\nbe due to the circumstances of the company B works for or maybe because B is\nconsidering conditions other than the house itself, such as his parents living\napart.\n\n 4. A: 買うのか買わないのかはっきりしなさい。 \nA1: あんたはいつもそうなんだから。 \nB1: .... 。 \nA2: 私が選んであげる。 \nB2: うん... 。 \n【Nuance】B is a wimp and couldn't decide anything including the purchase this\ntime. On second thought, B may be a child and A is the mother.\n\n# 日本語\n\nニュアンスの違いは、質問者が提示して表現に続く発言で更にはっきりするのではないでしょうか。\n以下に、後続しそうな発言の例を示します。（AとBとは違う人の発言です。また、A1, A2とあるのは、Aの人の発言にいくつかの候補があることを示します。）\n発言例のあとに、「買う/買わない」に対するニュアンスを解説します。\n\n 1. B: 買おうか買うまいか迷っているところ。 \nA1: どれ？ \nA2: 相談に乗ってあげようか？ \nA3: 似合うんじゃない？ \n【ニュアンス】Bさんは人づきあいの良い人。特にAさんとは仲が良い。「買う/買わない」はある程度自分で決められるが他人の同意があると安心する。日本人には普通にあるタイプ。\n\n 2. A: 買おうが買うまいが、私の知ったことじゃない。 \nB: (怒った顔で) そんな風に言うことないじゃないか。 \n【ニュアンス】「買う/買わない」の判断をするBさんは購入そのものには迷いはなく自分で決められる人。しかし、自分の行動を他人に吹聴したいタイプの人のようにも見える。また、AさんはBさんのそのような性格を普段から快く思ってなく、仲が悪いようにも見える。\n\n 3. 家を買うか買わないか迷っている人に向けて \nA1: 何かお金以外で心配ごとでもあるの？ \nA2: 大きな買い物なんだから急ぐことはない。納得するまでもっと考えたら？ \n【ニュアンス】一番普通の表現。「買う/買わない」の判断をするBさんは優柔不断なのではなく、一生に一度の大きな買い物なので簡単に判断できないだけかもしれない。この文からは、Bさんが普通の買物で迷うタイプの人かどうかは分からないが多分自分で普通に決められるだろうと思う。今回Bさんが迷っているのは、会社の都合で自分が転勤するかもしれない、あるいは、離れて暮らしている両親のことなど、家そのもの以外の条件を考慮しているからかもしれない。\n\n 4. A: 買うのか買わないのかはっきりしなさい。 \nA1: あんたはいつもそうなんだから。 \nB1: .... 。 \nA2: 私が選んであげる。 \nB2: うん... 。 \n【ニュアンス】Bさんは意思が弱く自分での「買う/買わない」の判断が容易にできない情けない人。あるいはBさんは子供かもしれない。",
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55089
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55094
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"body": "What i got from this is : \"it's bad timing i will have to clean this room\ntoo.\" Am i close?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-12-11T05:38:31.137",
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"score": 0,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "What does 時間が惜しい。この部屋も掃除させてもらうぞ mean?",
"view_count": 213
}
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{
"body": "> 「時間{じかん}が惜{お}しい。この部屋{へや}も掃除{そうじ}させてもらうぞ。」\n\nWithout further context, it is rather difficult to tell exactly how the two\nsentences could connect.\n\nI, however, could not think of a situation where 「時間が惜しい」 could mean \"It is\nbad timing.\" It should mean along the lines of \" ** _Time is too precious to\nlose_**.\" pretty much every time we say it.\n\nThe second sentence means \" ** _I'll take the liberty of cleaning up this room\nas well_**.\"\n\nIt sounds as if the speaker were in a hurry and having to clean up a couple of\nrooms as quickly as possible.",
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"creation_date": "2017-12-11T08:58:42.940",
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| null |
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"body": "For example, what would be a natural way of expressing a sentence like the\nfollowing:\n\n> I like to go on walks, especially if it’s raining.",
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"creation_date": "2017-12-11T10:12:19.847",
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"tags": [
"phrase-requests"
],
"title": "How would you say “especially if~” in japanese?",
"view_count": 916
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"body": "In this context, 「特に～」would work best. E.g. 特に雨が降ってるとき or 雨が降ってるときに特に",
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"body": "What does 黙って買い mean?\n\nNo definition show up in my search engine.\n\nExamples in the wild:\n\n> 「増配」は黙って買い！ \n> 二番底は黙って買え \n> 【白抜き逃げ馬】1600万下は黙って買い！ | 逃げ馬を追え！ \n> 【ユニットストラテジー紹介】男は黙って買い一本！",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-12-11T14:48:46.623",
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"id": "55100",
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"owner_user_id": "107",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"expressions"
],
"title": "Meaning of 黙って買い",
"view_count": 249
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{
"body": "First, permit me to talk about the (imperative) verb form:\n\n> 「黙{だま}って買{か} **え** ！」\n\nwould pretty much mean the same thing as:\n\n> \"Just buy it! No questions asked.\"\n\nThe noun form 「黙って買 **い** 」 refers to such a (great) product or service -- \"\n** _an absolute must-buy_** \".\n\nThese expressions are often, if not exclusively, used in gambling and\ninvestment.\n\n(For the noun form, 「買い」 is generally pronounced 「がい」 with the voiced\nconsonant.)",
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"creation_date": "2017-12-11T15:10:08.693",
"id": "55102",
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"body": "I am trying to use this one from your aphorism example 大和証券:二番底は黙って買え.\n\n> チャートで大変重要視される形から格言として使われています。 下げてきた株価が最初の安値をつけることを一番底といいます。\n> そのあと反発して再び下げ、最初の安値近辺まで下げる場合、そこが本当の安値になることが多いことから二番底といって買いの急所として教えています。\n\nAs in the example sentence from the above, \"二番底は黙って買え\" is one of the most\nimportant patterns in the chart. The stock price going down to the first low\nprice in some period. After that, going up again and coming down again to the\nsecond lowest price in some period. That point is very likely to be the real\nlowest price. The second lowest point is the crux to buy the stock. That's why\nthey use \"黙って買え\" as an aphorism.\n\nIn a more general sense, you might be recommending a friend buy a flight\nticket to home. You know the price is already a good price and you are saying\n\"you gotta buy.you can't miss it!\" with \"黙って買え\" if you missed this chance\nticket flight would rise from your previous experience.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/va1Uy.png)",
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"creation_date": "2017-12-11T15:25:23.317",
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"body": "> エリナ：窓の外に見えるの皆シットル？ Erina: Couldn't the rest of people look out of the\n> window?\n\n> タダシ：そうだろう たぶん \n> Tadashi: Yeah, maybe.\n\nCONTEXT: After taking a flight and stopped in a station Tadashi is looking at\na bunch of people in that station, then Erina ask him -what I guess- is\nsomething like \"the rest of people did look out of the window?\" then Tadashi\nanswers \"yeah, maybe\", but I'm not sure how 皆 is related to シットル.\n\n(rough translation attempt)\n\n> タダシ：このディスク。。。やっぱ このフライトレコーダーのじゃないかな \n> Tadashi: This disk... It seems that it didn't belong to the black box.\n\n> エリナ：うーん。。。 でも何でわざわざわかりにくい所へかくしてあるわけ？ \n> Erina: Yeah... but why they wanted to be this disk hard to read? did they\n> have something to hide?\n\n> タダシ：フライトレコーダーのだったとしたらさ こう何か とくべつなひこうきろくが のこされてるとか！ (what does こう何か mean?)。。。\n> っていうのは？ \n> Tadashi: If this were a black box (...) this special register left here!\n> Don't you think?\n\n> エリナ：タダシにしては まあまあの せんね \n> Erina: Being mad is not like you.\n\n> タダシ：あのさ。。。！ \n> Tadashi: Sorry...!\n\nCONTEXT: after looking inside a war robot, Tadashi and Erina founded a strange\ndisk and an empty black box, then Tadashi says that that disk may not be for\nthe black box, then Erina ask about the purpose then Tadashi gets mad. I can't\nrelate the third sentence because of the こう何か.",
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"creation_date": "2017-12-11T14:59:40.943",
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"title": "Relating parts of sentences",
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[
{
"body": "シットル is dialectal version of 知{し}っている and means to know. Translation is thus:\n\n> 窓の外に見えるの 皆シットル？\n>\n> Do you know all the people out there?\n\nIf it were the する verb it would have been written しとる\n\nじゃないかな means something like \"I wonder if it can't be\", it is thus not an\nactual negation of the sentence in this case.\n\n> このディスク。。。 やっぱ このフライトレコーダーのじゃないかな\n>\n> This disk, I wonder if it doesn't belong to this flight recorder? (note:\n> depending on intonation, it could also mean what you are writing, but from\n> context I would go with the positive version)\n\nFor the reply, you are misunderstanding it at several places:\n\n> うーん。。。 でも何でわざわざわかりにくい所へかくしてあるわけ？\n\nLet's split it up: でも何で = but why\n\nわざわざ = go through the trouble of\n\nわかりにくい所へ = わかりにくい means difficult to know and modifies the noun 所, so\ndifficult to know place\n\nかくしてある = is hidden\n\nわけ？ = nuances the question (in English I'm using \"would\" instead of \"did\" for\nthe translation because of this)\n\n> Yea... but why would they go through the trouble of hiding it in such a\n> difficult to find spot?\n\n.\n\n> フライトレコーダー **の** だったとしたらさ こう何か とくべつなひこうきろくが のこされてるとか！ (what does こう何か mean?)\n> 。。。 っていうのは？\n\nFirst of all, notice the の particle after the flight recorder, it is written\nin possessive form and refers to the disk. Thus the disk in the subject, not\nthe flight recorder.\n\nこう is just a filling word, similar to \"like\" in this case (it could also be\nthat he is demonstrating something while speaking, and referring to that)\n\n> If this belongs to the flight recorder, maybe it could be like a special\n> flight recording or something!\n>\n> タダシにしては まあまあ のせん ね\n\nHere I think the sentence should be split like this instead. のせん should then\nonce again be a dialectal verb form, from のせない, but I am not really sure\nexactly what is meant by this sentence.",
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"body": "What's the difference between these words for 'priest'?\n\n宮司 [ぐうじ] \n高僧 [こうそう] \n住職 [じゅうしょく] \n神職 [しんしょく] \n僧侶 [そうりょ] \n出家 [しゅっけ] \n禅僧 [ぜんそう] \n神主 [かんぬし] \nお坊さん [おぼうさん] \n牧師 [ぼくし] \n神父 [しんぷ]\n\nThanks!",
"comment_count": 5,
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"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "What's the difference between these words for 'priest'?",
"view_count": 280
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[
{
"body": "### Shinto\n\n * 宮司: The head of a shrine.\n * 神職: Literally \"God(-related) job\", people who do various rituals of Shinto.\n * 神主: A rather casual synonym of 神職. Practically, in many small shrines, this is the same person as a 宮司.\n\n### Buddhism\n\n * 僧: A monk of Buddhism.\n * 僧侶: Synonym of 僧.\n * 高僧: A 僧 with high social status.\n * お坊さん: A friendly and colloquial synonym for 僧.\n * 住職: The head of a temple (who is of course a 僧侶, too)\n * 禅僧: 僧 of Zen Buddhism.\n * 出家: to enter the Buddhist priesthood (suru-verb)\n\n### Christianity\n\n * 牧師: A pastor.\n\n* * *\n\nIf you need a generic term for \"clergy\", use 聖職者, which includes everything\nabove except 出家.",
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"body": "I mentioned in my comment above, but it was not included in @naruto's answer,\nthere is also [祭司]{さい・し}. I have really only seen this used in the Bible,\nalthough there are [several weblio examples\nhere](https://ejje.weblio.jp/sentence/content/%E7%A5%AD%E5%8F%B8) that do not\nreference the Bible. So it is definitely used for Jewish priests, although\nthose examples (along with some other definitions) show that it is sometimes\nused as a general term for \"priest\" (i.e., irrespective of any one religion).\n\nIn the Bible, it's used as\n\n> * 祭司 → Priest\n> * 祭司長 → Chief Priest(s)\n> * 大祭司 → High Priest\n>",
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"parent_id": "55106",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
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55106
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55108
|
55108
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "55109",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "good day everyone,\n\ni'm just watching a basic Japanese video on YouTube\n(<https://youtu.be/00kDTCOr1Do?t=391>)\n\nand 明日来る in the quick example was expressed as \"will you come tomorrow\".\n\nI was wondering if in the same context you could use to two below, or is it\ncompletely wrong?\n\n明日に来る, 明日で来る .\n\nwould i be able to interpret them as (tomorrow will you be here) & ( are you\nheading over tomorrow).\n\nThanks for your time, Shaun.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-12T01:04:30.490",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55107",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"particles"
],
"title": "明日来る ,明日に来る, 明日で来る",
"view_count": 338
}
|
[
{
"body": "Correct:\n\n> (A-1) Will you come tomorrow? \n> (B-2) 明日｛あした｝来｛く｝る？\n\nIncorrect:\n\n> (A-2) Will you come **on** tomorrow? \n> (B-2) 明日｛あした｝ **に** 来｛く｝る？\n\nBecause tomorrow and 明日{あした} are ~~adjectives~~ adverbs not nouns.\n\nCorrect:\n\n> (C-1) Will you come **on** the day one day after today? \n> (D-1) 今日｛きょう｝の次｛つぎ｝の日｛ひ｝ **に** 来｛く｝る？\n\nBecause \"day\" in \"the day\" and 日{ひ} in 次｛つぎ｝の日｛ひ｝ are nouns so you need a\npreposition **on** in (C-1) and a particle **に** in (D-1).\n\nWe don't say like (E) for (A-1).\n\n> (E) 今日の次の日 **で** 来る？\n\nSo, 明日 **に** 来る, 明日 **で** 来る are both incorrect.\n\n> would i be able to interpret them as (tomorrow will you be here) & ( are you\n> heading over tomorrow).\n\nMy attempts are: \n(F) Tomorrow will you be here? 明日ここにいますか？ or 明日はここにいますか？ \n(G) Are you heading over tomorrow? 明日来る？",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-12T06:54:10.697",
"id": "55109",
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55107
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55109
|
55109
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{
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"body": "The whole sentence: 威嚇するのはしておけ",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-12T07:08:17.813",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"owner_user_id": "26919",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -2,
"tags": [
"subsidiary-verbs"
],
"title": "What does shite oke mean?",
"view_count": 372
}
|
[
{
"body": "> 威嚇するのはしておけ\n\nThis phrase doesn't make sense.\n\nThere seems to have been some typo. It should be like:\n\n(A) 威嚇するならさせておけ \n(B) 威嚇するならしておけ \n(C) 威嚇するのはやめておけ\n\n\"prepared to intimidate\" means 威嚇する準備はできている, 威嚇する用意はできている or いつでも威嚇できる",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-12T15:39:47.840",
"id": "55121",
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"score": 1
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55110
| null |
55121
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "55118",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Do you have to learn the kanji radical name? ex:こどもへん Do people use it?\nThanks.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-12T08:52:37.130",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55113",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "26576",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"kanji"
],
"title": "Kanji radical names",
"view_count": 931
}
|
[
{
"body": "I’m from Japan and learned radical names (部首 in Japanese language) in\nelementary school. So the answer to the first question is yes. I think there’s\nsome reasons but the main reason is to memorize kanji more easily.\n\nYou might know kanji is a logogram. So a radical name is deeply associated\nwith the kanji meaning it composes of. So learning them will help you to\nmemorize kanji itself. For example, 貝(かい) means ‘shell’ and there are a lot of\nkanji containing shell radical name, like 貯 買 賞, which relate to ‘trade and\nmoney’. This is because in ancient times people used shells as coins.\n\nAnd Japanese people sometimes use radical names when they want to explain how\nto write kanji. Like this,\n\n> “Ah, do you know how to write つたない?”\n>\n> “Write てへん (hand radical name) and 出{で}る next to it.”\n\nI hope this will help you. :)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-12T10:05:27.410",
"id": "55114",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-25T06:50:39.553",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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{
"body": "Strictly speaking, no you don't have to learn the radical names.\n\nIt's far more important to learn the meanings of the radicals, rather than the\nnames of them. Perhaps that's what you meant, I'm not sure. It's certainly\nuseful to also know the names, in cases where you are specifically asking\nabout the composition of a kanji. But learning the meanings is by far more\nimportant.\n\nIf possible, you should also learn the associated pronunciations of elements\nwithin kanji. There are many elements which have set pronunciations and lend\nthat pronunciation to the overall reading of the character. For example, the\ncharacter 寺 has the on-yomi ジ. When this element appears as part of other\nkanji characters, the on-yomi of the whole character is often ジ. 時、持、侍 etc are\nread as ジ. This isn't a 'rule' because other characters do not behave that\nway. But there are many examples where knowing an element's reading can\nprovide a general guideline as to how to read a character in which it appears.\n\nTherefore, my advice is to focus on learning the meanings and readings of\nradicals and elements as a priority. You can learn the names later.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-12T12:30:22.377",
"id": "55118",
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"score": 3
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] |
55113
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55118
|
55114
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "> 心外だな,レイ\n\nI searched in two sites and one said surprising the other unthinkable and\nvexing. How do i know what's right?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-12T10:17:49.777",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55115",
"last_activity_date": "2021-02-06T20:58:24.813",
"last_edit_date": "2021-02-06T20:58:24.813",
"last_editor_user_id": "37097",
"owner_user_id": "26924",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Anyone knows what is the meaning of shingai da na?",
"view_count": 345
}
|
[
{
"body": "心外 is one word that means **both** surprising/unexpected **and**\nvexing/annoying/unpleasant at the same time. See how monolingual dictionaries\ndefine this:\n\n> * 思いもよらないこと。思いがけないこと。思いがけない仕打ちや予想に反した悪い結果などに対して、腹立たしく感じたり残念に思ったりすること。\n> [デジタル大辞泉]\n> * 思いもよらないこと、また、予期に反することが起こって、裏切られたような気持ちになること。 [明鏡国語辞典 第二版]\n>\n\n「心外だな、レイ」 on its own means レイ said something unexpected and it made the\nspeaker upset.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-12T11:31:25.473",
"id": "55117",
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"parent_id": "55115",
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"score": 3
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55115
| null |
55117
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "In this song (<https://www5.atwiki.jp/hmiku/pages/31606.html>) that I was\ntranslating, there's a part where there seems to be an implied verb, but I\ncan't figure out what it's supposed to be.\n\n> 銃口に花束を詰め込んで さよならを\n>\n> 二秒前 \n> 「ほら、早く撃ちなよ。」\n\nThe gun's muzzle was crammed with a bouquet of flowers. My goodbye, before two\nseconds, \"C'mon, shoot quickly.\"\n\nさよならを 二秒前 seems to need a verb, but I don't know what's being implied. \"Was\nprevented\" or something of the sort would go with the flowers in the muzzle,\nbut not with the next line, I wouldn't think.\n\nAnyone have any suggestions for what the verb might be?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-12T21:57:33.050",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55123",
"last_activity_date": "2021-11-27T01:06:20.577",
"last_edit_date": "2017-12-13T00:11:56.243",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19870",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"verbs",
"ellipsis"
],
"title": "Unknown implied verb with さよならを",
"view_count": 359
}
|
[
{
"body": "The verb is implied, as you mentioned. It's most likely 言う, but leaving it out\ncan offer advantages too. You said it was a song - maybe it was to create a\ncertain syllabic rhythm. Or it could be done to give the phrase more impact.\nOr it's simply not needed because the meaning is clear. Think of the phrase\n良い週末を！ It's like that - the verb can be omitted because it's clear what the\noverall meaning of the phrase is intended to be.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-13T14:06:10.863",
"id": "55146",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-13T14:06:10.863",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "「さよならを **する** 」 would be the most versatile verb phrase choice (even though it\nobviously does not seem to be known to too many Japanese-learners).\n\nUnlike when using verb with a more \"concrete\" meaning like 「言{い}う」 or\n「告{つ}げる」, 「さよならをする」 can be used even when one does **_not_** actually utter\nthe phrase 「さよなら」 either out loud or silently.\n\nThus, using 「する」 would make it that much more poetic.\n\nHere is the oldie hit 「さよならをするために」:\n\n<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1wTrqOti1zw>",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2018-04-13T02:40:23.463",
"id": "57899",
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55123
| null |
55146
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "55129",
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"body": "はずかぴーという言葉聞いたんですけど 意味はあまりわかりません はずかぴーと恥ずかしいは何の違いがありますか？",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-13T02:35:33.740",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55126",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "15965",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"i-adjectives"
],
"title": "はずかぴー という意味は？教えてください",
"view_count": 467
}
|
[
{
"body": "Just sounds like a playful version of はずかしい.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-13T02:58:45.833",
"id": "55128",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-13T02:58:45.833",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"body": "It's the same as 恥ずかしい but said weirdly in the hope of sounding cute or funny,\nin the same vein as [this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/15106/5010).\n\nThis method (adding ぴ everywhere replacing い and other letters) was\nintensively used by [Noriko Sakai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noriko_Sakai)\nalmost 30 years ago (known as [のりピー語](http://norip.55street.net/z.html)), and\nsomehow it's still used by some people. If used properly by a real young\nperson, it may sound funny, but usually this is considered cheesy \"oyaji gag\"\nnow. If you're still learning Japanese, perhaps you can make Japanese people\nlaugh with this word, but please don't overuse it :)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-12-13T03:06:47.520",
"id": "55129",
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55126
|
55129
|
55129
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{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "If someone is speaking about a subject that you're not comfortable with can\nyou say \"dewa\" to change topic?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-13T02:53:43.990",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55127",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "26934",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "\"Dewa\" for changing the subject",
"view_count": 1486
}
|
[
{
"body": "No. では (or それでは) is like \"Okay then, ...\" which is primarily used to\n_continue_ the current topic based on what was said. では is also used to return\nto the main issue after digressing, like \"Okay now, (let's start ...)\".\n\nIf you want to switch to a totally new topic, you should use ところで (≒\"by the\nway\"), それより (≒\"before that\"), etc.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-13T04:26:01.087",
"id": "55132",
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"parent_id": "55127",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
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55127
| null |
55132
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "55133",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I wasn't able to find any matches through dictionaries for 足のつかない or 足がつかない.\n\nHere is the sentence:\n\n> 消えても足のつかない人間をさらっては上の集団に引き渡すらしい\n\nThe context is thugs kidnapping people for money.\n\nI don't understand 足のつかない. My impression is that it means 'not having one's\nfeet on the ground'. But I think there's probably a more metaphorical meaning\nfor it in this sentence.\n\nThank you",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-13T03:21:01.877",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55130",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-12-13T04:00:19.323",
"last_editor_user_id": "542",
"owner_user_id": null,
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"idioms"
],
"title": "Meaning of 足のつかない?",
"view_count": 415
}
|
[
{
"body": "The idiomatic expression refers to not having any leads. See the explanation\nfor 足がつく [here](http://www.ymknu200719.com/kotowaza/koto-a-0045.html).\n\nSo the phrase in your example is actually referring to a person who has\ndisappeared without a trace.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-13T03:38:25.847",
"id": "55131",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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{
"body": "In this sentence, 足のつかない人間 means \"people who you would not pay attention to if\nthey disappeared.\" So they're probably criminals, the homeless or someone\nliving out of the society. Though it depends on context, I think 80 percent of\nthe expression “足のつかない人間” have this connotation.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-13T04:54:15.733",
"id": "55133",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-13T05:19:27.787",
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{
"body": "The usual interpretation of this idiom is such:\n\n> [**足【あし】が付【つ】く**](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/3640/meaning/m0u/)\n>\n> **１** 犯人の身元や逃亡者の行方がわかる。犯罪事実が明らかになる。「残された指紋から―・く」 \n> _(the culprit's identity or the fugitive's whereabouts becomes known; the\n> fact of crime becomes clear)_\n\nMeanwhile, the context seems to be from [an episode of\nデュラララ!!](http://dhurarara-ioio.blog.so-net.ne.jp/dhurarara-06)\n\n> 甘楽「私が聞いた噂じゃ、消えてるのは地方から家出して来た子たちや、不法滞在の外国人。 \n> 甘楽 て、つまり、消えても後[sic]が残らない人たちですけどね～。 \n> 甘楽 そういう人たちが、池袋から渋谷の間で大勢消えてるみたいですよ。 \n> 甘楽 しかも一度消えたら２度と見つからない。 \n> ︙ \n> 岸谷新羅「実行部隊はどこかの悪徳企業の下請け。まあ、下っ端の下っ端だね。 \n> 岸谷新羅 **消えても足のつかない人間をさらっては、上の集団に引き渡すらしい。**\n\nThen we have two ways of interpretation on this phrase, though neither makes\nmuch difference in understanding of this plot.\n\n> 消えても足のつかない人間\n>\n> * people who are not traceable when they are missing\n> * people who don't lead to exposure of their (the company's) crime on\n> their disappearance\n>\n\nOn why the second reading is valid, see [this\npost](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/14550/7810).",
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55130
|
55133
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55131
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "55139",
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"body": "I answered a question a while back where I translated the following:\n\n> ＪＲ東日本は、新幹線で無線のＬＡＮのサービスを始めて、無料でインターネットが利用できるようにすることにしました\n>\n> JR East-Japan is beginning wireless LAN service on the shinkansen and\n> decided to make it so that passengers are able to use the internet for free.\n> (This could obviously be worded better in English).\n\nWhile reviewing, I started wondering if I had made an error in the tense of\n始めて. **In the above sentence, absent of context, is the sequence of actions\nclear?**\n\nIn other words, I am wondering which of the following is a more accurate\nunderstanding (not translation):\n\n 1. JR Higashi Nihon began offering wireless service and then decided to make it free.\n 2. JR Higashi Nihon began offering wireless service and it was free from the beginning.\n 3. JR Higashi Nihon started installing the necessary equipment for wireless service and then decided to make it free. (This is how I interpret my translation which is why I am so hesitant.)\n\nOriginal if useful: [What do で and ように express\nhere?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/54580/what-\ndo-%e3%81%a7-and-%e3%82%88%e3%81%86%e3%81%ab-express-here/54581#54581)",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-12-13T05:03:05.647",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"て-form"
],
"title": "Tense of て clauses",
"view_count": 64
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[
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"body": "Without taking any background knowledge into consideration, people usually\nread this like ようにすることにしました is applied to\n「新幹線で無線のＬＡＮのサービスを始めて、無料でインターネットが利用できる」 as a whole (i.e., \"JR East decided to\nstart wireless LAN service and enable ...\").\n\n(In fact, this article is confusing because paid wireless LAN service has been\navailable for Tokaido Shinkansen users for a long time. [The original\nnews](https://response.jp/article/2017/11/07/302197.html) is about JR East's\nother Shinkansen lines which have had no wireless LAN service whatsoever.)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-13T08:31:21.477",
"id": "55139",
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"body": "Having worked in a Japanese office for years, I have noticed this behavior\nthousands of time:\n\n 1. An important customer rings the reception's bell.\n 2. An employee 10 to 30 meters away (who has an appointment with the customer, or who must lead them to the meeting room) need to go greet them.\n 3. Instead of walking normally (or running if it were really urgent), the employee walks with very small and fast-paced steps, making a characteristic sound akin to dragging their feet on the floor. All in all, the employee does not move faster than when I see them walking normally.\n\nIt happens with both males and females, maybe more with the latter.\nOccasionally it even happens when an employee is talking on the phone with a\ncustomer. I believe this is for politeness, but feel free to correct me (post\na comment or edit this question) if I am mistaken on that. I don't think I\nhave ever seen this behavior outside of professional settings.\n\nJust like there is a word for お辞儀, is there a word to describe this behavior? \nIf there is no word, what expression is usually used to describe it?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-13T05:55:47.377",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"politeness",
"word-requests"
],
"title": "Dragging one's feet for politeness",
"view_count": 1424
}
|
[
{
"body": "This movement is called [すり足](http://jisho.org/word/%E6%91%BA%E8%B6%B3), and\nit's primarily for suppressing the sound of footsteps. If you're at a\ntraditional ryokan, you can see professional\n[女将](http://jisho.org/search/%E5%A5%B3%E5%B0%86) doing this on a tatami floor.\nI think people who learnt Japanese tea ceremony (茶道) know how to do this, too.\n\nThat said, floors on modern offices are not that noisy, and I don't believe\nthis is part of everyday business etiquette. No one around me do this in this\nsituation. There may be a few people who learnt traditional manner on Japanese\ntatami rooms and do すり足 unconsciously believing it's a kind of \"beautiful\nhumble movement\".",
"comment_count": 1,
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55135
|
55138
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55138
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"body": "Both seem to be translated as \"when\". Are they the same? It seems to me that\n「時」 is mostly used for things that actually happened in the past whereas 「際」\nis used for when something (could) happen in the future.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-12-13T06:02:28.747",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"time"
],
"title": "Difference between 「際」 and 「時」?",
"view_count": 1367
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[
{
"body": "> Both seem to be translated as when. Are they the same?\n\nAccording to synonym dictionaries you can find 折 and 場合 besides 際 as synonyms\nof 時.\n\n特別な出来事のあるとき _when there is a special event_ ： 時｛とき｝・際｛さい｝・場合｛ばあい｝・折｛おり｝\n\nその時点を指す表現 _expression that points to that moment or point in/of time_ ：\n際｛さい｝に、時｛とき｝に、の折｛おり｝、隙｛すき｝に \nI don't want to let 隙に be included in this group.\n\n> It seems to me that 「時」is mostly used for things that actually happened in\n> the past whereas 「際」is used for when something (could) happen in the future.\n\nNo, not exactly. You can say both (A) and (B) as natural Japanese.\n\n * (A) 明日｛あした｝来る **時** これ持って来てね。 _Bring this when you come tomorrow._\n * (B) 昨日｛きのう｝会った **時** 帽子｛ぼうし｝をかぶっていましたね。 _When I saw you yesterday you were wearing a hat, right?_\n\n時 and 際 are not always intechangeable. (C) and (D) are unnatural. \n(E) and (F) are better than (C) and (D), but they are still unnatural.\n\n * (C) 明日｛あした｝来る **際** これ持って来てね。 \n * (D) 昨日｛きのう｝会った **際** 帽子｛ぼうし｝をかぶっていましたね。 \n * (E) 明日｛あした｝来る **際に** これ持って来てね。 \n * (F) 昨日｛きのう｝会った **際に** 帽子｛ぼうし｝をかぶっていましたね。\n\nI think that 際 is used as a relatively formal or polite expression. \nIn (G) and (I), we put a pause after \"、\".\n\n * (G) 着席される **際** 、足元にお気をつけください。\n * (H) 着席される **際に** 足元にお気をつけください。\n * (I) 着席される **際には** 、足元にお気をつけください。",
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"body": "Adding to the Mackygoo’s answer, I prefer to use “際” in emergency.\n\n> 非常の際には、このボタンを押して下さい。\n\nIn emergency, push the button.\n\nSince 際 literally means “the edge”, “the boundary”, “inter-“, it fits in the\nimpending moment.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-12-13T12:56:13.113",
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"body": "By \"qualifiers,\" I mean something like this:\n\n> **昨日見た** 映画\n>\n> The movie **that I saw yesterday**\n\nI understand that you cannot use たい-form to talk about what other people want.\nSo, can we use たい-form in qualifiers? For example, can we say something like\n\"The dog that wants to eat\"?\n\n> 食べたい犬\n\nOr would that just end up translating as \"The dog that I want to eat\"?\n\nAlternatively, could we use たがる to say that we think the dog wants to eat?\n\n> 食べたがっている犬",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-13T08:45:34.900",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55140",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-13T09:06:27.800",
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"owner_user_id": "12495",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"syntax"
],
"title": "Using たい-form in qualifiers",
"view_count": 160
}
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[
{
"body": "This grammatical structure is usually called a [relative\nclause](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/14550/5010).\n\nBoth ～たい and ～たがる can modify a noun that follows, and they can optionally have\na subject marked with が [or\nの](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12825/5010). For example you can say:\n\n> * 私が食べたい料理 the dish I want to eat\n> * 肉を食べたがっている犬 a dog who wants to eat meat\n> * その犬が食べたがっている肉 the meat the dog wants to eat\n> * 彼が見たい映画 the move he wants to watch\n>\n\nAs you may know, there is an important difference between ～たい and ～たがる, which\nis described in detail\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/23861/5010).\n\n食べたい犬 without any context is an ambiguous and confusing expression, but can be\neasily taken as \"the dog which I want to eat,\" because たい _usually_ describes\nthe speaker's own desire.",
"comment_count": 0,
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55140
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55141
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55141
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"body": "You might say \"a cheezy movie\" meaning it's over-sentimental. I thought くさい映画\nmight work, but maybe that applies more to bad acting. How about くさいセリフの映画？ A\nword like 感傷的 seems a bit too formal to use for cheezy. Jisho suggests ド派手 but\nI feel like that doesn't capture the sometimes positive meaning that cheezy\ncould have.\n\nAny suggestions?",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-13T13:15:32.860",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"words"
],
"title": "What's the best way to translate \"cheezy\" into Japanese?",
"view_count": 705
}
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[
{
"body": "# English\n\nI think [here](http://www.eigowithluke.com/2013/06/cheesy/) is what you want,\nthough spelling is a bit different.\n\nI quote all what is written by a native speaker of English. The part in bold\nis what I gave and is not in the original text.\n\nThis is my attempt in English for convenience to the questioner, but since the\nactual text is written in Japanese, please read 日本語 _Japanese_ when in doubt.\n\n**quote** \nThis time, I would like to introduce the slang \"cheesy\". \nAt first glance \"cheesy\" seems to be related to cheese, but in fact it is not\nso, it means \"cheap-looking\" or \"poor quality\". Especially \"what seems\ndesperate\" and \"what doesn't look like genuine\" is expressed as \"cheesy\". We\noften hear \"cheesy\" in everyday conversation, but it is somewhat difficult to\nexplain because there are no similar words in Japanese. And native speakers\noften use this slang when they want to explain such movies and music. For\nexample, I don't mean to be rude, but Celine Dion is often said to be\n\"cheesy.\"\n\nI think that the movie Twilight is really cheesy. \nトワイライトという映画はすごく **クサい** と思う。\n\nMy friend always wears a bow tie and a suit. It’s really cheesy. \n友達はいつだってスーツと蝶ネクタイ姿なんだよ。本当に **趣味が悪い** だろ。\n\n**But cheesy does not necessarily have a bad meaning.**\n\nI really like cheesy, old movies. You know, like Home Alone and Ghostbusters\n2. \n僕は **わざとらしくて** 古い映画がかなり好きなのだ。例えばそれは、ホームアローンとゴーストバスターズ 2なんかだ。 \n**unquote**\n\n* * *\n\n# English\n\n# EDIT\n\nThe questioner wrote that cheezy/cheesy also has a positive meaning, but since\n\"わざとらしい\" introduced in my original answer is not considered to be so positive\nas Japanese, I searched on the Internet for another translation and got a\nresult. I'll show the result as follows.\n\nThe second highest rated definition of cheezy/cheesy in [urban\ndictionary](https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=cheesy) has the\nfollowing expression.\n\n> Sentimental and/or dramatic, yet superficial and unconvincing.\n\nExamining the first half of the above definition, I think that cheezy/cheesy\nis something a little closer to \"演じる _play a part_ \" explained\n[here](http://seiyu2naru.com/kihon/uso.html), not \"演じる\" generally defined.\n\nSince it is written in Japanese, I quote the full text and translate it into\nEnglish and show it as follows.\n\n> \"What does it mean to play a part?\"\n>\n> What is acting? \n> I think that the answer is different depending on the person. There is a\n> story that I was taught on this theme when I was a student of an actor\n> training center, so I will talk about it.\n>\n> \"What does it mean to play the part or play the role?\" \n> **To play the part is to tell a lie with your full strength.**\n>\n> I was taught like this. Even if you have become an animated character\n> thoroughly you are not the character himself/herself. Whatever role you get\n> in the drama, you are not the person of the role but you are only playing\n> the role. No matter how hard you may play, this is reality. Then what shall\n> we do? There is nothing but to tell a lie. Of course, there are easy lies\n> and so forth, but it comes out soon. So you have to tell lies with your full\n> strength.\n>\n> \"Con artists are good actors\"\n>\n> Imagine a con artist. He will become a salesman, and the like, and cheat\n> easy mark/victim. Why does the victim get caught? That's because the con\n> artist can play the role of a salesman perfectly. \n> Let's practice to seriously lie from the bottom of your heart. However, it\n> is allowed only on the play, please do not do it in everyday life.\n\nWith the same meaning as \"演じる\", there is also a way of saying \"演技する\". Though\nboth words have almost the same meaning as \"to play\" or \"to act\", the\nimpression of \"演技する\" differs greatly by the watcher. Even if you watch the\nplay or act of the same player/actor, one person would badly evaluate the\nperformer by saying \"He/She is performing or acting deliberately, so I feel\ndisgusted\" while the other person would appreciate the same play/act of the\nperformer highly by saying \"He/She is acting very well\".\n\n# 日本語\n\n[次のところに](http://www.eigowithluke.com/2013/06/cheesy/) cheezy\nとつづりが違いますが、スラングである cheesy\nについてのネイティブによる解説がありますのでそのまま引用して紹介します。但し、太字は私が付けたもので、原文にはありません。\n\n【以下引用開始】 \n今回は、「cheesy」というスラングを紹介したいと思います。 \n一見「cheesy」はチーズに関係がありそうですが、実際はそうではなく、「安っぽい」や「質が良くない」などという意味になります。特に「必死になっているように見えるもの」や「本物っぽくないもの」は「cheesy」と表現されます。「cheesy」は日常会話でよく耳にしますが、日本語で似ている単語がないので説明するのは少々難しいです。そしてネイティブは、よくそのような映画や音楽などを説明したい時にこのスラングを使います。例えば、失礼な話ですがCeline\nDionはよく「cheesy」と言われています。日本の歌手だと、、、それは皆さんの価値観次第ですね。\n\nI think that the movie Twilight is really cheesy. \nトワイライトという映画はすごく **クサい** と思う。\n\nMy friend always wears a bow tie and a suit. It’s really cheesy. \n友達はいつだってスーツと蝶ネクタイ姿なんだよ。本当に **趣味が悪い** だろ。\n\n**しかしcheesyは、必ずしも悪い意味になるわけではありません。**\n\nI really like cheesy, old movies. You know, like Home Alone and Ghostbusters\n2. \n僕は **わざとらしくて** 古い映画がかなり好きなのだ。例えばそれは、ホームアローンとゴーストバスターズ 2なんかだ。 \n【引用終わり】\n\n* * *\n\n# 日本語\n\n# EDIT\n\n質問者が cheezy/cheesy\nは悪い意味だけではないと書いておりますが、私の最初の回答で紹介した「わざとらしい」は、日本語としてそれほど悪い意味が拭（ぬぐ）われているとは思われませんので、別の訳を探しました。その結果は以下の通りです。\n\nurban dictionary\nの２番目の定義に[次](https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=cheesy)のような表現があります。\n\n> Sentimental and/or dramatic, yet superficial and unconvincing.\n\n上記の定義の前半を見ておりますと、cheezy/cheesyは、一般に定義された「演じる」ではなく、[ここ](http://seiyu2naru.com/kihon/uso.html)に説明のある「演じる」と少し近い意味ではないかと思います。\n\nさわりの部分を引用しますと、\n\n> 「演じるとは、全力で嘘をつくこと」とあります。\n\n同様の意味では「演技する」とも言うように思います。特に「演技する」は、見る人によって感想がわかれるもので、「わざとらしく演技しているのでいやだ。鼻につく。」と悪い評価をする人と、「上手に役を演じている/演技している」と高い評価をする人とがいるように思います。",
"comment_count": 6,
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"creation_date": "2017-12-13T14:41:35.127",
"id": "55148",
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"body": "Using them as descriptors, can they be interchanged?\n\nE.g. 親切な人 vs 親切の人\n\nIs の only acceptable if referring to a specific new person from a certain\nplace that has been established earlier in the conversation?",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2017-12-13T17:32:01.320",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55152",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"usage",
"nuances",
"particle-の",
"adjectives",
"particle-な"
],
"title": "Using な and の interchangeably?",
"view_count": 653
}
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[
{
"body": "Both 新しいな車 and 新しいの車 are ungrammatical. 新しい is an い-adjective, and there is no\ninterceding particle when い adjectives precede a noun.\n\nな adjectives (e.g., 静か、変) require な when they precede a noun. 静かな部屋, **not**\n静か部屋.\n\n焔 is not an adjective; it's a noun. The particle の is used between nouns, even\nwhen a noun is being used in a descriptive sense. There's some overlap between\nな adjectives and nouns in Japanese, but in this case, 焔な扉 would definitely be\nincorrect. You can get a hint of how this sounds wrong by looking at how you\ntranslated the phrase: \"door of flames\". \"Flames\" is clearly a noun in this\ntranslation, as it is in the original. \"Flames door\" sounds odd to me in a\nsimilar way to 焔な扉.\n\nYou can definitely find song titles with な adjectives in them; I just searched\nmy local karaoke box for songs with きれいな in the title and got plenty of\nresults, such as Pizzicato Five's 君みたいにきれいな女の子.\n\n[Here's a lot more on Japanese adjectives from Tae Kim's\nguide.](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/adjectives)",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-12-13T18:01:29.770",
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"body": "I think you need to review the basics of Japanese adjectives. 新しい is an\n**i-adjective** , which means it requires neither な nor の. You always have to\nsay 新しい車. Saying 新しいの車 or 新しいな車 is just plain wrong.\n\nFor **na-adjectives** , you always have to use な to directly modify a noun\nattributively. Using の instead is just plain wrong. As an exception, a few\nadjectives can take both な and の almost interchangeably, for example\n[あいにく](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/46690/5010), but the number of\nsuch adjectives is smaller than you might think.\n\n焔な扉 is just plain wrong because 焔 is not an adjective but a noun. の is a\nparticle that links two nouns similarly to English \"of\" as in \"door of flame\".\nSome nouns are [often referred to as no-\nadjectives](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/2770/5010) because they are\ntypically translated into English using adjectives. Anyway, you need memorize\nthe word class of each word, and use な or の properly.",
"comment_count": 6,
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"creation_date": "2017-12-13T18:04:57.467",
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"body": "I came across the following passage in a mystery manga. The main character is\nexplaining that the as of yet unknown criminal intentionally made the listener\nthink that Kimisawa was the criminal (though she is not).\n\n> おそらく奴は **お前が君沢さんを犯人だと思い込む** のを計算に入れて、その「香水」の匂いをかがせたんだ！ \n> It's likely that that guy (奴) incorporated it into his plans that you'd be\n> under the impression that the criminal was Kimisawa. He made you smell that\n> perfume on purpose!\n\nUnless I am mistaken, it seems to me that the subject/complement of だ is\ndenoted with を which I thought was unacceptable. Could someone please explain\nwhen and if this is allowable?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-13T21:36:01.103",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "3296",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"usage",
"particle-を"
],
"title": "Can を used with だ/です? 君沢さんを犯人だと思い込む",
"view_count": 664
}
|
[
{
"body": "I don't know if it's allowable per say, but it's clear that お前が君沢さんを犯人だ is\nmeant to be a thought in it's own right, which is what (that guy) took into\nconsideration.\n\nI would guess what it's supposed to mean is\n\n> that (that guy) assumed you would assume Kimazawa is the criminal, and so he\n> had you? smell that perfume.\n\nAs for correctness, I was able to find another example on Linguee that uses\nを犯人だ\n\n>\n> ワシントン弁護士は周到にもハシモトが一切現場に行ってないという警察側の証人まで用意して、もし証拠もなく私を犯人だ、と証言したらすぐ彼らを名誉毀損で訴える準備をしていた。\n\nAnd it kind of makes sense. The subject is attributing object being some noun.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-12-13T23:31:24.317",
"id": "55160",
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{
"body": "`AをBだ` in isolation makes little sense (although there are minor\n[exceptions](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/36207/5010)). This `～を～だと`\nis a common pattern which appears along with various verbs for assuming,\nregarding, etc.\n\n * AをBだと見なす to regard A as B\n * AをBだと考える to consider A B\n * AをBだと仮定する to assume A is B\n * AをBだとする to suppose A as B\n * AをBだと思う to think of A as B\n * AをBだと勘違いする to mistake A as B\n * AをBだと思い込む to make a wrong assumption that A is B\n * AをBだと定義する to define A as B\n * AをBだと受け取る to take A as B\n * AをBだと解釈する to interpret A as B\n\nSo `Bだと` is like `as B`, and these verbs can take both を and だと at the same\ntime.\n\n**EDIT:** だ before を can be omitted in many cases. 君沢さんを犯人と思い込む (without だ)\nand 君沢さんが犯人 **だ** と思い込む are equally correct. For details, see [Difference\nbetween だと vs と before 認める](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/55990/5010)\nand [grammatical and semantic difference of \"嘘と思う\" and\n\"嘘だと思う\"](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/56540/5010)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-14T04:55:58.010",
"id": "55169",
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55158
|
55169
|
55169
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "55163",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I noticed that in my dictionary 29日 is read either as にじゅうくにち or にじゅうきゅうにち but\n19日 doesn't have じゅうきゅうにち reading, only じゅうくにち. Can 19日 be read as じゅうきゅうにち?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-13T22:13:21.673",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55159",
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"owner_user_id": "26826",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"readings"
],
"title": "Can 19日 be read as じゅうきゅうにち?",
"view_count": 823
}
|
[
{
"body": "Most people (I would like to say \"everyone\" but just in case..) say:\n\n> 「じゅう **く** にち」 and 「にじゅう **く** にち」\n\nThose are how the NHK announcers pronounce 「19日」 and 「29日」, respectively, as\nwell.\n\nI am honestly perplexed to hear that your dictionry gives 「 にじゅう **きゅう** にち 」\nas an option.\n\nBoth 「じゅう **きゅう** にち」 and 「 にじゅう **きゅう** にち 」 sound quite substandard to me.\n\nWhen you really want to confirm an important date, however, you might first\nuse the standard pronunciation and then confirm it by repeating the date using\nthe 「きゅう」 version. That would be quite common but if you used the 「きゅう」\nversion out of the blue as if it were the standard form, quite a few people\nwould find it a little weird.\n\nNOTE: I was only thinking of **the 19th and 29th days of a month** in\nanswering your question. If you were thinking of \" ** _(for) 19 or 29 days_**\n\", then both readings would be correct and natural.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-14T00:12:57.670",
"id": "55163",
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{
"body": "NHK has [an official\nposting](http://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20170301_4.html) on how\nthey mean to read this. Apparently when the numbers are read alone they use\n\"kyuu\", but when appended to a term (in a date, for example) then they use the\nreading \"ku\" for ease of enunciation.\n\nThey thus use 二{にじゅう}九{きゅう} for standalone numbers but\n平{へい}成{せい}二{にじゅう}九{く}年{ねん} reading this year or 十{じゅう}九{く}日{にち} for the 19th\nday of the month.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-14T03:33:20.610",
"id": "55168",
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"score": 2
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] |
55159
|
55163
|
55163
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "55162",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Context: people are being chosen for a task, and the speaker is awaiting the\nchosen two.\n\nIf this sentence was just:\n\n> 一人目はやはり、君になった。\n\nthis would just be \"I expected you would be (you would become) the first\nperson.\".\n\nIt would also be fine if it was just\n\n> 一人目は、君になったか。\n\nor something similar, then it would mean \"Were you chosen (did you become) the\nfirst person.\" a kinda rhetorical question.\n\nBut I'm not sure what combining やはり and か could imply? The only idea I might\nhave for this is:\n\n> Did they pick you, as the first person, after all?\n\nSo he was assuming it might be her, but he is still asking rhetorically if it\nis her. Also given that she then answers HOW she was chosen it might imply he\nis incredulous? or wants to know more?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-13T23:40:02.423",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55161",
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"owner_user_id": "26839",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Meaning of 一人目はやはり、君になったか。, やはり and か shenanigans",
"view_count": 504
}
|
[
{
"body": "I think it's a little simpler than that. Think of it as a statement made\nquestion by adding something like \"huh?\" at the end, in the sense that all is\nconveyed in the statement form that you described:\n\n> 一人目はやはり、君になった。 \n> So the first ended up being you after all.\n\nTherefore, now with か to make it like a question:\n\n> 一人目はやはり、君になったか。 \n> So the first ended up being you after all, huh?\n\n**EDIT:** Thought I should clarify thanks to l'électeur's comment, since I had\nthe right mindset but didn't finish explaining.\n\nThe end result is not a question, but rather a statement of observation. In\nthe same vein that you're not asking in English about the fact that someone\nwas picked first, but instead are observing that this is the case. In the end,\nthe \"question\" statement actually has the same meaning as my first example, in\nthe tone of observation, instead of stating a fact:\n\n> 一人目はやはり、君になったか。 \n> So the first ended up being you after all.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-13T23:51:21.690",
"id": "55162",
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{
"body": "# English\n\n（１）一人目は、君になった。 \n（２）一人目は、 **やはり** 君になった。 \n（３）一人目は、君になった **か** 。\n\n(2) or (3) adds some meaning or nuance to (1).\n\n(2) implies that there was an estimate or forecast of (1) beforehand and\nobjectively states the fact that the result was as forcasted.\n\nThough it was unknown whether there was the prediction of (1) or not in\nadvance, (3) implies how the speaker got the result of (1) with his own deep\nemotion. \nThe emotion could be both: a relief because the result with (1) was what\nhe/she had wanted, and a deplor with sigh because the result was what he/she\nhadn't wanted.\n\n* * *\n\n# EDIT\n\nIn [jisho.org](https://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%8B) I couldn't find the\ndefinition of か in this meaning, but in\n[goo辞書{じしょ}](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/34861/meaning/m0u/) there is a\ndefinition corresponding to my understading as follows.\n\n> **か** \n> ［終助］文末にある種々の語に付く。\n>\n> ６ 驚｛おどろ｝きや感動｛かんどう｝の気持｛きも｝ちを表｛あらわ｝す。 _It expresses surprise or emotional\n> feelings._ (note: The definition in English is my attempt.)\n> 古語｛こご｝では、多く「も…か」の形をとる。「だれかと思ったら、君だったのか」「なかなかやるじゃないか」\n\n# 日本語\n\n（１）一人目は、君になった。 \n（２）一人目は、 **やはり** 君になった。 \n（３）一人目は、君になった **か** 。\n\n（２）および（３）は、（１）の文に対｛たい｝して、何｛なん｝らかの意味｛いみ｝あるいはニュアンスが加｛くわ｝わります。\n\n(２)は、事前{じぜん}に（１）の予想｛よそう｝/予測｛よそく｝があり、結果｛けっか｝が予想どおりであった **事実｛じじつ｝** を\n**客観的｛きゃっかんてき｝** に述｛の｝べています。\n(３)は、事前の予想が（１）であるかどうかは不明｛ふめい｝ですが、結果が（１）になったことを、話者｛わしゃ｝が **自分｛じぶん｝の感想｛かんそう｝**\nとして **感慨｛かんがい｝深｛ぶか｝く**\n述｛の｝べています。感慨の中には、「君になって良かった」という場合｛ばあい｝も、「君になって困｛こま｝ったな/がっかりだ/いやだな」といういずれの場合もあります。後者｛こうしゃ｝の場合には「感慨深く」ではなく、「\n**嘆息｛たんそく｝して** 」とでも表現｛ひょうげん｝する方が適｛てき｝しています。\n\n# EDIT\n\njisho.orgには「（３）一人目は、君になった **か**\n。」の「か」の意味は掲載｛けいさい｝されていませんが、[goo辞書](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/34861/meaning/m0u/)の次の定義｛ていぎ｝が該当｛がいとう｝するように思います。\n\n> **か** \n> ［終助］文末にある種々の語に付く。\n>\n> ６\n> 驚｛おどろ｝きや感動｛かんどう｝の気持｛きも｝ちを表｛あらわ｝す。古語｛こご｝では、多く「も…か」の形をとる。「だれかと思ったら、君だったのか」「なかなかやるじゃないか」",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-14T06:10:23.527",
"id": "55170",
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] |
55161
|
55162
|
55162
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "55166",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "So in this game there is a line about how some object is called a dragon egg\nand inside it seems there are these magic items that god placed inside. The\npart of the sentence that I do not get is お使いになられた. お使い is a messenger and\nなられた is the passive form of なる. It sounds like the magic items became the\nmessenger. Maybe I am misunderstanding the use of the passive verb here. Could\nsomeone clarify that section this to me?\n\n> あれは竜の卵と呼ばれるもので中に神さまが **お使いになられた** 魔法の品が入っておるそうな。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-14T01:02:37.153",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55165",
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"owner_user_id": "26867",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "What does お使いになられた mean",
"view_count": 407
}
|
[
{
"body": "Seems you are overanalyzing the phrase.\n\n「お使いになられた」 here is simply the **_honorific_** form of the past-tense verb\n「使った」(\"used\") -- nothing more, nothing less. It is 100% in the **_active_**\nvoice. The honorific form is used because the subject of the verb is God.\n\n「お使い」 does not mean a \"messenger\" here, either. It is the **_honorific noun\nform_** of the verb 「使う」. \"The act of using (something)\", that is.\n\nYou will need to learn the common honorific verb form:\n\n> 「お/ご + Noun + になる」\n\nSee here for more examples:\n\n[Verbs which are more frequently used to built the honorific passive\nforms](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/11533/verbs-which-are-\nmore-frequently-used-to-built-the-honorific-passive-forms/11539#11539)\n\n> \"That is called the Drangon's Egg and it is said to contain within it the\n> magical items that God used.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-14T01:13:47.500",
"id": "55166",
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55165
|
55166
|
55166
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "What is the difference between these imperative forms:\n\nnas- **ai**\n\nnas- **are**\n\nnas- **aimase**\n\nnas- **aimashi**\n\n(As far as I understand these verb forms apply only to the honorific –aru\nverbs _irassharu, ossharu, kudasaru, gozaru_ and _nasaru_ , or am I mistaken?)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-14T13:59:09.283",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55174",
"last_activity_date": "2022-05-29T09:27:28.333",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "26877",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"usage",
"verbs",
"imperatives"
],
"title": "What is the difference between the imperative forms of the -aru verbs?",
"view_count": 462
}
|
[
{
"body": "You could hear nasai and rarely nasaimase in formal situations but won't\nnasare and nasaimasi. The latter two are archaic.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-15T09:36:07.903",
"id": "55197",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-15T09:36:07.903",
"last_edit_date": null,
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},
{
"body": "nasai and nasaimase are イ音便 forms for nasare and nasarimase. nasaimashi is an\nuncommon alternative for nasaimase. nasai and nasaimase are different in that\nmase is more formal (for a customer perhaps) and might give a kind of refined\nair to it in some cases.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2022-05-28T15:30:17.200",
"id": "94728",
"last_activity_date": "2022-05-29T09:27:28.333",
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55174
| null |
94728
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "55190",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I asked my teacher why is \"が”はじまる instead of ”は”はじまる. She said \"が” is always\nput before はじまる. But she said there are circumstances that ”は” is put before\nはじまる too. She said there are rules meanwhile couldn't clarify. Anyone can\nexplain this? Many thanks!",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-14T17:33:43.410",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55175",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-15T03:54:46.987",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "26962",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"particle-は",
"particle-が"
],
"title": "Difference between ”が”はじまる and ”は”はじまる",
"view_count": 220
}
|
[
{
"body": "が is used to report news or information recently discovered (\"neutral\ndescription ga\"). So ～が始まる is used when you want to tell a certain event will\nstart now.\n\nは is used to describe a general fact. ～は始まる is used to describe a fact that's\nrelated to the beginning of something. The described \"fact\" has nothing to do\nwith what's happening in front of you.\n\n> * セサミストリート **が** 始まります。 Sesami Street starts (now).\n> * セサミストリート **は** 日曜日の朝9時に始まります。 Sesami Street starts at 9:00 Sunday\n> morning.\n> * × セサミストリートは始まります。 (Makes no sense; sounds like \"× Sesami Street is a\n> thing that starts.\")\n>\n\nSee: [Can someone explain me the use of は and が in this\nsentence?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/43213/5010)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-12-15T03:54:46.987",
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55175
|
55190
|
55190
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I have this sentence:\n\n> これはアヤメに話を聞く重大なルールだ。\n\nI understand this as:\n\n> this is a serious rule to follow to chat with Ayame. (Correct me if it's\n> inaccurate)\n\n話を聞く look to me like they're connected but i can't find anything about it\nanywhere.\n\nContext: A person speakers to an interviewer about their boss. Olivia, Ayame\nis the boss of the person who says all this to an interviewer who wants to\ninterview her.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-14T17:42:37.173",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55176",
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"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "26963",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "話を聞く connected?",
"view_count": 138
}
|
[
{
"body": "I think 'chat' is a little inappropriate.\n\nThe Japanese phrase ‘話を聞く’ refers to listening to someone's story (sometimes\nproblem), so it is more important than a chat. What theme is important depends\non one’s subjective thoughts.\n\nFor example,\n\n> 「どうしたの？何か嫌なことでもあった？ **話聞くよ？** 」 the situation: A girl looked sad and her\n> friend tried to console her with listening what happened to her.\n>\n> 「ちょっと **お話** があるのですが」 \n> the situation: Since he wanted to discuss the plan he had been in charge\n> of, an office worker asked for his boss’s time.\n\n* * *\n\n> これはアヤメに話を聞く重大なルールだ。\n\nSince I don’t know the situation I can't explain it perfectly. But my\nexpectation is that when the speaker ask Ayame some information, he or she has\nto follow the rule, like giving her equivalent information.\n\nI thought of アヤメ **に** 話を聞く as asking her something, but I don’t know whether\nit is proper. If you give me the situation, I think I can tell you more\ncorrectly. :)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-15T03:30:42.157",
"id": "55189",
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"last_editor_user_id": "26923",
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"parent_id": "55176",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] |
55176
| null |
55189
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "55178",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I find that the compounds mean \"mountain people\" or \"hermit\". Do these words\nhave some difference in meaning or do they actually mean exactly the same?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-14T18:56:26.540",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55177",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-14T19:17:15.130",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "9878",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"nuances",
"compounds"
],
"title": "Do 山人 and 仙人 have the same meaning of they mean different things?",
"view_count": 134
}
|
[
{
"body": "I don't typically consider these the same words, despite similar origins.\n\n山人 {やまびと} to me specifically refers to people living in the mountains, as\nhermits or in small villages.\n\n仙人 {せんにん} implies hermit, but actually might have a meaning closer to sage,\nenlightened one, or wizard (\"wizard\" might be derived from Taoism).",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-14T19:17:15.130",
"id": "55178",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "21684",
"parent_id": "55177",
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"score": 5
}
] |
55177
|
55178
|
55178
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "55185",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "For context: my language partner wrote me back and she explained to me in\nJapanese the use and grammar behind \"て-form + いる\" in the context of one's\npersonal past.\n\nThe sentence in question (including some pretext):\n\n> 「 大学の勉強の間、移住者の子供にドイツ語を教えるアルバイトをしています」 について考えてみましょう。\n>\n> **アンドレアスさんが言っているのは、「経験・経歴を表すテイル形」のことだと思います。**\n\nMy attempt at translation of the bold part:\n\n> \"Concerning what Andreas said, I think it is 'experience/personal history\n> revealing TAIL-FIGURE'\".\n\nThis \"Tail-figure\" doesn't make much sense, at least to me since I have no\nidea what it is supposed to tell me...^^\n\nI would be happy if someone could elaborate :=)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-14T20:59:38.327",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55179",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-12-15T10:39:46.270",
"last_editor_user_id": "4216",
"owner_user_id": "20172",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What is the meaning of this テイル形",
"view_count": 284
}
|
[
{
"body": "テイル形 simply means “て form of verb plus いる”.\n\n> テ + イル + 形\n>\n> て + いる + form",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-14T21:17:37.390",
"id": "55180",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-15T08:37:19.270",
"last_edit_date": "2017-12-15T08:37:19.270",
"last_editor_user_id": "19278",
"owner_user_id": "25413",
"parent_id": "55179",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
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{
"body": "> 「 大学の勉強の間、移住者{いじゅうしゃ}の子供{こども}にドイツ語{ご}を教{おし}えるアルバイトを **しています** 」\n> について考えてみましょう。\n\n↓\n\n> 「しています」＝「している」 in meaning\n\nVoilà, you have the ている-form of the verb 「する」 there!\n\nAnd it certainly expresses one's \" ** _experience/personal history_** \" of\n移住者の子供にドイツ語を教えるアルバイト (\"working part-time teaching German to immigrant\nchildren\").\n\n\"Tail-figure\" is just out of the question. Users here tend to \"translate\"\nthings too early, namely, before even understanding the words and phrases in\nquestion.\n\nAs a Japanese learner, you must have encountered the terms such as マス形、テ形,\netc. テイル形 is just another one of those terms. Those are discussed all day\nevery day here.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-14T23:28:48.017",
"id": "55185",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-15T01:01:38.557",
"last_edit_date": "2017-12-15T01:01:38.557",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "55179",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
},
{
"body": "You're probably finding テイル形 is getting translated as \"Tail Figure\" because\nit's written in katakana, but it's actually referring to the ている form, i.e.\nthe form of verbs ending in -te iru.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-15T03:57:22.880",
"id": "55191",
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"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "16022",
"parent_id": "55179",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
] |
55179
|
55185
|
55185
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "what does wankyuu mean? the kanji are 椀久 have tried many Japanese dictionaries\nbut have come up empty also are there any resources that are better than jisho\nand the like for looking up Japanese? thanks in advance",
"comment_count": 8,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-14T22:55:07.283",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55184",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-15T03:39:08.403",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "26965",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "what does wankyuu mean? kanji is 椀久",
"view_count": 141
}
|
[
{
"body": "Checking <https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%A4%80%E4%B9%85-665997>, I found the\nfollowing (my attempt at translation of that page).\n\nFull name is 椀屋久右衛門 (wanya kyuuemon). A wealthy merchant from Midomae in\nOsaka. Had a love affair with the prostitute Matsuyama from Shinmachi. Ended\nup under house arrest? (座敷牢) after a life of wild excess. Died insane in the\n5th year of the Enpou era (1677). Features in kabuki plays, shamisen\nrecitations and musical performances.\n\nFeel free to correct me.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-15T02:05:20.003",
"id": "55188",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-15T03:39:08.403",
"last_edit_date": "2017-12-15T03:39:08.403",
"last_editor_user_id": "21868",
"owner_user_id": "21868",
"parent_id": "55184",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] |
55184
| null |
55188
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "彼女 が 誰 なのか わかりますか。is a question which has 2 \"ka\" question markers? or is it 2\nquestions? (Could it be translated as who is she? you know? ) And what does\nthe \"なの\" means here? I think I've heard other phrases with \"なのか\" and I dont\nknow when it has to be used",
"comment_count": 8,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-15T02:01:26.983",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55187",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-15T02:01:26.983",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9878",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"particles",
"sentence-final-particles"
],
"title": "What does \"なのか\" mean in 彼女 が 誰 なのか わかりますか?",
"view_count": 510
}
|
[] |
55187
| null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "55193",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Coming across lines such as (two separate contexts):\n\n> 「ご飯をよそってきて食べなよ」\n\nand\n\n> 「そんなに驚かないで。頭を冷やすために下でお茶でも淹れてくるよ」\n\nI'm having trouble understanding the usage of 来る in both of these sentences.\n\nI was told that the former sentence, 来る functions as an auxiliary (which makes\nsense in the surrounding context, since it isn't indicated that the person\nbeing told needed to move between different locations), but am then a little\nconfused what it specifically functions as (besides perhaps,\"to come to\nserving their rice\", \"to start serving their rice\").\n\nThe second sentence seems much more clear with 来る functioning as a full verb,\n\"to brew tea and return\", \"to go brew tea\", but with how I understand the\nfirst line, I started getting second doubts here and thought that it could\nfunction as an auxiliary also, \"to come to brew tea\", \"to start brewing tea.\"\n\nIs there a general rule of thumb for particular verbs used with てくる, or is it\nsolely reliant on context? Any clarification would be greatly appreciated, as\nwell as correcting any misunderstandings I might have with 来る.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-15T05:39:16.267",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55192",
"last_activity_date": "2021-04-23T19:41:52.043",
"last_edit_date": "2017-12-16T02:43:54.153",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "26484",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"subsidiary-verbs"
],
"title": "Understanding てくる in these sentences",
"view_count": 1724
}
|
[
{
"body": "> 「ご飯{はん}をよそって **きて** 食{た}べなよ。」\n\n> 「そんなに驚{おどろ}かないで。頭{あたま}を冷{ひや}やすために下{した}でお茶{ちゃ}でも淹{い}れて **くる** よ。」\n\nFirst of all, 「くる」 in both sentences is a **subsidiary verb** , which is why\nit is **written in kana** in both. When used as a \"regular\" verb, it will\ncertainly be written using the kanji as 「来{く}る」, 「来{き}て」 etc. because it is a\nsimple kanji that even the 1st-graders can read and write.\n\n> 「Verb in てｰform + くる」 means:\n\n> \"to (verb) and come back (to where one was)\"\n\nIn other words, **the place where one can perform the action described by the\nverb is at least a few steps away from where one is**.\n\nThe sentences in question mean, respectively,:\n\n> \"Why dontcha go scoop some rice (and come back here) and eat it.\"\n\n> \"No panic! I'll go make some tea downstairs (and return) so it'll cool you\n> down.\"\n\nBoth the rice and the tea are at least a few steps away, correct?\n\nIf the rice were located right where one was like right on the table where one\nwas sitting, one would not say the first sentence. Why not? That is because no\n\"returning\" would be needed. One would simply say without a 「きて」:\n\n> 「ご飯をよそって食べなよ。」\n\nSimilarly, if the tea leaves and (hot) water were right where one was, the\nsecond sentence would be:\n\n> 「頭を冷やすためにお茶でも淹れるよ。」\n\nas \"going downstairs (and returning upstairs)\" would be unnecessary. I dropped\nthe 「下で」 and 「くる」.\n\nOff the top of my head, the only verbs that the subsidiary verb 「いく」 or 「くる」\ncould not be attached to would be 「ある」, 「いる」 and 「来る」. There might be more, so\nplease add if someone can think of other verbs.\n\nIt is correct to say 「行ってくる」, which is why we say 「行ってきます。」 when leaving home\nfor work or school.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-15T06:25:53.683",
"id": "55193",
"last_activity_date": "2021-04-23T19:41:52.043",
"last_edit_date": "2021-04-23T19:41:52.043",
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},
{
"body": "> Is there a general rule of thumb for particular verbs used with てくる, or is\n> it solely reliant on context?\n\nBoth.\n\nl'électeurさんの回答は大変分かりやすいですが、そのままで問題ない部分（〇）と、少し違う（Ｘ～△）と思われるところがあります。\n\n〇 (1) First of all, 「くる」 in both sentences is a subsidiary verb, \n〇 (2) which is why it is written in kana in both. \nＸ～△ (3)「Verb in てｰform + くる」 means: \"to (verb) and come back (to where one\nwas)\" \n〇 (4) In other words, the place where one can perform the action described by\nthe verb is at least a few steps away from where one is.\n\n(3)でＸ～△を付けた理由は、補助動詞の「くる」には「今、居るところから離れたところである動作/行為をする」のは確かですが、「ここに戻ってくるかどうか」は必ずしも確かではなく、文脈によって当然戻る場合もあり、また文脈によっては戻ることまで言及していない場合もあります。むしろ、戻ることを意識していないあるいは言及していない場合の方が多いように思います。\n\n「ご飯をよそってきて食べなよ。」の場合は、今、ここで食事中（ご飯を食べている途中）なので「ご飯をよそった」あとは、ここに戻って来て食べるのは当然です。\nまた、「頭を冷やすために下でお茶でも淹れてくるよ。」の場合も、今はここで相手と話をしているので、お茶を淹れたあと、淹れたお茶を持ってここに戻って来るの当然です。\n\nしかし、「行ってきます」の場合は、確かに学校の授業や会社の仕事が終わったら戻って来るでしょうが、この発言をしたときに、戻って来る時のことまで言及しているとは思えません。長期の旅行に出かけるときにも家を出るときに「行ってきます」と言います。このとき「戻って来る」ときのことまで意識はないと思います。\n\n同様に、「遊んできます」「散歩してきます」「友達に会ってきます」など、多くの「～てくる」の場合、いつかは戻って来るでしょうが、発言したときに「ここに戻って来る」ことまでは言及していないと思います。\n\n「～てくる」に関して別の表現を紹介します。それは「～ておいで」あるいは「～といで」です。「～といで」は「～ておいで」の発音が変化したものです。\n\n「おいで！」は、ご存知のように英語では \"Come on!\" に相当し、「来なさい！/来い！」と言う意味です。 「来る」と「来い」。似ていますね。\n「おいで」も「くる」と同様に補助動詞です。\n\n「くる」と「おいで」との一番の違いは、「～てくる」は基本的に自分の行為に対して使います。一方「～ておいで」は二人称の相手に対して「ここから離れた場所で二人称の人に対してある動作/行為をするように促｛うなが｝す」場合に使います。\n以下に例を示します。\n\n「（私は）ご飯をよそってくる」⇔「（あなた、）ご飯をよそっておいで」/「よそっといで」 \n「（私は）お茶を淹れてくる」⇔「（あなた、）お茶を淹れておいで」/「淹れといで」 \n「（私は）行ってくる」⇔「（あなた、）行っておいで」/「行っといで」 \n「（私は）遊んでくる」⇔「（あなた、）遊んでおいで」/「遊んどいで」 \n「（私は）散歩してくる」⇔「（あなた、）散歩しておいで」/「散歩しといで」 \n「（私は）友達に会ってくる」⇔「（あなた、）友達に会っておいで」/「会っといで」\n\n「～ておいで」も「～てくる」と同様に、ここから離れた場所での行動/動作ですが、ここに戻ってくることまでは言及していない場合の方が多いように思います。",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-15T10:32:53.780",
"id": "55198",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "20624",
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"score": 1
}
] |
55192
|
55193
|
55193
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "From what I know, Koshite is \"this is why\", tsukiamono is \"useless\", ni naru\nno wa is \"become\" and orega iru kara is \"because I'm here\". So is it right to\nread it as \"this is why it became useless, because I'm here, isn't it right?\"\n\nThey talk about a house that had been neglected. Full sentence:\n\n> 荒れ放題だった家がこうして使い物になるのは、俺がいるからじゃないか？",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-15T09:14:11.303",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55196",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-21T08:18:25.553",
"last_edit_date": "2017-12-21T08:18:25.553",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "26968",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "こうして使い物になるのは俺がいるからじゃないか？ meaning",
"view_count": 149
}
|
[
{
"body": "> 「荒{あ}れ放題{ほうだい}だった家{いえ}がこうして使{つか}い物{もの}になるのは、俺{おれ}がいるからじゃないか？ 」\n\nNot sure how you wound up thinking that 「使い物になる」 would mean \" ** _useless_**\n\". It actually means the opposite of that; It means \" ** _to be fit for use_**\n\".\n\n> \"The reason that the house that had been left to dilapidation is now fit to\n> use like this is because I am here, isn't it?\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-15T12:48:01.290",
"id": "55203",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-15T12:48:01.290",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
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"parent_id": "55196",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] |
55196
| null |
55203
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "55200",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I was reading Crayon Shin-chan—a Japanese manga—and came across a frame where\nthe characters' speech bubbles contain circles, triangles, and crosses where\nwords should be. I asked a couple of my Japanese friends about what the shapes\nmeant but none of them could tell me what they meant or why they were used.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Xjrfb.jpg)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-15T10:37:36.687",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55199",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-15T11:56:44.640",
"last_edit_date": "2017-12-15T11:01:34.447",
"last_editor_user_id": "4216",
"owner_user_id": "26969",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 11,
"tags": [
"manga"
],
"title": "What do the triangles, circles, and squares mean in the context of manga?",
"view_count": 4184
}
|
[
{
"body": "Those are just placeholders. You should understand that instead of a\nmeaningful text those symbols were inserted in order to avoid putting actual\ntext. That can be done for various reasons: censor a word, make the reader\nunaware of something the characters are aware of.\n\nThat being said, here, judging from the image the characters seem like they\nare quarreling, thus we might think that the placeholders are just used to\ncover up inappropriate words (for the audience).",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-15T10:58:02.410",
"id": "55200",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "4216",
"parent_id": "55199",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 16
},
{
"body": "Those symbols do not mean anything. You, as a reader, can replace them by\nactual words if you so desire.\n\nFrom the surrounding words, the double exclamation marks and the\n[プンプンマーク](https://search.yahoo.co.jp/image/search?rkf=2&ei=UTF-8&gdr=1&p=%E3%83%97%E3%83%B3%E3%83%97%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF#mode%3Dsearch)\nplaced over the heads of the Mom and Dad, the readers will know instantly that\nthey are having a heated argument about their trip three years ago. The\ncontent of the argument however, would be irrelevant to the story. 「プンプン」 is\nan onomatopoeia for expressing anger.\n\nThe surrounding words that I am referring to are 「だいたいいつもおまえはな」(\"You know, you\nalways..\")、「なによあなただって・・」(Whatcha talkin' bout? It's you\nwho...)、「そーゆーあなたこそ」、「だったくせに！！」, etc. I will not translate everything here for\nfree.\n\nAnother big reason that the content of the argument was made unclear on\npurpose, IMHO, is to make Shin-chan's goofy remark stand out and make you\nlaugh at the end.\n\n> \"Hey, how old was I then? Was I as cute as I am now?\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-15T11:56:44.640",
"id": "55201",
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"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
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"parent_id": "55199",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
}
] |
55199
|
55200
|
55200
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "55206",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I came across the sentence 「宇宙KOMAなりき」in a Dragon Ball song. The context is\nlike this:\n\n```\n\n 回り磁極踊れば \n 大地も空も \n 世界は巡る \n 宇宙KOMAなりき\n \n```\n\nThe song lyrics are here: <http://www.kget.jp/lyric/112532/KOMA_CHIHO>\n\nWhat can possibly mean なりき? My first guess was that it came from a verb\n(なりく？？) or be a な+Noun pattern. Or even なり＋気. What do you guys think?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-15T13:20:48.470",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55204",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-15T14:18:07.827",
"last_edit_date": "2017-12-15T14:18:07.827",
"last_editor_user_id": "20288",
"owner_user_id": "20288",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"song-lyrics",
"classical-japanese"
],
"title": "What does 「なりき」 mean in this context?",
"view_count": 234
}
|
[
{
"body": "「～～なりき」 in Classical Japanese is 「～～であった」 or more informally, 「～～だった」 in\nModern Japanese.\n\nIt is a past-tense affirmation/declaration.\n\n「なり」 is an affirmation auxiliary verb. 「き」 is an auxiliary verb denoting the\npast tense. It has nothing to do with 「気{き}」.\n\nThus, 「宇宙{うちゅう}KOMAなりき」 means:\n\n> \"The universe was a top.\"\n\nAgain, in Modern Japanese, that would be 「宇宙 **は** KOMAであった」",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-15T13:47:00.330",
"id": "55206",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"parent_id": "55204",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
] |
55204
|
55206
|
55206
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "> 膝の調子は悪くても、ハシゴ **くれぇ** は押さえられるだろ？！\n\nI'm guessing this is some kind of shorter version of something else?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-15T13:35:46.200",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55205",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "20501",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"words"
],
"title": "くれぇ in this sentence?",
"view_count": 43
}
|
[] |
55205
| null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "55208",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I know that ふ is pronounced with a bilabial fricative, which is different from\nan English \"f\" or \"h\". However, in 外来語 there are some words containing things\nlike フィ、ファ、フェ and フォ. e.g. フィクション. Seeing there is a ふ in there, I am\nwondering whether I should do a bilabial fricative or the English \"f\". Can\nJapanese people pronounce English \"f\"s?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-15T14:13:01.763",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55207",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-15T15:20:03.670",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "18200",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"pronunciation",
"phonology"
],
"title": "Are フィ、ファ、フェ and フォ still pronounced with a bilabial fricative or just a normal English \"f\"?",
"view_count": 445
}
|
[
{
"body": "Both sounds are allophone and recognized as the same sound but English \"f\"\nsounds a foreign accent. Even if the speaker is familiar to English sound,\ns/he won't pronounce it with English \"f\" because 外来語 is Japanese.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-15T15:20:03.670",
"id": "55208",
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"owner_user_id": "4092",
"parent_id": "55207",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
}
] |
55207
|
55208
|
55208
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "55211",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "馬面 I found it translated as: `a horseface, a very long face; horse-faced, very\nlong-faced`. Now here we call \"long face\" to be really sad. So in the\ntranslation, I don't know if 馬面 is referring to a facial expression of the\nface, or to some type of odd face shape people can have. Therefore my question\nis, is 馬面 an expression or a type of face?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-15T18:53:28.230",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55209",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-16T02:49:25.463",
"last_edit_date": "2017-12-16T02:49:25.463",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "9878",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"translation",
"compounds"
],
"title": "Is [馬面]{うまづら} a facial expression or a type of face shape?",
"view_count": 235
}
|
[
{
"body": "I searched for the meaning in Japanese (googled 馬面の意味) and got the following:\n\n> 馬の顔のように長い顔。\n\nFrom this, I feel that it is safe to assume that by 'long face' they were\ntalking about the physical shape of the face, not the English idiom.\n\nFor more information, I'd look at the following page:\n\n<https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E9%A6%AC%E9%9D%A2>\n\n<https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/20301/meaning/m0u/>\n\nEspecially with regards to the second source I've included, it should be noted\nthat this term is considered to be a jeering comment. Not that this is part of\nyour question, but I would **NOT** use it to describe your significant other\nor close friends.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-15T20:40:35.613",
"id": "55211",
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"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "22352",
"parent_id": "55209",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
] |
55209
|
55211
|
55211
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Say I have a phrase 'High Quality Music'. The phrase which seems to correspond\nwith 'High Quality' is 良質, which is both a no-adjective and a na-adjective. In\nthis case, when trying to link it with the noun for music, 音楽, should I use no\nor na? Would it be 良質な音楽 or 良質の音楽?\n\nAll help is appreciated :)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-15T21:30:59.233",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55212",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-16T00:24:37.170",
"last_edit_date": "2017-12-15T22:02:52.467",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "26974",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "If a word is both a na-adjective and a no-adjective, should I use a 'no' or a 'na'",
"view_count": 323
}
|
[
{
"body": "In this case, 良質な音楽 and 良質の音楽 are interchangeable and both are equally fine.\nMaybe the former is relatively colloquial and the latter sounds a little\nstiffer.\n\nHowever, just because a dictionary says a word is both a na- and no-adjective\ndoes not always mean they are totally interchangeable. There are often times\nwhen one is far more common than the other (see [Is there a difference between\n最高の and 最高な?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/48585/5010)), and there are\neven times when using の instead of な changes the meaning. For example 無垢な\nmeans \"pure and innocent (person)\" whereas 無垢の usually means \"unfigured\n(dress)\" or \"solid (wood, as opposed to veneer).\"",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-15T22:15:08.137",
"id": "55213",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-16T00:24:37.170",
"last_edit_date": "2017-12-16T00:24:37.170",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "55212",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
] |
55212
| null |
55213
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/365cS.png)\n\nThe correct answer is 1 but I do not understand it completely,based on what I\nknow, the meaning is \"When there's the existing machine,please get near to it\"\nwhich does not make a lot of sense. Thank you for the help.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-16T10:54:31.470",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55218",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-16T12:39:43.773",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "25732",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"words",
"jlpt"
],
"title": "What does きかい and おより mean on this question?",
"view_count": 100
}
|
[
{
"body": "The correct answer is indeed 「きかい」 but this is not the 「きかい」 you are thinking\nof.\n\n> 「機会{きかい}」 = \"a chance\" or \"an opportunity\"\n>\n> 「機械{きかい}」 = \"a machine\"\n\nThe correct answer, of course, is the former.\n\n> \"If you have a chance to come to my area, by all means, please drop by.\"\n\n「お寄{よ}り」 is the honorific noun form of the verb 「寄{よ}る」, which means \"to drop\nby\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-16T11:07:12.917",
"id": "55219",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-16T12:39:43.773",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "55218",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
}
] |
55218
| null |
55219
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "55226",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "This is from a mail my language partner wrote me lastly.\n\nFor some context, I added some pre- and posttext:\nアンドレアスさんが言っているのは、「経験・経歴を表すテイル形」のことだと思います。 **これは中上級向け文法書に出ている使い方で、少し難しいです。**\nまず、現在進行形の文と区別するために、必ず過去を表す言葉と一緒に使います。\n\nThe sentence in question (above in bold): これは **中上級向け** 文法書 **に出ている**\n使い方で、少し難しいです。\n\nMy attempt at translation: \"Concerning this, it being the way of use brought\nup (?) in (?) the grammar book aimed at middle high grade , it is a bit hard.\"\n\nMy main issue lies with 中上級 on the one hand, and に出ている on the other. I guess\n中上級 is just \"high grade learner\" on a \"medium\" level. に出ている is a bit harder\nfor me. 出る is a verb I of course encounter quite a lot, but I still struggle a\nbit with the use of particles xD Usually I see に being used when going towards\nsomething or into something. Here, clearly something comes \"out\" of something.\nI just feel a bit unsure about wether に can be used for this purpose here or\nnot. ^^",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-16T11:13:31.583",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55220",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-17T05:00:43.093",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "20172",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What do 出ている and 中上級向け文法書 express here",
"view_count": 175
}
|
[
{
"body": "> 「これは中上級{ちゅうじょうきゅう}向{む}け文法書{ぶんぽうしょ}に出{で}ている使{つか}い方{かた}で、少{すこ}し難{むずか}しいです。」\n\n「出{で}る」 has **_so_** many meanings besides the obvious \"to exit\".\n\n「出ている」, in this context, means **\"to be listed\", \"to be included\", \"to be\nintroduced\"** , etc.\n\nThe 「に」 is a location marker here -- \"It's listed **_in_** the book.\".\n\nSo your translation looks alright. My own would be:\n\n> \"This is an usage that is listed in the intermediate or advanced grammar\n> books and it is rather difficult.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-16T11:40:58.983",
"id": "55221",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-16T18:14:14.780",
"last_edit_date": "2017-12-16T18:14:14.780",
"last_editor_user_id": "4091",
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "55220",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
},
{
"body": "> これは **中上級** 向け文法書に **出ている** 使い方で、少し難しいです。\n\n(1) Regarding 中上級, my understanding was the same as l'électeur's translation.\nIn other words, it means \"intermediate and advanced level\". \nI think many Japanese including me understand about the level of learning and\ntraining in any field as follows:\n\n> It is common to distinguish the skill in three as \"初級\", \"中級\" and \"上級\" in\n> many cases. In this case, when distinguishing the upper level from \"初級\n> _beginner/elementary level_ \", we call it \"中上級\" instead of \"中級と上級\". Needless\n> to say, \"中級と上級\" is correct, but \"中上級\" is easier to pronounce than \"中級と上級\".\n\nI'd never doubted this understanding until I read the questioner's question.\n\nAs I read the question, I felt a little uncertainty to my understanding, so I\ntried to search on the Internet with the keyword of \"中上級\".\n\nAt first I found a site that is using this word at a certain tennis-wear shop.\n[Here](http://www.pikitennis.com/magmag13.html), players are divided into five\nlevels according to the skill of tennis as follows: 初級, 初中級, 中級, **中上級** and\n上級. \nObviously here, \"中上級\" is not the meaning of \"中級と上級\", but it is understood that\nit is the level between \"中級\" and \"上級\".\n\nThe usage of \"中上級\" of this shop is not a mistake at all, but I think it is an\nexception when thinking in general.\n\nIn the explanation [here](http://www.idobata.online/?p=222) about magazines\nfor people who learn Japanese clearly use \"中上級\" as the meaning that is\nunderstood by l'électeur and me as follows.\n\n> 『 **中上級** のにほんご』は、「初級を修了した日本語学習者が、読む力、理解する力、日本を知る力を養うための素材」として作成された月刊誌。 _\"\n> **中上級** のにほんご\" is a monthly magazine published as \"Japanese learners who\n> have completed beginner/elementary level read, understand and develop the\n> ability to understand Japan.\"_\n\n(2) Regarding 出ている, it means 出る defined as follows in jisho.org\n[here](https://jisho.org/search/%E5%87%BA%E3%82%8B).\n\n> 出{で}る \n> 6. to appear (in print); to be published; to be announced; to be issued; to\n> be listed; to come out\n\n* * *\n\n# EDIT\n\nAside from \"中上級\" used in the strict sense as the fourth group by the tennis-\nwear shop, the expression with \"中上級\" collectively representing \"中級と上級\" has, I\nthink, two nuances.\n\n**Nuance 1** : \"中上級\" in the questioner's question or \"中上級\" in \"中上級のにほんご\"\nquoted by me is used as a word collectively referring to groups other than\n\"初級\". In this case, they are widely targeting from intermediate people who\nhave just graduated from beginners to people who are quite good at Japanese,\nso the level of contents described in texts or magazines are neither too\ndifficult nor too easy, so it can be imagined that careful ingenuity that can\nbe accepted by people of at a certain level and also at a wide level is being\ndone. In this nuance, I think that the expression \"中上級\" is more natural than\n\"中級と上級\".\n\n**Nuance 2** : There is the expression \"小中学生\" or \"中高生\". The former clearly\npoints to \"小学生と中学生 _elementary school students and junior high school\nstudents_ \", and the latter clearly points to \"中学生と高校生 _junior high school\nstudents and high school students_ \". For example, when you say \"中高生\", it\nclearly refers to \"中学生と高校生 _junior high school students and high school\nstudents_ \", which is not used instead of \"小学生を除いた生徒 _students excluding\nelementary school students_ \" collectively, so \"大学生 _college students_ \" are\nnot included in it. \nI am going to show an example sentence where \"中上級\" clearly(?) points to\n\"中級と上級\" as follows. \n\"中上級クラスの皆さんは初級クラスの人と違って既に勉強/練習の仕方は分かっていると思いますので、各々のレベルに応じて各自適切に勉強/練習してください。\n_Hi, you guys who are members of 中上級, not of 初級! I think that you already know\nhow to study/practice for yourself, so I expect each of you to learn/practice\nproperly according to each of your level_ \".",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-16T15:08:05.097",
"id": "55226",
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] |
55220
|
55226
|
55221
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "The following is an excerpt from my conversation via e-mail with my language\npartner. For some context:\n\n> アンドレアスさんが言っているのは、「経験・経歴を表すテイル形」のことだと思います。これは中上級向け文法書に出ている使い方で、少し難しいです。\n> まず、現在進行形の文と区別するために、必ず過去を表す言葉と一緒に使います。\n>\n> 「過去に起きたことを」今、経験として、「持っている」という形になるのです。\n\nThe sentence in question:\n\n> 「過去に起きたことを」今、経験として、「持っている」という形になるのです。\n\nMy attempt at translation:\n\n> Treating something that happened in the past as present, it becomes a form\n> meaning 'it (still) lasts'.\n\nThe main issue are those quotation marks and the interaction with the\nenvironment. I don't really know whether I understood the part\n「過去に起きたことを」今、経験として correctly. I also don't know whether the way I interpreted\n「持っている」 という形 correctly. I think what she wants to tell me is that when I use\nている for events which happened in the past, these events must live on in the\npresent? Is that it?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-16T13:31:32.577",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55222",
"last_activity_date": "2021-10-12T00:08:39.403",
"last_edit_date": "2021-10-12T00:08:39.403",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "20172",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "「過去に起きたことを」今、経験として、「持っている」という形になるのです",
"view_count": 153
}
|
[
{
"body": "I'm not sure how best to express it, but it feels like you're misunderstanding\ntwo key phrases in the sentence.\n\n 1. 経験として\n\nI don't even see where this appears in your translation, but it means \"as an\nexperience.\"\n\n 2. 持っている\n\nI think you're translating this as \"still lasts\" but I think here it means\n\"something one has/possesses\"\n\nAs I'm sure you're aware from the part above, your interlocutor is explaining\na grammatical form in Japanese, specifically a usage of 〜ている.\n\nFor the whole thing,\n\n> 「過去に起きたことを」今、経験として、「持っている」 という形になるのです。\n\nMy translation would be:\n\n> This a form that expresses that \"something which happened in the past\" is\n> now \"being possessed/held\" as an experience.\n\nI think the parts in quotes serve a two-fold purpose. First, they indicate the\nperson explaining is using the same sort of construction they are explaining\n(I think?) Second, they express that these are not proper terms for\nlinguistics or Japanese grammar but rather colloquial quotations. (I could be\ncompletely wrong on the quote usage).",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-17T02:41:15.703",
"id": "55228",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "4091",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
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{
"body": "The explanation 「過去に起きたことを」今経験として「持っている」 doesn't seem an appropriate Japanese\nsentence. It's rather purported to explain ている-form by comparing with English\nperfect-form \"have done\". The origin of \"have done something\" is \"have\nsomething done\". This historical formation of perfect sentence is often\nexplained \"have the result of something done in past time still in present\ntime\". The meaning of the result developed into one's experience and so\nperfect sentence now means one's experience. Though this explanation using\n\"have\" is surely easier to understand English, it's confusing for Japanese.\nBut what is explained here is the same. If I explain ている-form by the origin of\nword formation, I say \"The result of something done in past time still exists\nin present time\". It's sure that existence sentence develops into possession\nsentence in Japanese, for example, 私には弟がいます \"I have a brother\", so your\npartner's explanation is not wrong but just confusing for you, I think.",
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55222
| null |
55228
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "55230",
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"body": "In a visual novel I ran into this sentence\n\n嘉音くんの死亡は赤で宣言済みならば、生きているわけがない。よって、襲われた彼らが、嘉音くんと誤認するような何者かの変装の可能性がある！」\n\nWhich according to an official translation it means\n\n\"If Kanon's death was proclaimed with the red there's no way he was alive.\nTherefore there is a chance that the one who attacked the group was in a\ndisguise to make the group mistake them for Kanon\"\n\nIs the が in 襲われた彼らが used as replacement for を\n\nIf so then why\n\nI saw cases like 君は私が守る (Ill protect you) where the は seems to act as a\nreplacement to を.\n\nBased on what and why do you use は or が instead of を. Is this mainly used when\nreferring to organic things.\n\nHowever I also saw cases like this\n\n瞬発力が要求される無酸素運動に関しては定評があり (There is a established opinion in aerobic exercises\nwhere instantaneous force is required) where the が is used instead of を. (and\nin this case が isn't used for an organic thing)\n\nCan someone help me ?",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-12-16T14:08:35.727",
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"score": 0,
"tags": [
"usage"
],
"title": "Using は or が instead of を cases",
"view_count": 325
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[
{
"body": "No, if it was 襲われた彼らを花音くんと誤解する, the translation would be \"(there's a chance\nthat) someone/some people was/were in a disguise to make you mistake the ones\nwho were attacked (plural) as Kanon-kun (singular)\".\n\nAs for 瞬発力 が/を 要求される, either will do, and this has nothing to do with the\nproblem above.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-16T14:35:15.140",
"id": "55225",
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"body": "Because the choice of particles depends on the choice of predicate and here\nthe predicate is altered through the translation. In Japanese, the subject\n(襲った何者か) is omitted, and 襲われた彼らが嘉音くんと誤認するような何者かの変装（である） is the predicate\n(here, である is altered with の in order to come before another nominal predicate\n可能性がある. It would be easier for learners written ～の変装である可能性がある. They say the\nsame thing.). For easier understanding, break down the complex predicate. The\ncore of the predicate is 変装である=in disguise. 襲われた彼らが嘉音くんと誤認するような is a modifier\nfor 変装: in disguise because of which the attacked group would have mistake\n(him) for Kanon (I'm not sure of my English whether I should say \"because of\nwhich\", \"by which\", \"for which\", \"due to which\", or something). The\ntranslation use the causative verb which the Japanese one doesn't use. If you\nturn the translated sentence back into Japanese word by word,\n襲われた彼らに（襲った彼を）を嘉音くんと誤認させる変装の可能性がある.",
"comment_count": 0,
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55224
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55230
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55230
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"body": "What's the difference between 話 and 話し? Find it hard to differentiate. Anyone\ncan answer? Thanks.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-17T10:08:44.450",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55231",
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"owner_user_id": "26962",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "What's the difference between 話 and 話し",
"view_count": 585
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{
"body": "It depends on whether you are using it as a proper noun or if the word\ncontains an action (i.e. used as a verb). When used as a noun, the norm is to\nnot add し in the end, and vice versa. You also do not include it before case-\nmarking particles, as these always follow a noun. Some examples:\n\nお話する , this is a noun turned into verb by adding する\n\n作り話 , made-up story, noun\n\n昔話, folk tale, noun\n\n話が上手 , the \"speaking\" functions as a noun here before the case-marker\n\n話し声 , means speaking voice, but literally refers to how the voice speaks and\nis therefore a verb\n\n話し方 , way of talking, once again a verb\n\n話し合い , this is a compound verb (to discuss) changed into a noun, but the\nfunction of 話し here is a verb. I think this should be the same in all compound\nverbs that start with 話し",
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55235
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"body": "The following is an excerpt from an e-mail conversation between me and my\nlanguage partner.\n\nFor some pretext: 「大学の勉強の間」という文は、今のアンドレアスさんを知らない人にとっては、「過去を表す言葉」なのかどうかわかりません。\n\n「私は過去に、移住者の子供にドイツ語を教えるアルバイトをしています」 とすれば、過去の経験であることがはっきりします。\nさらに「過去に３年間」のようにすると、経験が一度ではなく、何年か続いたものであることがわかります。\n\nThe sentence in question: さらに「過去に３年間」 **のように** すると、\n**経験が一度ではなく、何年か続いたものであることが** わかります。\n\nMy attempt at translation: \"Furthermore, wenn you do it like 'in the past for\nthree years', then one knows that it wasn't a one time experience and that it\ncontinued for many years.\"\n\nMy first issue lies with the use of のように here. I think it is used to express\nthat \"you VERB like NOMINAL PHRASE\", right? I'm not really confident about my\nknowledge about the use of ように and wether the \"in order to\" semantics,\ncomparable to VERBために, applies or the \"like\" semantics, comparable to みたいに,\napplies xD\n\nMy second issue lies with the connection of the 経験が一度ではなく and the 何年か続いたものである\nphrase which are ultimately both nominalized through こと. I am rather confident\nthat I understood it right, but I wanted to ask for confirmation since I'm not\n100% sure.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-12-17T11:36:22.247",
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"owner_user_id": "20172",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "How does ように function here?",
"view_count": 104
}
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[
{
"body": "Your knowledge about the use of ように is right. ように means \"like\" and する here\nmeans \"write\", \"say\", or \"express\". It can be said that this ように is used for\ngiving an example out of some better expressions, like \"Not only my way is the\nway to say it better, but there's many ways LIKE my way\". のように書くと is a manner\navoiding assertion compared to と書くと.\n\nThe answer to the second question is both nominalized, because this phrase\nstarts from 経験が and ends with ものである. なく form cannot ends a phrase. You can use\nない instead of なく to split the phrase: 経験が一度ではないこと、さらに何年か続いたものであることもわかります.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-12-17T12:12:27.847",
"id": "55233",
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55232
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55233
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"body": "The following is an excerpt from an e-mail conversation between me and my\nlanguage partner.\n\nFor some pre- and posttext: ほかに例を挙げると、\n\nジョンは去年まで３年間日本で働いている。\n\n「去年まで３年間」がはっきりと過去を表しているので、これはジョンの過去の経験で、今は働いていないことが分かります。\n\nジョンはこの３年間日本で働いている。\n\nThe sentence in question: 「去年まで３年間」がはっきり **と**\n過去を表しているので、これはジョンの過去の経験で、今は働いていないことが分かります。\n\nMy attempt at translation: \"Because 'By last year three years' clearly reveals\nthe past, I know that it is an experience from john's past and that he doesn't\nwork anymore.\"\n\nI understood the sentence as translated above, but I have no idea what this と\nin bold is supposed to do or mean ^^ according to jisho, it can be an adverb,\nand thats the way I translated it. It can also be a suru verb, but I didn't\nknow how to translate it on that premise.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-12-17T13:16:40.827",
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"owner_user_id": "20172",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-と"
],
"title": "How is と used here?",
"view_count": 140
}
|
[] |
55234
| null | null |
{
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"body": "In [Mikan Enikki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikan_Enikki), the protagonist\ncat was referred to as ネコ **さん** when his name was not known (e.g. Kikuko\nKusanagi called him as such when she didn't know his name), and as みかん **君**\nwhen someone else talked to his owners (e.g. Dr. Inagaki referred to Mikan as\nsuch when he talked to his adoptive mother Kikuko Kusanagi). Are those cases\ntrue in real life? Can さん or 君 be used on animals?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-12-17T18:51:02.563",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"honorifics",
"animals"
],
"title": "Can さん or 君 be used on animals?",
"view_count": 1033
}
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[
{
"body": "Yes, that happens **_very_** often in real life when:\n\n1) Small children refer to or address animals.\n\n2) Adults talk to small kids about animals.\n\nEven adults often use 「ちゃん」 and 「君{くん}」 to refer to or address the pets of\npoeple they know well, which is just like referring to or addressing their\nfriends' kids.\n\nHere are songs about\n\nAn elephant (ぞう): <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zd0SuSTwRdo>\n\nA bear (くま): <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQ2QeebJ8ro>\n\nA kitten (こねこ): <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9CDd938DOaM>",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-12-18T00:05:27.060",
"id": "55241",
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55241
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"body": "I have heard in many Anime they use then ending -kun. I'm interested on\nknowing since I can get more of the feeling of how the person feels about the\nother.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-17T21:26:03.390",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55238",
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"last_editor_user_id": "16022",
"owner_user_id": "26987",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"honorifics"
],
"title": "What does it mean when someone uses -kun after a person's name?",
"view_count": 564
}
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[
{
"body": "-kun it's an affectionate honorific to, normally, a younger boy.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-12-17T23:15:25.303",
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55238
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55240
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"body": "I am studding particles, and I want to translate the anime's name:\n\n> \"この素晴しい世界に祝福を!\" (kono subarashii sekai ni shukufuku o!).\n\nWhat does に mean in this sentence? I have seen many people translating this\nphase to, `Blessings to this wonderful world,` or `God's blessings to this\nwonderful world`. In this case, why not use へ instead に?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-17T22:59:41.853",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55239",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-21T13:06:28.917",
"last_edit_date": "2017-12-18T01:50:08.300",
"last_editor_user_id": "22352",
"owner_user_id": "26988",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"particles",
"particle-に"
],
"title": "Problem understanding この素晴しい世界に祝福を！",
"view_count": 609
}
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[
{
"body": "> What に means in this sentence?\n\nThis \"に\" means \"to\"\n\n> why not use へ instead に?\n\nUsing \"へ\" instead of \"に\" does not change meaning, but it sounds a bit strange.\n\nAs common issue of translation, there is not always perfect corresponding\ntranslation. In this case, just Japanese don't prefer \"この素晴らしい世界へ祝福！\" as name\nof anime because it sounds strange.\n\n\"Blessings to this wonderful world\" sounds perfect to me.",
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"creation_date": "2017-12-18T00:56:06.190",
"id": "55242",
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"body": "The difference between に and へ is the sense of distance between the speaker\nand \"素晴らしい世界\". \nに implies that the speaker and 素晴らしい世界 is in the same position/place, while in\nthe case of へ there is some distance between the speaker and 素晴らしい世界. If\n素晴らしい世界 is apart from the speaker, \"あの\" must be used instead of \"この\" in\nこの素晴らしい世界. In this case when you must use あの, there is not much difference in\nnuance whether you use へ or に.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/eypR2.jpg)\n\n* * *\n\n# EDIT\n\nI can feel the difference in nuances between \"に\" and \"へ\". However, the\ndifference is, I know, very difficult to be described clearly not only for\nforeigners who are studying Japanese, but also for native speakers of\nJapanese.\n\nSince I thought that the content I showed in my original answer was not\nenough, I examined the difference further by searching on the Internet. Below\nis a summary of the results of my examination expressed in bullet points.\nThere were six effective sources examined and they are shown at the end of the\nedited answer. If you understand Japanese well I recommend you to read the\noriginal text directly. Especially **the last two sources are very good\narticles** where very useful contents are written for everybody including\nnative speakers of Japanese.\n\n * (a) The difference is not particularly conscious in many cases.\n * (b) Although there is a difference, when expressing a destination both are used.\n * (c) \"へ\" represents the **direction** of movement, while \"に\" represents \" **arrival point** \" or \" **destination point** \".\n * (d) Young people often use \"に\" like \"東京｛とうきょう｝に行｛い｝く\", \"家｛いえ｝に帰｛かえ｝る\" or \"田中｛たなか｝さんに渡｛わた｝す\", while the elderly use \"へ\" more often than youngsters like \"東京へ行く\", \"家へ帰る\" or \"田中さんへ渡す\".\n * (e) As for \"へ\", you can say \"駅 **へ** の道｛みち｝ _the way to the staion_ \" in the sense of \"駅｛えき｝へ行｛い｝く途中｛とちゅう｝ _on the way to the station_ \", but you cannnot say \"駅 **に** の道\" by using \"に\". The latter phrase doesn't make sense. This may be because the \"道\" in this phrase refers to the way in the direction of going to the station, so that the speaker feels conscious that \"へ\" is more appropriate than \"に\".\n * (f) When telling the course of a typhoon, you can use either \"北｛きた｝ **へ** 向｛む｝かっている _heading north_ \" or \"北 **に** 向かっている _heading north_ \", but it may be better to say \"北へ向かっている\". The reason for this is that in case of telling the predicting course of a typhoon in a weather forecast, \" **the arrival point** \" to which the typhoon is heading has not yet been decided, so what you can say clearly is \" **the heading direction** \" of the typhoon.\n * (g) The reason why the distinction in usage between modern \"に\" and \"へ\" is ambiguous is written in \"日本語｛にほんご｝文法｛ぶんぽう｝大辞典｛だいじてん｝ _Japanese grammar dictionary_ \". \nAccording to this dictionary, \n① \"へ\" was originally \"[辺]｛he｝ _neighborhood_ or _vicinity_ \", which was a noun\nthat was used by attaching to a word indicating a place in particular in a\nphrase like \"海｛うみ｝の辺 _the place near the sea_ \" or \"沖｛おき｝の辺 _the place near\nthe offshore_ \". \n② After that, it was transformed into \"a case particle 格助詞｛かくじょし｝\" from the\nNara era to the Heian era, and it was used together with the verb having the\nmeaning of moving, and worked to show the direction of its movement. \n③ From the middle of the Heian era, \"へ\" invaded the usage of the case particle\nwith \"に\" indicating the \"帰着点｛きちゃくてん｝・到着点｛とうちゃくてん｝ _return/arrival point_ \" of\nmovement, so \"へ\" also had become to indicate \"帰着点・到着点 _return/arrival point_\n\". \n④ The invasion shown in ③ has led to ambiguity of modern use of \"に\" and \"へ\".\n\n * (h) There is a difference in range between \"に\" and \"へ\". \n\"に\" concretely represents the destination and arrival place in a narrow range.\nOn the other hand, \"へ\" expresses the destination and the direction of travel\nin a wide range also from the fact that \"辺 _neighborhood_ or _vicinity_ \" is\nthe etymology of it. \nFor example, let's think about \"明日｛あした or あす｝東京 **へ** 行く\" and \"明日東京 **に** 行く\".\nThere is no big difference in using either way to convey your intention.\nHowever, the former expression using \"へ\" shows \"Tokyo as direction\", whereas\nthe latter using \"に\" shows the nuance where the arrival point is emphasized as\n\"Tokyo that is not any other place\". Therefore, \"東京に行く\" means going to a\ndestination called Tokyo, such as Tokyo Station, Shinjuku, Ikebukuro etc.\nrefers to a relatively limited place or specific place, while \"東京へ行く\" means\nnot limited to going to Tokyo Station, Shinjuku etc. but relatively extensive\narea such as Yokohama and Tokyo Disneyland etc. is included.\n\n * (i) Let's give you a quiz. Historically Japan is roughly divided into the eras with Nara, Heian, Kamakura, Muromachi, **[江戸]{Edo}** , Meiji etc. \nThen, what is the era of each of the following questions. \n(A) 江戸[時代]{じだい} **に** 続｛つづ｝く時代 \n(B) 江戸時代 **へ** 続く時代 \nFirst of all, as for \"江戸時代へ続く時代\", the answer is likely to be \"the Muromachi\nera\" in the above division. It is not the Meiji era. When you say \"〇〇へ続く時代\",\nthe era that is proper as the answer would be what is older than 〇〇 in time. \nOn the other hand, what era is \"江戸時代に続く時代\"? The answer is somewhat vague.\nThere are possibilities of \"the Muromachi era\" and \"the Meiji era\" as well.\nHowever, \"the Meiji era\" is more plausible than \"the Muromachi era\".\n\n * (j) Since I think source (6) is an excellent article explaining the difference between \"へ\" and \"に\", I'll translate the main part of it into English as it is. \n【quote】 \n**On meaning of case particles \"へ\" and \"に\"** \nCase particles \"へ\" and \"に\" are words with distinct differences, and in general\nthey are not misused. \nThese two are: \n\"へ\" is \"目的地｛もくてきち｝格{かく} _a case particle indicating a destination place_ \". \n\"に\" is \"対象地｛たいしょうち｝格 _a case particle indicating the target place_ \"＋\"\n**[舞台]｛ぶたい｝** 格 _a case particle indicating the **stage** or the place where\nplays are performed_\". \nOr it could be said as follows: \n\"へ\" indicates movement to the target location/object/state. \n\"に\" indicates to exist/ to make something/someone exist/ to cause an event in\nthe target location/object/state. \n\"そこ **へ** 行く\" means just moving. On the other hand, \"そこ **に** 行く\" means to\nmove there and **make the place a new place of existence**. \n【unquote】\n\n### Sources:\n\n(1)\n[「福山に行きます」と「福山へ行きます」の「に」と「へ」の違いを教えてください。](https://www.alc.co.jp/jpn/article/soudan/029.html) \n（日本語の教え方相談室 アルク） \n(2) [Q\n台風の進路を伝えるときは、「北に向かっている」と「北へ向かっている」のどちらがよいでしょうか。](https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20160501_3.html) \n（ＮＨＫ放送文化研究所） \n(3) [「に」と「へ」](https://www.sanseido.biz/main/words/hyakka/howto/15.aspx#two) \n（ことば百科 三省堂Web Dictionary） \n(4)\n[「に」と「へ」の助詞の使い方分けを教えてください。](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1131819166) \n（Yahoo知恵袋） \n(5) [「に続く」と「へ続く」](http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/%7EQM4H-IIM/k040509.htm) \n（国語辞典編纂者・日本語学者の飯間浩明のウェブサイト） \n(6) [格助詞「へ」と「に」の意味](http://k-hiura.cocolog-\nnifty.com/blog/2009/07/post-1f08.html) \n（＃＃＃日本語の核心、格助詞論 万象酔歩）",
"comment_count": 5,
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{
"body": "> この素晴しい世界に祝福を！\n\nAs you can see, this phrase is not a _complete_ sentence in a grammatical\nsense.\n\nThe を is here because the verb of this sentence is left unsaid. The omitted\nverb phrase could probably be something like 送ろう/送りましょう, 捧げよう/捧げましょう or\nもたらそう/もたらしましょう, etc:\n\n> 「この素晴らしい世界に祝福を（送ろう/捧げよう/もたらそう etc.）。」 \n> _lit._ \"(Let us/me send/dedicate/bring) blessings to this wonderful world.\"\n\n... or it might even be （神が）もたらしたまえ or 与えたまえ (\"May God bring/give...\") etc...\nI suppose it could be quite open-ended.\n\n* * *\n\nThe に ( _lit._ \"to\") is here because of the omitted verb 送る/捧げる/もたらす/与える (\n_lit._ send/dedicate/bring/give).\n\n「[人/物] **に** 祝福を。」( _lit._ \"Blessings to [someone/something].\") sounds more\nnatural and is more common than 「[人/物] **へ** 祝福を。」. This に indicates the\n**recipient** of the blessings, rather than the direction (≂ \"toward~~\", 「～へ」)\nof the movement of sending, bringing, or giving the blessings. (In other\nwords, in this phrase the recipient/相手 or the destination/到達点 is more focused\nover the direction/方向性.) Similar examples: \n「これを君 **に** あげましょう。」 (rather than 「これを君 **へ** あげましょう。」) \n「弟 **に** 算数を教える」 (rather than 「弟 **へ** 算数を教える」) \n「鳩 **に** エサを与えないでください。」 (rather than 「鳩 **へ** エサを与えないでください。」)\n\nAs for the interchangeability of 「～に」 and 「～へ」 used with 移動を表す動詞 (verbs\ninvolving movement): \n「東京 **に** 行く」「東京 **へ** 行く」 \n「東京 **に** 向かう」「東京 **へ** 向かう」 \n「荷物を東京 **に** 送る」「荷物を東京 **へ** 送る」 \nBoth に and へ are acceptable here, and as a general tendency に indicates **the\ndestination** of the movement (closer to \"to\"), and へ, **the direction**\n(closer to \"toward\"). 明鏡国語辞典 also states: \"「に」は **到達点・相手を** 、「へ」は **方向性**\nを重視した言い方\". But the distinction is subtle and they're often used\ninterchangeably in real life. One more difference that I can think of is, the\nに versions sound a bit more casual and the へ versions more formal.\n\n* * *\n\nIn Japanese, especially in speech/conversation, the verb (phrase) of a\nsentence often gets omitted when it can be inferred from the rest of the\nsentence, eg:\n\n> 「あ、言い忘れたことが。」 \n> 「何か問題でも？」 \n> 「助けて！中にまだ子供が！」 \n> 「目にゴミが…。」 \n> etc.\n\nAnd this kind of omission quite often occurs in song/novel/film titles or\nslogans, too. eg:\n\n>\n> 『[アルジャーノンに花束を](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8E%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AB%E8%8A%B1%E6%9D%9F%E3%82%92)』 \n>\n> 『[まごころを、君に](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E5%8A%87%E5%A0%B4%E7%89%88_Air/%E3%81%BE%E3%81%94%E3%81%93%E3%82%8D%E3%82%92%E3%80%81%E5%90%9B%E3%81%AB)』 \n>\n> 『[君の名は。](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E3%81%AE%E5%90%8D%E3%81%AF%E3%80%82)』 \n>\n> 『[ティファニーで朝食を](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%81%A7%E6%9C%9D%E9%A3%9F%E3%82%92)』 \n>\n> 『[手のひらを太陽に](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E3%81%AE%E3%81%B2%E3%82%89%E3%82%92%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E3%81%AB)』 \n>\n> 『[いつも心に太陽を](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%84%E3%81%A4%E3%82%82%E5%BF%83%E3%81%AB%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E3%82%92_\\(%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB\\))』 \n> 『世界の子供たちにワクチンを！』\n\n* * *\n\nAs for the spelling of 素晴らしい vs 素晴しい, I think 素晴 **ら** しい is far more common,\nespecially in contemporary Japanese. And the original title of the manga also\nuses 素晴らしい:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/ErOYC.jpg)",
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55239
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55243
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55243
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{
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"body": "I assume that they would use normal roman letters, but is there a way that\nscientific names for plants and animals to be written other than the Latin\nscript?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-18T19:30:29.640",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55246",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-18T21:12:36.830",
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"owner_user_id": "26994",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"orthography"
],
"title": "How are scientific names (binomial nomenclatures) written in Japan, if they are?",
"view_count": 1246
}
|
[
{
"body": "For international understanding, Latin can be used, but in Japanese texts\nJapanese words are normally used either by itself or together with the Latin\nname (depends on context), regardless of whether or not the name has only been\ntransliterated from other languages, or if actual Japanese words are used.\nFrom Kingdom down to Class Kanji are used, whereas from Order down to Species,\nkatakana is used (there might be exceptions to this). Thus for the binomial\nnomenclature (Genus species) katakana is always used. The Latin names are\nreferred to as 学名{がくめい} whereas the Japanese names are referred to as 和名{わめい}\n\n界{かい} : Kingdom \n門{もん} : Phylum \n亜門{あもん} : Subphylum \n綱{こう} : Class \n目{もく} : Order \n亜目{あもく} : Suborder \n科{か} : Family \n亜科{あか} : Subfamily \n属{ぞく} : Genus \n種{しゅ} : Species",
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"creation_date": "2017-12-18T21:12:36.830",
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55246
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55249
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55249
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{
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"body": "The following excerpt is taken from a conversation with my language partner:\n\n> 「てform の使{つか}い方{かた}」* を読{よ}みました。このように書{か}いてあると、難{むずか}しく感{かん}じますね。 \n> 私{わたし}たちが「てform」を使うとき、「この動詞{どうし}は意志{いし}を表{あらわ}すから」などとは考{かんが}えません。 \n>\n> 子{こ}どもの頃{ころ}から使っていくうちに、身{み}についてきたものだからです。でも、日本語学習者{にほんごがくしゅうしゃ}にとっては、分類{ぶんるい}してある方が、わかりやすいのでしょう。\n\nThe sentence in question:\n\n> 子どもの頃から使って **いくうちに** 、身についてきたものだからです。\n\nMy attempt at translation:\n\n> \"From when one is a child, ...\"\n\nI must admit that I really can't make any sense of this sentence. I guess that\nshe's trying to tell me that they are using it from childhood on and that \"it\njust comes by itself\" (the proper use of て-form), but I don't know. I can't\neven tell the morphemes apart; is it \"いくうちに\" or \"いく + うちに\"?\n\nAnd what about 身について? Is it 身 + について?\n\nMaybe\n\n> 身についてきたものだからです => \"regarding oneself, because it is a thing that came.\" \n> or \"because it is a thing which came to oneself.\"\n\nwhere I regard について as に+ついて, with ついて being て-form of 着く. I always feel a bit\nuncertain about my understanding of this.\n\nAs I use it, it often resembles the use of は as a topic marker, translated to\n\"Concerning X\". But from a grammatical perspective I think that the two are\nquite different.\n\n*(see here for the article she is referring to <https://www.learn-japanese-adventure.com/te-form-cause-reason.html> )",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-18T19:32:44.393",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55247",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-19T04:06:18.673",
"last_edit_date": "2017-12-19T03:15:31.623",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "20172",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What is the うち in 使っていくうちに?",
"view_count": 269
}
|
[
{
"body": "From [Jisho.org](http://jisho.org/search/%E5%86%85). Second definition of うち\nreads:\n\n> 2. while\n>\n\n>\n> Usually written using kana alone, See also ないうちに, also 裡\n>\n> あの[少年]{しょうねん}は[店]{みせ}から店を[歩]{ある}いている **うちに** [盗]{ぬす}み[癖]{ぐせ}がでてしまった。 \n> The young boy got sticky fingers when he walked into stores.\n\nFirst definition of 身につく is:\n\n> 1. to master (e.g. a skill); to become accustomed to (e.g. a lifestyle);\n> to acquire (e.g. a habit).\n>\n\nThis also uses the 〜ていく grammatical form.\n\nMy rough translation for the passage in question would be (feel free to\ncorrect me):\n\n> The て form is something we master after using it again and again from\n> childhood.\n\nThe other things to be mindful of are the 〜てくる and ~ものだから grammatical points.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-19T03:36:49.890",
"id": "55251",
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55247
|
55251
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55251
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{
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"body": "I'm curious why is ゴミ commonly spelled in Katakana. What word is it derived\nfrom, if any?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-12-18T20:59:43.767",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "55248",
"last_activity_date": "2019-06-10T19:19:52.553",
"last_edit_date": "2019-06-10T19:19:52.553",
"last_editor_user_id": "17797",
"owner_user_id": "9294",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"etymology",
"katakana",
"spelling"
],
"title": "Etymology of ゴミ",
"view_count": 1477
}
|
[
{
"body": "Let me attempt to give an English explanation of @macraf 's description for\nyou.\n\nThis word _gomi_ was used mainly by farmers and meant 木の葉 (\"[fallen] tree\nleaves\"), and _gomi_ is still used in various dialects to refer to [fallen]\ntree leaves.\n\nIn Nagano Prefecture in Japan, people in some places use the word _gomi_ to\nrefer to tree leaves, and for fallen pine needles, they use the term _matsu\ngomi_.\n\nIn the Aichi prefecture dialect, fallen pine needles are just called ゴ. In\nKyoto, there is also the expression 「ゴを掻く」 [literally \"to scratch leaves\",\nidiomatically meaning \"to rake leaves\"].\n\nLater on, ゴミ was used to refer to things that were considered worthless,\n取るに足らないもの or 役に立たないもの, in other words, things that were useless.\n\n(I would appreciate any comments or fixes to this attempt at translation.)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-12-28T23:09:16.063",
"id": "55501",
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55248
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55501
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